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TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
me.) 66 OCMREPORT

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

es . For 1895-6.

SerthD BY -.W.-. HOWCGHIN, :-F.GS8.

_[Wirn Bicur Pirates. |

DECEMBER, 1896.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South
: Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed
: ‘*per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co..
ie, 34, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.”’

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DESCRIPTIONS OF MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA FROM
QUEENSLAND.

By A. Jerreris Turner, M.D.

[Read March 3rd, 1896.]

A somewhat hasty and unexpected visit to Europe during the
printing of my former paper in the Transactions of the Royal
Society of South Australia, 1894, p. 120, prevented my reading
the proofs, and I must request those who refer to it to correct
the following printer’s errors which have crept in :—

For Grac. ewmetella, Meyr., read Grac. ewmetalla, Meyr.

For using the leaves, read mining the leaves.

For Grac. albospersa, n. sp., read Grac. albispersa, n. sp.

For Grac. albomaculella, n. sp., read Grac. albimaculella, n. sp.

For Grac. enchlamyda, n. sp., read Grac. ewchlamyda, n. sp.

For Lepidotarsa chryscrythra, n. sp., read Lepidotarsa
chryserythra, n. sp.

My recent journey has enabled me to compare my types with
those of Mr. Meyrick, who, with his usual generosity, has given
me invaluable help in their identification and classification. He
has placed me in a position to rectify several errors in my former
paper, and has saved me from many into which I should have
otherwise fallen in the present instalment. At the same time it
must be understood that for any errors which may exist in the
present paper, I take the whole responsibility.

I have endeavored to give a complete list of all the species
known to occur in the district of Moreton Bay.

GRACILARIID.

GRACILARIA, Z. |
The Brisbane list must be enlarged by the addition of the fol-
lowing species, all of which are common here, but were previously
overlooked :—
G. nereis, Meyr. (G. fluorescens, mihi, is a synonym) ; G. ewpe-
tala, Meyr. ; G. alysidota, Meyr. ; G. tricuneatella, Meyr.

G. PYRIGENES, 1. sp.

I substitute this for G. nitidula of my former paper, the latter
name having been preoccupied by Stainton for an Indian species
(British Museum Catalogue XX X., 30).

G. OPHIODES, ”. sp.

S mm. Head and face white. Maxillary palpi minute, white.
Labial palpi white; second joint with an apical, terminal joint
with a median fuscous ring. Antenne longer than forewings,
whitish at base, gradually becoming dark fuscous. Thorax white ;
shoulders pale ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs
fuscous ; posterior tibize and bases of all tarsal joints white ;
middle tibiz not thickened. Forewings pale ochreous-fuscous ; a
broad white line, black-margined in disc, along inner margin
from base to middle, whence it proceeds obliquely outwards to
middle of costa; an elongated white blotch om inner margin,
ending abruptly at anal angle where it is thickened to reach more
than half across disc, partially black-margined ; a black line along
posterior half of costa; a white spot on hindmargin above anal
angle ; costal cilia ochreous-fuscous, at apex white, with a trans
verse black bar and black apices, thence whitish. Hindwings
and cilia dark grey.

Very distinct by the basal white line. Brisbane; one speci-
men on a fence in September.

ORNIX, = Z.
Iam indebted to Mr. Meyrick for the identification of this
genus, which is new to Australia. It may be distinguished from

Gracilaria, which the species described closely resembles, by the
long forwardly directed tuft of scales on the head.

ORNIX AUSTRALIS, 7. sp.

9-10 mm. Head with long tufted scales white above, fuscous
on inferior aspect. Face, labial, and maxillary palpi white.
Antenne longer than forewings, dark fuscous. Thorax white,
shoulders fuscous-grey. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs whitish ;
anterior and middle femora and tibiew, and posterior femora with
longitudinal fuscous stripes; posterior tibiz whitish; tarsi
whitish on inferior surface, on superior surface fuscous, except
apices of each joint which are pure white. Forewings fuscous-
grey ; a narrow white streak along costa from base to four-fifths ;
a broad white line along inner and hindmargin. At anal angle
this broadens to one-half breadth of wing, and contains a narrow
fuscous-grey streak, internal to which are a few scattered fuscous-
grey scales Sometimes this streak is continuous with ground
color posteriorly. An outwardly oblique, narrow, black-margined,
white streak, from costa at four-fifths, not quite.reaching hind-
marginal line ; a second white streak, anteriorly black-margined,
just before apex, parallel to first ; cilia on costa fuscous, at apex
pure white, with a transverse black line, then a black subapical
hook, beneath this again pure white, then fuscous to anal angle.
Hindwings and cilia “dark- -grey.

Very similar in appearance to some species of Gracilaria. It
has the same rest-attitude. Brisbane ; taken commonly on a
fence from September to November ; probably from an adjacent
thicket of Acacia Cunninghami.

(COPHORID At,
PALpARIA, Wong.

PALPARIA EURYPTERA, ”. Sp.

Female, 35 mm. Head and face pale ochreous. Palpi with
tuft of second joint dense, porrected, as long as terminal joint °
pale ochreous, tuft pinkish, at extremity fuscous ; terminal joir:
pink. Antenne pinkish. Thorax pink. Abdomen whitish.
orchreous, beneath pale yellow. Legs dusky pink; posterior
tibie, except spurs, pale yellowish. Forewings broad, costa
strongly arched, especially in outer half, apex acute, hindmargin
oblique, sinuate ; pink, densely irrorated with pale ochreous,
especially towards hindmargin ; costal edge narrowly ochreous
from one-fourth to apex; cilia pale ochreous, apical third
pinkish except on costa and anal angle, towards apex fuscous.
Hindwings ovate, hindmargin rounded; whitish-ochreous ; _pos-
teriorly pinkish tinged ; cilia whitish-yellow, with a pinkish line
at apex. |

Intermediate between P. lambertella, Wing, and the more
usual forms of the genus. Brisbane; one specimen taken by

Mr. Tllidge in October.
Eomystis, Meyr.

The species referred here has no specific affinity to the type,
and Mr. Meyrick considers that it should be referred to Helio-
causta, although it answers to the generic characters of Homystis,
which, indeed, are scarcely distinguishable from those of the
former.

EvuryPe.ta, 7urner.

This genus was founded in error on a female specimen, and
must be withdrawn.

The species must be referred provisionally to Heliocausta,
pending the discovery of the male.

Hemipeta, Turner.

The species on which this genus was fonnded is closely allied
to Ocystola tyranna, Meyr., with which it agrees in the extremely
short terminal joint of the palpi. It must therefore be provi-
sionally referred to that genus. Perhaps eventually it may be
found necessary to divide the genus Ocystola, in which case the
above genus may be retained.

Eupuivtra, JMeyr.
E. thermozona, Turner, is a synonym for £. eroticella, Meyr.

Hetiocausta, Meyr.

The following have been taken in the neighborhood of Bris-
bane :— H. inceptella, Walk. ; H. pelosticta, Meyr.; H. triphena-
tella, Walk.; H. protowantha, Meyr.; H. rhodoxantha, Meyr. ;
H. mimica, Meyr.; H. phylacopis, Meyr.; H/. acmea, Meyr. ;
H. acribes, Turner ; H. epiprepes, Turner.

HELIOCAUSTA ACOSMETA, 7. sp.

Female, 23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pinkish-
ochreous. Abdomen whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings
moderate, oblong, costa moderately arched toward base poster-
iorly straight, apex retangular, hindmargin straight ; ochreous,
inclining to pinkish; cosial edge uniformly colored with disc ;
markings very obscure in pale fuscous ; a fine dentate line cury-
ing outwards from costa beyond middle, and becoming parallel to
hindmargin at six-fifths; traces of a median and inner line; a
series of faint dots on hindmargin ; cilia unicolorous with dise,
paler at apices. Hindwings whitish; hindmargin and apex
ochreous tinged ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a median fuscous
line at apex.

The natural position of this insect is between H. inceztella,
Walk., and H. severa, Meyr. Brisbane; one specimen.

HELIOCAUSTA ACHROA, 1. sp.

Male, 20 mm. Head, palpi, antennee, and thorax whitish-grey ;
terminal joint of palpi darker anteriorly. Abdomen whitish-
grey. Anterior legs fuscous ; middle and posterior whitish, tarsi
fuscous. Forewings moderate ; costa moderately arched toward
base, posteriorly straight ; apex obtusely rounded ; hindmargin
scarcely oblique; whitish-grey, markings fuscous; a row of
minute dots from costa about middle towards hindmargin,
sharply bent in dise at five-sixths, and continued parallel to
hindmargin to inner-margin ; a few scattered fuscous scales in
disc ; a row of dots along costa from four-fifths to apex, and
along hindmargin to anal angle ; cilia whitish-grey. Hindwings
and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; three specimens in October.

HELIOCAUSTA COMPLANULA, 2. sp.

Male, 18-20 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, slightly
brownish-tinged ; face whitish. Antenne whitish. Palpi rosy-
whitish, terminal joint ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
fuscous ; tuft ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair
suffused with pink. Forewings moderately elongate, costa slightly

arched, apex rectangular, hindmargin scarcely oblique ; whitish-
ochreous, faintly brownish-tinged; costal edge pale rosy; a
fuscous dot in disc before middle, sometimes obsolete ; a second in
dise beyond middle, and a third in fold obliquely beyond first ; a
few faint fuscous dots in disc at four-fifths, parallel to hind-
margin ; a row of fuscous dots on hindmargin ; cilia pale rosy,
apices whitish. Hindwings pale fuscous, darker at apex; cilia
pale fuscous, with a darker line near bases.

Closely allied to H. aemea, Meyr., and H. protoxantha, Meyr.,
but may be distinguished from both. Brisbane ; two specimens.

HELIOCAUSTA SIMPLEX, %. Sp.

Female, 17-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-brownish.
Antennz fuscous. Palpi anteriorly fuscous ; posteriorly whitish.
Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish; anterior tibie and _ tarsi
fuscous or pinkish-fuscous ; posterior tibiz and tarsi ochreous-
whitish. Forewings rather elongate, costa moderately arched,
apex rounded, hindmargin oblique; brownish-ochreous, thickly
irrorated with whitish scales, without markings; costal edge
sometimes rosy; cilia grey. Hindwings pale yellowish; cilia
pale yellowish, apices whitish.

Brisbane ; two specimens.

HELIOCAUSTA PHANOZONA, 2. Sp.

Female, 18 mm. Head white, face fuscous. Antenne white,
with black annulations, basal joint white. Palpi, second joint
fuscous, at base and apex whitish; terminal joint whitish.
Thorax white, posterior apex fuscous. Abdomen ochreous.
fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior tibize and tarsi pale
fuscous. Forewings rather elongate, costa moderately and
evenly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique; white, with
four transverse fascie ; first fascia at base, slightly outwardly
oblique, tawny-fuscous ; second from costa at one-third to middle
of hindmargin, reddish-brown, anterior margin deeply concave,
connected with basal fascia by a narrow tawny-fuscous line along
costal edge, posterior margin irregular and suffused, partly suf-
fusedly confluent with third fascia in costal portion of disc ;
third from beyond middle of costa to inner margin before anal
angle, tawny-fuscous on costa, then reddish-brown for one-third
breadth of disc, remainder tawny-fuscous, narrower than second,
both margins irregular; fourth along hindmargin, broad at
costa, gradually narrowing to a point just above anal angle, an-
terior portion tawny-fuscous, posterior paler fuscous, anterior
edge somewhat sinuate ; cilia ochreous-whitish, bases fuscous, at
anal angle uniformly pale-reddish-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia
uniform pale reddish-ochreous-fuscous.

_ This species is not near any known species of Heliocausta ;
nevertheless, as far as can be determined from the female, it ap-
pears to possess all the characters of the genus. Brisbane ; one
specimen.

Evcuatis, Meyr.

EUCH#@TIS RHIZOBOLA, Jeyr.
Brisbane.
Eurypiaca, Meyr.

EURYPLACA OCELLIFERA, Meyr.
Brisbane.
EUPRIONOCERA, %. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, loosely ap-
pressed. Antenne moderate, in male coarsely serrated (one),
and with fine, very short ciliations (one-fourth). Pecten absent.
Palpi moderate, second joint reaching base of antennx, with ap-
pressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, moderate,
recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings moderately elongate,
hindmargin almost straight. Hindwings broader than forewings,
cilia one-fifth, Abdomen rather stout. Forewings with vein
seven to hindmargin, two from before angle of cell. Hindwings
normal.

Distinguished by the well-marked serrated antennze of the
male and the broad hindwings. In other respects it appears
allied to Heliocausta.

EUPRIONOCERA GEMINIPUNCTA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 24-30 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi pinkish-
ochreous ; face paler. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen ochreous,
beneath pinkish-ochreous. Legs pinkish-ochreous. ° Forewings
moderately elongate, costa gently arched, more strongly at base,
apex obtusely rectangular, hindmargin almost straight ; uniform
dull pinkish-ochreous ; a conspicuous dark-fuscous dot in disc at
two-thirds ; a variable number of single dark-fuscous scales along
veins ; cilia dull pinkish-ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-whitish,
apical portion dull pinkish-ochreous ; cilia dull pinkish-ochreous,
towards anal angle whitish.

Brisbane ; two specimens.

Hopritica, Meyrick.

The following have been taken about Brisbane :— H. sobriella,
Walk. ; H. sericata, Meyr.; H. carnea, Z.; H. repandula, Z. ;
H. pudica, Z.; H. leucerythra, Meyr.; H. costimacula, Meyr. ;
H. rufa, Meyr.; H. colonias, Meyr.; H. absumptella, Walk. ;
H. jucundella, Walk.

Hop.irica RUFIMACULELLA, %. Sp.

Male, 19 mm. Head and thorax pinkish-ochreous, face whitish.
Palpi, second joint whitish towards base, towards apex rosy ;
terminal joint rosy-fuscous. Antenne grey, basal joint pinkish-
ochreous. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish-grey, anterior
tibie and tarsi carmine. Forewings moderate, costa moderately
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique; pinkish-ochreous,
with scattered scales of a deeper pink forming indistinct mark-
ings; a dot in disc before middle, a second beyond middle; a
faintly indicated line from middle of costa obliquely outwards,
sharply bent in disc at five-sixths, and continued parallel to
hindmargin to inner-margin before anal angle; many faint pink
dots along hindmargin, and in disc showing a tendency to form
anterior and median lines; cilia pinkish-ochreous, tips whitish.
Hindwings whitish, tinged with grey towards hindmargin ; cilia
grey, with a paler basal line.

Brisbane; one specimen. I could have taken more, but mis-
took it at the time for H. leucerythra, Meyr., which it closely
resembles. It may be distinguished by the dots on the forewing
being pink, instead of dark-fuscous. The smaller size and pink
thorax distinguish it from /Z. liosarca, Meyr.

HOopPLiricA EOXANTHA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 19-23 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-
brownish ; face ochreous. Palpi second joint whitish, suffused with
pale reddish except at base; terminal joint anteriorly fuscous,
posteriorly reddish. Antenne pinkish-ochreous, sharply annulated
with black ; basal joint ochreous beneath, reddish above. Abdomen
ochreous-yellow. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior tibiz and tarsi
reddish, the latter annulated with purplish-fuscous. Forewings
moderate, costa strongly arched at base, thence almost straight,
apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique ; whitish, thickly irrorated with
red scales; costal edge red, extreme edge whitish; markings
purplish-fuscous, indistinct; a discal dot at two-fifths, and a
second at four-fifths ; three indistinctly suffused transverse lines,
all partially obsolete, first at one-fifth, second just posterior to
first, third through second dot, distinct on costa; a fourth line
parallel to hindmargin, indistinct towards costa; a row of
suffused dots along hindmargin; cilia pale pinkish, sparsely
irrorated with red scales. Hindwings and cilia yellow.

Brisbane ; four specimens in October.

HOoPLiticA ATRIPUNCTATELLA, 7. sp.

19-22 mm. Head and thorax pale-pinkish-grey ; face whitish.
Palpi whitish, terminal joint tinged with pink anteriorly. An-
tenne pale-pinkish-grey, terminal half or two-thirds fuscous.

Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior
tibiz and tarsi reddish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique; pale pinkish-grey ;
markings jet-black ; a discal dot before middle, a second beyond
middle, a third on fold obliquely beyond first ; a row of dots from
costa before middle obliquely outwards, sharply bent in dise at
five-sixths, and continued to hindmargin before anal angle; a
very variable number of dots or scattered black scales in disc ; a
row of black dots along apical third of costa and hindmargin
to anal angle ; cilia pale-pinkish-grey. Hindwings whitish, apex
and hindmargin sometimes pale-fuscous ; cilia whitish, at apex
pale-fuscous.
Brisbane ; five specimens.

HopPuitica PORPHYRASPIS, %. Sp.

Male and female, 19-25 mm. Head, face, thorax, palpi, and
antennse whitish-grey. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, beneath
whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior tarsi barred
with fuscous. Forewings moderate, not dilated; costa geutly
arched, apex obtusely rounded, hindmargin oblique; _ whitish-
grey, irregularly suffused with dark-fuscous scales ; basal one-
third of costa, apex, and upper half of hindmargin dark-fuscous ;
a very large semicircular purplish-fuscous blotch extending on
inner-margin from one-fifth nearly to anal angle reaching two-
thirds across disc, its anterior margin rounded, its posterior
margin straighter, more oblique, and acutely angled just above
anal angle ; two small purplish- fuscous dots in disc posterior to
summit of dorsal blotch; posterior portion of disc more or
less suffused with fuscous, with a paler line first oblique, then
parallel to hindmargin, faintly indicated ; cilia fuscous with a
paler basal line, paler at anal angle. Hindwings pale-ochreous,
apex suffused with fuscous ; cilia pale-ochreous, at apex fuscous.

The large dorsal blotch recalls H. colonias, Meyr. Brisbane;
five specimens.

HopPuiticA PYRRHELLA, n. sp.

Male and female, 13-19 mm. Head and face yellowish, with a
red dot beneath base of each antenna. Palpi yellowish, second joint
with a subapical fuscous ring, a broad median band of terminal joint
fuscous. Antenne yellowish, annulated withdark-fuscous. Thorax,
anterior half crimson-red, edged with fuscous anteriorly ; posterior
half clear yellow, shoulders clear yellow, edged with red
externally. Abdomen dark-fuscous, tuft ochreous; inferiorly
ochreous-fuscous. Legs ochreous ; tibie and first tarsal joints of
anterior and middle pair with subapical fuscous annulations,
Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round
pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; crimson-red

markings clear yellow, margined with dark-fuscous ; four in-
complete or interrupted fasciz, and a discal spot; extreme
basal portion of inner margin yellow; first fascia from base of
costa to inner-margin at one-fourth, interrupted at fold, and
thence dilated to inner-margin, where it contracts abruptly ;
second from costa at one-fourth obliquely outwards, angled
inwards in disc, and abruptly interrupted at fold, where it
sometimes anastomoses with first, thence it is continued by a
yellow spot on fold, and a second spot obliquely beyond this
on inner-margin beyond middle ; third from middle of costa to
anal angle, sometimes entire, sometimes twice interrupted ;
fourth broad on costa at four-fifths rapidly narrowing to a
point just beyond anal angle; a yellow spot in disc between
second and third fascie ; hindmargin edged with dark-fuscous ;
cilia on costa first yellow, then dark-fuscous, beyond apex
ochreous, towards anal angle bases crimson-red, apical halves
dark-fuscous. Hindwings, basal half ochreous-yellow ; apical
half dark-fuscous ; cilia dark-fuscous.

This and the following species belong to the natural group of
which H. jucundella, Walk., is a type. Brisbane; twelve speci-
mens.

HOoPLITICA PYRITES, 7”. sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head pale-yellowish, side-tufts reddish-
orange anteriorly ; face whitish, with a reddish-orange transverse
line. Palpi whitish, second joint with an apical, terminal joint
with a median fuscous ring. Antenne whitish} sharply annul-
ated with black. Thorax pale crimson, with two pale yellow
dots posteriorly. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish. Legs
whitish; anterior tibie pale red; anterior and middle tarsi
annulated with dark fuscous. Forewings elongated, narrow,
costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded ; pale crimson ; markings pale yellow, outlined
with dark fuscous; a basal band from costa at base, directed
obliquely outwards, endin zs in a rounded extremity beyond fold,
not reaching inner marzin; an outwardly curved fascia from
costa at one-fourth to iiner margin before middle; an irregular
band from inner margin beyond middle, not reaching centre of
disc ; a second fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, dilated
at centre to contain a pale crimson spot; a band broad on costa
at three-fourths, narrowing toa point above anal angle; some
dark fuscous scales at apex; cilia pale yellow, with a median
orange line at apex; at anal angle partly fuscous, partly pale
crimson. Hindwings whitish, at apex pale fuscous ; cilia whitish,
_at apex fuscous.

This exquisitely colored and delicate insect is the smallest of
the genus. Brisbane ; three specimens.

LoPHOPEPLA, 7. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, loosely ap
pressed. Antenne moderate, ciliations in male one and a half,
with strong pecten. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching
base of antennee, considerably thickened with scales, somewhat
loose beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, moderately
stout, recurved. Thorax with small posterior crest. Fore-
wings moderate, apex somewhat acute, hindmargin oblique,
almost straight ; with tufts of raised scales on disc. Hindwings
narrower than forewings ; cilia two-thirds. Abdomen moderate.
Forewings with vein seven to hindmargin; vein two much
curved from before angle of cell. Hindwings normal.

Of uncertain affinity, but seems on the whole to be nearest to
Hochrois, Meyr., differing in the thoracic crest, and raised tufts
of scales on forewings.

LOPHOPEPLA IGNIFERELLA, Walk.

Hypercallia igniferella, Walk. (Brit. Mus. Catalogue, X XIX.,
670.)

Male and female, 14-16 mm. Head and face ochreous-whitish,
apices of sidetufts crimson-red. Palpi whitish, second joint with
a median and apical crimson ring ; terminal joint with a median
_ and subapical crimsonring. Antenne whitish. Thorax pale-yellow,
mottled with crimson-red spots; a small bifid posterior crest
crimson-red. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish; an-
terior pair crimson-red, tarsi annulated with whitish. Forewings
moderate, costa gently arched, apex tolerably acute, hindmargin
oblique, almost straight ; vivid crimson-red ; costal edge pale
yellowish ; with very numerous irregularly distributed small pale-
yellow spots, sometimes partly confluent ; a fuscous dot on costa
near base ; a narrow oblique dark-fuscous line from costa at one-
fourth to inner-margin beyond middle—on this are a few
scattered scales with metallic lustre ; a second line beneath costa,
with which it is connected at one-half and three-quarters, thence
prolonged to anal angle; a third line parallel and near hind-
margin ; cilia pale-yellow, with an interrupted median crimson
line. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Unsurpassed in brilliancy of coloring. Walker’s description
refers without doubt to this species. Brisbane ; not uncommon.

Kuvecureia, Meyr.

The following are taken in the neighborhood of Brisbane :-—-
EB. convictella, Walk.; £. exanimis, Meyr. (2); #. pallidella,
Meyr.; £. triferella, Walk.; E. brachypepla, Meyr.; £. trans-
versella, Walk.; E&. philotherma, Meyr.; £. calotropha, Meyr. ;
£. philostaura, Meyr.; £. xylopterella, Walk.; £. mesophragma,
Meyr. (7); £. delotis, Meyr.

Meyrick also records 2. epicausta, Meyr., from Helidon. The
identification of two of the species in the above list is not quite
certain. The form attributed to 4. mesophragma, Meyr., may
be either a local variety or a new species. There are certainly
many more species of this genus to be discovered here. I have
several apparently new species besides those given below, but do
not propose to describe them at present.

EULECHRIA STIGMATOPHORA, %. Sp.

Male, 16-19 mm. Head and face pale ochreous. Palpi
ochreous-whitish, second joint with an indistinct fuscous subapical
ring, terminal joint fuscous anteriorly. Antenne ochreous-fuscous.
Thorax pale whitish-brown, sometimes with a broad fuscous
central transverse line. Abdomen pale whitish-brown. Legs
ochreous-whitish ; anterior tibie and tarsi ochreous-fuscous.
Forewings hardly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin moderately oblique, strongly rounded; pale whitish-
brown with conspicuous blackish-fuscous dots; a dot at base of
costa, and a second in costal portion of disc near base; a dot in
dise before middle, a second in disc beyond middle, and a third
on fold obliquely beyond first; a row of four subcostal dots
between two-fifths and five-sixths, usually distinct, with a fifth
just below fourth; a row of dots close to hindmargin, from
beneath apex to beyond anal angle ; hindmarginal edge sometimes
very faintly pinkish-tinged; cilia pale whitish-brown. Hind-
wings grey ; cilia grey with a pale basal line.

Allied to #. convictella, Walk. Brisbane; four specimens.

EULECHRIA BARYPTERA, 7. Sp.

Male, 23-26 mm. ; female, 30-32 mm. Head and face whitish,
faintly ochreous-tinged ; apices of sidetufts sometimes fuscous.
Palpi whitish; apical half of second joint and terminal joint
fuscous anteriorly. Antenne whitish. Thorax white, irrorated
with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-grey, with a tawny-
fuscous band on each segment; beneath whitish. Legs whitish,
anterior pair fuscous. Forewings rather elongate, oblong, costa
strongly arched at base, thence almost straight, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white, in parts ochreous-tinged,
irrorated with dark-fuscous scales ; markings fuscous ; a triangu-
lar blotch, paler in centre, at base of costa, sharply limited at
fold ; an irregular blotch with white centre, or partly obsolete,
on inner-margin from one-fourth to one-half, its apex reaching to
fold ; a dot in dise at one-third, a second below this on fold,
forming apex of inner-marginal blotch, a third above middle of
dise, and two spots usually confluent forming a semilunar mark,
in dise at two-thirds; a triangular blotch on centre of costa,

sometimes indistinet ; a broad inwardly oblique streak from costa
at five-sixths, from: which a strongly outwardly-curved dentate
line is continued to anal angle ; a row of small dots along hind-
margin ; cilia whitish-grey, with an interrupted median-fuscous
line. Hindwings grey, whitish towards base ; cilia grey, with a
pale basal line.

In the female the markings are less distinct, and the basal
triangular blotch obsolete.

The largest species of the genus, allied to £. philostawra, Meyr.
Brisbane ; not uncommon.

EULECHRIA EUCHLORA, 1”. sp.

Female, 24 mm. Head and face grey. Palpifuscous ; apex of
second joint whitish. Antenne fuscous. Thorax grey, greenish-
tinged, anterior margin dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochre-
~ ous; a broad reddish-fuszous band in central portion of each seg-
ment; beneath whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish; anterior and
middle tibiz and tarsi fuscous. Forewings oblong, costa mode-
rately arched at base, thence almost straight, apex rounded, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; whitish irrorated with greenish-grey
scales ; a dark fuscous dot at base of inner margin; a very short
dark fuscous line in costal portion of disc near base ; indications
of an outwardly oblique greenish-grey fascia from costa at one-
fourth, only reaching to fold, and the commencement only of a
similarly oblique mark on middle of costa; an oblique dark fuscous
mark in disk before middle representing first discal dot ; a long-
itudinally elongate dot above middle of disc ; two dots in dise at
two-thirds tending to join to form a semilunar mark ; an inwardly
oblique line from costa at five sixths, from which is continued a
strongly outwardly curved interrupted line to anal angle; cilia
grey, paler towards apices. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Distinguishable by its greenish-grey colouring. Belongs to the
same group as the preceding. Brisbane ; one specimen.

EULECHRIA CURVILINEA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 12-16 mm. Head and face white. Palpi
white, basal two-thirds of second joint fuscous. Antenne
fuscous, obscurely annulated with whitish. Thorax white, an-
terior margin broadly fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Legs
ochreous whitish ; anterior pair, middle tibiz, and tarsi ochreous-
fuscous, the last obscurely annulated with ochreous-whitish.
Forewings hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, sparsely irrorated with
ochreous-fuscous scales ; a fuscous spot at base of costa, produced
along costal edge; a rather narrow, curved, inwardly oblique
fascia, sometimes obsolete at both extremities, from middle of

costa to inner-margin just before middle, ochreous-fuscous ; a
broader ochreous-fuscous fascia from costa at four-fifths to anal
angle, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior concave or
nearly straight, ill-defined; a row of three or four ochreous-
fuscous dots, sometimes confluent, parallel to lower two-thirds of
hindmargin ; hindmarginal edge irregularly fuscous ; cilia ochre-
ous-whitish, with an interrupted median fuscous line. Hindwings
and cilia grey.

Allied to E. brachypepla, Meyr., from which it may be dis-
tinguished by the anterior dark margin of thorax, and inwardly
oblique curved anterior fascia. Common about Brisbane.

EULECHRIA TETRAPLOA, %. sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head and face white. Palpi white, basal two-
thirds of second joint ochreous-fuscous. Antenne fuscous, basal
joint white. Thorax white, with a transverse ochreous-fuscous
line posterior to middle. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, tuft
ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-fuscous. Forewings not dilated,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded ; white, with three fasciz and an hindmarginal
blotch ochreous-fuscous ; first fascia at base, very distinct ;
second rather narrow, straight, inwardly oblique, from costa at
two-fifths to inner margin at two-fifths, strongly dilated on both
margins ; third broader, from costa before apex to anal angle,
produced along costa towards apex, anterior margin convex, pos-
terior sinuate; hindmarginal blotch triangular, very distinct,
from just below apex to just above anal angle ; cilia white, oppo-
site hindmarginal blotch and at anal angle irrorated with
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Allied to 2. brachypepla, Meyr., from which it may be dis-
tinguished by the differently shaped fasciz and the hindmarginal
blotch. From E. epicausta, Meyr., it may be distinguished by
the inwardly oblique anterior fascia; and from JZ. schalidota,
Meyr., by the thorax being white anteriorly. brisbane; one
specimen.

OENOcHROA, Meyr.

I have taken O. /etella,* Walk., and O. homora, Meyr., w.s.,
near Brisbane, and have bred both species, the former from
Eucalyptus, the latter from Acacia.

OENOCHROA OCHROSOMA, %. sp.

Female, 17-18 mm. Head and face whitish-grey. Palpi
whitish-grey, terminal joint fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax

*In Walker’s Catalogue this stands as lactella, which is doubtless a
printer’s error.

dark fuscous, with an irregular central whitish-grey blotch. Ab-
domen pale ochreous. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous,
middle tibie and tarsi annulated with whitish-grey ; posterior
legs ochreous whitish, tarsi fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very oblique ; dark
fuscous irregularly irrorated with whitish-grey scales; a whitish
fascia from costa at one-fourth to inner margin at one-fourth,
anteriorly concave, posteriorly convex, moderately broad on costa,
narrowing tcwards inner margin ; basal area of disc, and a trans-
verse band beyond fascia free from whitish scales ; a dark dot or
crescent in disc beyond middle, and a dark line from costa at
four-fifths to anal angle, sharply angulated in disc; cilia dark
fuscous-grey. Hindwings pale ochreous-yellow ; extreme apex
pale fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous.

Distinguished from all except 0. /etella, Walk., by the yellow
hindwings, Brisbane; two specimens in August.

OENOCHROA GNOPHODES, 1%. sp.

Male, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne slaty-grey. Palpi
with second joint markedly dilated at apex, forming an incipient
tuft. Antennal ciliations in male rather long (2). Thorax dark
fuscous. with a central median band pale slatey-grey ; shoulders
pale slatey-grey. Abdomen fuscous. Legs whitish; anterior
and middle tibie and tarsi dark fuscous. Forewings elongate,
narrow; costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
very oblique ; whitish-slaty-grey ; markings dark fuscous, rather
obscure ; an inwardly oblique fascia from costa at one-third to
inner margin at one-fourth ; anterior to this some obscure con-
fluent dark markings ; indications of an interrupted fascia from
costa at four-fifths to anal angle; a series of dark fuscous dots on
hindmargin ; cilia fuscous, irrorated with pale whitish-slaty-grey.
Hindwings pale grey, darker towards hindmargin; cilia, grey.
Brisbane ; one specimen.

Puacocosma, Meyr.

PLACUCOSMA ANTHOPETALA, Meyr.
Brisbane.

PLACOCOSMA PHAEINA, 7. sp.
Male, 12 mm. Head and face snow-white, side-tufts tinged

with fuscous. Palpi snow-white; second joint with a
fuscous subapical ring ; terminal joint fuscous anteriorly and at
apex. Antenne white, with dark fuscous annulations, basal

joint fuscous. Thorax snow-white, apex of crest golden-ochreous.
Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior tibie fus-
cous, anterior tarsi annulated with fuscous. Forewings elongate,
costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very

obliquely rounded ; snow - white ; with three golden - ochreous
fascie, first slightly outwardly oblique from costa near base to
inner margin at one-sixth, of equal thickness throughout ; second
from costa at three-fifths to anal angle, somewhat dilated on costa,
and constricted in disc ; third from apex parallel to hindmargin,
ending in a point above anal angle ; hindmarginal edge white ;
cilia fuscous at apex ; thence golden-ochreous. Hindwings grey ;
cilia ochreous.

Distinct and easily recognised. Brisbane ; one specimen taken
by Mr. Ilhdge.

Linosticua, Jey.

LINOSTICHA ALBIDA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 11-15 mm. Head, face, and thorax white.
Palpi white; basal two-thirds of second joint pale ochreous-
fuscous. Antennze white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs
ochreous-whitish. | Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched,
apex acute, hindmargin very oblique; white; with a few scat-
tered fuscous scales ; “posterior portion of disc and along principal
veins faintly ochreous-tinged ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings
and cilia white, faintly ochreous-tinged.

Brisbane ; nine specimens.

PuHiaopota, Meyr.

The following are taken near Brisbane :—P. twrbatella, Walk.;
P. psephophora, Meyr.; P. melanodelta, Meyr.

PHLGOPOLA SUBVIRIDELLA, %, Sp.

Male, 16-19 mm. Head fuscous, face whitish. Palpi fuscous,
second joint irrorated with whitish scales, and with a narrow
white apical ring. Antenne whitish, barred above with fuscous.
Thorax fuscous ; apex of crest and of shoulders white. Abdomen
pale ochreous-fuscous. Legs whitish ; anterior and middle tibix
and tarsi fuscous, with whitish annulations. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly moderately dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded; whitish, irregularly irrorated
with greenish-grey and fuscous scales, which give rise to mark-
ings ; a dark fuscous dot at base of costa, a second at base of
hindmargin, and a very short narrow dark line in disc outside
fold close to base; a dark-fuscous dot in disc before middle, a
second beyond middle, and a third on fold immediately below
first ; there is a tendency to form transverse fasciz of greenish-
grey ‘scales, including the first two dots—these are best marked
on costa as dark- creenish- -grey dots; a third costal dot just before
apex ; cilia pale-greenish-grey, bases whitish. Hindwings pale-
fuscous, whitish towards base ; cilia whitish, at apex fuscous.

Best distinguished by the greenish tint of the forewing. Bris-
bane ; two specimens.

PHL@OPOLA EUCAPNODES, 1. sp.

Female, 13-18 mm. Head and face whitish. Palpi whitish ;
base of second joint and a subapical band dark fuscous ; terminal
joint with a median dark fuscous band. Antenne dark fuscous.
Thorax dark fuscous, apex of crest and shoulders whitish. Ab-
domen ochreous-fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior tibiz
and tarsi banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; white irrorated with fuscous ; a dark fuscous
dot at base of costa, a second at base of inner margin, and a
third confluent with first in basal part of disc ; an irregular dark
fuscous fascia from costa at one-fourth to inner margin before
middle, interrupted in costal part of disc, strongly dilated on
inner margin, and enclosing a blackish dot on fold ; a dark fuscous
blotch on costa beyond middle, connected by a blackish dot with
another dark fuscous blotch on anal angle to form a complete
fascia ; a dark fuscous blotch on costa before apex, with a suffused
line toward anal angle; hindmarginal edge mostly dark fuscous ;
cilia fuscous, at lower half of hindmargin irrorated with white.
Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

Brisbane ; two specimens.

PHLGOPOLA BASIGRAMMA, 7. sp.

Male, 13-21 mm. Head white, anterior part of side-tufts some-
times fuscous; face white. Palpi, basal half of second joint
dark fuscous, apical half white; terminal joint white, with an
indistinct fuscous band before middle. Antennz ochreous-fus-
cous. Thorax dark fuscous, apex of crest and of shoulders white.
Abdomen ochreous, beneath whitish. Legs whitish; anterior
and middle tibize and tarsi fuscous with whitish annulations.
Forewings elongate, dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargiu obliquely rounded; white, irrorated with
greyish scales, costal edge and posterior part of disc tinged with
pale ochreous ; a thick blackish streak from base of costa along
fold to one-third, on the centre of the outer surface of this is a
blackish projection ; from apex of streak a fuscous shade extends
to inner margin at two-fifths; a blackish dot on costa at one-
third; a blackish dot in disc before middle, a second beyond
middle obliquely below first ; a straight, dark fuscous fascia from
costa at two-thirds to anal angle, containing a black dot on costa
and a second in disc; a dark fuscous inwardly oblique spot on
costa before apex, from which a fine outwardly curved line is
continued to anal angle ; hindmarginal edge narrowly fuscous ;
cilia whitish. Hindwings whitish, suffused with fuscous, especially
at apex ; cilia towards apex fuscous, with a whitish basal line,
towards anal angle whitish.

. 4
ie
ee

Distinguished from all but P. semocausta, Meyr., by the dark
basal line along fold. Brisbane ; six specimens.

PHL@OPOLA MELANOSPILA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 17-29 mm. Head and face ochreous-tus-
cous. Palpi ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark fuscous scales,
terminal joint dark fuscous except at apex. Antenne ochre-
ous-fuscous, obscurely annulated with dark fuscous; cilia-
tions two-thirds. Thorax ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen ochre-
ous-fuscous. Legs ochreous - fuscous, tarsi banded with dark
fuscous; anterior tibie dark fuscous. Forewings moderate,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; reddish-ochreous fuscous, with
scattered whitish and dark fuscous scales; markings blackish-
fuscous; a large basal blotch extending from base of costa
to two-thirds of inner margin, with a rounded or toothed
projection into disc above fold ; in the male the basal blotch is
uniformly blackish-fuscous, in the female partly obscured by the
ground-colour, its posterior edge partly bordered with whitish;
a suffused spot on costa at one-third: a distinct white-bordered
dot in disc at one-third ; a large pentagonal blotch from costa at
two-thirds, reaching more than half across disc ; a short whitish-
bordered longtitudinal line between this and basal blotch, below
which is a fuscous suffusion; a suffused spot below costa near
apex, from which proceeds a curved series of whitish-bordered
dots to near anal angle ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a median fus-
cous line. Hindwings fuscous-grey; cilia fuscous-grey with an
indistinct darker line.

Nearest to P. melanodelta, Meyr, but is a much larger insect.
Brisbane ; six specimens.

PHL@OPOLA EUPREPES, 7. sp.

Male,15 mm. Head and face very pale ochreous-white. Palpi
whitish ; second joint dark fuscous at base, and with an indistinct
subapical fuscous ring ; terminal joint with a broad fuscous band
before middle. Antenne blackish, in male with incipient serra-
tions. Thorax blackish-fuscous, a few scattered scales and apex
of crest whitish. Abdomen ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish :
anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi dark fuscous, annulated with
whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa mode-
rately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; very
pale ochreous-white, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales ;
markings dark fuscous ; a squarish spot at base of costa ; a short
very narrow streak near inner margin at base; a broad fascia
from costa at one-fourth to middle of inner margin, dilated on
fold and broadly dilated on inner margin, costal edge between

this and basal spot is dark fuscous; a second fascia on costa
beyond middle to anal angle, very broad on costa, then narrowing
and almost interrupted in disc, being connected by a very short
oblique bar with a rounded blotch above anal angle ; between first
and second fascia is a round dot in centre of disc ; a third fascia
commences by a broad band directed obliquely inwards from
costa just before apex, and is continued by a fine line, first
obliquely outwards, and then bent sharply and continued parallel
to hindmargin to anal angle, where it joins second fascia: a dark
fuscous line along hindmargin ; cilia, bases barred alternately with
whitish and dark fuscous, apices pale fuscous. Hindwings pale
fuscous, darker towards apex ; cilia fuscous.

A very neat and distinct species. Brisbane; two fine
specimens.
PHL@OPOLA LEUCOCEPHALA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 13-18 mm. Head and face snow-white. Palpi
white, base of second joint and apical one-half or two-thirds of
terminal joint dark-fuscous. Antenne white, sharply annulated
with dark-fuscous. Thorax dark-fuscous, shoulders and crest
snow-white. Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous; ant-
erior and middle tibie and tarsi dark-fuscous, annulated with
ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, not dilated posteriorly,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely
rounded ; snow-white, markings dark-fuscous ; a very small spot
at base of costa; an inwardly curved streak from inner-margin
near base, joining first fascia near costa; a broad oblique fascia
from costa at one-fourth to middle of inner-margin; narrower
on costa, dilated on inner-margin; a second fascia from costa
just beyond middle to anal angle, both fascize with irregularly
dentate margins ; a third broad fascia from costa near apex, in-
wardly oblique, and coalescing with second at anal angle ; cilia
white, bases barred with dark-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia
dark-grey.

In this species vein seven of forewings is to hindmargin. It
appears nearly allied to P. synchyta, Meyr. Brisbane; six
specimens.

SPHYRELATA, Meyr.

S. ochrophea, Meyr., and S. melanoleuca, Meyr., are taken
about Brisbane.

PiLoprePEs, Meyr.
The following are taken in the neighborhood of Brisbane :—

P. emulella, Meyr.; P. aristocratica, Meyr.; P. lophoptera, Lower
(Trans. Royal Soc., 8.A., 1894).

PitoprePes Lucasil, 2. sp.

Male, 17-18 mm. Head snow-white, apices of sidetufts orange-
fuscous. Face snow-white. Palpi white, apex of terminal joint
fuscous. Antenne white, obscurely annulated with pale-fuscous.
Thorax white, more or less irrorated or marked with orange-fuscous,
with a posterior dark-fuscous spot; crest orange-fuscous. Abdomen
pale-ochreous. Legs whitish; anterior tibiz and tarsi densely
clothed with long ‘hairs, white suffused with grey. Forewings
moderate, not dilated, costa moderately arched, slightly dilated
with scales at one-half, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; a snow-white basal patch, posterior margin well-
defined, from costa at one-fourth obliquely outwards to fold,
thence angulated inwards to inner-margin at two-fifths, in this
margin are two very prominent tufts of raised scales, one at fold,
the other between fold and costa ; a dark-fuscous spot at base of
costa, and another at base of inner-margin; the white basal patch
also contains a purplish-grey transverse band from inner-margin
not reaching costa, often broken up into spots, and a pale-
ochreous. suffusion between this and base near inner-margin ,
median area of disc purplish-grey, bounded by a line from costa
at two-thirds to anal angle, indented in disc and at anal angle ;
within this is a narrow interrupted white line from costa before
middle to inner-margin before anal angle, its outer-margin suf-
fused with orange-fuscous; remainder of disc white, with an
interrupted ochreous line along costa, and a subapical orange-
fuscous blotch, and a line of fuscous dots along hindmargin ; cilia
ochreous-whitish, at anal angle dark-fuscous. Hindwings ochre-
ous.yellow ; cilia ochreous-yellow suffused with pale-fuscous.

Very distinct. Brisbane, two specimens; first taken by Dr.
T. P. Lucas.
PILOPREPES GLAUCASPIS, 7. sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head white, anterior part of side-tufts reddish-
brown. Face white. Palpi whitish, apex of second joint, and
all terminal joint except base fuscous. Antenne whitish ; cilia-
tions three. Thorax white, anterior part fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous; anterior and middle tibiz and
tarsi white, barred with fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa
moderately arched at base, with a strong tuft of scales at one-
half, thence straight, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
white, with scattered, pale reddish-brown scales ; a dark fuscous
spot at base of costa, and a second in disc close to first; central
portion of disc occupied by a large olive-green blotch, which
commences in a dark fuscous dot on costa at one-third, rapidly
widens in disc, and on inner margin reaches from one-third to
just before anal angle, its anterior margin concave, posterior

margin convex, white bordered ; beyond this disc is pale reddish
brown, darker towards hindmargin, and contains a curved line of
obscure fuscous dots ; costal tuft dark fuscous; cilia grey, bases
barred with fuscous, at anal angle white. Hindwings and cilia
grey.

Conspicuously distinct. The antennal ciliations are very long
for this genus, but I do not think it necessary to separate it.
Vein seven of forewings is distinctly to apex, and the costal tuft
is characteristic. One specimen; taken near Brisbane by Mr.
Tllidge.

TERATOMORPHA, 1%. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, closely ap-
pressed. Antenne moderate, basal joint stout, pecten absent,
ciliations in male unknown. Palpi very long; second joint very
long, horizontally porrected, with a brush-like projection of long
scales on inferior margin from one-third to apex, and a smaller
brush on middle third of superior margin ; terminal joint shorter,
ascending, its middle third thickened with loose scales, apical
third smooth, apex acute. Thorax with a posterior crest. Fore-
wings moderate ; costa with tufts of scales ; hindmargin sinuate,
not oblique ; disc with strong tufts of raised scales. Hindwings
as broad as forewings, ciliations one-fourth. Abdomen (broken).
Anterior tibiz but slightly thickened. Forewings with vein 7
to costa, 2 from before angle of cell. Hindwings normal.

Perhaps an extreme development of Piloprepes.

TERATOMORPHA COELIOTA, 2. Sp.

Female, 27-50 mm. Head and face ochreous-whitish. Palpi
whitish ; second joint irrocated with fuscous scales, except on
tufts ; terminal joint with a broad dark-fuscous ring before
middle, a small fuscous ring beyond middle, and a third at apex.
Antenne whitish with fuscous annulations. Thorax ochreous-
whitish with a few dark fuscous scales. Legs ochreous-whitish
banded with fuscous. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa exca-
vated in middle and again bafore apex, before each excavation
is a strong tuft of scales, apex rounded, hind-margin sinuate
not oblique ; ochreous-whitish ; a broad dark-fuscous band, partly
interrupted by ground-color, from costa at one-sixth, towards,
but ceasing abruptly before, middle of disc ; afew scattered dark-
fuscous scales; a dark-fuscous blotch at apex; in oblique light
some of the fuscous scales have a metallic iridescence ; cilia fuscous.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; a dark-fuscous spot at apex ; cilia
ochreous-whitish, at apex fuscous.

This curious species is evidently a mimic of birds’ droppings.

Bowen, North Queensland, two specimens in the collection of
the Brisbane Museum.

21
PHYLLOPRANES, 1%. g.

Head loosely haired, sidetufts moderate, spreading. Antenne
moderate, basal joint stout, pecten absent, ciliations in male
unknown. Palpi rather long, second joint somewhat exceeding
base of antenne, densely scaled beneath, scales forming a large
apical tuft, terminal joint much shorter, moderate, recurved.
Thorax smooth. Forewings moderate, apex pointed, hindmargin
only slightly oblique, with a strong tuft of scales on costa. Hind-
wings narrower than forewings, cilia at apex long forming a hook-
like projection, basal cilia one-half. Abdomen moderate. Anterior
tibie not dilated. Forewings with vein seven to apex, two from
before angle of cell. Hindwings normal.

The tufted palpi recalls Palparia, and the costal tufts Pelo-
prepes, but I doubt whether it is really closely related to either
genus.

PHYLLOPHANES DYSEURETA, 7. Sp.

Female, 22 mm. Head, face, and thorax whitish, irrorated
with reddish-brown. Palpi anteriorly reddish-brown, posteriorly
whitish ; terminal joint with a median white ring; tuft two-
fifths length of terminal joint. Antenne pale-fuscous. Abdomen
whitish grey. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior tibiz and tarsi
reddish-brown. Forewings elongate oblong, costa moderately
arched, strongly dilated with scales before middle, apex pointed,
subrectangular, hindmargin slightly oblique, lower half obliquely
rounded ; whitish thickly irrorated with reddish-brown scales ; a
few fuscous scales in disc, on fold, and about anal angle; cilia
whitish. Hindwings whitish-grey; cilia whitish, apical tuft
fuscous, from this a median fuscous line can be traced for a short
distance.

Not like any other species. When the wings are closed the
apical tufts of hindwings project beneath costa of forewings,
giving the appearance of a second costal tuft. The moth then
closely resembles a piece of crumpled leaf. Brisbane; one
specimen from Lugenia.

PYCNOCERA, 7. g.

Head with appressed scales, side-tufts moderate, closely ap-
pressed. Antenne moderately long, in male very much thickened,
serrate (one-third), and densely ciliated (one and a half); with
strong pecten. Palpi rather short, second joint not reaching base
of antenne, with appressed scales. terminal joint less than
half first, moderately stout, recurved. Thorax smooth. Fore-
wings moderate, hindinargin scarcely oblique, rounded beneath.
Hindwings narrower than forewings ; cilia one-third. Abdomen
rather stout. Forewings with vein seven to hindmargin, two
from just before angle of cell. Hindwings normal.

Immediately distinguished by the greatly thickened antenn

of the male.
PYCNOCERA HYPOXANTHA, 1. Sp.

Male, 21-23 mm. Head, face, and palpi ochreous-fuscous.
Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, apical
tuft and basal tufts ochreous. Legs fuscous, anterior and middle
tibie and tarsi annulated with ochreous ; posterior tibie and
tarsi ochreous. Forewings oblong, not dilated, costa moderately
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin scarcely oblique, rounded
beneath ; dark fuscous thickly irrorated with whitish scales,
towards inner margin and about centre of disc these are less
numerous or wanting; an oval dark fuscous blotch from anal
angle, nearly reaching costa at two-thirds ; a narrow fuscous line
from costa at five-sixths, confluent with blotch at anal angle ;
cilia fuscous. | Hindwings, basal half clear ochreous-yellow ;
apical and hindmarginal portions fuscous ; cilia fuscous with paler
basal line, at anal angle ochreous-yellow.

Brisbane ; three male specimens.

NEPHOGENES, Meyr.

Nephogenes fedatella, Walk. Brisbane.
Nephogenes atmopis, Meyr. Taken by Meyrick at Toowoomba

NEPHOGENES VARIABILIS, 7%. sp.

Male, 19-23 mm. Head and face ochreous-whitish Palpi ochre-
ous-whitish, second joint sometimes partly suffused with fuscous.
Antenne whitish, sometimes annulated with fuscous, basal joint
fuscous ; ciliations in male two and a-half. Thorax pale ochreous-
whitish, more or less suffused with fuscous; anterior half of
shoulders fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-
whitish; anteriorand middle tibie and tarsidark fuscous, annulated
withwhitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ; very
pale ochreous-whitish, more or less irrorated with fuscous ; mark-
ings fuscous ; a triangular patch on costa before middle, reaching
one-third across disc ; a dot in disc at one-third, a second slightly
beyond this on fold, a third at apex of costal triangle, and several
confluent, forming a semilunar mark in disc at two-thirds; a
short, inwardly oblique streak from costa at five-sixths, from
which proceeds a line sharply bent in disc, and continued parallel
to hindmargin to above anal angle, where it sometimes ends in a
fuscous spot, but this is only occasionally present; a series of
fine dots around apical and hindmarginal edge ; cilia whitish,
with two fuscous lines, sometimes interrupted or obsolete. Hind-
wings pale grey, darker towards apices ; cilia whitish, with a pale
grey line at one-third.

A variable species. The above description is taken from ten
specimens, all males, of which scarcely two are exactly alike.
They include two well-marked varieties ; in (1) the costal triangle
is very well marked, and there is an equally distinct fuscous line
along central half of inner-margin, discal dots and posterior line
are obsolete, the latter being represented by a conspicous blackish
spot above anal angle; in (2) the disc and more especially its
basal portion are extensively suffused with fuscous, and an in-
wardly concave fuscous shade unites the two extremities of the
posterior line.

In the narrow forewings it resembles NV. apora, Meyr., from
which it may be distinguished by the somewhat ochreous-tinged
forewings. From other species it may also be distinguished by
the absence of any basal patch or fascia (except in conjunction
with a general fuscous suffusion). The long antennal ciliations
of the male are also a point of distinction. Brisbane; not un-
common.

PuiLopota, Meyr.

This large genus is conspicuously poorly represented in the
neighbourhood of Brisbane. I am able to record the following :—
P. chionoptzera, Meyr.; P. pruinosa, Meyr.; P. adaptatella, Walk.;
P. xanthiella, Walk.; P. fascialis, Fab.; P. tentatella, Walk.; P.
melanoploca, Meyr.; P. pulverea, Meyr.

Three additional species have been taken on Stradbrooke
Island :—P. irruptella, Z.; P. chrysopotama, Meyr.; P. pretio-
sella, Walk.

Meyrick records P. erebodes, Meyr., and P. calamea, Meyr.,
from Toowoomba.

PHILOBOTA XIPHERES, 7. sp.

Male, 19-20 mm. Head and face white, very faintly ochreous-
tinged. Palpi, antenne, and thorax white. Abdomen whitish-
grey. Legs whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, not dilated,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded; snow-white; a fuscous streak along costa
almost to apex, attenuated at base and extremity; cilia
white. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Closely resembles the male of P. chionoptera, Meyr, but may be
at once distinguished by the much darker hindwings. Brisbane ;
two specimens.

PHILOBOTA LONCHOTA, 2. sp.

Male, 18 mm. Head, face, and thorax ochreous. Palpi ant-
eriorly and externally fuscous, posteriorly and internally ochreous.
Antennz fuscous. Abdomen ochreous. Legs ochreous ; anterior
and middle tibize and tarsi fuscous. Forewings moderate, not
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin

obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish ; a dark fuscous streak along
costa to three-fourths, attenuated at base and extremity; cilia
ochreous-whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Distinguished from the preceding by the ochreous-tinged fore-
wings, and shorter costal streak. Brisbane ; two specimens.

PHILOBOTA PERIXANTHA, 1%. Sp.

Male, 18-19 mm.; female, 25-27 mm. Head and face ochreous.
Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antenne whitish, ciliations two. Thorax
white. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. | Legs ochreous-whitish ;
anterior and middle tibie and tarsi suffused with fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded; white; base of costa
dark fuscous ; costal and hindmarginal edges narrowly ochreous ;
cilia ochreous. Huindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Brisbane ; taken commonly.

PHILOBOTA ORPHNITES, 7”. sp.

Male, 17-22 mm.; female, 23-25 mm. Head and face white.
Palpi whitish, anterior surface of second joint except apex, and
of terminal joint pale fuscous. Antenne whitish. Thorax white.
Abdomen whitish. Legs whitish. Forewings elongate, not
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; white ; basal fifth of costal edge dark fuscous;
some pale fuscous suffusion along costa; discal dots dark fuscous,
first at one-third, second obliquely beyond first on fold, third
beyond second above fold often absent, fourth above
centre of disc, and three others forming a crescent at two-thirds ;
an inwardly oblique streak from costa at five-sixths, sharply bent
in disc and continued as a series of fine dots parallel to hindmargin
to anal angle, this posterior line is often obsolete ; a series of dots
often obsolete along apical sixth of costa and hindmargin ; cilia
whitish. Hindwing and cilia whitish-grey.

Brisbane ; taken commonly.

PHILOBOTA ORPHNMA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 17-20 mm. Head and face ochreous-whitish.
Palpi ochreous-whitish, basal half of anterior surface of second
joint sometimes fuscous. Antenne ochreous-fuscous. Thorax
ochreous-whitish, with a transverse fuscous band. Abdomen
ochreous-fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish ; more or less
suffused with fuscous scales—these sometimes form an irregular
blotch in centre of disc above fold ; a fuscous dot before middle
of disc, a second beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely

below first; a more or less obsolete broken fuscous line from costa
at five-sixths parellel to hindmargin to before anal angle ; cilia
ochreous-whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; taken commonly.

PHILOBOTA LUNATA, %. sp.

Male and female, 16-18 mm. Head anteriorly snow-white,
posteriorly dark-fuscous. Face snow-white. Palpi, basal third
of second joint dark-fuscous, remainder snow-white ; terminal
joint fuscous anteriorly, white posteriorly. Antenne dark-fuscous.
Thorax snow-white, anterior margin dark-fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish; anterior tibie and _ tarsi
fuscous, Forewings moderate, not dilated, costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin moderately oblique; a snow-
white blotch on basal one-third of inner-margin, with a rounded
outline extending beyond fold ; a fuscous longitudinal bar from
base of costa separates this from a triangular costal white blotch,
extending on costa from one-fifth to three-fifths, its apex not
reaching middle of disc; an oblong inwardly oblique white blotch
from costa before apex; a suffusedly outlined white triangular
marking at anal angle, and a white line on middle third of
hindmargin; remainder of disc fuscous or reddish-fuscous,
irrorated with white ; cilia dark-fuscous, on middle third of hind-
margin and at anal angle pure white. Hindwings ochreous,
irrorated with fuscous towards apex ; cilia pale-ochreous, at apex
fuscous.

Brisbane ; five specimens.

PHILOBOTA CHRYSANTHES, %. Sp.

Male and female, 20-22 mm. Head orange-yellow. Face
dark fuscous with some orange-yellow scales. Palpi, anterior
surface dark fuscous, extreme base of second joint yellow ;
posterior surface yellow. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibiz and tarsi ochreous
on upper surface. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated pos-
teriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; deep yellow ; base of costa dark fuscous at
edge ; afuscous line from centre of base to costa at three-fourths,
often obsolete except near base ; a second line occasionally present
or wholly or partially obsolete from base to anal angle, parallel
to and below fold; a fuscous hindmarginal blotch, its anterior
margin strongly convex, and enclosing in its lower part a deep
yellow spot which may be partly confluent with ground color of
dise ; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; more or less
irrorated with yellowish scales ; cilia dark fuscous.

Nearest P. awriceps. Butler. Ballandean (2,500 feet), near

Wallangarra, Queensland; four specimens in January and
February.
PHILOBOTA SOPHIA, ”. sp.

Male, 19-25 mm. Head orange-yellow. Face dark fuscous.
Palpi second joint dark fuscous, apex yellowish ; terminal joint
pale yellowish. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax orange-yellow,
with a central fuscous spot. Abdomen dark fuscous, tuft ochre-
ous. Legs dark fuscous ; posterior tibie and tarsi pale ochreous
on upper surface. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated pos-
teriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; white; a broad hindmarginal streak, and
middle half of costa orange-yellow ; extreme base dark fuscous ;
from this a broad dark fuscous streak extends at first on, and
then just beneath, costa to three-fifths ; a similar inwardly oblique
streak from costa before middle, terminating abruptly on fold at
one-third ; between this and base is an orange-yellow streak in
costal portion of disc ; from oblique streak just above fold pro-
ceeds a longitudinal streak twice bent in disc at two-thirds, and
prolonged to apex; a streak from before apex to anal angle,
sometimes connected with the preceding above anal angle; cilia
at apex dark fuscous, thence orange-yellow. Hindwings grey ;
cilia ochreous.

A very distinct and handsome species, nearer to P. ida, Lower.
than to any other. Armidale (3500ft.), New South Wales - three
specimens in October.

PHILOBOTA OCULARIS, 7. sp.

Male and female, 16-17 mm. Head, face, thorax, and palpi
pale yellow. Antenne greyish. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous.
Forewings moderate, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin nearly straight, slightly oblique; pale yellow ;
costal edge fuscous, darker towards base; a very strongly in-
wardly-curved fuscous fascia from costa at five-sixths to anal
angle ; hindmarginal edge narrowly fuscous ; cilia fuscous. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Differs from the rest of the genus in the short antennal cilia-
tions of the male (one-half) ; but it does not appear necessary to
_ Separateit at present. There is a strong antennal pecten, and second

joint of palpi considerably exceeds base of antennz. Specifically it
resembles Coesyra ocellaris, Meyr. Charters Towers (Queensland),
two specimens in March.

CompsorropHa, Meyr.

Compsotropha strophiella, Meyr. Brisbane.

CoMPSOTROPHA CHRYSOZONA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 18-19 mm. Head black ; face yellowish
Palpi second joint considerably exceeding base of antenn, white;
terminal joint fuscous. Antenne (ciliations two) ochreous-whitish,
annulated with black. Thorax ochreous-yellow. Abdomen fus-
cous. Legs ochreous-yellow ; anterior tibize fuscous ; posterior
tarsi barred above with fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin sinuate, oblique ;
ochreous-yellow, towards base deep yellow ; with four blackish-
fuscous faciv ; first occupies basal fifth of disc ; second inwardly
oblique from middle of costa to middle of inner margin; third
confluent with second on costa, to anal angle ; fourth along hind-
margin from apex to anal angle; cilia blackish-fuscous at apex
and anal angle, along middle third of hindmargin ochreous-yellow.
Hindwings dark fuscous ; costal margin and base suffused with
orange-yellow ; cilia dark fuscous,

A very distinct insect not nearly related specifically to any
other. Brisbane; four specimens in November.

PuiLtonymMpHA, MMeyr.
. Philonympa hololenca, Meyr. Brisbane.

PELTOPHORA, Meyr.

The following have been taken near Brisbane :-—P. carphalea,
Meyr.; P. prowimella, Walk.; P. basiplaga, Walk.; P. conjunc-
tella Walk.; P. privatella, Walk.; P. psammochroa, Lower.

P. argutella, Z., and P. marionella, Newm., have been taken
on Stradbrooke Island.

SARopLa, Meyr.
S. cleronoma, Meyr., Brisbane.
S. coelatella, Meyr., is recorded by Meyrick from Toowoomba.

CoRETHROPALPA, 1%. g.

Head with loosely appressed scales, side-tufts rather large,
meeting above. Antenne in male moderate, shortly serrated,
shortly and evenly ciliated, three-fourths, with moderate pecten.
Palpi long, second joint much exceeding base of antenne,
horizontally porrected, clothed anteriorly with long scales ex-
panding above and beneath to form apical tufts, of these the
inferior is much the longer ; terminal joint shorter than second,
slender, obliquely ascending, partly concealed in apical tuft.
Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, apex pointed, hindmargin
very oblique. Hindwings as broad as forewings, elongate-ovate,
hindmargin rounded, cilia three-fourths. Abdomen moderate.
Posterior tibize clothed with long hairs. Forewings with vein

seven to hindmargin, two from before angle of cell. Hindwings
normal.

Closely allied to Phryganeutis, Meyr., which it resembles in
the peculiar palpi, but differs in the short antennal ciliations.

CoORETHROPALPA FALCATA, 1%. Sp.

Male and female, 16-19 mm. Head and face white. Palpi
white, inferior tuft almost as long as terminal joint, external sur-
face of second joint fuscous beneath, white above ; terminal joint
fuscous. Antenne white above, fuscous beneath. Thorax
white ; shoulders pale fuscous. Abdomen whitish. Legs whitish.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, more strongly
towards apex, apex acute, slightly falcate, hindmargin sinuous,
very oblique ; pale fuscous, with longitudinal white lines along
veins; a double costal streak, a strong subcostal streak with
branches along venules, a fine median streak with fine streaks
along median venules, a rather strong streak in basal part of
disc beneath fold ; a white line along hindmargin; cilia white
with basal and apical dark fuscous lines, and a dark fuscous
streak just above apex. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia pale grey,
apices white, a fuscous basal line in apical half of hindmargin.

Brisbane ; observed flying low among grass and herbage in
August in numbers. Superficially, its markings resemble those
ot one of the Crambide.

Pievurora, Hb.

The following are taken about Brisbane :—P. brevivittella,
Walk.; P. pelowantha, Meyr.; 1’. psammoxantha, Meyr.

Caranica, Meyr.
Ceranica isabella, Newm. Brisbane.

Casyra, Meyr.

The following are taken about Brisbane :—C. dichroélla, Z.;
C. wozona, Meyr.; C. cyclotomn, Meyr.; C. acrotopa, Meyr. ;
C. ochroptera, Meyr.; C. amylodes, Meyr.; C. ergatis, Meyr.;
C. gephyrota, Meyr.; C. innwmera, Meyr.; C. leptospila, Meyr.

Meyrick also records C. omichlota, Meyr., from Rosewood ;
and C. hemiphragma, Meyr., from Toowoomba.

COESYRA SPECTABILIS, 7. sp.
de , 1 A | « ‘ . 7 |
Male, 17 mm. Head pale yellow ; face and palpi yellowish.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous.
Legs fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa scarcely arched, apex
round-pointed, hindmargin oblique, almost straight; yellow ;
base narrowly dark fuscous ; a broad fuscous hindmarginal band,

bounded anteriorly by an almost straight edge from costa at two-
thirds to before anal angle ; almost in the centre of this band is
a suffusedly outlined yellow spot ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and

cilia fuscous.
Brisbane ; one specimen taken by Mr. Illidge.

CoESYRA DICOELA, %. sp.

Male and female, 14-16 mm. Head, face, and palpi yellow.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax yellow with an anterior fuscous line.
Abdomen dark-grey, beneath whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish-
ochreous. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin almost straight, oblique ; yellow ; costal
edge near base fuscous ; a slender purple-fuscous facia from costa
at one-third to inner margin slightly before middle, slightly out-
wardly curved ; a second similar fascia from costa near apex to
anal angle, inwardly curved ; a pale purple-fuscous suffusion along
hindmargin ; cilia yellow. Hindwings dark-grey ; cilia dark-grey
with a pale basal line.

Allied to C. anthodora, Meyr. Brisbane ; five specimens.

CoESYRA CHRYSOCOLLA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 11-12 mm. Head golden-yellow, face reddish-
ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint pale fuscous.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs
whitish-ochreous ; anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi suffused
with fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa almost straight,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; bright
golden-yellow ; a narrow dark fuscous basal fascia, a slender fus-
cous line along costa; a broad fuscous hindmarginal band, ante-
rior margin of this slightly convex, from costa at three-fourths to
before anal angle; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark-
grey.

Brisbane ; two specimens.

Epipyrea, Meyr.
E. agaclita, Meyr., is recorded by Meyrick from Rosewood.

OxyTHECTA, Meyr.
O. hieroglyphica, Meyr., and O. acceptella, Walker. Brisbane.
CREPIDOSCELES, Mey.
C’. eostephana, Meyr., and C. exanthema, Meyr. Brisbane.
Ocystroua, Meyr.

The following have been taken near Brisbane :—0O. thiasotis,
Meyr.; O. oxytora, Meyr.; O. acroxantha, Meyr.; O. psamathina,

Meyr.; O. monostropha, Meyr.; O. paulinella, Newm.; O. neurota,
Meyr. .

Meyrick records O. suppresse/la, Walk., from Rosewood, and
O. protosticha, Meyr., from Toowoomba.

PAROCYSTOLA, 7. g.

Head smooth, side-tufts moderate, loose. Antenne in male
with moderate ciliations (one and a-half); basal joint without
pecten, rarely with a few scales only. Palpi rather short ; second
joint barely reaching base of antennz, with appressed scales,
somewhat loose beneath towards apex; terminal joint shorter
than second, moderately slender, recurved. Thorax smooth.
Forewings moderate, apex acute, hindmargin straight, oblique.
Hindwings elongate-ovate, cilia one. Abdomen moderate. Pos-
terior tibiz clothed with moderately long hairs above. Forewings
with vein seven to hindmargin, two from before angle of cell.
Hindwings normal.

A development of Ocystola, from which it is distinguished by
the absence of the pecten, and the shorter antennal ciliations.
The latter character serves to separate it from Compsotropha, to
which it is not really very closely allied.

PAROCYSTOLA LEUCOSPORA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 13-16 mm. Head, face, and thorax pale
ochreous-grey. Palpi and antenne greyish. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings. moderate, costa
gently arched, apex acute, hindmargin straight, or slightly sinu-
ate; pale greyish, tinged with ochreous; an ill-defined fuscous
line along costa; extreme costal edge pinkish-ochreous; an
occasional ill-defined fuscous suffusion on inner margin at one-
third; a fuscous dot in disc at one-third, sometimes obsolete, a
second at two-thirds, and a third on fold obliquely below first ;
the latter two often accompanied by two white spots very variable
in their development; a line of fuscous dots from costa at two-
thirds, angulated in disc to anal angle, each fuscous dot accom-
panied by a white dot ; a dark fuscous line around apex and along
hindmargin ; cilia pinkish-ochreous, at apex and anal angle fus-
cous. Hindwings grey, towards base ochreous-tinged ; cilia grey.

Brisbane ; from September to November; not uncommon. I
have bred one specimen from Acacia Cunninghame.

Macuaritis, Meyr.

M. calligenes, Meyr.; M. melanospora, Meyr.; M. indocta,
Meyr. Brisbane.
Leprocroca, Meyr.

L. sanguinolenta, Meyr. Brisbane.

OECOPHORA, Z.

O. hemispherica, Meyr. Brisbane.
Meyrick also records O. lagara, Meyr., from Rosewood, and
O. eremea, Meyr., from Toowoomba.

OECOPHORA SPHAEROIDES, 7”. sp.

Female, 14-15 mm. Head and face ochreous-whitish. Palpi
ochreous-whitish ; terminal joint and basal third of second
joint fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish annulated with fuscous.
Thorax fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Legs ochreous-
whitish ; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa rather
strongly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
ochreous-whitish ; a fuscous spot at base of costa ; a dark fuscous
dot in dise at one-third, a second obliquely below first on fold,
two confluent dots placed transversely in disc at two-thirds; a
dark fuscous dot at anal angle ; a fuscous shade in‘outer part of
dise, sharply limited anteriorly by an outwardly oblique, out-
wardly curved line from costa beyond middle through posterior
diseal dots to before anal angle; posteriorly this shades off into
ground colour ; a submarginal line of confluent dark fuscous dots
along posterior one-third of costa and hindmargin ; cilia ochreous-
whitish, at anal angle pale fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; two specimens taken by Mr. Illidge.

OECOPHORA HEMILEUCA, 1%. sp.

Female, 17 mm. Head and face snow-white. Palpi white;
basal half of second joint fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax
dark fuscous, with a large snow-white posterior spot. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate,
costa almost straight, apex tolerably acute, hindmargin very
obliquely rounded ; snow-white; a broad fuscous streak from
base along costa to one-third ; thence proceeds a fuscous fascia,
slightly outwardly oblique, to inner margin before middle, its
anterior edge sharply defined, posterior edge suffused ; a darker
dot on fold in posterior edge of this fascia ; a broad fuscous fascia
from costa near apex, narrowing abruptly to a point at anal
angle ; between the two fasciz are some obscure fuscous markings
in costal portion of disc ; a fuscous spot on hindmargin below
middle; cilia fuscous, just above anal angle ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings grey, basal half whitish-ochreous ; cilia, apical third
fuscous, remainder whitish-ochreous.

Very distinct. In the absence of the male the generic position
of this species cannot be exactly determined. In the specimen
examined, which is rather worn, I cannot distinguish any
trace of a pecten ; further observation will be required to deter-
mine whether this is really absent. Brisbane; one specimen

taken by Mr. Illidge.

CrossopHora, JMeyr.
C niphadia, Meyr. Brisbane.

MacrospatHrRa, Meyr.

The following have been taken in the neighbourhood of Bris
bane :—W. chrysotoxa, Meyr.; M. desmotona, Meyr.; ML. mesopora
Meyr.; JL. chlorosoma, Meyr.; M. niphadobola, Meyr.; M. argo
nota, Meyr.; M. alternatella, Walk.; M. «xuthocoma, Meyr. ?
M. crymalea, Meyr.; M. melanargyra, Meyr.; YU. myriophthalma,
Meyr.; MZ. chrysospiia, Meyr.; M. diplochrysa, Lower.

Meyrick also records Jf. brontodes, Meyr., from Rosewood, and
M. monostadia, Meyr., and M. nephelomorpha, Meyr., from
Toowoomba.

I have bred a specimen of MZ. wuthocoma from Acacia penni-
mervis, and a series of M. chrysospila from Acacia complanata
and A. decurrens.

M. diplochrysa, Lower, I have bred abundantly from Acacia
Cunninghami in September, but have never observed in the free
state.

MACROBATHRA PUNCTICULATA, %. SD.

Male, 15 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Face ochreous-
whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish ; second joint irrorated with
fuscous ; terminal joint dark fuscous except at base and apex.
Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous, annul-
ated with ochreous- whitish. Forewings elongate - lanceolate ;
dark fuscous ; an oblong, ochreous-white, outwardly oblique spot
from costa at one-fourth, reaching fold ; an ochreous-white dot on
middle of costa, a conspicuous white spot on costa at three-fourths ;
a yainute ochreous-white dot in centre of disc at one-third, a
second on fold obliquely beyond first, a third in middle of disc,
and a fourth in disc at two-thirds; cilia fuscous. Hindwings
and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; one specimen, bred from Acacia sp. in October.

MACROBATHRA CHRYSOBAPHES, 7. sp.

Male and female, 13-16 mm. Head and face ochreous-yellow.
Palpi ochreous-whitish; second joint fuscous anteriorly; terminal
joint fuscous, except at base and apex. Thorax pale purple-
fuscous, with a yellowish anterior and posterior spot. Abdomen
fuscous, towards base ochreous-yellowish. Legs dark-fuscous,
banded with whitish-yellowish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ;
pale purple-fuscous ; markings deep ochreous-yellow ; a small
basal spot ; a broad outwardly oblique fascia from costa at one-
fifth, not reaching inner-margin narrowest at costa, broad on
fold; a rather large spot on costa before middle, and another of

equal size on inner-margin opposite ; a small round spot on disc
at two-thirds ; a rather large spot on costa at four-fifths, and a
smaller spot on anal angle ; apical portion of disc darker fuscous ;
cilia fuscous, beneath anal angle paler, on costal spot yellow.
Hindwings and cilia grey.

Brisbane; six specimens bred from Acacia sp. Closely allied »
to AL. chrysospila, from which it is readily distinguished by the
paler ground-color, deeper yellow markings, and especially by the
broader fascia. I have bred a large number of the latter species,
and find these points of distinction constant.

MACROBATHRA ROSEA, ”. sp.

Male and female, 10-13 mm. Head dull rosy ; face paler rosy
Palpi, second-joint rosy-whitish, irrorated with dark fuscous ;
terminal joint dark fuscous, irrorated with rosy-whitish, apex
whitish. Antennze fuscous, obscurely annulated with whitish.
Thorax dull rosy irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous.
Legs fuscous ; anterior and middle pair banded with rosy-whitish;
posterior with whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; pale
rosy ; base narrowly blackish-fuscous ; with four transverse black-
ish-fuscous fascize, more or less suffused and interrupted in disc ;
first from costa at one-fifth to inner margin at one-fourth ; second
from costa at two-fifths to middle of inner margin; third from
costa at three-fifths to before anal angle ; fourth from costa before
apex to hindmargin just above anal angle ; cilia ochreous with a
fuscous basal line, on costa and just above and below anal angle
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

A pretty and very distinct species, Brisbane ; six specimens.

The following are new localities for the species mentioned.
Ballandean (2500ft.) is seven miles north of Wallangarra on the
Queensland border.

Eochrois laetiferana, Ballandean.

Zonopetala divisella, Ballandean.

Heliocausta severa, Ballandean.

Heliocausta limbata, Armidale (3500ft.), New South Wales.

Hoplitica pudica, Ballandean.

Hoplitica rufa, Ballandean.

Eulechria puellaris, Ballandean.

Lulechria epicausta, Ballandean.

Eulechria leucopelta, Ballandean.

Eulechria habrophanes, Ballandean.

Eulechria xylopterella, Armidale (3500ft.), New South Wales.

Sphyrelata indecorella, Ballandean.

Nephogenes apora, Ballandean.

Philobota arabella, Armidale.

Philobota anchylotoxa, Armidale.

Philobota chrysopotama, Armidale.

Philobota monoloncha, Armidale.

Philobota pruinosa, Armidale.

Philobota catachrysa, Armidale.

Philobota automina, Sydney, New South Wales.
Philobota occidua, Ballandean.

Philonympha leptostola, Ballandean.

Oxythecta alternatella, Armidale.

Oxythecta zonoteles, Armidale.

Oxythecta acceptella, Armidale.

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Biacksurn, B.A.

[Read April 14, 1896.]

XIX.

BUPRESTID.

CALODEMA.

C. Wallacei, Deyr. There is an example of this insect in Mr.
French’s collection, which that gentleman informs me was taken
in N. Queensland.

STIGMODERA.

S. magnifica, sp. nov. Sat lata; metallico-viridis, prothoracis
disco elytrisque violaceo-purpureis, his fascia mediana com-
muni sat lata aurantiaca ornatis; capite longitudinaliter
concayvo, antice grosse leviter (postice magis profunde minus
grosse) punctulato; prothorace fortiter transverso, acervatim
sat fortiter punctulato, antice valde angustato, lateribus mox
ante basin fortiter dilatato-rotundatis; elytris fortiter
striatis, striis leviter punctulatis, interstitiis convexis fere
ut strie punctulatis, lateribus postice crenulatis, apice
breviter bispinoso. Long., 10 1.; lat., 441.

This magnificent insect is quite distinct by its color and mark-
ings from all others known to me. It should be placed I think
near S. alternozona, Thoms.

N. Queensland ; in the collection of Mr. French.

ELATERID,
TETRIGUS.

This genus is new to the Australian fauna. The antenne are
of very characteristic form in their lamelle being given off from
the base (not the apex) of the lamellated joint. The antennz of
the following species are exactly like those of 7’. parallelws, Cand.
(as figured, Mon. Elat., vol. I., pl. v., fig. 5a), except in their
apical joint being differently formed. The head too is very dis-
tinctive, the forehead being abruptly truncate in front, with the
part which Dr. Candéze calls the “ plaque nasale ” abruptly per-
pendicular.

T. australicus, sp. nov. Elongatus; subparallelus ; pubescens ;
capite prothoraceque crebre subtilius punctulatis ; hoc quam

longiori parum latiori, angulis posticis retrorsum productis
acutis carinatis; elytris prothoraci latitudine squalibus,
apice breviter submucronatis, subtiliter striatis, striis sat
subtiliter minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis planis crebre
subtiliter punctulatis; antennarum articulo ultimo ad apicem
breviter subappendiculato. Long., 16—1é6 1.; lat., 4—44 1.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. French.

TENEBRIONIDAi.
SPILOSCAPHA.

S. thalloides, Pasc. This species (described by Mr. Pascoe as a
Platydema) is certainly a Spiloscapha. Mr. Bates (E.M.M., IX.,
p. 203) has already expressed the opinion that the description of
P. thalloides reads like that of S. crassicornis. Examples before
me are certainly P. thalloides, equally certainly a Spiloscapha,
and scarcely less certainly S. crassicornis, Bates,—which name
consequently should be regarded as a synonym of Mr. Pascoe’s
name.

BRENTHID:.

HORMOCERUS.

H. fosswlatus, sp. nov. Griseo-brunneus, prothoracis sulco intus
plus minusve flavescenti; opacus; rostro quam prothorax
vix breviori, postice longitudinaliter suleato; antennis quam
rostrum multo brevioribus, robustis, articulis (basali apicali-
que exceptis) transversis ; prothorace longitudinaliter pro-
funde sulcato, ad latera grosse vix crebre punctulatis, antice
angustato ; elytris sulcatis, sulcis grosse punctulatis, inter-
stitiis costulatis.

Maris rostro recto ad apicem dilatato ; prothorace quam latiori
duplo longiori; elytris ad apicem late explanatis ; abdominis
segmentis basalibus 2 late profunde concavis. ;

Feminz rostro manifeste arcuato; prothorace quam latiori
sesquilongiori ; elytris ad apicem vix explanatis ; abdominis
segmentis basalibus 2 grosse vermiculatis, haud concavis.
Long. (rostr. excepto), 8-—10 1.; lat., 13—1,% 1.

The genus Hormocerus has not, I believe, been previously re-
corded as Australian. The above species is clothed with a kind
of dust-like squamosity which however is wanting on the front
half of the rostrum and is very sparse on the disc of the pro-
thorax. The antenne are inserted (in the male scarcely, in the
female distinctly) behind the middle of the rostrum.

N. Queensland ; Cairns ; sent to me by Mr. Froggatt and Mr.
Masters.

MESELIA (gen. nov. Brenthidarum).

Mas. Caput fere ut /thysteni sed paullo minus elongatum ; ros-
trum leviter compressum quam prothorax paullo longius,
supra longitudinaliter sulcatum ad apicem minus dilatatum ;
antenne fere ut Jthysteni sed paullo breviores ; prothorax et
elytra fere ut Jihysteni sed his (speciei typicee) sat fortiter
striatis ; femora postica vix ultra abdominis segmentum 2°"
extensa ; tarsorum posticorum articulus 1" quam sequentes
2 conjuncti haud longior; abdominis segmenta basalia 2
longitudinaliter concava.

Femina latet.

In M. Lacordaire’s arrangement of the Lrenthide this genus
is referable without hesitation to the division consisting of the
two groups Selorhynchides and Ithystenides (which are dis-
tinguished inter se by the tarsi either “robust, with the basal
joint not longer than the next two together” or “slender, with
the basal joint longer”) but it seems to be intermediate between
those groups, having slender tarsi the basal joint of which does
not exceed the next twoin length. I cannot find that it has
been hitherto characterised.

M. amena, sp. nov. Rufo-testacea ; capite antennis prothoracis
vittis 3 pedibus elytrorum parte suturali et corporis subtus
partibus lateralibus nigro-piceis, elytrorum vittis discoidali-
bus 3 angustis flavo-testaceis; capite prothoraceque fere
leevibus ; elytris leviter striatis, striis crebre minus fortiter
punctulatis. Long. (rostro excepto), 8 1.; lat., 13, 1.

N.S. Wales; Tweed River District ; sent by Mr. Froggatt.

LONGICORNES.
OPSIDOTA.

O. estuosa, sp. nov. Mas. Rufa, pilis albis sat sparsim vestita,
his in prothoracis basi maculis 3 et in scutello condensatis ;
sat grosse (elytrorum apicem versus vix rugulose) ruguloso-
punctulata ; antennis quam corpus vix longioribus, articulis
(basalibus 2 exceptis) fortiter compressis, 3° quam 4°° sub-
breviori, 11° appendiculato ; prothorace quam longiori fere
sesquilatiori, ante medium rotundato-dilatato, in disco longi-
tudinaliter breviter elevato-glabro ; elytrorum apice suturali
spiniformi. Long., 15 1.; lat., 42 1

Femine antennis quam corpus multo brevioribus, oculis quam
maris inter se minus approximatis. Long., 18 1.; lat., 51.

Sculptured almost exactly as Anatisis laminosus, Newm., but
a little more coarsely on the basal part of the elytra. Also bears
considerable resemblance to A. Frenchi, Blackb., but at once
distinguishable by its male having non-flabellate antenne.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. French.

ACROGENIUS (gen. nov. Cerambycidarwi ).

Caput antice productum ; oculi emarginati, vix subtiliter granu-
lati; antenne (femine?) quam corpus sat _ breviores
(articulis haud spinosis, 1° modico, 2° brevi, 3° quam 1“ et
quam 4" duplo longiori, 5° quam 4" vix breviori); pro-
thorax subcylindricus inermis; elytra ad apicem truncata
haud spinosa; cox intermedize extus clause; femora
petiolata, elongata, ad apicem subito valde clavata (posticis
elytra paullo superantibus) ; tarsorum posticorum articulus
1°* quam 2"* 3" que conjuncti vix longior.

Its finely granulate eyes (about as finely as in Hetosticta, in
which however the granulation is less fine than in many genera
of the section) refer this genus to the second of M. Lacordaire’s
sections of the Cerambycides. In that section the combination of
‘intermediate cox closed externally,” “front cox rather widely
separated from each other,’ ‘head not narrowed behind,”
“elytra punctulate,” ‘“elytral epipleurz obsolete,” “eyes rather
distant from each other” places this genus among six ‘ groupes”
which M. Lacordaire says cannot be distinguished inter se by any
sharply defined character. Of these groups it appears to me that
the Tillomorphides is the one in which the present genus is most
at home. Its antenne are not long enough for the Rhopalophorides,
and other objections occur in respect of the remaining four. The
most striking character seems to lie in its femora, all of which
are petiolate and clavate in the most exaggerated degree, the
petiole of the front femora being a little longer than (of the inter-
mediate nearly twice as long as, and of the hind more than twice
as long as) the clavate black apex. Thus the femora are not
unlike those of Hctosticta except in being (especially the hind
pair which are half again as long as the intermediate) much
longer. The head, prothorax and antenne are very much like
those of Acrocyrta chrysoderes, Pasc., except in the yellow of the
prothorax being of the derm (not caused by pubescence) and in
the antennz not being spinose.

‘A. tinctus, sp. nov. Sat elongatus ; setis subtilibus erectis sat
sparsim vestitus; capite meso- et meta- sternis pedibus
(femorum petiolo excepto) prothoracis macula parva et
elytris (notulis nonnullis exceptis) nigris, partibus ceteris
rufo-testaceis, elytrorum notulis flavis exceptis [sc. in
utroque elytro sutura et margine laterali usque ultra
medium, plaga subscutellari elevata eburnea, notula lineari
discoidali eburnea litteram 4 (sursum deorsum versatam)
simulanti, inter hanc et marginem lateralem linea eburnea
oblique posita, et fascia eburnea paullo ante apicem posita|,
antennis ad basin fere nigris ultra medium fuscescentibus ;

capite fortiter (antice sat crebre postice sat sparsim) punc-
tulato; prothorace subvelutino subopaco haud_perspicue
sculpturato, longitudine latitudini quali, subcylindrico (sed
lateribus leviter arcuatis); elytris crebre grosse rugulose
(prope apicem minus crebre minus grosse) punctulatis.
Long., 4 $1.; lat., 13 1
The elytral markings are not much like those of any other
species known to me; the elevated ivory-like lines are of a pale
yellow color and are placed on patches of brighter yellow than
themselves and of similar shape. If the yellow color be taken as
the ground, the blackish markings are (a) a large basal patch not
quite touching the lateral margins and interrupted at the suture
(6) a mark resembling the letter L (reversed on the left elytron) ;
regarding the yellow color as the markings the head of the insect
must be towards the observer to produce the effect of a yellow L,
which is then seen on what appears to be the left elytron, that
on the right elytron being then reversed (c) a patch covering the
whole of about the apical quarter of the elytra.
N. Queensland ; in the collection of Mr. French.

PHYTOPHAGA.
(Tribe) EUPODA.

CHEILOXENA.

C. insignis, sp. nov. Subelongata ; minus opaca ; fusca, antennis
pedibusque rufescentibus, elytrorum tuberculis nigris ; pilis
brevibus albidis sat sparsim (his hic illic in elytris maculatim
condensatis) vestita; prothorace sat transverso vix crebre
punctulato, lateribus dentatis ; elytris sat crebre vix seria-
tim tuberculatis; antennarum articulis 8°—10° brevibus
submoniliformibus. Long., 4—43 1.; lat., 14—2 ].

Readily distinguishable from C’. Westwoodi, Baly, inter alia by
the short submoniliform joints 8—10 of its antenne and the
whitish hair-like scales of its surface which are condensed on the
elytra to form rather conspicuous spots some of them considerably
larger than any of the yellowish spots on the elytra otf Westewoodi ;
also by the much more numerous and confusedly arranged
tubercles of its elytra. Differs also from C. Prenche, Blackb., by
the presence of lateral prothoracic teeth.

Victoria and N.S. Wales ; on Eucalyptus.

(Tribe) GALERUCIDEs.

In M. Lacordaire’s classification this “tribe” forms the last
section of the family Phytophaga. It is very numerously repre-
sented in Australia but up to the present time comparatively few
of its Australian species have been described and named, and

those which have been named have not been treated of
systematically or collectively. The following is an attempt at a
systematic treatment of the tribe. I have no doubt that errors
will be found in my work, and I do not think it possible to issue
such a work as I am attempting without running the risk of
error, as many of the existing descriptions are of such a nature
that the identification of the species they refer to is most difficult,
and even the apportionment of the species to genera is in some
cases almost a matter of guess-work. M. Lacordaire divides the
tribe into the “ sub-tribes ” Halticides and G'aleruwcides according
as the hind femora are or are not dilated giving the insects
saltatorial faculties.
(Sub-Tribe) HALTICIDES.

Of this sub-tribe 78 species have been described and they are
distributed among 19 genera. Two of these—//altica splendida,
Oliv., and H. smaragdula, Oliv.—are not intelligibly characterised
and it is not possible to refer them to any genus with confidence.
In Mr. Masters’ Catalogue the former stands as a true Haltica
(possibly correctly), the latter as an Arsipoda, but the description
of the latter characterises the basal joint of its hind tarsi as
“valde elongatus” which is inconsistent with a place in Arsipoda ;
I can offer no suggestion as to what it really is. It is quite
possible that some of my generic determinations may not stand
—e.g., I think it probable that Arsipoda will be sub-divided
eventually and I doubt the Austraiian Crepidodere remaining in
permanent association with the European species of that genus.
Under these circumstances it seems necessary to preface my work
with a tabulated statement of generic characters which will
enable the student to determine without hesitation to what genus
I refer the inseets treated of in this memoir. I regret that I am
unable to place the genus Platycepha in the tabulation ; unfortu-
nately however its author has not stated whether its antenne are
approximate at the base; if they are not approximate (but in
that case surely the author, Dr. Baly, could not have overlooked
the character) Platycepha must be extremely close to Amphimela ;
if they are approximate the genus seems to be near Arsipoda
structurally (judged by Dr. Baly’s diagnosis) but to differ inter
alia by its hind tibize being strongly dentate. In the following
pages I characterise three new genera and 56 new species of
Halticides, besides recording as Australian four genera not
previously attributed to Australia.

A. Front coxal cavities closed.
B. Apical joint of hind tarsi not eee te dilated.

C. Claws bifid . ... Podontia.
CC. Claws appendiculate.
D. Antenne very widely separated at the base .... Amphimela.

DD. Antenne not abnormally separated at the base.

E. Mesosternum distinct.
F. Hind tibiz distinctly sulcate.
G. Prothorax with an anterior sulcus on
either side
“GG. Prothorax without anterior sulci.
H. Intermediate tibiz not dentate exter-
nally.
I. Basal joint of hind tarsi longer than
the two following together “it
II. Basal joint of hind tarsi shorter
than the two following together...
HH. Intermediate tibiz dentate exter-
nall :
FF. Hind tibie not or scarcely furrowed
EE. Mesosternum concealed..
BB. Apical joint of hind tarsi strongly swollen
AA. Front coxal cavities a behind.
B. Claws simple ... & :
BB. Claws appendiculate.
C. Hind tibiz unarmed .
CC. Hind tibiz mucronate.
D. Apical joint of hind tarsi not abnormally
dilated.
E. Mucro of hind tibiz normal.
F. Antenne 11-jointed.
G. Mesosternum distinct.
H. Prothorax devoid of sulci.
I. Basal joint of hind tarsi not exces-
sively elongated.
J. Hind tibize rounded or truncate at
apex.
K. Species of large size (more than
21.

KK. Very small species (about 1 1.)
JJ. Apex of hind tibiz divided into
two short lobes
II. Basal joint of hind tarsi half as long
as its tibia
HH. Prothorax with a transverse sulcus
only.
i, Prothoracic sulcus bent hindward on
either side to reach the base.
J. Mucro of front tibize normal :
JJ. Mucro of front tibice very small
placed above the tarsus 4
II. Prothoracic sulcus entirely trans-
verse Pf ak
HHH. Prothorax with both transverse
and longitudinal sulci.
I. All the tibia mucronate ...
II. Only the hind tibiz mucronate
GG. Mesosternum concealed
FF. Antenne with only 10 joints
FFF. Antenne with only 9 joints ...
EE. Mucro of hind tibiz bifid ee
DD. Apical joint of hind tarsi bees swollen ....

Nisotra.

Xenidia
Arsipoda
Plectroscelis.
Crepidodera.
Sphzrophyma.
Opisthopygme.

Docema.

Licyllus.

Sutrea.
Phyllotreta.

Aphthona.

Longitarsus..

Hyphaltica.
Halticodes.

Haltica.

Xuthea.
Lactica.
Spheroderma.
Psylliodes.
Enneamera.
Dibolia.
(Edionychis.

*I have attributed (with hesitation) to Arsipoda one species in which
the basal sulci are interruptedly elongated nearly to the front margin.

AMPHIMELA.

A. australis, Blackb. I have received from Mr. Masters an
example taken near Sydney which I hesitate to separate from
this species although it differs markedly in coloring, its prothorax
being entirely of a clear yellow color and its antenne entirely
pitchy-black. It is also of somewhat different form being a
wider insect with its greatest width slightly behind the middle of
the elytra; this difference of form may be sexual. Even as a
variety it seems distinct enough to bear a name so I propose to
call it “var. ? piceicornis.”

XENIDIA.

The following species seem to be referable to this genus which
has not previously been reported as Australian. Unfortunately
it is not possible to be quite certain in identifying Xenidia with-
out an authentic type as its author (Dr. Baly) does not say
whether its front coxze are closed behind. The following are the
leading characters of the species described below: front cox
closed behind: anterior four tibize unarmed (Dr. Baly gives no
information regarding the front tibize) ; transverse sulcus of pro-
thorax feeble or wanting; claws appendiculate ; hind tibiz very
much as in Plectroscelis but with an even wider sulcus, and not
furnished with a tooth externally ; basal joint of hind tarsi
longer than the following two together.

X. picticornis, sp. nov. Late ovalis; nitida; fortiter convexa ;
subtus picea ; supra cupreo-purpurea, antennarum articulis
3° 4° 11° que plus minusve testaceis, pedibus plus minusve
piceis vel rufo-piceis (femoribus posticis supra fere nigris
purpureo-tinctis); capite levi; oculis magnis; antennis quam
corpus paullo brevioribus, sat gracilibus, apicem versus
paullo incrassatis [articulo 1° modico, 2° quam 1: dimidium
longiori, 3° quam 1” sublongiori, 4° quam 3" maris haud
(femine paullo) breviori, 5° 3° longitudine zquali]; pro-
thorace fortiter transverso, transversim leviter sulcato (sulcg
fortiter punctulato) et utrinque impresso, minus perspicue
(sulco transverso excepto) punctulato, antice leviter angus-
tato, lateribus sat fortiter marginatis leviter arcuatis paullo
pone marginem anticum angulatis ; elytris leviter (marginem
versus fortius) striatis, striis fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis
planis (marginem versus convexis) subtiliter punctulatis ;
tibiis posticis dilatatis fortiter sulcatis, sulci margine
externo fortiter crenulato ; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali ceteris conjunctis «quali. Long., 141.; lat., 4 1.

The coloring of this species,—especially the pallid (in some
examples almost white) apical joint of its antennie,—distinguishes
it from its previously described congeners.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebeie near Cairns.

X. bizonata, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis ; sat nitida; sat fortiter
convexa; obscure cyanea, antennarum parte intermedia
elytrorum parte dimidia anteriori mesosterno metasternoque
rufo-fulvis ; capite fere ut przecedentis sed antennis paullo
brevioribus, articulo 3° (?feminz solum) quam 4"* manifeste
longiori; prothorace fere ut pracedentis sed sparsim sat
fortiter punctulato; elytris (colore excepto) fere ut preece-
dentis sed paullo magis elongatis; pedibus fere ut prece-
dentis sed tibiarum posticarum sulci margine externo minus
distincte crenulato. Long., 1} ].; lat., £1.

An easily recognisable species on account of its color and
markings.
N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele near Cairns.

X. melancholica, sp. nov. Late ovalis ; nitida; fortiter convexa ;
nigra vix cyanescens, antennarum articulis 2—6 plus
minusve testaceis, capite fere ut X. picticornis sed antennis
manifeste brevioribus, articulo 3° (?femine solum) quam
4"* manifeste longiori; prothorace utrinque ad basin vix
impresso, transversim haud sulcato, cetera ut X. prcticornis :
elytris subtiliter seriatim punctulatis, nullo modo striatis,
interstitiis subtilissime punctulatis; pedibus ut X. picticornis.
‘Long., 14 1.; lat., 55, 1. (vix).

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele near Cairns.

ARSIPODA.

There is great diversity of facies among the species that,
according to Dr. Baly, ought to be attributed to this genus ; but
amid this diversity there seems to be great structural uniformity.
I refer below (under A. eneofulva) to the sexual characters. The
males, it may also be noted, have (I think in all the species) a
fovea near the apex of the fifth ventral segment from which a
furrow (varying from a deep sulcus to a fine line) runs hindward
towards the base of the seyment. In some few species the males
have the hind femora strongly toothed. The following tabulated
statement of characters includes those of the previously named
species with the exception of A. bifrons, Er., which I am unable
to place. I should have felt some hesitation in identifying
A. chrysis, Oliv., had I not possessed an example ticketed as that
species from the collection of Dr. Chapuis who probably had good
reason for his identification.

A. Elytra dark or metallic.

B. Seriate puncturation of elytra well defined—

at any rate near the base.
C. Prothorax with a transverse impression.
D. Elytra dark, prothorax (at any rate

partly) red.
E. Anterior femora testaceous or red.

F. Head not impressed with deep fovew.
G, Punctures in elytral series closely
placed
GG. Punctures in elytral series much
less closely placed ...
FF. Head impressed with deep fover..
EE. Anterior femora black ...
DD. Elytra and prothorax uniformly dark
or (if scarcely so) with metallic gloss.
E. Abdomen wholly dark, or at most
apical segment partly reddish.
F. Size moderate or large.
G. Form more or less e/ongate-oval.
H. Antenne (at most basal part
excepted) piceous or black.
J. Hind angles of prothorax not
acutely dentiform.
J. Elytra with a well-detined
sub-basal transverse im-
pression.

K. Elytral interstices some-
what strongly punctu-
late

KK. Elytral interstices

scarcely visibly ris
tulate
JJ. Elytra evenly convex or
nearly so
II. Hind angles of “prothorax
acutely ‘dentiform
HH. Antenne entirely pallid
GG. Form very short and broad
FF. Size very small (long. 1 1.).
G. All the femora dark
GG. The anterior femora fulvous
EE. Apical two or three segments of ab-
domen red in both sexes
CC. Prothorax devoid of transverse itm-
pression.
D. Elytra dark, prothorax red.
E. Abdomen black
EE. Abdomen entirely rufous .
DD. Elytra and_ prothorax uniformly of
dark color.
K. Form more or less elongate-oval.
F. Seriate punctures of elytra well de-
fined at least in front half.
G. Femora at least as dark as the
tibive.
H. Prothorax at most moderately
narrowed anteriorly.
I. Apical portion of antenne very
strongly incrassate.
J. Abdomen unicolorous t
JJ. Apical portion of abdomen
rufo-testaceous
II. Apical portion of antenne
but little incrassate

lwviceps, Blackb.
languida, Blackb.

Evichsoni, Baly.
bicolor, Waterh.

chrysis, Oliv.

jocosa, Blackb.
concolor, Blackb.
ceruleata, Baly.
eneo-fulva, Blackb.
Lownei, Baly.

consanguinea, Blackb.
parvula, Jac.

Macleayi, Baly.

Julvicollis, Baly.
spectabilis, Blackb.

piceipes, Baly.
crassicornis, Waterh.

consuta, Germ.

HH. Prothorax twice as wide at
base as at apex ...
GG. Femora rufous, tibiz blackish..
FF. Seriate punctures of elytra obso-
lete except close to the base
EE. Form short and broad.
F. Elytra distinctly striate, legs fulvous
FF. Elytra not striate.
G. Legs fulvous
GG. Femora black
BB. Elytra without seriate puncturation (at
least in front part of disc).
-C. Prothorax without a transverse sulcus.
D. Prothorax and elytra concolorous or
nearly so.
E. Form e/ongate-oval (general color black)
F. Elytra entirely black *
FF. Elytra reddish in apical half
EE. Form short and broad (color green)...
D. Elytra dark, prothorax red.
E. Elytra rugulose
EE. Elytra not rugulose :
CC. Prothorax with a transverse sulcus
AA. Elytra non-metallic, more or less testaceous.
B. Size large (24 1. or more) 4
BB. Size moderate or small (less than 2 1. ).
C. Form e/ongate-oval.
D. Elytra with strongly defined seriate
puncturation.
K. Punctures in the elytral rows closely
placed ..
EE. Punctures in the ely tral rows very
distantly placed
DD. Elytra with scarcely traceable seriate
puncturation.
E. Antenne (except at base) dark piceous.
F. Prothorax closely punctulate
FF. Prothorax sparsely punctulate
EE. Antenne testaceous
CC. Form broadly oval or subquadrate.
D. Seriate puncturation of elytra well
defined.
kK. Prothorax narrowed in front.
F. Elytral sculpture continuous almost
to the apex.
G. Lateral margins of prothorax nar-
rowed towards base.
H. Longitudinal furrow on each
side of prothorax normal
HH. Longitudinal furrow on each

side of prothorax excessively

wide...

GG. Lateral margins of prothorax not

narrowed towards base
FF. Elytral sculpture obsolete in apical
one-third

EE. Prothorax fully as wide across front
as across base ...

DD. Seriate puncturation of elytra obsolete

striatipennis, Blackb.
| femorata, Baly.

detersa, Blackb.
Sulvipes, Baly.

deceptriz, Blackb.
pallidicornis, Blackb.

holomelena, Germ.
terminalis, Blackb.
nitida, Waterh.
rugulosa, Baly.
hematodera, Baly.
paradoxa, Blackb.

podontioides, Blackb.

cenescens, Blackb.

fossipennis, Blackb.

jugularis, Blackb.
hepatica, Blackb.
acuminata, Waterh.

variegata, Waterh.

collaris, Blackb.
picturata, Blackb.
variabilis, Blackb.

laticollis, Blackb.
ovata, Waterh.

A. leviceps, sp. nov. Mas. Ovalis; nitida; nigra, capite pro-
thorace antennarum basi abdominis apice pedibusque rufis ;
capite levi, inter oculos sulcato ; antennis quam corporis
dimidium paullo longioribus, sat robustis, articulo 1° incras-
sato minus elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 1"* vix breviori, 4° 3°
sat equali; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, subcrebre
minus fortiter punctulato, transversim et utrinque longi-
tudinaliter profunde sulcato, lateribus vix arcuatis, angulis
anticis incrassatis oblique truncatis; elytris leviter striatis
(striis discoidalibus antice obsoletis), striis sat grosse sat
crebre punctulatis, interstitiis punctulatis (postice et latera
versus leviter convexis ; femoribus posticis inermibus,.

Femine pedibus posticis nigris, abdomine concolori. Long.,
14—2 1; lat., 3 1
Near A. Lrichsoni, Baly, but differing inter alia in its red
head, which is devoid of fovez above the eyes.
Victoria and N.S. Wales ; in mountainous places.

A. languida, sp. nov. Mas. Elongato-ovalis; nitida ; subtus
nigra, abdomine postice capiteque rufis; supra (antennis
pedibusque inclusis, illis apicem versus piceo-tinctis) rufa,
capite postice infuscato, elytris sneo-viridibus, nonnihil
auratis; capite minus distincte punctulato, inter oculos
sulcato ; antennis quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus,
minus robustis, articulis fere ut A. levicipitis sed 1° paullo
longiori minus incrassato; prothorace quam longiori minus
quam duplo latiori, crebre subtilius punctulato, tranversim
et utrinque longitudinaliter minus fortiter sulcato, antice
angustato, lateribus vix arcuatis, angulis anticis incrassatis
oblique late truncatis; ejytris vix striatis, seriatim minus
fortiter minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis planis punc-

tulatis.
Femine antennis paullo brevioribus, pedibus posticis infuscatis,
prothorace medio infuscato. Long., 1} 1.; lat., 55 1.

Nearest to A. bicolor, Waterh. (probably) which is very insuf-
ficiently described, but as the femora of that species are said to
be black I presume that this insect is not identical with it.

Victoria.

A. concolor, sp. nov. Mas. Ovalis, subelongata ; nitida ; obscure
viridis, antennarum basi pedibusque vix picescentibus ; capite
inter oculos manifeste punctulato et transversim sulcato ;
antennis robustis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus,
articulo 1° modico sat incrassato, 2° sat brevi, 3° quam 1%
subbreviori quam 4"° vix longiori; prothorace quam longiori
duplo latiori sat quadrato, minus convexo, antice parum
angustato, sat crebre sat distincte punctulato, transversim

(leviter) et utrinque longitudinaliter (sat profunde) sulcato,

lateribus fere rectis, angulis anticis subtuberculiformibus ;

elytris zequalibus, vix striatis, seriatim concinne nec fortiter

punctulatis, interstitiis planis minus subtiliter punctulatis.
Femina latet. Long., 21 1.; lat., 1 1.

A very distinct species, nearest perhaps to chrysis, Oliv., but
differing inter alia in color, in its less convex and more quadrate
prothorax and its evenly convex elytra.

Victoria.

A. jocosa, sp. nov. Mas. Ovalis, fere subparallela ; nitida ;
nigra, capite prothoraceque lete viridibus, elytris cupreo-
violaceis, antennarum articulis basalibus 4 (basali supra
excepto) et tibiarum basi summa rufis ; capite obsolete vix
subtiliter punctulato, inter oculos minus distincte sulcato, a
sulco antrorsum usque ad clypei apicem (longitudinaliter)
preter modum anguste carinato ; antennis ut A. concoloris ;
prothorace fere ut A. concoloris sed paullo magis obsolete
punctulato, antice magis angustato ; elytris paullo pone basin
late leviter sat distincte transversim impressis, v1x striatis,
seriatim sat subtiliter nec crebre punctulatis, puncturis in
parte antica discoidali multo magis sparsim dispositis, inter-
stitiis planis pernitidis fere levibus vel potius subtilissime
punctulatis.

Femina latet. Long., 22 1.; lat., 14 1

An extremely nitid and brilliantly colored species, remarkable
for the narrowness and strong elevation of the convexity running
forward between the antennz from the transverse sulcus on the
head.

Australia ; I am not quite sure of the exact habitat, but it is
almost certainly in Victoria.

A. eneofulva, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; nitida ; obscure fulva,
zneo-micans, antennis pedibusque sordide testaceis ; capite
crebre subtilius punctulato, inter oculos sulcato ; antennis
quam corporis dimidium paullo brevioribus apicem versus
paullo incrassatis, articulo 1° modico, 2° minus brevi, 3° quam
1"* sat breviori quam 4° paullo longiori; prothorace quam
longiori duplo latiori, sat equaliter cum capite punctulato,
antice vix angustato, lateribus parum arcuatis, angulis
anticis fortiter incrassatis oblique truncatis; elytris vix
striatis, seriatim concinne sat subtiliter punctulatis, inter-
stitiis planis subtiliter punctulatis. Long., 14 1.; lat., 41.

The color seems to be distinctive, —piceous (a little more pallid
towards the apex) with a strongly marked bronzy gloss. This
species somewhat resembles the preceding in sculpture but has

the transverse sulcus of its prothorax much feebler. It is also a

considerably more elongate insect with shorter antenne, different
color, &c. The female does not differ from the male except in its
slightly shorter antenne, less dilated basal joint of tarsi, and
differently formed apical segment of abdoinen.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

A. consanguinea, sp. nov. Sat elongata, postice sat angustata ;
nitida ; supra viridis vel cyanea; subtus picea, antennis
testaceis apicem versus vix vel manifeste infuscatis, femori-
bus rufo-piceis, tibiis tarsisque dilutioribus ; antennis quam
corporis dimidium sat brevioribus, articulis basalibus 2
incrassatis (hoe quam 3" haud longiori); capite cum pro-
thorace subfortiter vix crebre punctulato, illo haud trans-
versim carinato ; prothorace sat transverso, antice angustato,
ad basin utrinque longitudinaliter breviter sulcato, sulcis
longitudinalibus sulco transverso conjunctis; elytris punc-
tulato-striatis, puncturis in striis sat magnis, interstitiis
apicem lateraque versus costitormibus. Long., 11.; lat., $1.
(vix).

This species must be very near A. parvula, Jac., but differs
from the description of that species in many respects; the legs
are differently colored ; there is no trace of any transverse ridge
on its forehead: the interstices of the elytral striz are not
“‘costate ‘throughout ” but distinctly so only near the lateral
margins and the apex. I have seen numerous examples of this
insect, which do not vary iter se except in the upper surface of
some of them being cyaneous rather than green and the antennze
being more or less infuscate near the apex.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele and Mr. Cowley.

A. spectabilis, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis, minus elongata ; nitida ;
rufa, elytris obscure violaceis, antennis apicem versus et
femorum posticorum apice, piceo-nigris; capite minus dis-
tincte (inter oculos subfortiter sparsim) punctulato, inter
oculos sulcato, juxta oculorum (his subapproximatis) partem
postico-internam utrinque profunde excavato; antennis vix
robustis quam corporis dimidium brevioribus, articulo 1° in-
crassato minus elongato, 2° minus brevi, 3° quam 1" vix
breviori quam 4" sat longiori; prothorace quam longiori
plus quam duplo latiori, subtilius minus crebre punctulato,
antice sat angustato utrinque longitudinaliter sulcato, lateri-
bus vix arcuatis, angulis anticis fortiter incrassatis oblique
truncatis; elytris vix striatis, striis subtilius sat crebre
punctulatis, interstitiis planis sparsim subtiliter punctulatis.
Long., 24 1. ; lat., 141.

Mas. latet.

A notable species on account of the very wide and deep sulci

on the head at the postero-internal corner of the eyes (which in
most Arsipode are much slighter impressions) and the compara-*
tively narrow interval between the eyes.

Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

A. detersa, sp. nov. Mas, Ovalis; minus elongata; nitida ;
subtus cum antennis pedibusque nigra; supra obscure
eyanescens vel violacea ; capite inter oculos leviter sulcato,
dupliciter (subtiliter et sat fortiter) nec crebre punctulato ;
antennis robustis quam corporis dimidium parum longioribus,
apicem versus incrassatis ; articulo 1° modico, 2° sat brevi,
3° quam 1" paullo breviori quam 4" vix longiori; pro-
thorace quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori, antice
multo angustato, concinne subcrebre subtilius punctulato,
utrinque longitudinaliter sulcato, lateribus leviter arcuatis,
angulis anticis incrassatis antrorsum manifeste acutis ;
elytris vix striatis, seriatim punctulatis, seriebus mox pone
basin obsoletis (externis fere ad medium continuis), inter-
stitiis planis sat crebre minus subtiliter punctulatis. Long.,
2124 ].; lat., 1,—14 1.

Femina differt ut A. eneofulve.
Var. ? colore zneo, statura minore.

Easily distinguishable by the sculpture of its elytra; well
defined rows of punctures commence on the base but do not run
further back than about one-fourth or one-third the length of the
elytra where their punctures diminish to about the same size as
those of the interstices. The var. ? is from N.S. Wales.

Victoria ; Alpine region.

A. striatipennis, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis vel fere obovata ; fortiter
convexa ; minus nitida; fusco-picea, sat manifeste zneo-
micans, antennis pedibusque dilutioribus ; capite subfortiter
sat crebre punctulato, inter oculos fortiter sulcato ; antennis
modice robustis quam corporis dimidium manifeste
brevioribus, articulo 1° sat elongato, 2° sat brevi, 3° quam
1" sat breviori quam 4% vix longiori; prothorace quam
longiori plus quam duplo latiori, antice fortiter angustato
sat crebre subfortiter punctulato, utrinque longitudinaliter
suleato, lateribus leviter arcuatis angulis anticis incrassatis
oblique subtruncatis; elytris manifeste striatis, striis sat
fortiter minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis leviter convexis
subtiliter punctulatis. Long., 24 1.; lat., 14 1.

Mas. latet.

A rather broad species, but much narrowed behind; it is
notable by the seriate punctures of its elytra being placed
in distinct striz, the intervals between which are distinctly
though only gently convex ; the metallic gloss on the elytra is not

very marked so that it hovers a little doubtfully between the two
* groups (metallic and non-metallic species) into which I have
divided the Arsipode in my tabulation.
S. Australia; Murray R. district.

A. deceptrix, sp. nov. Mas. Breviter ovalis; nitida; nigra,
antennarum articulis basalibus 5 vel 6 pedibus abdomineque
fulvis ; capite subleevi, inter oculos sulcato, oculis inter se
minus distantibus ; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo
longioribus, articulo 1° modico minus crasso, 2° minus brevi,
3° quam 1" vix breviori quam 4" paullo longiori ; prothorace
quam longiori plus quam duplo latiori, sparsim minus
subtiliter punctulato, antice leviter angustato, utrinque
longitudinaliter sulcato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis anticis
incrassatis oblique truncatis; elytris haud striatis, seriatim
subtiliter (in parte discoidali quam prothorax nullo modo
magis fortiter) punctulatis, interstitiis planis sparsim
subtiliter (quam series magis subtiliter) punctulatis. Long,
1, Vs Mat.) Pl. (ix).

Femina differt ut A. eneofulve.

This species must be very close to A. fulvipes, Baly (from N.
Queensland), but can hardly be identical with it on account of
its smaller size, and especially its non-striate elytra. (Dr. Baly
says that the elytra of A. fulvipes are “distinctly punctate-
striate.”) The humeral calli being prominent cause the appear-
ance of a furrow immediately within them, and these pseudo-
furrows being opposite the longitudinal sulci of the prothorax it
appears from a certain point of view as though the latter were
continued on the elytra. A good ideaof the sculpture of the
elytra may be given by comparing it to that of the European
Apteropeda graminis, Hoftm., which is similar in kind. In the
present species, however, the seriate punctures are much coarser
close to the base than on the rest of the surface, the largest
punctures being larger than any on A. graminis, and the
generality of punctures being decidedly finer than the seriate
punctures of that species ; the punctures of the interstices are a
little finer than in A. graminis, so that (except close to the base)
there is less difference between the seriate and interstitial
punctures, from which it results that (except close to the base)
the rows of punctures are considerably less conspicuous.

N.S. Wales; taken by Mr. Froggatt near Maitland.

A. pallidicornis, sp. nov. Fem. Late ovalis; nitida; nigra,
antennis totis tibiis anterioribus 4 et tarsis omnibus pallide
testaceis, abdomine rufo; capite ut A. deceptricis ; antennis
gracilibus, quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulis
1—4 ut A. deceptricis ; prothorace fere ut A. deceptricis sed

antice magis angustato angulis anticis antrorsum sat acutis,
sulcis longitudinalibus obsoletis ; elytris fere ut A. deceptricis
sed serierum puncturis basin versus quam alias haud
majoribus, interstitiorum puncturis (quam dA. deceptricis)
majoribus sicut series subobsoletz apparent.

Mas latet. Long., 23 1.; lat., 131.

A fine large species resembling A. Jd/acleayi, Baly, in form ;
easily recognisable by the pale (almost whitish) testaceous color
of its antenne tarsi and anterior 4 tibie. Structurally it is
very close to the preceding except in the slenderness of its antenne.

Tropical Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele.

A. terminalis, sp. nov. Fem. Elongato-ovalis, postice acuminata ;
nitida ; nigra, antennarum articulis 2°—4° pedibus (femorum
posticorum apice nigro, tibiis paullo infuscatis) elytrorum
dimidia parte apicali et abdominis apice rufo-testaceis ;
capite tenuiter ruguloso, inter oculos sulcato ; antennis quam
corporis dimidium brevioribus, sat robustis, articulis 5°—10°
subserratis, articulo 1° sat brevi, 2°—4° inter se longitudine
sat equalibus quam 1“ parum brevioribus ; prothorace quam
longiori vix duplo latiori, dupliciter (subtilissime crebre et
magis fortiter minus crebre) punctulatis, antice sat angus-
tato, utrinque longitudinaliter breviter impresso, lateribus
leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis antrorsum acutis; elytris
confuse minus distincte punctulatis, pernitidis; tibiis pos-
ticis ante apicem leviter flexuosis. Long., 22 ].; lat., 14.1.

Mas latet.

Very like A. holomelena, Germ., from which it differs (apart
from coloring) in its narrower and more elongate build, and in
the hind tibize of the female being distinctly flexuous before the
apex. 3

N,W. Australia.

A, paradoxa, sp. nov. Mas. Breviter ovalis; sat nitida; nigra
vix znescens, antennis pedibusque (femoribus plus minusve
infuseatis exceptis) rufis; capite postice sat levi antice
tenuiter ruguloso, inter oculos suleato; antennis robustis,
quam corporis dimidium longioribus, articulo 1° modico, 2°
minus brevi, 3° 2° longitudine sat equali quam 4" sat
longiori; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, leviter
sparsius punctulato, profunde transversim et utrinque longi-
tudinaliter sulcato, antice parum angustato, lateribus leviter
arcuatis, angulis anticis incrassatis oblique truncatis ; elytris
confuse confertim subrugulose punctulatis; feraoribus posticis
subtus dente magno armatis ; tibiis posticis fortiter arcuatis.
Long., 14 1.; lat., 31.

Feminz femoribus posticis muticis ; tiblis posticis rectis.

This is a very abnormal species which ought perhaps to be
separated from Arsipoda. It differs from all its allies in the
fourth joint of its antenne being shorter than the second.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

A. podontioides, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis; nitida; testacea, elytro-
rum interstitiis (maculatim fere ut Podontie nigrovaria,
Macl.) striis epipleuris que femorum posticorum apice et
tarsis subtus infuscatis; capite vix distincte punctulato,
inter oculos interrupte sulcato ; antennis corporis dimidio
longitudine sat sequali, articulo 1° sat elongata, 2° brevi, 3°
quam 1“ sat breviori quam 4™ vix breviori; prothorace
quam longiori plus quam duplo latiori, antice vix angustato,
subtiliter (ad latera acervatim sat grosse) punctulato, trans-
versim et utrinque longitudinaliter fortiter sulcato, sulcis
longitudinalibus antrorsum fere ad marginem anticum indis-
tincte interrupte continuis, lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis
anticis antrorsum acutis; elytris striatis, striis confertim
subfortiter punctulatis, interstitiis leviter convexis vix mani-
feste punctulatis. Long., 25 1.; lat., 12 1.

Mas latet.

An abnormal species in appearance owing to the infuscate
markings of its elytra which are much like those of Podontia
nigrovaria, Macl.; indeed the insect has much resemblance to a
very small Podontia but its appendiculate claws at once separate
it from that genus. Its prothoracic sculpture is different from
any of the varied types I have seen in other species of Arsipoda,
but I do not find any marked structural character absolutely re-
quiring a new generic name.

Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

A. enescens, sp. nov. Mas. Elongato-ovalis ; nitida; testacea
vix genescens, capite prothoraceque rufescentibus ; capite
-distincte sat crebre punctulato, inter oculos sulcato ; antennis
‘modicis apicem versus incrassatis, articulo 1° sat elongato,
2° brevi, 3° minus elongato quam 4" paullo breviori ; pro-
thorace quam longiori minus quam duplo latiori, concinne
sat crebre punctulato, transversim et utrinque longitudinali-
ter sulcato, antice leviter angustato, lateribus vix arcuatis,
angulis anticis extrorsum acutis; elytris haud _striatis,
seriatim sat crebre minus fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis
planis crebre distincte punctulatis.

Fem. latet. Long., 14 1.; lat., 41.

This species was sent to me by M. Sevrin from the Chapuis
collection ticketed “ A7sipoda enescens, type.” IT cannot find that
any description of it has been published ; but, to provide against
my being mistaken on this point, I have used the name e@nescens,

although the zxneous tone of coloring is so slight that I cannot
regard the name as very appropriate.
W. Australia; Albany.

A. fossipennis, sp. nov. Fem. Elongato-ovalis; nitida ;
testacea; capite sparsim sat distincte punctulato, inter
oculos sulcato; antennis quam corporis dimidium vix longi-
oribus, articulo 1° minus elongato, 2° breviori, 3° quam 1"*
vix breviori 4° longitudine eequali; prothorace quam longiori
minus quam duplo latiori, sat crebre minus subtiliter punc-
tulato, antice paullo angustato, utrinque longitudinaliter
fortiter et transversim subobsolete sulcato, lateribus leviter
arcuatis, angulis anticis incrassatis oblique truncatis extror-
sum acutis ; elytris haud striatis, seriatim sparsim subgrosse
punctulatis, interstitiis planis subtiliter minus crebre punc-
tulatis. Long., 121; lat., 21.

This little species is notable for its uniform testaceous color
and the coarse distantly placed punctures of its elytral series. I
have a male example too much broken for description, but it
does not seem to differ from the female except by the sexual
characters common to the genus.

W. Australia ; taken by Mr. Meyrick.

A. jugularis, sp. nov. Mas. LElongato-ovalis ; nitida; testacea,
capite postice subtus nigro, sternis et abdominis dimidio
basali plus minusve infuscatis; antennis apicem versus
nigricantibus, pedibus et abdominis apice rufescentibus ;
eapite crebre subtiliter punctulato, inter oculos sulcato ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium brevioribus, robustis,
apicem versus manifeste incrassatis, articulo 1° modice
elongato, 2° brevi, 3° 4° que inter se sat zqualibus quam 1"
sat brevioribus ; prothorace quam. lougiori minus quam duplo
latiori, crebre subtiliter punctulato, antice sat angustato,
transversim et utrinque longitudinaliter leviter impresso,
lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis vix incrassatis ob-
tusis ; elytris haud (postice vix manifeste) striatis, seriatim
subtiliter crebre punctulatis, interstitiis planis crebre quam
series parum magis subtiliter punctulatis (sicut series indis-
tinctee apparent); femoribus posticis dente parvo acuto
armatis ; tibiis posticis arcuatis.

Fem. latet. Long., 14 1.; lat., £1.

The black middle of the hind portion of the head on the under-
side, the elytral series of punctures rendered inconspicuous by
the comparatively strong puncturation of the interstices and the
dentate hind femora of the male are notable characters of this
species.

W. Australia; taken by Mr. Meyrick.

A. hepatica, sp. nov. Fem. Elongato-ovalis ; nitida ; livida,
antennis apicem versus nigricantibus ; capite fere levi, inter
oculos sulcato ; antennis fere ut przcedentis sed articulo 2°
quam 3"° vix breviori; prothorace fere ut precedentis sed
antice minus angustato, sparsim minus subtiliter punctulato,
lateribus minus arcuatis, angulis anticis magis incrassatis
oblique subtruncatis ; elytris haud striatis seriatim minus
crebre minus subtiliter (suturam versus vix seriatim), inter-
stitiis planis sparsim inequaliter punctulatis (sicut series
indistinctz apparent).

Mas. latet. Long., 12 1.; lat., 7 1. (vix).

The uniform nitid livid coloring of this species seems to be a
marked character. The elytral puncturation is on the same plan
as that of the preceding (A. jugularis), but the seriate punctures
are less fine and much less closely placed, and the puncturation of
the interstices is very uneven, being near the base and suture so
strong as almost entirely to confuse the series and in other parts
becoming finer so as to leave the series tolerably distinct.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

A. variegata, Waterh. An example in my collection from
Tasmania (the locality of the type) agrees so well with Mr.
Waterhouse’s brief description of this species that there seems
hardly any room for doubt about the correctness of its identifica-
tion. Its small size, short robust form and variegated non-
metallic elytra give it a facies so entirely different from (say)
A. chrysis that one would not expect to find those two associated
generically. Their structural characters however are very similar,
and if Dr. Baly’s view of Arsipoda be accepted,-—that it is a
genus in which several characters that in many genera are stable
are subject to variation,—there seems to be no reason for exclud-
ing this species from Arsipoda. The following four species are
all extremely closely allied to the insect referred to above, and
with it form a very distinct group in the genus. I have speci-
mens from the mountainous districts of Victoria and N.S. Wales
which seem to me to be A. variegata.

A. collaris. sp. nov. Mas. Brevissiine ovalis; nitida; rufescens,
elytris (marginibus lateralibus exceptis) dilutioribus,
abdomine obscuro, antennis apicem summum versus pice-
scentibus ; capite coriaceo, inter oculos fovea sat magna
impresso ; antennis quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus,
articulo 1° minus elongato, 2° brevi, 3° 4° que inter se sat
eequalibus quam 1" vix brevioribus; prothorace quam
longiori fere triplo latiori, antice distincte angustato, indis-
tincte vix crebre punctulato, transversim et utrinque longi-
tudinaliter profunde sulcato, sulcis longitudinalibus latissimis

fere transversis, lateribus subrectis; angulis anticis subin-
crassatis late oblique truncatis ; elytris vix striatis, seriatim
sat fortiter vix crebre punctulatis, interstitiis sat planis sub-
tiliter punctulatis.

Femina differt ut A. eneofulve. Long., 1 1.; lat., 2 1.

A species of shorter wider form than any of its immediate
allies known to me ; it is notable also for the great width of the
excavation on either side the base of the prothorax and repre-
senting the longitudinal sulcus, which however is not strictly
speaking longitudinal being a trifle wider than long.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

A. picturata, sp. nov. Mas. Breviter ovalis; sat nitida ;

-rufescens, supra dilutior, capite prothorace elytrisque con-
cinne fusco- vel piceo-notatis, antennis ultra medium infus-
eatis; capite confertim subtilissime ruguloso, inter oculos
transversim vix sulcato, macula* elongata fusca ornato ;
antennis fere ut A. collaris sed articulo 1° magis elongato,
2° minus brevi; prothorace utrinque macula magna fusca
discoidali ornato, quam longiori fere triplo latiori, antice
leviter angustato, confertim subtilius subrugulose punctulato,
transversim et utrinque longitudinaliter sulcato, sulcis
longitudinalibus normalibus, lateribus minus arcuatis,
eequaliter preter solitum late marginato, angulis anticis late
subtruncatis ; elytris maculis nonnullis piceis bene deter-
minatis (sc. macula basali litteram C simulanti et macula
post mediana transversa contorta) et maculis fuscis com-
munibus nonnullis in sutura dispositis ornatis, fere ut
A. collaris sculpturatis sed puncturis seriatis magis crebris
interstitiis magis crebre magis distincte punctulatis. Long.,
Baas fab, el

Readily recognisable by the sharply defined markings of its
upper surface and the prothoracic lateral margins distinctly wider
than is usual in the genus, and of even width throughout their
length.

S. Australia ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

A. variabilis, sp. nov. Mas. Breviter ovalis; sat nitida; colore
varibilis, subtus obscura, supra rufa plus minusve infuscata
vel picescens, elytris vel rufis piceo-umbratis vel fere totis
piceis vel nigris, pedibus antennisque rufis (his apicem versus
et illorum femoribus plus minusve infuscatis) ; capite coriaceo
inter oculos vix distincte sulcato; prothorace fere ut
A, collaris sed minus subtiliter punctulato, sulcis longi-
tudinalibus multo minus latis ; elytris haud striatis, seriatim
minus fortiter minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis planis
quam A. collaris multo minus subtiliter punctulatis, sculptura
in parte postica tertia subobsoleta. lLong., 1,%,1; lat., {5 1.

Femina differt ut A. eneofulve.

I have seen numerous examples of this species and scarcely
two of them are quite similar to each other in color and markings
of the elytra. The elytra of a light colored example are pale red
with an ill defined dark common patch around the scutellum and
another about the middle. Ina series of examples these dark
patches more or less increase in size and vary into black until in
extreme specimens they coalesce and spread out to cover the
whole elytra. ‘The great enfeeblement of the sculpture on the
apical third of the elytra is a conspicuous character.

Victoria ; mountainous districts.

A. laticollis, sp. nov. Mas. Sat breviter ovalis; sat nitida ;
rufo-testacea, elytris (maculatim) et antennis (apicem sum-
mum versus plus minusve) infuscatis ; capite coriaceo, inter
oculos sulcato; antennis corporis dimidio longitudine vix
zqualibus, articulis fere ut A. collaris ; prothorace quam
longiori plus quam duplo latiori, antice haud angustato, sat
crebre sat fortiter punctulato, transversim et utrinque longi-
tudinaliter profunde sulcato, sulcis longitudinalibus normali-
bus, lateribus vix arcuatis, angulis anticis subtruncatis
paullo pone marginem anticum extrorsum distincte acutis ;
elytris ut A. collaris sculpturatis ; tibiis posticis extus ante
apicem late distincte angulatis. Long., 1—13 1; lat.,
poten:

Femine tibiis posticis haud angulatis.

_ Near A. collaris but differing inter alia in color and markings,
in the prothorax not narrowed in front and with longitudinal
sulci less wide and in the evident external angulation of the male
hind tibie. The infuscate blotches on the elytra are ill-defined
and variable ; they usually consist of an elongate discoidal blotch
near the base and a larger one somewhat behind the middle.

S. Australia ; near Quorn.

PLECTROSCELIS.

The task of dealing with the Australian species of this genus
presents exteme difhculty owing to the fact that a number of
species (12) have been described by Dr. Baly in such fashion that
it is impossible to identify them with any confidence from the
descriptions ; for though the descriptions are fairly detailed,
scarcely any are more than bare descriptions, and the absence of
comparison with other species causes the utmost difficulty in
forming any clear idea of the insects they relate to. I have asso-
ciated many of Dr. Baly’s names with insects in my collection,
but with so much doubt that I cannot venture on making confi-
dent use of my identifications for the purposes of this memoir.
Hence I am obliged also to pass unnoticed some species in my

collection which are probably undescribed but may be among Dr.
Baly’s, and to limit myself to describing new species that seem
very decidedly different from those already characterised. As Dr.
Baly’sspecies are scattered through 3 separate memoirs without any
connected classification it will be convenient for me to include in
this memoir some brief notes on their probable relation to the
species I describe below. IJ annex a tabular statement of the
characters of the new species I now describe, and have been able
to work into that statement by studying Dr. Baly’s descriptions
the characters of four of his species with tolerable confidence ; of
the remaining eight I have discussed P. Wilsoni below (under
' P. propingua) and P. fuscomaculata (under P. tumbyensis ).
There still remain six on which I make the following notes :—
P. australica is probably near P. propinqua calida and longior,
but cannot be placed in my tabulation as the information is
wanting whether its elytral interstices are costiform towards the
apex. It seems to differ inter alia from propinqua by its pro-
thorax having no basal impressions, from calida by its prothorax
being rugulose laterally, and from /ongior by there being a row
of large punctures on its elytra between the suture and the
abbreviated stria. P. carinata I cannot place among my species,
but it seems to be a very distinct species by the presence of a
longitudinal linear carina on its clypeus. P. Hrichsona must be
near varipes, differing inter alia by its elytral interstices subcos-
tate near the apex. Concerning P. laticeps I cannot form any
clear idea. P. megalopoides is probably near calida, differing
inter alia by the front angles of its prothorax acutely directed
outward. LP. submetallescens is no doubt near longior, but differs
by its elytral stria. being “ sulcate,” whereas in longior the stria
are quite lightly impressed.

It should be noted that, as far as my observations go, there are
sexual differences in some at least of the Australian species of
this genus in the antenne being longer and the head and pro-
thorax a little less closely and strongly punctured in the males
than the females, so that slight differences in these characters
cannot be relied on as specific.

A. Species not exceptionally parallel in form.
B. Interval between the eyes much greater than
the width of an eye.
C. Prothorax strongly punctured.
D. Metallic species.
EK. The abbreviated subsutural stria of
the elytra quite traceable.
F. Front femora (at least partly) con-
colorous with their tibie.
G. Elytral interstices wide and but
little convex behind.

H., Prothorax considerably less
than twice as wide as long.

I. Size moderate — more than
LL Jong;,, ee
II. Size very small,
scarcely 1 1. long...
HH. Prothorax very fully twice
as wide as long
GG. Elytral interstices narrow and
costiform behind
FF. Front femora black (or nearly so)
in strong contrast with their
tibiz.
G. Puncturation of prothorax very
strong
GG. Puncturation of prothorax much
less strong (almost fine)

EE. Subsutural stria or row of punctures
quite lost in confused punctura-
tion.

F. Puncturation of prothorax very
strong and close he
FT’. Puncturation of prothorax much
less strong and close .. :
DD. Fulvous, non-metallic species.

EK. Puncturation of head close, continuous

with that of prothorax

EE. Puncturation of head sparse, much
less close than that of prothorax

CC. Prothorax extremely finely punctured.
D. Prothorax without longitudinal basal
grooves.

KE. Punctures in the elytral strize coarse.

F. Antenne reaching considerably
beyond base of prothorax
FF. Antenne not reaching beyond
base of prothorax _ ..
EE. Punctures in the elytral strive fine..
DD. Prothorax with a tone basal
groove on either side
BB. Interval between the eyes equal or nearly
so to the width of an eye.
C. Elytral interstices costiform and narrow
near apex ...
CC. Elytral interstices
convex behind
AA. Form elongate, parallel.
B. Head subopaque, and with large feebly im-
pressed punctures.
C. Punctures of elytral striz coarse (much
larger than those of the prothorax)
CC. Punctures of elytral striz much finer
(about equal to those of the prothorax)
BB. Head closely and evenly punctured.
C. Discal interstices of elytra quite flat
CC. Discal interstices of elytra more or less
convex.
D. Interstices of elytra not granulose
DD. Interstices of elytra granulose

at most

‘not (or scarcely)

calida, Blackb.
noxia, Blackb.
propingua, Baly.
longior, Blackb.

varipes, Blackb.

minutalis, Blackb.

crebra, Blackb.
Olliffi, Blackb.

tumbyensis, Blackb.

hypocrita, Blackb.

aciculata, Blackb.

Albertisi, Jacoby.
brevicornis, Baly.

laticollis, Baly.

impressipennis, Blackb.

eyrensis, Blackb.

crassipennis, Blackb.
quadraticollis, Blackb.
pallidior, Blackb.

Meyricki, Blackb.
Waterhousei, Baly.

P. calida, sp. nov. Ovalis; convexa; nitida; nea, viridi-vel
auro-micans, antennis rufis apicem versus infuscatis, pedibus
rufis (femoribus posticis aneis); capite sat lato, subfortiter
plus minusve crebre punctulato, oculis inter se distantibus,
sulcis interocularibus sat distinctis ; antennis quam corporis
dimidium (maris sat manifeste, feminz vix) longioribus,
articulo 1° quam 2" 3° que conjuncti (hoc quam ille
manifeste longiori) sat breviori; prothorace quam longiori
manifeste minus quam duplo latiori, maris minus fortiter
minus crebre (femine sat fortiter sat crebre) punctulato,
antice sat angustato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis
anticis antrorsum acutis ; elytris striatis, striis sat fortiter
minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis haud punctulatis
leviter convexis postice haud costiformibus. Long., 11—-12
l.; lat., 2—,5 1.

Of this species, of which I have numerous examples apparently
taken in company, some specimens are a little smaller than the
majority with longer antennz and their head and _prothorax less
closely and strongly punctured; I take them to be the males.
The subsutural abbreviated stria is punctured a little confusedly
but is quite well defined.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr, Koebele.

P. longior, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis ; sat convexa; sat nitida
zenea, antennis rufo-testaceis plus minusve piceo - tinctis,
pedibus rufo-testaceis femoribus plus minusve infuscatis
exceptis ; capite lato, sat fortiter minus crebre punctulato,
oculis inter se valde distantibus, sulcis interocularibus
distinctis ; antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus,
articulo 1° quam 2" 3"° que conjuncti (his inter se
longitudine sat zqualibus) vix breviori ; prothorace quam
longiori duplo latiori, fortiter crebre punctulato, antice vix
angustato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis anticis extrorsum
manifeste acutis ; elytris leviter striatis, striis sat fortiter
sat crebre punctulatis, interstitiis subtiliter punctulatis
convexis postice angustis subcariniformibus. Long., 11 1.;
lat., 31.

Each joint of the antenne after about the 3rd is more or less
stained with piceous ; the front part of the femora is more or less
widely infuscate (in some examples only very narrowly).

S. Australia; near Port Lincoln.

P. noxia, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat elongata ; sat convexa; subnitida;
obscure eneo- viridis, nonnullorum exemplorum pedibus
anterioribus et tibiis tarsisque posticis plus minusve
dilutioribus, antennarum- basi testacea; capite sat
lato,. coriaceo et puncturis nonnullis distinctis im-

presso, inter oculos (his inter se distantibus) trans-
versim impresso, inter antennas _ longitudinaliter
convexo; antennis corporis dimidio longitudine sat
eequalibus, articulo 1° sat elongato, 2° paullo breviori, 3° quam
2™* subbreviori ; prothorace quam longiori minus quam duplo
latiori, confertim subtiliter punctulato, antice angustato,
lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis extrorsum nullo
modo directis ; elytris vix striatis, striis vix crebre minus
fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis sat planis_ subtiliter
punctulatis ; tibiis posticis apice valde mucronatis. Long.,
1/1. -(vix) 5 lat., 2 1.

This species must resemble P. submetallescens, Baly, in size
and color but it differs from the description of that insect by the
front angles of its prothorax being not in the least directed out-
ward and the interstices of its elytra not being costate at the
sides and apex. It is said to be destructive to vegetation.

N.S. Wales ; near Wentworth ; taken by Miss Cudmore.

P. propinqua, Baly. A species occurring somewhat plentifully
near Adelaide is, I have little doubt, this insect. I expect that
P. Wilsons, Baly, is a mere variety. Unfortunately Dr. Baly has
made no comparison between the two species and has used so
nearly the same words in describing them that after a careful
examination of the two descriptions the only clearly specified dif-
ferences I can discover consist in Welsona being a trifle smaller
than propinqua, having somewhat darker femora, the unpunct-
ured part of the head less rugulose and the lateral punctures one
or two less in number. It alse seems to be implied that the
small basal impressions on the prothorax of propinqgua are want-
ing in Wilsont and nothing is said about its front prothoracic
angles being produced externally. I have examples (which I
cannot separate specifically from those that agree perfectly with
the description of propinqua) in which some of these trifling
differences are apparent. 2. propinqua appears to me to be a
variable insect widely distributed in Southern Australia dis-
tinguishable from its congeners most readily by the sculpture of
its head ; the middle part is finely strigose or finely rugulose and
almost impunctate, but there are a few large coarse punctures on
each side near the hindmargin of the eyes. In typical specimens
of propinqua the front part of the middle space on the head is
very distinctly rugulose and the basal impressions of the pro-
thorax are quite distinctly traceable ; while the legs are entirely
of a dull fulvous color, except the hind femora. I have this form
only from the Adelaide district. From Yorke’s Peninsula I have
two examples which may be Wilsoni although their legs are not
as darkly colored as those of the type of Wilsont seem to have
been. I have a number of specimens from the Port Lincoln dis-

trict which present slight uniform distinctive characters perhaps
entitling them to be considered a local variety and which may be
thus characterised :

Var. lindensis. Minor (long. 1 1.). Differt capitis parte mediana
strigosa nec rugulosa; prothorace ad basin vix manifeste
impresso

(This variety differs from Welsonz by its smaller size and fulv-
ous legs, except the hind femora).

I have also some specimens from the higher mountains of Vict-
oria which seem to represent a local race though hardly deserv-
ing to be considered a species ; they may be thus characterised :
Var. alpicola. Major (long. 14 1.). Differt capitis parte

mediana subcoriacea, vix strigosa (subtilissime nec rugulose
punctulata), puncturis magnis prope oculos sat numerosis ;
prothoracis impressionibus basalibus sat distinctis.

(This variety differs from Wilsonz by its larger size, and legs,
except the hind femora, entirely fulvous).

I may add that I find the angularity of the front corner of the
prothorax a character that cannot be relied upon. In all the
above mentioned specimens the front angles are more or less pro-
duced externally ; I have even specimens in which one angle
seems more prominent than the other; in the specimens from
Port Lincoln and Yorke’s Peninsula the angle seems less marked
than in those from the Adelaide district and Victoria, in some
examples it is scarcely traceable.

P. varipes, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata ; nitida ; senea, tibiis
tarsisque rufis piceo-variegatis, antennis rufis (parte dimidia
apicali infuscatis) ; capite convexo leviter crebre vix subt-
iliter punctulato, sulcis interocularibus sat profundis (ab
oculorum parte postica ad antennarum basin fere recte ut
linez sat subtiles extensis) ; antennis quam corporis dimidium
haud longioribus, articulo 1° quam 2"5 3° que conjuncti
haud breviori, his inter se sat equalibus ; prothorace quam
longiori minus quam duplo latiori, sat grosse sat crebre
punctulato, quam caput distincte latiori, antice distincte
angustato, lateribus vix arcuatis, angulis anticis paullo in-
crassatis sat acutis sed vix extrorsum directis; elytris
striatis, striis sat grosse nec confertim punctulatis (striz
prime puncturis vix contusis), interstitiis manifeste punct-
ulatis vix convexis. Long., 12 1.; lat., 21.

ee P. Olliffi, Blackb., but of a fi iiehtly brassy tone of
color, with all the femora dark, the prothorax and elytral striw

considerably more strongly punctulate, and the interstices of the
elytral striz less flat.
N.S. Wales; Blue Mountains.

P. minutalis, sp. nov. Ovalis, modice elongata; nitida; ut
preecedens colorata; capite fere ut preecedentis sed sparsim
subtiliter punctulato; antennis quam corporis dimidium
sat brevioribus, apicem versus incrassatis, articulo 1° quam
2"* 3"° que conjuncti breviori, 2° brevi (quam 3” sat
breviori) ; prothorace fere ut precedentis sed multo minus
fortiter punctulato ; elytris fere ut preecedentis sed striarum
puncturis manifeste minoribus. Long., + 1.; lat., ,% 1.

This very small species is much like the preceding (P. varipes )
in miniature but differs from it in its antenne being much
shorter with differently proportioned joints and in its very much
more finely punctulate head and prothorax. In tabulating the
species of the genus I have placed this one among those with the
prothorax strongly punctulate, but with some hesitation; the
puncturation of its prothorax however is much less fine than in
the species in which I have called the prothoracic puncturation fine.

Victoria. |

P. Olliffi, Blackb. When I described this species I omitted
to mention a character which though slight seems (from the
examination of a considerable series of allied species) to be of
some importance, viz., the presence on the portion of the elytra
between the suture and the first complete stria of very coarse
interstitial puncturation among which the shortened subsutural
row of punctures is entirely untraceable.

P. crebra, sp. nov. Sat breviter ovalis; minus convexa; sat
nitida ; viridi-enea, elytris plus minusve violaceo-micantibus,
pedibus (femoribus posticis plus minusve infuscatis vel nigris
vel violaceis exceptis) rufis, antennis obscuris basi dilutiori-
bus; capite sat lato, crebre minus fortiter punctulato, oculis
inter se distantibus, sulcis interocularibus leviter impressis ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium brevioribus, articulo 1°
quam 2"° 3° que conjuncti breviori, hoc quam ille vix longiori
sed multo graciliori; prothorace quam longiori vix duplo
latiori, subgrosse sat crebre punctulato, antice leviter angust-
ato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis haud extror-
sum acutis; elytris fortiter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
leviter convexis levibus (1° excepto, hoc tam fortiter punct-
ulato ut strie prime puncture sunt penitus confuse).
Long.;! Tiley lat.,i2:1) (ram:

A short broad species notable for the very coarse puncturation
of its prothorax and the absence of a defined abbreviated sub-
sutural stria, the space between the suture and the first complete
stria being occupied with confused coarse puncturation devoid of
linear arrangement.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele.

P. tumbyensis (var. ? P. fuscomaculate, Baly). Elongato-ovalis ;
sat convexa ; sat nitida; testacea, capite prothorace scutello
elytrorumque maculis nonnullis infuscatis et sneo-micanti-
bus, antennarum articulis (3 vel 4 exceptis) plus minusve
piceo-tinctis ; capite fortiter plus minusve crebre haud (vel
parum) rugulose punctulato, sat lato, oculis inter se valde
distantibus, sulcis interocularibus sat profundis; antennis
quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo 1° quam
2s 3%° que conjuncti (hoc quam ille sat longiori) parum
breviori ; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, crebre sub-
grosse punctulato, antice parum angustato, lateribus rectis,
angulis anticis manifeste extrorsum acutis; elytris fortiter
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis punctulatis convexis postice
angustis costiformibus. Long., 14 1.; lat., $1.

The markings on the elytra are of a reddish fuscous color with
a slight brassy tone; they consist of a subbasal fascia not reach-
ing the lateral margins, a median fascia much narrowed about
the suture, and a very faint subapical. fascia; in some samples
they are almost obsolete. It is possible that this is a local form
of P. fusco-maculata, Baly, but I think it more probably a. dis-
tinct species as it differs from the description not only in the
markings of the elytra and the absence of infuscation on the
under surface, but in several more important characters—notably
in the straight sides of its prothorax. I have seen about half-a-
dozen specimens which differ inter se only in the sculpture of the
head (a sexual variation I believe) and the greater or less dis-
tinctness of the markings on the elytra.

8. Australia; Eyre’s Peninsula, near Tumby.

P. hypocrita, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; sat convexa; sat
nitida; testacea, capite prothoraceque rufescentibus, antennis
apicem versus et femoribus posticis infuscatis ; capite lato,
sparsim grosse punctulato ; oculis inter se valde distantibus,
sulcis interocularibus minus profundis ; antennis quam corp-
oris dimidium subbrevioribus, minus robustis, articulo 1°
quam 2"* 3" que conjuncti vix breviori, 2° quam 3"° multo
erassiori et sublongiori ; prothorace quam longiori vix duplo
latiori, fortiter sat crebre punctulato, antice parum angust-
ato, lateribus fere rectis, angulis anticis manifeste extror-
sum acutis; elytris modice striatis, striis confertim minus
fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis vix convexis vix manifeste
punctulatis. lLong., 1 1.; lat., 2 1.

Notable for the pale testaceous color of its elytra and the
coarse sparse puncturation of its head.
W. Australia.

P. aciculata, sp. nov. Ovalis; convexa ; nitida; enea, antennis

(parte dimidia avicali nigra excepta) pedibusque (femoribus
posticis eneis exceptis) rufo-fulvis; capite sat lato, subt-
iliter ruguloso et puncturis nonnullis sparsim impresso,
oculis inter se distantibus, sulcis interocularibus fortiter
impressis; antennis quam corporis dimidium subbrevioribus
sat robustis, articulo 1° quam 2" 3° que conjuncti (his
inter se sat equalibus) paullo breviori ; prothorace quam
longiori minus quam duplo latiori, subtilissime strigoso et
sparsius subtiliter (ad latera paullo magis fortiter) punct-
ulato, antice (superne viso) sat angustato, lateribus leviter
arcuatis, angulis anticis vix incrassatis nec extrorsum
directis ; elytris leviter striatis, striis sat grosse minus con-
fertim punctulatis, interstitiis sat planis (latera apicemque
versus leviter convexis) minus perspicue punctulatis. Long.,
LiL Jat., 2.

This species is notable among its Australian congeners for the
very fine punctures (resembling pricks with the point of a fine
needle) sparsely distributed over the disc of its prothorax.

Victoria ; on the higher mountains.

P. impressipennis, sp. nov. Ovalis’; sat elongata ; modice con-
vexa; nitida; fulva, vix cupreo-micans, antennis apicem
versus paullo (vel vix) infuscatis, pedibus rufo-testaceis ;
capite minus lato, coriaceo vel subtiliter ruguloso, oculis
magnis inter se subapproximatis, sulcis interocularibus fort-
iter impressis ad oculos contiguis; antennis quam corporis
dimidium longioribus, articulo 1° quam 2° 3° que conjuncti
(his inter se sat eequalibus) parum breviorl; prothorace quam
longiori fere triplo latiori, crebre fortiter punctulato, quadr-
ato, quam caput multo latiori, antice haud. angustato, mox
intra marginem lateralem (hoc fere recto) longitudinaliter
manifeste impresso, angulis anticis incrassatis plus minusve
distincte extrorsum prominulis, basi utrinque fovea brevi
obliqua impressa; elytris paullo pone basin manifeste trans-
versim-arcuatim late impressis ; fortiter punctulato-striatis,
interstitiis subtiliter punctulatis convexis (latera spaenaae
versus sat fortiter costiformibus). Long., 121; lat. 1.

A very distinct species on account of its comparatively large
size, its large subapproximate eyes, the well defined longitudinal
impressions (almost sulci) just within the lateral borders of its
prothorax, and the well defined wide shallow impression from
shoulder to shoulder on its elytra. Owing to the interocular sulci
on its head being very close to its eyes, the spaces on the head
which Mr. Baly calls the ‘“interocular spaces” are extremely
narrow. I have two examples (from 8. Australia) somewhat.
smaller than typical specimens, a little wider and less elongate,

110

with the front angles of their prothorax rather more strongly

directed outward which may possibly represent a distinct species.

S. Australia.

P. eyrensis, sp. nov. Precedenti (P. impressipenni) atftinis ;
diftert elytris multo minus fortiter striatis, striis multo minus
erebre punctulatis, interstitiis planis (latera apicemque
versus vix convexis). Long., 1,3, 1.; lat., 21.

Remarkably like the preceding but with very differently sculp-
tured elytra. In impressipennis these have deep striz witl
crowded punctures giving them a catenulated appearance, while
in the present species the striz are slight so that the sculpture is
not very much more than rows of punctures on the surface, the
several punctures in the rows being well isolated from their
fellows. The very slight convexity of the interstices even near
the apex and lateral margins further distinguishes this insect
from the preceding.

S. Australia ; near Lake Eyre.

P. quadraticollis, sp. nov. Elongata; subparallela; minus
convexa; sat nitida; neo-picea, antennis pedibusque
fulvescentibus, illis apicem versus piceo-tinctis ; capite lato,
subtiliter strigoso et puncturis sat magnis leviter minus
crebre impresso, sulcis interocularibus obsoletis, oculis inter
se valde distantibus; antennis gracilibus quam corporis
dimidium sat longioribus, articulo 1° quam 2"° 3"° que
conjuncti (his inter se sat equalibus) vix breviori ;
prothorace quam longiori plus quam duplo latiori, crebre
fortiter punctulato, quadrato, quam caput vix latiori,
margine antico quam posticus latiori, lateribus fere rectis,
angulis anticis incrassatis sed vix extrorsum directis ; elytris
leviter striatis, striis crebre minus fortiter punctulatis
(striz prime puncturis sat confusis), interstitiis vix (apicem
versus nullo modo) convexis vix manifeste punctulatis. Long.,
PY; Tat., 2 1.

Seems to be ailied to P. Waterhousei, Baly and laticeps, Baly
(both from W. Australia) and to differ from them inéer alia by
the peculiar sculpture of its head, also by its prothorax being at
at its widest across the front.

S. Australia ; Quorn, &c.

P. pallidior, sp.nov. Precedenti valde affinis; differt statura
majore, colore toto (antennis apicem versus infuscatis
exceptis) brunneo-testaceo, capite haud strigoso crebre sat
eequaliter punctulato, prothorace paullo minus fortiter minus
crebre punctulato, elytrorum interstitiis subtiliter distincte
punctulatis omnibus (extermis 2 vix convexis exceptis)
planis. Long., 141.; lat., $1.

S. Australia.

P. crassipennis, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; sat nitida;
subtus obscure rufescens, supra brnnneo-testacea, (capite
prothoraceque plus minusve rufescentibus), antennis testaceis
(parte dimidia apicali plus minusve picescenti), pedibus
testaceis (femoribus posticis plus minsuve infuscatis)
nonnullorum exemplorum sutura infuscata ; capite fere ut
P. quadraticollis sed sulcis interocularibus minus obsoletis
(ab oculorum parte postica’ ad antennarum basin ut line
subtiles rectze extensis) antennis fere ut LP. quadraticollis
sed subbrevioribus paullo robustioribus ; prothorace quam
longiori duplo latiori, subgrosse vix crebre punctulato, quam
caput paullo latiori, antice distincte angustato, lateribus
leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis parum incrassatis sat acutis
sed haud extrorsum directis ; elytris striatis, striis sat grosse
nec crebre punctulatis (strize prime puncturis vix comer et
interstitiis ee convexis vix manifeste punctulatis. Long.
11.5; lat., $1. (vix).

Allied to the eenadine two species but readily distinguishable
by the coarse comparatively sparse punctures of its elytral striz.
Its prothorax is by no means sparsely punctured but evidently
less closely than that of P. quadraticollis. In this and the pre-
ceding two species the interval between the eyes is evidently
wider than twice the width of an eye. In this species there is a
perplexing variability in the depth of the larger punctures of the
head and in the degree of convexity of the elytral insterstices,
hardly two specimens being quite alike in these respects.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

P. Meyricki, sp. nov. Elongata; subparallela; sat nitida;
piceo-brunnea, vix cupreo-micans, antennis testaceis (articulis
ultimis 4 piceo-tinctis), pedibus testaceis (femoribus plus
minusve infuscatis); capite lato, confertim subrugulose
eequaliter punctulato, sulcis interocularibus obsoletis, oculis
inter se valde distantibus ; antennis minus gracilibus, quam
corporis dimidium sat longioribus, articulo 1° quam 2". 3"° que
conjuncti (hoc quam ille vix longiori) vix breviori;
prothorace fere ut P. qguadraticollis sed marginibus antico et
postico latitudine equalibus ; elytris leviter striatis, striis
minus crebre vix fortiter punctulatis (striarum prime, et
antice secunde, puncturis confusis), interstitiis sat convexis
vix perspicue punctulatis. Long., 1 1. ; lat., 2 1.

Near P. quadraticollis but differing from it and other allied
species by the puncturation of its head which scarcely differs from
that of its prothorax except in being a trifle closer with a distinct
tendency to rugulosity. J have a specimen from W. Australia
(which I take to be an immature example of this insect) entirely
of a pale testaceous color.

W. Australia; taken by Mr. Meyrick.

CREPIDODERA,

C. indicica, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis ; sat nitida ; subtus obscura;
supra coerulea (colore fere indici), antennarum articulo basali
apicem versus et 2° 3° que totis testaceis vel piceo-testaceis ;
capite levi, inter oculos minus distincte transversim sulcato ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus, articulis
1° 3° 4° que inter se longitudine sat eequalibus, 2° sat brevi ;
prothorace sat transverso, levi, ante basin fortiter transvers-
im sulcato (sulco transverso utrinque sulco longitudinali
forti terminato), lateribus arcuatis, angulis distinctis vix
acutis ; elytris irregulariter eae et confuse subt-
iliter punctulatis. Long., 13 1.; lat., $1.

This species is well chee aniesd a its eae puncturation,
the rows of which are extremely irregular owing to punctures
about the same size as those of the rows (as well as some much
smaller) being confusedly scattered about the interstices; near
the apex the rows are scarcely traceable at all.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

C. crassior, sp. nov. Precedenti (C. indicice) aftinis; differt
antennarum articulis 3—6 magis gracilibus, elytris regul-
ariter seriatim grosse punctulatis (puncturis prope apicem
confusis subtilioribus). Long. 14 1.; lat., 2 1. (vix).

Considerably smaller than the preceding and having the inter”
mediate joints of the antenne more slender so that the antenne
appear somewhat thickened towards the apex ; also the punctura-
tion of the elytra is very much coarser and (except towards the
apex) is disposed in regular rows.

N. Queensland ; taken near Cairns by Mr. Koebele.

OPISTHOPYGME (gen. nov. Halticitarumn).

Corpus ovale, glabrum, minus convexum ; antenne 1]-articulate,
sat approximate, filiformes, quam corporis dimidium o
longiores, minus robuste, articulo 1° modico, 2° quam 1" sa
breviori, 3° quam praecedentes g graciliori quam 1"* vix eee
4° quam 3"* subbreviori, 5° quam 1” sublongiori; prothorax
latissime quadratus, paullo ante basin transversim profunde
sulcato (sulco margines laterales attingenti, et utrinque cum
basi sulco longitudinali profundo conjuncto); scutellum
modicum; elytra profunde punctulato-striata inzqualia,
epipleuris latis bene determinatis fere ad apicem continuis
subhorizontalibus (extrorsum paullo inclinatis) ; pedes modici;
tibize anteriores 4 mutice, postice mucronate, his extus
leviter canaliculatis ; femora postica valde incrassata, subtus
leviter canaliculata ; tarsi postici quam tibie haud multo
breviores, articulo basali quam sequentes 2 conjuncti paullo

longiori, articulo apicali valde inflato-dilatato; unguiculi
appendiculati ; coxee antic minus elevatze, inter se sat longe
distantes, postice clause ; mesosternum modicum.

The species for which I propose this new generic name is of
great interest because the inflated claw joint of its hind tarsi in
combination with its closed front coxe refer it to M. Lacordaire’s
Group “ Monoplatites” hitherto (so far as I can ascertain) only
known as American. I cannot place it in any of the numerous
previously described genera of the Group. Its maxillary palpi
do not accord very satisfactorily with those of either of the
sections into which M. Lacordaire divides the genera by the form
of the maxillary palpi; the second joint is obconic, the third
shorter than the second (but not much thicker than its apex) the
fourth conic and a trifle longer than the second.

O. Jacobyi, sp. nov. Nitida; testaceo-ferruginea, antennis apicem
versus infuscatis, elytris indeterminate brunneo-maculatis
horum striis interrupte infuscatis ; capite levi, inter oculos
transversim arcuatim sulcato; prothorace levi (sulcis
punctulatis exceptis), angulis anticis manifeste explanatis,
posticis acutis, lateribus rectis; elytrorum striis apicem
versus profundioribus, interstitlis convexis (apicem versus
subcostatis). Long., 12 1.; lat., 41.

The sulcation of the prothorax is unusual, there being an
extremely strong sulcus running all across in front of the base,
and also an equally strong longitudinal sulcus on either side run-
ning from the transverse sulcus to the base. On the elytra an
ill defined depression runs hindward just within the humeral
region and then bends towards the suture which it reaches so as
to join its fellow of the other elytron thus causing the inner basal
part of each elytron to appear elevated.

N. Queensland ; named in honor of Mr. M. Jacoby well known
as an accomplished specialist in the Phytophaga.

SUTREA,

The following species seem to be referable to this genus which
has not been previously recorded as Australian, though well
represented in New Guinea. Its principal characters are;
antenne approximate (of 11 joints), front coxal cavities open
behind, mesosternum normal, hind tibize not sulcate (mucronate
at apex), anterior four tibiz unarmed, claw joint not dilated, pro-
thorax devoid of impressions, margins of elytra evidently
dilated. .

S. Mastersi, sp. nov. Hlongato-ovalis, minus parallela; sat
convexa ; nitida ; testacea, antennis (basi testacea excepta) |
obscuris, elytrorum macula communi magna basali et parte

dimidia apicali nigris ; capite levi inter oculos transversim
suleato; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus,
articulis 3° 4° que inter se sat zequalibus ; prothorace quam
longiori plus quam duplo latiori, transversim quadrato, vix
perspicue punctulato, lateribus leviter em ep ; elytris
subtiliter minus crebre punctulatis. Long., 24 1. ; lat., 141.
(vix).

The markings on the elytra of this species seem to be ‘very

different from those of the previously described ones.
N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

S. speciosa, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; minus parallela; modice
convexa ; nitida ; testacea, abdomine (basi apiceque exceptis)
obscuro, elytris (basi et marginis lateralis. parte antica
exceptis) violaceis; capite levi inter oculos transversim
suleato ; antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus,
articulis 3° 4° que inter se sat equalibus ; prothorace quam
longiori vix duplo latiori, postice subangustato, vix perspicue
punctulato, lateribus sat rotundatis; elytris paullo pone
basin transversim impressis, vix punctulatis sed sparsim
leviter granulatis. Long., 31.; lat., 131.

Probably near S. violaceipennis, Jac, but differing from it
inter alia by the flavous base (and front part of the sides) of its
elytra and its yellow scutellum.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

HALTICODES (gen nov. Halticitarum).

Comets oblongo-ovale, modice convexum ; antenne 11-articulate,
sat approximate, filiformes, quam corporis dimidium vix vel
paullo longiores, minus robustee, articulo 1° minus elongato,
2° brevi, 3° quam 1** sublongiori,4° quam 3"° paullo breviori ;
prothorax transversus, mox ante basin transversim sulcatus,
sulco utrinque (sat longe a margine laterali) in basin
recurvato ; scutellum magnum triangulare; elytra quam
prothorax ‘manifeste latiora, confuse punctulata, marginibus
lateralibus sat latis, epipleuris horizontalibus fere ad apicem
continuata; pedes modici; tibiz anteriores 4 brevissime,
postice sat breviter, mucronate, his fere cylindricis ; femora
postica sat incrassata subtus canaliculata ; tarsi postici sat
elongati quam tibize dimidium sat longiores, articulo basali
2° 3° que conjunctis equilongo, ultimo haud _ inflato;
unguiculi appendiculati; coxe antice sat elevate, postice
apertee ; mesosternum sat magnum.

I cannot find that any genus has been characterised to which
it is possible to refer the species for which I propose this name.
Its facies is altogether that of Haltica to which genusit is ex-

tremely close structurally, but I do not see how it is possible to
place it in Haltica as limited by Dr. Chapnis on account of the
very different form of its prothoracic sulcus which (instead of
running all across the segment and merging laterally in the
lateral margin) bends hindward on either side at some distance
from the lateral margin and so arrives at the basal margin but
without being limited externally by anything like a longitudinal
sulcus. I should feel some doubt as to whether the present
insect is distinct from the very briefly characterised Docema,
Waterh. were it not that the claws of the latter are described as
“simple.” Further distinctions of the present genus from the
European /faltice (e.g. pusilla, Duf.) will be found in the
widened lateral margin of the elytra, in the elytral epipleurze
(which are horizontal, with their external edge well defined
instead of becoming sublateral hindward with no well-defined
carina limiting them externally), and in the considerably greater
dilatation of the hind femora (which however are not so strongly
dilated as those of Arsipoda). It is to be noted that the ex-
tremely short mucro of the anterior tibize is placed above (not
below) the base of the tarsus and is very oy overlooked with-
out careful observation.

H. disparipes, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat nitida ; subtus (prosterno et
abdominis apice brunneis exceptis) piceo- nigra; supra
testaceo-brunnea, pedibus (femoribus posticis piceis exceptis)
pallide brunneis, antennis (articulis basalibus 3 vel 4
testaceis exceptis) nigris; capite levi, inter oculos trans-
versim arcuatim sulcato; prothorace subquadrato, quam
longiori plus quam duplo latiori, antice vix angustato, sub-
tilius sparsim punctulato, lateribus vix arcuatis, angulis
omnibus distinctis subacutis ; elytris crebre fortiter confuse

punctulatis. Long., 21; lat., zy ).

Victoria ; I have met with it only in mountainous places.

HYPHALTICA (gen. nov. Halticitarwm).

Generi preecedenti (//alticodi) affinis; differt elytrorum margini-
bus lateralibus minus latis, epipleuris pone medium magis
angustis, tibiis anticis distincte minus breviter (intermediis
breviter) mucronatis, femoribus posticis magis dilatatis sub-
tus planatis sed vix canaliculatis.

This is another ally of Haltica according to Dr. Chapuis’
arrangement ; its prothoracic transverse furrow is quite as in
Halticodes but it seems necessary to separate it from that genus
on account of the characters noted above, especially the presence
of a very well defined mucro (in the usual position) at the apex
of the front tibie. In some respects this genus as well as the

preceding resembles Lactica but it does not appear possible to
associate with that genus species in which there are no distinct
longitudinal sulci on the prothorax. It should be noted that the
mucro of the intermediate tibiz is in H. /auta little more than a
conical projection from the tarsal cavity which I have only been
able to identify by removing the tarsus, but it undoubtedly is a
small mucro.

H. lauta, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; minus convexa; sat
nitida ; lurida, antennis (articulis basalibus 3 vel 4 exceptis)
nigris, corpore supra hic illic (presertim elytris postice)
indeterminate infuscato, corpore subtus piceo ; capite sparsim
subtiliter punctulato, inter oculos leviter sulcato; anten-
narum articulo 3° quam 4"* haud longiori ; prothorace quam
longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori, antice haud multo
angustato, fere ut caput punctulato, lateribus leviter
arcuatis, angulis omnibus distinctis nec acutis ; elytris subt-
iliter (apicem versus vix distincte) subcrebre punctulatis.
Long., 14:1.; lat., 41.

In this species the transverse sulcus of the prothorax is well
defined (a trifle more strongly than in the European H. pusilla,
Duf.), and instead of running on to the lateral margin bends
round obliquely to the base some little distance from the lateral
margin, but without being bounded by anything that could rightly
be called a longitudinal sulcus.

S. Australia; taken near Quorn.

H.(?) anomala, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; sat nitida ; nigra,
capite antennarum articulis basalibus 3 prothorace pedi-
busque testaceis; capite vix manifeste punctulato, inter
oculos fortiter sulcato; antennis quam precedentis magis
robustis, articulo 3° quam 4" haud longiori; prothorace
quam. longiori duplo latiori, antice parum angustato, subt-
iliter sat sparsim punctulato, transversim obsolete sulcato,
lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis subacutis; elytris subtiliter
sat crebre punctulatis; tibiis intermediis distincte mucron-
atis. Long., 14—141.; lat., j—4 1.

I have some little hesitation in considering this species con-
generic with H. lauwta on account of the sulcus of its prothorax
being very faintly marked and the mucro of its intermediate
tibize being quite well defined. These characters seem too slight
to justify the creation of a new genus for a single species, but I
look upon it as very probable that when the Halticites of Aus-
tralia are more fully known it will be found that these two must
be separated notwithstanding their similarity both in facies and
general characters.

Victoria ; Dividing Range.

H. (?) occidentalis, sp. nov. Subovata; sat nitida; lurida,
antennis apicem versus vix infuscatis, capite postice rufo-
piceo, corpore supra hic illic indeterminate infuscato, corpore
subtus magis obscuro ; capite levi, inter oculos bituberculato
sed vix distincte sulcato; antennarum articulo 3° quam 4°
manifeste longiori; prothorace quam longiori fere duplo
latiori, antice manifeste angustato, subcoriaceo et sat obsolete
punctulato, sat fortiter transversim sulcato, lateribus fortiter
arcuatis, angulis obtusis ; elytris fortiter sat crebre punct-
ulatis ; tibiis intermediis distincte mucronatis. Long., 131;
lat., 3 1.

The species of Southern Australia appertaining to Lacordaire’s
group “ Halticites” (outside the genus Haltica) differ in respect
of facies and characters to an extent that would perhaps justify
the creation of a separate genus for each of them. I am reluctant
to follow this course, and so am placing in this genus Hyphaltica
several forms that (appertaining to the Halticites) agree in the
transverse sulcus of their prothorax being (not continued to the
lateral margin but) bent round to the base before reaching the
lateral margin, in their elytra not being exceptionally widely
margined, and in their front tibiz having a well-defined mucro
placed i in ‘the normal position. The present species differs some-
what in facies from the preceding two, owing to its subovate
form, and the strongly rounded sides of its prothorax.

W. Australia.

H. mediocris, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; sat nitida; lurida,
scutello antennis (parte apicali excepta) et femorum parte
superiori (basi excepta) infuscatis; capite lato, in medio
fere levi, ad latera punctulato, inter oculos transversim sulc-
ato; antennis sat robustis, quam corporis dimidium paullo
longioribus, articulo 3° quam 4"* paullo longiori ; prothorace
fortiter transverso, postice paullo angustato, sublevi, sat
fortiter transversim sulcato, lateribus sat arcuatis (latitudine
majori ante medium posita), angulis bene determinatis sub-
acutis; elytris subtiliter obsolete (circa scutellum magis
perspicue) punctulatis; tibiis intermediis breviter distincte
mucronatis. lLong., 1,°, 1.5 lat., 21.

The wide head of this species (the interval between the eyes
being considerably more than the greatest diameter of an eye)
and its not very convex eyes, together with the shape of its pro-
thorax (wider in front than behind) give it a characteristic facies
suggestive of generic distinctness from the others that I have
provisionally associated in this genus; but it is certainly very
close allied to them.

S. Australia ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

H. Adelaide, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat elongata; sat nitida ; supra
nigra; subtus picea, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus,
femoribus (presertim posticis) plus minusve infuscatis vel
nigricantibus ; capite lato, in medio fere levi, inter oculos
suleato; antennis sat robustis, quam corporis dimidium
paullo longioribus, articulo 3° quam 4% multo longiori, hoc
quam 2% subbreviori; prothorace fortiter transverso,
antice vix angustato, distincte minus crebre punctulato,
fortiter transversim sulcato, lateribus leviter arcuatis,
angulis minus acutis (anticis incrassatis extrorsum leviter
directis) ; elytris crebre fortiter punctulatis ; tibiis inter-
mediis breviter distincte mucronatis. Long., 13 1; lat., 41.
(vix).

A very distinct species on account of inter alia its entirely
black upper surface.
S. Australia ; Adelaide district.

HALTICA.

This genus as restricted by Dr. Chapuis may be taken to be
limited to species that M. Allard’s monograph would place in
Graptodera. M. Allard suppresses Haltica altogether, but Dr.
Chapuis’ plea for retainining the name seems to me quite con-
elusive. The species are extremely variable and very difficult to
determine. As regards the Australian species the best distinctive
characters appear to me the sexual peculiarities of the males.

H. corrusca, Er. I am not sure that I know this species
(which was described from Tasmania). The only Tasmanian
Haltica known to me differs in important respects from Erich-
son’s description. But there 1s a species occurring plentifully,
and widely distributed in Southern Australia (Victoria, N.S.
Wales and 8. Australia, and probably in Tasmania), which agrees
well with the description of //. corrwsca in every respect except
that (so far as regards the specimens I have seen) the violaceous
coloring of the underside referred to by Erichson is wanting. It
is an insect of brassy-zenous color (long., about 23 1.) with well
defined fairly close and rather fine elytral puncturation, and the
longitudinal post-humeral sulcus very faint. Its males (apart
from the dilatation of the basal joint of the tarsi) are dis-
tinguished by the sculpture of the apical ventral segment, which
is devoid of tubercles and has its apical half (or thereabouts)
flattened so as to be on a lower plane than the front part from
which in certain lights it seems to be separated by a sulcus; the
middle part of its apical margin (which must not be confused
with the free edge of the pygidium seen beyond it) is rounded
but owing to inequalities on its surface immediately before the
apex it appears (from a point of view whence the true apex does

not catch the eye) to be trilobed. Its intermediate tibize are
straight or nearly so.

H. splendida, Oliv. I have not seen any insect at all likely to
be this species; the description of it seems possibly consistent
with its being a true Ha/ltica.

H, ferruginis, Blackb. I regard this insect as possibly repre-
senting a gen. nov. near //altica. As far as I know the species
that may be rightly regarded as typical members of Haltica, they
are invariable in being of some dark (more or less metallic) color,
and in having a prothoracic sulcus completely traversing the seg-
ment in complete separation from its base. H. ferruginis however
not only is of a nearly uniform brownish-testaceous color, but has
its prothoracic sulcus less distinctly complete than in a typical
Haltica inasmuch as near the lateral margins it seems to lose itself
in a mere basal depression (there being in that part no elevated
interval between it and the true basal margin). The combination
of these two differences from a normal Haltica points to the
likelihood of other species allied to it existing in N.W. Australia
(which is its habitat). Its prothoracic sulcus is not much like
that of either of the new genera (/yphaltica and Halticodes)
characterised above. As far as I can see its four anterior tibize
are unarmed but the type is not in a condition to allow of my
thoroughly investigating the question whether a very small mucro
may be hidden among the apical sete. I cannot find any named
genus other than /Haltica in which it might be placed, although
it is very difficult to arrive at certainty regarding some of Baly’s
genera owing to their author having merely enumerated their
characters without mentioning what genera they are allied to.

H. pagana, sp. nov. Ovalis, minus elongata; nitida; ccrulea
vel purpurea, antennis tibiis tarsisque obscuris ; capite sub-
levi, inter oculos transversim sulcato, ante suleum bituber-
culato ; antennis quam corpus (maris haud multo, feminz
paullo magis) brevioribus, sat robustis (articulo basali
modico, 2° brevi, 3° quam 1" vix breviori, 4° quam 3 vix
longiori) ; prothorace sat transverso, antice sat angustato, in
disco levi, latera versus distincte punctulato, ante basin sat
profunde sulcato, lateribus sat arcuatis; elytris sat crebre
sat fortiter (quam H. pusille, Duf., paullo minus crebre vix
minus fortiter) punctulatis, ad latera obsolete sulcatis (sulco
ante medium extus vix manifeste carinato).

Maris tibiis intermediis sat rectis; segmento ventrali apicali
in medio postice rotundato, nullo adspectu trilobato, mox
ante apicem bituberculato. Long., 22 1.; lat., 141.

Much like H. australis, Blackb., but a more richly colored in-

sect, with less close elytral puncturation, and the apical ventral

segment of the male quite different. The antenne of the male
are about three-quarters the length of the body.
Victoria and Tasmania; in mountainous places.

H. gravida, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis ; sat nitida ; enea, corpore
subtus antennis pedibusque obscuris; capite antennisque
fere ut precedentis, sed his paullo brevioribus ; prothorace
minus transverso (quam longiori circiter quarta parte latiori),
subcoriaceo et sparsim subtiliter (latera versus magis grosse)
punctulato, antice parum angustato, ante basin sat profunde
sulcato, lateribus minus arcuatis ; elytris sat crebre sat subt-
iliter subobsolete punctulatis, ad latera fortiter . sulcatis
(sulco et intus et extus longe ultra medium carina forti
marginato).

Maris tibiis intermediis (exempli typici) extrorsum fortiter
curvatis ; segmento ventrali apicali ad apicem certo adspectu
fortiter trilobato. Long., 3—-311.; lat., 14 1.

Resembles in general appearance and color the species men-
tioned above as being probably //. corrusca, Er., but inter alia
much larger, with the lateral furrows and carine of its elytra
very much stronger. The apical ventral segment does not present
much difference, but the extraordinary middle tibiz of its male
which are very strongly bent outwards at the apex (if not a
deformity of the unique male that I have seen) furnish a very
striking character. In any case the present species is an ex-
tremely distinct one. I have two female examples from N.S.
Wales which I attribute to this species but cannot be sure of their
identity without knowing their male.

S. Australia; Murray River District, &c.

The following table shows the distinctive characters of the
species attributed to Australia that there seems to be more or
less reason to regard as true Haltice (the doubt, in my opinion,
being about the first two) :—

A. Underside testaceous.
B. Elytra testaceous.. ate are w. ferruginis, Blackb.
BB. Elytra metallic... oe Pa ... splendida, Oliv.
AA. Underside dark.
B. Sublateral sulcus of elytra feeble and not limited
by a sharply defined carina.
C. Apical ventral segment of male not tuberculate.
D. Upper surface metallic blue or purple ... australis, Blackb.
DD. Upper surface zneous or bronzy .. corrusca, Er.
CC. Apical ventral segment of male bituberculate payana, Blackb.
BB. Sublateral sulcus of elytra strong and limited
by a sharp carina.
C, Apical ventral segment of male with a large
impression before the apex (color brassy) .... gravida, Blackb.
CC. Apical ventral segment of male even or nearly
so (color coppery) ¥ rey! ... atgnea, Blackb.

LONGITARSUS.

LI, Victoriensis, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat nitidus; fusco-testaceus,
capite rufescenti, antennis extrorsum labro et femoribus
posticis infuscatis ; antennis sat gracilibus quam corpus vix
brevioribus, articulo 1° quam sequentes 2 conjuncti vix
breviori, 3° quam 2". sat longiori quam 4" paullo breviori ;
capite vix punctulato, in vertice plus minusve distincte
transversim strigato ; prothorace transversim subquadrato,
crebre fortiter punctulato, lateribus leviter arcuatis; elytris
fortiter subseriatim punctulatis. Long. 11.; lat. 31.
(vix).

Very like Z. lwridus, Gyll.; differing from that species especially
by its elytral puncturation evidently a little closer and less coarse,
and much more disposed to a seriate arrangement ; also by the
usually well-marked transverse strigosity of the hind part of its
head.

Victoria ; Alpine district.

APHTHONA,.

A, Cowleyi, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongata; nitida ; antennis
extrorsum labro et (ex parte) femoribus posticis piceis, tibiis
plus minusve infuscatis ; capite levi inter oculos sulcato ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo
1° modico, 2° minus brevi, 3° quam 2" sat longiori (1° long-
itudine sat equali), 4° 3° squali; prothorace subtilissime |
punctulato, subquadrato, antice leviter angustato, pone
marginem anticum lateribus subangulatis; elytris quam
prothorax minus nitidis vix manifeste punctulatis; coxis
anticis apertis ; tibiis omnibus breviter mucronatis, posticis
extus sat longe sat manifeste longitudinaliter sulcatis ; tars-
orum posticorum articulo basal sequentibus 2 longitudine
eequali. lLong., 171.5; lat. £1.

In this species the ind abi are somewhat more decidedly
sulcate externally than is usual in Aphthona, but I can find no
other character inconsistent with a place in that genus.
Apparently near A. papuensis, Jac, but considerably larger, with
more transverse prothorax, &e.

Northern Australia ; taken by Mr. Cowley, near Cairns.

XUTHEA (?)

I feel considerable hesitation in assigning the following species
to this East Indian genus, which is not known to me in nature.
But it agrees with the diagnosis in all essential characters and

certainly ought to be placed very near Xuthea. Its front cox
are open behind, its prothorax has a strong transverse sulcus
sharply limited by a short longitudinal sulcus on either side ; ; its

antenne are 11-jointed ; its mesosternum is normal ; all its tibie
are mucronate ; and the claw joint of its hind tarsi is normal.
These are the structural characters of Xuwthea and I cannot find
that they have been attributed to any subsequently named genus.
It is likely enough that a comparison of types might render it
desirable to separate the insect described below from Xwthea but
meanwhile I think it should be provisionally referred to that
genus. It evidenly bears much specific resemblance to the type
of Xuthea, though it is considerably smaller.

X? formosa, sp. nov. LElongato-ovalis; nitida; tota lete
ceerulea, antennis obscuris basin versus vix rufescentibus
exceptis ; capite levi, inter oculos transversim arcuatim
suleato ; oculis grosse granulatis; antennis quam corporis
dimidium vix longioribus, apicem versus gradatim manifeste
incrassatis, articulo 1° parum elongato, 2° quam 1” sat
breviori, 3° 1° longitudine eequali, 4° quam 3" paullo breviori,
5° 3° longitudine zequali et paullo magis robusto ; prothorace
sublevi, antice angustato, ante basin profunde transversim
sulcato (sulco transverso utrinque in sulco profundo longit-
udinali terminato); elytris subtiliter minus regulariter
seriatim punctulatis, nullo modo striatis; coxis anticis
apertis, tibiis omnibus breviter mucronatis tarsorum postic-
orum articulo basali sequentibus 2 longitudine equali. Long.,
LE; lat., 2 1.. (vix).

Its brilliant metallic blue color (almost as bright on the under-
surface and the legs as on the elytra) renders this a very beauti-
ful little insect. The color of the legs underlying their blue
iridescence is of a somewhat pitchy testaceous tone. The basal
joint of the antennz is somewhat shorter than in most Ha/lticides.
The mucro at the apex of the anterior 4 tibize is placed among
coarse setze and needs looking for.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele, near Cairns.

SPH RODERMA.

S. baldiensis, sp. nov. Late ovalis ; nitida ; rufo testacea, antenn-
arum articulis ultimis 5 obscuris; capite transversim pro-
funde arcuatim sulcato (sulco pone oculos, ut S. testacee,
Fab., continuo), in vertice punctulato et longitadinaliter
striatim ruguleso; antennis quam corporis dimidium
brevioribus, articulis ultimis 5 gradatim incrassatis, articulo
1° modico, 2° minus brevi (quam 1"* fere duplo breviori), 3°
quam 2” graciliori sed vix longiori, 4° 6° inter se sat cequali-
bus (quam 3" subbrevioribus) ; prothorace transverso,
transversim convexo, subfortiter sat sparsim punctulato ;
elytris sparsim sat fortiter (quam 8S. festacee, F., magis
sparsim vix magis fortiter) punctulatis ; femoribus posticis
modicis. Long., 12 1; lat., + 1

The structural characters seem to be altogether those of the
European species of the genus unless the shortness of the antennce
be considered aberrant; many species with short antenne from
Java, &c., have, however, been attributed to Sphwroderma.

Victoria ; Alpine district.

PSYLLIODES.

P. lubricata, sp. nov. Hlongato-ovata; pernitida ; supra eneo-
viridis, prothorace aurato, antennis piceis basin versus
testaceis ; subtus piceo-nigra, pedibus rufis (femoribus plus
minusve eneo-tinctis ; capite sublevi; prothorace fortiter
transverso, lateribus pone apicem fortiter dentatis, disco
sparsius minus fortiter (lateribus sat crebre sat grosse)
punctulato ; elytris leviter striatis, striis crebre sat fortiter
punctulatis, interstitiis planis (apicem versus leviter con-
vexis) subtilissime punctulatis ; tibiarum posticarum pro-
cessu apicali quam tibia tota plus quam triplo breviori, ad_
latera pectinato, ad apicem fortiter bidentato. Long., 1% 1;
lat., # 1.

The reddish-testaceous color of the legs (including the femora),
—only in places with a brassy metallic tone overlying the red
color,—distinguishes this species from its allies ; it is also notable
for the flat interstices (only feebly convex near the apex) of its
elytral strie.

Victoria ; Black Spur.

(Sub-tribe) GALERUCIDES.

The Australian Polynesian and Papuan Phytophaga of the sub-
tribe Galerucides present considerable ditticulties to thier student
owing to the great uncertainty that exists in respect of some of
the genera—an uncertainty notably illustrated by the frequency
of the mark ‘“?” after the generic designations of species
described by even well known specialists. In a recent investiga-
tion of the Galerucides of my collection I have found among those
insects many species previously undescribed, but in several
instances have been unable to reach any confident conclusion as
to what is their right generic position. As this difficulty arises
mainly from the faultiness of generic diagnoses there does not
appear to be any escape from it, and I must therefore follow the
same course that others have adopted and in some cases indicate
a doubt as to the correctness of my generic determinations.

Authors in general seem to be fairly agreed that the structure
of the prosternum is the character on which the primary sub-
division of the tribe should be founded. Dr. Chapuis (Gen. Col.
vol, XI.) recognises two distinct forms of this structure indicated
by the cavities of the front cox being either open or closed

behind. Subsequently Dr. Baly (Journ. Linn. Soc. XX) while
accepting the prosternal structure as the basis of classifica-
tion regards (not the closure of the cavities but) the relation
between the prosternum and the hind margin of the antepectus
as the true index of that structure, and indicates two forms of
the relation in either of which the cavities may be either open or
closed. He considers that both conditions of the cavities may
exist within the limits of a genus.

Now I venture to think that for the purposes of classification,
at our present stage of knowledge, something else than the
anatomical importance of characters ought to be taken into account
—viz., the facility or otherwise of observing them. It is usually
necessary to injure a specimen to find out even whether its coxal
cavities are open or not; it is always necessary to do so in order
to examine the relation between the prosternum and the hind-
margin of the antepectus. I cannot but regard this proposal of
Dr. Baly’s as somewhat of the nature of his classification of
Paropsis where he finds a primary character in the internal
organs of the hind body.

The divergence between these specialists however suggests a
doubt whether they agree practically as to the limits of a given
genus and creates a great difficulty in dealing with the species
they have described. I find Dr. Baly’s classification impracticable
and greatly prefer to make use of Dr. Chapuis’. It appears to
me however that even Dr. Chapuis is not quite clear in his
definition of the terms “‘ open” and “ closed” in dealing with the
coxal cavities. He says that when the coxal cavities are open
the base of the true prosternum (by which he means the hind
margin, behind the coxe, of the middle part of the prosternum
as a whole) does not join the inward prolongation of the pro-
sternal epimera. But there are very few cases in which this
juncture is absolutely wanting, and I find from the dissection of
numerous specimens that his test practically is whether the base
of the true prosternum meets the apex of the inward prolonga-
tion of the epimera, or whether the apex of the epimera is freely
applied against the coxa. In the former case (which is exempli-
fied in Adimonia, Monolepta, &c.) Dr. Chapuis regards the coxal
cavity as closed; in the latter (exemplified by Awlacophora,
Luperus, &c.) he regards it as open. I treat. the terms “open ”
and “closed” (as applied to the coxal cavities) in this sense.

OIDES.

O. insignipennis, sp. nov. Elongato-ovata; flava, antennis
(articulis basalibus flavo-variegatis exceptis) vittisque in
elytris 2 latissimis (his postice conjunctis) piceo-nigris, tibiis
externe tarsisque infuscatis ; antennis robustis quam corpus

circiter tertia parte brevioribus, articulo 3° quam 2" duplo
longiori quam 4"* paullo breviori quam 5” vix breviori ;
capite inter oculos profunde transversim sulcato, fronte
longitudinaliter vix impressa ; oculis minus prominulis ; pro-
thorace quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori, fere
eequali, subfortiter minus crebre sat «qualiter (et latera
versus confertim subtilissime) punctulato ; elytris dupliciter
(sc. sat crebre subtilissime et sat crebre vix subtiliter) nullo
modo rugulose punctulatis. Long., 4 1.; lat., 22 1.

The elytral vittze are considerably wider than the yellow
stripes, so that the elytra are more black than yellow. The
greatest width across the elytra is nearly four times the width of
the prothorax and the elytra are fully six times longer than the
prothorax. The hind angles of the prothorax are by no means
rounded off but well-defined obtuse angles. At once distinguished
from O. Fryi, Clk., by inter alia the absence of a transverse pro-
thoracic impression, the less close puncturation (devoid of any
rugulosity) of the elytra, and its less prominent eyes.

Queensland ; Port Mackay; sent to me by Mr. Lower.

O. ocularis, sp. nov. Elongato-ovata ; flava, antennarum articulis
2°—8° in parte (9°—11° totis) vittisque in elytris 2 modice
latis (his postice conjunctis) piceo nigris, tibiis externe tars-
isque infuscatis; antennis minus robustis quam corporis
dimidium paullo longioribus, articulo 3° quam 2" duplo
longiori quam 4"° sat breviori quam 5™ vix breviori; capite
fere ut preecedentis (O. insignipennis),; oculis sat prominulis ;
prothorace fere ut precedentis sed partis lateralis punct-
uratione subtili multo minus conferta minus subtili ; elytris
fere ut preecedentis punctulatis. Long., 4 1; lat., 221.

Allied to the preceding but with the vittsz (especially the
external one) of the elytra narrower, the antenne shorter and
less robust, the eyes considerably more prominent, the excessively
close and fine puncturation on the sides of the prothorax want-
ing, &e. At once distinguishable from O. Fryi, Clk., by the
puncturation of the elytra not showing any tendency to rugulos-
ity, the absence of the transverse prothoracic impression, We.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley.

O. ignota, sp. nov. Elongato-ovata ; rufo-flava, antennis articul-
orum (1'—3' parte inferiori dilutiori) vittisque in elytris 2
modice latis (his postice conjunctis) piceo-nigris, tibiis
externe tarsisque infuscatis ; antennis robustis quam corpus
circiter tertia parte brevioribus, articulo 3° quam 2° haud
duplo longiori quam 4"* tertia parte breviori quam 5% mani-
feste breviori ; capite fere ut O. insignipennis ; oculis minus
prominulis; prothorace quam longiori fere triplo latiori,

ante medium transversim late impresso (parte concave
utringue abbreviata), sat crebre subgrosse punctulato,
margine postico retrorsum late rotundato, angulis posticis
rotundatis ; elytris dupliciter (sc. sat crebre subtiliter et sat
erebre fortite) nec rugulose punctulatis. Long., 44 1.; lat.,
3 1. (vix). 7
A fine large species, at once distinguishable from its allies by
the strong puncturation of its upper surface ; the comparatively
long second joint of its antennz is also a notable character.

N. Australia ; | am not sure of the exact locality.

O. tigrina, sp. nov. Ovalis ; flavo-testacea, antennarum articulis
1°—8° in parte (9° 11° totis) vittis in elytris 4 angustis capite
postice prothoracis maculis nonnullis metasterni parte magna
femoribus (basi excepta) tibiarum parte magna tarsisque
piceis ; antennis minus robustis quam corporis due partes
longioribus, articulo 3° quam 2"* haud duplo longiori quam
4 tertia parte breviori quam 5” paullo breviori; capite
inter oculos profunde transversim sulcato, fronte longitudin-
aliter manifeste impressa ; oculis sat prominulis ; prothorace
quam longiori duplo latiori, ante medium transversim
interrupte leviter impresso, coriaceo et sparsim inzequaliter
leviter punctulato, angulis posticis rotundatis, margine
postico retrorsum late rotundato; elytris dupliciter (sc.
subtilissime minus crebre et sat crebre fortius) vix subrugul-
ose punctulatis. Long.,41.; lat., 2% 1.

Differs from its immediate allies in its somewhat regularly ova!
shape, also in there being four dark vittz on eachelytron. These
are of about equal width and do not reach the apex. The
subsutural one becomes gradually darker and more defined from
the base hindward ; the second and third coalesce near their hinder
end (their common stem coalescing with the other two a little
before the apex of the elytron) ; the external one exists only in
the hinder third part of the elytron. The previously described
Australian species of Ozdes having testaceous or yellow elytra
ornamented with dark vittz (more than one on each elytron) are
Fryi, Clk., seminigra, Clk., and 6-vittata, Duviv. Of these I know
only the first except by description. The second is described as
having its prothorax black with the margins reddish yellow. (I
have seen no Oides with prothoracic colors at all approaching
this description.) The third is said to have very short antenne
not reaching the middle of the elytra, the disc of the prothorax
with only a few extremely fine punctures, and the elytra with
more than two vittzee—characters which distinguish it from all the
species of Oides known to me. The following table shows the
characters of the species of this group of Oides :—

A. Prothorax yellow or yellowish, with no (or
scarcely any) dark coloring.
B. Antenne elongate (not less than ? the length
of the body).
C. Puncturation of prothorax more or less
feeble.
D. Two vittz on each elytron ; form elongate-
ovate.
E. Puncturation of elytra not in the least
rugulose ... ii a .. tnsignipennis, Blackb.
EE. Puncturation of elytra eli!
rugulose Fryi, Clk.
DD. Four vittz on each elytron ; form oval tigrina, Blackb.
CC. Puncturation of prothorax strong and deep ignota, Blackb.
BB. Antenne shorter.

C. Elytra with two vittz each ... ocularis, Blackb.
CC. Elytra with more than two vittee each ... 6-vittata, Duviv.
AA. Prothorax black, with be the eee
yellowish seminigra, Clk.

O. velata, sp. nov. Bate aie: pallide uses capite postice et
elytrorum maculis binis (altera minori basali subrotundata,
altera magna subapicali subovali longitudinaliter posita),
antennarum articulis 4°—6° ad apicem (et 7°—11° totis)
tibiarum apice tarsisque infuscatis ; antennis quam corporis
dimidium parum longioribus, articulo 3° quam 2"* duplo
longiori 4° sat equali quam 5” sat longiori; capite inter
oculos profunde transversim sulcato ; oculos sat prominulis ;
prothorace quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori,
antice sat angustato, leviter vix crebre punctulato, disco
utrinque fovea magna sat fortiter impresso, angulis posticis
sat Po pnndatis ; elytris fere ut prothorax punctulatis. Long.,
441.; lat., 221.

The asa spot on each elytron is transversely subrotundate
and is much nearer to the suture than to the external margin.
The subapical spot is somewhat obliquely placed; it is twice as
long as wide, oval in form but with its front subtruncate, com-
mencing not much behind the middle of the elytron and all but
reaching the apex.

Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

O. plantarum, sp. nov. Ovalis ; pallide straminea, elytris pallide
brunneo-testaceis, antennarum articulis 2°—4° ad apicem
(et 5°-—11° totis) tibiarum apice tarsisque infuscatis; antennis
quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus, articulo 3°
quam 2" duplo longiori quam 4° vix breviori quam 5"
paullo longiori ; capite inter oculos leviter transversim sulc-
ato, fronte longitudinaliter impressa ; oculis parvis; pro-
thorace quam longiori duplo latiori, antice sat angustato,
obsolete punctulato, disco utrinque fovea et postice sulco
transverso brevi impresso, angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris
sparsim subtilissime punctulatis. Long., 4 1.; lat., 2 1.

Somewhat resembles 0. antennalis, Baly, but is more narrowly
oval in form with much shorter antennz and much less closely
and distinctly punctured elytra, &c.

N. Queensland.

AULACOPHORA.

A. denticornis, sp. nov. Testacea, elytrorum parte basali et
macula magna subapicali rubropurpureis, pedibus _posticis
plus minusve infuscatis ; capite prothoraceque levibus ; hoc
quam longiori vix dimidio latiori; elytris distincte punctul-
atis ; metasterno nonnihil rubro-infuscato.

Maris capite inter oculos profunde biimpresso, utrinque inter
partem impressam et oculum sat alte cristato; antennarum
articulis basalibus 5 deformibus (sc. basali elongato extus
emarginato et dentato, 2° minuto extus dentato, 3° magno
triangulari ad apicem extrorsum fortiter producto, 4° quam
3" longiori compresso ad apicem truncato 5° quam 3"° vix
longiori ad apicem extus fortiter producto (partis producte
margine antico profunde emarginato et biacuto.

Femine capite sat quali, antennis simplicibus quam corporis
dimidium paullo longioribus. Long., 34 1.; lat., 121.

The elytra are divided into three somewhat equal zones of
color—the basal one-third part purplish red, the middle one-third
testaceous, the apical one-third purplish red ; the apical purplish
red color however does not quite reach the suture. The male
characters in the head and antenne are more strongly marked
than in any other Aulacophora known to me.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns.

A. cucullata, sp.nov. Fem. Testacea; elytrorum parte basali
tertia nigra, tibiis tarsisque anterioribus 4 plus minus infusc-
atis, pedibus posticis (femorum basi excepta) fere nigris ;
capite prothoraceque obsolete punctulatis ; hoc quam longiori
fere duplo latiori; elytris sparsim subtiliter penctulatis ;
antennis quam corporis duz partes longioribus, articulo 3°
quam 4™* vix breviori. Long., 321.; lat., 2,5, 1.

I cannot find among the numerous described species of

Aulacophora any the coloring and markings of which bear much

resemblance to those of the present species.

AGELASTICA. 4

A. (Galeruca) melanocephala, Fab. There does not appear to
be any doubt that this species is an Agelastica. It is clearly
identical with the Agelastica that Dr, Baly described under the
same specific name. Of course Fabricius is the earlier describer
to whom the original name must be attributed. I believe this
synonymy has not been previously noted. The species stands in

Mr. Masters’ Catalogue as Monolepta melanocephala, Fab., and
also as Agelastica melanocephala, Baly.

CALLIPEPLA.

C. sexsignata, Boisd. I have received from Mr. Masters and
Mr. French (as taken in tropical Queensland) specimens cf an
insect which seems likely to be this scarcely described N. Guinea
species.

PRASYPTERA.

P. Mastersi, sp. nov. Flava; elytris metallico-viridibus vel
eyaneo-viridibus, labro (antice) palpis (basi excepta) man-
dibulis (basi excepta) antennis (articulo apicali flavo
excepto) g genubus tibiis tarsisque piceis ; prothorace trans-
versim irregulariter i impresso, leviter punctulato ; elytris sat
crebre punctulatis. Long., 41.; lat., 24 1.

Differs in coloration and other characters from all the pre-
viously described members of the genus, which has not previously
(to my knowledge) been recorded as occurring in Australia.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

SASTRA.

S. costatipennis, Jac., var. obscuricornis. A typo differt antennis
(articulo basali subtus dilutiori excepto) nigro-piceis ;
elytrorum sutura (apice angustissime flavescenti excepto)
cum superficie concolori, costa interna haud ultra medium
extensa. Long., 52 1.; inn 23 1.

Although from its large size and differences of coloration this
insect appears to a casual glance very distinct from S. costatipennis
I think it very likely to prove a mere local form of that insect,
to which it is at any rate very closely allied.

N. Queensland.

MOMAIA.

M. eximia, sp. nov. Hlongata ; subparallela; testacea, elytris
vitta lata discoidali lete viridi ornatis, antennis tarsique
picescentibus ; antennis quam corpus paullo brevioribus,
articulo 3° quam 4" manifeste breviori; prothorace leviter
transverso, sat equali, sparsim subtiliter punctulato, lateri-
bus rotundatis, angulis subtuberculiformibus ; elytris con-
fertim minus subtiliter punctulatis ; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam sequentes 2 vix longiori. Long., 24 1;
lat., 1).

The bright green vitta on each elytron commences,on the
shoulder and runs back widening almost to the apex, so that the
common testaceous interval between the two vittze is in the form
of a very elongate triangle with its base on the base of the
elytra ; the testaceous lateral margin is very narrow.

This species seems clearly to appertain to Jomea on account
of its front coxe open behind, bitid claws, unarmed and exter-
nally carinate tibix, long antenne, narrow parallel form, «c.
The even surface of its prothorax and the not strongly transverse
form of the same perhaps render its place in the genus a little
doubtful, but I hesitate to separate it on these characters alone.
Momea has not been previously attributed to Australia ; it
occurs in New Guinea.

N. Queensland.

DIRCEMA.

It has been pointed out by Baron de Harold that Galer cula
australis, Bohem., is a member of this genus. It appears probable
that this is a correct reference.

RUPILIA.

R. excelsa, sp. nov. Minus nitida; supra rufa, elytris (parte
prope suturam rufa excepta) cyaneis ; subtus rufa (segment-
orum ventralium parte antica laterali cyanescenti excepta) ;
pedibus (femorum basi rufa excepta) piceis; capite inter
oculos inequali, longitudinaliter linea fortiter impresso,
parte mediana sat crasse punctulata; prothorace quam
longiori fere duplo latiori, crebre fortiter subequaliter punct-
ulato, sulco lato transverso discoidali bene determinato
profunde impresso (hoc margines laterales fere attingenti,
sed ad medium paullo minus lato paullo minus profundo);
scutello elytrisque confertim sat fortiter (fere subrugulose)
punctulatis. Long., 331.; lat, 141.

Distinct from its previously described allies by the broad rufo-
testaceous stripe forming the inner border of each elytron. Its
nearest ally seems to be #. ruficollis, Clk., from which it differs
inter alia by the strong subrugulose puncturation of its scutellum,
as well as by the coloring of its elytra.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele.

NEORUPILIA.

NV. ornata, sp. nov. Oblongo-ovalis (mas) vel oblongo-ovata
(fem.) ; minus robusta ; sat nitida ; nigra, antennarum basi
genubus tibiis tarsis et elytrorum maculis binis (his in hnmero
et prope apicem positis) testaceis ; capite prothoraceque fere
levibus; hoc minus transverso, postice sat angustato ;
elytris subtiliter sparsius (minus distincte) punctulatis,
maris quam abdomen paullo (femine sat multo) brevioribus,
ad apicem dehiscentibus; antennis quam corpus (maris)
sublongioribus vel (femingz) sat brevioribus, articulis basali-
bus 3 testaceis, articulo basali modice elongato, 2° minus
brevi, 3° quam 2" paullo longiori, 4° quam 3% paullo

longiori (quam 1", et quam 2" 3"* que conjuncti, breviori).
Long., 4 1.—1 1.; lat., ,—? 1.

The male of this minute Galerucid has a certain resemblance to
a small Z'achys. _It is a very pretty and distinct species. In
some specimens the pale marks on the elytra are almost white.

Victoria ; Alpine region.

ADIMONIA.

Several Australian species seem to be referable to this genus,
with which they agree in the following characters ; front coxal
cavities closed (their structure is as in the European A. capree,
Linn.); front cox contiguous or all but contiguous; metasternum
not prominent between the middle cox ; elytral epipleurz con-
tinued well behind the middle of the length of the elytra; tibiz
unarmed ; claws of the tarsi bifid ; lateral borders of prothorax
well defined ; head considerably narrower than prothorax ; third
joint of antenne distinctly longer than fourth joint ; basal joint of
hind tarsi about equal in length to the next two joints together ;
tibiz more or less carinate on their external margin. The species
that I refer to this genus agree well with it in facies and also
resemble in facies Dircema (Galeruca) australis, Bohem. In the
last-named species the apices of the epimera of the prosternum
undoubtedly do not meet the base of the true prosternum but
project freely ; nevertheless I cannot satisfy myself that it is any-
thing but an extremely close ally of these species which I refer
to Adimonia. In Galerucella McDonaldi, Lea the front coxe are
closed and therefore that insect ought not to stand in
Galerucella; I think it can hardly be separated generically from
Adimonia.

A. lugens, sp. nov. EHlongata; minus nitida; subtiliter pube-
scens ; supra nigro-picea, capite postice antice et ad latera
anguste testaceo, prothorace testaceo-variegato, elytris
nonnullorum exemplorum in disco vix dilutioribus et
utrinque prope scutellum linea brevi testacea ornatis ; subtus
obscure livida, piceo-variegata ; antennis nigris, articulo
basali subtus et 2' 3' que basi summa testaceis; pedibus
piceis, femoribus testaceo-maculatis ; antennis minus robustis
quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus, articulo 3° quam
4"* vix longiori; capite longitudinaliter sat fortiter impresso,
cum prothorace crebre aspere punctulato ; hoc quam longiori
duplo latiori, transverism fortiter impresso, lateribus sat
rotundatis ;_ elytris confertim sat subtiliter vix aspere
punctulatis. Long., 441.; lat., 24 1.

The elytra are almost uniformly pitchy black, when closely ex-
amined a small testaceous mark is observed on either side of the

scutellum and in some specimens a faint indefinite tendency to

reddish on the disc. On the prothorax there is a large black spot
at each angle and a still larger one occupying the disc but not
quite reaching the base or front margin. The sulcus of the
prothorax is of curved shape and is on the front half of the sur.
face ; the surface of the prothorax (the sulcus excepted) is even
and the hind angles are rounded, This species, to a casual glance
bears much resemblance to a very dark specimen of D. ( Galeruca )
australis, Bohem. Besides the distinctions involved in the above
remarks it differs from D. australis by its longer and less robust
antennex, its closely punctulate head and prothorax, its closed
front coxe, &e. From D. MeDonaldi, Lea (which has closed
front cox and ought I think to be placed in Adimonia) it differs
widely by its color, much larger size, much longer and less robust
antennx, more transverse prothorax of which the hind angles are

rounded, &e., &e.
N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns.

A. Mastersi, sp. nov. Sat elongata; minus nitida; subtiliter
pubescens ; supra testaceo-brunnea; subtus, cum antennis
pedibusque piceo-nigra ; antennis modice robustis, quam cor-
poris dimidium subbrevioribus, articulo 3° quam 4% sat
longiori; capite inter antennas bituberculato, crebre nec
grosse punctulato; prothorace quam longiori vix duplo
latiori, ineequali (sc. utrinque spatio concavo magno leviter
impresso, et antice spatio triangulari leviter elevato—hoc
in medio concavo—instructo), crebre (in spatio elevato
triangulari sparsim) punctulato, angulis anticis dentiformibus,
lateribus mox ante basin ut dens parva productis; elytris
sat crebre sat fortiter punctulatis, lineis nonnullis elevatis
vix manifestis instructis. Long., 24 1.; lat., 14 1.

A very distinct little species ; from its general facies and the
form of its prothorax it should stand I think near A. (Galerweella)
MeDonaldi, Lea. It bears considerable general resemblance to
the European A. capree, Linn., but inter alia its prothorax is
much smaller in proportion to the elytra.

N.S. Wales; sent to me by Mr. Masters from the Richmond
River District.

A. richmondensis, sp. nov. Modice elongata ; minus nitida ; subt-
iliter pubescens ; testacea, elytris vitta lata discoidali viridi
ornatis, antennis genubus tibiis tarsisque infuscatis ; antennis
sat robustis, quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus,
articulo 5° quam 4" sat longiori ; capite confuse nec grosse
ruguloso, longitudinaliter leviter impresso ; prothorace quam
longiori duplo latiori, ante medium late transversim leviter
concavo, crebre subtilius (antice magis crasse) punctulato,
lateribus sat rotundatis, angulis anticis sat acutis (vix

prominulis) posticis obtusis; elytris confertim subtilius
punctulatis ; unguiculis bifidis sed lobo interiori brevi.

Var. ! maculatifrons differt capite macula magna nigra ornata,
elytrorum vittis in sutura conjunctis et versus latera minus
extensis. Long., 34 1.; lat., 12 1.

I do not know of any vitivinaaae dessribed species resembling
this in coloring. The var.? maculatifrons does not seem to differ
from the type except in respect of its markings and in the sculp-
ture of its head scarcely rugulose.

N.S. Wales; sent tome by Mr. Masters from the Richmond
River District ; the var. ? is from Queensland.

SOLENIA.

S. Cowleyi, sp. nov. Late ovata; nitida ; supra testacea, elytris
ceruleis; subtus antice (capite prosternoque) testacea,
postice (abdomine) picea, mesosterno et metasterno testaceis
plus minusve infuscatis ; antennis piceis (articulis basalibus
3 testaceis) ; pedibus testaceis, posticis cum tibiis tarsisque
omnibus plus minusve picescentibus; capite lato levi;
antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus, articulo
3° quam 2" sesquilongiori; prothorace convexo, quam
longiori vix duplo latiori, vix manifeste punctulato, lateribus
rotundatis, angulis anticis subdentiformibus, ad_ basin
utrinque fovea impresso ; elytris sat crebre minus subtiliter
(puncturis in parte antica subseriatim pa glad in parte
postica sat obsoletis) punctulatis. Long., 24—2+1.; lat.,
1i—12 1.

v o
This genus has not, I believe, been previously reported as Aus-
tralian. The above species is no doubt very near S. Albertisi,

Jac., but differs from it in several characters—e.g., its yellow

scutellum and the well defined and comparatively strong

puncturation of its elytra.
N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns.

MICRANTIPHA (gen. nov. Galerweitarun.).

Caput convexum, inter oculos transversim sulcatum ; palporum.
maxillarium articulus apicalis brevis conicus acuminatus ;
oculi sat parvi sat fortiter granulati ; antenne robuste sat
elongate (articulo basali sat elongato, 2° 3° que inter se sat
eequalibus minus brevibus, 4° quam 3"* parum longiori) ;
prothorax transversus, mox ante basin transversim sulcatus ;
scutellum parvum ; elytra oblonga ; epipleure fere ad apicem
continue ; prosternum inter coxas continuum ; metasternum
sat elongatum, antice haud productum ; cox antice clause ;
pedes sat robusti, tibiis sat cylindricis posticis breviter
mucronatis ; tarsi breves, articulo basali (? maris solum)

ili
89

dilatato—posticorum articulo basali quam 2"* vix longiori ;
unguiculi appendiculati.

The minute insect for which I propose this name has much the
appearance of a //alticid, but as its hind femora are not at all
more dilated than than those of the other pairs of legs it must be
placed among the Galerucides. It does not satisfactorily fall
into any of Dr. Chapuis’ “Groupes” of that sub-family, but its
non-contiguous closed front cox together with its normal meta-
sternum seem to associate it with the Antiphites from which
however the presence of a small mucro at the extremity of the
hind tibize (I cannot detect any mucro on the other tibiz) seems
to separate it. On the whole it has something of the facies of
Solenia in miniature and therefore I think will not be far out of
place if treated as an aberrant member of the Antiphites, but it
is certainly a very puzzling form.

M. paradoxa, sp. nov. Oblongo-ovalis ; sat nitida; setis gracili-
bus albis erectis sparsim vestita; brunneo-testacea vel
brunnea, antennis apicem versus et abdomine magis obscuris ;
capite vix perspicue, prothorace sparsim fortius, punctulatis ;
elytris vix striatis, striis sat fortiter nec crebre punctulatis.
Long., 2—4 1.; lat., }—,%, 1.

One of my examples is smaller and considerably darker in color
than the others, with antennz a little longer (about as long as
three-quarters of the body). I take its differences to be sexual,
but it may possibly represent a distinct species.

S. Australia; Eyre’s Peninsula.

CANDEZEA.

C. sculpta, Blackb. When TI described this species (P. L. 8.,
N.S.W. 1890, p. 363) I mentioned its very close alliance with
C. bimaculata, Jac. and stated that I should have hesitated
to consider it distinct except on the ground that bimnaculata was
said to have elytra scarcely visibly punctured. I have since
obtained a specimen from New Guinea (the habitat of C.
hamaculata) evidently conspecific with my C. sculpta and there-
fore—although I certainly cannot regard the elytra as “ scarcely
visibly punctured,” I think there cannot be much doubt that
the two names apply to the same insect and that scwlpta must be
treated as a synonym of bimaculata.

MENIPPUS.

Through the liberality of Mr. Masters I have recently acquired
an authentic specimen of VW. cynicus, Clk. (the typical species
of this genus). It seems to have been an oversight that M.
Lacordaire placed it in the Groupe (alerucites as its metasternum
is strongly produced between the middle coxze—a character that

refers it to M. Lacordaire’s Groupe Hylaspites. Had I been able
to examine a type previously, or had this character been recorded
by the author of the genus or by M. Lacordaire, I should not
have referred to Menippus the species which I have so referred, —
and I now regret to find that they cannot stand as congeneric
with JZ. cynicus. They are three in number. ‘The first of them
(M. macuircollis) is I now believe a var. of Dircema (Galeruca)
australis, Bohem, while the other two (M. elegans and 4-notatus )
may be referred to Adimonia, although M. elegans is by no
means a typical Adimonia (approaching Buphonida in its head
being scarcely narrower than its prothorax but differing from
Buphonida even more than from Adimonia in its claws being
scarcely bifid, almost simple).

MONOLEPTA.

There is no genus of the Galerucides more difficult to charac-
terise definitely than this. Mr. Baly (Journ. Linn. Soc. XX.)
states that it varies in respect of the closure of the front coxe
and in the length of the elytral epipleure, while Dr. Chapuis
says that some of its species (having their front coxz open) ought
not to remain init and Mr. Jacoby tells us that those with
elongate elytral epipleure (in spite of Mr. Baly’s statement that
the type of the genus is one of these) ought to be removed.
Among the numerous species (attributed to the genus) before me
I find considerable variation in the elytral epipleure, but I have
not seen any in which I can find that the front coxz are open.
These discrepancies of diagnosis occasion me considerable diffi-
culty in respect of several new species before me, especially in
view of the fact (referred to above) that Dr. Chapuis and Mr.
Baly do not seem to mean quite the same by ‘“‘ open” or ‘‘ closed ”
front cox. It seems best, under the circumstances to define
the characters which in this memoir I regard as those of
Monolepta, viz., front cox closed in the sense that the apex of
the prosternal epimera is not (as it is in e.g., Luperus) a free pro-
jection laid against the surface of the coxa, elytral epipleurze
failing (or at least only very obscurely traceable) behind the
middle of the elytra, tibie mucronate ; basal joint of hind tarsi
at least as long as the following joints together, claws append-
iculate.

It is extremely difficult, in my experience, to draw a sharp line
of distinction between the Groupes Monoleptites and Luperites.
In some of the species that I have attributed to Monolepta
(M. modesta, quesita, and Benalle particularly) the closure of
the front cox is excessively fine and it is possible that they are
examples of what Dr. Baly considers species with the cox not
quite closed but nevertheless attributable to Monolepta. All

‘gal
91

their tibiz being mucronate and their elytral epipleurz obsolete
behind the middle I do not see how they can be placed in Luperus
and the basal joint of their hind tarsi is too short for Luperodes,
so for the present at any rate they must remain in Monolepta.
M. dilutior, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; sat nitida; pallide
testacea, antennis apicem versus infuscatis, elytris apicem
versus plus minusve obscuris; antennis gracilibus quam
corpus parum brevioribus, articulo basali sat elongato arcuato,
2° 3° que brevibus (hoe quam ille graciliori), 4° sat elongato
(quam 2" 3" que conjuncti vix longiori, quam 1” sub-
breviori) ; capite sublevi, inter oculos transversim profunde
arcuatim sulcato ; prothorace quam longiori duabus partibus
latiori, subquadrato, sat fortiter vix crebre punctulato, trans-
versim late minus profunde in medio impresso; elytris fere
ut prothorax punctulatis; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali quam ceteri conjuncti fere duplo longiori. Long.,
13.1.5 lat, $1.
Var. elytris totis testaceis.

This little species has a more slender and tragile appearance
than most Monolepte and has much the facies of a Halticid ; the
tarsi of its hind legs are nearly as long as their tibie. The
elytral epipleurze are broad near the base and rapidly become
extremely narrow before the middle of their length, but are just
traceable for an appreciable distance behind the middle. The
dark blotch near the apex of the elytra looks as though it were
caused by the elytra being sprinkled with a fine smoky dust, and
is never very conspicuous.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele near Cairns.

M. wmplicata, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; sat nitida; testacea,
antennis apicem versus infuscatis, capite prothorace elytris
que lineis maculisque piceis numerosis ornatis; antennis
gracilibus quam corpus vix brevioribus, articulo basali sat
elongato arcuato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" graciliori et dimidia
parte longiori, 4° sat elongato quam preecedentes 2 con-
juncti vix (quam 1" sat manifeste) breviori ; capite sublevi,
inter oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato; pro-
thorace quam longiori duabus partibus latiori, fortiter vix
crebre punctulato, transversim obsolete impresso, lateribus
modice arcuatis ; elytris ut prothorax punctulatis ; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti fere duplo
longiori. lLong., 13 1.; lat., 4 1.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, though at once
distinguishable from it by the markings on its upper surface
(also by the more rounded sides of its prothorax, &c.). The
piceous markings are a little variable. In an ordinary example

they consist of a longitudinal median line on the head; a patch
resembling the letter M on the prothorax and also the extreme
lateral margins of the same ; and on each elytron a spot near the
apex of the scutellum, a short longitudinal line between the spot
and the shoulder, a bisinuate longitudinal line from the shoulder
nearly to the middle of the elytron, a transverse zigzag line
touching neither suture nor lateral margin slightly in front of
the middle of the elytron, and two spots near the apex. In some
examples these markings are larger and more numerous as well
as nearly black in color. In one example (which the discovery
of more specimens may possibly prove to be a distinct species as
the prothorax seems more feebly punctulate and its transverse
impression is scarcely traceable) the markings are black and those
on the elytra present the appearance of three coarse vitte (the
inner two vitte three or four times interrupted, the external one
interrupted only near the base, all of them dilated here and there
so as to coalesce in places) and the prothoracic discal markings
consist of black lines touching the apex but not the base. I
think this form might be called “ var extrema” as I have not seen
any specimen really intermediate between it and the type;
nevertheless I think its markings are only an extreme develop-
ment of those of the type.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele near Cairns.

M. fumaticornis, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; sat nitida;
testacea, antennis nigris ; antennis minus gracilibus, quam
corporis dimidium sat longioribus, articulo basali modice
elongato, 2° 3° que brevibus inter se sat eequalibus, 4° elon-
gato (quam precedentes 2, et quam 1” sublongiori) ; capite
subleevi, inter oculos transversim arcuatim profunde sulcato ;
prothorace quam longiori dimidia parte latiori, sat crebre sat
subtiliter punctulato, transversim sat fortiter impresso ;
elytris crebre subfortiter punctulatis ; epipleuris paullo ultra
medium sat distinctis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali
quam ceteri conjuncti sesquilongiori. Long., 2% 1; lat.,
1.

Very distinct by its color, uniformly pale testaceous, except
the antenne which are entirely deep black.

Thursday Island ; taken by Captain E. Bourke, R.N.

M. sparsipennis, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis ; nitida ; flavo-testacea,
antennis (articulis basalibus 3 exceptis) et elytrorum
maculis singulis parvis basalibus, nigris; antennis sat
robustis, quam corpus sat brevioribus, articulo basali modice
elongato, 2° minus brevi, 3° quam 2" paullo longiori, 4° quam
1™ (et quam 2" 3"° que conjuncti) vix longiori ; capite inter
oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato, parte postica

cum prothorace minus crebre sat subtiliter punctulata ; hoc
quam longiori fere duplo latiori, transversim obsolete
impresso ; elytris minus crebre minus fortiter punctulatis,
epipleuris pone medium obsoletis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti fere duplo longiori.
Long., 24 1.; lat., 121.
A very nitid species and easily recognisable from all known to
me by its color and markings ; it is of a bright testaceous color,
with the antennz black (except the basal three joints) and a
small black spot on either side of the scutellum. In the unique
type the suture bears a small infuscate blotch a little in front of
the middle, but as this mark is on one elytron only I suspect it
is accidental.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns.

M. elytrura, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; nitida; testacea, anten-
narum articulo apicali piceo, elytris rufo-piceis latera versus
dilutioribus; antennis modice gracilibus, quam. corporis
dimidium sat longioribus, articulo basali sat elongato, 2'
brevi, 5° quam 2™ sat longiori, 4° quam 1" vix breviori
(quam 2™ 3" que conjuncti vix longiori; capite inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato, vix manifeste punct-
ulato; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, sat sequali,
crebrius sat subtiliter punctulato ; elytris minus confertim
minus subtiliter punctulatis; epipleuris pone medium ob-
soletis ; tarsorum posticorum Soe basali quam ceteri
conjuncti duplo longiori. Long., 24. 1.; lat., 141.

Entirely testaceous except the apical Faia of the antenne
which is blackish, and the elytra which are reddish piceous be-
come more rufo-testaceous about the lateral and apical margins.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns.

M. brevior, sp. nov. Subovata; nitida; brunneo-testacea,
antennis (articulis basalibus 3 vel 4 exceptis) piceis, corpore
subtus rufo-piceo abdomine excepto (hoc testaceo latera
versus piceo); antennis gracilibus quam corpus paullo
brevioribus, articulo basali sat elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam
2" graciliori dimidia parte longiori, 4° quam 1". vix breviori
(2° 3° que conjunctis longitudine sat squali) ; capite sublevi,
inter oculos transverse profunde arcuatim sulcato; prothorace
quam longiori dimidia parte latiori, sat squali, fortiter (fere
rugulose) punctulato; elytris sat fortiter sat crebre punct-
ulatis ; epipleuris ultra medium indistincte continuis ;
tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti
paullo longiori. lLong., 141; lat., 21.

The distinctly ovate form of this little species (its greatest
width being behind the middle of the elytra) is characteristic. In

some respects it resembles Af. dilutior structurally, but the com-
paratively much shorter basal joint of its hind tarsi forbids its
being regarded as a very close ally.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele.

M. cognata, sp.nov. Ovalis; modice elongata ; nitida ; testacea,
antennis (basi excepta) leviter infuscatis ; his sat robustis,
quam corporis dimidinm paullo longioribus, articulo basali
modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam a manifeste longiori, 4°
sat elongato quam 1” (et quam 2" 3"° que conjuncti) sub-
longiori; capite subtiliter punctulato, inter oculos trans-
versim profunde arcuatim sulcato ; prothorace quam longiori
dimidia parte latiori, transversim leviter impresso, subtilius
punctulato; elytris subtiliter crebrius punctulatis; epipl-
euris paullo ultra medium continuis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti paullo longiori. Long.,
2s. lat., 1201

This species bears much resemblance to M. fumaticornis, but
is smaller, with the antennez (the basal joint excepted) slightly
infuscate and the elytra much more finely punctulate.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Koebele.

M. biguttigera, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; sat nitida; testacea,
antennis (articulis basalibus 3 exceptis) infuscatis, elytris
maculis nigris binis (sc. altera rotundata basali, altera
elongata prope apicem oblique posita) ornatis; antennis
modice robustis, quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus,
articulo basali modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2° sat
longiori, 4° quam 1* (et quam 2™ 3" que conjuncti) vix
longiori; capite vix manifeste punctulato, inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato; prothorace quam
longiori dimidia parte latiori, transversim minus fortiter
impresso, sat crebre minus subtiliter punctulato; elytris
fere ut prothorax punctulatis ; epipleuris paullo ultra medium
continuis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri
conjuncti paullo longiori. Long., 2 1.; lat., 1 1.

A very distinct species on account of the markings on its
elytra, consisting of (on each elytron) a small roundish black
spot on the base nearer the lateral margin than the suture and
an elongate black spot placed obliquely near the apex (this also
nearer the lateral margin than the suture).

N.W. Australia; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

M. variegata, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; sat nitida; testacea,
antennis (articulis basalibus 3 exceptis) piceis, elytris plagis
nigris (sc. macula lunata basali, macula mediana transversa,
maculis 2 subapicalibus oblique positis, et margine apicali)
ornatis, metasterno tarsisque infuscatis ; antennis ut preeced

ot i a i i

entis ; capite inter oculos distincte minus subtiliter punctul-
ato, inter oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato ;
-prothorace quam longiori fere duplo latiori, transversim im-
presso, vix crebre minus subtiliter punctulato ; elytris quam
prothorax paullo magis crebre punctulatis; epipleuris vix
ultra medium distincte continuis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti paullo longiori. Long.,
141.; lat., 1.

Structurally very near the preceding from which it differs
widely in respect of its color and markings—also in several other
respects, especially in the much more distinct puncturation of its
head.

N.W. Australia ; sent to me by Mr. Masters.

WM. subsuturalis, sp. nov. Elongata; sat nitida; supra pallide
brunneo-testacea, prothorace (nonnullorum exemplorum) in-
determinate nigro-adumbrato, scutello nigro, elytrorum
sutura angustissime nigra, antennis (articulis basalibus 3
fuscis exceptis) nigris ; subtus nigra, pedibus testaceis (tarsis
subinfuscatis) ; antennis (maris) quam corpus haud breviori-
bus sat robustis, (feminz) brevioribus gracilioribus, articulo
basali modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2"* parum longiori,
4° modice elongato (1° et 2° 3° que conjunctis longitudine
sat equali); capite sat distincte punctulato, inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato; prothorace quam
longiori fere duplo latiori, transversim impresso, leviter
minus distincte punctulato; elytris sat crebre subfortiter
punctulatis; epipleuris pone medium obsoletis; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti vix longiori.
Long., 14 1.; lat., $1.

This little species bears considerable resemblance to that which

I take to be suturalis, Boisd., but differs from it inter alia by its

black undersurface.

Victoria.

MM. eyrensis, sp. nov. Precedenti (M. subsuturali) valde affinis ;
differt antennis totis brunneo-testaceis, prothorace distincte
punctulato, oculis magis grosse granulatis, elytrorum sutura

__ leviter infuscata nec nigra. Long., 121. lat., 31.
Very close to the preceding, but certainly distinct on account
of the much coarser granulation of its eyes.
S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

M. tricolor, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; sat nitida; testacea,
capite prothoraceque rufis, antennis (articulis basilibus 4
exceptis) et elytrorum sutura (hac sat late) nigris, tarsis
plus minusve infuscatis ; antennis quam corpus sat_breviori-
bus, articulo basali modice elongato, 2° minus brevi, 3° quam

2"* parum longiori, 4° minus elongato (quam 1", et quam
2"° 3" que conjuncti, paullo breviori); capite sat fortiter
punctulato, inter oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sule-
ato; prothorace quam longiori dimidia parte latiori, trans.
versim vix impresso, sat crebre sat fortiter subrugulose
punctulato; elytris sat crebre sat fortiter nec rugulose
punctulatis ; epipleuris paullo ultra medium sat distinctis ;
tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti
vix longiori. Long., 14 1.; lat., $1.

This species bears much superficial resemblance to IL. Vroggatti,
Blackb., but, besides color differences, is very distinct from it
inter alia by its strongly punctulate head and prothorax.

Victoria.

M. sordidula, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat nitida; sordide testacea,
antennis (articulis basalibus 3 exceptis) infuscatis; his sat
gracilibus, quam corpus sat brevioribus, articulo basali
modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2"* sat longiori, 4° minus
elongato (quam 1" et quam 2" 3" que conjuncti sub-
breviori ; capite subtilissime punctulato, inter oculos trans-
versim sulcato et sub-bituberculato; prothorace quam
longiori dimidia parte latiori, transversim vix manifeste
impresso, distincte sat crebre punctulato; elytris crebre
subfortiter punctulatis ; epipleuris vix ad medium distinctis ;
tarsorum posticorum articulo basali ceteris conjunctis
longitudine equali. Long., 121. lat., + 1 (vix).

Resembles I. anconspicua, Blackb. from which however it
differs inter alia by the puncturation of its prothorax.

Victoria ; on the Black Spur and in other localities.

M. intertincta, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis ; sat nitida ; testacea,
- antennis (articulis basalibus 5 exceptis) nigricantibus, sutura
(hac peranguste) corporeque subtus nigris ; antennis modice
robustis, quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus, articulo
basali modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" manifeste
longiori, 4° sat elongato (1°, et 2° 3° que conjunctis, longit-
udine sat eequali) ; capite distincte punctulato, inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato (exempti typici in
fronte transversim 3-foveolato) ; prothorace quam longiori
fere duplo latiori, transversim fortiter impresso, subleevi ;
elytris subfortiter sat crebre punctulatis ; epipleuris vix
ultra medium distinctis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali
quam ceteri conjuncti vix longiori. Long., 12 1. ; lat., 2 1.
Much resembles M. subsuturalis (of which it is possibly a well-
marked local form) but differs from that species in its consider-
ably larger size, in the basal five joints of its antennse testaceous,
its less infuscate tarsi, &c.
Victoria.

M. melancholica, sp. nov. Ovalis, minus elongata; sat nitida ;
piceo-nigra, capite prothorace que obscure rubrescentibus,
pedibus piceo-testaceis (tarsis obscurioribus) ; antennis minus
robustis, quam corpus parum brevioribus, articulo basali
modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" paullo longiori, 4°
modice elongato (1° et 2° 3° que conjunctis, longitudine sat
zequali); capite minus perspicue punctulato, inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato et distincte bituber-
culato ; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, transversim
vix perspicue impresso, leviter punctulato ; elytris subtiliter
minus perspicue punctulatis ; epipleuris paullo ultra medium
sat distinctis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali Guam
ceteri conjuncti vix longiori. Long., 141. ; lat., 2

Easily recognisable by its small size, dark color, and the fine
inconspicuous puncturation of its very nitid elytra.
Victoria ; Alpine region.

M. ordinaria, sp. nov. Ovalis, modice elongata; sat nitida ;
nigra, capite prothorace que flavo-testaceis, antennarum
tibiarumque basi plus minusve rufescentibus ; antennis sat
robustis, quam corporis dimidium multo (maris) vel vix
multo (feminze) longioribus, articulo basali modice elongato,
2° sat brevi, 3° quam 2" (maris manifeste, feminz vix)
longiori, 4° longitudine 1° sat zquali (quam 2° 3" que con-
juncti subbreviori) ; capite obsolete punctulato, inter oculos
transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato; prothorace quam
longiori dimidia parte latiori, transversim vix manifeste
impresso, subtilissime sparsius punctulato; elytris subtiliter
minus perspicue punctulatis; epipleuris pone medium
obsoletis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo = quam ceteri
conjuncti vix longiori. Long., 14 1.; lat. I.

N.S.W.; on the Blue Mountains.

M. pictifrons, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis, subparallela ; sat nitida ;
nigra, capite supra (fronte summa labroque nigris exceptis)
prothorace supra antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium multo longioribus, articulo
basali modice elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" manifeste
longiori, 4° modice elongato (quam 1* vix longiori, quam
2%° 3° que conjuncti subbreviorl): capite vix perspicue
punctulato, inter oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sulc-
ato; prothorace quam longiori fere duplo latiori, transversim
manifeste impresso, sat distincte punctulato; elytris crebre
fortius (fere subrugulose) punctulatis; epipleuris pone
medium obsoletis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam
ceteri conjuncti vix longiori. Long., 12 1.; lat., } 1.

Easily distinguishable by the coloring of its face,—the labrum
G

and the part behind the transverse sulcus being black while the
intermediate portion is yellow. Its nearest previously described
ally seems to be M. modesta, Blackb.

Victoria.

M. piticollis, sp. nov. Ovalis, modice elongata; sat nitida ;
testacea, macula frontali maculis in prothorace 2 magnis et
elytris (macula magna communi testacea excepta) fuscis vel
nigro-fuscis, antennis (basi excepta) plus minusve infuscatis ;
his quam corpus paullo brevioribus modice robustis, articulo
basali modico, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" sat longiori, 4° modico
(1°, et 2° 3° que conjunctis, longitudine sat quali); capite
vix perspicue punctulato, inter oculos transversim profunde
arcuatim sulcato; prothorace quam longiori plus quam
dimidia parte latiori, transversim vix impresso, subtiliter °
minus perspicue punctulato: elytris leviter minus perspicue
punctulatis ; epipleuris pone medium obsoletis ; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti manifeste
longiori. Long., 2 1.; lat., 1 1. (vix).

Readily recognisable by the dark blotch on the middle of the
forehead together with another somewhat similar (but larger) on
either side of the median line of the prothorax and close to its
front margin. The common testaceous area on the elytra seems
variable in size and shape,—in some examples being nearly a
parallelogram and occupying the larger portion of the elytra, in
other examples being considerably smaller and having its shape
modified by the dark basal and apical coloring being more or less
prolonged along the suture (I have not seen any example in
which the suture is wholly dark so as to divide the testaceous
spot).

Victoria.

M. debilis, sp. nov. Ovalis, minus elongata ; nitida ; sordide
rufo-testacea, antennis (articulis basalibus 4 exceptis) tibiis
tarsis pectoreque infuscatis, abdomine fere nigro ; antennis
minus robustis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus,
articulo basali sat elongato, 2° brevi, 3° quam 2" sesqui-
longiori, 4° sat elongato (1°, et 2° 3° que conjunctis, longit-
udiue sat sequali); capite fere levi, inter oculos transversim
profunde arcuatim sulcato ; prothorace quam longiori duplo
latiori, transversim vix perspicue impresso, sparsius sat
subtiliter punctulato; elytris subtiliter sat sparsim (quam
prothorax paullo magis subtiliter magis sparsim) punctulatis ;
epipleuris pone medium obsoletis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti vix longiori. Long.,
12 1.; lat., 41.

A species of inconspicuous appearance, differently colored from

99
its allies, and with the puncturation of its elytra unusually fine
and sparse.
Victoria.

M. albotincta, sp. nov. Ovalis, minus elongata ; nitida; nigro-
picea, tibiis tarsisque dilutioribus, elytrorum lateribus
albidis ; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo longioribus,
minus robustis, articulo basali sat elongato, 2° brevi, 3°
quam 2” sesquilongiori, 4° sat elongato (1°, et 2° 3° que con-
junctis, longitudine sat zquali) ; capite vix perspicue punct-
ulato, inter oculos transversim profunde arcuatim sulcato ;
prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, transversim vix
impresso, fortius sat crebre punctulato ; elytris ut prothorax
punctulatis ; epipleuris pone medium obsoletis; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali quam ceteri conjuncti vix longiori.
Long., 12 1.; lat., £ |. (vix).

Apart from other characters the coloring of this species is so
distinctive that it is impossible to confuse it with any of its
described allies.

Victoria.

M.(?) tarsalis, sp. nov. Oblongo-ovalis; sat nitida; supra
sordide testacea hic illic indeterminate infuscata, antennis
nigris, pectore abdomineque nigris, pedibus _ testaceis ;
antennis robustis, quam corpus paullo brevioribus, articulo
basali minus elongato, 2° sat brevi, 3° quam 2" parum
longiori, 4° sat elongato (quam 1° et quam 2"* 3"° que con-
juncti sublongiori); capite sat magno (quam prothorax haud
multo angustiori), distincte punctulato, inter oculos trans-
versim profunde arcuatim sulcato ; prothorace quam longiori
dimidia parte latiori, transversim obsolete impresso ; subt-
iliter sat crebre punctulato; elytris crebre subtilius (quam
prothorax paullo minus subtiliter) punctulatis ; epipleuris
pone medium obsoletis; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali (? maris solum) valde dilatato, quam ceteri conjuncti
subbreviori. lLong., 23 1.; lat., #1.

I feel much hesitation in attributing this species to Wonolepta
on account of the remarkable dilatation of the basal joint of its
hind tarsi, and also on account of that joint being not quite so
long as the three following joints together. I cannot, however,
find that any other genus has been characterised to which this
insect might be referred, and the tarsal character does not seem
sufficient to justify the formation of a new genus.

S. Australia ; near Quorn.

M. croceicollis, Germ. I have not seen any G'alerucid agreeing
with the description of this species, but it does not seem at all
likely to be a true Monolepta as its author states that the third
joint of its antenne is as long as the fourth.

100

The described Australian species of JZonolepta are now so
numerous that it seems desirable to attempt a tabular statement
of their characters. In the following table I have been obliged
to rely more upon distinctions of color and markings than I alto-
gether like doing, but this is due to the fact that a good many
species probably attributable to Monolepta were described by the
earlier authors in terms which gave no information regarding
them except in respect of their colors and markings and it seems
desirable to include these in a tabular arrangement although
there are only two or three of them that I have been able to
identify as among the species before me. Ido not think that
this is a very important matter, however, as I find that few
species of Monolepta vary too much to be confidently separated
by such broad distinctions of color and marking as I have made
use of.

A. Elytra with sheply defined markings.
B. The elytral markings transverse.
C. Base and apex of elytra not concolorous.
D. Elytra red in front, dark behind.

EK. Abdomen fulvous .. ... dmidiata, Jac.
EE. Abdomen black ... ... divisa, Blackb.
DD. Elytra dark in front, red behind... hemorrhoidalis, Fab.

CC. Base (at least in its scutellar region) and
apex of elytra concolorous.
D. The base and apex entirely black.

k. An entire median pale fascia Jasciatipennis, Blackb.
EE. The pale facia not reaching the
lateral margins picticollis, Blackb.

DD. Base black around the scutellum, red
laterally ; apex black.
E, The basal red of the elytra is an
isolated spot... angulata, Blackb.
EE. The basal red of the elytra i is widely
connected with the median red
portion ... alpina, Blackb.
BB. The elytral markings longitudinal.
C. The marking consists in “the suture being
black.
D. Puncturation of prothorax indistinct or
at least very feebly impressed.
E. Underside black.
F. Species of normal form.

G. Hinder part of head black ... Froggatt, Blackb.
GG. Head entirely testaceous ... tntertincta, Blackb.
FF. Form very narrow and subparallel subsuturalis, Blackb.
EK. Underside testaceous “if suturalis, Boisd.
DD. Prothorax very strongly and con-
spicuously punctured re tricolor, Blackb.
CC. The markings consist of a discal dark
vitta on each elytron Tepperi, Blackb.
CCC. The markings consist of a - whiteish
marginal vitta on each elytron ... albotincta, Blackb

BBB. The elytral markings consist of isolated
spots.

101

C. Apex of elytra black.

D. Elytra pallid, with a basal and apical
spot black
DD. Elytra — with a pale humeral

spot
DDD. hives ‘or or four large isolated dark
spots on each elytron ...
CC. Apex of elytra pallid.
D. Underside testaceous.
E. Two black spots on each elytron
(Form elongate)...
EE. One black spot (basal) ‘on each
elytron (Form normal) .

DD. Underside black ... 4
BBBB. Elytral markings different from the
preceding.

C. Elytra pallid, with a number of fine zig-
zag dark lines :
CC. Elytra testaceous, with a rose-colored
basal patch and subapical spot
AA. Elytra without sharply defined markings.
B. Elytra dark (i.e., green blue or blackish).
C. Head black.
D. Prothorax testaceous or red.
E. Antenne entirely black
EE. Base of antenne testaceous.
F. Size small (length less than 2 1.),
surfaee nitid .
FF. Size larger (length more than 2 21. );
surface subopaque
DD. Prothorax black or bluish.
E. Apical joints of antenne fulvous
EE. Apical joints of antenne dark
CC. Head partly testaceous,
D. Legs testaceous.

E. Size small (length about 14 1. ) (Form
narrow)

EE. Size larger (length more ae 2 L)

(Form normal) .
DD. Legs black
CCC. Head entirely rufous or testaceous.
D. Scutellum dark.

K. Size very small (length less than
13 1.), elytra dark piceous £3

EE. Size larger (length about 2 1. Ms aes

deep black.
DD. Scutellum yellow ...
BB. Elytra testaceous, or reddish, or - brownish-
testaceous.
C. Basal joint of hind tarsi less than half
again as long as the rest together.
LD. Basal joint of hind tarsi of normal
form.

E. Upper surface more or less mottled
or clouded with a darker tone of
color.

F. Elytra considerably more closely
and conspicuously punctured than
dise of prothorax.

quadrimaculata, Jae.
humeralis, Fab.

variegata, Blackb.

biguttigera, Blackb.

sparsipennis, Blackb.
gquadripunctata, Fab.

implicata, Blackb.
vosea, Blackb.

nigricornis, Blackb.

modestus, Blackb.
Meyricki, Blackb.

Germari, Jac.
quesita, Blackb.

pictifrons, Blackb.

occidentalis, Blackb.
Benalle, Blackb.

melancholica, Blackb.

ordinaria, Blackb.
lebieformis, Boisd.

102

G. Form very elongate. Elytral
puncturation (for a Monolepta)

very strony i ... eyrensis, Blackb.
GG. Form normal. Elytral punc-
turation considerably less

strong.

H. Antenne (at least of one sex)
long robust and (except basal

three joints) black ... swmulatriz, Blackb.
HH. Neither sex with antenne
an. Sh. Ge inconspicua, Blackb.

FF. Puncturation of prothorax and
elytra uniform or nearly so.
G. This puncturation (for a
Monolepta) very strong ... sordidula, Blackb.
GG. This puncturation very feeble = debi/is, Blackb.
EK. Upper surface uniformly bright tes-

taceous, without infuscation ... cognata, Blackb.
DD. Basal joint of hind tarsi (at least in
one sex) strongly dilated.. tarsalis, Blackb.

CC. Basal joint of hind tarsi at least half
again as long as the rest together.
D. Antennz more or less testaceous.
K. Transverse discal impression of pro-
thorax obsolete.
F. Antenne (except piceous apical

joint) wholly testaceous elytrura, Blackb.

FF. Antenne (except at base) infuse-
ate ... brevior, Blackb.

EE. Transverse discal i impression of pro-
thorax well defined ... ... dilutior, Blackb.

DD. Antennz entirely deep black ... fumaticornis, Blackh.
CASSIDIDES.
CHIRIDA.

This genus was founded by Dr. Chapuis (Gen. Col. xi. 405) for
certain species attributed by Boheman to Coptocycla and which
differ from Coptocycla in their claws being appendiculate instead
of simple. Dr. Chapuis says that owing to the slight regard
Boheman paid to the structure of the claws in his descriptions of
Cassidide it is impossible to specify accurately which of his
Coptocycle should enter this new genus ; the only species he (Dr.
Chapuis) can answer for as members of Chirida are two from S.
America. The following species from tropical Queensland agree
sufficiently with Dr. Chapuis’ diagnosis to be at any rate pro-
visionally placed in Chirida, although it is quite possible that if
they could be compared with the American species on which the
genus was founded it might appear necessary ‘to found another
distinct genus for these Australian forms. It may be noted that
one of the species described below is so near (judging by the de-
scription) to Coptocycla Holmgreni, Bohem. that although
Boheman does not describe the claws of that insect it is almost

sure to be congeneric with the species before me, from which it
seems a probable conclusion further that all the other Australian
Cassidides described by Boheman as congeneric with Holmgreni
must be eliminated from Coptocycla. The following characters
in combination distinguish these insects from all the other known
Australian Cassidides.:—Head entirely hidden under the front
of the prothorax ; claws appendiculate, the basal piece not being
pectinate ; prothorax much narrower than the elytra. The two
species described below differ infer se so much in size and facies
as well as in some structural characters that they might well be
treated as generically distinct from each other, but in view of the
large number of Australian Cassidides still remaining undescribed
it is better I think for the present to be content with describing
species and grouping them in genera by a few well-marked
characters, as generic classification should be based if possible on
plentiful supplies of material. The characters I have mentioned
above associate these two together and distinguish them from all
other genera that have been attributed to Australia. |

103

C. multicolor, sp. nov. Subrotundata; nitida ; valde convexa ;
pallide testacea; supra (marginibus explanatis exceptis)
nigro-picea, rufo-ferrugineo-variegata ; antennis fere ad
coxas posticas attingentibus, subfiliformibus, articulis 3°—5°
inter se sat zqualibus (quam 1" gracilioribus paullo breviori-
bus, quam 2" gracilioribus sat longioribus); prothorace
transverso, fere zequaliter elliptico, fere levi ; elytris leviter
interrupte striatis, striis grosse punctulatis, antice retusis,
pone scutellum vix distincte gibbis, humeris callosis; tarsorum
articulo apicali ultra preecedentem vix excedenti; corpore
subtus fere levi. lLong., 3 1.; lat., 23 1.

The markings of the convex discal portion of the upper surface
are as follows:—On the prothorax this portion is ferruginous
with a short broad blackish vitta running forward a short dis-
tance from the base and dilating at its front; on the elytra the
discal part is blackish with the following parts ferruginous—the
scutellum and a spot on either side of it, on each elytron a little
behind the scutellum a V-shaped mark having its apex on the
suture, on each elytron behind the middle a subsutural spot, also
the lateral and apical edges of the discal part (this edging being
dilated inward about the middle and near the apex). The
ferruginous parts are slightly raised and are_ probabiy
metallic when the insect is alive. The explanate margin
is wide and sloped downward; at its widest part it is con-
siderably narrower than the interval between it and the
suture. The prothorax is almost exactly of the figure that is
known in mathematics as a section of an elliptic spindle and is

104

sunk between the prominent and somewhat acute humeral angles
of the elytra to its lateral angles which are obtuse. This species
is probably near Coptoeycla Holmgreni, Bohem., but I judge from
the description of that insect that znter alia it differs much from
the present one in color and marking.

N. Queensland ; taken near Cairns by Mr. Cowley ; also sent
to me by Mr. Masters.

C. maxuma, sp. nov. Scutiformis; nitida; valde convexa ;
pallide testacea, antennarum parte apicali nigra, elytrorum
parte discoidali rufescenti nigro-variegata ; antennis fere ad
coxas posticas attingentibus, parte dimidia apicali quam
basalis nonnihil robustiori, articulo 3° quam 2" vix longiori,
4° quam 3" fere duplo longiori, 5° quam 4" (et 6° quam
5"5) sat breviori, 6°—10° inter se sat equalibus, 11° quam
10°° sat longiori; pruthorace transverso sublevi, angulis
lateralibus subacutis ; elytris hic illic striis brevibus punctu-
latis impressis (in aliis partibus fere levibus), pone scutellum
alte gibbis, humeris leviter callosis; angulis humeralibus
rotundatis fortiter (sc. ultra prothoracis angulos laterales)
productis ; tarsorum articulo apicali ultra praecedentem
manifeste excedenti; corpore subtus fere levi. Long., 6 1. ;
Waits, 2) ls

The markings on the convex discal portion of the elytra are as
follows :—On the retuse portion in front some inconspicuous
blackish clouds, a linear interrupted blackish marking or series
of marks running obliquely from the humeral callus to the suture
at about its middle, an irregular blotch of blackish color near the
apex of the suture which is obsoletely continued along the
suture to its actual apex (on the explanate border). The form
of the prothorax is peculiar; at either extremity of the front
(evenly curved) outline (which represents I suppose the front and
lateral margins) the outline is sharply rectangular ; from this
angle the prothorax narrows strongly hindward, its outline on
either side being nearly an oblique straight line; this straight
line at its hind extremity merges without a defined angle into
the sinuate horizontal base which in the middle is moderately
lobed hindward. The gibbosity behind the scutellum (in reality
it includes the scutellum) is very pronounced (amounting to a
large conical protuberance), the front slope of which bears a
large deep fovea on each elytron. The explanate margin of the
elytra is very wide, being at its widest part scarcely narrower
than the interval between its inner margin and the suture. The
fourth joint of the antenne distinctly longer than any other
joint except the first and eleventh is a very distinctive character.
The appendiculation of the claws is, even more markedly than in

105

the preceding species, of the peculiar form that Dr. Chapuis
attributes to Chirida. That learned author says that the
structure is not quite that which the term ‘ appendiculated ” indi-
cates; but that the base of each claw is dilated in such fashion
as to produce the appearance (if the two claws be looked at from
in front of them) of their basal parts being connected by a kind
of erect quadrate lamella. The front margin of the prothorax
does not project far beyond the head ; when the antenne are pro-
jected forward the apex of the basal joint is visible from above.

N. Queensland ; near Cairns.

C. (2) tacunata, sp. nov. Breviter late ovalis (vel potius sub-
quadrata) ; nitida; sat convexa; supra _ rufo-ferruginea,
margine explanato (prothoracis toto, elytrorum in medio
solum) testaceo translucido; capite (parte antica nigra
excepta) antennis (parte apicali vix infuscata) pedibusque
testaceis ; corpore subtus nigro (abdominis apice testaceo) ;
antennis elongatis ad coxas posticas attingentibus, articulo
3° quam 2" graciliori et paullo longiori, 4° quam 3" sat
longiori, 7°—11° clavam laxam minus dilatatam formanti-
bus ; prothorace fortiter transverso, sat equaliter elliptico,
levi (puncturis nonnullis sat magnis ante basin positis
exceptis) ; elytris pone scutellum haud gibbis, vix striatis,
striis sat regulariter punctulatis (puncturis in striis sat
parvis), humeris sat callosis, angulis humeralibus rotundatis
minus productis ; corpore subtus sparsim perspicue punct-
ulato; tarsorum articulo apicali ultra precedentem vix
excedenti; unguiculis appendiculatis (in sensu _ solito).
Long., 24 1.; lat., 2 1.

The claws of this species are very difficult to examine without
breaking them off as they scarcely project from the penultimate
tarsal joint and are recurved in form so as to be closely applied
to its under surface. They are divergent (7.e. having their dorsal
border lying in the direction,—or nearly so,—of the longitudinal
line of the tarsus) and are appendiculate in the ordinary sense of
the term, the front claws being more markedly so than the others
(perhaps in one sex only). This species is difficult to place in
Dr. Chapuis’ classification of the Cassidide ; the only subfamily
characterised as having the head covered by the prothorax and
also the claws appendiculate is the Chiridites,—but in its single
genus (Chirida) the appendiculation of the claws is of the
peculiar structure mentioned above (under C. maxima), whereas
in the present insect it is of ordinary structure. It would perhaps
be justifiable on this ground to find a new generic name for this
species, but for reasons mentioned above it seems at present de-
sirable to avoid multiplications of genera for the Australian

106

species of this family ; at any rate under the condition in which
I find myself of not having available for comparison a large
collection of Cassidide from all parts of the world.

As a species this insect is very easily recognisable. The red
color of its elytra extending over the explanate margin (which is
fairly wide, but at its widest considerably narrower than the
interval between it and the suture) except on a conspicuous
yellow transparent patch placed at about the middle of its length
characterises it quite unmistakeably.

N. Queensland ; given to me by Mr. French.

C. simplaria, sp. nov. Subrotundata; sat nitida; sat convexa ;
testacea, supra parte convexa discoidali indeterminate
obscuriori; antennis fere ad coxas posticas attingentibus,
subfiliformibus, articulis 3°—5° inter se sat eequalibus (quam
1° gracilioribus vix brevioribus, quam 2" gracilioribus
multo longioribus) ; prothorace transverso fere squaliter
elliptico, vix manifeste punctulato, parte discoidali a margine
explanato sulculo interrupto curvato et 4-foveolato leviter
impressa distincta ; elytris vix striatis irregulariter fortiter
seriatim punctulatis, hic illic irregulariter (et longitudinaliter
et transversim) areis leviter convexis instructis, pone scut-
ellum haud gibbosis, humeris callosis; tarsorum articulo
apicali ultra preecedentem vix excedenti; corpore subtus fere
Hevi., Long., 25.1.5 lat., 227.

An almost uniformly brownish testaceous insect, with the con
vex portion of the upper surface here and there more decidedly
brown than the rest of the surface. Not quite so nitid as is the
preceding (C’. multicolor) and distinguishable also by the convex
disc of the prothorax being separated from the explanate margin
by an exceptionally distinct but much interrupted furrow in
which there are four well marked large impressions. The
shoulders of the elytra are rather strongly projected forward
(reaching the middle of the prothorax), their front angles being
obtuse. The more or less smooth (somewhat convex) spaces on
the elytra are very ill defined and consist of two or three trans-
verse and obliquely longitudinal patches placed in the neigh-
borhood of the front half of the suture. The prothorax is very
finely and closely but scarcely distinctly punctulate.

N. Queensland ; taken near Cairns by Mr. Cowley.

CASSIDA.

C. Adelaide, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat nitida; convexa; rufo-
brunnea, corpore subtus obscuriori, antennis apicem versus
picescentibus ; his brevibus (vix ultra coxas intermedias
attingentibus), articulo 3° quam 2° graciliori et sat longior ;

Eee

107

(4° sat equali), articulis ultimis 5 clavam laxam formantibus
(10° fere transverso quam 11" fere duplo breviori); pro-
thorace quam longiori dimidia parte latiori, antice late
rotundato, postice sat fortiter bisinuato, subtilissime coriaceo
et sparsim vix perspicue punctulato; elytris punctulato
striatis, puncturis in striis crebre positis sat magnis, inter-
stitiis discoidalibus latis leviter convexis. humeris vix
callosis, angulis humeralibus obtusis modice productis, marg-
inibus punctulatis minus latis; corpore subtus subleevi.
Dong., 22 1.; lat.,.13 1.

Distinguishable from C. mera, Germ., and C. denticulatas
Bohem., inter alia by the non-denticulate sutural apex of its
elytra, from navicella, Bohem., by its head and undersurface not
being black, &c., and from perpusilla, Bohem., by its much larger
size.

8. Australia.

C. prothoracica, sp. nov. Late breviter ovalis, postice angustata ;
sat nitida; sat convexa ; brunneo-testacea, antennarum
parte apicali elytris et corpore subtus plus minusve infuscatis ;
antennis fere ut precedentis (C. Adelaide) sed clave
articulis paullo magis elongatis ; prothorace fere ut przced-
entis sed antice multo magis anguste rotundato ; elytris vix
striatis, seriatim punctulatis, inter series interstitiis haud
convexis, humeris leviter callosis, angulis humeralibus minus
obtusis modice productis, marginibus vix distincte punctul-
atis minus latis; corpore subtus sublevi. Long., 14 1. ;
lat., 1,3, 1.

Distinguishable at once from the previously described Aus-
tralian species of the genus by its non-striate elytra, the rows of
punctures being separated by flat interstices. The infuscation of
the elytra is variable and ill-defined consisting of a few elongate
blotches of which the most constant appear to be two placed
obliquely one on either side of the scutellum.

N.S. Wales; taken by Mr. Sloane near Mulwala.

ASPIDOMORPHA.

A. planipennis, sp. nov. Rotundata; minus convexa; nitida ;
testacea ; antennarum apice, elytris (maculis 3 magnis
transversim positis exceptis, sc. 1 communia basi ad mediam
partem suture extensa et utrinque macula ovali in margine
explanato paullo pone basin posita), nigris; elytris pone
scutellum haud gibbis, vix (striis subsuturali et externa
exceptis) postice obsoletis, callo humerali sat prominulo,
angulis humeralibus obtusis, margine explanato quam discus
nullo modo angustiori, disco medio paullo pone basin fovea
profunda impresso.

108

Var. macula communi elytrorum nigromaculata, maculis
lateralibus ad marginem extensa, et macula in margine
explanato prope apicem addita. Long., 5 1.; lat., 44 1

The notable character in this species is the great width of the
explanate margins of its elytra which at their widest are fully as
wide as the interval between the suture and the external stria.
The insect is allied to A. ramulopicta, Wag., from which it differs
imter alia by the character just cited, by the absence of a yellow
spot in the front black part of the explanate margin, and by the
elytra being without any gibbosity behind the scutellum and
being much less evidently striate.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowley near Cairns; the var.
taken by Mr. Masters.

A lauta, sp. nov. Rotundata ; modice convexa ; nitida ; testacea ;
prothoracis elytrorumque disco plus minusve brunnescent-
ibus; horum sutura (plus minusve manifeste) et notula
subsemicirculari (hac ab angulo humerali introrsum curvata,
in discum paullo extensa et marginem lateralem paullo ante
apicem attingenti) ferrugineis; elytris pone scutellum
fortiter gibbis, aliter ut preecedentis (_4. planipennis). Long.,
42 1,; lat., 32 1.

Owing to the colors of this species being all various shades of
testaceous or reddish-testaceous they present a washed-out
appearance which seems constant and characteristic. The only
marking that is at all well-defined is a ferruginous curved mark
on the elytra which commences at the humeral angle and curves
inward (reaching about its middle just on to the discal side of the
external stria) arriving at the lateral margin again a little before
the apex. It is distinguished from most of its allies by the
antennz being constantly unicolorous. The explanate margin of
the elytra (as in A. planipennis) is at its widest fully as wide as
the interval between the suture and external stria.

N. Territory of 8S. Australia; near Port Darwin. A N.

Guinea species (which I have been unable to identify) is near

this one but has elytra almost impunctulate.

COCCINELLID A.
RHIZOBIUS.

R. secessus, sp. nov. Breviter late ovalis ; valde convexus ; minus
nitidus; pube albida suberecta et setis longioribus magis
erectis vestitus; ferrugineus, metasterno piceo, antennis
pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis ; capite prothoraceque crebre
subtiliter, elytris sat subtiliter (sed quam prothorax sat
fortius) crebre, punctulatis ; prosterno medio longitudinaliter

e} Dy, spatio depresso antice sat angustato utrinque subt-.

iter carinato. lLong., 141. ; lat., ae lL.

my tabulation of the species of Riieobive (Tr. Roy. Soc.,
., 1892 pp. 257 dc.) this species should be placed along with

5 discolor, oe and Hvansi, Muls., from both of which it naire

110

NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE NINETY=MILE
DESERT.

By Epwarp VINCENT CLARK, B.Sc.
[Read April 14, 1896.]

Prats, I.

The geology of the area enclosed between the River Murray
on the north and west, and the Victorian frontier on the east,
is little known, with the exception of the more southerly portion,
where the Eocene beds of the Mount Gambier District are found.
The object of this paper is to bring into notice several Tertiary
deposits occurring in or near the Ninety-Mile Desert.

The Mount Gambier beds are fairly well known, and have
frequent outcrops from Kybybolite, where they have an altitude
of about 300 feet, and Narracoorte, 279 feet, to MacDonnell
Bay, where they pass below sea level, thus having a dip of about
three feet per mile, as Kybybolite—according to the Rev.
Tenison-Woods, the most northerly point in this district having
an Eocene outcrop—is about 100 miles from the coast.

A well sunk at Bordertown by the Railway authorities re-
vealed a polyzoal limestone some distance below the surface, and
a short time ago I obtained several fossils from various wells, five
or six miles south of Bordertown. The matrix of the bed is
very similar to that of the Mount Gambier Eocene, being almost
a pure limestone, composed mostly of broken pieces of polyzoa,
with a few large fossils. This limestone forms the base of the
wells, which are about 70 feet deep, but as, unluckily, I was
not present at the digging of any well, Iam unable to say how
near to the surface these beds extend. As the Bordertown Rail-
way Station is 268 feet above sea level, these beds have an alti-
tude of about 200 feet, or perhaps more. According to the dip,
above mentioned, of the Mount Gambier beds, they should have
an altitude of about 400 feet, but although they may originally
have had this altitude and have been worn down before the de-
position of the present surface material, this is not likely. Still,
considering the similarity in the lithological features of the bed
here and further south, there is no reason to doubt the continuity
of the Bordertown bed, and the Eocenes of Narracoorte and
Mount Gambier.

The fossils found at Bordertown were not numerous, either as

111

regards species or specimens, but by searching the debris round
various wells I obtained the following :—

Pecten polymorphoides, Zittel
Pecten Gambierensis, 7'en.- Woods
Amussium Zitteli, Hutton
Waldheimia divaricata, 7'ate
Terebratella Woodsii, 7’ate
Terebratulina catinuliformis*, Z'ate
Magasella Woodsiana, Tate
Psammechinus Woodsii, Laube
Hemiaster planedeclivis, Gregory
Lovenia Forbesii, Z’enison- Woods
Scutellina patella, Z'ate.

also numerous polyzoa, and the carapace of a crustacean.

With the exception of the Pecten Gambierensis, which is per-
haps only a variety of P. polymorphoides, all the above-named
species occur in the River Murray cliffs, while only five, namely
Pecten Gambierensis, Amussium Zittelli, Terebratulina catinuli-
formis, Magasella Woodsiana, and Scutellina patella are to be
found in any part of the Mount Gambier series, so we see here
that while the character of the stone agrees with that of the
Mount Gambier deposits, the fauna it contains has greater
affinity with the beds of the Murray Cliffs.

By the kindness of Mr. J. W. Jones, the Conservator of Water
(to whom my sincerest thanks are due for supplying me with
material from various bores, and also for many suggestions con-
cerning this paper), I acquired some fossils obtained at a depth of
200 feet from a well at Pinnaroo; and as the altitude of that
place is only about 250 feet, these fossils were found not far
above sea level. However, I saw no samples of stone from any
other part of the well; and so these may easily have been found
near the base of the Eocene deposits there. The fossils were
mainly in the form of casts, with the exception of several pallio-
branchs, including Waldheimia Garibaldiana, W. grandis, and
Magasella compta. Besides these there were recognisable, as far
as casts ever can be determined, Cucullea Corioensis, Cassis
exigua, a Conus, and one or two Cypreas. This bed is clearly
Murravian, both on lithological and on paleontological grounds,
and so we have a connecting link between Bordertown on the
south and the River Murray on the north, Pinnaroo being nearly
midway between. In all probability bores put down north of
Bordertown would reveal the polyzoal limestone of Mount

* Nore.—This species is usually known as TZ. Dawvidsoni. As
another species has this name the Australian shell has been re-named as
above by Professor Tate.

112

Gambier, becoming more and more arenaceous, with a correspond-
ing decrease of polyzoa and increase of the mollusca, till at Pin-
naroo we get the almost typical Murravian bed. The chief
objection to this view is that if the dip of three feet per mile, as
shown between Narracoorte and Port MacDonnell, were continued
northwards, the Murray Cliffs should be about 1,000 feet above
sea level, excluding the Miocene covering ; whereas the Eocenes
of the Murray rarely reach an altitude of more than 200 feet.
Still, this is not a very serious objection, as we saw that the beds
at Bordertown are not nearly so high as they would be according
to this dip, and so we might very reasonably consider that the
beds further north ought to have very little dip at all, if any, or
perhaps they may undulate to a small extent.

The country to the west of Bordertown, to the Murray, is
practically a geological terra incognita. As the ground descends
considerably from Bordertown along the line, so that at Wirrega,
13 miles away, the altitude is 210 feet; and at Keith, 15
miles further, only 101 feet, one might expect an outcrop
of the polyzoal limestone to occur; but I have been unable
to hear of any such outcrop,—and it is improbable that one could
exist without being known,—so we may assume that there is none
such. However, at Coonalpyn, Ki Ki, Tintinara, and Emu Flat
bores have been put down by the Government ; and the Conser-
vator of Water, Mr. Jones, allowed me free access to the boxes of
samples of stone obtained from them. Each bore meets Eocene
strata at a moderate depth below sea-level, and of considerable
thickness, while all four bores show great similarity in the beds
through which they pass.

Ki Ki, the most westerly bore, is situated on the railway line
about 105 miles from Adelaide, or nine miles west of Coonalpyn.
The mouth of the bore is 68 feet above sea-level, and the total
depth of the bore 666 feet.

For a depth of 145 feet, or to 77 feet below sea-level, unfossil-
iferous limestones are found. Then comes a bed of Eocene
polyzoal limestone, having a thickness of 195 feet, but containing
few fossils other than polyzoa. This bed is met with in each bore,
and from it I have obtained Terebratulina lenticularis, T. catinwli-
formis, Magasella sp., Salenia tertiaria (?), and Scutellina patella.
Below this in eachebore is found a black clay intercalated with
fossiliferous sands,

In the Ki Ki bore these clays and sands alternate for 108 feet,
or to a depth of 380 feet below sea level, when the bed rock is met
with at first a light colored clay, becoming by degrees much
harder till at the base of the bore, 600 feet below sea level, it
becomes almost a slate.

The black clay is very noteworthy. It varies from a brownish

113

color, in some places containing a few bits of fossil shells, to an
intense black, with no visible trace of fossil remains at all. It is
usually highly carbonaceous, and in the Coonalpyn bore at one
point actually becomes a lignite, which will burn if held in a
flame, though like charcoal it does not give out sufficient heat to
keep alight by itself. In each bore the first deposit below the
polyzoal limestone is a band of this clay, but after that the
different bores vary in their arrangement of the sand and clay.

This sand contains at Ki Ki numerous polyzoa and a goodly
number of gastropods, with a few lamellibranchs, nearly all very
small, and all showing signs of being greatly worn, proving the
deposit to be littoral. Professor Tate gives the opinion that these
shells more nearly resemble those of the Adelaide Eocene beds
than those of any other deposit, though many of them appear to
be new species. Here we see, as at Aldinga (which is pretty
well identical with the Adelaide deposits) that the polyzoal lime-
stone overlies the bed containing gastropods.

At CoonaLpyn the bore is very similar, except that the altitude
of the various beds differs a good deal.

The surface of the bore is 72 feet above sea level, and the un-
fossiliferous limestone has a thickness of 75 feet. Then come the
polyzoal limestones, extending to a depth of 262 feet, 7.e., having
a thickness of 259 feet. Next we have the intercalated sands
and clays for 196 feet, the bed-rock being reached at a depth of
458 feet, while the bore descends 758 feet below sea-level. There
is no great difference between the beds in this and in the Ki Ki
bore, except that the sand beds here contain very few fossils
except polyzoa, though careful searching reveals a few gastropods,
among which is a Zwrrite/la, very like, if not identical with,
Turritella Aldinge. We see also that the sands and clays have a
much greater thickness here than at Ki Ki, the difference, 88
feet, being mainly at the bottom, and due to the slope of the
bed-rock.

The Trntinara bore is peculiar in that the unfossiliferous lime-
stone overlying the Eocene in both other bores is here entirely
absent, and in its stead we find a deposit of recent shells of a
thickness of 154 feet, 2.e., extending to 92 feet below sea-level.
Then the polyzoal limestone, instead of being 250 feet, as at
Coonalpyn, is reduced to six feet, the black clay, which here is
not so carbonaceous, being met with at a depth of 98 feet. The
sands associated with this clay appear to be fairly fossiliferous,
but the bore only reaches a depth of 191 feet (or to 253 feet from
its mouth), and consequently the bore ends in Eocene beds.

Emu F ar is situated about five miles from the railway, Keith
being about the nearest point. Here we find the Recent or
Pleistocene beds of the Tintinara bore absent, but the unfossil-

114

iferous limestone of Coonalpyn and Ki Ki has reappeared. This
deposit descends to 21 feet below sea-level. Then the polyzoal
limestone succeeds for a thickness of 88 feet, and at 109 feet
below sea-level the clays and sands begin, the latter in this bore
containing very few fossils of any sort whatever. The bore only
goes down 168feet below sea-level, and does not bottom the
EKocenes.

The relative positions and depths of these four bores are shown
on the accompanying horizontal section, together with a well-
section at Bordertown, and the section of a bore situated four
miles east of Wellington, the latter recorded by Prof. Tate.
(Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. IV., p. 144). The mouth of the bore
near Wellington is near sea-level, and for 56 feet are met the
polyzoal limestone, and below for a little over 100 feet are sands
and clays, which, although unfossiliferous, probably correspond to
the lower of the Eocene beds shown by the four bores ; the bed-
rock was just about reached at the bottom, 167 feet below sea-
level.

If the lines of demarcation are marked out on the map as far
as possible, they will be found very irregular in shape, and the
thickness of each bed varies greatly, the irregularity of the line
of separation of the Eocene polyzoal limestone and the under-
lying clays, apparently showing that their formation depended
partly at any rate, on purely local causes, as we cannot consider
the intercalated sands and clays to have been denuded into their
present shape to make room for the overlying polyzoal limestone.

It seems probable that this limestone is a continuation of the
somewhat similar beds at Bordertown, and unites them to the
Murray beds at Tailem Bend and Wellington. If this is actually
the case, we have very good evidence to show that the Aldinga
and Adelaide gastropod-beds are older than the Eocene beds of
the Murray since, as mentioned before, the sands of the Ki Ki
Bore seem to closely approximate in their fossils to the Adelaide
beds.

A peculiarity about the more recent deposits overlying these
Eocenes, is the fact that in the Tintinara Bore alone do we meet
with recent marine shells, while we get here none of the un-
fossiliferous limestone which in each of the other beds overlies the
Eocene limestone. These fossils bespeak an extremely recent
age, Pleistocene if not Post-pleistocene, and it seems strange that
they are not met elsewhere. The probabie explanation is, that at
Tintinara, (as in the other bores) in post-Eocene times the Eocene
deposits became covered with this unfossiliferous limestone, pre-
sumably a land formation, but that subsequently it was worn
away at Tintinara, and with it very likely some portions of the
polyzoal limestone, which is here reduced to six feet in thickness,

115

and then very recently this gap was filled up by a sandy material
containing these shells, which are in a very good state of pre-
servation. The relationship of these beds is shown on the
diagram, representing a section along the railway line from
Bordertown to Tailem Bend.

The Eocene beds of the Mount Gambier district are entirely
isolated from all other Eocene deposits, not only by their position,
far removed from all other places where outcrops occur, but also
by their fauna, which, with the exception of polyzoa, is extremely
limited, consisting of about. sixteen molluscs and six echinoderms,
many of which are widespread forms. However, by the wells at
Bordertown and Pinnaroo, we see the probable continuity of the
Mount Gambier beds with those at Overland Corner, while the
four bores in the Ninety-Mile Desert show that the same beds, at
a lower depth, join on to the Murray Beds at Tailem Bend, and
thus it is safe to say that the Murravian and Mount Gambier
Eocenes are portions of the same deposit.

Then also the similarity of the fauna of the sands met with
in the Ki Ki bore with that of the Aldinga marls, would show
that these two beds were deposited at the same time, from which
we might infer that the polyzoal limestone which overlies the
marls at Aldinga is contemporaneous with the similarly composed
beds resting on the sands and clays, as shown in the accompany-
ing diagram, and therefore with the Mount Gambier and the
Murravian deposits. Still, we see from the four bores above
described that the line of separation of the sands and clays from
the overlying polyzoal rock is very irregular, which tends to
prove that, although on the whole the sands are the older of the
two beds, nevertheless they were being deposited at the same
time in localities very near together, and that therefore local
causes had a good deal to do in determining their deposition ; so
that considering how far removed are Aldinga and the Murray
Cliffs, we might be making a mistake in saying that the Aldinga
marls are older than the Murravian limestone, though this is
probably the case ; and at any rate we may be fairly safe in con-
cluding that no period of any length separated their formation.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

Since the above was written Professor Tate has examined
fossils from the Eocene sands of the Ki Ki bore (380-424 feet
below the surface) and has identified the following species and
genera :—

Terebratulina, sp. (prob. fry of T. Scoulari, Zate). (passim).

Crassatella communis, Zate. (passim.)

116

Carditella, n. sp.

Limopsis multiradiata, Zate. (Aldinga.)

Plagiarea cainozoica, Zate, (passim.)

Trophon, sp. aff. polyphyllus, 7.-Woods. (Muddy Ck., Spring
Ck., Mornington.)

Triton, sp. indet.

Tritonidea, 7. sp.

Nassa! sp.

Ancillaria ligata, Tate. (Aldinga.)

Trivia, 7. sp. aff. T. pompholugota, Zate.

Turritella, sp., worn (prob. T. Aldingze, Yate). (Aldinga.
Cape Otway.)

EKulima, . (7) sp.

Ataxocerithium concatenatum, Yate. (Aldinga. Muddy
Creek.)

Triforis, sp. (Aldinga.)

Lovenella, 5 spp.

Litiopa, n. sp.

Rissoa, sp. (Muddy Creek.)

Rissoa, 2 n. spp.

Liotia Roblini, Zate. (River Murray, Muddy Creek, Table
Cape. )

Delphinula, 2 ”. spp.

Phasianella, 7. sp.

Leptothyra parvula, 7’.-Woods. (Muddy Creek. Corio Bay.)

Leptothyra, sp.

Calliostoma, sp.

Euchelus, sp.

Meretrix, sp., indet.

Amphihelia striata, 7’.-Woods. (Aldinga.)

nm. sp. signifies not identical with any belonging to other Eocene
sections in Australia.

The names in brackets after various species are the localities
whence those species have already been obtained, ‘ passim”
denoting a species found at all, or nearly all, Australian Eocene
outcrops. Professor Tate remarks, with regard to the fossils
tows ensemble, “Specimens usually much broken, or juvenile ;
hence specific determination not admissible, or only by trouble-
some comparisons, which time has not permitted to be given.”
This accounts for the large number on the list unnamed. Of
those that have been worked out, we have in all 23 species, of
which ten are hitherto unrecorded, and three widely distributed ;
while of the others six have been found at Aldinga and Adelaide,
four being till now unrecorded elsewhere, and five at Muddy
Creek, to which place, however, only one is peculiar. Thus we

ee!

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117

are justified in saying that the fauna more resembles that of
Aldinga than of any other locality.

From the Tintinara bore, at a depth of 244 to 253 feet, were
obtained the following lamellibranchs among other molluscs not
yet worked out :—

Leda planiuscula, Zate. (Aldinga.)

Leda sp. aff. leptorhyncha, 7'ate.

Limopsis insolita, Sowerby. (Aldinga, Spring Creek, Cape
Otway).

Arca n. sp. aff. A. equidens, 7'ate.

Cardita (?) n. sp.

118

CORRELATION OF THE MARINE TERTIARIES OF
AUSTRALIA.

PART IIL, SOUTH AUSTRALIA anv TASMANIA.
WitH GENERAL REMARKS AND APPENDICES.
By Professor RatpH Tate and J. Dennant, F.G.8., F.C.8., &e.
[Read May 5, 1896.]

Puate II.
CHAPTER I. SoutH AUSTRALIA.

I. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF EOCENE STRATA.

The chief areas occupied by deposits of this epoch are :—

1. The plateau terminating in the sea-wall extending from
Wilson Bluff on the West Australian Boundary to the Head of
the Great Australian Bight.* The coast section has been
described.

2. Spencer Gulf.—Point Turton in the southern part of Yorke
Peninsula is an outlier of polyzoal limestone +, also about the
shore of Wallaroo Bay, and extending inland to Boor’s Plain.

3. St. Vincent Gulf—The west shore extending from Edith-
burg to near Black Point is occupied by cliffs of polyzoal lime-
stones ; a representative section is that of Surveyor’s Point ;
outliers occur to the north of Black Point in the neighbourhood
of Ardrossan. §

On the east shore-line of St. Vincent Gulf, older Tertiary strata
developed beneath Adelaide and its immediate vicinity have been
described. ||

The older Tertiary sections, displayed in the sea-clifis of
Aldinga Bay, to which reference has been made in some of the
above-quoted papers, have not been described in detail, an omis-
sion that it is now sought to supply. A brief summary was,

* Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Aus., II., pp. 102-111, 1879.
+ Tate, id., XIII., pp. 112-114, 1890:

+ Pritchard, id., XV., pp. 179-180, 1892.

§ Tepper, Roy. Soc. S. Aust., II., pp. 72-76, 1879.

|| Tate, id. V., p. 40, 1882; XIII., p. 180, 1890.

119

however, published in 1878 (Tate, Roy. Paes S. Aust., I, p. 121)
as under :—

a. Lacustrine clays, no fossils.. : 48 ft.
b. Upper Aldinga Series, calciferous sand-
stones and impure limestones with oyster
banks ve 22 ft.
c. Lower Aldinga Series, consisting of beds of
a most diversified character clays, lime-
stones, and sands, rapidly replacing one
another in horizontal and vertical exten-
sion oy a bd. . 80 ft.

A correlation with ied sabes was attempted te the same
author, op. ez. IT., p. liii., and at p. ivill. the term Eocene was
applied to the Lower Aldinga Series, and that of Miocene to the
Upper Series.

4. Kangaroo Island.—The small outlier of Eocene limestone
near Kingscote, first indicated by Peron, has been described by
Tate, op. cit. VI., p 122, 1882.

5. River Murray Piri. —The literature relating to the geology
of this extensive area, as well as detailed descriptions of the sec-

tions, age, and correlation, has been dealt with by Tate, op. cit.
VIL. pp. 24-41, 1885.

6. Mount Gambier District.—Tenison Woods’ “ Geological Ob-
servations,” London, 1867, embodies the chief literature relating
to the geology of this area.

Mr. Edward V. Clark, in a paper read this year before this
Society submits proof of the subter-connection of the limestones
of the Mount Gambier area with the more arenaceous beds of the
Murravian area, and indicates the occurrence of deeper-seated
sands, the fossils of which seem to be part of the fauna character-
ising the inferior beds of the Aldinga section.

II. M1ocENE AND ITS RELATION TO EOCENE.

1. River Murray Cliffs.—The oyster-beds or Upper Murravian
Series were detached from the underlying Eocene calciferous
sandstones on paleontological data, but re-examinations of the
section in the cliffs at Nor-West Bend leave no doubt of a
genuine erosive surface between the two sets of beds.

2. Adelaide.-—Burr* was the first to describe the lithological
features of the beds on which the city of Adelaide stands, and
considered them to belong to the Tertiary period, without assign-
ing any definite age. Sturt recognised, however, that these beds

* ** Remarks on the Geology of South Australia,” Adelaide, 1846.

120

were of ‘“‘the same kind of fossil formation as that on the banks
of the Murray.” This correlation applies to the Miocene only.

3. Aldinga Bay and Hallet’s Cove, east side of St. Vincent
Gulf.

Only the basal part of the Miocene Series is here fossiliferous,
and because of the prevailing sandy matrix, the majority of the
fossils are in the state of casts, though occasionally, when the
matrix is more consolidated and somewhat calciferous, the tests
of the fossils occur as pseudomorphs after calcite, though those
originally calcitic are unaltered.

The fossiliferous Miocene beds directly overlie those of the
Kocene, and the. stratigraphical discordance between them is
marked by erosive surfaces, more or less of the nature of pot-holes,
but more particularly by the transgression of the Miocene over
the edges of the Eocene strata, which have a higher dip; this
feature is most discernible in the face of the cliffs extending from
the jetty southward towards Schnapper Point for a length of a
hundred chains. The topmost of the hard arenaceous bands of
the Miocene in Blanche Point, which is at an elevation of 80 feet
above sea-level, declines to high water-mark at Schnapper Point
in a distance of two miles, corresponding with a dip of 1 in 132.
In Maslin’s Beach to the north of Blanche Point, the echino-
dermal bed of the Eocene shows a dip of 2° 7’ in approximately
the same direction, that is south-west, as that of the observed
inclination of the Miocene to the south of the jetty ; but moreover,
in the north face of Blanche Point, which has approximately an
east and west bearing, the Eocene strata have a dip of 5°, whilst
the Miocene beds are apparently horizontal.

At the mid-part of the Aldinga Bay section the Miocene con-
sists, in the basal portion of sharp sands and calciferous sand-
stone, and in the upper portion of unfossiliferous blue clays,
which change to the northward into red mottled sands and sandy
clays, also unfossiliferous.

Beyond the limits of the occurrence of Eocene beds to the
northward, as about Pedlar’s Creek (sections 353, 356, 359, see
map), the base of the Miocene is a conglomerate, resting on
Archean rocks, succeeded by a calciferous sandstone more or less
commingled with pebbly grit in which fossils occur ; the upper-
most and larger part of the sections consists of variously colored
sands and sandy clays. The finest sections of this type occur
from a little north of Witton Bluff, by the mouth of the River
Onkaparinga to beyond Black Point, forming the north headland
of Hallett’s Cove ; beyond this the Miocene thins off and is re-
presented by the conglomerate-base, which on the cliffs at Marino,
south side of Holdfast Bay, is covered by the mammaliferous
drift of the Adelaide Plain.

121

The section at Hallett’s Cove is as follows :—

Feet

Red and grey argillaceous sands hi ek ii8O

Sand-rock Ae te oie er ba coll

Sands (yellow)... dey OO
White chalky limestone, with much sharp quar tz-sand

interspersed ; fossiliferous pick ay wise wat

135

The common fossils are Potamides sp., Pecten antiaustralis;
P. consobrinus, Spondylus Aldingensis,* Placunanomia Lone,
Ostrea arenicola, Anapa variabilis, Laganum platymodes, and
Orbitolites complanata.

Ill. THe Eocene oF ALDINGA Bay.

Though a reference to this most important and instructive
section was published as early as 1878, yet as previously stated,
no detailed description has been given. The characteristic
features of it are:—-The varied nature of its sediments, the
largely unique fauna, and diverse life-groups co-ordinate with the
change in sedimentation.

The Eocene beds occupy a continuous section of nearly three
miles in length, commencing about 40 chains due north of
Blanche Point, and terminating southwards on the approach to
Schnapper Point, where they descend below sea-level, but they
reappear on the extreme south of Aldinga Bay. (See map.)

The Eocene and the overlying Miocene occupy a small basin of
low-level country bounded all round, except the sea-frontage, by
more elevated country occupied by Archean rocks. The most
inland occurrence of Eocene strata is at Tintaro (Section 681,
Hundred of Willunga) about five miles due East from the coast.

The maximum inclination of the Eocene strata is 5° in a direc-
tion W. 10°S., from which is deduced an increasing altitude in
an easterly direction; this is partly corroborated by a few well-
sinkings and quarries situated at various distances, up to a mile
or so from the coast. The occurrence of bedded deposits with
Turritella Aldinge at elevations up to 250 feet in Maclaren Vale
(sections 126, 127, 137), and of blocks of a siliceous rock charged
with Eocene fossils at an elevation of 600 feet at Tintaro (section
681), cannot be accounted for on the basis of the observed dip of
the coastal sections ; but they point to a basal deposit having a
slope corresponding with that of the surface on which they rest.

* Pecten spondyloides, mihi, proves to be a Spondylus, and as the original
species-name is incompatible with the revised generic location, it is altered
as above.—R.T.

122

The diversified material composing the Eocene strata as seen
on the coast, the arrangement of the material, and an increasing
altitudinal range passing inland, point to a large fan-like accumu-
lation adjacent to a sinking land-surface with a sea-scarped front,
over which the sediments have been poured down. If such has
been the case, it is not possible to determine the thickness of the
mass on the basis of an observed inclination and horizontal exten-
sion of the deposit ; moreover, it appears as we recede from the
main locus of accumulation that the nature of the material
changes, and finally gives place uniformly to a polyzoal limestone,
such as characterises the line of sea-cliffs on the west side of St.
Vincent Gulf. And it is noteworthy that this last deposit,
uniform in itself, contains the more widely diffused organic re-
mains ; the more local sediments have for the most part restricted
species.

A similar, but smaller, basin is that which has its chief locus
of accumulation in Witton Bluff, being separated from the former
by the Archean outcrop, which extends inland from near the
mouth of Pedlar’s Creek.

It is impossible by words to adequately convey to the mind the
changing nature of the Eocene sediments composing this section,
but as making some approach in that direction, a few vertical
sections at varying intervals throughout the whole cliff frontage
are now presented :-—

NortuH oF BLANCHE Point, Masuin’s Bay (1) IN ALIGNMENT OF E. & W.
Roap BETWEEN SECTIONS 374 AND 375.

ft. in.
( Greenish marly sand rock and mottled (red 30 8
and white) sand rock sf roi
52 ft. Whitish-yellow nodular impure limestone ly Fait
White and brown sands in courses
Bocuua Glauconitic limestone ... Hd: af She 4 0
6S ft passing into sand + SA 4 a 0
i Tron-shot sand, drift- bedded — 3. i. fol
High-water- mark sys sé
NortTH OF BLANCHE Point, Mastin’s Bay (2).
Recent travertine and soil is ae ox 5 6
Green marly sand-rock . ... about 12 0
Red and white (mottled) sand-rock ... about 25 0
MI0CENE. Raggy white calcareous sand-rock __... ~ 6 6
64 ft. 6 in. Fine yellow sand.. Le
White calcareous sandy clay with calcareous
bands Ae 19 10
Glauconitic white limestone, very ‘fossilif-
acai erous, rich in echinoids and palliobranchs 4 0
89 ft. 8 in Greenish colored sands somewhat calcareous 11 0)
+) camaiat rae Brown iron-shot sands (teeth of Zamna sp.)... 24 8

High water-mark

Fy) ——

123

SoutuH ProsEcTION OF BLANCHE POINT (8).

ft. ins
RECENT. Soil and travertine a oe Sasi ee —
Whitish sand clays bos Site ™ \ 38 0)
Red and greenish clays ... irs :
Rubbly limestone A 776
rari e . White arenaceous limestone (fossiliferous) i. PQ
; White sand : oe ft We Gil 6 8
Cavernous limestone __... ts. a ae 3 9
Red sand with oysters ... as -. a 2G
Brown sandy marls + 29 0
Blackish calcareous clays, in bands, with in-
Eocene. durated surfaces... 10,4
58 ft. 4 ins. Ditto, with courses of turritellze and nodular
limestone... ae ae oat tree. 0
Low-water mark
120. 9
Crier Section, NortH oF JEtTry, AND SoutH oF BLANCHE PornT (4).
Miocene. 14 ft. Grey limestone ... se dar ... about 14 0
Yellow calciferous sand.. ... about 24 0
Polyzoal bed—a coarse sand and small gravel
with polyzoa (at certain points this bed is
exclusively composed of polyzoa com-
eceie’ pacted into a fissile, current-bedded .
40 ft. 10 ins monk eS
: , Fine grey sand with small gravel Os. 10
Green and yellow clayey sand . ie ie
Brick-red clayey sand eed
Brown, and yellow and brown, , clayey sand... 2 3
Black clay, very fossiliferous”. ; lag ee
High water-mark, below which argillaceous limestones appear.
Port WILLUNGA JETTY (5).
Soil and travertine A ie ve 13.9 Gis 10
Blue clay . 41 0
Rubbly grey limestone mixed with sand in
MIOCENE. lower part ; casts of fossils ae sad?
60 ft. 4 in. Arenaceous calcareous bands with interca-
9

lated sands.+ Oyster bed, at a eepge of 11
4 ft. 3 in. from top. ae \}

Unconformity.
EocENE Calciferous sand-rock with hard concreted |
19 ft 6 th portions at top and siliceous bands at; 19
: ] | bottom.t —.. eye £ ¥ |

High water- mark.

“Common fossils—Chione cainozoica, Limopsis insolita, Triton tortirostris.

+Common fossils.—Ostrea arenicola, Pecten lucens, P. subbifrons, P. antiaustralis,

Spondylus Aldingensis (Pecten spondy/oides), Laganum platymodes,

tSealaria Mariew, Waldheimia fureata, W. suffata, Magasella Woodsiana, Pecten

Eyre:, Fibularia gregata, Graphularia senescens.

124

SoutH Sipe, ALDINGA Bay.

Front of ‘red loam ” cliffs faced by a mural line of calcareous
rock, largely made up of echinodermal and polyzoal debris ; the
upper part rather harder and weathering ruggedly and fantas-
tically ; the lower part hollowed out into caves and tunnelled
through to the “ red-loam” at the back. Height of wall about
20 ft. Dip apparently west ; the whole seems as it it had been
thrust forward by the weight of the “ red loam.”

The glauconite limestone is rich in palliobranchs and echino-
derms, some of the former and most of the latter being confined
to it.

The lower portions of the Turritella-banks of Blanche Point
contain very few species, though densely packed with Zwrritella
Aldinge, and with Entalis subfissura common. Towards their
upper part, species occur in considerable numbers, and individuals
abound ; among the commoner ones may be mentioned :—
Peristernia Aldingensis, Murex sublevis, Triton oligostirus, Voluta
pagodoides, Ancillaria ligata, various species of Plewrotoma,
Erato pyrulata, Trivia avellanoides, Natica Aldingensis, Amussiwm
Zitteli, Leda Huttoni, L. planiuscula, L. apiculata, L. leptorhyncha,
Arca equidens, Cardita latissima, Meretrix tenuis, Corbula
pyxrdata, Myodora lamellata, Terebratulina triangularis, Trocho-
cyathus heterocostatus, Notocyathus Tateanus, Bistylia adherens,
and other corals.

The marls which succeed are sparsely fossiliferous, and the
fossils are not always obtainable in good condition, but the best
time for collecting is in fine weather, just after a copious rain.
For the most part, the species have ascended from below ; but a
species of Potamides may only be obtained here. Continuing
south to the cliff section No. 4, the marls pass to the condition
of a black clay, containing many of the species belonging to the
Blanche Point marls, of which Limopsis insolita is profusely
abundant, and of large size; hence the bed has been called the
‘‘ Limopsis-clay.”

The calciferous sand-rock so extensively developed on the south
side of Port Willunga Jetty does not contain a great variety of
fossils, though individuals are fairly abundant ; the chief species,
except among the Polyzoa, are:—DPecten LHyrei, Waldheimia
furcata, W. Garibaldiana, W. sufflata, Scalaria Marie, Eupatagus
decipiens, Maretia anomala, Antedon sp., Graphularia senescens.

In the following summary and table of species belonging to the

Adelaide and Aldinga sections, account is taken of the Eocene
strata only.

I. PALZXONTOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
ALDINGA AND ADELAIDE (EOCENE).
ft

| No. of Species, No. of Restricted Species.

Pisces... 2 0
Cephalopoda eF. on 2 0
Gastropoda AS wal 182 126
Scaphopoda tr 3 ]
Pteropoda bis | 1 1
Lamellibranchiata | ‘Wi 35
Palliobranchiata ... 7 25 F
Polyzoa ... 7 16
Echinodermata 22 7
Zoantharia | 14 9

Total | 379 202

With this total of 375 species, 184 genera are represented, being an
average of little more than two species to each genus, which is a high pro-
portion of diversity.

Though only two genera are peculiar, viz, one bivalve (Limarca), and
one coral (Bistylia), yet the stratigraphical distribution of several genera is
of a high antiquity :—Plagiarca, Plesiotriton, Clavilithes, Conorbis, Mesalia,
and Ampullina among Mollusca; Paradoxechinus, Holaster, Cardiaster,
and Hemiaster among Echinodermata ; Notocyathus, Trematotrochus, Conos-
milia, Cyathosmilia, and Graphularia among Zoantharia.

Of all the Australian sections they are the richest in in Palliobranchs and
Kchinoids.

The living species of Mollusca (except Polyzoa) are Saxicava australis
and Rhynconella squamosa, or two in a total of 290, which equals °69 per
cent.

The percentage of restricted species is 54, whilst a considerable number
of the extra-limital species are in common, either separately or collectively,
with Cape Otway and Spring Creek.

Il. LIST OF EOCENE FOSSILS.
ALDINGA AND ADELAIDE.

{Index numbers to localities :—1, Cape Otway; 2, Table Cape; 3, Spring
Creek; 4, Geelong; 5, Birregurra; 6, Camperdown; 7, Gellibrand; 8,
Muddy Creek; 9, Murray River; 10, Mornington; 11, Bairnsdale ; 12,
Mount Gambier. |

GASTROPODA.
Typhis tripterus, Tate ... Bat
** tetraphyllas, Tate, n. sp. -
Murex calvus, J'ate at Cem |
‘* manubriatus, J'ate

=) mrons, Tite ... Sel Ree CR Ee

‘* Adelaidensis, 7'a/e pe. ee

** tenuicornis, Tate Ya a

** subleevis, Zate ... Pe. eS aes ee nb ai
** asperulus, ? Tate ees) neem ass =! Af Ae =

** prionotus, Jate ... eck. X Aum: > =

126

Murex tridentatus, Tate ‘
‘¢ sp. (aff. M. tesselaris) ...
Muricidea torquata, J’ate

" hypsella, 7'ate iy
Ja monotropis, 7'ate -
icosiphyllus, 7'ate .
Triton cribrosus, Vate . . hy all
** oligostirus, Tate.. :
6é sp.

Epidromus nodulatus, 7'ate
Plesiotriton Eyres, Tate
(Cantharus) ..
Fusus cochleatus, Tate ..
“= ‘seulptilis, Tate, ... an
‘¢ — (Tectifusus) tholoides,
Pit) 33. i —
ie I al ae
Ta
Clavilithes incompositus, Tate. 1
e sp. (indet.) .. -
Cominella pertusa, Tate
tf pumila, Z'ate
Peristernia Aldingensis, J'ate .
a apicilirata, Jate .... -
a actinostephes, J’ate. -
f sp. (aff. P. Mur-
rayana) ... Sone

Voluta protorhysa, Tate ik
oy, seribresa, Pate .«.: wat aye
“¢ pagodoides, Tate asi tna

Mitra varicosa, Tate... wi? Sey
** complanata, T'ate... see

‘ subcrenularis, J'ate SUS

‘ citharelloides, Tate Biiad

‘ pumila, Tate (Peristernia) - — -

Marginella Aldinge, Tate ao re

n“

“

MS subwentworthi, 7.

Woods +: th
dy submicula, 7ate 4 ene
ee sulcidens, Tate LOPE

Oliva Adelaide, Tate ... Pgs |":
Ancillaria ligata, Tate ... eee
e subgradata, Tate
Harpa Clarkii, Tate
Columbella eryptacris, 7'ate
Cancellaria ptychotropis Tate... - -

a6 turriculata, Tate. <.‘\l=ue

“e micra, Tate...

a4 2 2 spp. ame =
Trichotropis angulifera, Tote ae

BS tabulata, Tate 4)

a triplicata, Tate ede

i interlineata, Tate -

‘s costata, Tate ie,

6 fenestrata, Tate ... -- -
Conorbis atractoides, Tate ... - -
Daphnella, 3 spp. ae Re yy

Raphitoma, 4 spp. cee os Se

TG ear

Surcula, 14 spp. ...
Pleurotoma sp.
Metula ? sp.
Cypreea ovulatella, Tate
- ed Seca
Tat

Trivia av Siatioidce, M cCoy

** pompholugota, 7'ate
Erato australis, Yate

“© pyrulata, Tate
Crossea princeps, 7'ate ...

Sealaria (Punctiscala)

pleura, Z'ate

BS (Cirsotrema) Marie,
Tate uf i?

“6 (Cirsotrema) pleio-
phylla, Tate

- (Cirsotrema) sp. oh

ta (Hemiacirsa) lampra.

Tate
Natica Aldingensis, J'ate

‘* Hamiltonensis, 7’. Woods

Ampullina effusa, J'ate..
Calyptrea placuna, Tate
Capulus circinatus, Tate

Calyptropsis arachnoideus, Pate

Torinia Simsoni, Tate ...
‘¢ ephamilla, J’ate
Discohelix sp. ...
Turritella Aldingz, Tate
Mesalia stylacris, Tate ..
Mathilda bicarinata, Tate

re cribarioides, Tate

- umbilicata, Tate
Thylacodes actinotus, Tate

= asper, Tate...

a Adelaidensis,

Tenagodes occlusus, 7’. Wds....
Eulima aeutispira, 7. Wds.

“* Dane, T. Was.
mee SD. = a
Niso sp. (aff V. psia) ...
Turbonilla, 5 spp.
Aclis sp.
Odostomia, 4 spp
Eulimella, 2 spp..
Dialopsis? sp. ...
Ataxocerithium ? 2 spp.
Pyrazus Aldingensis, Tate
Triforis reversa, Tate
ce 55) spp.
Colina pagoda, Tate
Lovenella triserrata, J'ate
= 8 spp...
Rissoa, 2 spp.
Liotia, 2 spp.
Cyclostrema, sp..
Tindstoma princeps, Tate

clathr: ata,

bo:

wo,

Pais ams

' Ww:

, wwe,

' vs

ec ire CS ee

Tee eae fie

~I :

rss,

9 10

Astralium, 2 spp.

Leptothyra sp.

Diloma, 3 spp.

Solariella, 2 or 3 spp.

Kuchelus sp. “Ae

Basilissa Cossmanni, Tate

Calliostoma, 3 SPP.

Astele sp.

Emarginula, 3 spp.

Triploca ligata, Tate

Actaeon, 3 spp.

Leucotina sp. 5

Bulimella angustata, Tate
os callosa, T'ate..

Entalis Mantelli, Z¢te/...
‘¢ subfissura, 7'ate

Dentalium triquetrum, T'a/e

Styliola annulata, Z'ate...

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Ostrea hippopus, Tate non Dk.

Gryphaea tarda, Hutton
Dimya sigillata, Tate

2 **. ‘disstonlis: Tate...

? Placunanomia sella, TJ'ate
Anomia cymbula, Tate ...
Pecten Aldingensis, Zate

128

—

PTEROPODA.

?=Gryphaea tarda

passim

‘¢ econsobrinus, J'ate, var.

or Nn. sp.
<< Kyrei, Tate
‘¢ Flindersi, Tate...

‘* —_Hochstetteri, Ztte/

ne Peroni, Tate
aoe subbifrons, Tate
Amussium Zitteli,. ‘Hutton

Hinnites Corioensis, McCoy

Tama Bassi,<7. Wds. ...
‘* polyactina, Tate ...

Limatula Jeffreysiana, Tate

‘¢ polynema, Tate
Limea alticostata, Tate...

1 :

ae
aa |
‘SCAPHOPODA,
lt 2
1 2

3
3

passim

1 2

‘¢ sp. (aff. L. transenna) ...

pee sui, 2D he ty
Spondylus gaederopoides,
McCoy .. ! aie
Avicula nasuta, Tate
Vulsella laevigata, Tate
Perna sp.

Modiola Adelaidensis, Tate

ts sp. (aff. M. albicostata) ey.”

Mytilus sp. ,
Modiolaria arcacea, Tate

- subgranosa, Tate

10 N.Z.

N.Z.

10 N.Z.

Crenella globularis, Tate
Nucula semistriata, Tare
Leda apiculata, Tate ...
** Huttoni, 7.-Wds....
** leptorhyncha, Tate
*¢ planiuscula, Tate...
Limopsis insolita, Sow
* multiradiata, Tate
o- ae a SEs
Limarca angustifrons, Tate

Pectunculuscainozoicus, 7’. Wds.

a lenticularis, Tate

Arca (Fossularca) equidens,
Tate ee vA

e a” dissimilis, Tate

‘* pseudonavicularis, Tate...

Plagiarca cainozoica, Tate
Barbatia limatella, 7'ate
Cucullaea Adelaidensis, Ta/e ..
Crassatella aphrodina, non
T. Weds. (2)
s communis, 7'ate*
5 corrugata, Tate
Mytilicardia alata, Tate
- curta, Tate...
Cardita latissima, Tafe ...
Carditella lamellata, Tate
Se radiata, Tate
ie rugosa, J'ate ...
Chama lamellifera, 7. Weds.
Cardium monilitectum, Tate
‘* hemimeris, Tate
Chione cainozoica, 7’. Wds.

‘* multitaeniata, Tate t ...

Meretrix tenuis, Tate
Dosinia imparistriata, Tate
Tellina porrecta, Tafe ...
Myodora lamellata, Tate

‘ tenuilirata, J'ate
Thracia perscabrosa, T'ate

5 sp. bis P
Corbula pyxidata, 7’ate i?
Cuspidaria Adelaidensis, Tate...

a latesuleata, J’ate

Saxicava australis, Lam.
Jouannetia cuneata, Tate
Teredo Heaphyi, Zttel...
Aspergillum teredina, V’ate
Clavagella lirata, Tate ...

PALLIOBRANCHIATA.
th,

Terebratula Aldingz, Tate
= bulbosa, Tate
- subcarnea, Tate ..

* C. astartiformis non Nyst,
i C. multilamellata non Br,

aya he Bal Y

Lire. 4

ee a ho

14 eo ee

1 3.N.Z
2. ares

Cee

passim

New speci

—

2.3
- o

1 ND) 5

8 Recent

EIGO 1. (GON,

Terebratula vitreoides, 7. Wds. - 2 3 4
Ww aldheimia fimbriata, Tate 1 :
furcata, J'ate ed © Deel
es insolita, Tate 1 ee: are
i Johnstoniana, Paige - +> fie
oa pectoralis, Zate ... - -
a sufflata, J'ate Seige ns Mtge ae
fe? Wateana; 2'.- Vda - —~2 ae
oe Vincentiana, Tate. - - -
Terebratella furculifera, Tate . N.Z.
Ley pentagonalis, Tate - 27 -

Tepperi, Tate... - ° -

Terebratulina catinuliformis,
Tate * -
Terebratulina lenticularis, Tate -
2 Scoulari, Yate... -

ay triangularis, Tate 1

a sp. as ee aa
Magasella compta, Sow. i ee
. deformis, Tate wa eh ole
ts Woodsiana, Tate -. 1 25 =.
eS apr) -.F. > sin Pee See
Rhynchonella squamosa, Hutton - 2 - 4

ECHINODERMATA,

Cidaris Australie, Duncan ]. 2S ane
UZ SOT > is hf ioe)

Salenia tertiaria, Tate ...

«© globosa, Tate ... SE ee

Paradoxechinus novus, Laube.. - ke) egy
Psammechinus Woodsii, Loube) = Soe
Fibularia gregata, T'ate.. sic)

Cassidulus longianus, Gregory... a an
ae Australiz, D. (Echi-

nobrissus). is ee Sera
Echinolampas _ posterocrassus,
Greg... = Ait gs
Echinobrissus Vincentinus, Tate 2a ee
Holaster Australie, Duncan ... 1 - 3 -

Cardiaster tertiarius, Gregory... -- - -

“ latecordatas, Tate.:- = = se =
Hemiaster planedeclivis, Greg. - - - -
Eupatagus.cor-anguinum, Tate - - - -

Meoma decipiens, Tate... ase” tee ea
Maretia anomala, Duncan ... - -°- -
Astrogonium sp,.... aa on AU ares P=
Pentacrinus sp. ... nS son NG
Antedon sp. au site a eae
ZOANTHARIA.

Flabellum distinctum,#Hdw.d@dH. 1 - 3 -
Notocyathus australis, Duncan - - 3 -

KS Aldingensis, T. .

Wds. ... Lo tevemet ae
oe Tateanus, 7. Was. oP vate) 9 Re Ye

Distyia adherens, TT Waa, .. 0 mee eee

op t

a ie

1 “J,

.. Great Australian Bight

oe om? olan}

9 10 1)
8? -

10 11 12
“ge (RS
9
i) 12
Bie) le
9 10 N.Z
9 uJ =
ey) cn
- (N. A
9N.Z Rent.
9 :
ne Te
OQ eslbee Le
a 38.
Gy * Slee
9 . :
9 10. =~

‘Nomen mutand, _T. Davy idsoni, Ether idge fils, » non King, ‘1871.

131

Trematotrochus fenestratus, 7’.
Was. Sed ACE = Gar aed | oa nae
" heterocostatus,
9 Ai, ech i 03 ae aie eee a
Amphihelia RE RRR a ee
CEE. WS. ... te Sm
Semmumreontortm, ©. Wds.... - -° - -9 -* = sso os el
Cyathosmilia laticostata, Hie
ee he ee ee a) Pe mw
se tenuicostata, T.
Weds. . ed hen sisal eines oc). s
Cladocora contortilis, T. VW Re a er
Sunrre Benescens, Tate <= 3 - 3S - =) ee Re le

Cyaprer II.

TABLE Caps, TASMANIA.

This section has been so fully described by Johnston, ‘“ Geol.
Tasm.” that after a visit of inspection little can be added. But
it is noteworthy that the bed richest in fossils is the basal one, or
Crassatella-bed ; the overlying Turritella-bed, so called from its
profusion of two small species of that genus, shows a remarkable
poverty in species, while all, except the few echinoderms, are
common to the Crassatella-bed. A gradual diminution in species
and individuals arrests the attention as we rise in the section, so
that at last the top of the Turritella-bed shows barrenness, and
merges into unfossiliferous beds. No stratigraphical interruption
from base to summit can be observed.

The Turritella-bed has acquired exceptional interest from the
fact that it has furnished the remains of a marsupial, and there-
fore the most ancient as regards Australia. The study of the
block stone containing this unique fossil does not permit of an
explanation of its occurrence other than that of its embedment in
original soft sediment.

The Table Cape section thus presents most pronounced littoral
deposits, gradually merging into a lacustrine formation.

We append a list of fossils revised from that given by Mr.
Johnston, and have indicated those for whose denomination we
hold ourselves responsible ; and until actual comparison with the
Aldinga types be made it will not be safe to accept those alleged
to be in common with restricted species of the Aldingian basin.

Mr. Pritchard’s paper on ‘“‘ Table Cape Fossils” only reached
us a few days before this paper was read, so that its critical con-
sideration is deferred ; but it may be stated that Mr. Atkinson’s
collection, which forms the basis of Mr. Pritchard’s report, was
studied and named by one of us in 1893, when on a visit to Table
Cape, though it is evident that gentleman has since increased his

132

collection by the addition of the smaller species of Mollusca, as
then urged upon hin.

We catalogue 303 species from the Table Cape beds, summar-
ised as follows :—

Zoantharia 21
Echinodermata 8
Crustacea... ne 4; 1
Palliobranchiata 18
Lamellibranchiata (6)

Mollusca ~ Scaphopoda ROWS
Gastropoda 170
Cephalopoda 1

Pisces ; is 4
Mammalia 2

The Polyzoa and Foraminifera are not included in our list.

Hight species of Mollusca out of the above total of 267 are re-
corded as still living, viz., Rhynconella sqwamosa, Myodora brevis,
Chamostrea albida, Limopsis aurita, L. Belcheri, Pectunculus
laticostatus, Ostrea hyotis, Dentaliwm lactewm, and the proportion
of recent species is therefore 3 per cent.

By excluding Pectunculus laticostatus and Limopsis awrita from
the list, for reasons subsequently given, this percentage will be
rednced to 2:2.

LIST OF TABLE CAPE FOSSILS.

Being Addenda and Corrigenda to List in Johnston’s Geology of Tas-
mania, 1888, pp. 229 et seq. !Species studied. *Type Specimens from

Table Cape.
ZOANTHARIA.
! Trematotrochus fenestratus, 7’.
Was.
Notocyathus viola, D.
‘ excisus, D.
DELTOCYATHUS ITALICUS,
and H.
Ceratotrochus McCoyi, D. (fide
Ty Wideo shu: 05: 1876;rpally
Antillia lens, D.
Flabellum Victorix, D.
Js pedicellare, Tate
Duncani, 7. Wds.
es CANDEANUM, Hdw.&H.
(coll. E. D. Atkin-
son! F. distinctum
apud Pritchard)
Placotrochus elongatus, D.

Edw.

!
!
* sc
'

by deltoideus, D.
Conosmilia anomala, D.
nf striata, D.

Heliastrwa Tasmaniensis, D.
Thamnastriea sera, D,
ee Tasmaniensis, D.

* 8 ee? ote

Paleeoseris Woodsii, D.

*! Astrangia tabulosa, Tate
*!Dendrophyilia epithecata, D.
(syn. D. Duncani, T. Wds.)

! Balanophyllia Australiensis, D.

ECHINODERMATA.
Cidaris, sp.
! Echinolampas —_ posterocrassus,

Greg. ? (Hobart Mus. ! speci-
mens crushed or ill-conditioned)

! Kupatagus Murrayanus, Laube ?
(Hobart Mus ! specimens crush-
ed or ill-conditioned)

Lovenia Forbesi, T. Wds. (coll
K. D. Atkinson! var. minor ;
var. Ktheridgei. )

*!Conoclypeus_rostratus, Tate
(Micraster brevistella, Hobart
Mus. !)

! Fibularia gregata, Tate

*! Monostychia Etheridgei, Johist.

Schizaster abductus, Tate (coll.
K. D. Atkinson. )

133

CRUSTACEA.

Balanus amphitrite, Darwin
(coll. R. M. Johnston !)

PALLIOBRANCHIATA.

*! Terebratula vitreoides, 7. Wds.
! ce
Sp.
* ‘Waldheimia Tateana, 7’. Wds.
! aa Garibaldiana,
Davidson
i furcata, Tate
_ Johnstoniana, Tate
; ca grandis, 7. Wds.
a Taylori, Eth.
Corioensis, McCoy
_ pectoralis, Tate ?

! Terebratulina Scoulari, Tate
(coll. E. D. Atkinson !)

rh catinuliformis,
Tate

7 lenticularis, Tate ?

7 triangularis, Tate

Terebratella Tepperi, Tate
aS Woodsii, Tate

! Magasella Woodsiana, Tate
(coll. E. D. Atkinson !)

! RHYNCHONELLA SQuAMosaA, Hut-

ton
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
! Aspergillum cee Tate (A.
sp., coll. R. M. J. !)
liratum ?

! Teredo sp.

* ! Solecurtus Legrandi, Tate

: : Panopaea Agnewi, T. Weds.
- orbita, Hutton (Coll.
E. D. A. !)

! Corbula ephamilla, Tate

! “ pyxidata, Tate

! Zenatiopsis angustata, Tate (coll.
EK. D. A.! Hobart Mus. ! syn.
Z. fragilis, Pritchard) |

! MyopoRA’ BREVIS, Stutchbury
(M. equilateralis,
Johnston !)
\=x se

australis, Johnst.
Mactra Howchiniana, J'ate
(juvenile example)
Phragmorisma anatinaeformis,
Tate
Psammobia aequalis, 7'ate
es Hamiltonensis, Tate |

!* Tellina cainozoica, 7. Wds.

“ Masoni, T ate, var.

:* Chione Allporti, T. Wds.

1* “ec

hormophora, 7’ate

! Chione dimorphophylla, 7'ate
(coll. EK. D. A. !)
eainozoica, 7’. Wds.
propinqua, 7’. Wds.
multiteniata, J’ate (coll.
KE. D. A. 3)
! Meretrix eburnea, J'ate (syn. M.
tenuis, Pritchard, non
Tate)
submultistriata, J'ate
!* Dosinia Johnstoni, 7'ate (syn. D.
densilineata, Pritch.)
!* Cardium septuagenarium, Tate
! ‘¢ hemimeris, 7'ate
!* Chama lamellifera, 7’. Wds.
! CHAMOSTREA ALBIDA, Li.
C. crassa, Tate)
!* Lucina planatella, Tate
!* Diplodonta subquadrata, Tate
£¢ suborbicularis, V'ate
* Crassatella oblonga, 7. Wds.
* $s var. aphrodina, 7’.
Wads.
communis, Tate (syn.
C. astartiformis,
Tate, non Nyst)
!* Mytilicardia platycostata, John-
ston
Carditella lamellata, Tate
Cardita trigonalis, Tate

{* 66
1* ce

! 6

! 73

(syn.

¥* ‘* gracilicostata, 7’. Wds.
i* ‘¢ Tasmanica, Tate
‘* scabrosa, Tate (fide
Pritchard)

! Trigonia semiundulata, McCoy

!* Nucula Tenisoni, Pritchard am
N. tumida, T. Wds.,
non Hinds)

Atkinsoni, Johist.

fenestralis, Tate

! Nuculana Huttoni, T. Wds.

a prelonga, Tate
crebrecostata, T. Wds.
os Woodsii, Tate

be apiculata, Tate

Arca pseudonavicularis, Tate

! Barbatia celleporacea, Tate

! i limatella, Tate

! Cucullea Corioensis, McCoy

!* PECTUNCULUS cainozoicus, I.

Wads.

LATICOSTATUS, (4.
and G.? (syn. P.
McCoyii, John-
ston)

1% ee

{* ce

!
1* (x4
!
!

! 66

| | Lyrwopsis auritTA, Brocchi ?

! ce

BELCHERI, Ads. & Lv.

!
:

!* Lima Bassii, 7. Wds.

Modiola n. sp.
Crenella globularis, 7'ase

Spondylus pseudoradula, McCoy

(Hobart Mus.

4 giederopoides, McCoy

(coll. E. D. A.

squamosa, T. Wds.)

')
')

(syn. L.

Limatula Jeffreysiana, Tate

ig crebresquamata,
M.S.

!* Limea transenna, Tate

!
!

Pecten Foulcheri, T. |Wds.
‘¢ Hochstetteri, Zitte/

Tate,

‘¢ polymorphoides, Zitte/

‘¢ Yahlensis, T. Wds. (coll.
E. D. A. !, Hob. Mus. !;
P. lucens, Johnston,

non Tate)
Amussium Zitteli, Hutton
Placunanomia sella, Ta/e
Dimya dissimilis, Tate

OstREA HyoTis, Sow.? (Hobart

Mus. ')

SCAPHOPODA.

DENTALIUM LACTEUM, Desh.

Entalis Mantelli, 7Zittel

‘* subfissura, Tate (Hobart

Mus. !)

GASTROPODA.

* Murex Kyrei, 7. Wds.

“¢ Legrandi, Johnst.

$3 velificus, V'afe (coll. E. D.

Atkinson !)
‘* irregularis, 7’afe
*¢ ~~ eamplytropis, J'ate
Pseudomurex sp.

Rapanaaculeata, 7’ate (coll. E D.

Atkinson !)
Typhis McCoyi, 7. Wds.

!* Ricinula purpuroides, Johnst.

1 *

!* Clavilithes Tateanus,

!* Lampusia Abboti, 7. Wds.
! a tortirostris, 7'ate
!

! Ae crassicostata, 7'ate
* Epidromus tasmanicus, Johist.
* Trophon Selwyni, Pritchard

!* Fusus Meredith, 7. Wds

‘¢ ~=6 Johnstoni, 7. Wds
«¢ dictyotis, Tate

*¢ craspedotus, Vafe (F. pa-
godoides, McCoy m.s.,

(Hob.
1’. Was.

Hob. Mus. !)
‘¢ foliaceus, Tate
Mus. !)

Fasciolaria decipiens, 7'atc

134

! Latirofusus sp.

!* Siphonalia Roblini, 7'." Wds

! Sipho n. sp.

!* Peristernia transenna, 7. Wds.

4 Aldingensis, Tate
(fide Pritchard)
Murrayana, Tate, var.
(fide Pritchard)
* sa affinis, 7'ate
“ semiundulata, Pritch-

ard (P. rudis, Tate

m.s.
* Tritonidea minuta, Johnston

(Murex)

'* Cominella fragilis, 7. Wds.
(Buccinum)

!* Phos lirecostatus, 7. Wds.
(Cominella)

_ * Pyrula altispira, Pritchard (coll.
| E. D. Atkinson !)
* Lyria semiacuticostata, Prifch-
ard (coll. E. D. Atkinson)
* _ volute Agnewi, Johnst.
Allporti, Johnsf.
- “© MeCoyi, T. Wds,
* « Tirata, Johnst.
* «¢ — Stephensi, Johns.
* pellita, Johns.
* * “Tateana, J ons.
‘* anticingulata, McCoy (V.
antiscalaris, ‘* Geol.
Tasin.,” & SU, oy
‘© —antiscalaris, McCoy (coil.
E. D. Atkinson !)
* “ — strophodon, “cCoy
‘* ancilloides, Tate
‘< ~ Mortoni, Tate
Sa WV ENE: of. “PPOs:
“< Halli, Pritchard
<¢ Spenceri, Pritchard
‘* Atkinsoni, Pritchard
* Mitra anticoronata, Johnst.
[eee dichua, 7: Was
‘con.’ sp. (aff. My” othone;
T. Wds.)
. * Marginella Wentworthi, 7. Wds.
strombiformis, 7’. Wds
2 . octoplicata, T. Was.
* Erato duplicata, Johnst.
‘¢ minor, Jate ?
! Ancillaria hebera, Hutton (A.
mucronata, T.-Wds.,
Johnston, nou Sow.)
! ie pseudaustralis, Tate
(coll. EK. D. Atkinson!)
Ke Columbella Oxleyi, 7’. Weds.
a cainozoica, 7. Wds.
i" Cancellaria Etheridgei, /ohnst.

* * Terebra simplex, 7. Weds.

- additoides, 7’. Wds.
* preegracilicostata, Pritch.
!* Surcula Johnstoni, 7. Wds.

pipettes paracantha, 7’. Weds.
Pinel pullulascens, 7. Wds.
= se

Wynyardensis, Pritch.
!* Drillia sandleroides, 7. Was.
* erenularoides, Pritch.
! P| Sap.
* Daphnella cancellata, 7. Wds.
4s columbelloides, 7”. Wds.
gracillima, 7. Wds.
: tenuisculpta, 7. Wds.
! Mangilia, n. sp.
: “f n. sp.
: ry n. sp.
* Mangilia (?) gracilirata, 7.
(Hobart Mus.)
!* Thala (?) marginata,
Conus complicatus,
E. D. Atkinson !)
as Cypriea Archeri, 7. Wds.
© subsidua, Tate
eximia, G.B.S. (coll. E.
LD. Atkinson ! )
platypyga, McCoy (coll.
E. D. Atkinson !)
consobrina, McCoy (coll.
E. D. Atkinson !)

{ =
= “ec

1* “e

Was.

eS - Was:
Tate (coll.

1* se

135

}
;

- platyrhyncha, McCoy
(Hob. Mus. !)

“9 ovulatella, Tate (fide
Pritchard)

a sphaerodoma, 7'ate ? (fide
Pritchard)

.. leptorhyncha, McCoy
! Trivia avellanoides, McCoy
!* Semicassis sufflata, 7. Wds. (syn
S. transenna, Tate)
! Cassidaria gradata,
ticulospira, McCoy, m.
Mus !)
Natica subNox, Tate

Tate (C. re-
s.in Hob.

1= * polita, 7. Wds.

}* ‘ -vix-umbilicata, 7’. Wds.
Pt -19) Wintles, PF. Wads.

! Calyptrea subtabulata, Tate.

(Trochita calyptrzformis, syn.
‘Pileopsis navicelloides)
!* Calyptropsis umbilicata, Johist.
!* Crepidula Hainsworthi, Johns?.
!* Sealaria inornata, 7'ate
: oF foliosa, Tate
! Crossea princeps, 7'ate
! a sublabiata, 7'a/e
1+ * Turritella Sturtii, 7. Wds.

$ Warburtoni, 7. Wds.

| :

!* Turritella tristira, Tate

i “4 Murrayana, 7'ate

conspicabilis, Tare
(fide Pritchard)

!* Tenagodes occulusus, 7. Wds.

!* Thylacodes conohelix, 7’. Wds.

! 4g rudis, Tate

* Odostomia Roberti, 7’. Weds.

polita, “Tohnst.

af microlirata, Johnst.

puteolata, Pritchard

(Actzon)
* Pyramidella puny Johust.
! ce sp.
2 * Turbonilla eae, T..Wds.
fs liraecostata, 7’. Wds.
* Eulima (Leiostraca) Johnstoni-
ana, J'ate
! Newtonia n. sp.
!* Bittium Johnstoni, 7. Wds.
(Rissoina and Cerithiopsis)
!* Potamides semicostatum, 7'afe
[* a Wynyardense, Tate,
(nom. mut. syn. P.
pyramidale, Tate
non
* Rissoina concatenata, 7. Wds.

! ae Mulderi, Tate

n. sp.

* Rissoa Stevensiana, 7’. Wds. (R.
dubia, Johnst. is the tip
of turretted shell of un-
certain genus)

Tateana, 7. Wds. (Riss
ina)

varicifera, 7’. Wds. (Risso-
ina)

31. spp.

! Torinia Simsoni, Tate, m.s.

* Adeorbis levis, Johnst.
* Liotia lamellosa, 7’. Wds.

1* ©)» Roblin, T. Wds.

!* Delphinula gibbuloides, 7’. Wds.
(Torinia; Hobart
Mus. !)

tetragonostoma, 7’.

Weds.
imparigranosa,
Pritchard

!* Turbo Etheridgei, 7. Wds.
* « Atkinsoni, Pritchard

!* Astralium Flindersi, 7. Weds.

Ee “ ornatissimum, 7”. }Vds.
1* crassigranosum, 7’.

Wds. (Gibbula)

Hudsoniana, Johust.
(syn. A. Johnstoni,
Pritchard)

! ec

“ec
o-
ia

' ce

* “ee

* ce

136

* Trochus Josephi, 7. Wds. !* Ringicula lactea, Johnst.
as Gibbula equisulcata, T. Was. !* Cylichna Woodsii, 7'ate
“« Clarkei, 7’. Wds. ! a sp.
\ ‘* crassigranosa, 7. Wds. | ! Volvulella sp.
(part, junior) ! Atys sp.
* Calliostoma atoma, Johnst. cuit
< se Tasmanica, Johnst. cs ‘ Re
x “ Blaxlandi, Johnst. Aturia australis, McCoy
e ri latecarina, Pritch. oe)
!* Cantharidus alternatus, 7’. Wds. PInGESe
(Thalotia) Carcharodon angustidens, Ay.
!* Euchelus Woodsii, Johnst. Oxyrhina trigonodon, Ay.
!* Margarita Keckwicki, 7’. Wds. Lamna elegans, Ay.
Fissurellidzea malleata, Tate ! Mylobates plicatilis, Davis
!* Emarginula transenna, 7’. Wds.
* Tugalia crassireticulata, Pvitch. MAM MAI A-
Haliotis ovinoides, McCoy (fide , !* Zeuglodon brevicuspidatus, Vase
‘Pritchard) Diprotodontoid marsupial (Ho-
! Acton scrobiculatus, 7’. Wds., bart Mus. !)

Cuaprer ITI.
GENERAL RemArKs— Horizons OF THE EOCENE.

Regarding the main divisions of the Tertiary deposits of
Southern Australia into Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene there is
little difficulty, the paleontological being. confirmed by the
stratigraphical evidence. The two latter groups are of compara-
tively limited development in the province, but the first named,
besides being spread over a wide area, shows such variation in the
faunal contents of the beds as to render their correlation no easy
task. In our previous papers we have treated the Hocenes as a
whole, without attempting further subdivision, the simple reason
being that no satisfactory basis of classification presented itself.

That the beds in question are of Eocene age was discussed fully
in Part I., and it may be added here that on this point there is
unanimity among all observers who have given adequate atten-
tion to the subject. The chief argument relied on is the propor-
tion of recent molluscan species, which nowhere exceeds 3} per
cent. As a fact the percentage is usually under 2, the only ex-
ception being in the Table Cape section with a record of from 2.2
to 3 per cent. of living species, so that a margin is left for what
further researches may possibly disclose. In some beds the per-
centage is less than 1, and in others between 1 and 2, but it
would be extremely unwise, as well as contrary to the practice of
geologists, to form conclusions as to relative age on such minor
variations as these, since they may depend upon the number of
species collected, or upon other causes which need not be cited.
As a convenient, though admittedly rough, means of classifying
Tertiary strata, the percentage system may serve for distinguish-
ing their broad divisions, but must necessarily fail when applied
to the discrimination of minor zones of deposition, where the re-
corded variation does not exceed 1 or 2 per cent.

——_ — oe

~ ’

137

The actual number of species common to the respective beds
can as yet be estimated approximately only. It is true that much
material is on hand, the ranks of collectors having been strongly
reinforced of late years, but as the critical examination of the
Pleurotomidae, Trochidae, and some other families is but little
advanced, the published lists are necessarily defective. Additional
identifications are frequently made, but pending an opportunity
for publishing they may remain in manuscript for a long time.
The observations made in this and former papers are based upon
the published lists as revised to date by our manuscript additions
and corrections. We should be glad if these latter could be
printed herewith, but there is a limit, not only to the time at our
disposal, but also to the space allowed us in the Society’s Trans-
actions, and it must suffice to say at present that we shall take
the earliest opportunity of furnishing revised tables of fossils.

By far the most prolific Eocene deposit in Australia is that at
Muddy Creek with 649 species of mollusca, and, as might be ex-
pected, representatives of many of them are found in all the beds.
At Spring Creek, out of a total of 320 molluscan species on our
lists, 127, or 40 per cent., occur also at Muddy Creek. In their
latest paper*, Messrs. Hall and Pritchard credit us with ad-
mitting that there are two zones on the Spring Creek cliffs, but,
as a fact, we purposely abstained from expressing a decided
opinion on the matter until fuller investigations had been made.
Our remarks are too long for quotation, but their meaning is clear
enough from the concluding words, which are as follows :—‘‘ We
offer the swgyestion that at this level, and above the echinoderm
rock, a minor zone of the Eocene may possibly be demonstrated—
at any rate the matter is worthy of further research.” Our doubts
as to the existence of two zones at Spring Creek are increased
rather than diminished by the list of fossils quoted by these
authors from the upper clays.

Amongst the 105 species enumerated from the clays, 40, or 38
per cent., are represented at Muddy Creek, and for the sake of
comparison we will make a similar calculation for the species of
the so-called lower beds. Seven species are recorded by us as
confined to the strata overlying the echinoderm rocky, and de-
ducting these from our total of 320 species for the general sec-
tion, 313 are left as proper to the inferior strata, of which 124
are Muddy Creek species, giving a proportion of 40 per cent.,
which indicates a higher proportion of Muddy Creek shells
in the lower than in the upper zone. And yet we are
asked to believe that of these two zones it is the upper one
which is more pene allied to the Bindddy Creek bed! We

* lisihcn: on the pained sébdivinian of the ieee eke of
Victoria. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vic., 1896.
+ Correlation, i i Ptckl,, p. 119.

138

may add that we do notaccept all the species noted by Messrs. Hall
and Pritchard as restricted (for Spring Creek) to the upper clays,
two or three of them having been found by us in the basal beds
also. If there are really two zones at Spring Creek they must be
very minor ones, the variations in their faunas being slight, and
further collecting from both is advised before announcing definite
conclusions as to their import.

For the fossils of the Lower Maud beds the same authors claim
a similarity to those from Spring Creek, but we are unable to
trace any special affinity between the two faunas. Their revised
table of Maud fossils, just received,* contains only 37 species of
mollusca, but a collection made at the section by Mr. Mulder and
one of us gives a total of 66. Of these, 33 species are represented
at Muddy Creek, and 23 at Spring Creek, but 18 of the latter are
also included amongst the Muddy Creek representatives. Of the
five Spring Creek shells remaining, none are special to that sec.
tion, and occur also in one or other of the extra-limital deposits.
At least six of the species obtained by us are new and apparently
restricted to this small exposure. The names and distribution of
the Maud fossils on our list will be found in Appendix I.

At a higher level, and therefore probably overlying the fossil-
iferous strata, an outcrop of basalt is visible, which by the Survey
is mapped as Older Voleanic. Messrs. Hall and Pritchard, in
speaking of it, say, ‘there is, we now think, not sufficient evidence
to suggest a subdivision of the volcanic rock,”+ which means that
they regard the Maud basalt as the equivalent of that which
underlies the marine Eocenes of Flinders and Eagle Rock. We
do not pretend to say without a fuller study of the Maud section
whether this is the case or not, though the reported relations of
the igneous rock to the accompanying sedimentary strata would
lead to a different conclusion. Below the shell-beds, or littoral
deposit, a polyzoal limestone, appears, which, though of consider-
able thickness and easily separable from the overlying sandy beds,
is not mentioned by Messrs. Hall and Pritchard in either of their
papers. We have picked out pectens and other fossils from it,
and observe that they are the ordinary ones yielded by such
strata. Polyzoal limestone is also said to rest upon the Maud
basalt, but the significance of this has yet to be worked out. The
list of fossils from the Upper Maud beds given by Messrs. Hall
and Pritchard cannot be appealed to, since most of the gastropods,
it is stated, come from a deposit overlying polyzoal limestone,
some miles distant. In their first paper great prominence was
given to the argument that the Upper Maud and Waurn Ponds
beds lie on the same horizon, and a comparative table of fossils
was supplied to demonstrate their close affinity. In the lately

* OD. Ch
| Older Tertiaries of Maud, &c. Proce. Roy. Soc., Vic., 1895.

139

issued article this view is entirely withdrawn, and with it, we
presume, the interpretation placed upon the fossil evidence, since
we are now told that the former deposit is younger than the latter ;
in fact, we are led to infer that, like the Spring Creek beds with
which they are finally correlated,* the Waurn Ponds limestones
are overlain by the Older Basalt. Now, these limestones do lie
immediately beneath basalt, but Messrs. Hall and Pritchard will
certainly not contend that it is the older flow, as it covers also
adjacent Eocene beds, which they still consider the youngest in
the series. There is undoubted Older Basalt beneath the Eocene
of Curlewis, a few miles from Waurn Ponds, and if it were present
at the latter locality, which is apparently not the case, might we
not also expect it to underlie the fossiliferous strata ?

An exceedingly instructive outcrop of the Eocene has lately
been worked at Birregurra by Mr. Mulder,+ to whom we are in-
debted for examples of most of the fossils collected. Taken as a
whole, the fauna belongs to the Muddy Creek type, but, curiously
enough, includes also several species recorded hitherto only from
Spring Creek, Table Cape, Cape Otway, or Aldinga Bay, amongst
which may be quoted Ancillaria ligata, Cancellaria Etheridge,
Voluta anticingulata, V. Halli, [sapis eothinos, Can ditella lamel-
lata, C. radiata, Cardiwm pseudomagnum, Chione Pritchardi, C.
multiteniata, Dosinia Johnstoni. This intermingling in one sec-
tion of shells usually considered to be characteristic of diverse
faunas has an important bearing upon the correlation of the
Eocenes, as will be seen in the sequel.

The beds at Shelford have so far yielded 201 species of mol-
lusea, of which 143 occur also at Muddy Creek. The Schnapper
Point and Bairnsdale deposits are probably of the same type,
but the catalogues of species from them are too imperfect to allow
of definite comparisons. The majority of the fossils in the Geelong
beds (including Western Beach, Lower Moorabool, Curlewis-
Belmont, and one or two others) are recorded also from Muddy
Creek, while, though Spring Creek is in closer proximity to them
than to the Birregurra section, they contain fewer representatives
of its fauna. A possible explanation may be that, notwithstanding
the greater distance, the configuration of the coast in Eocene times
was such as to offer less obstruction to the migration of species
between Spring Creek and Birregurra than between the former
locality and Geelong.

Community with the fauna of Muddy Creek also obtains in
the gastropod-bed of the Murray River, near Morgan, though the
distance is so great.

Two of the most interesting deposits remain to be mentioned
viz., those at Cape Otway and at the Gellibrand River, both on

* Op. cit. Summary, page 166.
+ Catalogue of Fossils from Birregurra, Geelong Naturalist, April, 1896.

140

the south coast of Victoria, and only about 25 miles apart, but
nevertheless showing a most marked difference in their respective
faunas. Out of 265 species of mollusca from the Gellibrand, 216,
or 80 per cent., occur also at Muddy Creek, while of the 123
species recorded for Cape Otway, 44, or only 36 per cent., are
Muddy Creek shells. On the other hand, 40 of the Cape Otway
species, or one-third of the whole, are represented in the distant
Aldinga section, while 18 of them are restricted to these two sets
of beds. Though so close together, the outcrops of the Gellibrand
and Cape Otway contain only 30 species in common! It may be
added that lithologically they are alike, the strata in each locality
consisting of mound-like masses of black mud, while both are
similarly overlain by a Pleistocene rock. The Otway Eocenes are
certainly underlain by mesozoic strata, but at the Gellibrand
these suddenly disappear close to Pebbly Point, and are not met
with again to the west on either the Victorian or South Aust-
ralian coast. The proportion of recent species in the two deposits
is practically identical, but owing to the comparatively small
number of mollusca collected at Cape Otway, no special signifi-
cance is attached to this circumstance. In Part II, when refer-
ring to the discordant facts of distribution disclosed in these
sections, we said that the most reasonable explanation was that
the beds were on different horizons. Corroborative stratigraphical
evidence certainly cannot be adduced, but then the coastline
between the two localities has not been closely examined. As
will be seen, however, in the succeeding observations there are
good grounds for deeming our previous conclusion correct.

From the great similarity between the Gellibrand and Muddy
Creek fossils, we may infer a coastal connexion between the
localities during the-era of deposition. As was shewn in Part I,
the beds are in reality continuous between the two areas.
Farther west, between Portland and Muddy Creek a similar
continuity of the Eocenes beneath a covering of basalt was pointed
out some years ago.* Outcrops of the same strata are visible also
on the banks of the Glenelg River for fully 100 miles from its
mouth, while in the County of Follett, from the sea coast as far
as Apsley, aud in the adjoining South Australian territory, from
Mt. Gambier to Narracoorte and Border Town, the existence of
Eocene deposits containing a similar type of fauna is abundantly
revealed by numerous fossiliferous caves, as well as by the fossils
obtained wherever wells have been sunk. That this whole region
was thus one of practically contemporaneous deposition during the
Eocene period will hardly be questioned. The resemblance of the
fauna of the Murray River in South Australia, and of Shelford,
Geelong, W&c., in Victoria, to that of the same area has been
already alluded to.

Notes on the Muddy Creek beds, &c. Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1888.

141

If we now examine the Eocene strata of Aldinga (and
Adelaide) inthe St. Vincent Gulf area of South Australia we
observe, as shewn in the Table of Fossils published herewith,
that amongst many of the old familiar Muddy Creek forms, a
large number of new ones make their appearance—to such. an
extent, indeed, is this the case that the two faunas are really in
marked contrast. Compared with the wide spread fauna of
the Muddy Creek Eocene, that of Aldinga, as a whole, is: much
more restricted geographically, as, except at Cape Otway, few of
its characteristic fossils are present in other deposits. From this
fact alone it might perhaps be inferred that the Aldingian is the
older of the two contrasted faunas, remnants of it only having
survived toa later period. The recent discoveries made by Mr.
Edwd. Clark, B.Sc., in the Ninety-Mile Desert of South Australia,
already alluded to, and which are published in the present issue
of the Society’s Transactions tend to confirm this view. Having
been allowed by the courtesy of the author to peruse the manu-
script of his article we have little doubt concerning the correct-
ness of his conclusions, viz., that in all probability the inferior
beds of Aldinga (and Adelaide) underlie the Mount Gambier and
Murray River limestones, and consequently therefore the deposits
we have correlated with them at Muddy Creek.

Amongst the various Eocene beds hitherto examined those at
Muddy Creek and Aldinga exhibit the greatest diversity in their
faunas, as, though they contain many species in common the
restricted ones are specially numerous. Both have been well ex-
amined and may be regarded as typical representatives of the
older and younger faunas respectively, with which, therefore,
other Eocene sections can be well compared. With the notable
exception of Cape Otway, the Muddy Creek type of fauna is con-
spicuous in most of the Victorian Eocene sections, that of
Aldinga being feebly represented. The same remark applies to
the Murray beds in South Australia, and also to those at Table
Cape in Tasmania. In the case of some of the best known sec-
tions, the relative representation of the Aldingian fauna can be
approximately estimated, and it is curious to note that the per-
centage of characteristic Aldinga shells present in them seems to
decline from Cape Otway to Table Cape, Spring Creek, and
Geelong, and thence westward to Birregurra, Camperdown, and
Gellibrand R., along a former strait or channel, which, as will be
shown later on, existed in the old Eocene sea.

Our estimate is arrived at by taking account of those Aldingian
shells which have not so far been recorded from Muddy Creek,
though they are represented in one or other of the intermediate
outcrops. Only well authenticated species can be quoted, which,
according to our records, number 46. The distribution of these
is shown in the following table :—

Fossixs in Aldinga Bay or
Adelaide sections, not
collected at Muddy Creek
but occurring in other
localities.

Murex calvus...
es) rrons
prionotus
hypsellus
sublevis
Triton cribrosus
Clavalithes incompositus
Voluta cribrosa
Ancillaria ligata iy
Cancellaria ptychotropis
Cyprea ovulatella
Erato pyrulata
‘¢ australis be
Scalaria pleiophylla ...
Torinia Simsoni ‘
Turritella Aldingz
Mesalia stylacris
“Mathilda bicarinata ...
Lovenella triserrata ..
Triploca ligata
Bulimella callosa
Pecten Peroni..
oe consobrinus, v var.
Hochstetteri (a)
Limopsis insolita
Dimya sigillata
Limatula polynema ...
Spondylus gzederopoides ( b )
Modiola sp. (aff. albicostata)
- Leda leptorhyncha
Arca pseudo-navicularis
Barbatia limatella
Mytilicardia alata
Carditella radiata
fF lamellata ...
Chione multitzniata...
Cytherea tenuis
Myodora lamellata
Corbula pyxidata (c )
Aspergillum teredina
Waldheimia furcata (d)
ie pectoralis
~*~ Johnstoniana ...
Terebratulina triangularis ...
f lenticularis (¢ )
Terebratella Tepperi

66
“6
66

“e

Total species of Mollusca col-
lected in each bed

Per centage distribution of
typical Aldinga species...

OTHER OCCURRENCES :—(a@) R. Murray ; (0) Bairnsdale ;

DISTRIBUTION.

Cape Otway.

%# me &

€ Bik s

* OK * #4

123 | 320

Spring Creek

OO, Te er 0

Western
Beach,
Geelong.

Lower Maud.

sate :
= —
5/2) &
» | © =
=a ee ae
om S vo
faa) | = =
|) oe aoe
~ = ”:
a -
*
ree: ee
- * -
~
|
3 ow | “
ah 2 oe
ee A fs
|
» ee 4
j
x i E a
ae - -
bi - -
* “4 *
}
7 ‘ :
165 | 91 | 265
4°2.) Door tia

Point, Shelford, Moorabool Valley, Curlewis ; (d) 7 Curlewis, Upper Maud; (¢) Geelong,

R. Murray.

+ Quoted on the authority of Mr. R. Johnston.

143

The species here enumerated are thus survivors of the more
ancient fauna found intermingled with those characteristic of the
later one, and where in any section the proportion of them is con-
siderable, as at Cape Otway, its relatively low position in the
Eocene series is probably indicated. For Spring Creek, Table
Cape, &c., where the percentage of such forms is comparatively
small, we hesitate to express a decided opinion, and prefer to
wait for further evidence. In the absence of stratigraphical
evidence, the subdivision of the Eocenes on _ palzontological
grounds must be attempted with caution, the horizons apparently
merging very gradually. It is quite possible that, like numerous
other species known to be common to the whole series, some at
least of those here tabulated may have existed continuously
through the earlier and later periods. That they are either
absent or sparingly represented in a particular deposit may
depend upon other conditions, and notably of course upon
geographical distance along the ancient coast line.

We may safely affirm that a widely ditterent arrangement of
the land and water areas formerly obtained in the Southern
Ocean. To the north of Cape Otway there is an elevated region
showing Mesozoic rocks only, which must have been either an
island or a peninsula during the Eocene period, there being at
Birregurra, Inverleigh, Shelford, Geelong, &c., on its northern
margin a valley in which, as previously mentioned, deposits of
the marine Eocenes occur. This valley extends to Port Phillip
Bay and Western Port, where the high lands of the Gippsland
Mesozoics intervene between the Tertiaries just mentioned and
those in the east of the colony. That the Cape Otway ranges
were separated from the mainland during the Tertiary period is
an opinion advanced both by Mr. F. M. Krausé* and Mr. R.
Murray. The latter gentleman further concludes that a strait
formerly connected Port Phillip Bay with Warrnambool and
Portland.+

On the coast line to the west of the Gellibrand River section no
strictly littoral deposit of the Eocene is known either in Victoria
or the Mount Gambier area of South Australia, the outcrops:
showing mostly deeper sea forms. These are invariably of the
younger type, the older beds being apparently entirely absent.
The great thickness of the newer Eocene in this region is well
illustrated by bores lately put down in the strata at Portland,
which failed to pierce them at a depth of 2,265 feet! The
idea was to reach the Mesozoic strata, which were supposed to
underlie the limestone, in the hope of finding a coal seain.
Most probably neither the Mesozoic nor the older Eocene ever
existed in the locality.

* Geol. Surv. of Victoria. Prog. Rep. No. 1, page 101.
+ Geology and Phys. Geography of Victoria, pp. 120-1-2.

144

Allusion has already been made to the presence of restricted
species in many of the sections. A distinction should be made in
this respect between the molluscan beds and those containing
mostly deeper sea forms, as it is from the former that such species
have been principally recorded. The latter consist chiefly of
limestones and polyzoal rocks, and the suddenness with which
these occasionally replace the more littoral deposits has been
frequently remarked upon. The relation of the two sets of strata
is often puzzling, and they have, in fact, been arranged by
separate authors in exactly reversed sequence. At Muddy Creek,
as well as on the Glenelg and Murray Rivers, the shell beds
merge rapidly into polyzoal rock, and their contemporaneous de-
position is thus scarcely open to doubt. Close to Geelong the
evidence is conflicting, since, though both classes of strata alter-
nate, the limestone underlies at Belmont and in the Lower
Moorabool, while higher up the same river, in the Maud section
previously referred to, a thin littoral deposit rests upon one
polyzoal rock, and is said to be overlain by another, with basalt
intervening. At Spring Creek, however, which is 13 miles south
of Geelong, our observations certainly indicate a contemporaneous
origin for the two sets of strata. In this section the restricted
forms are numerous, which fact alone seems to point to its com-
parative isolation during the era of deposition, or, in other words,
to its separation from the neighbouring land by tolerably deep
water, the result being a colony or minor region of molluscan
life, in which specialised forms might be expected to occur.

It must not be forgotten that the great bulk of the Australian
Eocenes consists of “these polyzoal ‘rocks and limestones, with
their deeper sea fauna, and when in the midst of them, species
peculiar to the laminarian or littoral zone suddenly appear, it is
difficult to resist the conclusion that the latter were deposited on
the shores of an island. When older rocks are elevated above the
adjoining Tertiaries, as is the case at Geelong, on the south coast
of Victoria, in the valley of the Glenelg, and elsewhere, we may
safely decide that they represent either islands or peninsulas in
the ancient seas, and the occasional presence of restricted species
among the ordinary ones perhaps demands no further explanation.

In the foregoing observations we have confined ourselves to
broad outlines only. Many matters of detail, which naturally
suggest themselves, cannot be discussed until our knowledge of
the Tertiary areas is greatly increased. The questions raised,
though deeply interesting, are confessedly difficult, and will
perhaps not be finally settled for many years to come. 7

145

APPENDICES.

TABLE OF LowER MAup FossI.Ls.

(Collected by Messrs.

Name of Species. /

GASTROPODA.
Pseudovaricia mirabilis, 7'ate
Natica varians ? 7’ate

polita, Zen. Wds.

Scalaria n. sp. (aff S. echino-
phora
Turritella gemmulata, J'ate

n acricula, J’ate, var.

Thylacodes conohelix, Ten. Wds.

‘* erateriusculus, 7'ate
Tenagodes occlusus, 7'en. Wds..
Rissoa sp. ...
Liotia Roblini, Ten. Was.
Phasianella sp. *
Turbo sp.
Astralium ? sp.
Collonia tzniata,

(new sp.)
Gibbula 2 spp.
Thalotia exigua, 7’. Wds.
Sp.
Giesithenid sp.
Euchelus sp.
Clanculus sp. ; ;
Eumargarita new ‘sp. (aff. E.
strigata)

ce sp.
Solariella sp.
Pleurotomaria ? sp.
Emarginula sp. (aff. E. trans-

Tate, ™m.s.,

enna)
Lad sD.
Chiton sp.
Ringicula sp.

Bulimella eran, 7 Tate m.s.

Utriculus sp. ;
SCAPHOPODA.

Entalis subfissura, J’ate ...

Dennant and Mulder. )

* KX He * x x hao | Muddy Creek. |

| Spring Creek.

Other Occurrences (Veri-
fied by the Authors.)

Mioc. Muddy
Gippsland.

Creek,

Western Beach,
Mioc. Gippsland.
Gellibrand ; Lower Moor-
abool ; Table Cape.
Fyansford.

&e..s

| Also Mioc. Muddy Ck.

Name of Species.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA,
Teredo sp.
Corbula pyxidata, Tate ...

Myodora tenuilirata, Tate

Tellina n. sp. (aff. T. porrecta)...

ce nN. Sp.

Donax Dixoni, Tate

Chione cainozoica, J’en. Was.
«sp, (juv.)

Dosinia Johnstoni, Tate ...

Chama lamellifera, Ven. Wds.
Lucina leucomomorpha, Tate
“¢ projecta ? Tate (juv.)

Mysia Pepieeionnis: ? Tate m.s.

Mylitta sp.

Cardita Maudensis, Pritchard
‘* scabrosa, Tate

Trigonia intersitans, 7'ate ©)
Barbatia crustata? J’ate .

6é sp.
Fossularca n. sp.

Pectunculus cainozoicus, 7’en. Wds.

Limopsis insolita, Sow.

“© Belcheri (Ad. & R.)

McCoy
Cucullza Corioensis, M Coy
Dimya dissimilis, Tate
Lima Bassii, Ten. Wds.

Pecten consobrinus, 7'ate, var. ...

‘¢ Foulcheri, Ten. Wds.
Anomia ? sp.
Ostrea sp.
BRACHIOPODA.

Waldheimia grandis, 7. Wds. ...

Magasella compta, Sow ...
Crania quadrangularis, 7’ate
CRUSTACEA.
Scalpellum sp.
ECHINODERMATA.

Monostychia australis, Laube. ...

Echinus sp.

Scutellina patella, 7’ate ...

Fibularia gregata, Jate ...
“eé “eé var.

146

Muddy Creek.

* * & &

* *

Other Occurrences (Veri-
fied by the Authors.)

Gellibrand; Moorabool

Valley, &c.

Birregurra ; Table Cape ;
Mioc,, Muddy Creek.

Western Beach ; R. Mur-
ray.
Murray desert, Mioc. ?
Mioc., R. Murray.

Birregurra ; Aldinga.

_Gellibrand ; Mornington.
Mioc., Aldinga.

| Glenelg R.; R. Murray ;
Table Cape.

| Waurn Ponds.

_R. Glenelg; R. Murray.

| R. Murray ; Aldinga.

(1) Nomen mut., T. Tatei, Pritchard, non Holub & Neumayr, 1882,

Other Occurrences (Veri-

zee oe Species. fied by the Authors.)

Spring Creek.

ZOANTHARIA. |
Placotrochus elongatus, Dune. ... |
Notocyathus australis, Dune.

ne excisus, Dune.
* |R. Murray; Gellibrand;C.

_ Otway; Rec., Sth. Aust.
- | Gellibrand ; Fyansford.

Sp.
Deltocyathus italicus, Edw. & H.

i‘. -oe ee % : Muddy Creek. =
+

Ceratotrochus typus, Seq.
Conocyathus sp.
Sphenotrochus n. sp. /
Trochocyathus? sp. )
Cycloseris sp. | |
Balanophyllia sp. |
Dendrophyllia? 2 spp. | | |

Graphularia senescens, ate | for * | Cheltenham ; Crawford R.

LF.

Messrs. Hall and Pritchard, in their latest paper, give a list of
Eocene species at Muddy Creek recorded as living, which requires
correction.

According to our records, the Eocene species at Muddy Creek
passing to Recent are:—

1. RHYNCONELLA squaMosa, Hutton. Comparison of actual
specimens has yet to be made.

2. OsrREA Hyovis, Linn. The identification awaits corrobo-
ration.

3. Limopsts BELcHERI, Ad. and A.

4. CREPIDULA UNGUIFORMIS, Lam.

5, CapuLtus DANIELI, Crosse

6. Hipponyx antiquatus, Linn. (H. foliaceus, Y. and G.).

7. DenraLiuM LActEuUM, Deshayes. The fossil has not yet
been compared with the recent shell.

Pectunculus laticostatus, Q. and G., so called, of the Eocenes
of Tasmania and Southern Australia, is, in our judgment, a
distinct species, and should be quoted as P. McCoyzi, Johnston,
though the differential characters relied upon by its author are
based on misconception.

Limopsis awrita, McCoy, is not the European species, fide
Cossmann,

Saxicava arctica, Linn. The prominent and spinulose posterior
angle may indicate a distinct species from the living one, but a
decision thereon must await further material, that already pos-
sessed being inadequate.

148

Nucula tumida, Ten. Wds., is not acknowledged as a recent
species.

Placunanomia Ione, Gray. Messrs. Hall and Pritchard claim
this as an Eocene species on our authority, and quote it as being
so noted on page 20 of Dennant’s ‘‘ Notes on the Muddy Creek
Beds.” They are mistaken. It is there marked Y, which
indicates the upper beds.

ITI.

We desire to acknowledge the scientific candor with which
Messrs. Hall and Pritchard have withdrawn some of their con-
clusions concerning the classification of the Eocenes in deference
to the arguments advanced by us.

These authors, however, take exception to our figures regarding
the number of species at Muddy Creek and Spring Creek respec-
tively which pass up into the Miocene, and give others which, as
they say, differ widely from those quoted. In reference to this
matter we remark (1) that rare forms, or those concerning which
there was likely to be a difference of opinion, were intentionally
omitted ; and (2) that the figures furnished by Messrs. Hall and
Pritchard for Muddy Creek are apparently mainly derived from
the 1888 list, which now needs considerable revision. In this
connection we may also observe that a few minor errors appear in
the distribution assigned to certain Muddy Creek species described
in the Society’s Transactions, which are hereby corrected as
follows :—Zenatiopsis angustata, Strigilla australis, Carditella
polita, Mitra sordida, M. conoidalis have been collected from the
upper beds only; and Chama lamellifera, Hinnites Corioensis,
Hipponyx antiquatus from the lower only. It may also be noted
that Massa Tatei is a derived shell in the Miocene, while, as the
text shows, JV. crassigranosa belongs to the upper deposit, the
junction beds in which it was found, sparingly mixed with Eocene
species, being partly remade ground.

By including the omitted species referred to, our quoted number
of Kocene shells which pass up into the Miocene is thereby in-
creased to 36 for Spring Creek and 46 for Muddy Creek ; and
taking Messrs. Hall and Pritchard’s estimated total of 326
species for the former, and our own of 649 for the latter, the
calculations show that the case was in reality understated by us,
the revised figures giving 10:1 per cent. of Miocene shells present
in the Spring Creek Eocenes, as against 7 per cent. in those of
Muddy Creek. A list of these species will be given subsequently.
It is withheld just now, pending an opportunity for consultation
concerning the distribution of a few Muddy Creek fossils.

In our estimate we have taken account of those Eocene forms
only which pass up to the Miocene, but we freely admit the pro-
priety of extending the inquiry to the Pliocene, viz., to the Dry
Creek and Limestone Creek beds.

‘?

Vol. XX. Plate IT.

Allyvivin

vYv

Blown sand.

3 rifts.

\WWN der Tertiary.

(Sie

\ feceie Oxide _jn_hand

(7%

(y\1o 58)

Grils, rotten. slates and

TILA

oro

INDEX TO SIGNS [RRB Arehaean

149

- NoTE ON AGENUS OF GRYLLIDZ, NEW FOR SOUTH
AUSTRALIA; AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW
SPECIES OF MYRMECOPHILA.

By J. G. O. Tepper, F.LS., ce.

[Read June 2, 1896.]

The Myrmecophilides form a tribe of the family of the Gryllide,
or Crickets, and are divided by M. Saussure into four legions,
with 11 genera and 40 species (Mel. Orth., vol. II., p. 455, &c.),
to which Mons. Brunner adds the genus Lissotrachelus and six
species, of which three are distributed among as many older
genera, thus bringing up the totals to 12 and 46 respectively.
These are distributed over all continents, only two species of one
genus (Calochilus, being recorded from Australia, and one each
of three other genera from New Caledonia, Tahiti, and Fiji
respectively, but none endemic apparently.

The typical genus Myrmecophila comprises four species, viz.,
M. acervorium, L., 8. Europe and N. Africa; Jf. ochraceus, Fisch.
Sicily and Asia Minor; J. dubius, Saussure, Bitang (Malaysia’‘);
and M. Americanus, Saussure, S. America ; but none for Aus-
tralia or its adjoining island regions. The genus is not only
remarkable for the small size of its members, but also for the
peculiar habit of living exclusively with and under the protection
of particular species of ants.

Through the zeal and assiduity of A. Zietz, Esq., F.L.S., and
Assistant-Director of the 8.A. Museum, a pair of these minute
crickets were secured on May 17th last among ants under large
stones on a hillside near Adelaide, and placed under my care,
when, on examination, they turned out to be a new species of the
above interesting genus.

Both specimens were caught alive, although exceedingly nimble
and active ; but the male died soon after capture from injuries
received. The female reached me alive next morning, and I kept
her so for three days by moistening the inside of the “cork stopper
of the small glass tube with a little saliva daily and occasionally
renewing the air by opening the same. The little creature seemed
to like its strange fare and scarcely quitted the cork even while
being turned about during inspection. The following description
was drawn up from the fresh and living specimens :—

MyYRMECOPHILA AUSTRALIS, sp. n.

Male. Pale brownish-ochreous, ovate, flattened above, very
thinly and minutely sericeous, head (except vertex), underside,
and legs mostly whitish. Antenne slightly longer than the body,

150

base subglobose, pale, scape brownish, hirsute. Eyes distinct,
minute, oval, obliquely behind and external of antenne, covered
by the margin of the pronotum, black.

Pronotum subglobose, incrassated foremargin produced behind
as a small acute tooth merging into the median line, ferrugineous,
disk pale, hindmargin fuscous, with narrow pale border. Meso-
notum and metanotum, also abdominal dorsal segments, bordered
darkly behind.

Anterior and intermediary legs short and slender, hind legs
about twice as long as the body, femora, tibiz and tarsi nearly
subequal, in length, pale. Hind femora ovate, about twice as
long than wide, externally very convex, with a small protuberance
before the middle near the upper margin ; inferior margin ciliate,
ridges terminating by distinct teeth; apex truncated, with a
small, circular depressed area (resembling a tympanum),
immediately beneath the insertion of the tibiz, bearing a minute
spinelet on its hindmargin (also present in the female but less
perfectly) ; internal side of femora deeply concave.

Hind tibie slightly shorter than femora, subcompressed, upper
margin concave, lower convex ; lower external spur minute, straight,
upper much larger, distinctly recurved ; internal spurs very long,
slightly decurved; upper margin with one external and two
internal spines, ciliated.

Hind tarsi longer than tibia, very slender; first joint with
three minute oblique spines and a longer terminal spur, second
joint very short, third joint extremely slender and claws most
minute.

Cerci about two-thirds of the length of the body, hirsute base
thick, gradually tapering, apex acute, brownish ferrugineous.
Supra anal lamina transverse, very short, rotundate, smooth.

Female.—Resembling male, but larger and darker. Antenne
more and base less incrassated. Eyes more prominent, less
obtected. Abdomen wider posteriorly, darker above and
beneath. Hind femora shorter and rather less robust. Supra-
anal lamina subtrigonal, transverse ; a fine groove on either side
of the middle when alive. Ovipositor rather stout, nearly half
the length of the body ; subcylindrical, pale, slightly contracted
in the middle; apex forming two parallel acute spines, dark
brown.

Male. Female.
Length of body 2 maim 4 mm.
Width os . 2 re pa ee,
Length of hind legs DAD et
Length of hind femora a 2 -
Width of hind femora roo pe aay
Length of ovipositor - 2

151

Habitat.—Hillsides near Adelaide, South Australia, under
stones with ants.

When alive the insects are extremely active and nimble ; when
at rest the antenne are carried subhorizontally diverging out-
wards in an easy curve ; the femora are placed at an angle of 40—
50° to the body, the tibiz being adpressed to the inner upper
margin and nearly parallel with it (not along the lower as is
usually the case) the tarsus extending backwards in the same
direction as the body. In this position the concavity of the inner
side strongly resembles that of an outer ear, and suggests the
idea of serving as an auditory organ together with the membran-
ous plate at the apex. After death the body shrinks considerably
and also becomes darker in color.

The species resembles the European one considerably, but
differs in various details, such as size, the presence of eyes, the
curved hind tibiz, and having the spurs and spines of different
form, «ce.

152

New AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA,

By Oswatp Lower, F.E.S., de.
[Read June 2, 1896.]

GEOMETRINA.
HyYDRIOMENID.

ASTHENA PORPHYRETICA, nN. sp.

Female, 22 mm. Head, thorax, antennz, and abdomen ochreous
grey. Abdomen with pairs of black spots on base of anterior
segments ; three posterior segments with one large spot on each.
Forewings triangular, hindmargin bowed, oblique ; ochreous grey,
with dull purplish markings ; numerous transverse narrow wavy
lines, the confluence of which form a moderately broad band from
beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of inner-margin ; a
black discal dot before this above middle; lines towards hind-
margin more dense, and forming a suffused band; a hindmarginal
row of black dots at extremities of veins; cilia ochreous grey.
Hindwings with color and markings as in forewings, cilia as in
forewings.

Two specimens in August at Rockhampton, Queensland.
Nearest xylocyma, Meyr.

BOMBYCINA.

LIMACODID.
DORATIPHORA EUCHRYSA, 0. sp.

Female, 34mm. Head, thorax, palpi, legs, and antenne golden
rufous ; thorax more reddish, patagia reddish fuscous, abdomen
reddish fuscous. Forewings moderately dilated, costa nearly
straight, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; bright
brassy yellow; costal edge narrowly fuscous; a fuscous band
starting from base and continued along inner-margin right round
hindmargin to apex ; a narrow, hardly waved line from costa just
before apex to middle of inner-margin ; cilia dark fuscous. Hind-
wings pale ochreous-reddish, with a darker line at base; cilia
pale reddish-ochreous.

A very striking species, not like any other species known to
me. ‘Two specimens, in November, received from Mr. Rowland
Turner, of Mackay, Queensland.

153

LETHOCEPHALA (?) CALLIDESMA, N. sp.

Male, 32 mm. Head, abdomen, and legs reddish fuscous, tinged
with darker fuscous ; abdomen tinged with dark purplish-reddish
on posterior half. Thorax deep purplish-fuscous, tinged with
scarlet posteriorly ; collar scarlet. Antenn reddish, pectinations
at greatest length four, gradually attenuated to apex, but not
ending in a bristle. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated pos-
teriorly, costa almost straight, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely
bowed ; deep reddish-fuscous, anterior half deep purplish-fuscous,
separation well defined by an ochreous-white oblique, hardly
sinuate line, from inner-margin at one-third to more than half
across wing, then obscurely continued to just beneath costa at
tive-sixths ; a dark fuscous, somewhat undulated line from apex
of this streak to below middle of hindmargin; cilia reddish-
fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ; reddish-fuscous,
purplish tinged, becoming lighter towards costa ; cilia as in fore-
wings.

One specimen, Mackay, Queensland, in December. Not unlike
Lethocephala bombycoides, Feld., but is shorter winged.

DoRATIPHORA EUMELA, N. Sp.

Female, 28 mm. Head, palpi, legs, antenne, and abdomen fleshy
white ; legs minutely irrorated with black. Thorax pale reddish-
fuscous, with a short black longitudinal streak behind collar.
Forewings moderately dilated, costa hardly arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin bowed, oblique; pale fleshy-brown, more or less
suffused with whitish, with scattered minute blackish scales ; a
somewhat quadrate shining-fuscous patch extending from base to
near middle, reaching more than half across wing, edged poster-
iorly with a line of white, and containing a round sharply-defined
black spot near base; a large whitish ill-defined somewhat suffused
round patch near apex, partly edged anteriorly by a fine fuscous
line, and containing near its posterior edge a suffused fuscous
mark, on which are placed three dark fuscous-cuneiform spots on
veins, the apices directed inwards. The mark is edged posteriorly
by a line of whitish, indicating extreme edge of round spot; cilia
fleshy-white, with a whitish basal line. Hindwings with hind-
margin rounded ; dull fuscous, tinged with reddish ; cilia as in
forewings.

One specimen from Mackay, Queensland ; sent by Mr. Rowland
Turner.

ARCTIADE.

SORCOSTIA NIPHOSTENA, N. Sp.

Female, 20 mm. Head and thorax white. Legs fuscous
whitish ; palpi three, fuscous, internally white. Antenne and abdo-

154

men fuscous whitish. Forewings elongate triangular; costa
moderately arched; hindmargin obliquely rounded; fuscous,
mixed with darker fuscous; tufts fuscous, basal third of wing
whitish, becoming fuscous tinged above and below middle ; a fine
blackish irregularly dentate line, somewhat curved inwards in-
dicating posterior boundary of basal patch, followed by a very
broad fuscous fascia, anterior edge from before middle of costa
to one-third of inner margin and bounded by the fine black line ;
posterior edge ill-defined and lost in general ground-color, ex-
cepting on lower two-thirds which is rounded by a fine black edged
snow-white line, commencing at two-thirds of inner margin with
two indentations below middle, and continued obliquely to more
than two thirds across wing, thence suddenly angulated and ending
in hindmargin above middle; in the angulation is a very dark
fuscous patch with three teeth, the apices directed towards hind-
margin ; a snow-white streak from above second angulation to
anal angle ; a large black discal dot; cilia fuscous-whitish. Hind-
wings and cilia grey-whitish.

One specimen at Port Victor, South Australia, in November.
Nearest albalis, Walk.

PYRALIDINA.
EPIPASCHIAD.

EPIPASCHIA LITHOCHLORA, N. sp.

Male, 30 mm. Head, thorax, palpi and legs pale-greyish
ochreous, palpi more whitish beneath ; legs dusted with white.
Antenne greyish-fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings
moderate, dilated posteriorly; costa hardly straight arched
towards apex; apex round pointed; hindmargin bowed ;
oblique ; pale-fawn, with three indistinct transverse fasciz of
pale ochreous, causing the color to appear ochreous-grey ; a very
pale ochreous basal patch (being indications of first fascia), outer
edge irregular, from one-third of costa to one-third inner margin
and containing a raised tuft which is tinged with reddish fuscous.
spot on costa at about one-half; a tuft of reddish fuscous.
obliquely confluent with it, from which proceeds a waved pale:
ochreous line to middle of inner margin, indicating second fascia ;
a fuscous-reddish spot on costa at about two-thirds; a pale
ochreous fascia from costa at five-sixths to inner margin at anal
angle, preceded on lower half by a well-defined curved patch of
reddish-fuscous, becoming strongly dentate posteriorly on veins,
and edged by a line of ground-color ; veins somewhat blackish on
this patch; cilia ochreous-grey, with a median line of smali
blackish dots; tips tinged with fuscous. Hindwings fuscous,
becoming dark-fuscous round hindmargin, especially round apex ;
cilia white, chequered with black on basal half.

155
Three specimens bred by Mr. R. Illidge, near Brisbane, Queens-
land, in November.

Srericta (7?) CALLIzona, n. sp.

Female, 388 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
purplish-fuscous ; palpi very long. Legs purplish-fuscous ; anterior
and middle cox fleshy white. Forewings moderately dilated;
costa nearly straight; arched towards apex; apex rounded ;
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; fuscous, slightly purplish tinged ;
a broad white band starting from costa at base and continued
obliquely to below middle of disc, thence suddenly curved to
middle of inner margin ; extremities suffused, edged throughout
beneath with tine blackish line, and broadly above with olive-
green, which color is inclined to be suffused with band ; a small
dark fuscous spot on band near base ; a raised tuft of dark fus-
cous scales on inner margin at about a quarter, and another
larger beneath costa about middle; a fleshy-white cuneiform
mark on costa at four-fifths from anterior edge proceeds a fuscous
line, dentate throughout, more strongly indented beneath costa
and with a strong angulation outward above middle, anteriorly
edged on upper half by a large fleshy-white patch containing a
small spot of ground-color, and posteriorly by a suffused whitish
line, more pronounced on upper half; an apical blackish patch
containing two or three suffused fleshy-white spots; a row of
obscurely whitish spots near parallel to hindmargin ; cilia fleshy
white, extremities blackish on basal half chequered with black
and white. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia as in forewings, but
extremities more reddish.

One specimen from Mackay, Queensland, in December. The
palpi of this are very long and quite a peculiar character. I am
not sure if it is referred to its correct genus.

STERICTA CHIONOPA, N. sp. .

Male, 30 mm. Head white, palpi fuscous. Thorax white with
a broad fuscous longitudinal band, darkest posteriorly. Collar
dark fuscous. Antenne and Jegs dark fuscous, base of antenn
white beneath ; all tibiz and tarsi ringed with white. Abdomen
ochreous, sides and anal tuft fuscous, whitish beneath. Fore-
wings moderate, dilated posteriorly ; costa nearly straight, arched
towards apex, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
snow-white, with dark fuscous markings ; a large broad cuneiform
spot on costa from near base to about a third; a very suffused
irregular line from anterior edge of this spot to inner margin near
base ; an almost imperceptible line from posterior edge of cunei-
form spot and continuous with it to inner margin near middle,
interspace with a slight bluish tinge and sparsely irrorated with
minute fuscous scales ; an elongate mark on costa at about two-

156

thirds, below which is a well-marked discal spot,; a broad irregu-
larly edged transverse band from costa at four-fifths to inner
margin at three-quarters, containing a suffused spot of ground-
color on inner margin; a large roundish hindmarginal patch,
darkest:and well-marked on upper half, and nearly confluent with
preceding band, and enclosing a prominent spot of ground-color
on costa at five-sixths ; lower half of hindmarginal band strongly
suffused with ground-color posteriorly ; the separation of transverse
and hindmarginal bands is accomplished by a fine waved line of
ground-color, which is split up into two spots on apical portion ;
a hindmarginal row of black dots on hindmargin, strongly per-
ceptible on lower half; cilia fleshy-white, basal half chequered
with black. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia grey-whitish with a darker
fuscous line near base.

Two specimens taken at Railway Station electric light, Bris-
bane, Queensland, in December and January. <A very unique
looking insect.

STERICTA (7) STREPTOMELA, 0. sp.

Female, 30 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, abdomen and legs dull
fleshy-pink, densely irrorated with fine white scales. Abdomen
with blackish segmental rings, that on the second segment being
black. Forewings elongate-triangular, posteriorly dilated ;
costa hardly straight, somewhat sinuate on anterior half; hind-
margin obliquely rounded; dull fleshy-pink, densely irrorated
with dull white scales so as to appear fuscous-whitish ; markings
somewhat obscure; a very ill-defined pale-fuscous line curved
outwards from a quarter of costa to about a third of inner mar-
gin, a strongly defined black line from three-quarters of costa to
just before anal angle, strongly dentate outwards and emitting
four teeth in middle, thence with a very strong indentation in-
wards and continued as a thicker streak to before anal angle; a
suffused outwardly oblique mark on costa before middle, extrem-
ity forming an irregular discal dot, and nearly touching apex of
indentation of last mentioned line ; a hindmarginal row of black
dots ; cilia whitish, chequered with fuscous on basal half. Hind-
wings whitish-fuscous, becoming whitish towards base, and broadly
fuscous round hindmargin ; cilia white with a fuscous basal line.
Hindwings beneath shining with iridescent white, with a fuscous
hindmarginal line, becoming attenuated on inner margin.

One specimen from Duaringa, Queensland, in December.

STERICTA LEUCODESMA, n. sp.

Male, 28 mm.; female, 31 mm. Head and legs fuscous mixed
with white ; middle and posterior tarsi ringed with white. Thorax
fleshy-white, lighter posteriorly. Forewings elongate triangular ;
costa straight ; hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, be-

157

coming more or less ochreous on median third; a somewhat
curved moderately thick white line from just beyond one third of
costa to about one third of inner margin, posteriorly edged by its
own width of ground-color ; a white spot (being indication of a
second similar line) on costa at about two-thirds from which pro-
ceeds a fuscous dentate line to inner margin before anal angle,
with three outward angulated teeth in middle; a blackish hind-
marginal line, interrupted on veins by dull whitish points ; cilia
reddish fuscous, chequered with blackish and with a whitish
basal line. Huindwings pale fuscous-grey, more fuscous tinged
round hindmargin ; cilia greyish, with a fuscous median line.

Four specimens near Bulimba, Queensland, also one at electric
light at Railway Station, Brisbane, Queensland, in November,
December, and January.

BOTY DID.

METALLARCHA CROCANTHES, N. sp.

Male, 25mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and antennz bright-yellow.
Palpi fuscous above. Abdomen ochreous-yellow, with blackisk
segmental rings. Anal tuft ochreous-yellow. Legs ochreous
yellow, anterior pair fuscous. Forewings moderate, elongate-
triangular ; costa hardly sinuate, apex tolerably rounded ; hind.
margin obliquely rounded; bright brassy-yellow, with leaden
markings ; a narrow streak along costa from base to near apex,
attenuated at extremities, more so at base; a narrow, erect mark,
reaching more than half across the wing, from inner margin
before one-half; a rather thick outward curved mark from costa
at about one-third to disc beyond middle, confluent at extremity
with a moderately round discal dot; a moderate thick streak
along hindmargin, attenuated at anal angle, and continued for a
short distance along inner margin; cilia bright-yellow, with a
few leaden scales round apex. Hindwings leaden-fuscous ; cilia
as in forewings.

One specimen received from Mr. E. Guest (who has taken
others) at Hoyleton, South Australia, in March.

SCOPARIAD.

SCOPARIA ANTHOMERA, ND. Sp.

Male, 20 mm.; female, 23 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, antenne,
and legs fuscous. Palpi mixed with yellowish ; tarsi ringed with
yellow; posterior legs ochreous-yellow. Abdomen yellowish,
more or less fuscous-tinged; anal tuft yellowish. Forewings
moderate ; costa nearly straight, apex rounded; hindmargin
obliquely rounded, dark-fuscous, markings ochreous-whitish,
irregularly edged with black ; a roundish spot just above middle
of wing at one-fourth; a pair, somewhat confluent, and similar

158

obliquely placed at about three-fifths, and in a line with first
spot ; a moderately suffused spot on inner margin beyond, strongly
edged posteriorly with black; a short suffused spot on costa at
about three-fourths, cut by a black line, which is angulated out-
wardly, and continued suffusedly to inner margin before anal
angle; an indistinct yellowish suffusion along hindmargin,
indistinctly intersected by veins, followed by a dot-like blackish
hindmarginal line; cilia fuscous, with a blackish median line.
Hindwings yellow, with a blackish hindmarginal band, broadest
at apex, and finely attenuated towards anal angle ; cilia fuscous,
darker on basal one-half, and becoming ochreous-grey at and
around anal angle.

One specimen at Norwood, South Australia, and one at Gawler,
South Australia, in September.

SCOPARIA HYPOXANTHA, Nn. sp.

Female, 28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous ;
palpi whitish beneath. Legs ochreous, mixed with fuscous ;
posterior pair yellowish-ochreous. Abdomen greyish-ochreous.
Forewings moderate ; costa gently arched, apex obtuse; hind-
margin obliquely rounded; fuscous, mixed with reddish and
darker-fuscous ; a rather suffused-white line from one-fourth of
costa to beyond one-fourth of inner margin, preceded by a more
or less suffused-whitish patch ; a well-defined, irregular dentate,
white line from about three-fourths of costa to about three-fourths
of inner-margin, with a strong angulation outwards in middle; a
hindmarginal series of obscure, elongate, blackish spots; cilia
fuscous-whitish, basal half dark-fuscous. Hindwings with apex
somewhat prominent ; pale-yellow ; a fuscous hindmarginal band,
broadest at apex; an elongate fuscous discal spot, indistinct ;
cilia yellow, with a fuscous median line.

One specimen at Parkside, South Australia, in December, and
one specimen from Mr. G. Lyell, of Gisborne, Victoria.

CRAMBID A.

TALIS CYCLOSEMA, D. sp.

Male, 24 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax dark ochreous-
fuscous. Thorax with two fine longitudinal silvery lines ; palpi
beneath somewhat whitish. Antennal ciliations 2. Legs dark-
fuscous ; posterior pair dusted sparsely with white. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, elongate; costa gently
arched ; apex rounded; hindmargin obliquely rounded; dark
ochreous-fuscous ; a straight, silvery-white, longitudinal streak
in middle of wing from base to middle of hindmargin, sinuate
upwards at about three-fourths, and containing a well-marked
black spot in sinuation ; the streak is edged above throughout

159

with a blackish line, more perceptible posteriorly ; a somewhat
curved silvery-white streak, cutting through longitudinal streak,
from apex to anal angle, attenuated towards anal angle; a fine
waved, black, hindmarginal line, edged anteriorly with silvery-
white ; cilia ochreous-fuscous, mixed with whitish, more persistent
around apex. Hindwings grey, tinged with fuscous towards apex ;
cilia grey-whitish, with a fuscous-dividing line, leaving a narrow
strip of whitish at base.

Two specimens received from Mr. E. Guest, Hoyleton, South
Australia. One specimen from Trafalgar, Victoria; taken in
March. Nearest acontophora, Meyr., but apart from its smaller
size, it may be best distinguished from that species by the darker
ground-color, the antennal ciliations, and apical streak. At first
sight not unlike «ylophaa, Meyr.

PHYCIDID#.

EUZOPHERA (?) PYRRHOPTERA, N. Sp.

Male, 25mm. Head, antenne, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous-
purple, somewhat mixed with whitish, palpi whitish internally ;
antenne swollen towards base. Ciliations about 4. Legs
fuscous-purple, mixed with whitish, and with a tuft of whitish
hairs on apex of joints ; posterior pair reddish, all tarsi ringed
with white. Abdomen coppery-reddish. Forewings moderate,
costa strongly arched towards base, thence nearly straight ; apex
obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded, costa beneath with a fold
or fringe of dark fuscous hairs edged with whitish, somewhat
elliptical in shape, and extending from base to one-third ; dark
fuscous-purple, very finely irrorated with whitish ; a moderately
broad outwardly oblique whitish transverse fascia from about
one-fourth of costa to one-third inner-margin, posterior edge
bounded by a patch of very dark ground-color, which causes the
fascia to appear prominent; an outwardly-curved pale flesh-
colored line, containing a disconnected row of dark fuscous dots
in centre, from beneath costa at about three-fourths to just before
four-fifths of inner-margin; a very fine dark fuscous hindmarginal
line, somewhat dot-like; cilia fuscous purple, tips whitish ; a
fuscous basal line separated by a line of whitish. Hindwings
pale fleshy-pink, with a darker hindmarginal line; cilia fleshy-
pink, with ochreous basal and fuscous subbasal line. Wings
beneath fleshy-pink, excepting basal half of forewings above
middle, which is fuscous purple.

One specimen at Brisbane, Queensland, in August. A very
beautiful species. The curious fringe-like appendage is very
noticeable, as is also the tufted tibiz. Recalls a large Ephestia
in general appearance.

160

EUZOPHERA (!) THERMOCHROA, Ni. Sp.

Female, 20 mm. Head ochreous yellow. Antenne, palpi,
thorax, legs, and abdomen dark fuscous; palpi and anterior
portion of thorax coppery-fuscous, tarsi finely annulated with
white. Forewings moderate, dilated posteriorly ; costa gently
arched, apex round pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded,
bluish white, an irregular dentate double black line, internal line
darkest, from costa at one-third to inner-margin at half, contain-
ing a line of ground-color ; an irregular line of blackish from
three-fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner-margin, with two
sharp angulations, one above middle and one beneath costa, edged
posteriorly throughout with a line of its own width of bluish-
white ; an elongate black discal dot in middle of wing; area
beyond posterior line somewhat reddish-tinged ; a hindmarginal
row of black dots; cilia fuscous, with a blackish line at base.
Hindwings bright orange, apex infuscated ; cilia yellow, on apex
and upper-half of hindmargin blackish.

Distinct by the hind-wings. One specimen at Rose Bay,
Sydney, N.S. Wales, in November, and one at Sandringhani,
Victoria.

TORTRICINA.

TORTRICIDA.

ANISOGONA PLACOXANTHA, Ni. Sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous; palpi
beneath ochreous-tinged. Legs and antenne fuscous, posterior
tibiz ringed with whitish-ochreous, basal joint of antenne ochreous.
Abdomen fuscous, whitish beneath. Forewings moderately
broad, costa gently arched towards base, apex nearly rectangular ;
hindmargin somewhat sinuate beneath apex ; ochreous, brownish
tinged, with deep chocolate markings ; basal patch much lighter ;
outer edge of basal patch from one-fifth costa to one-fourth inner
margin ; central fascia broad, well-defined, anterior edge nearly
straight from one-third of costa to before middle of inner margin ;
posterior edge from just beyond one-third of costa to just before
anal angle ; strongly contracted on costa and curved outwards on
lower five-sixth ; a well-defined elongate triangular patch on costa
at four-fifths, lower extremity almost touching posterior edge of
central fascia and enclosing a triangular spot of clear yellow on
costa ; a short cuneiform mark obliquely placed on hindmargin
above anal angle, obsolete in some specimens ; cilia light-ochreous
fuscous. Hindwings grey, broadly suffused with fuscous or light-
fuscous hindmargin ; cilia greyish, fuscous at base.

This distinct and handsome species is not unlike a Dichelia in
general appearance. The male specimen, although abraded, appears
to have the tufted abdominal anal valves and short palpi, conse-

161

quently I refer it to Anzsogona. According to description it differs
from similana by the absence of the fuscous spots on costa at one-
third and two-thirds and color of hindwings. The triangular
yellow spot on costa is very conspicuous and enhances the beauty
of the species. One specimen from Stawell, Victoria, and one
from Gippsland, Victoria, taken in December and received from
Mr. G. Lyell, jun., of Gisborne.

DICHELIA (?) AMZBGA, N. sp.

™ Female, 15 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, antenne, and abdomen
dark fuscous; palpi lighter internally. Abdomen whitish
beneath. Legs whitish, externally somewhat infuscated. _Fore-
wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated posteriorly ; costa
gently arched, apex obtuse; hindmargin almost straight, hardly
sinuate in middle; dull purplish-fuscous, strigulated with darker
fuscous ; ground color, becoming lighter towards hindmargin; a
sharply defined pale flesh colored triangular blotch, extending on
costa from middle to near apex and reaching nearly half across
the wing ; edged by a thick black shade almost its own width ;
on the lower extremity of patch is a fine irregular line of
ochreous-white ; several short oblique blackish lines on costal
portion of patch ; three or four short blackish marks above anal
angle, an indistinct blackish mark on upper part of hindmargin ;
cilia grey, tips fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin very
slightly sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous ; cilia grey, with a
dark fuscous median line.

This species, which is remarkably distinct, hardly seems refer-
able to this genus. So far as can be made out, without dissec-
tion, both veins seven and eight appear to run to the costa, a
character hitherto only known to occur in Dictonewra, Meyr.
There is, however, no sign of any crest on the thorax, which at
once removes it from that genus. The neuration of the hindwings
is similar to Dichelia, consequently I refer it, until I obtain more
material, to that genus, but not without some hesitation. I took
one beautiful specimen at Brisbane (‘ Kedron Brook”), Queens-
land, in December, beaten from an aquatic plant.

Torrrix (?) PYRRHOPA, N. Sp.

Female, 16. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous ; abdomen
whitish beneath. Antennz and legs ochreous fuscous. Forewings
moderate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin sinuate in middle; dull reddish fuscous,
irregularly strigulated with darker fuscous and blackish; a
suffused darker fuscous quadrate patch on inner-margin from
base to before middle, reaching more than half across wing ;
extreme costal edge ochreous-white ; cilia reddish-fuscous. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded, somewhat sinuate in middle ;

162

bright orange ; a very broad fuscous suffusion, occupying three-
fourths of wing, suffusedly continued along hindmargin to base ;
cilia orange (impertect).

One specimen from dense scrub in December, at Mackay,
Queensland. This is another doubtful species. It partakes of all
the characters of Dipterina, excepting the palpi, the terminal
joint of which is exposed, which I consider sufficient to remove
it from that genus. It does not agree with the genus Tortriz,
through the stalking of veins six and seven of the hindwings.
The specimen being a female, it admits of no definite decision in
regard to the antennal characters. In general appearance it is
not unlike Scolioplecta comptana, Walk.

ATYCHIADZ:.
ATYCHIA ANTHOMERA, 0. Sp.

Male, 12 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen fuscous.
Thorax beneath ochreous-whitish. Antenne black at kase,
beneath ochreous-white. Abdomen with faint whitish segmental
rings; ana] tuft fuscous, mixed with yellow. ~Forewings
moderate, short ; costa almost straight; apex rounded. Hind-
margin obliquely rounded, dark-fuscous; a faint somewhat
hyaline yellowish spot in disc at two-thirds, hardly perceptible in
some specimens; cilia yellowish with a median line of dark
fuscous somewhat dotted with yellow. Hindwings yellow, with
a broad blackish hindmarginal band, occupying nearly half of
wing, broadest at apex ; cilia as in forewings. The whole of the ©
discal area of forewings is suffused with light-yellow on the under-
side.

Nearest /ewcopis, Meyr., but widely different by the yellow
hindwings. Three specimens at Rockhampton, Queensland, in
April.

ATYCHIA DESMOTOMA, 0. sp.

Male, 25mm, Head, antenne, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs
dark-fuscous. Palpi ochreous-white beneath. Abdomen with
faintly indicated whitish segmental rings. Forewings moderate ;
costa nearly straight; apex rounded; hindmargin obliquely
rounded ; dark glossy-fuscous, with a faintly indicated yellow spot
in dise at two-thirds ; a hardly perceptible whitish suffusion im-
mediately beyond, seemingly continued as a transverse fascia to
inner margin; cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings dark-fuscous; a
roundish yellow spot just below costa at about middle ; two more
of same color somewhat suffused and confluent, running from
near beyond first to middle of inner margin, the three forming a
band, cut by ground-color between first and second ; cilia light-
yellow. The whole of the markings are more prominent on the

163

underside, and the hindwings have an additional yellow spot on
costa near apex.

Two specimens from Melbourne and Cheltenham, Victoria, in
December. It is not unlike a larger form of the previous species,
but this is hardly probable, as the differences are well marked,
and the balance seems in favor of giving it a distinctive name.

XYLORYCTIDA.

XYLORYCTA CANDESCENS, N. sp.

Female, 26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax shining snow-white,
second joint of palpi internally fuscous. Thorax with an irregular
fuscous quadrate blotch in middle. Antenne whitish. Legs
whitish, anterior tibie and tarsi fuscous. Abdomen whitish,
segmental margins ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate,
hardly dilated, costa nearly straight, apex somewhat pointed ;
hindmargin oblique ; shining snow-white; extreme costal edge
ochreous, becoming indistinct at and around apex, fuscous at
base; a broad light fuscous longitudinal streak along inner
margin, from near base to anal angle, and continued right
through cilia, somewhat attenuated anteriorly ; cilia shining
snow-white, except at anal angle, which is fuscous through con-
tinuation of longitudinal streak. Hindwings pale-grey ; cilia
shining snow-white.

Brisbane, Queensland. One specimen in December. Remark-
ably distinct, the continuance of the fuscous longitudinal streak
through the cilia is a curious and noticeable character.

TELECRATES DESMOCHRYSA, N. Sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head, legs, and palpi orange-yellow ; terminal
joint of palpi as long as second, fuscous, second joint infuscated
exteriorly. Legs banded with black. Abdomen and antenne
black ; abdominal segments orange on margins, anal tuft orange.
Forewings rather short, hardly dilated; costa arched at base,
thence tolerably straight, apex rounded ; hindmargin oblique ;
black, with ochreous markings; a narrow oblique fascia from
costa at base to about one-eighth inner margin ; an oblique fascia
from beneath costa at one-fourth to below middle of disc at
about one-fourth ; upper portion somewhat irregular and broken ;
a similar fascia in middle of wing, not reaching either margin,
with a semi-circular excavation on lower portion of anterior
edge ; an irregular spot on costa at about five-sixths ; a dentate
line immediately beneath this, somewhat curved, not reaching
but approaching anal angle; cilia blackish, with a tooth of yellow
at apex. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous; veins 6 and 7 from a
point; a well marked wedge-shaped orange spot along base,

164

but not reaching inner margin, apex uppermost ; cilia blackish,
becoming orange at apex and anal angle ; costa of both forewings
and hindwings orange.

Nearest letiorella Walk., but widely distinct. One specimen
from Banksia (? serrata) at Port Victor, South Australia, in
November.

CRYPSICHARIS PUDICA, Nn. sp.

Male, 20 mm.; Female, 22 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, antenne,
legs and abdomen creamy-white ; second joint of palpi externally
fuscous ; antennal ciliations of male 3; anterior and middle legs
more or less infuscated. Forewings moderate; costa gently
arched, apex obtuse ; hindmargin obliquely rounded ; vein 7 to
hindmargin, creamy-white, extreme costal edge fuscous towards
base (faintly perceptible), a small black dot in middle of wing at
one-third ; a second obliquely beyond on fold, and a third above
second ; a series of fuscous dots from beneath costa at two-thirds ;
curved round hindmargin to inner margin before anal angle ;
cilia white. Hindwings and cilia white ; veins 6 and 7 stalked.
Not unlike a faded specimen of some species of Hoplitica
(@cophoride ), especially sobriella, Walk.

Four specimens beaten from Hugenia at “Kedron Book,” Bris-
bane, Queensland, in January. The species under notice may
ultimately require a new genus to receive it, as the neuration of
the hindwings is not in perfect accord with Crypsicharis, but as
intermediate forms may be discovered in the future I consider it
advisable to refrain from forming a new genus at present.

CH\cOPHORIDA.

E0CHROIS SARCOSMA, N. Sp.

Female, 28mm. Head, palpi, and thorax, fleshy white, hairs of
seeond joint of palpi somewhat loose at apex, basal half fuscous
beneath. Antenne pale reddish, hairs of pecten reddish. Legs
and abdomen pale flesh-color, anterior and middle legs infuscated.
Forewings moderate, slightly dilated posteriorly ; costa almost
straight, arched at base, apex rounded hindmargin obliquely rounded;
pale fleshy-pink ; extreme costal edge pale carmine ; a moderately
broad longitudinal whitish streak immediately beneath costa,
from base to about two-thirds, somewhat suffused and shading into
ground-color on lower half; a small blackish spot on fold beneath
‘middle at one third ; a larger one obliquely above it, and a double
one in middle at two-thirds, all more or less mixed or edged with
reddish ; cilia salmon-pink, inclining to yellowish. Hindwings
pale ochreous, apical half somewhat purplish-fuscous ; cilia pale
salmon-pink, becoming yellowish at base and with a faint fuscous
basal line.

One fine specimen taken by Mr. Horace Lower, at Cock-

eee
?

165

burn, 8. Australia, in April (at light). I have another speci-
men, which may be the male of this species, but it is not in
a fit condition to describe, therefore the point cannot be deter-
mined with certainty. The only difference, so far as can be made
out, is the smaller size and deeper color of forewings. This speci-
men was taken by myself at Broken Hill, N.S. Wales, in. May.

EULECHRIA TETRATHERMA, Nn. Sp.

Male, 25 mm. Head, antenne, abdomen, and legs blackish-
fuscous, posterior and middle tibiz and tarsi ringed with orange.
Abdomen beneath orange-yellow. Thorax yellow, anterior half
blackish-fuscous ; palpi orange, terminal joint and extreme apex
of second blackish-fuscous. Forewings moderate, rather narrow ;
costaslightly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded;
blackish, with bright orange markings; a small basal spot ; a
tolerably broad fascia, from immediately beneath costa at about
one fifth to above inner margin at one quarter ; a second similar
and nearly straight, from middle of costa to middle of inner mar-
gin ; an elongate triangular spot from costa at five-sixths, reach-
ing more than half across wing, indented below middle on
posterior portion; cilia blackish-fuscous. | Hindwings ovate-
lanceolate; bright orange; hindmargin narrowly and apex
broadly suffused with blackish ; cilia as in forewings.

A beautiful and distinct species in the neighborhood of xantho-
stephana, Meyr., but immediately known from that or any other
allied species by the hindwings. One specimen taken at Brighton,
Victoria, in December.

EULECHRIA DELTACOSTAMELA, Nl. Sp.

Male, 22 mm. ; female, 24mm. Head and palpi dull yellowish ;
second joint of palpi fuscous beneath, except apex. Thorax
ochreous fuscous, darkest anteriorly. Abdomen ochreous. Legs
and antenne dark fuscous, antennal ciliations one and a half.
Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous, tinged with fuscous ; a
dark fuscous, irregularly oblique fascia, anterior edge well defined,
from costa at base to inner-margin at about one-sixth, posterior
edge very suffused, from about one-sixth of costa to one-third of
inner-margin, with a more or less well defined projection on
middle ; space between anterior edge of fascia and base ochreous-
white, sharply defined; a small indistinct fuscous spot above
middle of disc at one-third ; a sharply defined blackish elongate,
hardly triangular, spot on costa at about three fifths ; an indis-
tinct spot below posterior edge of this, being an indication of a
zigzag line from costa; a small fuscous mark beneath costa at
five-sixths; a hindmarginal row of small fuscous dots; cilia

166

ochreous-grey, mixed with fuscous. Hindwings grey or fuscous-
grey ; cilia greyish-fuscous.

Four specimens taken at Duaringa, Queensland, in June. Not
near any other species of the genus known to me, but reminds:
one of some species of Phlgopola. The whitish basal patch and
its separation by the anterior line of dark-fuscous fascia is a very
good distinguishing point.

EULECHRIA THERMISTIS, n. sp.

Male, 25mm. Head, palpi, antenne, legs, and abdomen
blackish-fuscous. J.egs mixed with white, hairs of posterior pair
yellowish. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, finely and
irregularly irrorated with leaden-whitish scales, extreme costal
edge slightly yellowish in middle, two thick black transverse
parallel lines from one-third of costa to abont one-third of inner-
margin, confluent on inner-margin; a small indistinct blackish
spot in disc below middle at two-thirds ; a thick black transverse
band from four-fifths of costa to anal angle, narrow on costa,
containing a whitish dot in middle; veins between this band and
hindmargin neatly outlined with black ; cilia blackish. Hind-
wings orange ; a moderately broad, blackish hindmarginal band,
broadest at apex ; cilia blackish.

One specimen bred from Blue Gum by Mr. G. Lyell, jun., of
Gisborne, Victoria, in October. It is closely allied to philotherma,
Meyr., but is immediately distinguished by the color of the head,
the costal edge, and differently arranged markings of forewings.

PHILOBATA GONOSTROPHA, N. Sp.

Male, 23 mm. Head, thorax, antennz, palpi, and legs ashy
grey-whitish, lower two-thirds of second joint of palpi whitish
externally, posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Abdomen light
fuscous, segmental margins and anal tuft grey-whitish. Fore-
wings elongate, moderate; costa gently arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded; ashy-grey-whitish, mixed with white along
inner margin towards base and above middle of disc towards
hindmargin ; a short black longitudinal mark on fold about
middle, a shorter similar mark above this, a moderate black line
starting from between the two elongate marks, continued beyond
them, thence with a strong curve round to beneath costa at about
three-quarters, then continued obliquely to costa before apex ; a
curved row of elongate black spots before hindmargin, becoming
lost in ground-color towards apex ; cilia ashy-grey-whitish. _Hind-
wings dark fuscous-grey ; cilia fuscous-grey, with a darker basal
line. |

One specimen at Broken Hill, N.8S.W., in May. Not unlike
some species of Hulechria, especially xylopterella, Walk.

167
GLYPHIPTERYGID.

SIMZTHIS CHIONODESMA, Ni. Sp.

Female, 12 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne dark-fuscous.
Antenne annulated with whitish-ochreous. Thorax beneath
ochreous. Palpi ochreous ; anterior legs ochreous, banded with
blackish. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings short, triangularly
dilated ; costa arched, more strongly towards apex ; apex round-
pointed ; hindmargin obliquely rounded, hardly sinuate beneath
apex ; deep purple-fuscous ; a straight, broad, whitish, transverse
band, from one-third costa to one-third inner-margin, containing
a yellow streak throughout, posteriorly slightly fuscous-edged ;
anterior edge of band straight, posterior edge somewhat denticu-
late, and with a sharply-marked indentation above middle ; cilia
fuscous, with two broad yellow teeth, one below apex, the other
just below middle. Hindwings moderately broad ; ochreous-
fuscous ; two elongate cuneiform orange marks, attenuated at
base ; one in middle of wing, the other very near inner margin,
more or less confluent at base ; two large suffused orange blotches,
placed one at end of each spot, and almost touching hindmargin ;
cilia as in forewings.

One specimen taken in Botanic Peabhs. Brisbane, Queensland,
in January. The specimen before me not being in the best of
condition, this description may require extension ; for instance,
there appears to be a short whitish mark on inner margin near,
but I am inclined to think this is caused by the denudation of
scales, yet it seems a natural marking ; there also appears to be
a blackish dot in the transverse band, but the setting-needing
has pierced the mark, and obliterated all but a trace of black.

SIMZTHIS OPHIOSEMA, Nn. Sp.

Female, 14 mm. Head, thorax, antennz, and abdomen dark-
fuscous. Thorax with a narrow, pale-yellow anterior band,
posteriorly edged with a band of fuscous. Antenne annulated
with white. Abdomen with a median orange blotch. Legs and
palpi ochreous-yellow ; palpi tinged with blackish ; anterior tarsi
ringed with blackish. Forewings triangularly dilated ; costa
arched ; hindmargin irregularly rounded, hardly sinuate beneath
apex; dark-fuscous, with fuscous irregular markings; a dull-
whitish basal patch ; a similarly colored, slightly curved, trans-
verse band, edges denticulate, separated from basal patch by a
narrow, wavy, dull, orange-ochreous band, sharply edged on either
side by a fine black line; another very irregular, dull-whitish
band, running from before apex to anal angle, abruptly curved
inwards, and containing two or three sharp teeth on lower half
anteriorly ; anterior to these teeth the ground color is darker,
causing the markings to become more distinct on the upper half ;

168

a fine, black-edged band of dull orange, from about two-thirds
costa, and appearing to join the three teeth at extremity; a
suffused, triangular patch of ground color on costa midway
between bands ; an irregular line of orange along hindmargin ; a
double black hindmarginal line, containing a streak of dull-
orange throughout ; cilia fuscous, with two whitish spots above
and below middle. Hindwings orange; costa blackish, with a
somewhat elongate cuneiform mark attenuated to base ; a broad,
blackish, hindmarginal band from apex to anal angle, and con-
taining a streak of ground color, emitted from about half of band
to base, and a similar one along inner margin to base ; extremities
confluent, and containing a streak of ground color; cilia dull
ochreous-orange, dark-fuscous around anal angle ; a dark-fuscous,
sharply-defined basal line.

A difficult and somewhat complicated insect to clearly describe.
The description of sycopola, Meyr., is in many respects similar to
this species, but the thorax and hindwings are good distinguishing
points. Two specimens taken at Rockhampton, Queensland, in |
February.

GELECHIADZ.

GELECHIA ANTHOCHRA, Ni. Sp.

Male, 16mm. Head, thorax, and palpi, pale ochreous-whitish,
apex of second joint and a central ring of terminal joint blackish.
Legs dark fuscous, with ochreous-whitish tarsal rings; posterior
legs and abdomen ochreous-white. Antenne fuscous-whitish.
Forewings moderate, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous-white, with dark fuscous
markings ; a short oblique mark on costa near base; a spot just
beneath costa at one-fourth ; a second larger, obliquely beneath
and before it ; a third smaller, obliquely beneath and beyond the
first ; a fourth very small, immediately above the third; and a
fifth similar to fourth, and in a line with it, beyond middle; a
suffused spot on costa at three-fourths, emitting a row of very
suffused spots round apex to hindmargin above anal angle ; hind-
marginal and apical area more or less irregularly suffused with
fuscous ; cilia ochreous-grey, basal half pale fuscous. Hindwings
greyish-fuscous ; cilia greyish-ochreous.

Three specimens from Rockhampton, Queensland, in September.

GELECHIA XANTHASTIS, nN. Sp.

Male, 10 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi bright yellow , thorax
anteriorly narrowly fuscous-purple, patagie fuscous-purple,
terminal joint of palpi fuscous. Antenng fuscous, imperfectly
annulated with yellow. Legs fuscous, anterior and middle tibize
and tarsi with yellowish rings, posterior legs and abdomen
ochreous-yellowish, somewhat infuscated. |Forewings moderate,
costa nearly straight, apex round pointed ; hindmargin obliquely

—

169

rounded ; bright yellow, with dark fuscous-purple markings ; a
broad straight fascia close to base, edges concave; a broader
straight-edged transverse fascia from three-fourths to just before
anal angle; a moderate hindmarginal band not quite reaching
anal angle, but nearly touching second fascia at lower extremity ;
cilia fuscous-purple. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous,
with a tooth of pale yellow on costa.

Three specimens taken at electric light, at Rockhampton,
Queensland, in December.

GELECHIA DELTODES, Nn. sp.

Female, 20mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-white. Head
smooth, antennz fuscous, basal fourth ochreous ; legs dark-fuscous
ringed with ochreous white. Abdomen dark-fuscous, anal tuft
ochreous. Forewings moderate; costa nearly straight ; hind-
margin oblique ; dark bronzy-fuscous, with ochreous markings ;
a small roundish basal spot ; a large irregular quadrate spot on
inner margin at anal angle, becoming more yellowish posteriorly,
and irregularly edged anteriorly by a blackish line, from which
are emitted two obscure blackish lines on veins, going towards,
but not reaching base of wing; about five small spots on costa
irregularly edged with black, from posterior one proceeds a curved
row of minute spots round hindmargin to anal angle; three or
four small irregular spots in disc ; cilia greyish-fuscous, basal half
blackish. Hindwings and cilia greyish.

A distinct and easily recognised species, the quadrate patch
giving it a very distinct appearance. One specimen taken at
Gisborne, Victoria, in October, by Mr. G. Lyell, jun.

GELECHIA H@MASPILA, Lower.
GELECHIA NANA, Lower.

Recent captures of the above species at Broken Hill, N.S.W.,
during August and September have convinced me that they are
identical, the variations, however, are exceedingly great. From
a series of 16 specimens no less than eight varieties were obtained,
three of which at least would, in the absence of a series, lend
themselves to be considered distinct species. I am satisfied,
however, that they are one and the same.

Var. A.—All markings obsolete excepting the “irregular cor-
date spot ” at one third, which is, however, almost black instead
of being reddish.

Var. B.—All marking as type, but forewings with two fine
sharply defined black streaks, one from base to the “ irregular
cordate spot,” and another from upper edge of spot to middle of
hindmargin with a blackish tooth in middle.

Var. c.—All spots on costa connected with black lines along
veins, all other veins outlined with black, giving the appearan
of alternate lines of ground-color and black.

170

One noticeable character throughout the whole of the varieties
is the persistence of the fiery reddish spot on inner margin near
base. I purpose retaining the specific name hemaspila for the
species as being more appropriate in definition.

CROCANTHES EPITHERMA, 2. Sp.

Male, 10 mm.; Female, 12 mm. Head, thorax, antenne,
palpi and legs ochreous-white ; antennz slightly longer than fore-
wing ; terminal joint of palpi internally tinged with fuscous on
apical half; abdomen yellow. Forewings moderate elongate ;
dilated posteriorly ; costa gently arched ; apex somewhat pointed ;
hindmargin oblique, slightly sinuate beneath apex; _ bright
orange-yellow ; a thick fuscuus, streak along basal half of costa ;
a faint elongate fuscous spot on costa just beyond this, from
which proceeds a faint curved line to about middle of hindmargin,
but hardly reaching it; a few faint fuscous scales along inner
margin towards base ; a strongly marked fine black hindmarginal
line, hardly reaching margins ; cilia blackish-fuscous, becoming
yellow round anal angle, tips darker. Hindwings with apex
somewhat prominent, pale yellow; a very faintly indicated
angulated line from middle of costa approaching inner margin,
but not reaching it ; hindmarginal line as in forewings ; cilia pale
yellow, becoming fuscous at apex.

Eleven specimens in dense scrub at Mackay, Queensland, in
December.

CROCANTHES ACROXANTHA, 0. Sp.

Male and Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne ; legs and
thorax ochreous-white. Antenne longer than forewings ;
posterior tibiz and tarsi ringed with blackish. Abdomen yellow.
Forewings moderate elongate, rather narrow ; costa gently
arched, more strongly towards apex; apex somewhat pointed ;
hindmargin obliquely rounded, sinuate somewhat beneath apex ;
yellow, finely irrorated throughout with fuscous ; a narrow fuscous
streak along costa from base to middle; a narrow fuscous
elongate mark on costa at three-fourths, from anterior extremity
of which proceeds a fuscous streak to two-thirds of inner margin
with a slight curve at extremity ; an irregular fuscous hind-
marginal line, not reaching extremities; cilia fuscous with a
sharply defined yellow basal line. Hindwings with apex some-
what prominent, fuscous; cilia as in forewings, but lighter
throughout. |

Allied to the preceding species, but apart from the narrower
forewings it is immediately separated by the fuscous hindwings.
oth this and the preceding species are allied to prasinopis,
Meyr., Mackay and Rockhampton, Queensland. Seven specimens
in November amongst dense scrub.

171

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON GENYORNIS NEWTONI;
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF FOSSIL
STRUTHIOUS BIRD FOUND AT LAKE CALLA-
BONNA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

By E. C. Stiruine, M.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Director, *
AND
A. H. C. Zrerz, F.L.S., Assistant Director, South Australian
Museum.

[Read August 4, 1896.]

Some account of the discovery of fossil remains at Lake
Callabonna, by one of us, appeared in “ Nature,” 1894, Vol. L.,
pp. 184 and 206. Since then various circumstances which were
alluded to at the time, besides considerabie difficulties in connection
with the restoration and treatment of the bones have retarded the
development of the discovery and the publication of the results ;
nevertheless, though the work of dealing with a large mass of
material is still far from complete, we find ourselves, at last, in a
position to offer to this Society some preliminary notes upon the
subject in respect of the remains of the large struthious bird
which were found in association with bones of Diprotodon and
other extinct marsupials.

As, in the course of this paper, reference will have frequently
to be made to previous discoveries, in Australia, of bones of the
same group of birds it will be convenient to commence our
observations by a brief epitome of these.

That work has been materially facilitated by a paper by Mr.
Robt. Etheridge, junr., who, in a paper in the “ Records of the
Geological Society of New South Wales,” + succinctiy reviews the
history of the various discoveries of struthious birds in Australia.
From this paper we have freely borrowed, and we accordingly
express our thanks and acknowledgment.

* Justice requires an acknowledgment on my part that,to Mr. Zietz
belongs the credit not only of having conducted the exhumations at Lake
Callabonna, under arduous circumstances, but also of having most success-
fully carried out the tedious work of the restoration of bones which
presented peculiar difficulties in treatment. I must be the first to admit
that collaboration on my part has only been made possible by the patient
and laborious exercise of Mr. Zietz’s skill in this direction.—[E. C. S.]

+ On Further Evidence of a Large Extinct Struthious Bird (Dromornis,
Owen) from the Post-Tertiary Deposits of Queensland. R. Etheridge, jun.,
Vol. I., p. 126.

172

The first evidence of the former existence of these birds in
Australia appears to have been in 1836, when “Sir Thomas
Mitchell, F.G.S., Surveyor-General of Australia, discovered in
the breccia-cave of Wellington Valley a femur,” (13 inches in
length), “wanting the lower end, having the lower ends muti-
lated, and encrusted with the red stalagmite of the cave, which
I determined to belong to a large bird, probably, from its size,
struthious or brevipennate, but not presenting characters which,
at that time, justified me in suggesting closer aftinities.”* This
femur is figured in Mitchell’s work.+

In 1865 or 1866 (the alternative dates are given because both
appear in two different notices by the author), at Penola, South
Australia, the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods came into possession of
“two tibias and two tarso-metatarsal bones of some extinct and
very large bird.”

There is a further discrepancy in Mr. Woods’ notices of the
discovery in respect of the position in which the bones were
found, for, in one place, he states that they were found “in
sinking a well,”|| and, in another, that they were found “near
a native well.”§

In a subsequent reference {|Mr. Woods provisionally proposed
the name of Dromaius australis for this bird.

An important part of Mr. Woods’s statements concerning it is
the expression of his belief in its contemporaneity with man. He
says in the first-mentioned notice that ‘It is certainly quite extinct,
but appears to have been contemporaneous with the natives, for
these bones are marked with old scars, one of which must certainly
have been inflicted by a sharper instrument than any in the
possession of the natives at present ; there were, however, frag-
ments of flint buried with the bones, and a native well about 50
yards away.”

We have not been able to examine these bones, nor even do we
know what has become of them. Perhaps they are among those
fossils which, we understand, lie hidden in obscurity in the
Penola Institute, and we propose to investigate the question. It,
however, the statement of Mr. Woods concerning the contempo-
raneity of the bones with man can be substantiated it is one of

* On Dinornis, Trans. Zool. Soc., Owen vol. VIII., p. 381; also Extinct
wingless birds of New Zealand ( Dromornis australis). Appendix, p. 1.

| Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia, 1838, vol. IL.,
pl. 32, figs. 12 and 13 ; 1839 ed. pl. 51.

+ Report on the Geology and Mineralogy of the South-Eastern District of
‘ota? ae by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, p. 7.

UA,

§ Nat. History of New South Wales—An Essay, p. 27 (quoted from
Ktheridge, op. cit).

*’ Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, VII., p. 387.

173

the greatest importance as affording, so far as we know, the only
direct evidence of the coexistence of man in Australia with the
extinct fauna.

Mr. Woods’ description of the bones is not very clear, but a
certain interpretation of it lends support to the view that the
bones in question were those of the bird for which we shall
propose the generic name Genyornis.

In 1869, the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, Government Geologist
of New South Wales, announced, both to the Sydney Morning
Herald (May 19) and to the Geological Magazine (Vol. VI.,
p. 383), the diszovery of a femur (nearly twelve inches in length)
during the digging of a well at Peak Downs in Queensland. As
Mr. Etheridge points out there is, in this case also, some dis-
crepancy in the statements as to the exact position in which the
bone was found. This femur was determined by Mr. Krefit,
then Curator of the Australian Museum, to be that of a Dinornis.

A cast of it, with photographs, was transmitted tc Professor
Owen who described it in detail and founded on it the genus
Dromornis ; summarized his conclusions as follows :—‘ I infer
that in its essential characters this femur resembles more that
bone in the emu than in the moa, and that the characters in
which it more resembles Dinornis are concomitant with, and
related to, the more general strength and robustness of the bone—
from which we may infer that the species manifested dinornithic
strength and proportions of the hind limbs, combined with char-
acters of closer affinity to the existing smaller, more slender-
limbed, and swifter wingless bird peculiar to the Australian
continent.”*

In 1876, again through the instrumentality of the Rev. W. B.
Clarke, a fragment of a pelvis of a large bird, including the left
acetabulum, found at a depth of 200 feet, at the Canadian
Gold Lead, near Mudgee, N.S.W., was transmitted to Professor
Owen, who assigned it to Dromornis.; - In the same paper he
describes a portion of a tibia, supposed to have come from a cave
at Mt. Gambier, South Australia.t This also Professor Owen
allocated to Dromornis, but remarks ‘one cannot of course state
confidently that it is a bone of the same species as the mutilated
femur from the cave of Wellington Valley, or of that of the drift
at Peak Downs, in Queensland.” We believe that this fragment
may be assigned to Genyornis.

* Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. VIII., p. 383. Extinct wingless birds of New
Zealand. Appendix, p. 13.

+ Trans. Zool. Soc., 1877, Vol. X., p. 186. Extinct wingless birds of
New Zealand. Appendix, p. 6.

+ This was presented to the British Museum by the Trustees of the
Adelaide Museum, 1872.—Brit. Mus. Cat. Fossil Birds, p. 356.

174

In the proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, for
1884 (Vol. L, p. 23), Mr. De Vis describes a fragment of the
proximal end of a femur of a struthious bird that was discovered,
with other bones, at King’s Creek, in the Darling Downs district.
In the author’s opinion the characters of this fragment justify
its reference to the genus Dinornis, and he accordingly assigned
to its possessor the name Dinornis queenslandie. This conclusion
has, however, been contested by so competent an authority as
Professor Hutton, and no doubt requires the confirmatory
evidence of more complete material.

In 1889 remains of a large struthious bird were found at an
old spring, in sinking a well, at a depth of 20 feet from the sur-
face at Thorbindah, near Cainwarra Station, on the Paroo River,
Queensland, in association with fragments of bones of kangaroos,
Diprotodon, and Dromeus, and forwarded to the Government
Geologist by Mr. A. 8. Cotter. These were described by Mr.
Etheridge in the paper to which we have expressed our indebted-
ness as portions of “the right tibia and left fibula of a large
struthious bird, and the right tibia of an emu;’ both of the
portions of the larger bones were assigned by the author to
Dromornis.

As to the fragment of tibia, we can have no doubt that it belongs
to the same bird as the Mount Gambier and Callabonna fossils ;
but to this matter we must recur. The fragment, however,
believed by Mr. Etheridge to be a part of the fibula, is certainly
not any part of that bone in the Callabonna bird, and, indeed,
we cannot make it correspond to any part of Genyornis which we
possess, nor, moreover, does it correspond to any part of any
fossil bone with which we are able to compare it, whether of bird
or mammal.

As we are dealing particularly with the larger forms of
struthious birds, we do no more than mention, in this place, that
fossil fragments of bones, which have been referred to the exist-
ing genus Dromcus, have been recorded from the Post-Tertiary
deposits of the Wellington Caves and other localities. One such
fragment, from the Darling Downs, of slightly larger dimensions
than the living species Dromeus nore-hollandice, constitutes the
type of Dromeus patricius,* which name was accepted by Mr.
Etheridge for the fragment found at the Paroo River with the
larger bones.t So also a fossil representative of Caswarius
(stated to be allied to C. picticollis, Lydekker, Brit. Mus. Cat.
Fossil Birds), in the form of a distal portion of the tibio-tarsus,
was also obtained in the cave deposits of Wellington Valley.

*«*A\ Glimpse of the Post-Tertiary Avi-fauna of Queensland,” Proc,
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1888, Vol. III., 2nd ser., p. 1277.
+ Records Geol. Surv. of N.S.W., doc cit., p. 133.

1795

Up to this point these references are based upon published
statements, which have been so conveniently summarised by Mr.
Etheridge. We may now add to the list by a notice of some
other discoveries in South Australia, which have either not yet
been made public or which have only received a passing notice
in the current press.

In 1879 the South Australian Museum received, from Mr. R.
M. Robertson various collections of fossil bones found near Nor-
manville, South Australia. Amongst these, which included
remains of Diprotodon, Macropus, Phascolomys, Bettongra and
Thylacoleo, were a portion of a femur and of two or three tibie.
We are now able to refer all the latter to the Callabonna bird.

In 1889 one of us (A.Z.), in the course of the exhumation of
Diprotodon bones at Baldina Creek, on the edge of the Eastern
Plains, near Burra, South Australia, obtained a considerable
portion of a femur, which can also be referred to the same species.

Lastly, in 1893, came the discovery, already noticed in
“ Nature,”* of a large number of bird-bones at Lake Callabonna
found in association with those of Diprotodon and of other extinct
marsupials. To the circumstances of this discovery, so far as it
relates to the birds, a few further details will be given directly.

For convenience of reference we may now epitomise, in their
proper order, the various discoveries of large bird bones which
have been mentioned above.

* Loc.: cit.

176

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177

GEOLOGICAL AGE OF THE VARIOUS BirD REMAINS.

As to the geological age of the various bones Mr. Etheridge
remarks :—“ The femora” (Wellington Caves, Peak Downs and
King’s Creek) ‘and the tibia” (Mount Gambier) “ coming from
what may be generally termed Quaternary deposits may, for
argument’s sake, be considered of the same geological age. But
it is questionable if the pelvis from the Canadian Lead can be so
regarded. As previously stated it was found at a depth of 200
ft. in an auriferous lead of supposed Pliocene age, and it is there-
fore somewhat premature to class these remains as all of one
period. Rather, would it not be better to consider the pelvis
from the Canadian Lead as one of the earliest bird remains yet
extant on this continent, and of Pliocene age; and those from
the other localities as representing a Post-Pliocene period.” *

As to the Penola remains the discrepancies in Mr. Woods’
statements as to their position have already been alluded to, but
the expression of belief from a geologist in the contemporaneity
of the bird with the natives and the distinct assertion, in one of
his notices of the remains, that they were found “in one of the
kitchen middens of the natives of South Australia. The bones
were marked by the scrapings and cuttings of the flint knives of
the blacks,” at least implies a recent period. +

With regard to the Normanville and Baldina Creek fossils we
are informed by Mr. Howchin that some uncertainty exists as to
whether the deposits in which they were found should be regarded
as Pliocene or Pleistocene.

At Callabonna the fossiliferous formation was determined by
Professor Tate ¢ to be Pliocene.

THe Discovery OF BIRD-BONES AT LAKE CALLABONNA.

Some reference was made to the discovery of bird-bones in the
papers in ‘‘ Nature” already referred to, but it may not be with-
out interest to add, in this place, a few further details. These we
quote in the first person singular as proceeding from the one of
us (A.Z.) who personally conducted the operations at Lake
Callabonna.

“The level bottom of Callabonna Lake, the characters of which
have been described,|| shows, in some places, small elevations
of about two square feet in size,§ formed of concretionary lime-

* Op..cit., p. 129.

+ Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., 1882, Vol. VII., p. 387.

+ ** Nature,” 1894, Vol. L., p. 207.

| * Nature,” Vol. L., p. 187.

§ These elevations are distinguished from those covering the skeletons
of ero and Diprotodons by their smaller size and by the presence of
pebbles.

178

stone. These, when closely examined, were found to form incrus-
tations for the more solid bird bones. Around, and above, these
elevations were scattered numerous small smooth pebbles,* which
were partly buried in drift sand. The elevations could still be
recognised during the dry season, when the whole bed of the lake
was covered with a white saline incrustation.

‘The remains of the first two birds found were imperfect
skeletons of which only the leg and toe bones (which were under-
ground) could be removed, all the other bones being irretrievably
damaged. Subsequently, when the clay bottom of the lake became
sufficiently dry and hard for camel riding, I made a flying trip of
two days duration to the north-western shore of the lake, about
eight miles distant from our camp, where, I was told, bird bones
had been noticed in greater number. The result of this trip,
however, proved to be unsatisfactory, only a few bones being
obtained and these in a very defective state.

‘¢ Tn the course of time, while proceeding with the exhumation of
Diprotodon fossils near our permanent camp, single bird bones were
frequently found mixed with those of the former animal; but in
many cases they were destroyed before they were noticed. This
was unavoidable, because, in order to gain access to the large
Diprotodon bones which were to be removed, great masses of clay
had to be shifted, and it was in the course of this removal that
the accidental damage took place to the smaller and unnoticed
bird bones which were disseminated in the clay. Judging from
the frequency with which its remains were found, this bird must
have been numerous at the time of its existence. During the
second month’s operations we discovered a nearly perfect sternum
—the only good specimen obtained—and near to it other parts of
a Skeleton scattered throughout the clay. All, however, except the
sternum were in a very bad condition. In the course of the third
month a part of the lake, near our camp, which was, at the time of
our arrival, partly under water and too boggy for work, became
partly dry, owing to the continuance of dry northerly winds.

“To this place I decided to give a trial with the result that three
bird skeletons, besides other fossils, were found lying close
together and only about a foot below the surface. The first bone
uncovered was a pelvis, and on following this up we came upon the
vertebral column which was, however, in a hopeless state of decay ;
near the end of this was the lower jaw. Perceiving also, with
great delight, parts of the skull, I decided to extract the whole
mass of surrounding clay in which it wasembedded. The second
skeleton was in a similiar condition:—head only partly re-
cognisable; pelvis good ; sternum, both in this and the previous

* “Nature,” Vol. L., p. 208.

179

specimen, broken up into fragments ; vertebrve little interrupted
as a series, but each individual segment broken into minute
fragments which made it impossible to remove them whole. One
wing was nearly complete, but the bones of the other were only
in fragments ; caudal vertebree in fair condition. The legs of all
the birds found were directed downward, and were in a flexed
position. The lower end of the tibio-tarsus, the tarso-metatarsal
and toe bones were invariably incrusted with hard limestone to
the thickness of half an inch, which had to be chipped off, and in
the course of removal of this crust some bones were injured. The
lower ends of the legs extended to a depth of several feet under
ground where water was always present. The third bird skeleton
was rather incomplete :—head in fragments; pelvis imperfect ;
no sternum; the legs only were in good condition. . The remains
of these three birds were found within a space of about six square
yards and, as they lay on one side, their heads and necks were
directed towards the south-west—the deepest part of the lake bed.
It may be mentioned that all the bones situated near the surface
were always found broken up into innumerable fragments, which
was due to the growth of tufts of fibrous crystals.

[We are indebted to Mr. E. F. Turner, Demonstrator of
Chemistry at the University, for the following note on the con-
stitution and formation of these crystals: —The material sub-
mitted consists of clay impregnated, and covered, with filiform
erystals, which are composed of halite, together with smaller
quantities of gypsum, glauberite and alunite, On saturating
the mass of clay with water, and then allowing it to dry,
the crystals again appeared on the surface—capillary attraction
leading the saturated solution of the above salts to deposit, in the
first place, the cubical crystals of common salt and the octahedral
crystals of alunite; these then become bound together by the
prismatic crystals of glauberite and gypsum, the result being that
a protruding mass of filiform crystals is formed. |

“ Under atmospheric influences, in which dry conditions of the
clay are succeeded by moist, these crystals are alternately formed,
in and around the bones, and redissolved ; with the result that
constant scaling takes place from their surfaces until at last the
whole bone crumbles into fine powder. Or, short of this, the
infiltration of the bones with so much salt confers on them such
hygrometric properties that, even in an ordinary damp atmo-
sphere, they become moist, and can only be dried with great
difficulty ; while, on the other hand, in the very dry weather of
the Australian summer they become brittle to an extreme degree.
The shrinkage, on drying, and consequent cracking of the masses
of clay, enveloping the bones, also constituted a cause of damage.
To give some idea of the extent to which this took place it may

180

be mentioned that a block of clay, containing bones which filled
a box about 15 inches square, developed cracks in two places
each over an inch in width. Such facts will in some measure
explain the difficulties and delays that have been experienced in
connection with the restoration of these bones.

“Tt may perhaps be mentioned in this place that, on one
occasion, the white incrustation of saline crystals which then
covered the surface of the lake was completely blown off by the
force of the wind, leaving bare the natural clay of its bed.

“The appearance on the surface of skeletons, particularly of
Diprotodon, is, no doubt, to be explained by a similar and recur-
ring action of the wind, which, at certain seasons, blows with
great force and frequency on the desiccated surface of the clay
itself. Vide ‘Nature,’ vol. L., p. 210.

“The position of the sternum was always indicated by the
presence of the gravel masses, previously mentioned, which rested
upon its concave (upper) surface, whether on, or below, the ground.
Though a few fragments of birds’ bones were obtained before my
arrival on the field, nearly all of them were obtained towards the
latter part of my stay. Short of an exact enumeration it may be
stated that the material obtained comprises about six femora, three
only being in really good condition, the others unfortunately
much distorted, by pressure, or otherwise injured ; the tibio-tarsi,
tarso-metatarsi, and toe bones of about a dozen birds, the major-
ity of these being now in an excellent state of completeness and
preservation ; one almost perfect sternum ; one skull a good deal
damaged with its hyoid bone, and parts of a second head with the
greater portion of its lower jaw ; ene nearly complete wing, with
portions of others; two ribs; one set of caudal vertebre and
three pelves—the latter being much broken, partly by rabbits in
camp (Vide ‘ Nature,’ vol. L., p. 210), partly in transit, and
partly on account of the conditions just described.”

ExistING NOMENCLATURE OF THE LARGE AUSTRALIAN FossIL
StruTHious Brrps.

So far as this is concerned the position is as follows :—

The genus Dromornis was founded by Professor Owen, on the
Peak Downs femur, and the author has, at least provisionally,
referred to the same genus the first found femur of the Wellington
Caves, the fragment of the pelvis of the Canadian Lead and the
portion of the Mount Gambier tibio-tarsus. ‘The probabilities
are” says Professor Owen, in a letter to Mr. Clarke,* ‘that the
femur from the breccia cave of Wellington Valley, that described
(from Peak Downs), your portion of a pelvis, and the South
Australian tibia are parts of the same genus if not species. It is

* Journal and Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W., 1877, Vol. XL, p. 43.

181

more convenient and conducive to progress to regard them, until
proof of the contrary be had, as parts of Dromornis australis.”
This was somewhat qualified by a later statement already quoted,
which very reasonably implied that it must still be an open
question as to the specific identity of the Mt. Gambier tibia with
the femora of the Wellington Valley and Peak Downs.*

The Kings Creek fragment of femur has been assigned by
Mr. DeVis to the genus Dinornis as D. queenslandia.

For the Penola bones the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods pro-
visionally proposed the name Dromaius australis until more
bones should be found, but “‘ since then its remains have been
found in other places, aud Professor Owen has named _ it
Dromornis australis.” t

Putting aside, as not immediately concerning us, the fossil
forms of emeu, Dromornis australis and Dinornis queenslandice
are thus the only two definitely named species of large extinct
Australian struthious birds.

From an examination of the bones of the Callabonna bird, so
far as this has proceeded, and, in the first place, from a com-
parison of its femur with these two named Australian species,t
we believe we may assert that—

1. The femur of the Callabonna bird differs so considerably
from that of Dromornis and Dinornis queenslandie that it must
be regarded as that of a different bird, and, further, that the
differences are sufficiently great to justify the establishment of
a separate genus.

2. The Mount Gambier and the Paroo River tibiz, assigned to
Dromornis by Professor Owen and Mr. Etheridge respectively,
are identical with that bone in the Callabonna bird. As to
the supposed fragment of fibula from the latter locality, we
have already expressed our doubts. |

3. Of the portion of the Canadian Lead pelvis, we cannot yet
express an opinion, as no comparison has yet been made with that
of the Callabonna hird, which is, moreover, much damaged, and
still in process of restoration.

4. The other South Australian specimens from Normanville
and Baldina Creek are identical with corresponding parts of the
Callabonna bird.

* Extinct wingless birds of New Zealand. Appendix, p. 6.

+ Nat. Hist. N.S.W., 1882, p. 27; (quoted from Etheridge) p. 135.

+t We have to express our acknowledgement to Mr. Etheridge and Mr.
DeVis, Curators, respectively, of the Australian and Queensland Museums
for forwarding to the South Australian Museum casts of these two type
specimens, and to Mr. Pittman, Director of the Geological Survey of New
South Wales, for his courtesy in permitting us to examine the actual
specimens from the Paroo River, described by Mr. Etheridge.

182

Now, as the name Dromornis rightly belongs to the Peak
Downs femur on which the genus was founded, it becomes
necessary to find a name for the Callabonna fossil, whose femur
is different, and we propose the name Genyornis* newton. The
generic name arises from the conspicuous feature afforded by the
relatively large size of the lower mandible, which fact, at least,
emerges from the, as yet, hardly commenced examination of the
skull.

Under this name, therefore, we propose to include the various
portions of tibiz that have been hitherto assigned to Dromoriis,
leaving the identity of the Canadian Lead pelvis as yet undeter-
mined.

GENYORNIS NEWTONI.

A detailed description of the bones of this bird, together with
a comparative reference to the other forms with which it may
be compared, and the necessary illustrations, are in course of
preparation. In the meantime we submit the actual specimens
to the Society, and beg to call attention to a few salient features
that may give some indications of its characters and of its
affinities, particularly with those Australian and New Zealand
ratitite birds which are the first to invite comparison.

Femur.—This bone of Genyornis, in its bulk and massive pro-
portions, claims comparison with that of the most ponderous of
the moas. Though, as will be seen by reference to table I.
the largest examples are nearly five inches shorter, yet, their
latitudinal dimensions very nearly equal those of Dzinornis
maximus, while they considerably surpass those of Pachyornis
elephantopus. From the the femora of Dinornithide that of
Genyornis is, however, distinguished by the marked absence
of prominent ridges and surfaces for muscular attachment that.
are often conspicuous features in the former family ; by the
flatness of the surfaces of the shaft; by the pyriform oval, or
almost trilateral, shape of the section, and by the more consider-
able curvature of its internal border. It differs also in the more
gradual and evenly curved ascent of its superior articular surface,
as it recedes from the head to cover the trochanter. Yet not-
withstanding, from the great lateral width of this surface, the
trochanter rises to as great or to a greater elevation, relatively
to the head, than obtains in the moas, where the ascent of the
epitrochanteric surface is abrupt and steep. The femur of

*Devis, the under jaw. In the specific name we have much pleasure in
dedicating this ancient bird to Professor Alfred Newton, F.R.S., Professor
of Zoology in the University of Cambridge, whose name has been long
intimately and honourably associated with the progress of ornithology and,
from whom, both as teacher and friend, one of us has received much per-
sonal kindness and encouragement.

183

Genyornis differs also from that of these birds in the presence of
alarge pneumatic foramen at the topmost part of the posterior
surface of the upper expansion of the shaft. In this respect it
resembles the femur of the emeu and ostrich, while it differs
from that of the cassowary. Great differences are also observed
in the shape and proportions of the great trochanter.

The inferior extremity is also characterised by its great
breadth and, in conformity thereto, the width of the inter-
condylar groove in the largest examples exceeds by an inch that
of the femur of D. giganteus, Owen.”*

From the femur of Dromornis that of Genyornis is dis-
tinguished by its more massive proportions as shown in table
I., and by some of the above mentioned characters, such as
the shape of the section of the shaft (which in Dromornis is a
flattened and regular oval) ; the marked curvature of the internal
border; the presence of the pneumatic foramen and the shape and
projections of the trochanter with its accessory processes. In
one respect there is a resemblance to Dromornis, viz., in the
gradual and even slope upwards of the superior articular surface
towards the trochanter. So far as the mutilated condition of
the Dromornis femur permits a comparison to be made there are
also considerable differences in the details of the inferior extremity
—particularly in respect of the contrast between the oblique, deep
and narrow popliteal depression in this bone and the wider,
shallower, and much less well defined cavity as it exists in
Genyornis.

Whether further remains of the bird to which the fragment of
femur, named Dinornis queenslandie by Mr. DeVis, belongs
shall prove it undoubtedly to be an undoubted Dinornis or not,
the sudden ascent of the trochanteric part of the articular
surface of this bone in the Moas is in marked contrast to the
feature that has been described for Genyornis. A further dis-
tinction in D. queenslandie is the considerable fore and aft pro-
jection 6f the trochanter which, in a smaller bone, gives a greater
width of the postero-external trochanteric surface than in the
larger femur of Genyornis.

*The South Australian Museum does not possess a femur of D, maximus.

Length 3) @'>.! ©... 188*) 339° 1138") 345 |13*' | 322 1164) Aes vas

184

TABLE I.

Table showing comparative measurements of the femora of
Genyornis newtoni, Dinornis maximus, Dinornis (Pachyornis )
elephantopus, and Dromornis australis.

6
. ade

>)
. Oe

Genyornis newtont
No. 1
Genyornis newtoni.
No
Genyornis newtona
No
Dinornis maximus, Owen.

Pachyornis elephantopus, Lydekker.

Dinornis elephantopus, Owen.

Dromornis australis, Owen.

Ins. | Mm. ‘Ins. Mm. | Ins.. Mm. | Ins.| Mm. ; Ins.; Mm. Ins. | Mm.

Breadth of proximal end 63*| 16] | 74 | 180 | 62 | 161 | 63 | 164 | 54$
Breadth of distal end... 7 | 177 | 62 | 171 | 68 161 | 74 | 190 | 512, 149 5*
Circumference at middle 9} | 234 | 94 | 234 | 88 218 | 94 72 | 196 | 62

a0.)

For convenience of reference the measurements are given both in
inches and millimetres.

The asterisk indicates that the measurements so marked are
slightly curtailed by reason of abrasion of the bones.

Nos. ] and 2 of Genyornis represent a pair of bones.

The measurements of D. maximus, D. elephantopus, and
Dromornis are from Professor Owen’s Table of Measurements,
Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. VIII., p. 371.

The 7%bi0-tarsus, which in point of size may be compared with
that of Pachyornis elephantopus (vide Table IT.), is brought into
line with the Dinornithidee by the presence of a supra-condyloid
extensor bridge, but this is in Genyornis, nearly median in
position, instead of being near the inner border as in the former
family.

The statement previously made, which assigned the Mount
Gambier and Paroo River tibias to Genyornis now requires some
further explanation. For, in Professor Owen’s description of the
former fossil,* he states that of the “ bridge there is no trace . .

. and there is no evidence of fracture of the piers of such a

* Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. VIII., p. 381., also Extinct wingless birds
of N.Z., appendix, p. 5.

329 114*| 291
147 54*| 133

126
171

———— eee

185

bridge. The margins of the groove whence the bridge springs in
Dinornis are in Dromornis broadly convex and entire.” And
again, in Mr. Etheridge’s paper so frequently referred to,* it is
stated, in speaking of the Paroo River fossil, that ‘ the rounded
edge of the precondylar groove at that point in the present bone,
whence in Dinornis the piers of the bony bridge, or oblique bar
would spring, are much worn away, and would at first convey the
impression that a similiar structure had here existed. By follow-
ing the general contour of the groove, however, and comparing
with this the mechanism in a Dinornis tibia it is quite apparent
that such a structure could not have existed in the present
instance, and we are therefore dealing with a true Dromornis
bone.” Now the preciseness of these statements and the sources
from which they emanate are of such a character that it requires
some assurance to suggest that they have been made in error.
Further, we should have ourselves to admit that, had our own
notice been based upon some of the Callabonna bones, we should
have been compelled to make a similiar assertion as to the absence
of a bony bar, We have specimens in which the margins of the
groove at the site of the bridge are so worn as to leave no trace
of the previous existence of such a structure. Fortunately,
however, in one specimen the bridge is im si¢w and perfect in its
form and attachments ; in two others the osseous attachment
to one pier is intact though, on the opposite side of the groove, a
narrow gap, extending though the whole width of the bar, separ-
ates the end from its corresponding pier; in others, though the
bridge itself is absent, the condition of the margins clearly
indicates its fornter existence. Mr. Pittman, Director of the
Geological Survey of New South Wales, has very courteously
forwarded the Paroo River fragment for our examination, and
we find that the appearances presented by the piers in this bone
are exactly paralleled by those of some of the Callabonna tibiz.
We have, therefore, no hesitation in asserting that the bar was
once present in this bone also.

As to the Mt. Gambier specimen described by Professor Owen,
we are only able to refer to his plate. The margins of the groove
where the bridge ought to be are there certainly shown as in a
very worn condition, but not more so than in some of our own
specimens, while there is so close a correspondence in other
details of the bone that we have no doubt of its identity with
the tibia of Genyornis.

In the tibio-tarsus of Genyornis there is a much more abrupt
inward deflection of the tendinal groove, which takes place just
at the place where it is spanned by the bridge, than we find in

* Op cit.

186

any of the Dinornithide. The Callabonna tibia is, moreover,
characterised by a very marked inflection of the lower end of the
shaft, and particularly by the incurvature of its inner border—
these features being markedly in excess of those which obtain in
Pachyornis. A very conspicuous feature of the Genyorns tibia
is the massive proportions of the cnemial process, the elevation
above the articular surface to which it reaches and the marked
recurvature of the ecto-cnemial ridge to the extent of forming
what might be described as a hamular process. In this combina-
tion of characters there is a much greater resemblance to the
emeu than to the Dinornithide.

TkorE. If;

Table showing comparative measurements of the Tibio-tarsi
Genyornis newtoni and Dinornis (Pachyornis) elephantopus.

| Dinornis elephantopus
Owen.

| Pachyornis elephanto-
pus, Lydekker.

Genyornis newtoni.

Inches. Mm Inehes | Mm.

Length ne ie can ps 20a) OO simu | 608
Breadth of proximal end... 7% | 193 | 7%) 187
« “ distal end ne 4 TOU op ee de Lees
Circumference at middle... 62°) 164.0) ee | 162

The Genyornis tibia belongs to one of the large pair of femora
of the preceding table, and the measurements of that of D.
elephantopus are from Owen’s table.

The tarso-metarsus equals in length that of Dinornis ingens,
Owen, but its latitudinal measurements are superior to the latter,
in all respects except in that of the width of the distal end. Beyond
this relative narrowness of the combined trochlez these elements
are, in Genyornis, distinguished by their inequality of size—the inner
being only half the width of the outer and very slightly shorter
and the outer only two-thirds of that of the mid-trochlea. The
surfaces that bound the trochlear interspaces are markedly
concave, and there are two perforations through the bone just
above the outer trochlear interspace. In these features there is
a closer resemblance to the emeu than to the cassowary,* in which
latter there is nearly equality of size between the inner and outer
trochleze and no perforation in the interspace, while in the
former there is a single perforation. In general proportions,
however, there is a nearer approach to the latter bird than to the

* Casuarius australis.

187

more slender-legged emeu. The marked trilateral character of
the transverse section of the upper-half or two-thirds of the bone,
and the deep longitudinal grooving of the corresponding anterior
surface, constitute conspicuous features and, to some extent,
further points of resemblance to both emeu and cassowary. The
hypotarsus is thick, prominent and undrvided.

No sign of the attachment of a hallux appears.

TasB_LeE III.

Table showing comparative measurements of the tarso-metatarsi
of Genyornis newtont, Dinornis nove-hollandiw (ingens), Owen,
and D. gracilis, Owen.

: mnornis -
Genyornis Dinornis nove

I Me href Bh) 0886/0 4b} 114 | 4g | 107
ransverse breadthatmiddle) 12 | 47 | ly, | 40 | 144! 40
tero-posterior breadth at | | | |
middle ! ae, 13 38 12) hele heed 2 unli x23
readth of proximalend...| 32 95 34 Sor wat nl 84

| |
|

The Genyornis tarso-metatarsus does not belong to the same
bird as the femur and tibio-tarsus. The measurements of the
other bones are from Owen’s table.

Toes.—The toes of the tridactyle foot are remarkably short in
comparison to those of the Dinornithidz, the middle one being.
only just as long, and the inner and outer hardly more than an inch
longer than the respective digits of the emeu. In relative size
they conform to the proportions of the corresponding trochlez,
and in the great slenderness of the inner toe we have another

point of resemblance to Dromeus. This digit is further charac-
terised by the lateral compression and great relative length of its
proximal phalanx ; the lengths of the three proximal phalanges
of an average specimen being as follows:—Inner, 80 mm.; middle,
73 mm.; outer, 65 mm. The phalanges of the middle and outer
toes, on the contrary, are characterised by their breadth and
depression. The, ungual phalanges, in particular are small,
short and flat—features which are in marked contrast with the
long, pointed and curved, conical claw-bearing phalanges of the
Dinornithid, or even of those of the emeu and cassowary. In
conformity with the shape of the constituent segments (except

188

in the case of the inner toe) the surfaces of the phalangeal joints
are characterised by their transverse width and low vertical
height ; by their comparative flatness, and by the insignificance
of the depressions for the lateral ligaments—a combination of
characters which indicate weakness of the toes, in addition to
the shortness and feebleness of the claw-pearing phalanges.

One other important feature remains to be indicated. From
all other ratitite forms, and from nearly all other birds, the outer
toe of Genyornis differs in possessing only four segments in place
of five. Of this unusual feature the one of us (A.Z.) who gathered
the bones assured himself repeatedly by counting them im sztw.

Sternum.—The restoration of this bone is not yet quite com-
pleted, but, so far as can be seen in shape and proportions, it
resembles that of the emeu more closely than it does that of
the cassowary, while it differs considerably from that of the
Dinornithide. We think we may confidently assert that
neither lateral xiphoid processes nor median post-axial notch
exist.

The actual dimensions may be thus approximately stated :-—
Extreme length, 12 inches; extreme transverse breadth, allowing
for a slight deficiency, 10} inches. The corresponding measure-
ments of the sternum of the emeu and cassowary (C. australis)
being respectively 44 and 4 inches, and 8 and 534 inches.

WVings.—By the fortunate recovery of several elements of wings
we are able to establish the possession of small appendages of
this character for Genyornis. The humerus, radius, ulna, two
meta-carpals, and one phalanx are represented either by com-
plete bones or by fragments. The whole length is approximately
9+ inches, and the proportions, on the whole, more nearly those
of the emeu than the cassowary.

Head.—As to the head, of which both specimens obtained are
unfortunately in a very dilapidated condition, we prefer not to
speak at present, except to indicate its large size. The total
length of the skull is 112 inches, that of a large emeu and ostrich
being respectively 61 and 8 inches.

As concerns the size of the lower mandible, from which feature
the bird has received its name, we may mention that the ramus,
slightly imperfect at its yells eG extremity, is 101 inches, and
its width at the widest part 21 inches. The symphysial depth is
1} inches. For a large ostrich and emeu pes Si pee

measurements are respectively, in inches, 74, 33, 25° and 53,
3, ‘5. The transverse span, posteriorly, of the lower mandible

is, at least, 6 inches, while that of the ostrich and emeu is 31 and
3 ‘inches respectively.

Thus far, in our brief description, we have made comparisons
only with Australian and New Zealand ratitite birds existing and

189

fossil. Two other extinct forms invite comparison, viz., Gastornis
parisiensis, from the Eocene beds of Meudon, near Paris, and the
Epyornis maximus, of Madagascar ; but, for the present, we must
content ourselves with saying that, though in that characteristic
part—the lower end of the tibia—there are points of resemblance
between Genyornis and Gastornis, yet, so far as can be judged by
reference to plates and descriptions, which are our only means of
comparison in the case of Gastornis, we believe the differences in
respect both of the characters of the femur and tibio-tarsus, to
say nothing of the difference of geological horizon, are sufticient
to preclude even a generic association between the two forms.
Between Genyornis and dpyornis there are many conspicuous
points of difference ; though it is noteworthy that, in point of
great breadth as compared to length, the femur of Genyornis
makes a nearer approach to that of “pyornis maximus than the
thighbone of any other bird with which we are acquainted.

CONCLUSIONS.

Though in the absence of a careful study of so important a
part of the organization as the head, it is perhaps premature to
offer decisive opinions as to the habits of the bird or of its
affinities with existing members of its group, nevertheless the
following conclusions appear to be justified by the survey of its
remains so far as this has been made.

The great size of the femur and tibio-tarsus, no less than of its
sternum, indicate its massive build, though there is a strange
disproportion between the proportions of the upper leg bones and
the relatively slender tarso-metatarsus. Its legs combine a huge
femur nearly as massive, in all but length, as that of Dinornis
maximus, and a tibia equalling that of Pachyornis elephantopus
with the comparatively slender metatarse of Dinornis nove-
hollandic (ingens) and toes whioh are insignificant beside any of
the larger moas. The absence of prominent rough surfaces or
ridges for muscular attachment, lead one to assign to it a slow
sluggish habit. In height it may be confidently stated to have
been from 6 feet to 6 feet 6 inches, that is if the neck should
have been of proportions similiar to those of Pachyornis elephan-
topus. With the large size of the head, however, may be
correlated modifications of the neck. The small flat ungual
phalanges would appear to have borne flattened nails, rather
than sharp and powerful claws, which could have been of little
service for scratching purposes and with this feature is associated
an evident want of strength in the phalangeal joints.

There is reason to believe that the Diprotodon may have been
a swamp-loving animal which, tapir-like, may have haunted the
shores of the lacustrine areas of Central Australia in Pliocene

190

times, and the association of the remains of Genyorinis with those
of Diprotodon suggest that the bird, too, may have had its haunts,
and found its food, by the same swamps as its bulky marsupial
associates. The thickness of the lower jaw is scarcely commen-
surate with its great length and depth, and this fact, with the
weakness of the toes, suggest that, like the emeu, herbage,
rather than roots, may have formed its food.

Tn the course of our brief description and comparisons it will
have been seen that the resemblance to the emeu, and to a less
extent to the cassowary, are many and considerable. The
presence of the bony bridge being, however, a conspicuous, if not
morphologically important, point of difference. The emeu, in
fact, appears to be its nearest ally, though there are points of
resemblance, other than in respect of bulk, to the Dinornithide,
and possibly it may be found to the Gastornithide. We may,
perhaps, provisionally regard it as an ancestral form of emeu,
possibly having relations to the New Zealand group.

As will be seen in table I. certain differences in size exist
between the femora of two individuals, and these are not con-
fined to that bone; but we do not believe that, either in this
respect or in the details of structure, there will be found grounds
for thinking that more than one species is represented in the
Callabonna collection.

Of its relations to existing forms, other than those of the
ratitite type which have been mentioned, it is premature to
speak ; such facts will emerge with greater certainty and com-
pleteness on a study of the head, the restoration of which—a
long and tedious task—is approaching completion, though, unfor-
tunately, it is in a very imperfect condition. In the meantime
we believe we have, in this preliminary notice, sufficiently indi-
cated, though in a manner less complete than we could have
wished, the interesting nature of the discovery at Callabonna, not
only as affording additional evidence, in so much more complete
a form than has hitherto existed, of the wide range in Australia
of this race of great extinct birds, but also as bearing upon the
phylogenetic relations of the sub-class to which it belongs, as well
as, possibly on the question of the former distribution of land
in the Southern Hemisphere.

These points, however, must be left to a subsequent communi-
cation, and, perhaps, to those with a wider range of knowledge
than is possessed by the authors of this paper.

GENYORNIS NEWTONI—A FOSSIL STRUTHIOUS
BIRD FROM LAKE CALLABONNA, SOUTH

AUSTRALIA.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES OF THE LEG AND FOOT.

By E. C. Sriruine, M.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.8., Director,
AND

A. H. C. Zierz, F.L.8., Assistant Director South Australian
Museum.

Prates III., IV., anp V.
[Read October 6, 1896.]

A preliminary notice of this bird appeared in the Transactions
of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. XX., p. 171. In
the present paper we offer the first part of that which, when
complete, will be a detailed description of all those parts of the
skeleton which we possess. We commence with the bones of the
leg, as the restoration of these is now nearly finished. Further
notices will appear as other bones become available for description.

Femur :—Of these bones three only are in anything like perfect
condition. A fourth, though nearly entire, is much flattened by
antero-posterior compression, and others are still] more distorted
or imperfect. That which has principally served as the type for
description is No. 3 of Table I. Though the dimensions of
this are somewhat smaller than those of the large pair comprising
Nos. 1 and 2, it is in a better state of preservation than
either of the latter—indeed, save for slight abrasions affect-
ing the summit of the trochanter, and for depressed areas on the
upper part of the hinder and the lower part of the front surface,
the anatomical details are almost perfect.

The head approximately equals, but does not exceed, the pro-
portions of a hemisphere ; and the part corresponding to the neck
is but feebly defined by a very trifling constriction, which does
not, however, involve the superior aspect. The non-articular
part of the under surface of the neck, as it ascends, encroaches
somewhat on the otherwise nearly hemispherical head. The
depression for the round ligament is shallow, and situated well
upon the upper surface of the head (Pl. ii, fig. 3, A). The
superior articular surface, after descending from the summit of
the head, ascends, as it recedes outwardly to cover the trochanter,

192

with a very gradual and slightly curved incline* (PI. iii., fig. 2 C')\—
a feature which is in marked contrast to the more abrupt and
steeper rise of this process in Dinornis. Nevertheless, owing to
the great lateral width of the upper extremity of the bone and
the consequent length of the incline, the summit of the trochan-
ter, even in its slightly abraded condition, reaches to quite as
great a relative height above the head, as in the New Zealand
birds.

When a proximal view of the superior extremity is presented
(Pl. iii., fig. 3) it will be seen that there is no projection poster-
iorly of the hinder surface of the trochanter, such as there is
both in the New Zealand Dinornis and in D. queenslandie.
Thus, whereas in the last named birds and, to some extent also, in
Dromornis, the posterior margin of the upper articular surface
forms a well-marked indented curve. In Genyornis, however, it
forms nearly a straight line up to the point where the contour of
the trochanter sweeps forward (Pl. ii, fig. 3, wpper border of
figure). The same figure will indicate the manner in which the
mass of the trochanter is projected forwards and outwards (B).

In Dinornis the pre- meets the postero-external trochanteric
surface at an acute angle, and the crest, corresponding to their
line of union and terminating below in the ecto-trochanteric
tuberosity, is sharp, prominent and laterally compressed. In
Genyornis, on the other hand, the conditions may, perhaps, be
best described as being such as are produced by the inclination
towards one another of two plane, or, at most, very slightly
concave, surfaces (pre- and ecto-trochanteric) at little less than a
right angle, the angle along the line at which these two surfaces
meet being at the same time broadly rounded off, instead of form-
ing a prominent crest. Thus, though the anterior production of
the trochanter is considerable, the process lacks the lateral com-
pression, which is a conspicuous feature in all the Dinornis femora
to which we have access. An obscurely indicated rough surface,
rather than a distinct ecto-trochanteric tuberosity, marks the
subsidence upon the shaft of the anterior trochanteric prominence
(Pl. iii., fig. 1 # 7’). The pre-trochanteric surface (Pl. iii., fig. 1 D)
is nearly flat, and does not present an oblique line or ridge, nor
the conspicuous subcircular area for muscular attachment, which
is shown in various Dinornis femora. The latter feature may,
however, be represented by an irregular elevation, obscurely
represented in PI. it., fig. 1, at the junction of the anterior and
inferior surfaces of the neck close to the head.

*In Pl. iii., fig. 1, the steepness of the ascent of the trochanteric part
of the articular surface is much exaggerated owing to the foreshortening, in
oT aah he of the anterior projection of the mass of the trochanter
itself,

EO ——— es

193

From the absence of production posteriorly of the trochanter,
the width of its postero-external surface is relatively less broad
than in Dinornis and, though protuberant and roughly striated
externally, it presents no marked depressions or elevations. On
the outer surface of the trochanter an obscure, obtusely angular
ridge runs from its summit obliquely downwards and backwards.

A feebly-marked intermuscular ridge (Pl. iii. fig. 1 J’) begin-
ning to the inside of the rough surface, which corresponds to the
ecto-trochanteric tuberosity (Owen), descends vertically for two
inches, and then inclines inwards to merge into a ridge which
leads to the front of the ento-condyle. Immediately to the out-
side of the point where the inclination inwards takes place is a
slightly elevated rough surface which is scarcely manifest in the
figure.

The posterior surface of the upper expansion of the bone has
undergone some amount of distortion by the depression of a con-
siderable area of its outer crust—(PI. ii1., fig. 2 G), but the other
femora show this tract and, indeed, the whole of the posterior
surface to have been very flat. The posterior margin of the
upper articular surface, as this begins to rise on to the trochanter,
projects considerably so as to form an overhanging ridge. Directly
below this ridge is a large deep oval depression (PI. ii1., fig. 2 //)
which is clearly a pneumatic orifice. Two large foramina, separated
by a bony septum, lead from the bottom of the depression into
the interior of the bone.

The shaft is remarkably smooth and, with the exceptions above
mentioned, is devoid of the prominent muscular ridges, rough
surfaces or elevations that characterise Dinornithine femora ;
particularly, on the posterior aspect, is there an absence of linez
aspere. One very small nutrient foramen is present at about
the centre of this surface.

A characteristic feature of this bone is the marked curvature
of its internal contour (PI. iii., figs. 1 and 2) in which respect it con-
trasts with the more open-curve in the femora of Dinornis and
Dromornis. The flatness of the posterior surface has been
mentioned ; to a hardly less extent the anterior and exterior
surfaces are flat also, while the inner is rounded. ‘Thus the
transverse section in the middle of the shaft is a pyriform oval
with the small end corresponding to the inner surface, or it might
almost be described as trilateral.

The lower extremity, of which an area of the crust on the front
surface has been depressed (PI. iii., fig. 1 G) is, like the upper,
characterised by its great transverse breadth—the smallest of
the Callabonna bones exceeding, in this respect, the corresponding
measurement of a femur of Dinornis giganteus (Owen), in the
Museum collection, having a length of 15 inches, while the

194

similar width in the largest approaches to within half an inch of
that of Dinornis maximus (Owen) with a length of 184 inches.
Conformably to the great width of the lower extremity is the
breadth of the rotular channe! (22 inches) (PI. iii., fig. 4 & C’) which
also slightly exceeds the breadth of this channel in the femur of
D. giganteus (Owen). At the same time the channel is, in
Genyornis, relatively shallow. The anterior intercondylar ridge
is very slightly indicated (PI. iii., fig. 4 V), while the posterior is
narrow and prominent (PI. iii., fig. 2 O) ; the region corresponding
to the intercondylar fossa is prominent rather than depressed. |

Owing to the gentle inclination of the posterior surface of
the shaft, as it leads into the popliteal fossa (Pl. ii., fig. 2 J),
this depression is ill defined as to its superior contours, and the
external and internal ridges which bound it laterally are broadly
rounded, especially the former. The floor of the fossa is flat,
but rough, and there are large pneumatic orifices arranged in
a row along the lower margin (PI. ii, fig. 2, above O). The
larger depression seen at a higher level is probably accidental,
as it does not appear to exist in the other bones. The open
and shallow characters of the fossa in this bone contrast
with the better defined, oblique, deep and narrow cavity in
D: omornis. Commensurate also with the great breadth of
the lower end is the width of the ento-condyle (PI. iii., fig. 4 IC),
of which the contour of the posterior margin forms nearly a
horizontal line (J) before it dips suddenly to become the internal
margin of the posterior intercondyloid notch (); the contour
of this notch forms a U-shaped figure instead of a more open
curve.

Of the ecto-condyle(£ C) the tibial moiety is also relatively wide,
exceeding, in this respect, the corresponding part in Dinornis
gigantevs, and the fibular groove, is continued fowards for a con-
siderable distance on to the front of the ecto-condyle; just behind
the posterior limits of the groove there is an irregularly elongated
ecto-condylar fossa (Pl. 1ii., fig. 2 P). The depression on the
outer surface of ecto-condyle is inconspicuous, beside that to be
observed on most Dinornithine birds. The ecto-condyle, moreover,
when the bone is held vertically reaches a considerably lower
level (14 inch) than the ento-condyle ; thus to place the bone in
the position that the most inferior part of each condyle rests
upon the same horizontal level involves a very considerable
obliquity of the shaft.

Except in respect of size, all the Lake Callabonna femora
resemble one another so exactly, that there can be no doubt
that they belong to the same species. We have elsewhere
expressed the opinion® that two fragments of femora from

* Trans. R. Soc., §.A., vol. XX., p. 175.

195

Normanville and Baldina Creek, 8.A., are also to be attributed
to the same bird, but it should be stated that, though corre-
sponding with the Callabonna femora in all anatomical details
which are available for comparison, the former fragments are
parts of bones of distinctly less size than the smallest of the
latter, as shown by the fact that their circumference, at the part
corresponding to the mid point of the entire bone, is nearly an
inch and a half less. In the portion from Baldina Creek,
however, enough of the bone exists to permit of a comparison
in many details, and in these as stated, no essential differences
can be detected.
TABLE I.

Showing dimensions of femora of Genyornis newtoni compared
with those of some other femora.

| Breadth of Circumfer-
: Breadth of
“ta Hamsstbey, PPHAl \ byaistal ead.’ | cnc’ et
Inches.| Mm. | Inches. | Mm. | Inches.| Mm, | Inches. | Mm.
Genyornis newtoni, No.1 | 132*| 339) 62* 161) 7 |177) 94 | 234
Genyornis newton, No.2 | 133*| 345) 74)180) 62 )171| 94 | 234
Genyornis newtoni, No.3 | 13* | 322) 62 |161; 62 )161/ 82 | 218
Dromornis australis, Owen| 114*/ 291) 54*, 1383} 5 | 126) 62/171
Dinornis maximus, Owen | 18} | 462} 64 | 164) 74/190) 9 | 240
Dinornis elephantopus,
Owen nd ; ao see rn
{Pachyornis elephantopus Badieesrony O18 op) BAP Pres, 149!) 73) }196
Lydekker)
Aipyorms maximus, I.
Geoffroy a .-. | 122 | 320) 63/170] 74 | 190) 108 | 270

and millimetres.

slightly curtailed by reason of abrasion of the bones.

largest in the collection.

For convenience of reference the measurements are given both in inches
The asterisk indicates that the measurements so marked are
Nos. 1 and 2 of Genyornis represent a pair of bones—the

The measurements of D. maximus and D. elephantopus,

are from Professor Owen’s Table of Measurements, Trans. Zool.
Soc., vol. VIII., p. 371; those of pyornis from Oiseaux des
Iles Mascareignes A. Milne Edwards, p. 96; and those of
Dromornis partly from Owen’s description, Extinct Wingless
Birds of New Zealand, Appendix p. 2, and partly from a cast.

Tibio-tarsus.—Of these bones two only, viz., those belonging
to the large pair of femora, Nos. 1 and 2 of Table I, are undis-

196

torted and nearly perfect, having suffered only some abrasion of
the procnemial crest ; in two others the full length has been
preserved, but they are considerably crushed and distorted. In
four it has been possible to restore the whole length of the shaft,
but the processes of the upper extremity are absent. The
remainder, sixteen in number, are represented only by the lower
end, usually in good condition, with more or less of the shaft.

The ento-condylar surface (PI. iv., fig. 5, ZC) is suboval and
nearly flat in its longer axis, which is directed obliquely from
behind forwards and inwards. In the shorter axis it is slightly
concave.

The ecto-condyle (PI. iv., fig. 5, H C’) is smaller in size, markedly
convex, and oval, with its longer axis nearly at right angles to
that of the entocondyle. An ill-defined intercondyiar channel,
scarcely to be distinguished in the figure, separates these two
surfaces posteriorly and follows the contour of the ecto-condyle in
a direction forwards and outwards to the ecto-cnemial cavity.
(Pl. iv., fig. 5, v7). There is a prominent smooth intercondylar
eminence (PI. iv., fig. 5, 4) the inner slope of which forms part
of the entocondylar surface. The eminence also bounds the inter-
condylar channel in front and, in part, the cnemial or rotular
channel (£8) posteriorly. The posterier margin of both articular
surfaces overhang the shaft considerably.

In front of the cnemial channel, which is wide and shallow,
the massive cnemial process (PI. iv., figs. 1, 3, 4, 5) rises to nearly
three inches, measured vertically, above the level of the articular
surface, this great height of the process being contributed to by the
extension of the upper end of the procnemial ridge above the
level of the epicnemial crest (Pl. iv., figs. 1,3, 4 #). The pro-
cnemial ridge is thick at its upper part, but soon narrows as it
descends to a much laterally compressed crest (PI. iv., figs. 1, 3, 5,
fF’), which, even in its somewhat damaged condition, is very promi-
nent ; this is continued down the front of the shaft to a point
nearly six inches below its summit. About this point the crest.
subsides to a low, but still well marked, ridge, which is continued
obliquely downwards and inwards till it almost reaches the inner
margin of the anterior surface of the shaft at a little below the
middle of the bone (fig. 1, K A). From this level the ridge extends.
vertically downwards for about four inches, but with diminished
prominence, lying just external and parallel to the inner margin
of the front surface of the shaft. Finally the ridge acquires.
increased prominence, inclines outwards and eventually becomes
continuous with the inner border of the supracondylar extensor
groove (figs. 1, 6, LZ).

The epicnemial crest (using the term to include the whole
upper border of the cnemial process, exclusive of the procnemial

197

summit), when viewed superiorly, forms an open sigmoid curve
(Pl. iv., fig. 5, # # H), which is so inclined that its lower and
outer end is considerably below the level of its upper and inner.
The former end terminates by a marked backwardly directed
curve (H). In fact, the external angle of the cnemial process
might be described as forming a backwardly directed hamular
process, the inferior border of which forms the beginning of the
ectocnemial ridge (PI. iv., figs. 1, 4, H G'). This ridge, or crest,
is continued downwards, with an inward trend, to a point which
lies about four inches below the point of the hamular process ;
here it subsides upon the shaft, having at its termination
approached to within an inch of the procnemial ridge.
Internally the cnemial process is bounded by a. thick and
rounded border (PI. iv., figs. 3, 5 D) formed by the meeting of its
posterior surface with the internal surface of the procnemial
crest. This border descends abruptly from the summit of the
process, but with an inclination backwards and inwards (figs. 3,
5, D). On meeting the upper expansion of the bone this
descending border becomes continuous with the adjacent, some-
what elevated and ridge-like anterior margin of the inner part of
the rotular channel. There is thus no considerable extension of
the epicnemial crest beyond, and to the inside of, the procnemial
as in Dinornis ; the latter ridge, in fact, springs from the
interior surface of the former quite close to the thick and
abruptly descending inner border that has been described.
Owing to the posterior incurvation of the angle formed at the
junction of the epicnemial and ectocnemial crests, the ectocnemial
cavity iying between this angle and the outer margin of the ecto-
condyle forms a deeply indented bay (fig. 5, opposite /), of which
the arms approach one another to within two and a half inches.
No distinct supra-fibular facet is observable ; in fact, when
the fibula, which nearly certainly belongs to one of the large
pair of tibio-tarsi, is placed in position, the head of the former
does not touch that of the latter by nearly half aninch. The
fibular ridge begins, as a low rising, two inches below the over-
hanging external edge of the ectocondylar surface, the interval
being smooth and deeply concave in a vertical direction. An
inch and a half below its beginning the ridge widens into a
rough and nearly flat elevated surface, of fusiform outline, for
articulation with the fibula (Pl. iv., fig. 4, OO). This surface,
which is four inches long by five-eighths of an inch broad,
appears to represent the whole extent of the direct articulation
between the two bones. A smooth interval of about an inch
succeeds this surface, and below this again an ill-defined broad,
rough ridge that represents the external surface of the shaft,
proceeds to the lower outer condyle. The opening of a larg

198

nutrient artery, directed distalwards, and to which a groove leads
from above, lies just behind the lower end of the articular
surface that has been described.

On the antero-internal aspect of the upper expansion of the
bone an obtusely angulated ridge descends for four inches from
the corresponding margin of the articular surface. This ridge
terminates in a roughened convex tuberosity (Pl. iv., fig. 2, P).
The tract between this ridge and the procnemial crest is nearly
flat, or only very slightly concave in its upper part, where the
surface is uninjured ; the lower part has suffered some depression
from injury.

Above the level of the (lower) fibular articulation the shaft is
sub-quadrangular in shape, and at the same time somewat antero-
posteriorly compressed. This latter characteristic continues
throughout the rest of the shaft, but below the fibular surface
the sub-quadrangular section becomes more of a pyriform oval,
the smaller end being external; at the lower end the section
tends to become again somewhat quadrilateral. The lateral
' width which, at the upper level of the fibular articulation, is
32 inches, diminishes in the descent to 2} inches at the narrowest
part of the bone, which is 5 inches above its lower end ; below
this there is a slight increase of width as the shaft expands into
the condyles. There is also a slight diminution of the antero-
posterior diameter of the shaft in passing from above downwards,

At a little above the point at whicn the bone has been des-
cribed as narrowest, laterally, there begins a marked deflection
inwards of the lower end of the shaft, and the inflection
affects the inner border toa greater extent than the outer. The
result is to cause a considerable production inwards of the inner
condyle. There is, at the same time, a slight but marked deflection
forwards of the lower extremity. These features are shown in the
whole length figures of the bone.

Of the lower expansion the inner condyle projects more, both
anteriorly and posteriorly (Pl. iv., fig. 7), particularly in the
former direction, than the outer. The whole antero-posterior
width is also greater than that of the latter, (93 mm. to 73 mm).
In lateral width the condyles are nearly equal. Held with the
long axis perfectly vertical, the ectocondyle reaches a slightly
lower level than its fellow. . (Figs. 1, 2).*

When the two condyles are held at the same horizontal level
their articular surfaces ascend in front to about the same level,
but the upward extension of the inner, besides its greater pro-
minence anteriorly, preserves a more uniform width than that of
the outer, which latter becomes in its upper part reduced to a

* In Fig. 6, the axis is not quite vertical.

199

narrow tract (Fig. 6.) The superior contour line in front of the
conjoined articular surfaces, though sufficiently distinct to form
the inferior boundary of the supracondylar space, does not form a
so marked a ridge as in Dinornis. Posteriorly, the corresponding
contour line (not very distinctly marked and not distinguishable in
Fig. 2) slopes downwards and inwards from the summit of the outer
condylar region to that of the inner where it becomes continuous
with the compressed and projecting postero-external ridge in
which the inner condyle terminates behind.

When viewed from below the intercondylar channels, in front
and behind, yield contours, the forms of which are seen in PI. iv.,
fig. 7. The same figure shows the greater extent of the anterior
production of the inner condyle, but it does not show very con-
spicuously another character which is to be noticed, viz., the
greater lateral width of the whole trochlear surface in front than
behind, the last-mentioned feature being due to the fact that, as
the infero-internal border of the inner condyle sweeps backward
it also inclines outwards, trending towards the corresponding
border of the other side, the curve of which scarcely departs from
a true antero-posterior plane. The degree of curvature of the
inferior contour of the trochlear surface is shown in Figs. 1, 2, 6.

The greater part of the front of the inner surface of the
ento-condyle is occupied by a large gibbous or nearly oval
depression, of which the margin anteriorly and inferiorly comes
right up to the edge of the articular surface. (PI. iv., fig. 3, Q.)
Behind the depression, about midway between the anterior and
posterior border of the condyle, is an obtusely rounded, epi-
condylar, tuberosity (Fig. 3, &) which is not very prominent, and
scarcely projects beyond the plane of the lower border of the
condyle.

The external surface of the outer condyle (Fig. 4, H C) is
nearly flat, or only very slightly concave, over its whole extent,
and possesses no epicondylar tuberosity.

The supra-condylar extensor groove (/) may be discerned as
commencing about six inches above the condyle on the outside of
the ridge (X ) described as leading downwards from the termina-
tion of the procnemial crest. The ridge is, in fact, continuous
with the inner border of the groove. (Fig. 6, AZ).

As the groove descends it deepens, and inclines outwards until
it reaches the mid line, at which point it is spanned by the
bridge (fig. 6, S). At this level the groove is deflected inwards
at a somewhat abrupt angle, and below the bridge the groove is
distinguishable as a broad, shallow canal, which emerges into the
wide, but not deep, supra-condylar fossa. Of the borders of the
groove, the inner (ZL) is the more prominent and rugose, and the
outer (1/7) smooth. The bridge itself, median in position, and

200

placed very obliquely, stands prominently forward, especially in
regard to its lower edge.*

The width of the bridge is 15 mm. at its outer end, from
which point the breadth increases towards the inner side, the in-
crease being due to the increasing obliquity of the upper border.
Owing to the loss of a small piece which has been chipped out of
the upper border near the inner pier the width at this end can-
not be exactly stated, but would appear to have been 19 mm.
The lower border of the bridge is considerably thicker than the
upper, and somewhat everted. The lower outlet is oval, and its
plane looks downwards and inwards, while the upper outlet
forms a shorter, as well as narrower, oval than the lower.

In the canal covered by the bridge is a large pneumatic
foramen which encroaches on the outer pier.

Close to the outer edge of the bone, and on a level with the outer
pier, is a rough, obtusely conical tuberosity. (Fig. 6, 7’). In con-
formity with the more median position of the bridge, as compared
with Dinornis, that tract of the lower expansion which lies internal
to this structure, is much wider in Genyornis than in the New
Zealand genus, and the continuation of this tract below the
bridge, which forms the incline into the supra-condylar fossa, is
in the former broad and somewhat transversely convex, in con-
trast to the condition in Dinornis, where it is pinched into more
or less of a ridge. The distance from the middle of the lower
border of the bridge to the nearest point of the internal condyle
is 28 mm.

The dimensions of one of the large pair of tibio-tarsi are shown in
Table II. Owing to the absence, or distortion, of parts of the
upper end, it is impossible to state accurately the length in the
great majority of specimens. That feature which is most per-
fectly preserved in nearly all of them is the lower end, and we
therefore use the lateral width dimension of this for the purposes
of comparison in point of size. We find that, among 24 tibio-
tarsi in which perfection of the lower end permits accurate
measurement to be stated, the width varies from four inches in
the largest example to three and a quarter in the smallest. All
but eight have a greater measurement than three and a half
inches, and in none of the bones is there any evident sign of an
immature condition.

* The bridge is absent in both the large and nearly perfect pair of tibio-
tarsi, and, in fact, from all but four of the specimens. The details re-
specting it are therefore taken from another specimen (that represented in
fig. 6), comprising only the lower extremity and part of the shaft.
In this the feature in question is perfect except for a small piece which has
been chipped out of its upper border. Vide Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A, Vol.
XX., p. 185.

201

TABLE ITI.

Showing dimensions of tibio-tarsus of Genyornis newtoni in
comparison with those of the tibio-tarsi of Dinornis elephantopus,
Owen (Pachyornis elephantopus, Lydekker), and A'pyornis maxi-

Mus.
Breadth of i nfer-
-- Length. proximal a eg = ena tot
end. ges Sos middle.
Inches. Mm. |Inches.| Mm. | Inches. |" Mm. |Inches.| Mm,
@enyornis newtoni... | 233 | 602 | 73 | 193 | 4 | 101 | 62 | 171
Dinornis elephantopus, |

— Owen xe 24 | 608 | 75. 187 | 42. | 105 |. 6% | 162
Apyornis maximus, | |

Geoffroy re 254 | 640 | 74 | 190. | 5,°, | 135 | 62 | 158

| |

The Genyornis tibia belongs to one of the large pair of femora
of the preceding table. The measurements of that of Dinornis
elephantopus are from Owen’s tables and those of “pyornis from
Milne Edwards’s work previously quoted, p. 93.

Fibula.—(Pl. iv., figs. 8, 9.) This bone presents the usual
laterally sub-compressed and backwardly produced head. The
superior articular surface—that upon which the femur plays—is an
elongated oval, slightly concave antero-posteriorly, and nearly flat
transversely. It is not coextensive with the whole upper surface

of the head, but leaves a non-articular area in front which slopes

more abruptly downward and forward. Lying obliquely athwart
the internal surface of the head is an elongated depression or
groove (Fig. 9, A) which is directed towards the edge of the articu-
lar surface of the tibio-tarsus, though the absence of a distinct
corresponding facet on that bone has been mentioned. Externally
the head is also slightly concave in antero-posterior direction.

The upper part of the shaft is sub-compressed in the same
direction as the head, but soon becomes sub-circular in section.
A little below the head on the anterior surface is a small
tuberosity. With the commencement of the lower articular sur-
face for the tibio-tarsus, about 5 inches below the summit, the shaft
increases in size, becoming at the same time sub-triangular in
section, the outer surface being convex, the postero-internal
nearly flat, and the anterior somewhat concave.

The lower articular surface for the tibio-tarsus (Fig, 9, 2) is
an elongated rough area about three inches in length, which at
its upper part is provided at the expense of the internal angle
of the, in this situation, trilateral shaft, but as it descends it
encroaches more and more upon that surface of the shaft de-

202

scribed as postero-internal till it comes to occupy nearly its whole
width. A rough oval tuberosity (Figs. 8, 9, C) is developed
upon the posterior border of the shaft a little below the level of
the commencement of the articular surface, and below this there
is a gradual reduction in the size of the shaft which, moreover,
loses its trilateral character. Below the articular surface the
shaft assumes the form of a cone, which in most of the specimens
tapers rather abruptly to a blunt point. In the longest speci-
men the taper is more gradual, and the length below the articu-
lar surface, in this, is consequently greater.

The length of a large fibula, apparently complete as to its
length, and of about the same size as an imperfect specimen
belonging to one of the large tibio-tarsi, is 9 inches, while that of
the smallest is 84 inches. The antero-posterior diameters of the
heads of these two bones, measured obliquely in the direction of
the longer axis, are 2,5 inches and 2 inches respectively. Seven
fibule, only, were collected, but these are all in good preservation
with the exception of the lower pointed extremity, which is
broken off in most of them.

Tarso-metatarsus.—The ecto-condylar surface (Pl. v., fig. 3,
E C) is subquadrangular and flat, with a slight slope downwards
as it extends outwards. That of the ento-condyle (fig. 3, ZC)
somewhat exceeds a semicircle in shape; its transverse diameter
is about equal to, and the antero-posterior diameter greater than,
those measurements in the ecto-condyle. In the latter diameter
it is slightly concave, and in the former greatly so, this character
being principally due to the elevation of the inner margin into
an elevated lip or crest (A), which rises a little higher than the
anterior entocondylar process. This crest frequently exhibits a
slight, externally directed curvature (fig. 1, 4). The inter-
condylar tract, marked at about its centre by a shallow depres-
sion, rises in front into an obtusely angulated intercondylar
process (fig. 1, B).

On the posterior aspect of the upper extremity there is a single
thick, prominent and undivided hypotarsus (Pl. v., fig. 2, C)
which rises above the articular surface as a sub-conical promi-
nence, and reaches a somewhat greater elevation than the
anterior intercondylar process. The inner surface of the hypo-
tarsus is marked by a shallow groove which begins a little below
its summit and curves somewhat forwards as it descends. This
groove disappears under a broad but thin bridge of bone (fig. 2,
D) which covers the opening of the posterior ent-interosseous
canal, and below this it continues more or less distinctly for some
distance down the postero-internal surface of the shaft.

The hypotarsus extends, mesially, down the shaft as a broa
angular ridge with gradually diminishing elevation, which, how

—

203

ever, may be traced to within two inches of the posterior limits
of the me-sotrochlea. As the ridge subsides a shallow groove
commences on its inner side (fig. 2, G), which leads to the inner
trochlear interspace.

On the front surface of the upper expansion there is a large
interosseous depression, with declivous sides (Pl. v., fig. 1, Z),
the upper margin extending to within about an inch and a half
of the summit of the anterior intercondyloid process. At
the bottom of this pit are the anterior openings of the inter-
osseous canals. Immediately below this depression, and encroach-
ing upon its inferior slope, is a rough vertically striated surface
for attachment of the tibialis anticus (fig. 1, between H and F').
Immediately below this rough surface is the upwardly directed
opening of a nutrient artery (fig. 1, #), to which a slight groove
leads from below.

Above the large depression into which the interosseous canal
opens anteriorly, the surface of the bone is transversely concave,
and below it, also, the whole of the front surface of the shaft is
occupied by a wide groove which becomes narrower and shallower
as it descends; at a little below the middle of the shaft the
groove has disappeared, and the front surface is flat transversely,
below this, again, the same surface becomes more and more trans-
versely convex with the increasing prominence of the meso-tarsus.
An ill-defined shallow groove on the front surface of the lower
third of the shaft, scarcely to be distinguished in the figure,
leads to the outer intertrochlear interspace.

On the outer surface of the head there is a prominent, antero-
posteriorly flattened keel-like process (Pl. v., figs. 1, 3 H)
which commences a little below the outer margin of the articular
surface, and extends downwards as a crest or ridge for from 2 to
24 inches. This crest and its ridge-like continuation forms the
posterior boundary of a shallow groove upon the upper part of the
outer surface of the ecto-metatarsus.

The outer side of the hypotarsus, is the large posterior opening
of the ect-interosseous canal (Fig. 2., J). The opening of its
fellow on the opposite side is, as has been stated, concealed by a
bridge of bone. The upper-margin of the bridge is above, and
the lower below, the level of the eclinterosseous canal.

Owing to the shape and prominence of the hypotarsus, the upper
half of the tarso-metatarsus yields a trilateral, indeed
almost an equilateral, section, the front surface however being reén-
trant owing to its deep grooving. With the subsidence of the
hypotarsal ridge, the trilateral section passes into an oval, of
gradually increasing transverse diameter, as the shaft descends.
In the middle third the postero-external surface is marked by an
obscure vertical ridge.

204

There is no trace of the attachment of a hallux.

Of the three trochlez (Z MZ K) the median (J/) is conspicuously
the largest, the external (X) the next in size, and the internal (L)
the smallest. The width proportions being, in a bone 137 inches
long, 43 mm., 31 mm., and 14 mm. respectively. Their promi-
nence anteriorly, and production inferiorly, are in the same order,
though it is only the meso-trochlea which is produced, and that
to a slight degree, beyond the plane of the anterior surface
of the shaft. Posteriorly all three trochlez are produced to about
the same level and to the extent of little more than half an inch
beyond the plane of the posterior surface of the shaft immediately
above them.

The meso-trochlea is widest about the level of the tip of the
ento-trochlea, the width, however, diminishing considerably from
this point both as its surface extends upwards and backwards.
The articular surface of this segment bears a well-marked vertical
groove, plainly represented in figs. 1, 2, and 4, extending from its
commencement to its termination ; its lateral surfaces, especially
that on the outer side, are concave. Of the ecto-trochlea the
anterior surface slopes backwards as it extends outwards, and
bears a very slightly marked shallow groove, barely observable
in the figures. Like the meso-trochlea, it diminishes in width
from the commencement to the termination of its articular sur-
face ; its inner surface is concave, and on its outer surface is a
subcircular depression. The small ento-trochlea preserves nearly
the same width throughout its contour; its surface is convex
transversely ; its outer aspect is somewhat concave, and on its
inner is a small, shallow depression. Corresponding to the
diminishing width, posteriorly, of the trochlee themselves the
trochlear interspaces are wider behind than in front, and that
between the middle and outer segment reaches to a higher level
than its fellow.

Just above the ecto-trochlear interspace are two foramina,
situated vertically above one another; the lower is separated
from the summit of the interspace merely by a bar of bone,*
while the other perforates the whole thickness of the lower ex-
pansion. The anterior orifices of both of these are shown in
Pl. v., fig. 1, W. , in fig. 2 the posterior orifice of the upper one
only is visible (1). The shallow groove, described as existing on
the lower part of the front surface of the shaft, leads towards the
upper of these foramina. In one specimen, only, a similar
foramen exists between the meso- and ento-tarsus just above the
internal trochlear interspace at a level corresponding to that of
the upper of the two perforations on the other side.

*In a good many specimens this bony bar which forms the lower
boundary of the lower foramen has broken away.

a‘

205

Of the tarso-metatarsi collected twenty-one have been restored
to a nearly perfect condition, and to nearly all of these almost
complete sets of phalanges can be assigned.

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Phalanges.—As recorded in the preliminary notes on this bird,*
while the inner and middle toes possess the normal number of seg-
ments—three and four respectively—the outer possesses only four
in place of the usual number of five. Of this fact there can be
no doubt, as they were repeatedly counted in situ ; and, more-
over, amongst the large number of sets of phalanges collected,
there are none that would supply, or correspond to, the missing
segment. In this connection it is interesting to note that Pro-

* Trans. Roy. Soc. of §.A., Vol. XX., p. 188.

206

fessor Hutton mentions Luryapteryx gravis, Haast (= Dinornis
gravis, Owen = Hmeus gravipes, Lydekker) and Huryapteryx
ponderosa, Hutton, as, also, possessing only four phalanges in the
outer toe. Trans. N.Z. Institute, Vol. XX VIII., 1895, p. 637.

The extreme length of the three proximal phalanges, in a set of
bones belonging to a right tarso-metatarsus 145 inches long,
which were selected for description both on account of their per-
fection and of the fact that all the bones almost certainly belong
to one another, are II., 1,83 mm., IIL, 1, 74,mm., IV., 1, 68;
the length of the proximal phalanx of the inner toe is thus a
characteristic feature of the foot. Besides its great relative
length, Phalanx II., 1, is further characterised by its comparative
slenderness and the lateral compression of the greater part of the
shaft. (Pl. v., figs. 1, 2, JJ.) Its proximal articular surface
forms a regular concave oval with the long axis vertical. (Fig. 5
IT.) This elongated oval form of the articular surface determines
the shape of the section of the proximal part of the shaft in which
the lateral compression is most marked. From this distalwards,
owing chiefly to the inclination of the superior border towards
the inferior, the long vertical axis of the proximal part gradually
diminishes until the section, just short of the distal articular
expansion, becomes a figure that would be nearly circular but for
some flattening of the inferior surface. The external surface is
distinctly flatter than the internal, and on each side of the distal
expansion js a shallow depression, that on the internal face being
the smaller. The distal articulation forms a trochlear surface, of
which the convexity, in a vertical direction, forms considerably more
than a semicircle ; transversely, it is slightly concave in its upper
part, and markedly so inferiorly.

Phalanx IJ.,2, has an almost quadrangular outline when viewed
superiorly. The section of the proximal articulation is subtri-
angular, of which one angle is superior, and the base opposite
somewhat convex inferiorly and produced further backwards
than the angle above it. The upper surface is somewhat saddle-
shaped, being slightly concave longitudinally, and convex
transversely, while the undersurfaceis slightly concavein both axes.
The section, in the middle of the bone, thus forms a segment of a
circle less than a semicircle. The distal articulation is some-
what crescentiform, of which the inferior margin, corresponding
to the concavity, slopes backwards, and encroaches on the under
surface of the bone. Small vascular canals exist on both superior
and inferior surfaces.

Phalanx II., 3—the ungual phalanx—is a segment of variable
length, but usually very short and depressed, slightly curved, and
obtusely pointed, having on each side a more or less continuous
vascular groove. :

a —

207

Phalanx IITI., 1, is distingnished by the height and breadth of
its proximal, and the breadth and depression of its distal,
end. The contour of the proximal articulation, of which the two
principal diameters are nearly equal, is shown in PI. v., fig. 5
II. Generally a low vertical elevation, present only in the in-
ferior half, indicates a partial division into two facets, of which
the inner is rather the larger. From the superior and inferior
borders of this surface the upper and under surfaces of the shaft
incline towards one another, the inclination being greater in the
latter. In the middle of the bone the section is a transversely
elongated oval, which becomes more flattened towards the distal
end. On the under surface, a little in advance of the articular
border, are two rough elevations which leave a shallow trough
between them. The distal expansion is almost of the same
lateral width as the proximal, but between the two ends the shaft
is considerably narrower. ‘The distal articular surface forms a
trochlea, of which the convexity in a vertical direction exceeds a
semicircle. A shallow median groove which extends in the same
direction throughout its whole extent divides it into two convexi-
ties of about equal lateral width, though, in vertical depth, the
inner considerably exceeds the outer. The lateral surfaces of
the distal expansion are occupied by depressions, of which the
inner is the larger.

Phalanx III., 2, approximates to a quadrangular contour when
viewed from above, the Jength, however, being somewhat greater
than the breadth. Its proximal articular surface is ovoidal, with
the larger end internal. A very slightly marked vertical rising
obscurely indicates a division into two facets, both of which
are concave vertically. Of these, the inner facet is slightly the
larger. The shaft is very greatly depressed, the lateral diameter,
just posterior to the distal expansion, being to the vertical as 31
mm.to9mm. The distal expansion itself is also characterised
by great breadth and small vertical height ; its articular surface,
which extends further back below than above, forms a trochlea,
the groove separating the two convexities being very broad and
shallow, and the inner moiety slightly the deeper in a vertical
direction. A shallow depression for the lateral ligament exists
on the outer side of the distal expansion, but it is only feebly
indicated on the inner. There may be one or more nutrient
foramina on the under surface.

Phalanx ITI. 3 is considerably broader than long, in the pro-
portion of 34 mm. to 18 mm., and much depressed. The proxi-
mal articulation is reniform with the convexity superior and,
owing to a slight posterior production of the superior and inferior
borders, particularly of the latter, this surface is concave verti-
cally and mesially, but nearly flat on each side. The anterior

18)

208

articular surface is sub-reniform, convex vertically, and slightly
encroaches upon the inferior surface. The superior surface of
the phalanx is rough and somewhat convex transversely, and the
inferior is concave in both directions.

Phalanx III. 4.— This ungual phalanx, which forms an
irregularly oval, concavo-convex plate, is broader than long, and
does not greatly exceed in length that of its predecessor in the
series. The plane of its proximal surface is inclined downwards
and forwards, so that it encroaches on the under surface of the
bone. The anterior border is broadly rounded. Two large
vascular channels, the opening of one of which can be seen in
fig. 6, enter just above each basal angle, and are directed for-
wards.

Phalanx IV. 1.—This segment has somewhat the same form
as III. 1 on a smaller scale, the widths of the two bones at their
middle points being as 21 mm. to 31 mm., and the lengths, as
previously quoted, 68 mm. to74mm. _ Its proximal articular sur-
face (Pl. vi., fig. 5, [V.) is concave and subtriangular with the base
inferior. The external angle, at the base, being more prominent
than the internal. From each of these angles a rough,
rounded ridge is continued forward, on the under surface,
for a short distance. The upper surface is convex transversely,
the inferior nearly flat, and the section at its middle nearly semi-
circular. The distal expansion is depressed and has an articular
surface of a form very like that of IIT. 1, except that the vertical
depths of the two convexities of the trochlea are nearly equal.
There is a depression on each of its lateral surfaces.

Phalanx IV., 2,is much depressed, with a contour and form
resembling those of IIT., 2, only of considerably smaller dimen-
sions.

Phalanx IV, 3, is similar in contour and form to III., 3, but
much smaller.

Phalanx IV., 4, is a slightly curved, small ungual phalanx, a
little longer than broad; rather larger and more obtusely
pointed than II., 3. Just in front of the angles at the base are
grooves which lead into vascular canals, which continue forwards
in the substance of the bone. Smaller vascular perforations on
both upper and under surfaces.

The segments of IIT. can be at once distinguished by the great
breadth and depression of all but the proximal end of the first
phalanx. Those of IV. have a general resemblance in form to
the corresponding elements of ITI., but are only about two-thirds
the width. The great relative length, slenderness and compres-
sion at once indicates II., 1. Ph. II., 2, has the general contour
characters of IV., 2, but has only about two-thirds the breadth,
and has not the same definite trochlea for its distal articulation

209

II., 3, is the smallest, and generally the most pointed of th
ungual phalanges.

Considered collectively the characteristics of the toes are the
depression of the phalanges and of the articulations, with the
exception of those with the tarso-metarsus ; the length, slender-
ness and compression of the proximal phalanx of the inner toe ;
the inconsiderable degree of concavity of the proximal articula-
tion surfaces, due in great part to the absence of that production
posteriorly of the central part of the superior and inferior borders
which exists to a marked degree in the phalanges of the emeu, and
to a less, though still to a considerable, degree in Dinornis, and
which, when present, must contribute materially to the strength
of the joints. So also the absence of deep vertical grooving of
the distal trochlez and the shortness, depression and feebleness
of the ungual phalanges of Genyornis are additional characters
which indicate weakness of the toes and a want of security in
their joints.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Genyornis newtont :—Femur (left); figs. 1-4.

Fig. 1. Anterior surface.

2. Posterior surface.
3. End contour of proximal extremity.
4. End contour of distal extremity.
In figs. 3 and 4 the upper margin corresponds to the posterior
surface.
InDEX TO LETTER REFERENCES.
A Depression for round ligament.
B Trochanter.
C -Trochanteric articular surface.
D _ Pre-trochanteric surface.
E Kcto-trochanteric surface.
EC Kcto-condyle.
ET Kcto-trochanteric tuberosity.
F Intermuscular ridge
G.G Depressed areas.
H Pneumatic foramen.
IC Ento-condyle.
J Popliteal fossa.
K Posterior intercondylar notch.
ZL Fibular groove.
M Posterior border of ento-condyle.
N Anterior intercondylar ridge.
O Posterior intercondylar ridge.
P KEcto-condylar fossa.
RC Rotular channel.

All the figures are half size.

Fig. 1.

OUR 99 bo

BO VORNAUG MAYS Sane fi

ee
GR
90

210

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Genyornis newtoni :—Tibio-tarsus (right) ; figs. 1-7.

Anterior surface.

Posterior surface.

Internal surface.

External surface.

End contour of proximal extremity.

Figs. 1-5 represent one of the largest pair in the collection
(No. I. of table I.)

Anterior surface of lower end of another and rather smaller
specimen in which the extensor bridge has been well pre-
served.

Knd contour of distal extremity. The upper margin corresponds
to the anterior surface.

INDEX TO LETTER REFERENCES.

Intercondylar eminence.

Rotular or cnemial channel.

Cnemial process.

Inner border of cnemial process.

Epi-cnemial crest.

Kcto-condyle (of both upper and lower ends).
Pro-cnemial crest.

Eete cremial crest.

ian wiar process of ecto-cnemial crest.
Ento-condyle (of both upper and lower ends).
Ecto-cnemial cavity.

Continuation of pro-cnemial crest.

Inner border of extensor groove.

Outer border of extensor groove.

Articular surface for fibula.

Tuberosity.

Ent-epicondylar depression.

Ent-epicondylar tuberosity.

Fibula (left) ; figs. 8 and 9.
External surface.
Internal surface.

InpEx To LETTER REFERENCES.

Depression on inside of head (upper articular surface).
Lower articular surface.
Tuberosity.

All the figures are half size.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Genyornis newtoni :—'Tarso-metatarsus and Toes (right) ; figs. 1-6.

Fig. 1.
2.

Anterior surface of tarso-metatarsus with upper surfaces of
phalanges.

Posterior surface of tarso-metatarsus with lower surfaces of
phalanges.

Vol. XX. Plate I.
Fic. 1 2 Fic. 2 x

~)
oe

Hie. 3 x 4 ic. 4 x 4

ERNEST GALL PHOTO-TYPE
ALMA CHAMBERS ADELAIDE

/
;
;
:
»
;
A
°
: |
.
.
.

211

Fig. 3. End contour of proximal extremity of tarso-metatarsus. The
upper margin corresponds to the posterior surface.
4. End contour of distal extremity of tarso-metatarsus. The upper
margin corresponds to the anterior surface.
5. Contours of proximal ends of proximal phalanges. The upper
margin corresponds to the dorsal surfaces.
Outer surfaces of phalanges.

INDEX TO LETTER REFERENCES.

Elevated lip of ento-condyle.
Anterior intercondylar process.
Hypotarsus. 5
Bridge covering posterior ent-interosseous canal.
Anterior interosseous depression.
EKcto-condylar surface
Nutrient arterial foramen.
Groove on posterior surface leading to inner intertrochlear inter-
space.
Keel like process on outer side of upper extremity.
Ento-condylar surface.
Posterior ect-interosseous canal.
Kcto-trochlea,
Ento-trochlea.
Meso-trochlea.
Foramina above ecto-trochlear interspace.
Proximal phalanx of inner toe.
Proximal phalanx of middle toe.
Proximal phalanx of outer toe.
The other phalanges of each toe are placed in their proper
relative order.

All the figures are half size.

TERS ROAGSR OrBbabh

212

THE COLEOPTERA OF LAKE CALLABONNA.
By J. G. O. Tepprr, F.LS8., &e.

[Read October 6, 1896.]

The following list represents the Coleoptera collected by A.
Zietz, Esq., F.L.S., in the vicinity of the above lake (formerly
known as Lake Mulligan) during the latter part of 1893. They
were placed in the hands of the Rev. Thomas Blackburn, who
kindly identified them for the South Australian Museum, and
has described the numerous new species in the Transactions of
the Royal Society, S.A., without enumerating those already
known.

I. CIcINDELID#.

1. Megacephala Howitti, Cast.
cylindrica, McLeay.

II. CARABIDA.

2. Calosoma Schayeri, Hrichs.

2a. Diaphorus (Zuphiosoma) fulva, Casé.

3. Gigadema longipennis, erm.

sulcata, MeLeay.

. Trigonothops nigrosignata, Chaud.

. Phleocarabus crudelis, Vewm.

. Neocarenum Blackburni, Sloane.

. Philoscaphus Tepperi, Blockb.

. Euryscaphus obesus, McLeay.

. Geoscaptus levissimus, Chaud.

10. Chleenius australis, De7.

lateriviridis, Chaud.
Poecilus? sp.

11. Oodes Waterhousei, Cast. (interioris, Cast.).

12. Phorticosomus grandis, Cast.

13. Anisodactylus rotundicollis, Cast.

14. Hypharpax habitans, Sloane.

interioris, Sloane.
vilis, Blackburn.

15. Rhytisternus Arnheimensis, Cast. (?).
Callabonnensis, Blackb.
cyathoderes, Chaad.
Froggatti, MWeLeay.
Stuarti, Sloane.

16. Chlenioidius herbacea, Chaud.

O@MAIS OF

40.

41.

42.

43.

. Dicrochile Goryi, Bozsd.
. Anchomenes marginicollis, MceLeay.
. Pogonus cardiotrachelus, Chaud.

hypharpioides, Sloane.
Zietzi, Sloane.

. Bembidium Jacksoniense, Guér.

III. Dytiscip#.

. Edroma benefica, Vewm.

. Bidessus bistrigatus, Clark.

. Necterosoma penicillata, Clark.

. Platynectes decempunctata, /abr.
. Rhantus pulverulentus, Steph.

. Eretes australis, Hrichs.

IV. HypDRopuiLip.

. Hydrophilus albipes, Cast.

. Hydrobius assimilis, Hope. —

. Phylhydrus Andersoni, Blackb.
. Hygrotrophus nutans, McLeay.
. Berosus Macumbensis, Blackb.

minutipennis, Blackb.

2. Notoberosus Zietzi, Blackb.

V. STAPHILINID.

. Aleochara semirubra, Fawvel.

. Quedius semiviolaceus, Yauvel.

. Creophilus erythrocephalus, Fadr.

. Scimbalium duplopunctatus, Fawvel.

microcephalum, Yauwvel.

. Dicax deserti, Blackb.
. Pederus cruenticollis, Germ.
. Pinophilus latebricosus, Blackb.

trapezus, Fawvel.
, VI. Paussipm.
Arthropterus (7) sp.
VII. Histerip2.

Saprinus letus, Hrichs.
cyaneus, Labr.

sp.
VIII. Cotypipz.

Bothrideres variabilis, Blackb.
TX. DERMESTIDZ.

Dermestes cadaverinus, abr.
vulpinus, /abr.

44,

45.
46.

47.
48.

49.

52.

214

X. SCARABHIDZ.
Aphodius Callabonnennis, Blackb.

lividus, Oliv.
sp. (2)
Ataenius Zietzi, Blackb.
Onthophagus consentaneus, Har.
Murchisoni, Blackb.
nitidior, Blackb.
Bolboceras trituberculatum, Bainb.
Trox Auguste, Blackb.
Crotchi, Har.
litigiosus, Har.
quadridens, black.
Strzelecki, Blackb.
Liparochrus geminatus, Westw.

sp.
. Liparetrus Adelaide, Blackb.

aridus, Blackb.
distinctus, Blackb.
melanocephalus, Blackb.

. Colpochila deceptor, Blackb.

palpalis, Black.
Heteronyx addendus, Blackb.
arcanus, Blackb.
decorus, Blackb.
horridus, Blackb.
Helmsi, Black.
sparsus, Llackb.
suturalis, Blackb.
vagans, Blackb.

sp.
. Rhopeea Miullipancnale Black.
. Zietzia geologa, Blackb.
. Callabonnica propria, Blackb.
. Isodon pecuarius, Leiche.

sp.

. Semanopterus rectangulus, Black.

XI. BUPRESTID.

. Bubastes splendens, Blackb.
. Chrysobothris interioris, Black.
. Merimna atrata, Cast. et Gory. (‘Fire Beetle.”)

XIJ. EvLarerip@.

. Dromeolus interioris, Blackb.
2. Agrypnus Mastersi, WcLeay.

63.

Lacon fatuus, Cand. (?).
guttatus, Cand.
variabilis, Cand. (et var.)
Zietzi, Blackb.

. Tetralobus Fortnumi, Hope.
. Monocrepidius commodus, Black.

inamcenus, Blackb.

. Cardiophorus elisus, Cand. (?)

XIII. MALACODERMID.

. Metriorrhynchus brevirostre, Waterh.

XIV. CLERID&.

. Laius bellulus, Guér.

pretiosus, Blackb.

. Opilo congruus, Vewm.
. Orthrius cylindricus, Gorh.
. Eleale aulicodes, Gorh.

sp.
. Necrobia rufipes, Degeer.
. Dasytes fuscipennis, Hope.

XV. PriInip.

. Polyplocotes sp.

XVI. BostrycHIpD#.

. Xylopertha sp.

XVII. TENEBRIONIDA.

. Opatrum Cowardense, Blackb.

torridum, Champ.

. Cestrinus Zietzi, Blackb.
. Pterohelaeus alternatus, Pascoe.

bullatus, Pasc.
fraternus, Blackb.

. Helaeus interioris, UcLeay.

squamosus, Pascoe.

. Hypocilibe leta, Blackb.

. Brises trachynotoides, Pascoe.
2. Ephidonius parvicollis, Blackb.
. Tenebrio molitor, L.

. Chalcopterus carus, Blackb.
85,
. Ulomodes humeralis, Blackb.

Homotrysis Callabonnensis, Blackb.

XVIII. CisTELIDZA.

. Apellatus palpalis, Mc Leay.
. Scaletomerus harpaloides, Blackb.

216

XTX. Morpe.uip2.
89. Mordella communis, Waterh.

XX. OEDEMERIDZ.
90. Ananca Zietzi, Blackb.

XXI. CuRcULIONIDA.

91. Prosaulius comosus, Germ.
92. Pephricus squalidus, Germ.
93. Hypheria paralella, Black).
94. Sclerorrhinus sp.
95. Cubicorrhynchus taurus, Blackb.
96. Ophriota rapax, Blackb.
97. Oxyops fasciatus, Bovsd.
98. Desiantha sericea, Blackb.
99. Isacantha (?) sp.
100. Catocalephe minans, Black.

XXII. CERAMBYCID.
101. Phoracantha semipunctata, Fahr.
102. Neostenus spinipennis, Blackb.
103. Aposites lanaticollis, Blackb.
104. Anatisis (Petalodes) laminosus, Vewm.
105. ? Genus nov., sp. n. (?).
XXIII. CHrysoMELip.

106. Chalcolampra acervata, Germ.
_ 107. Paropsis Zietzi, Blackb.
108. Aulacophora hilaris, Bovsd.

XXIV. CoccinELLIDe.
109. Coccinella repanda, Thunb.

Various single undeterminable specimens.

24 Families, 111 genera, 160 species (12 not named).

217

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE
MoOLLUSCA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

By Jos. C. Verco, M.D., Lond., &e.

[Read October 6, 1896. ]

Pratres “VI. — VIII.

Voluta translueida, spec. nov. PI. vi., figs. 4 and 4a.

Shell elovgately ovate, very thin, diaphanous smooth and
glistening, of six whorls including the nucleus. This is incon-
spicuous, merging imperceptibly into the spire-whorls, apparently
consisting of one turn and a half, very flatly convex at the apex,
smooth. Spire-whorls sloping, slightly convex, suture simple,
surface smooth, but for very obsolete incremental strizw. Body-
whorl relatively large, smooth but for obsolete longitudinal strie,
which become more conspicuous toward the aperture, especially
anteriorly and over the scarcely raised varix of the notch.
Aperture elongate-ovate, narrowed posteriorly, dilated anteriorly,
and with a very wide shallow notch. Outer lip simple acute thin
convex when viewed either laterally or from below. Columella
convex in the posterior half, almost straight anteriorly; no callus
of the inner lip; fourplicate, the lower three plice well-marked
narrow and equi-distant, the uppermost less raised and at a less
distance.

Ornament, a narrow spiral reddish-brown line close beneath
the suture ; longitudinal narrow curved lines of the same color,
about 16 in the body-whorl, composed of minute zigzags or of
very small spirally elongated spots; two indefinite spiral color-
bands encircle the whorl, one at the level of the posterior angle
of the aperture, another just above the level of the highest
columellar plait winding over the dorsum of the notch, composed
of prolongations of the zigzags between the longitudinal lines, and
thickening of the spots in the lines

Total length, 39°5 mm.; greatest width, 16 mm.; spire, 14:5.
Length of aperture, 25 mm.; width, 7 mm.

Habitat.—One perfect dead specimen 20 fathoms off Newland
Head, outside Backstairs Passage ; broken fragments of two in
six to ten fathoms Yatala Shoal, and six small immature dead
specimens from dredge siftings 22 fathoms Backstairs Passage

( Verco ).

218

Harpa punctata, spec. nov. PI. vi., figs. 3, 3a, 3b.

Shell roundly-ovate, rather thin, smooth, glistening, of four
and a-half whorls. Nucleus one turn and a-half, slightly mam-
millate, apex inserted, first whorl rather excentric, next half-
whorl marked off from the first by a depressed scar; suture
simple and distinct; distinguished from spire-whorls by its
smoothness, but for minute sublenticular longitudinal striz, and
by absence of ornament. Spire-whorls two, gradated, with a
marked very slightly rounded angle, behind which the first turn
is subconvex, becoming gradually less so, the second is subcon-
cave, and in front of which both are slopingly subconcave ; very
minutely longitudinally striated under the lens, best seen behind
the angle, and still more minutely spirally incised. On the
second spire-whorl are also erect reflected curved scales, at
gradually increasing intervals, best seen behind the angle, and
continuous anteriorly with slightly prominent subvaricose longi-
tudinal strie. Body-whorl ventricose, slightly excavated close to
the suture, forming a slightly rounded angle, then uniformly
sloping-convex ; surface divided into ten longitudinal areas by
the remains of slightly projecting lips, which behind the angle
form erect, rounded, slightly-reflected plates, the earlier ones
more and more worn away ; the areas finely longitudinally and
spirally incisedly striate. Aperture large, nearly plano-convex ;
outer lip uniformly convex, simple, very slightly thickened out-
side, rather more so about two lines within, edge almost sharp ;
posteriorly ascending for two lines, slightly reflected and pointed,
and forming a marked notch at the suture. Columella slightly
convex behind, nearly straight in the anterior half, excavated in
the lower fifth. Inner lip distinct, smooth, with callus increasing
in thickness from behind forward ; posteriorly it forms a short
sinus with the ascending outer lip, then is applied spreading
somewhat and uniformly over the body-whorl ; in the lower half
with a free margin least marked where it crosses the varix of the
notch, then slightly inflected and incurved to the extremity of
the columella. Anterior notch distinct and everted and recurved.

Ornament, nucleus, and spire-whorls of a uniform salmon tint.
The latter and the body-whorl closely dotted with small deep
chestnut spots, their spiral diameter twice as great as their longi-
tudinal, arranged in longitudinal series so that the dot of each is
opposite the space in the next. The body-whorl has also two
broad salmon-coloured spiral bands, one from the back of the
aperture to a little above the middle of the lip, the other from a
little above the middle of the aperture to the lower third of the
lip. Just behind the remains of previous lips in these bands are
crescents of dark chestnut, and similar crescents are found here
and there on the body and spire-whorls close to the suture.

219

Behind these bands is one narrower and less distinct, and another
at and behind the angle ; one between the broad bands, and two
in front of the lower one. Between all the bands are narrow
indistinct whitish areas. The inner edge of the lip is white,
with Jess distinct and narrower coloured areas corresponding with
the bands outside. The throat is translucent, and reveals faintly
the external dots and bands.

Habitat.—Two recent and two broken shells, 20 fathoms
Newland Head ; one immature dead and one broken, 22 fathoms
Backstairs Passage ( Verco ).

This new species cannot be confounded with any other form.
The distant ribs and dotted ornament distinguish it at once.

Tryon says, in his Man. of Conch,, Vol. V., p. 97, ‘Like
Strombus, Harpa appears to be a completed genus, no new forms
rewarding the industry of modern investigators and explorers.”
The discovery of a new species is, therefore, of peculiar interest.
And this is increased by the fact that the two other Australian
forms, H. ventricosa, Lam., and H. minor, Lam., are inhabitants
of the warmer regions of the North and North-West parts of
the continent.

Tritonidea (Cantharulus, Meek, 1876) fusiformis, spec. nov.
BL, va, ues. L, la, Pb 5 var., 2, 2a.

Shell ovately fusiform, solid, whorls seven, including the
nucleus. Nucleus conspicuous, of two turns, smooth, convex ;
suture deep, apex slightly exserted (in specimens as usually found
on the beach it is inconspicuous, and nearly flat.) Spire-whorls
four, convex, sutures regular distinct, impressed ; longitudinal
cost regular round, width rather greater than the intervals or
the height. Thirteen in the penultimate whorl, crossed by spiral
lire, rounded, valid, not quite so wide as the interstices, nine
primary in the penultimate, with two or three secondary thread-
lets in the wider spaces; very numerous fine longitudinal sub-
lenticular incised striw. Body-whorl uniformly convex, con-
tracted anteriorly ; 11 to 12 longitudinal cost#, most marked
posteriorly, becoming less valid in front of the periphery. About
30 spiral lire, fairly regular, with an occasional interstitial
threadlet crossed by minute incremental incised strizx. Aperture
elongately oval, somewhat narrowed anteriorly. Outer lip
uniformly convex, margin sharp, minutely crenulated throughout,
outside varicosely thickened from suture to notch by a rounded
pad with a corresponding furrow inside of varying depth in
different specimens ; internally otherwise smooth, save for an
obsolete blunt tooth-like process close to the suture ; in some
individuals there are seven or eight narrow plicate denticles
nearly equidistant. Columella concavely arcuate above, straight

220

and slightly sinistrally oblique below, the junction marked by a
scarcely bifid spiral callus plica. Inner lip with a thin smooth
shining callus applied posteriorly, margined in the lower third, in
some individuals with a margin just free throughout; a spiral
tooth-like blunt process close to the suture forms with a corres-
ponding one on the outer lip a kind of sinus. Canal short, rather
wice, outer lip just everted ; scarcely recurved, notched ante-
riorly. Ornament faint rusty-brown with narrow white band
above the sutures, and encircling the body-whorl just above the
middle; bounded above by a line one-third of its width, of
darker colour, generally most marked on the costz so as to appear
somewhat articulated ; a similar but less marked line bounds it
below ; irregular rust-coloured longitudinal flames extend from
the white bands to the anterior extremity of the body-whorl ;
interior of aperture of a rusty-purplish colour with an indistinct
broad whitish spiral band. In life a thin minutely hairy
periostracum covers all the shell except the nucleus, and almost
hides the ornament.

Total length, 17 mm.; greatest width, 8-5 mm.; length of spire,
8 mm.; body-whorl, 9 mm.

Habitat.—Dreged alive 15 fathoms Investigators Straits,
one ; off Middleton, 15 fathoms, one recent ; 20 fathoms in and
outside Backstairs Passage, one recent and one dead ( Verco),
Spencer Gulf.

Variety, 7. Adcockti. Rather more solid, with about 11
spiral lire in the body-whorl, which become progressively stouter
and more distant anteriorly with one or two interstitial thread-
lets, and where the lire are stoutest with secondary threadlets on
their sides. The longitudinal costs are rather narrower and
higher and quite pronounced posteriorly, but below the periphery
they are almost broken up into very large tubercles on the spiral
lire. The aperture is generally more contracted, there are seven
well-marked teeth inside the outer lip, besides the posterior pro-
cess. On the inner lip the columellar projection anteriorly is
validly bifid, and at the margin of the lip there are four rather
distant teeth in a series diminishing backwards, besides the well-
marked posterior tubercle. The white band with its dark
margins is less conspicuous, the longitudinal rusty waved flames
are rather more marked, though somewhat broken up into dots
or blotches chiefly on the nodular intersections of coste and
lire. Intermediate forms connect this variety with the typical
species.

Habitat.—Middleton Beach (D. J. Adcock).

Diagnosis.—Hitherto, in South Australia, it has been called
Cantharus rubiginosus, Rve., but is quite distinct from that. Its
nearest ally appears to be Buccinun D’Orbignyi, Payrandeau,

221

Cat. Moll. de Corse, p. 159, pl. 8, f. 4 to 6; also Conch. Icon.
Rve. Bucc., f. 44; Man. of Conch. Tryon, Cantharus, vol. IIT.,
p- 158, pl. 73, f. 266. Variety C. Adcocki approaches this ; but
from the description, which is meagre, and from the plate, one
would judge that the coste of the foreign shell are less numerous
and more valid, the canal is less oblique, while the ornament,
beautifully variegated with black and yellow, is different.

Triton (Argobuecinum) mimeticus, Tate (Sipho).
Pl. vi., figs. 6, 6a, 6b.

This shell was referred to by me in a previous paper as ZJ’riton
mimeticus, Tate, and I place it now in the subgenus Argobuccinum.
I obtained a living specimen in 20 fathoms off Newland Head,
and a recent dead one in 17 fathoms off Porpoise Head, both
places just outside Backstairs Passage, as well as a dead speci-
men, and fragments of two more. The first two have each three
varices, and of these the first lies close behind the third. The
canal figured in Proc. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1895, vol. XIX., pl. ii, f.
4, 4a, wasfractured. In a living shell 25 mm. in length, with an
aperture of 8-5 mm. long, the canal is 8-75 mm. in length. Nearly
closed at first, it gradually becomes about twice as widely open
at the anterior as at the posterior end; the whole canal is slightly
uniformly recurved. There is no periostracum. Above the row
of tubercles the shell is fulvus brown, with deeper-tinted
blotches ; the tubercles are white. Below these it is fulvous-
brown, except for a spiral white band about two lines in width,
bounded above and below by a fine line articulated white and
brown, the joints being rather long, the lower one on the obsolete
carina, A third articulated line is at an equal distance in front.
The anterior extremity of the canal becomes gradually deep
brown. On the outside of the outer lip are four equidistant,
rather large squarish brown spots. Operculum large, filling the
aperture, ovate, nucleus apical. The dentition (Pl. vi., fig. 6b)
shows a central rachidian tooth five-cusped, an inner uncinus or
lateral six or seven pointed, and two simple uncini, the inner
sickle-shaped, the outer scimitar-shaped. The disposition of the
varices is that of Ranella and Argobuccinum, and the peculiar
flat shape of the shell brings it into alliance with these. The
simplicity of the uncini, their freedom from saw-points, suggests
relation with Ranella rather than Triton. But the length of the
anterior canal compared with that of the aperture, which it fully
equals, is found in Z'riton, but is an unknown character in
ftanella. The only Ranelliform shell in which the canal approaches
the aperture in length is Argobuccinum gigantea, Lam., and no
ftanella is known to me in which, as in this, the canal equals one-
third of the total length of the shell. The apical nucleus of the

222

operculum, and the absence of a posterior canal, locate it inArgo-
buccinum as a aubgenus of Triton, with affinities to Ranella.

Drillia teleseopialis, spec. nov. Pl. vii., figs. 1, la, 1b.

Shell minute, thin. Whorls six, including the nucleus. Nucleus
one turn and a half, smooth, with deep impressed suture, apex
exserted. Spire-whorls sloping, nearly straight, gradated, angled at
junction of posterior and middle fourth ; behind this the whorl is
bevelled to the suture, which 1s distinct and impressed. Whorls
sculptured with spiral lire, four to six in front of the angle, two
behind it, flatly rounded, equidistant, wider than the interspaces.
Longitudinal lire numerous, equidistant, about 20 in the penul-
timate whorl, narrower than the interspaces ; in some specimens
crossing the spiral lire and wider than them, generally most
marked and forming conspicuous costz in the second and third
spire-whorls ; in others narrower, crossed by the spiral lire,
giving a cancellated appearance. Body-whorl nearly cylindrical,
angled a little below the suture and again at the periphery,
below which it is excavately contracted to the base; provided
with spiral lire, two behind the upper angle, about seven between
the angles, and nine or ten below, the most valid forming a
minute carina at the lower angle, crossing or crossed by 18 to 20
wider or narrower longitudinal liree continued to the base, though
less conspicuous here. Aperture elongately rhomboidal; wider
anteriorly. Outer lip simple, thin, crenulated, with a well-marked
semi-circular sinus from the posterior angulation to the suture,
lip slanting obliquely from the carina to the anterior notch.
Columella straight, inner lip inconspicuous except behind, where
there is a columellar callus, from which springs the acute upper
boundary of the sinus. Notch simple, anterior extremity truncated
obliquely to the left. Ornament uniform, rusty-brown or white.

Length, 45 mm.; breadth, 1:25 mm.

Hlabitat.—Backstairs Passage, 14 dead.

Types in my cabinet.

Diagnosis.—I know no Drillia with an approximate form.

Drillia pentagonalis, spec. nov. PI. vii., figs. 2, 2a.

Shell minute, telescope-shaped, rather thick. Whorls four and
a half, without the nucleus. Nucleus absent. Spire gradated,
whorls straight-sided in the anterior three-fourths, and bevelled
at an angle of 45° to the posterior suture, which is distinct and
simple. Five longitudinal ribs, continuous, narrow, erect, pro-
minent; interspaces nearly flat, giving a pentagonal section.
Sublenticular inconspicuous longitudinal and spiral striz, which
cross the ribs. Body-whorl with five longitudinal ribs, squarely
rhomboidal, angulated near the suture, and carinated at the

223

periphery, the ribs having projecting points here, and_ the
carina being curved between them; whorl excavately con-
tracted below. Scarcely visible sublenticular longitudinal striz
in upper part; rather less obsolete spiral striew ; these are
more valid below the carina, where seven can be counted on the
ventral aspect. Aperture narrow, elongately oblong. Outer lip
varicosely thickened by a rib, margin thin, simple, and sharp,
straight for four-sevenths of its length, between the angle and
the carina, curved towards the notch in the lower two-sevenths,
and containing a well marked sinus in the upper seventh, rather
more than a semi-circle, not quite reaching to the suture.
Columella streight, slightly concave below, inner lip incon-
spicuous. Ornament unicoloured dull stony-white.

Length, 3-5 mm.; breadth, 1:25 mm.

Habitat. —Dredge siftings (probably Backstairs Passage), deep
water, two dead ( Verco ).

Diagnosis. —From D. telescopialis, nobis, by the pentagonal
shape, the five ribs, and the absence of a

Mitra Vincentiana, spec. nov. PI. viii., fig. 3.

Shell, elongately-fusiform, moderately solid. Nucleus detached
in all specimens, and earlier whorls corroded. Spire, eight
whorls, slightly convex ; suture well marked, linear, minutely
channelled. First three or four whorls longitudinally costate,
coste gradually becoming obsolete, but may sometimes be traced
to the next whorl, and may be represented by indistinct and
irregular plice over the rest of the spire; spiral threadlets
rounded and indistinct, about 12 in the penultimate whorl ; very
minute sublenticular incremental longitudinal striz are also
visible.

Body-whorl uniformly very slightly convex; faintly marked
close-set longitudinal strive, and numerous low, unequal rounded
spiral threadlets, least marked over its centre. A very distinct
spiral furrow starts just above the highest columallar plica, and
winds round the dorsum of the base with two or three shallower
ones behind it, and about four or five wrinkles in front of it.
Aperture oblique, narrow, elongate-oval, contracted above, open-
ing widely into the notch below. Outer lip uniformly curved,
except for slight central straightening, simple, thin, sharp,
smooth internally. Columella straight, very slightly excavated
anteriorly ; plice four, well marked, intervals regularly narrowing
anteriorly ; sometimes the elevated anterior margin of the columella
exactly simulates a small fifth plica. Inner lip scarcely visible,
except below the lowest plica, whence the callus stretches to the
notch ; only in living specimens can the extent of the lip be
recognised, and then only by the polished surface of the aper-

224

ture. Notch well marked, margins slightly everted. Ornament,
uniform dull salmon colour.

Length, 19 mm.; breadth, 6:75 mm.; aperture length, 8-5 mm. ;
width, 2°75.

Diagnosis.—It differs from M. Rosette, Ang., in the costation
of the earlier whorls, and in the absence of the punctated spiral
incisions. It differs from M. Australis, Swns., in its more at-
tenuated form, in the less abrupt contraction of the body-whorl
below the periphery, the more uniform curve with a larger radius
of the outer lip, and the consequent absence of the contraction
of the lower part of the aperture ; also in the relative length of
the aperture and spire; in M. Australis, in the smaller shells,
these are as 100 to 103°6, in the larger as 100 to 114°3, in
M. Vincentiana as 100 to 131°4.

Habitat.-_Investigators Straits from 13 to 15 fathoms, two
recent; off Bank’s Islands, Spencer Gulf, in 10 fathoms, one
recent ; Backstairs Passage, in 17 fathoms, one dead ( Verco ).

Types i in my cabinet.

Sureula Perksi, spec. nov. Pl. vii., figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.

Shell fusiformly ovate, solid, imperforate. Whorls ten, includ-
ing nucleus. Nucleus two whorls, smooth, inflated, horn-
colored. Spire, suture distinct, impressed, finely crenulated ;
whorls subconvex, with a groove at the junction of the upper and
middle third, having a double row of granules just above it, and
another row immediately below it. Numerous longitudinal wavy
plicee, about as wide as the intervals, and not quite so high,
rounded, about 25 in the penultimate whorl. Abundant fine
spiral strie, 15 in the penultimate, crossing the plice, and making
them granose. Body-whorl subinflated, contracted at the base,
sculpture in the upper part as in the spire; longitudinal granose
plicee, about 40, following the sinuosities of the outer lip, lost at
the extreme bate, and becoming less valid and more crowded
towards the aperture, cut by transverse striz, which are irregu-
larly alternately larger and smaller. Aperture oblique, elongate-
ovate, constricted close to the suture. Outer lip thin, sharp,
with a well-marked sinus, about three millimetres deep, with its
centre 2°5 mm. from the suture, with the sides convex, and a
concave bottom at the row of tiny nodules in front of the groove;
a shallow anterior wide sinus just behind the notch of the canal.
Canal very short, wide, open, notch rather large, oblique, its left
border produced beyond the right; margins slightly everted.
Columella straight, slight sinistral deviation anteriorly, smooth
from removal of sculpture, callus very thin, applied, inconspicu-
ous, barely free at the anterior extremity. Ornament greyish-
white, with small deep rust-colored spots on the rows of grsnules

225

just below the suture (sometimes continued from these as .wavy
longitudinal lines), and on the spiral row just below the groove
of the sinus, and finer spiral lines of spots on alternate trans-
verse rows of costal granules, over the body-whorl to the base.
Aperture white. Operculum moderately large, elongate-ovate
acute (Pl. vii., fig. 3c).

Length, 20 mm.; breadth, 8:25 mm.; aperture length, 10-25 ;
width, 3°25.

Type in my cabinet.

Habitat.—Five examples alive in 15 fathoms off Thistle Island,
in weed, brought up in two successive casts off the dredge
( Verco ).

Diagnosis.—S. Quoyi, Rve., is a larger shell, with the sub-
sutural band not at all or scarcely nodulated, and with large
nodules in the groove of the sinus, and no longitudinal coste.
S. Oweni, Gray, has in the spire-whorls the sinus nodules imme-
diately above the suture, instead of at or slightly above the centre
of the whorls. The nodules are only half as numerous, 20 in the
body-whorl instead of 40; its longitudinal plice are very fine,
and are just twice the number of the nodules.

It is named after Dr. R. H. Perks, the Secretary of our
Section, a naturalist well known in South Australia.

The character of the operculum with its apical nucleus suggests
a doubt whether this shell should be placed in Swreula. Accord-
ing to Fischer, in his Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 591, this genus
has an operculum with its nucleus medio-lateral and internal like
that of Clavatula, of which he gives a figure. I find, however,
that the operculum of Syreula Quoyi has its nucleus apical. The
two shells are conchologically closely allied. I place my species,
therefore, with it, in Swrcula for the present, and leave the
character of the operculum and its importance as a generic
diagnostic for further consideration.

Turrieula apicitineta, spec. nov. PI. viii., figs. 4, 4a, 4b.

Shell turretted, fusiform, rather thin, shining. Spire, elate of
eight whorls, including nucleus. Nucleus distinct dextral, two
turns, excentric, sometimes slightly mammillate, smooth, suture
well marked, pinkish brown, retaining its color in the dead white
shell, and prettily tinting its apex. Spire-whorls sloping, scarcely
convex, the convexity varying in different individuals. Longi-
tudinally finely costate throughout; coste most valid in the
earlier whorls, about 35 in the penultimate, slightly nodulated at
the posterior suture, wider than the interstices in the earlier
whorls, narrower in the later, rounded, rather broader than high;
Sutures distinct impressed. Transverse lirae numerous, three in
the penultimate whorl, flattened, wider than the interstices,

226

which are scarcely more than incisions, crossing the coste, but
less valid there than in the intervening furrows. In the first
three whorls, just below the suture (the distance increasing
gradually in successive whorls) a well-marked transverse furrow
cuts off a row of subsutural nodules from the cost; in the fourth
whorl this is less marked, and the other spiral furrows become
nearly equal to it, gradually diminishing in depth towards the
centre of the whorl. Last whorl subconvex, convexity varying
slightly in different specimens, contracted just below the peri-
phery. Longitudinal plice numerous, close-set, irregular in size
and distance, degenerating into marked incremental striz towards
the aperture. Spiral incisions well marked below the suture to
the middle of the whorl, obsolete in front of this, though still
visible under the lens; five or six valid spiral furrows over the
contracted part behind the notch. Aperture obiiquely elongately
oval. Outer lip nearly straight in the upper two-thirds, then
bent to the left at an angle of 135°; simple, acute. Columella
straight for one-half its extent, then slightly bent to the left;
plicee four, sometimes the last forms the margin of the canal, some-
times is distinctly above it, equidistant, well marked, sometimes
ceasing at the margin of the callus of the inner lip, which is sharply
defined and at the lower part free, so as to form a minute rimate
perforation with the varix of the notch. Canal wide, short, scarcely
reflected, distinctly notched. Ornament, color greyish-white, a
broad indistinct pinkish-brown subsutural band, maculated at
intervals with deeper brown patches ; in some examples only these
are visible. On the body-whorl three indistinct fine bands either
continuous or composed of brown dots, the highest of which
appears on the spire-whorls, the lowest may be continuous over
the anterior part of the shell from a little above the columellar
plicee. When dead, the shell is nearly pure white with a pinkish
tip, and faint brownish maculations.

Length, 11:20 mm.; breadth, 3:5, or 10mm. and 3:75; length
of aperture, 4:5 mm.; width, 1 mm.

Diagnosis.—lt resembles M. T'asmanica, Ten.-Woods. (lent to
me by Mr. May, of Hobart), in the ribbing and transverse gird-
ling, but the shape is different. The latter is ovate and attenuate
at both ends, with these dimensions: 11 mm. long., 5 mm. broad;
length of aperture, 6 mm. fully. It is brown, with two or three
yellowish-white bands—mine is greyish-white, with brown bands,
but this distinction may simply be a question of width of bands,
in which circumstance mine vary widely.

Habitat.—St. Vincent Gulf, 17 fathoms, six dead ; off New-
land Head, 20 fathoms, nine dead ( Verco ).

Types in my cabinet,

227

Imbriearia porphyria, spec. nov. PI. viii., figs. 5, 5a.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, of five whorls, exclusive of nucleus.
Nucleus two whorls, smooth, flattened, papillary. Spire short,
slightly acute, about one-fourth the total length of the shell,
whorls subconvex, roundly angled at lower part, longitudinal
plice indistinct, low, inequidistant, closer on the posterior whorls,
with finer distinct regular longitudinal strize under the lens.
Spiral striz, about seven on the penultimate whorl, sublenticular,
flat crowded, crossing the plice. Sutures distinct, very slightly
margined, and minutely crenulated by the longitudinal striz.
Body-whorl swollen just below the suture to form a rounded
shoulder, then with a regular sloping curve to the anterior
extremity. Fine sublenticular longitudinal growth-lines, close,
most marked at the suture, and behind the shoulder, less marked
near the aperture; spiral striz close-set, low, most marked
behind the shoulder, and just above the notch, very faint over
the rest of the whorl. Aperture narrow, widest in the middle,
outer lip nearly straight, simple, acute, smooth. Inner lip
straight, very thin polished callus. Three very distinct, equal,
nearly transverse, equidistant plaits occupying the middle third
of the aperture with an obsolete one immediately below. Orna-
ment, uniform mauve tint inside and out, nucleus dark mauve ;
dead shells are white.

Length, 10 mm.; breadth, 5-75 mm.; spire, 2°25 mm. ; length
of aperture, 7:25, width, 1°25.

Habitat.—In and outside Backstairs Passage, Investigators
Straits, dredged alive at 15 to 20 fathoms, five; and 36 recent
and dead (Verco). West Coast of Yorke Peninsula (TZ ate ).

Types in my cabinet.

P. Fischer in his Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 614, says Imbri-
carva of Schumacher has no operculum, ‘The shell I describe has
one, but I leave the discussion of its generic location for a
future communication.

Phos tasmaniea, 7en.-Woods (Josepha). Pl. vi., figs. 5, 5a ;
Pl. viii., figs. 6, 6a.

Shell ovately fusiform, solid, opaque. Whorls including the
nucleus 9 ; nucleus of two whorls, smooth, inflated. Spire-whorls
convex, angled at their centre, behind this slightly excavated by
a rather wide, conspicuous groove, behind this a prominent
rounded subsutural band. Longitudinal plicee numerous, regular,
16 in the penultimate whorl, slightly coronated at the angle, and
forming slightly elongated nodules on the subsutural band. Dis-
tinct engraved spiral lines, crossing the plice, three or four in
front of the angle, two or three in the groove, producing, if well
marked, a row or two of small round granules there. Body-

228

whorl with the subsutural nodulated band, anterior to this the
excavated groove, followed by its angle of junction with a uni-
form, slightly convex surface. The longitudinal plice may
extend almost to the base, or may become obsolete at the peri-
phery ; and generally become less marked towards tke aperture
in older shells. Spiral engraved lines 13 to 15, equidistant, most
marked at the base, so as to form there about five obliquely
rounded spiral lire. Aperture obliquely elongate-ovate, con-
tracted behind between the subsutural band and a small colume!l-
lar callus, minutely canaliculate. Outer lip simple, thin, slightly
sinuous, internally seven narrow spiral plicate teeth, equidistant,
extending to within a line of the margin. Columella nearly
straight, concave at the base, where the callus is thick and closes
the umbilicus ; a rather broad spiral plica lies over the situation
of the continuation backwards of the varix of the notch, it may
be simple or bifid or three or four divided. Notch well marked,
with minutely everted margins, varix of notch valid, and bounded
above by a definite slightly elevated edge continuous with the
sharp right margin of the notch. Ornament, rusty-brown or
deep mahogany, with bluish-white patches composed of several
oblong spots disposed between the engraved lines, most numerous
just above and below the angulation and towards the base. In
these areas the brown and whitish spots may be almost regularly
articulated, or so disposed as to form longitudinal brown flames.
Living shells are often brightly glistening, dead shells uniform
dull rusty brown.

Length, 25 mm.; breadth, 10 mm.; spire, 14 mm.; aperture,
10 mm. long, 4°5 broad.

Habitat.— Along the whole coast of South Australia, at low
water. Hyre’s Sandpatch, West Australia, large specimens.

Remarks.—This shell has been known in South Australia as
Cominella suturalis, A. Adams see list of Aquatic Mollucea of
South Australia, D. J. Adcock, 1893. But that shell is a
Nassaria, and as figured in Tryon’s Man. of Conch., pl. 84, fig.
542, and as examined in a specimen sent to me identified by G.
B. Sowerby, is a shell quite unlike the South Australian form.
The dentition of Massaria, as given in the Man. Vol. 3, pl. 27,
fig. 34, shows a six-cusped rachidian tooth, while our shell has
only three cusps. I had identified it as Josepha T'asmanica, Ten.
Woods, Pros. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, 1878, p. 32, upon which he
founded his subgenus Josepha ; but it had never been figured,
and on enquiry it was learned that the type specimens in the
Hobart Museum had been mislaid, and could not be referred to.
However, Miss Lodder, of Ulverstone, Tasmania, has lately for-
warded to me two shells, identical with this Phos Tasmanica.
They were found without a label among some shells presented by

229

Mr. Petterd to the Launceston Museum, and a label Josephia
Tasmanica, in his handwriting, was found in the same box with-
out any shells attached. Mr. Petterd, to whom she referred
them, says he believes these shells are the co-types of Wood’s
species, which was described from shells in Mr. Petterd’s posses-
sion. There is, therefore, no doubt about the identity. As to
its generic location : Woods created the subgenus Josepha for it
under Com¢nella, because of its columellar plait, but Tryon says,
“ Tf it is really distinct from Cominella, why is it not a Phos?”
Man. of Conch., Vol. 3, p. 207. I know of no reason why it
should not be regarded as a Phos. Its dentition, given on pl.
vili., fig. 6, is identical with that of the genus Phos given in
Tryon’s Man. Vol. 3, pl. 27, fig. 35. Its shape approximates that
of Phos virgatus, Hinds, op. cit., pl. 83, fig. 502, and it has a
columellar plication. This varies in validity in different examples,
but is always present, and is not merely a projection of the varix
of the notch through a thin layer of columella callus. For this
eallus at its margin may be quite devoid of a plication, which is
yet distinct enough a little further within the aperture, where it
may show two, three, or four ridges which have been subsequently
laid down. I have, therefore, placed it in the genus Phos, and
discarded the subgenus Josepha.

Myodora eorrugata, spec. nov. PI. viii., figs. 1, la, 1b.

Shell transversely ovate, thin, subequilateral, inequivalve
Umbos apposed, acute, retroflexed. Anterior dorsal margin
uniformly slightly convex. Posterior dorsal] margin uniformly
slightly concave; the two forming an angle of about 130°.
Ventral margin slightly convex, anteriorly rising rapidly to form
a well-rounded curve with the front dorsal margin; posteriorly
forming a marked angle, slightly more than a right angle, with
the truncated posterior extremity; in large specimens the ventral

. margin is slightly concave in front of this angle. Posterior ex-
tremity almost vertically straightly truncated, the end sloping

slightly downwards and forwards, making a right angle with the
post-dorsal margin. Right valve convex, well-marked ridge from
umbo to postero-inferior angle; sculptured with very distinct,
regular, concentric ribs, about one-half the width of the inter-
spaces, and as high as wide, smooth and rounded, continuous
from one dorsal margin to the other. Left valve a little smaller
than the right, almost flat, very slightly rounded transversely, an
indistinct ridge from umbo to postero-inferior angle, behind
which the surface is quite flat ; sculpture like that of the right

. valve, but not quite so deep, especially behind the umbonal ridge.

There is a long narrow post-umbonal area on the dorsal hinge-
line, smooth, slightly excavated, the right valve composing rather

230

the larger part. Ventral margin very thin and simple. Intern-
ally, valves shining, pearly, indistinctly marked by tha corruga-
tions of the outside, furrows within corresponding with ridges
without. A small triangular cartilage-pit within each apex ;
there is a small umbonal ossicle. The right valve has a long
linear furrow, with a scarcely projecting long lamina at its inner
margin, for the reception of a long lamina on the left valve along
the whole of the post-dorsal margin. The edge of the anterior-
dorsal margin of the right valve scarcely projects, so as to enclose
the left valve, and allow it to rest on the ledge within.

Length, antero-posterior, 14:25 mm.; umbo-ventral, 9 mm.;
sectional diameter of apposed valves, 3°5 mm.

Habitat.— Dredged alive, 15 to 20 fathoms, Yankalilla Bay,
Backstairs Passage, and Spencer Gulf five specimens, and 23
valves ( Verco ).

Corbula compressa, spec. nov. Pl. viii., figs. 2, 2a, 2b.

Shell triangulary oval, solid, compressed, inequivalve, in-
equilateral. Umbols in contact, acute, curved slightly forwards.
Posterior dorsal margin sloping, straight for two-thirds of its
length, then descending at an obtuse angle. Anterior dorsal
margin about three-fourths as long as the posterior, with which
it makes rather more than a right angle, scarcely excavated in
front of the umbos, and forming a well rounded anterior ex-
tremity with the ventral margin. The front half of this is
straight, then slightly convexly ascending, to join the posterior
dorsal margin at its junction with which it is slightly excavated,
so as to form a minute beak. The right valve is larger than the
left. Along the anterior dorsal margin, the rounded front end,
and the anterior two-thirds of the post-dorsal margin, the right
valve scarcely projects beyond the left. At the posterior ex-
tremity it is deeply folded over it at a very slightly rounded
angle, the depth of the fold diminishing anteriorly. From the
umbo on each valve a ridge eurves obliquely forwards, but is soon
lost in the rounded surface of the valves; another extends
obliquely backwards to the posterior inferior angie, sharply de-
fined. The post-umbonal area is, in the left valve, somewhat ex-
cavated throughout ; in the right convex, except for a slightly
concave groove close to the ridge, diminishing in width from the
umbo backwards. Sculpture, concentric incremental striz, more
distinct and at wider intervals with age, fewer and more
valid in the left valve ; in the left posterior umbonal area form-
ing distant sharp ridges, in the right being very numerous and
fine. In some specimens are radial interstitial raised micros-
copic strize on both valves, more marked on the left. Ornament °
china-white, mottled with small translucent brown irregular zig-
zag spots, arranged somewhat radially.

231

Length, 10 mm.; breadth. 6°25 mm.; thickness, 4 mm.

Habitat.—Yankalilla Bay, in sludge, at 20 fathoms, many
alive; Backstairs Passage, Port Lincoln, Eastern Cove, Kangaroo
Island, at varying depths, several ( Verco ).

Types in my cabinet.

Diagonsis.—Its nearest ally in our waters is C. scaphoides,
Hinds, but the latter isa more obese shell, the transverse section
is more uniformly convex, the anterior dorsal margin is compara-
tively longer, the angle between the anterior and _ posterior
margin is more obtuse, the left valve is not so included in the
right posteriorly, the surface behind the umbonal ridge is not so
wide, or so excavated, and so the ridge is not so valid. A nearer
ally is C luteola, Carpenter, from San Diego Bay, which has the
same compressed form, but in this species the anterior part of the
shell is longer than the posterior, the junction between the
anterior dorsal margin and the ventral is a larger curve, and the
right valve does not include the left.

Nore Upon Murex Umpiticatus, Z'en.-Woods. PI. vii.,
figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c.

Adams’s name scalaris has priority of Wood’s wmbilicatus, but
the former is pre-occupied by Brocchi for a fossil Murex, and is
thus excluded. So Tryon proposed the name of Mf. Angasi as a
substitute for scalaris (Man. of Conch. Vol. II., p. 109). He
did not, however, know its identity with IZ wmbilicatus. This
latter name, therefore, has priority. The identity is vouched for
by Brazier. He sent specimens of the shell to H. Adams, who
said it was identical with that named J. scalaris by his brother,
A. Adams (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Vol. VIII,
Part I., p. 116). Sowerby, in Thes. Conch. Mon. Murex, p. 54,
gives it in his alphabetical list as scalaris, Ad., Gen. Fusus ?,
without description or plate, and does not notice it in his Mon.
Fusus. Tryon gives no plate of either scalaris or umbilicatus ;
I have therefore had a figure of WM. umbilicatus, Ten.-Woods,
from St. Vincent Gulf, with its operculum executed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PuateE VI.

Fig
ey ta. Tritonidea fusiformis, Verco.
1b. Details of sculpture.
2. 2a. Var. Adcocki, Verco.
3, 3a, 3b. Harpa punctata, Verco.
4, 4a. Voluta translucida, Verco.
5, da. Phos tasmanica, 7’en.- Woods.
6. Triton (Argobuccinum) mimeticus, 7'ate.
6a. Operculum of Triton (Argobueccinum) mimeticus.

6b. Dentition of Triton (Argobuccinum) mimeticus.

1, la,

232

Puate VII.

lb. Drillia telescopialis, Verco.
Drillia pentagonalis, Verco.
Surcula Perksi, Verco.
Surcula Perksi, details of sculpture.
Surcula Perksi, operculum.
Murex umbilicatus, 7'en.- Woods.
Murex umbilicatus, details of sculpture.
Murex umbilicatus, operculum.

PiateE VIII.

1b. Myodora corrugata, Verco.
2b. Corbula compressa, Verco.
Mitra Vincentiana, Verco.
Turricula apicitincta, Verco.
Turricula apicitincta, details of sculpture.
Imbricaria porphyria, Verco; 5a. Operculum, anterior extremity
probably broken off.
Dentition of Phos tasmanica, 7’en.- Woods.
Operculum of Phos tasmanica, 7’en.- Woods.

Vol.XX Plate VI.

H.B. lith.

Vol. XX Plate VII.

H.B. lith.

Hussey & GILLINGHAM,LITH.

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4 a

Vol. XX Plate VIII.

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a

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Buacksurn, B.A.

[Read October 6, 1896.]
KK.

PECTINICORNES.
AULACOCYCLUS.

A. errans, sp. nov. Minus latus; minus convexus; nitidus ;
rufo-brunneus; vertice cornuto, cornu adunco supra sulcato
in apice emarginato; prothorace sulco marginali excepto
sublevi (ut A. edentuli, Macl.), utrinque pone medium fovea
curvata impresso; elytris minus fortiter striatis, striis
eequaliter valde distincte punctulatis, puncturis in striarum
interiorum parte antica quam in striis exterioribus haud
minus perspicuis, interstitiis nullo modo convexis. Long.,

11 J.; lat., 41.

The species of Aulacocyclus are extremely closely allied enter se,
and most of the characters that have been relied upon in the
brief published descriptions seem to be in reality of little value.
The form of the frontal horn is certainly liable to some variation
and the number of external teeth on the front tibiz sometimes
differs in the two tibiz of the same specimen. Nor is the form
and sculpture of the lateral fovea of the prothorax constant; I
have examples in which the two fovea of an individual specimen
are by no means identical. The only constant characters I can
find (apart from the size which does not seem to vary much) are
in the striation and puncturation of the upper surface. The
present species is very easily recognised by its prothorax almost
without puncturation (as in A. edentulus, Macl., the commonest
species of the genus in my experience) in combination with elytra
comparatively feebly striate but having their strie extremely
evenly punctulate (so that the punctures are scarcely less defined
in the front part of the subsutural striz than in the lateral strie.

Australia ; I do not know the exact habitat but believe it to
be tropical.

A. collaris, sp. nov. Minus latus; modice convexus ; nitidus ;
niger ; vertice cornuto, cornu adunco supra sulcato in apice
emarginato ; prothorace subtiliter distincte sat crebre punc-

234

tulato, utrinque pone medium fovea curvata (hac haud vel
minus distincte punctulato) impresso; elytris fortiter striatis,
striis interioribus vix distincte (ut A. edentuli, Macl.)
exterioribus sat fortiter (quam A. edentuli magis fortiter)
punctulatis, interstitiis sat fortiter convexis. Long., 10—
111; lat., 33—4 ],

Easily distinguishable by its prothoracic puncturation much
more distinct than in any other (at any rate than in any other
known to me) of its congeners, in all of which the punctures are
very sparse and discernible only with a strong lens (e.g., a Cod-
dington), while in the present species they are notably less
sparse and quite distinct under a very ordinary lens. Compared
with A. edentulus moreover this insect is smaller, narrower, more
nitid and blacker, with the punctures of the external elytral
strize very much stronger. The elytral interstices moreover are
evidently more convex than in A. edentuius, but I do not lay
much emphasis on this character as the interstices of the elytra
seem to vary in convexity within the limits of a species,—proba-
bly sexually.

The genus Aulacocylus is one presenting very great difficulty
on account of the externally close alliance inter se, and the brevity
of the descriptions, of its species, Seven names have I believe
been given to Australian species (if Rosenbergi, Kaup, be Aus-
tralian which however seems doubtful). Two of these (according
to Gemminger and Harold) are synonyms of edentulus, Macl.,
and this is probably a correct reference. Kaupi, Macl., 1 strongly
suspect of being another synonym of the same _ species.
Rosenbergi, Kaup, and Percheroni, Kaup, seem incapable of
identification without examining the types. They are said to be
remarkable for the shortness of their frontal horn and the feeble-
ness of their elytral puncturation. Gemm. and H. regard them
as referring to only one species. Teres, Perch., seems to be a
good species (unknown to me) fully twice as large as the species
I have described above. I have examined the type of edentulus,
Macl., and I think it is the species Burmeister applies the name
to, though in that case his description cannot be called a good
one, as it emphasises characters that do not seem to be constant.

LAMELLICORNES.
ISODON.

I have lately had occasion to attempt the determination of a
number of examples some (at least) of which are referable to this
genus, and have arrived at a conviction that no satisfactory
generic distinction can be drawn among the Australian species
that have been referred to Jsodon and Heteronychus. On first

235

thoughts these two genera might be supposed incapable of con-
fusion, because according to their diagnoses (e.g., Lacordaire’s
Gen. Col., vol. ITI.) Heteronychus should have organs of stridula-
tion on the propygidium and unequal claws on the front tarsi of
the male, while in Jsodon the organs of stridulation should
be wanting and the male claws simple. But I find various
combinations of these characters in species that are extremely
closely allied even specifically, some with organs of stridulation
having equal and others unequal claws in the male.

The species that I am referring to agree in the following
characters which in combination distinguish them from all other
Australian Dynastides known to me,—viz., prothorax usually
with well-marked sexual characters (in no instance known to me
quite alike in the sexes), hind tibize with very strong apical
ciliz, basal joint of hind tarsi only feebly dilated at the apex,
club of antennz not extraordinarily developed in the male, three
external teeth (only) on the front tibiew, one of the two apical
spines of the hind tibiz inserted more or less behind the base of
the tarsus (in Wephrodopus, &c., it is differently placed), mentum
of normal form (not as in T’ewnogenys, &c.), head not armed with
a horn in either sex (at most a very small conical tubercle),
clypeal suture well defined and not strongly angulate hindward
in the middle (as it is in Dasygnathus, &c.), sides of clypeus
sinuate, mandibles visible, labrum not prominent, front marginal
furrow of prothorax not angulate hindward in middle (as it is
in Adoryphorus, &c.).

Fourteen Australian species presenting the above characters
have been described (inclusive of Cheiroplatys pecuarius, Keiche,
which I have no doubt is an Jsodon). Of these three (viz., J.
levicollis, Macl. and glabricollis, Macl. and H. vulgivagus, Oll.)
appear to have been described without any knowledge of the
male, and as the characters necessary to be known before their
males can be identified are not given, I fear they must be treated
as incapable of certain identification from description. Never-
theless, I am fairly confident that I have not seen any of them,
I. subcornutus, Fairm, is probably identical with pecuarius,
Reiche, so that there are only ten species of which the male has
been described.

Four of these ten were described by Burmeister, but un-
fortunately very briefly ; Australasiw, Burm., happens to possess
well-marked characters by which it can be identified, but the
other three (all from W. Australia) present great difficulties.
P. curtus, Burm., is described without the mention of a single
valuable character, unless it be ‘the second row of punctures
from the suture (on the elytra) is the ieast regularly seriate.” I have

236

not seen any species presenting that peculiarity.* P. laticollis
has no characters assigned to it that seem really distinctive
beyond that the prothorax is scarcely punctulate and the elytra
has nine straight rows of punctures; characters which I cannot
find in combination in any Jsodon before me. P. levigatus seems
to be a peculiar species with the upper surface almost hevigate
and the clypeus not at all produced ; I have before me several
species almost without puncturation on the upper surface, but the
only one that has not some other strongly marked character
(totally inconsistent with its being /evigatus) has the clypeus
more strongly produced than in any other /sodow known to me.
I find it difficult to believe that none of these three species are
before me, and yet I am compelled to proceed on that assump-
tion.

Reiche has described one species (pecuarius). It is common
and widely distributed, and is possibly identical with cwurtus,
Burm.

The remaining five species are Sir W. Macleay’s. Two of
these (Heteronychust} picipes and wrregularis) are black species
with two tubercles on the clypeal suture, which I am confident
that I have not before me. One species (Heteronychus lucidus,
from King’s Sound, N.W.A.) is described as having the pro-
thorax of the male with a frontal tubercle but without any
excavation; I have not seen this species. JLsodon picipennis
(from King’s Sound, N.W. Australia) is described as being black
except the elytra which are red, the prothorax impunctate except
on the anterior and lateral margins and the elytra coarsely
punctulate ; I have not seen any species likely to be this one ;
there is no information given regarding the claws of the male or
the organs of stridulation, so I cannot place it. Jsodon
puncticollis is known to me, Mr. Masters having lent me a type.

It appears, then, that of the 14 descriptions existing of species
attributable to the genus Jsodon as I have characterised it above,
one (and perhaps two) provides a synonym and that three are
invalidated by their relating only to the female, so that only
nine can be regarded as referring to decidedly distinct species

* Since writing the above I have found among some Dynastides from W.
Australia sent by Mr. Lea for my inspection a species which seems very
likely to be J. curtus, Burm. The claws of its male are simple, and it has
no organs of stridulation. It is quite distinct from all the species of Isodon
described or tabulated in this memoir, inter alia multa by its considerably
smaller size.

+ Through the courtesy of Mr. Masters I had the advantage some time
ago of seeing an example of H. picipes, but did not take sufficient note of
it tosay much about it now beyond that it is distinct from any of the species
treated in the following pages. I can say, however, that one of the claws
on the front tarsi of the male is bifid.

237

and that I have good reason to believe only three of those nine
to be before me.

With these introductory remarks I will proceed to furnish a
tabulated statement of the characters of the species known to
me, from which I have to exclude all the species not in my
possession on account of there not being one of them of which
the organs of stridulation have been definitely described.

I regret that I am not able to deal more comprehensively with
these insects, but hope nevertheless that my work (such as it is)
will be useful as forming a foundation on which better work may
be done in the future to elucidate a genus whose species have not
yet been treated with anything more systematic than isolated
diagnoses.

Referring to the diagnoses which follow I may say that I have
not included in them characters that seem to be generic, such as
the presence of villosity on the undersurface and legs, the
antennal structure, &c., as it needlessly lengthens descriptions to
include in them matters that do not concern specific distinctions.

A. Front claws of male simple.
B. Propygium with organs of stridulation.
C. These organs consist of two longitudinal
rows of numerous fine ruge.
D. Base of prothorax with a continuous
marginal border ; ie
DD. Base of prothorax margined only close
to the sides bes ig ... puncticollis, Macl.
CC. The organs of stridulation consist of only
one or two much larger and more
elevated rug be pe anil
BB. Propygidium devoid of organs of stridula-
tion.
C. Elytra very coarsely punctulate.
D. Prothoracic puncturation comparatively
fine Las as A ... Australasie, Hope.
DD. Prothoracic puncturation extremely
coarse... "7 i .. DLerre-reyine, Blackb.,
CC. Elytra with scarcely visible puncturation nasutus, Blackb.
AA. One of the front claws of male bifid (propygi-
dium with organs of stridulation in all the
species known to me).
B. Two tubercles on the clypeal ridge.

pecuarius, Reiche.

Meyricki, Blackb.

C. Elytra distinctly punctulate _... ... bidens, Blackb.
CC. Elytra almost without puncturation ... levipennis, Blackb.
BB. Clypeal ridge without tubercles ... ... tmntermedius, Blackb.

I. Meyricki, sp. nov. Mas. Sat late ovatus; nitidus; obscure
ferrugineus, capite prothoraceque nigricantibus, antennis
palpisque brunneo-testaceis ; clypeo sparsim punctulato, vix
ruguloso, antice rotundato-truncato, marginibus sat reflexis,
lateribus sat fortiter sinuatis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam
simplicem divisa, sparsim leviter ruguloso-punctulata ; pro-

238

thorace quam longiori sesquilatiori, sparsissime subtilissime
punctulato, antice sat profunde excavato, margine basali
continuo quam margo anticus (hoc in medio tuberculo
magno armato) ut 1? ad 1 latiori, angulis anticis obtusis
antrorsum vix prominentibus posticis obtusis.; scutello sat
levi; elytris subtilius sat leviter punctulatis (seriebus 3 inter
callum humeralem et striam subsuturalem, serie 1* a scutello
et a callo humerali circiter eequidistanti, area lata inter
seriem 1°" et striam subsuturalem levi, seriebus 2 ultra
callum humeralem, area lata inter series 3°” et 4°™ confuse
punctulata, area lata marginali fere levi, parte apicali sub-
fortiter punctulata); propygidio stridulationis organis in-
structo (his rugis paucis sat fortiter elevatis compositis) ;
pygidio antice rugulose minus crebre punctulato, postice
levi; tibiis anticis extus fortiter tridentatis; tarsorum
unguiculis simplicibus. Long., 6 1.; lat, 33 1.

Fem. latet.

The sculpture of the elytra is not unlike that of J. pecuarius,
Reiche, but is more feebly impressed, with a comparatively wide
marginal space almost impunctulate. The excessively fine and
sparse puncturation of the prothorax and the different structure
of the organs of stridulation at once separate this insect from
pecuarius.

W. Austrailia; taken by E. Meyrick, Esq.

I. Terre-regine, sp. nov. Mas. Sat breviter subovatus; sat
nitidus ; nigro-piceus, antennis palpis corpore subtus et pedi-
bus dilutioribus ; clypeo sparsius subtilius punctulato, antice
abrupte truncato, angulis anticis extrorsum acutis, lateribus
fortiter sinuatis fere angulatis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam
in medio vix tuberculatam divisa, sat fortiter crebre
rugulosa; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus quam
sesquilatiori, fortiter minus crebre punctulato, antice vix
depresso, basi haud marginata quam apex (hoc in exemplo
typico haud tuberculato) ut 1? ad 1 latiori, angulis anticis
subacutis antrorsum leviter prominulis posticis rotundato-
obtusis ; scutello subtiliter sparsius punctulato; elytris
grosse punctulatis (seriebus 4 inter callum humeralem et
striam subsuturalem, serie 2" a scutello et a callo humerali
circiter equidistanti, area sat angusta inter seriem 1*™ et
striam subsuturalem grosse confuse punctulata, puncturis
grossis sat seriatim dispositis ad marginem lateralem
continuis) ; stridulationis organis nullis ; propygidio sat opaco
sparsius squamose punctulato ; pygidio nitido, puncturis sat
grossis squamosis cum aliis minoribus sat crebre (prope
apicem sparsim) impresso; tibiis anticis extus sat fortiter
tridentatis ; tarsorum unguiculis simplicibus.

Fem. latet. Long., 64 1.; lat., 4 1 (vix).

239

Closely allied to the species which I take to be L. Australasia,
Hope, differing from it chiefly by the frontal carina being scarcely
tuberculate and the prothorax considerably more rounded on the
sides and much more coarsely punctulate.

Queensland.

I. nasutus, sp.nov. Mas. Late ovatus; brevis; nitidus ; piceus,
capite prothoraceque obscurioribus, antennis palpisque rufis ;
clypeo anguste valde producto, sat crebre ruguloso, antice
reflexo-truncato, marginibus leviter reflexis, lateribus fortiter
subangulatim sinuatis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam (hac in
medio quam latera versus paullo magis elevata) fere rectam
divisa, sat crebre rugulosa ; prothorace quam longiori paullo
plus quam sesquilatiori, vix perspicue punctulato, antice sat
profunde excavato, basi haud marginata quam apex (hoc in
medio tuberculo acuto armato) duplo latiori, angulis anticis
sat acutis sat prominulis posticis rotundatis ; scutello levi ;
elytris sublevibus nitidissimis (seriebus circiter sex punctu-
rarum obsoletissimarum et puncturis obsoletis prope apicem
nonnullis vix perspicue impressis); propygidio (hoc stridula-
tionis organis haud instructo) pygidioque leviter sparsim
punctulatis; tibiis anticis extus fortiter tridentatis ; tar-
sorum unguiculis simplicibus.

Fem. latet. Long., 63 1.; lat., 4 1.

This species, as noted above, must be much like J. levigatus,
Burm., but its strongly and comparatively narrowly produced
clypeus is qaite inconsistent with its being that insect.

W. Australia.

I. bidens, sp. nov. Mas. Subovatus, minus latus ; sat nitidus ;
rufobrunneus, antennis palpisque dilutioribus; clypeo sat
late minus fortiter producto, sat crebre ruguloso, antice
bidentato, marginibus sat reflexis, lateribus minus fortiter
sinuatis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam in medio sat fortiter
bituberculatam (hac inter tuberculos interrupta) divisa,
antice crebre subtilius rugulosa postice sublevi ; prothorace
quam longiori sesquilatiori, sparsim subtiliter punctulato,
antice leviter excavato, basi haud marginata quam apex (hoc
in medio fortiter bituberculato) fere duplo latiori, angulis
anticis minus prominulis subacutis posticis rotundato-
obtusis; scutello sublevi; elytris subfortiter punctulatis
(seriebus 4 inter callum humeralem et striam subsuturalem,
serie 1* a scutello et a callo humerali circiter equidistant,
seriebus 2 ultra callum humeralem, area inter series 4°" et
5®™ confuse punctulata, area ultra seriem 6™ fere levi, parte
apicali subfortiter punctulato); propygidio stridulationis
organis instructo (his rugis numerosis minus elevatis com-

240

positis); pygidio fere levi vel puncturis sparsissimis vix
impresso ; tibiis anticis extus fortiter tridentatis ; tarsorum
anticorum unguiculo externo bifido.

Fem. differt prothorace antice haud tuberculato, magis per-
spicue punctulato; unguiculis simplicibus; segmento ven-
trali apicali magis elongata, postice haud emarginato. Long.,
74—8 ].; lat., 44—42 1.

The male is easily recognised by the tubercles arranged in
three pairs—one pair on front of the clypeus one on the clypeal
suture and one on the front margin of the prothorax. If
Heteronychus vulgwagus, Oll., was founded on a female example
(as seems probable from the description) it is just possibly this
species. The female however does not agree satisfactorily with
Mr. Olliffe’s description which mentions eight rows of punctures
on the elytra—a number that can be attained only by counting
in the confused puncturation between the rows—nor is the form
of the clypeus at all satisfactorily characterised by the expression
‘head bisinuate in front.” It may be noted that the male of
this species (as of all its allies) has the apical ventral segment
short, and gently emarginate behind ; also that in this species
the prothoracic quasi-excavation is small in area and is little more
than a slight flattening of the surface.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. French.

I. levipennis, sp. nov. Mas. Ovatus, minus brevis; nitidus ;
brunneus, antennis palpis coxisque dilutioribus; clypeo
modice producto, sat fortiter (plus minusve transversim)
ruguloso, antice bidentato, marginibus modice reflexis,
lateribus modice sinuatis; fronte a clypeo ut J. bidentis
divisa, sat fortiter (postice minus distincte) ruguloso ; pro-
thorace quam longiori sesquilatiori, vix manifeste punctulato,
antice subfortiter excavato, basi haud marginata quam apex
(hoc in medio tuberculo parvo armato) plus quam duplo
latiori, angulis anticis subacutis subprominulis posticis
rotundato-obtusis ; scutello sublevi; elytris fere levibus,
striis vix manifestis vix manifeste punctulatis impressis ;
propygidio stridulationis organis instructo (his rugis circiter
sex sat elevatis compositis); pygidio sublevi; tibiis anticis
extus minus fortiter tridentatis; tarsorum anticorum
unguiculo externo bifido.

Fem. differt prothorace nec excavato nec tuberculato; ungui-
culis simplicibus ; segmento ventrali apicali magis elongato,
postice haud emarginato. Long., 6—8 1.; lat., 4—441.

Easily distinguished from all known to me of its congeners by
its elytra devoid of puncturation or at most with only a few
punctures here and there, and they so faintly impressed as to be

241

searcely traceable. The prothoracic excavation of the male is of
small area but moderately deep.

W. Queensland (Mr. French); also taken by me near Oodna-
datta in Central Australia.

I. intermedius, sp. nov. Mas. Sat late ovatus; nitidus ;
piceo-brunneus, antennis palpis pedibusque rufescentibus ;
clypeo minus producto, sat crebre ruguloso, antice rotundato-
truncato, marginibus sat late sat fortiter reflexis, lateribus
modice sinuatis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam simplicem sat
elevatam divisa, ut clypeus rugulosa; prothorace quam
longiori plus quam sesquilatiori, sparsim subtilissime punctu-
lato, antice sat fortiter excavato, basi haud marginata quam
apex (hoc in medio tuberculo modico armato) plus quam
duplo latiori, angulis anticis minus prominulis vix subacutis
posticis rotundatis ; scutello sublevi; elytris sat subtiliter
punctulatis (seriebus 4 inter callum humeralem et striam
subsuturalem, serie 2* a scutello et a callo humerali circiter
zequidistanti, area minus lata inter seriem 1*” et striam sub-
suturalem puncturis nonnullis impressa, parte extra seriem
4°" confuse punctulata sed | vel forte 2 series sat distinctas
ferenti, parte submarginali antice sat levi postice subtiliter
punctulata) ; propygidio stridulationis organis instructo (his
rugis numerosis minus elevatis compositis) ; pygidio nitido,
antice et latera versus sparsim punctulato; tibiis anticis
extus sat fortiter tridentatis; tarsorum anticorum unguiculo
externo bifido.

Fem. latet. Long., 7 1. ; lat., 43 1.

Superficially this species closely resembles J. pecuarius, Reiche,
puneticollis, Macl. and Meyricki, Blackb., and it would certainly
be most unnatural to separate it from them generically—never-
theless its claw structure places it with J Jevipennis, Blackb.,
and bidens, Blackb., which if I had not seen this species I should
be disposed to regard as generically distinct from J pecwarius,
&e. The prothoracic excavation in this species is large and deep
as in 1. Meyricki.

Queensland.

CHEIROPLATYS.

This genus is distinguishable from the other Australian
Dynastides by the following characters in combination, viz.,
prothorax not simple in either sex (a tubercle or horn on the
front margin in both sexes), hind tibize strongly ciliated at apex,
basal joint of hind tarsi only moderately dilated at apex, club of
antenne not extraordinarily developed, front tibie externally
bidentate or scarcely dentate at all in the male (tridentate in
the female), one of the two apical spines of the hind tibiz

242

inserted close to (or behind) the base of the tarsus, claws simple,
mentum of normal form (not as in Teinogenys, &c.), head not
armed with a horn in either sex, clypeal suture not or scarcely
angulate in the middle, sides of clypeus not sinuate, mandibles
invisible in repose, labrum strongly prominent, front marginal
furrow of prothorax not or scarcely angulate hindward in middle,
apical ventral segment traversed by a transversely sinuous furrow
much more strongly defined in the female than in the male. All
the species that I have examined are fulvo-hirsute on the underside
and none of them have organs of stridulation. Eleven species
have been attributed to this genus, of which two (Jxion and
porcellus) are Boisduval’s and are said to be identical with eurtus,
Guér., and latipes, Guér., respectively. As there is no evidence
from Boisduval’s descriptions that they are members of this
genus I have no opinion as to the correctness of this alleged
synonymy, but at any rate Zxion and porcellus may be eliminated
from the list of valid species of Cheiroplatys. (Scarabeus)
curtus, Guér., has been erroneously associated with Cheiroplatys,
as Burmeister has pointed out. That learned author considers
from the description that it is probably a Dasygnathus ; to me
the description reads more like that of a Semanopterus. To this
latter genus I think Castlenau’s species (Phileurus subcostatus)
must certainly be referred, while (as pointed out above)
C. pecuarius, Reiche, is an [sodon. Sir W. Macleay’s two species
(both from tropical Australia) seem to me very doubtfully refer-
able to this genus, inasmuch as one of them (C. inconspicuus) is
described as having its clypeus “broadly rounded and slightly
emarginate in front” (a form to which no Cheiroplatys that
I have seen approaches) and the other (C. occidentalis) - as
having its front tibie “bluntly tridentate” externally. If the
type of C. occidentalis is a male (as the description implies) I
doubt its being rightly placed in the genus; if it is a female it
may be a Cheiroplatys, but in either case I am quite confident I
have not seen it. Thus of the eleven species that have been
associated with Cheiroplatys tive must be definitely rejected, and
two if rightly placed in the genus are very abnormal species that
I have not seen. Of the remaining four I think I know C. me@lius,
Er,, and I have examples which seem likely to be C. latipes,
Guér., and guwvencus, Burm. (as there does not seem to be any
means of arriving at certainty on these identifications I propose
furnishing characters that will enable these two species to be
recognised, and claiming those names for them until cause be
shown to the contrary). C. levipes, Burm., I am fairly certain
[ have notseen. It is described as a large species (one inch long)
with the clypeus strongly elevated in front, with the prothorax
strongly punctulate in front but smooth along the base and

A
<
]
7
:

243

having a deep excavation in the male, and with the external
margin of the front tibiz entirely without teeth in the same sex.
The following is a tabulation of the species known to me of
this genus. C. levipes I have placed on the strength of characters
furnished by Burmeister’s description. Of C. melius I have little
doubt that I possess an example (from Tasmania), but it is a
female, and moreover disagrees with the description in having a
slight impression on its prothorax ; it is better therefore not to
risk confusion of synonymy by treating this identification as
reliable, and the description (taken alone) is not detailed enough
to enable me to point out distinctive characters. Neither of Sir
W. Macleay’s descriptions furnishes sufficient information for
placing the species referred to in a tabulation, although (as
already pointed out) characters are mentioned that satisfy me I
have not seen the insects.
A. Base of the prothorax distinctly margined all
across, scarcely obsoletely even in the middle.

B. Two excavations on the prothorax (one behind
the other, each preceded by a tubercle).

C. Prothorax very sparsely punctulate ... bifossus, Blackb.
CC. Prothorax closely punctulate _... accedens, Blackb.
BB. Prothorax with only one excavation and one
tubercle.
©. Prothorax closely evenly and strongly punct-
ulate ... compactus, Blackb.
CC. Prothorax much more sparsely and finely
punctulate ... juvencus, Burm.
CCC. Prothorax closely punetulate ; in front,
leevigate across the basal part... levipes, Burm.

AA. Base of prothorax unmargined except close to
the hind angles.

B. Prothorax closely and strongly punctulate ... latipes, Guér.
B8. Prothorax very copra and air, punctul-
ae .. pygmeus, Blackb.

Regarding the seabed of elses and Erichson that the
females of C. guvencus and C. melius have no prothoracic im-
pression, I may say that having examined a considerable number
of females of this genus I have not seen one in which there is no
trace of a prothoracic impression, and I am of opinion that the
statements referred to are incorrect, their authors having either
passed over a very slight impression as undeserving of mention
or mistaken a female of another genus (e.g., Movapus or Lsodon)
for a Cheiroplatys. Ihave invariably found that the female re-
produces the prothoracic characters of the male in a modified
form, ¢.g., when the male has two strong excavations and two
strong tubercles the female has two light impressions and two
very small tubercles.

C. bifossus, sp. nov. Mas. Late subovatus; modice nitidus ;
colore variabilis (nigropiceus, vel brunneus) ; clypeo trans-
versim ruguloso, antice truncato, marginibus erectis nec

244

altis (antice quam ad latera magis elevatis), lateribus rectis
obliquis ; fronte a clypeo per carinam sat rectam divisa sat
rugulosa; prothorace quam longiori circiter sesquilatiori,
longitudinaliter obsolete canaliculato, subtilius sparsius
(antice ad latera sat crebre) punctulato, antice excavationi-
bus 2 minoribus sat profundis impresso, ante excavationem
utramque tuberculo magno armato, margine basali continuo
quam margo anticus circiter ut 1# ad 1 latiori, angulis anti-
cis acutis posticis rotundato-obtusis ; scutello subtilius rugu-
loso; elytris stria punctulata subsuturali profunda et
puncturarum seriebus 8 (his per paria, vix manifeste in striis,
dispositis) impressis, seriebus externis minus distinctis, pari
2° (a sutura enumerato) quam cetera breviori sed sat longe
ultra elytrorum medium continuo, puncturis basin versus
sat magnis sat profunde impressis postice gradatim subtiliori-
bus, interstitiis Inter paria puncturis (his serierum puncturis
similibus) confuse impressis; pygidio confuse punctulato (sc.
puncturis minutis sat crebris apicem versus minus crebris,
et aliis majoribus apicem versus valde grossis, impresso) ;
tiblis anticis fortiter dilatatis, extus ad medium subacute
dentatis, parte dimidia apicali extus bisinuata. Long., 13 1;
lat., 74 1.

Owing to the reflexed front margin of the clypeus being gradu-
ally elevated from the sides to the middle and a little turned
back, the front of the clypeus though in reality almost squarely
truncate appears (if looked at from in front of it) to be strongly
emarginate. The prothorax is scarcely narrower at its widest
than the widest part of the elytra. A female example is unfor-
tunately in extremely bad condition having evidently been found
dead after long exposure to the elements. Its sculpture is much
worn away and its front tibiz are broken, but I can see that it
has been almost identical with the male except in the prothoracic
excavations much shallower, their tubercles very slight and the
usual sexual differences in the ventral segments. Its form is
somewhat narrower and more strongly convex than that of the
male. The part of the apical ventral segment in front of the
sinuous furrow is closely and rugulosely but not coarsely
punctulate, the rest of the segment nitid and almost without
punctures. Similar sculpture exists on the corresponding
segment in the male, but the furrow is so faint and so near the
front margin of the segment that the sculpture needs careful
looking for. In this species the puncturation of the prothorax is
distinctly sparse ; if it be carefully examined it will be seen that
the intervals between puncture and puncture (except near the
front angles) are for the most part quite equal to twice the
diameter of an individual puncture.

Victoria.

245

C. accedens, sp. nov. Mas. Precedenti (C. bifosso) valde
affinis ; differt statura minus lata, prothorace quam longiori
paullo minus quam sesquilatiori, crebre minus subtiliter
punctulato, margine basali quam margo anticus fere duplo
latiori, pygidio (parte antero-exteriori excepta) haud punc-
turis minutis impresso ; cetera ut C. bifossus.

Femina quam mas paullo minus lata magis convexa, prothoracis
excavationibus et tuberculis subobsoletis, tibiis anticis extus
obtuse distincte tridentatis. Long., LO—121.; lat., 5—64 1.

This species is so like the preceding (C. bifossus) that the
detailed description of the latter may be read as applying to it,
subject to the distinctions noted. The puncturation of the pro-
thorax is very widely different ; if it be closely examined it will
be seen that the intervals between puncture and puncture are for
the most part scarcely equal to the diameter of a puncture. I
have seen half-a-dozen specimens of this insect apparently all
taken in company by Mr. Lea, and have taken others singly my-
self, and find that they vary very little except in the develop-
ment of the prothoracic inequalities and to some extent in the
closeness of puncturation on the pygidium. I find throughout
the Australian Dynastides that the sculpture of the pygidium is
a singularly unreliable character. The sculpture of the apical
ventral segment in this species is as in C. bzfossus. The front of
the clypeus (looked at from in front) appears a trifle less strongly
emarginate.

N.S. Wales; Forest Reefs; also Blue Mountains.

C. latipes, Guér. I have seen only a single female example
(which was taken near Sydney) of a Cheiroplatys that can be
called ‘ oblong,” the term its author and also Boisduval use to
describe the form of C. latipes or ‘“elongate-cylindric” (Bur-
meister’s term). As it agrees very fairly with the diagnosis in
other respects I take the example in question to be C. latipes. It
is however not the Cheiroplatys that is evidently most common
in the neighbourhood of Sydney, which I believe to be C. guvencus
and refer to under that name below. Its length is 114 1., its
breadth 51. Its color on the upper surface is nearly black, on
the under-surface red-brown. Its head is like that of C. bifossws
except that the clypeus is more evenly and less strongly elevated
in front, so that looked at from the front it appears very little
sinuate. Its prothorax has only one impression (fairly strong in
the example before me) and one tubercle, with puncturation
(even closer than in C. accedens) much stronger and closer than
that of C. bifossus, the base is distinctly margined only close to
the hind angle. Its scutellum has no punctures except in two
small clusters near the front. Its elytra are sculptured much like
those of C. bifossus except that the intervals between the sub-

J =—=—S— 1s” “~~ =

246

sutural stria and the first pair of rows of punctures, and between
the first and second pairs of rows of punctures (are not con-
fusedly and rather closely punctulate but) bear only a few punc-
tures and they placed interruptedly in a longitudinal direction.
Its pygidium is somewhat irregularly studded with rather large
isolated punctures with which fine punctures are not intermingled
except in the antero-external corners (and there not very closely).
In other respects the description of C. bifossus applies to the
present species.

C. compactus, sp.nov. Mas. C. bifosso sat affinis; minor ; pro-
thorace excavatione 1 et cornu brevi | solis instructo, multo
magis crebre magis fortiter (fere ut C. accedentis) punctu-
lato ; scutello (parte antica subtilius rugulosa excepta) levi ;
elytrorum interstitio inter striam subsuturalem et punc-
turarum seriatarum par primum magis grosse minus crebre
(et inter paria primum et secundum serie unica) punctulatis,
parte submarginali et apicali multo magis crebre punctulata ;
pygidio puncturis minutis minus crebre vel vix impresso ;
tibiarum anticarum parte apicali dilatata haud extus
bisinuata.

Femine prothoracis excavatione et tuberculo subobsoletis ;
tibiis anticis extus obtuse tridentatis. Long. 103—111.;
dats, 61;

This species has a single large excavation and horn-like tubercle
on its prothorax, with close comparatively coarse puncturation
resembling that of C. accedens. Its elytra have their first inter-
stice (between the subsutural stria and the first pair of rows of
punctures) confusedly and strongly but not closely punctured,
while the interstice between the first and second pairs of rows of
punctures bears a single row of strong punctures. The pygidium
of the male type has fine puncturation mixed with the coarser
punctures but less closely than in C. bifossus,; that of the
females before me has very little fine puncturation. Compared
with C. latipes (female) the female of this species is much less
narrow and cylindric, with the prothorax evidently less closely
punctulate, the first elytral interstice much more punctulate.
The space in front of the furrow on the last ventral segment is
closely rugulosely and somewhat finely punctulate.

S. Australia. ;

C. juvencus, Burm. The insect which I take to be this species
is, I should judge, not uncommon in the neighborhood of Sydney ;
for though I have never taken it myself in my occasional collect-
ing there I have not infrequently received it from Sydney corre-
spondents. Comparing it with the description of C. bzfossus
(above) I find the following distinctions: the clypeus is very
little elevated along its front margin and not more so in its

247

middle than at the sides, so that viewed from in front it appears
only slightly emarginate ; its size is much smaller (long., 8}—111.);
its prothorax has only one excavation (a very large one) and only
one tubercle (which is of the form of a short horn); its scutellum
is levigate except near the front where it is finely and closely
rugulose ; its elytral puncturation is a little finer and much less
plentiful, the first interstice bearing only sparse confused punc-
tures, the interstice between the first and second pairs of rows of
punctures only a more or less interrupted row of fine punctures,
and that between the second and third pairs only fine punctures
usually disposed in a more or less interrupted row; the pygidium
is devoid or nearly so of fine puncturation ; the space in front of
the furrow on the apical ventral segment is in the female almost
without punctures or (in some examples) very sparingly punc-
tulate ; the apical dilatation of the front tibize of the male is not
bisinuate externally.

C. pygmeus, sp. nov. Fem. Sat late subovatus; C. bifosso
affinis; differt statura multo minore; prothorace multo magis
sparsim punctulato, excavatione et tuberculo unicis instructo,
ad basin haud marginato ; elytrorum interstitio 1° sparsim,
2° 3° que uniseriatim, yunctulatis; pygidio puncturis
minutis haud impresso ; cetera ut C. bifossus. Tiong., 74 1.;
lat., 421.

I have ventured to describe this female because T have before
me also a male (belonging to Mr. Lea) which however is slightly
deformed I think and therefore not suitable to be regarded as a
type; its elytra bear some unsymmetrical gibbosities which look
as if caused accidentally, probably in the pupal condition. I can
say however that it presents all the characters noted above as
distinguishing the female from C. bifossus, also that the apical
dilatation of its front tibie is not bisinuate externally.

This species differs from all those mentioned above in the
extremely sparse puncturation of its prothorax on which (except
near the front and lateral margins) the intervals from puncture
to puncture are for the most part about three or four times the
diameter of a puncture. It also differs in the base of its pro-
thorax unmargined except close to the hind angles. In the
female the space on the apical ventral segment in front of the
furrow is almost without punctures. The pygidium of the male
example is notably less closely punctulate than that of the female
and of C. bifossus.

N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea near Forest Reefs.

NOVAPUS.

N. bidentatus, Blackb. In a recent re-examination of the
Dynastides in my collection I observed with regret that this
species is a Xynedria and that I was in error in describing it as

248

a Novapus. Moreover I am of opinion that it is not even
specifically valid but is simply a very large example, with sexual
characters very strongly developed of my X. interioris.
NV. bidentatus therefore must be regarded as a synonym of
X. mtervoris.

NV. crassus, Shp. I have recently examined male specimens
from W. Australia (forwarded by Mr. Lea) of what I have no
doubt is this insect. It is certainly distinct from all the Movayi
that I have described, being nearest to N. Adelaide (from which
it differs inter alia by its larger size, scutellum strongly and
closely punctulate at least in the front of the middle part, and
evidently larger and coarser elytral punctures).

ASEMANTUS (gen. nov. Dynastidarum).

Mentum ovale, antice minus angustum ; maxille robust 6-
dentate ; mandibula magna superne conspicua ad apicem
obtuse (extus nullo modo) dentata; clypeus a fronte vix
distinctus antice angustatus ad apicem recurvus, frons media
tuberculo crasso brevi armata; antenne 10-articulate
flabello modico ; prothorax antice sat late minus profunde
excavatus, postice fovea magna (hac puncturis sat grossis
impressa) instructus ; elytra sat convexa, puncturis seriatis
geminatim impressa, interstitlis haud vel vix convexis ;
pedes robusti, tibiis anticis extus tridentatis posterioribus
2-carinatis, tarsorum posticorum articulo basali (preesertim
feminz) extus sat fortiter lobato, tarsorum anticorum maris
unguiculis inzequalibus, tibiis posticis ad apicem lobatis
ciliatis ; stridulationis organa nulla.

This genus is very close to Semanopterus but differs from it
by the short basal joint of its hind tarsi which is strongly dilated
externally at the apex in a kind of lobe (especially in the female)
and by the claws of the front tarsi in the male being unequal
(one of them is thicker than the other and is abruptly turned
back under the claw joint). The sexes present no distinguishing
characters on the upper surface ; the apical ventral segment is
(as in allied genera) widely and feebly emarginate in the male.
The only species I can refer to the genus is one which I believe
to be Semanopterus subequalis, Hope, but Hope’s description is
so defective that it is impossible to be very confident of this
identification ; the description calls the elytra ‘“ fere eequalia” but
further on refers to them as having “ elevated lines ;” I presume
this means that there are some scarcely elevated spaces on the
elytra, and if this is the correct interpretation I have little
doubt the insect before me is S. subequalis. It cannot however
stand in the same genus as S. Adelaide, Hope, which that learned
author seems to have regarded as the type of his genus

249

Semanopterus. Although.it is difficult to believe that Burmeister
could have placed this insect in the genus Scapanes I may say
that the description of S. solidws, Burm., reads much like a de-
scription of its female, examples of which not rarely present the
peculiar coloring he attributes to S. solidus.

A. subequalis (? Hope). Late subovatus; colore variabilis
(nigro-piceus, piceus, vel rufescens); subtus rufo-hirtus ; sat
nitidus; fortiter convexus; capite transversim sat crebre
rugato, tuberculo valido brevi armato; prothorace quam
longiori paullo plus quam sesquilatiori, postice quam antice
ut 12 ad 1 latiori, antice excavatione sat magna minus pro-
funda (hac intus squamose sat grosse punctulata) et postice
excavatione purva ovali (hac intus fortiter punctulata) im-
presso, lateribus minus rotundatis, subtilissime (antice
crebrius, postice sparsim) purctulato, angulis anticis acutis
sat productis posticis rotundato-obtusis ; scutello basin ver-
sus punctulato ; elytris subtiliter punctulatis, puncturis ut
series 8 geminatim dispositis, interstitiis haud vel vix
convexis inter serierum paria ut series (sed confuse sparsim)
punctulatis, parte apicali confuse magis fortiter punctulata ;
pygidio fortiter gibboso.

Maris pygidio longitudinaliter leviter sulcato, sparsim subtiliter
ad basin crebre subtilissime) punctulato ; segmentis ventrali-
bus (basali et apicalis parte basali crebre rugulosis exceptis)
nitidis transversim uniseriatim punctulatis.

Feminz pygidio grosse squamose ruguloso, fulvo-hirto; seg-
mentis ventralibus (apicali quam cetera magis crebre)
squamose sat grosse rugulosis.

Australia ; widely distributed.

SEMANOPTERUS.

This genus is placed by M. Lacordaire provisionally among the
Philewrides on account of the general resemblance of Hope’s
figure to the appearance of a Philewrus. The labial palpi of
Semanopterus are inserted low down on the sides of the mentum
in such fashion that their basal joint is very little visible from
above ; nevertheless I cannot satisfy myself that the genus ought
to be very widely separated from Cheiroplatys and its allies. The
following characters in combination distinguish Semanopterus
from the other known Australian Dynastides,—viz., Prothorax
with two excavations in both sexes, hind tibize with apical! cili,
basal joint of hind tarsi not excessively dilated at apex, club of
antennz not extraordinarily developed in the male, three external
teeth on the front tibize, one of the two apical spines of the hind
tibize inserted more or less behind the base of the tarsus, mentum
not of the compressed type, head armed with a blunt tubercle in

250

both sexes, clypeal suture wanting or very faint, sides of clypeus
scarcely (or very feebly) sinuous, mandibles visible in repose,
labrum not prominent, front marginal furrow of prothorax not

angulated hindward in the middle,
wanting ; claws of male simple.

organs of stridulation

The following is a tabulated statement of the distinctive

characters of the Semanopteri known to me.

subcostatus, Cast.,

probably Adelaide, Hope.

S. (Philewrus)

might be almost any Semanopterus but is
S. subequalis,Hope, is probably the

insect for which I propose the new generic name Asemantus. I.
have seen no Semanopterus that agrees with the description of

S. depressus, Hope, or depressiusculus, Macl.

S. convexiusculus

might possibly be identical with my S. punctiventris, but as the
brief description of it implies that the hind corners of the pro-
thorax are not excised, I think its identity very improbable.

A. Sides of prothorax not (or scarcely) sinuate nor
strongly incurved in front of base.

B. Pygidium (at any rate near its base) opaque

through the presence of fine close strigosity.

C. Punctures of the pygidium near its apex

quite isolated and very sparse ...

CC. The whole surface of the pygidium opaque
through close strigosity in the female,
rather closely and coarsely punctured
near apex in the male

BB. Pygidium not opaque through close strigosity
AA. Sides of prothorax not or scarcely sinuate, but
strongly rounded, and strongly incurved in
front of base.
B. Pygidium pilose.

C. Sculpture of pygidium concentric in male ...

CC. Sculpture of pygidium not concentric in
male ce

BB. Pygidium not pilose sh ™ tet
AAA. Hind corners of prothorax (viewed from
above) strongly excised.
B. Hind excavation of prothorax very lightly
impressed.

C. The elytral costz quite feebly developed.

D. Puncturation of prothorax much finer and
sparser near the hind excavation than
on the sides

DD. Puncturation of prothorax evenly dis-

tributed and comparatively strong

CC. The elytral coste very elongate and well
elevated 3

BB. Hind excavation of prothorax “deep and
elongate-foveiform,

C, Anterior ventral segments not punctured in

the middle
CC, Anterior ventral segments punctur ed in the
middle *

S. meridiaivus, sp. nov.

A delaidw, Hope.

meridianus, Blackb.
longicollis, Blackb,

concentricus, Blackb.

angustatus, Blackb.
minor, Blackb.

carinatus, Blackb. |
persimilis, Blackb.

tricostatus, Blackb.

rectangulus, Blackb.

distributus, Blackb.

Somnaeen ; nitidus ; piceus vel rufescens,

,
:
;

251

subtus fulvo-hirsutus ; capite transversim rugato, tuberculo
frontali armato ; prothorace quam longiori fere sesquilatiori,
profunde (interrupte vel continenter) canaliculato, sparsius
subtilius (in canalicule fundo sat crasse squamose) punctu-
lato, lateribus modice arcuatis postice vix sinuatis ; scutello
vix distincte punctulato ; elytris tricostatis (sutura costata
haud inclusa), costa externa fere obsoleta, interstitiis sat
crebre subseriatim punctulatis, parte apicali crebre confuse
punctulata.

Maris prothoracis canalicula antice leviter dilatata; pygidio
antice crebre strigoso, postice crebrius sat fortiter punctu-
lato.

Femine pygidio toto crebre xqualiter strigoso. Long., 64—9
l.; lat., 3—423 1.

This species is very like that which I take to be S. Adelaide,
Hope, differing from it by the external of the three elytral cost
being almost non-existent and by the sculpture of the pygidium.
In the male this segment is throughout more roughly sculptured,
the basal strigose portion much narrower and the punctures of
the apical portion coarser and closer. In the female the entire
segment is closely and evenly strigose, while in 8. Adelaide the
apical portion is impressed more or less sparsely with isolated

punctures on a nitid surface.
Western N.S.W.; Bindagundra ; sent by Mr. Lea.

S. concentricus, sp. nov. Convexus; nitidus; piceus vel
rufescens, subtus et in pygidio fulvo-hirsutus ; capite trans-
versim vel fere subconcentrice rugato, tuberculo frontali
armato ; prothorace quam longiori sesquilatiori, profunde
canaliculato, sparsius subtilius (in canalicule fundo sat crasse
squamose) punctulato, canalicula ante medium ut excavatio
subcircularis (pone medium ut excavatio ovalis angusta)
dilatata, lateribus fortiter arcuatis postice vix sinuatis ;
scutello fere levi longitudinaliter subtiliter canaliculato ;
elytris tricostatis (sutura costata haud inclusa), costa externa
fere obsoleta, interstitiis sparsim plus minusve seriatim
punctulatis, parte apicali leviter crebrius punctulata.

Maris prothoracis canalicule excavatione antica sat profunda ;
pygidio sparsim hirsuto, concentrice rugato, in area centrali
parva sat fortiter punctulato.

Feminz prothoracis canalicule excavatione antica minus pro-
funda ; pygidio dense hirsuto, prope basin crebre rugato, in
cetera parte crebre equaliter granuloso-punctulato. Long.,
7—94 1; lat., 33—5 1.

Differs from Adelaide, meridianus, and longicollis by the more

strongly rounded sides of its prothorax which are strongly, but

292

scarcely sinuously, incurved close to the base. The coste of the
elytra are much like those of meridianus, but do not extend so
far back and the intervals between them are more finely and less
plentifully punctulate. This species is also distinguished from
most of its congeners by the pilosity of its pygidium and from
nearly all of them by the sculpture of that segment.

W. Australia ; sent to me by Messrs. J. J. Walker and Lea.

S. angustatus, Blackb. This species is certainly rather close to
S concentricus, but Iam convinced it is distinct. The principal
difference seems to be that the coste of its elytra are markedly
feebler—in fact almost obsolete ; and that its pygidium is in the
male notably less closely (and not concentrically) strigose with a
larger and more nitid punctured space in the centre in which the
strigosity is much less distinct, while in the female the pygidium
is (not closely granulose-punctulate but) confusedly and by no
means closely strigose, with an evident intermixture of defined
punctures—in fact not much different from the same segment
in the male.

S. tricostatus, sp. nov. Convexus; nitidus; piceus; subtus
fulvo-hirsutus ; capite strigoso et sat distincte punctulato,
tuberculo armato; prothorace quam longiori plus quam
sesquilatiori, pone medium leviter canaliculato, sparsius (ad
latera magis crebre) sat distincte punctulato, lateribus sat
rotundatis ante basin sinuatis (superne visis profunde
excisis apparentibus) ; scutello puncturis nonnullis impresso ;
elytris tricostatis (sutura costata haud inclusa), costis (ut
S. Adelaide, Hope) bene elevatis et ad callum subapicalem
continuis, interstitiis sat crebre subseriatim punctulatis,
partibus lateralibus et apicalibus crebre confuse sed quam
interstitia vix minus fortiter punctulatis.

Maris prothoracis canalicula ante medium ut excavatio cir-
cularis sat profunda dilatata; pygidio confertim subconcen-
trice rugato.

Fem. latet. Long., 7}—8} 1; lat., 4—4} 1.

This is a very distinct species with strongly sculptured elytra
almost exactly like those of the insect that I take to be
S. Adelaide, Hope, but with a prothorax closely resembling the
prothorax of S. carinatus and persimilis. A single male example
sent by Mr. Cowley from N. Queensland seems indistinguishable
but perhaps the knowledge of the females might reveal differences.

W. Australia ; near Geraldton (Lea), &e.

S. distributus, sp. nov. OConvexus; nitidus ; piceus vel rufescens,
subtus fulvo-hirsutus ; capite transversim vel fere subcon-
centrice rugato, tuberculo armato ; prothorace quam longiori
sesquilatiori, profunde canaliculato, sparsius subtilius (in

253

canalicule fundo sat crasse squamose) punctulato, canalicula
ante medium ut excavatio variabilis (pone medium ut ex-
cavatio ovalis angusta) dilatata, lateribus sat rotundatis ante
basin sinuatis (superne visis profunde excisis apparentibus) ;
scutello minus distincte punctulato; elytris tricostatis
(sutura costata haud inclusa), costis internis ultra medium
distinctis externa fere obsoleta, interstitiis sat crebre sub-
seriatim punctulatis, partibus lateralibus et apicalibus crebre
subtiliter confuse punctulatis; segmentis ventralibus an-
terioribus punctulatis.

Maris prothoracis canalicule excavatione antica sat profunda
circulari, femine minus profunda magis elongata; maris
pygidio confertim subconcentrice rugato, feminz hirsuto
crebre sat fortiter punctulato (antice et ad latera sat sub-
tiliter rugato. Long., 7?—91.; lat., 4142 ],

This species is very like S. rectangulus, Blackb. It is dis-
tinctly larger and more elongate and may be readily distinguished
by its anterior ventral segments being quite coarsely squamose-
punctulate and its pygidium pilose in the female.

Victoria and N.S. Wales.

PALMERSTONIA.

Under this name I separated the Australian species that had
been attributed to Horonotus, chiefly on the ground of their
females being devoid of prothoracic excavation or tubercle.

P. (Horonotus) variolicollis, Fairm. In Tr. Roy. Soc., S.A,
1895, p. 40, I expressed the opinion that this is likely to be
identical with P. (H.) optata, Shp. I have received from Mr.
Cowley examples of Dr. Sharp’s species taken in N. Queensland
and with them other examples that may possibly represent a dis-
tinct species and may be Fairmaire’s very briefly described insect.
They differ from typical optatus in having the cephalic-horn much
shorter and of the form of an erect triangular lamina, and the
coarse puncturation of the sides of the prothorax continuous
across the base.

P. pusilla, sp. nov. Sat brevis; picea, supra nitida; subtus
sat dense fulvo-hirsuta ; prothorace grosse ruguloso ; elytris
vix punctulatis.

Maris capite lamina triangulari verticali armato; prothorace
antice retuso ; hujus parte retusa (area longitudinali mediana
sat alta sparsim punctulata excepta) ut prothoracis superficie
cetera crebre grosse rugulosa, haud ultra prothoracem
medium extensa, postice tuberculo parvo armata.

Fem. latet. Long., 54—6} 1.; lat., 31—3# 1.

The males of the Dynastides vary to such an infinite extent in

their sexual character that I cannot but recognise the possibility

254

of this pygmy turning out to be an extreme form of LP. optata,
Shp., but among half a dozen typical specimens of the latter I
have seen none intermediate. The striking difference between
this species and P. optata and variolicollis is the small size of the
excavation of the prothorax (which does not reach back beyond
the middle of the segment) its having at the middle of its hind
margin only a minute tubercle; and the rough sculpture of the
prothorax being continuous over the whole surface except a
thinly punctulate area running along the middle of the excavated
portion. The examples before me are undoubtedly males.
N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. Cowley.

P. Bovilli, Blackb. I have received from Mr. Cowley a speci-
men taken in N. Queensland which I believe to be the male of
this species. It is very large (long., 1331.) and differs from
P. optata, Shp., in its frontal horn being much shorter and
resembling a triangular lamina with the apex bent hindward, in
its prothorax almost punctureless (there are a few subobsolete
punctures in the hind angles), in its prothoracic excavation very
wide but only reaching back to the middle of the segment and
having three strong pointed tubercles along its hind margin, and
in the median opaque stripe on its propygidium occupying nearly
the whole width of the segment so that only the extreme mar-
gins of the segment are less minutely sculptured.

NEOCAVONUS.

C. bidens, sp. nov. Sat nitidus; piceo-rufus, elytris nigris ; sub-
tus fulvo-hirsutus ; elytris fortiter punctulato-striatis, striis
vix geminatis, interstitiis fere levibus.

Maris clypeo subverticali fortiter transverso vix manifeste
punctulato, antice rotundato, basi fortiter carinato, margini-
bus fortiter reflexis ; prothorace quam longiori sesquilatiori,
antice late retuso, in margine anteriori tuberculo magno
bifido armato, antice sat crebre subfortiter (postice minus
distincte) punctulato; pygidio sat fortiter (antice et ad
latera quam in ceteris partibus magis crebre) punctulato.

Fem. a mari differt prothorace equali, antennarum clava
quam ceteri articuli conjuncti paullo breviori, segmento
veutrali apicali haud emarginato, tarsis posticis brevibus.
Long., 6 1.; lat., 34 1.

Easily distinguishable from its described congeners by the

strongly bifid tubercle on the front margin of its prothorax.

S. Australia.

PIMELOPUS.

The following characters in combination distinguish Pimelopus
among the Australian Dynastides,—viz., clypeus straight on

255

the sides, its front margin usually somewhat sinuate, its base
feebly carinate and furnished in the middle with a feeble tubercle
in the male ; prothorax without any discal depression or elevation
in either sex, usually with a small fovea on either side near the
lateral margin and a feeble basal impression on either side of the
middle; elytra more or less punctulate-striate, the striz not
geminate ; antennal club small in both sexes ; mentum evidently
though not strongly compressed (considerably more ridge-like,
e.g., than in Cheiroplatys or Novapus), mandibles in repose but
little visible ; front tibize tridentate in both sexes, posterior tibiz
bicarinate ; apex of hind tibiz ciliate, one of its apical spines
inserted more or less behind the base of the tarsus: basal joint
of hind tarsi short and very widely dilated at apex; claws simple
in both sexes. M. Lacordaire asserts that there are organs of
stridulation in two rows on the propygidium, but [ have not
succeeded in finding organs of stridulation in any Pimelopus that
I have examined.

This genus is near my Pseudopimelopus which differs from it
by the presence of a strong cephalic horn and a large prothoracic

excavation in the male, and by the front claws being unequal in

the same sex,—also by the sub-basal carina on the posterior tibize
(especially the hind pair) being notably feebler and the rows of
punctures on the elytra running in pairs.

I have already (Tr. Roy. Soc., 1887, p. 217) stated and given
reasons for my opinion that Burmeister (and Lacordaire following
his authority) was in error in thinking that the female on which
Erichson formed the genus Pimelopus appertained to a species
whose male exhibited the characters specified above as distinctive
of Pseudopimelopus. I think there is no reasonable doubt in the
matter and that consequently the only true Pimelopus described
previously to 1887 was the typical species of the genus (unless
P. levis, Burm., be another; it is described on a female and
almost certainly appertains to some other genus; at any rate is
not as a species at all like any species known to me as congeneric
with P. porcellus, Er.). In 1887 I added two species to the genus,
—one of them doubtfully, but subsequent study confirms its
place,—and I now have to describe another species of which I
took a female some years ago in N.S. Wales and have since
received both sexes (taken near Sydney) from Mr. Lea. The
following table shows some of the distinctive characters of the
species,— which are very closely allied and differ chiefly in the
structure of the hind tarsi and the sculpture of the elytra. It is
to be noted that as far as my observations go Lacordaire’s state-
ment that Pimelopus has organs of stridulation is incorrect (it

does not appear that that author had seen a true Pimelopus),

and also that the tubercle on the head of the female mentioned
R

256

by Burmeister and Lacordaire is scarcely noticeable ; Erichson in

characterising the genus did not mention either organs of stridu-

lation or a tubercle on the head. I have before me a fairly long
series of a species that is almost certainly P. porcellus, Er., with
the description of which it agrees well. I described this species

(Tr. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1887, p. 220) as “P. porcellus, Er. (1)” but

subsequently have examined fresh series of it and think there is

very little doubt of its being porcellus, and shall so consider it
until evidence to the contrary turns up.

A. The striz and rows of punctures well defined to
considerably behind the middle of the elytra.

B. Hind tarsi very short, their third joint scarcely
(in the female not) longer than wide
BB. Hind tarsi less short, their third joint
markedly longer than wide.

C. Subsutural region of elytra coarsely and
rather closely punctured ; subsutural strize
strongly impressed in front ; :

CC. Subsutural region of elytra levigate or

nearly so; subsutural striz very lightly
impressed... ae Se

AA. The striz and rows of punctures scarcely reach

the middle of the elytra ... Z dubius, Blackb.

P. sydneyanus, sp. nov. Ovatus ; fortiter convexus ; sat nitidus ;
ferrugineus, subtus hirsutus ; capite ruguloso, clypeo antice
leviter bisinuato; prothorace levigato; elytris sat fortiter
punctulato-striatis, striis longe ultra medium continuis
(suturali in nulla parte fortiter impresso), interstitiis fere
levibus; pygidio ad basin crebre punctulato, in cetera
parte levi; tarsis posticis sat brevibus, articulo basali ad
apicem extrorsum sat fortiter dilatato, articulo 3° quam
latiori sat longiori.

Maris capite vix manifeste tuberculato.

The male is scarcely distinguishable from the female except by
the emargination of the apical ventral segment and the greater

convexity of its pygidium.
N.S. Wales.

crassus, Blackb.

porcellus, Er.

sydneyanus, Blackb.

ANEURYSTYPUS.

I characterised this genus in Tr. Roy. Soc., 8.A., 1887, on a
S. Australian species which I named A. calvus. Subsequently I
have seen other species some of which I described in Pr. LS.,
N.S. W., 1890, and I took the opportunity of writing those de-
scriptions to mention that the generic characters I had drawn
from the mouth organs of A. calvus did not seem to be truly
generic as they were not exactly reproduced in other species that
had come under my notice. The examination of still additional
species confirms this observation and also shows an apparent
difference in the form of the mentum even between individuals of

i. ug OFF ere

257

a species. I suspect however that this is more apparent than
real as the mentum when the insect has its mouth open is more
prominent than if the mouth be closed; this point could be
cleared up only by dissecting a number of conspecific examples,
but unfortunately these species are rare and I have not yet re-
ceived or collected any in sufficient numbers for the purpose. But
at any rate within the range of species that cannot possibly in
my opinion be removed generically from A. calvus there is con-
siderable variety in the mouth organs and especially in the men-
tum, some having the mentum only gently convex (as is the case
with A. calvus) and others having it quite strongly compressed
and even carinate down the middle line; in A. calvus the hind
part is gently concave down the middle, the concavity however
ceasing in the front part which is entirely convex. In
Corynophyllus (as far as my observations go) the mentum is in-
variably flat (or at any rate notably less convex than in any
Aneurystypus) and I think this is a reliable distinction between
the genera which (as I have already pointed out) are also dis-
tinguishable inter se by the form of the antennal club, the joints
of which are in Aneurystypus narrow elongate and parallel while
in Corynophyllus the corresponding joints are much wider and
are ovate in form. JTZeinogenys must be very near to
Aneurystypus but no doubt differs as the described species are
evidently quite unlike the described Aneurystypi as species. I
have not an authentic type of Zeinogenys and therefore do not
feei able to speak authoritatively about it though I have little
doubt I know it. |

The following tabulated statement will show distinctive
characters for the six described species of this genus :—
A. Antennal club very long,—more than half agai

as long as the rest of the joints together.
B. Front of prothorax armed with a strong

tubercle.
C. Clypeus subvertical . calvus, Blackb.
CC. Clypeus nearly continuous in direction with
the rest of the head ... its .. aurilegulus, Blackb.

BB. Front of prothorax unarmed.
C. Clypeal suture carinate, armed with a strong

median tubercle ... metallicola, Blackb.
CC. Clypeal suture feebly defined, unarmed ... collaris, Blackb.
AA. Antennal club much shorter.
B. Clypeus subvertical, narrow dives, Blackb.
BB. Clypeus much wider nearly continuing the
plane of the rest of the head _... ... Richardse, Blackb.

A. aurilegulus, sp. nov. Mas. Castaneus ; subtus dense longe
fulvo-hirsutus ; clypeo (hoc subhorizontali) squamose, ver-
tice rugulose, prothorace sparsius minus subtiliter, scutello
subtilius ineequaliter, pygidio sparsissime (ad latera sat
crebre) punctulatis; elytris puncturarum seriebus circiter

258

10 minus regularibus (his vix geminatis) instructis, inter-
stitiis (ex his nonnullis leviter convexis) punctulatis; an-
tennarum flagello quam articuli ceteri conjuncti fere ut 12
ad 1 longiori ; prothorace excavatione magna (hac fere ad
basin extensa) impresso, antice tuberculo armato.

Fem latet. Long., 7 1.; lat., 44 1.

The clypeus has the usual rounded outline and concave sur-
face and almost continues the plane of the hinder part of the
head instead of (as in some species) being sub-vertical. The
clypeal suture is only moderately cariniform. The part of the
head behind the clypeal suture is remarkably sculptured ; from
either end of the clypeal suture a strong carina runs sinuously
backward and meets its fellow-carina at the back of the head
thus enclosing a subtriangular flattened area. The prothoracic
excavation is larger than in any other Anewrystypus or any
Corynophyllus known tome. The elytral puncturation is (for
this genus) exceptionally plentiful; there are about ten fairly
distinct rows of punctures placed (not very noticeably) in pairs,
the interstices between the two of a pair being irregularly a little
convex and scarcely punctulate, while the others are punctured
similarly to the series but somewhat confusedly.

W. Australia ; taken by Mr. T. W. G. Blackburn near Cool-
gardie.

A. dives, sp. nov. Mas. Castaneus ; subtus dense longe fulvo-
hirsutus ; clypeo (hoe subverticali) sparsius, vertice crebrius
rugulose, prothorace sparsim subtiliter, scutello vix mani-
feste, pygidio sparsissime, punctulatis ; elytris striis punc-
tulatis; elytris striis punctulatis circiter 6 impressis,
interstitiis in disco vix manifeste (parte laterali sparsim sat
distincte) punctulatis; antennarum flagello quam articuli
ceteri conjuncti fere ut 14 ad 1 longiori; prothorace exca-
vatione transversa (hac in medio retrorsum anguste producta)
leviter impresso, antice tuberculo acuto armato.

Fem. latet. Long., 75 1.; lat., 42 1.

At once distinguishable from the preceding species by its sub-
vertical clypeus and the absence of carinz behind the clypeus,
also by the very faintly impressed and smaller excavation of its
prothorax, its striate and much less punctulate elytra, the
absence of comparatively close puncturation on the sides of the
pygidium, «&c.

W. Australia; Coolgardie ; sent by Mr. Lea.

RHIPIDOCERID i.

CALLIRRHIPIS.

C. cardwellensis, sp. nov. Mas.? Picea, subrufescens; sat
nitida ; capite verticali; prothorace quam longiori sesqui

bl —_

259

latiori, subtilissime sparsius - (antice paullo minus sparsim)
punctulato, angulis anticis nullis posticis minutis acutis
retrorsum directis, basi fortiter bisinuata; scutello sub-
circulari fere leevi ; elytris subtiliter sat erebre punctulatis
et costis 4 vix manifestis instructis ; antennarum lamellis in
articulis 3°—8° gradatim magis elongatis, in articulis 8°-—
11° inter se sat eequalibus (his lamellis quam antenna tota
circiter triplo brevioribus). Long., 10 1.; lat., 331.

Differs widely from C. ruficornis, Gray (the only Australian
_ Callirrhipis yet described) by its aes) punctured and non striate
elytra.

N. Queensland ; Cardwell ; in the collection of Mr. French.

LONGICORNES.
- ANATISIS.

_~A. Mueller, sp. nov. Mas. Piceus, elytris pedibusque rufescenti-
bus; pilis (his in capite prothoraceque fulvis maculatim
condensatis, in elytris abdomineque albis sparsim dispositis,

in metasterni latere niveis dense lineatim condensatis)
vestitus ; prothorace brevi, grosse vermiculato-ruguloso, ad
latera rotundato ; scutello dense fulvo-piloso ; elytris antice
grosse (apicem versus obsolete) punctulatis, apice suturali
spiniformi; antennis ut dA. Jaminosi, Newm., laminatis.
Long., 10 1.; lat., 341.

Differs from A. laminosus, Newm., by its evidently shorter and

wider form, its prothorax shorter, more rounded on the sides and

more coarsely sculptured, its elytra with the sutural apex spini-
form, their puncturation coarser, the coloring and arrangement

: _ of the pilosity, &e. Dedicated to the late Baron von Mueller.

N. Queensland ; in the collection of Mr. French.

PHYTOPHAGA.
OIDES.

O. tigrina, Blackb. In describing this species at p. 81 (Part I.)
_ of the present vol. I accidently omitted to state that it was taken
_ by Mr. Cowley in N. Queensland.

AULACOPHORA.

A. cucullata, Blackb. In describing this species at p. 83 (Part
1.) of this present vol. I accidently omitted to state that it was
taken in N. Queensland and sent to me by Mr. Masters.

NOTES ON A BORE AT ENFIELD, NEAR ADELAIDE.
By Watrter Howcaty, F.G.S.
[Read December 3, 1895. ]

In 1887 Mr. Rake, of Enfield, put down a bore near his home-
stead with the hope of finding water suitable for his stock at a
moderate depth. The bore was continued to a depth of 154 feet,
but as only a small flow of brackish water was tapped Mr. Rake
was discouraged and stopped the work. I paid several visits to
the spot when the works were in progress, and obtained samples
of the material at various depths. A hope that Mr. Rake would
pursue his investigations further led me to defer publishing the
results until now, but as there seems little probability that boring
operations will be resumed, I have decided to place the par-
ticulars on record.

The site of the bore is on a flat-topped ridge which extends
from North Adelaide to Dry Creek. The ridge has an elevation
of about 100 feet above the plains of the seaboard on the one
side, and the valley of the Torrens on the other. It is thus to
some extent isolated, and occupies a higher elevation than the
alluvial plains in the vicinity.

was in the ordinary surface travertine of the neighbourhood, the
bore can be roughly divided into three portions.

1. An upper series of variously colored clays—blue, grey, red,
and mottled with a three feet layer of coarse sand and gravel
near the base, the whole reaching a depth of 58 feet.

2. Variously colored sands, mostly very fine, and having a
thickness of about 32 feet. The first 6 feet of these sand beds
exhibit a wonderful diversity of bright colors in distinct bands
—yellow, grey, bright red, pale red, pink, and white follow in
descending order, the grains of sand for the most part being uni-
formly about one-hundredth of an inch in diameter.

Immediately under these highly-colored bands of sand a
(?) freshwater limestone, two feet thick, was met with resting on a
bed of clay about six feet thick. Below this clay there is a thick
bed (18 feet) of yellow and white sand, so extremely fine and
uniform in size that it sae all passes through a two-hundredth
of an inch mesh.

—————eee

261

3. A series of lower clay beds (separated from the overlying
sands by a foot of pipeclay), and reach a thickness of 64 feet.
These clays are very compact and even finely laminated, which
features distinguish them from the more plastic clays of the
upper portions of the bore.

Geological Featwres.—The beds passed through are apparently
of alluvial and lacustrine origin. The thick sand beds with grains
of uniform size, as well as the limestone, were probably laid down
under lacustrine conditions. The only indisputable evidence of
fossil remains was the impression of a spire of a gastropod
shell in the limestone, but too indefinite to indicate its generic
affinities. The geological horizon of these beds can, there-
fore, only be surmised from their lithological features. They
certainly do not correspond with the Pliocene clays and drifts of
the Adelaide Plains. The fine, clean sands, the (?) fresh-water
limestone, and the highly indurated condition of the lower clays
are points of difference.

In examining some of the material microscopically, 1 observed
small siliceous granules which had to all appearance been formed
from colloid silica.

The River Torrens, in passing between North Adelaide and the
city, cuts through the ridge referred to at right angles, and
exposes the marine Miocenes in its banks. The travertine crust,
which is a marked feature of this ridge from North Adelaide to
Enfield, probably indicates an extension of the Miocene beds
in that direction. Whether they actually extend in a northerly
direction as far as the bore now described has been left unfortu-
nately an undecided point, as the bore was not deep enough to
settle the question.

The beds passed through in the Enfield bore certainly exhibit
some resemblance to the variegated clays and sands of the
Miocene beds at Hallett’s Cove. It is not unlikely that they
represent the eastern fringe of an Upper Miocene formation that
once, more or less covered the plains to the westward, but has
been removed by the denuding forces that immediately preceded

or were coincident with Pliocene times.

[For particulars of the Boring see next page. |

ENFIELD Borer, NEAR ADELAIDE.

TABLE OF STRATA.

No.

| jin Feet.

OU Seige |

@-I oo

9 |

Thickness |
of Bed

4
2)
10

9
10

—_

Depth
from
Surface.

25
35

44
54

101
102
109
138

139
154

Description of Bed.

Travertine limestone.

Very stiff bluish-grey clay of uniform features.

Arenaceous red clay. Sand very fine and of uni-
form size.

| Subangular gravel in red clay.

Mottled red and white clay, compact, and of uni-
form features, passing into dark red sand, the
grains one-fiftieth inch in diameter.

Coarse sand and gravel (subangular), chiefly quartz
with clay.

Bluish-grey arenaceous clay, streaked with brown.

Thin beds of variegated sands, mostly very fine
and clean, as follows :—

(a) Greyish-yellow sand, half of which passes
through a hundredth-of-an-inch mesh—
the rest a trifle larger.

(5) Grey sand, very uniform, nearly all passes
through the hundredth-of-an-inch mesh.

(d} Light red sand, grains of same size as pre-
ceding.

(e) Pink-coloured sand, grains having an
average size of one-thirtieth of an inch.

(f) Very fine white sand in clay cement.

(qg) Coarse. gritty. white and grey sand, held
together with a small proportion of pipe
clay.

White limestone (? fresh-water) with fossil im-
pressions. Residue after solution of Ca CO,
in H Cl., subangular quartz.

Grey-coloured clay. Residue, after washing, very
fine white sand—translucent quartz grains of
uniform size.

Yellowish-grey clay of uniform features, and giving
a residue, after washing, of very fine sand.

Very fine yellowish sand, of uniform size, two-
hundredth of an inch in diameter.

Very fine white sand. of uniform size, two-
hundredth of an inch in diameter.

Very fine yellow sand, of uniform size, two-
hundredth of an inch in diameter.

Pipe-clay of yellowish-white colour.

Argillaceous grey and yellow sands.

_ Arenaceous clay of reddish-grey colour.

Yellow tenaceous clay, finely laminated.
Very tough red clay, laminated (? with subangular
quartz pebbles).
Cream-coloured, impure pipe-clay. Brackish
water. yielding 170 gallons an hour.
Very tough laminated red clay, with stones. When
’ washed, colours water a bright brick-red,
leaving a residue of brick-red sand, the grains
mostly two-hundredth of an inch in diameter.

_ [Bore stopped. |

a eee

meee mac! OF PROCEEDINGS

OF 'lHE

Sopa! Societyot South Australia,

For 1895-96.

OrDINARY MergEtTING, NovemMBER 5, 1895.

Watrer Howcan, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exurisits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S. exhibited a fragment of a
fossil fish from the Eocene beds of the River Murray, near Morgan,
collected by the Rev. W. L. Butler, of Renmark. The scales
resembled those of a fossil species of Pagrus in the University
Museum ; also a stone marked with straight lines apparently for
ceremonial purposes by the Aborigines. J.G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.,
showed some fine specimens of Mylitta australis from the South-
East, and some younger specimens from Mount Lofty. Also a
woody fungus from Kangaroo Island. Also a case of Australian
Buprestide of the genus Stigmodera. 8S. Dixon exhibited, with
descriptive remarks, a large collection of auriferous and geological
specimens from Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.
E. C. Srirtine, M.D., F.R.S., showed a large collection of cere-
monial sticks and stones from the McDonnell Ranges, suggesting
that they might have to do with marriage rites and food supplies.
There were differences in their individual lines, but a general
resemblance in the whole. The form of the animal represented
by the totems was not approached in the markings.

PapEer.— Natives of the Peake District,” by E. J. Kempe.

ORDINARY Mererinc, DecemBer 3, 1895.

Watter Howcunty, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exursits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., exhibited a case of Lepi-
doptera. Prof. Tarr, F.G.S., laid on the table geological speci-
mens from Victoria Liand Antarctic Regions. 8S. J. SKIPPER
exhibited a number of snakes caught by Mr. Willshire in the
vicinity of Victoria River, Northern Territory, and presented to
the South Australian Museum.

Papers.— On the Origin of the Artesian Water Supply, Lake

264

Kyre Basin,” by Prof. Tarse, F.G.8. “Notes on a Bore at
Enfield, near Adelaide,” by W. Howcutn, F.G.S.

OrpDINARY MeEgtinG, ApriL 14, 1896.

Water Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuipit.—Prof. Tate, F.G.S., exhibited on behalf of THos.
SMEATON a specimen of Helmintha echioides, a European weed,
now recognised for the first time in Australia.

Batitor.—Tuos. E. Parker, C.E., was elected a fellow.

Norices.—Prof. Tarr, F.G.S., drew attention of the Fellows
and Members to the fact that a Memorial Fund was being raised
to perpetuate the memory of the great scientific services rendered
by Thomas H. Huxley, F.R.S. The Council of the Society had
agreed to act as a General Committee, and E. C. Stirling, M.D.,
F.R.S., and Prof. R. Tate, F.G.S., F.L.S., as Hon. Secretaries.

W. Howcuain, F.G.S., reported that Maurice Hotrzg, F.LS.,
had keen requested by the Council to act as its representative on
the J. M. McDovuaLt Stewart MemoriaALt ComMITTEE, the idea
being to collect one shilling subscriptions for that purpose.

Papers.—‘“ Eocene Strata near Bordertown,” by E. V. Ciark.
“ Microlepidoptera,” by J. JerrreYs Turner, M.D. “ Contri-
butions to Coleoptera,” by Rev. THomas BLAckBuRN, B.A.

OrpiInaRY MEETING, May 4, 1896.

Water Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuipits.—Prof. Tare, F.G.8., exhibited specimens and gave
a technical description of a new species of land snail, Glyptorha-
gada euglypta, obtained by the Government Geologist, H. Y. L.
Brown, F.G.8., at Anabama, 75 miles North-East from Kooringa.
The nearest ally is G. Bordaénsis, inhabiting near Cape Borda,
Kangaroo Island, from which it differs by much larger size, rela-
tively deeper, aperture different in outline, the spire slightly
elevated, the costee wider apart and serrated by spiral incisions,
and the umbilicus smaller.

W. Howcatn, F.G.S., laid on the table a portion of the bore
from Murray Flats, near Pine Hut Creek, about a quarter of a
mile from the base of the hills. It consisted of earthy limestone
carrying fossils of lower Eocene age. Depth 356 feet. J. G. O.
Tepper, F.L.S., showed a case of rare and highly colored Orthop.
tera. When at rest they resemble in color their surroundings, in
flight their gayer color is seen. Maurice Hourrze, F.L.S., ex-
hibited a portion of a willow branch that had grafted itself by
its apex into the stem.

265

Batior.—J. W. Jones, Conservator of Water, was elected a
Fellow.

Paprers.—‘“ Correlation of the Marine Tertiaries of Australia,
Part II,” by Prof. R. Tare, F.G.S., and Joun DeEnwnant, F.G.S.
** Description of New Land Snail, Glyptorhagada euglypta,” by
Prof. Tats, F.G.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, JUNE 2, 1896.

Water Howcary, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exaisits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.8., showed for Prof. R. Tarr,
F.G.S8., specimens of Apus Australiensis (Spencer and Hall) taken
from a lake at the Leviathan Battery, Kalgoorlie, W.A., by G.
R. Tate. The species resembled Lepidurus viridis common in
rain pools about Adelaide, but it belongs to a distinct genus which
as far as known has only one species in Australia, which was
figured and described in 1896 in the Zoology of the Horn Ex-
pedition. It had, however, been taken at Arkaringa Valley, 8.A.,
by R. Hetms, of the Elder Exploring Expedition. R. JAGor for-
warded specimens of the moth and cocoon of Antherea Roylez, the
produce of cocoons taken by some of Dr. Jamieson’s party from
the Cape Colony.

Batior.—Tuomas J. GREENWAY was elected a Fellow.

Papers.—‘ Notes on a Genus of Gryjllide,” by J. G. O.
Tepper, F.L.S. “New Australian Lepidoptera,” by OswaLp

Lower, F.Ent.S.

OrpINARY MEETING, JULY 7, 1896.

Watrer Howcury, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Battot—Dr. Jas. H. G. Drummonp, Dr. M. von Lukowi7z,
and E. W. Hawker were elected Fellows.

Paprer.—‘The Artesian Water Supply, Lake Eyre Basin,”
by J. W. Jones, Conservator of Water.

OrpDINARY MeetING, Aucust 4, 1896.

Watrer Howcury, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuisits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., exhibited a nest of
Palistes of the tamily Apide of a very large size, forwarded by
Miss Exste Rosertson, from Chowilla, River Murray. E. C.
Stiruinc, M.D., F.R.S., and A. Zrerz, F.L.S., laid on the table
the fossil bones of Genyornis Newtoni and other fossils and
recent struthious birds for comparison.

Paper.— Preliminary notes on Genyornis Newtoni,” a new

266

genus and species of Fossil Struthious Bird, found at Lake Cal-
‘labonna, South Australia, by E. C. Stiruine, M.D., F.E.8., and
A. ZirtTz, F.L.S.

ANNUAL MEETING, OcTOBER 6, 1896.

WaLterR Howcuin, F.G.S8. (President), in the chair.

Exuipits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.8., exhibited a case of Lepz-
doptera, illustrative of the genera Huphtoea and Danais, from
Cachar, India, being part of the collection presented by ALLAN
W. CHALMERS to the South Australian Museum. W. Howcuty,
F.G.8., exhibited a block of silicified wood forwarded by C. H.
Hussey, from a spot two miles from Port Elliot. It resembles
the silicified wood from the Miocene beds at Gawler. He was
not aware that these beds were represented near Port Elliot.

ANNUAL Report and BALANCE-SHEED were read and adopted.

ELECTION oF CouNnciL.—Walter Howchin, F.G.S., President ;
Prof. R. Tate, F.G.S:, and Rev. Thomas Blackburn, B.A., Vice-
Presidents; Walter Rutt, C.E., Hon. Treasurer; W. L. Cleland,
M.B., Hon. Secretary ; Professor Rennie, D.Sc., E. C. Stirling,
M.D., F.R.S., Maurice Holtze, F.L.S., 8S. Dixon, J. 8. Lloyd, and
W. H. Selway, Members of Council.

ELection oF Aupitor.—D. J. Adcock was elected Auditor
for 1896-97.

Papers.—‘ Descriptions of Coleoptera,” by Rev. THomas
Buacksurn, B.A.; “Genyornis Newtoni, Part IT.,” by E. C.
STIRLING, M.D: FUR.S., .and--A~ -H: C. Zinrz, Poise
‘Relation of Plants, Insects, and Birds to One Another,” by
J. G. O. Treppsr, F.L.S.

‘
|

267

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council has to report that the scientific work of the
Society in publishing new and original matter relating to geology,
entomology, mollusca, fossil birds, and Australian anthropology
has been carried on successfully during the past year. The
Council has also much pleasure in reporting that with the
monetary assistance of Sir Thomas Elder, the printing and
publishing of the third and final portion of the scientific results
of the Elder Exploring Expedition has been brought to a satis-
factory completion.

During the past year six new Fellows have been elected, three
Fellows have resigned, and one Fellow has died. Although Mr.
John Wilson, whose death the Council has the melancholy duty
to record, never contributed any paper to the Society’s Proceed-
ings, yet by his staunch and loyal support of the Society during
the past ten years contributed not a little to the successful carry-
ing out of the expensive work which the publication of the
Society’s Proceedings entails. In this modest and retiring
manner Mr. Wilson set an example to all his fellow-colonists who

‘possess any interest in the recording of new scientific facts, which

it would be much to the benefit of the Society if they would
follow.

The membership of the Society consists of 11 Hon. Fellows,
75 Fellows, 16 Corresponding Members, and 2 Associates.

During the year the question of raising a fund to assist in
erecting a suitable memorial to Prof. Huxley was brought before
the Council, with the result of the Council forming itself into a
Memorial Committee, with Dr. Stirling, C.M.G., F.R.S., and
Prof. Tate, F.G.S., as Hon. Secs.

The Council was also represented on the John McDouall
Stewart Memorial Committee by one of its members, Mr. M.
Holtze, F.L.S., who kindly consented to act.

The President (Mr. W. Howchin, F.G.S.) has also had the
arduous work of editing the Society’s Proceedings for the current
year (1895-96), owing to the necessity for Prof. Tate, F.G.S.,
paying a visit to Europe. Whilst the Council sympathises with
the President on the additional and responsible work which has
devolved upon him, yet at the same time it feels that much good
will result to the Society from the fact that Prof. Tate will be
brought into personal contact with some of the Hon. Fellows of
the Society who reside in Europe, and who enjoy a world-wide
reputation in their respective Branches of scientific work. The
Council has already been advised of some of the results of this
intercourse, which will lead to the publishing of valuable papers
in the coming year’s Proceedings.

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j

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY
For the Year 1895-6.
TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS.

Presented by the respective Societies, Editors, and Governments.

AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Berlin-—-Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Meteoro-
logischen Instituts. Ergebnisse der Beobachtungen
an den Stationer II. and IIT., 1895; do., 1892.
—- “Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fir Erdkunde, band XXIX.,
No. 6; band XXX., Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5.
—-— Verhandlungen Gesellschaft ftir Erdkunde, band XXTI.,
Nos. 1 to 10; band XXITI., Nos. 2 to 5, No. 10.
——- Sitzungberichte K6niglich Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Nos. 26 to 53, 1895;
Nos. 1 to 39, 1896.
Gottingen—Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissen-
schaften u. d. bear Universitat, heft
3, 1895; heft 1, , 1896
Halle—Leopoldina, heft 30.
- Nova Acta der K. Leopold-Carol. Deut. Akad. der
Naturforscher, band LXIV., Nos. 1 and 2
Biibarg Berichte der Naturforscher zu Friburg, band VIII.,
1894; band IX., heft 1 to 3.
Kiel—Schriften der N aturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fiir Schles-
wig-Holstein, band X., heft 1.
Munich—Sitzungberichte der Mathematisch- -Physikalischen Classe
der K. B. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Munich,
heft 2, 3, 1895; heft 1, 2, 1896.
Wienna—Sitzungberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaft-
lichen Classe Kaiserliche Akad. der Wissenschaften,
Nos. X to XVIII.
—— Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichenstalt,
Nos. 8, 9, 1895; Nos 1, 3, 1896.
——— Kaiserliche Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, No. 1
to 18, 1896.
—— K. K. Gradmessungs-Bureau Astronomische Arbeiten,
band 7, 1895. _ Protocoll Commission, 1895.

270

Vienna— Verhandlungen K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesell-
schaft in Wien, band XLIV., heft 3, 4; band
XLV., heft 8, 9,10; band XLVL., heft 1 to 7.

——-— Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichenstalt,
Nos. 10 to 18, 1895; Nos. 4 to 9, 1896.

——-— Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen, Hofman’s
Museum, band X., No. 1.

Wurzburg—Sitzungberichter der Physikalisch - Medicinischen

Gesellschaft, Nos. 1 to 8, 1895.

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

Adelaide—-Goy. Geologist.—Report on Northern Territory Ex-
plorations, 1895.
——-—- Woods and Forests Department.—Annual Progress
Report, 1894-95.
——-—- Adelaide Observatory.—Reports 1891-93; Meteorolo-
gical Observations, 1886-7.
Australasian Association Advance. Science, vol. IJ., 1895.
Brisbane—Department of Agriculture, Botany Bulletin, 12, 13.
— Royal Society of Queensland, vol. XI., part 2; Stra-
tigraphical Notes on the Georgina Basin (Jack)
——--— Geological Survey Office, Annual Progress Report,
1894, 1895.
———-— Leichardt Gold Field and other Mining Centres in
the Cloncurry District.
Hobart—Royal Society of Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings,
1894, 1895.
Melbourne— Victorian Naturalist, vol. XII., Nos. 6 to 12; vol.
XT; “Nos. dodo. 6,
— Royal Society of Victoria, Transactions, vol. IV.,
1895 ; Proceedings, vol. VIII., N.S.
————-— Department of Agriculture, Systematic Arrange-
ment of Australian Fungi (McAlpine)
—_———- Department of Mines and Water, Annual Report,
1895.
Perth, W.A.—Mining Handbook, second edit., Gov. Geologist.

Sydney—Australian Museum, Records, vol. II., No. 7; Report,
1895.

—— Agricultural Gazette, vol. VI., pts. 9 to 12; vol. VII.,
pts. 1 to 9.

—— [Linnean Society, Proceedings, vol. X., pts. 2 to 4; sup-
plement to vol. X.

Department of Mines and Agriculture—Records, vol.
IV., pt. 4; vol. V., pt. 1. Report for 1895.
Fossil Fishes of the Talbragon Beds (Woodward)

——— Sydney Observatory, Results of Rain, River, and

271

Evaporation Observations made in N.S.W. duri ing
4 1894; Icebergs in the Southern Ocean (H. Cc.
Russell): Current Papers (H. C. Russell).

Bee tengton, N.Z.—New Zealand Institute, Transactions and
Proceedings, vol. XXIII.

BELGIUM.
Brussels—Annales de la Société Entomoligique de Belge, tome
R 38, 1894.
—_—- Memoirs de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liege,

tome X VITI., sec. series.

CANADA.

Halifax— Proceedings Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences,
q vol. 13, part 4.

Montreal—Geological Survey of Canada, Maps of the Principal
Auriferous Creeks in the Cariboo Mining Dis-
trict; Maps of S.W. Nova Scotia, Quebee,
Ontario, Nova Scotia.

—— Canadian Retord of Science, vol. VI., Nos. 3 to 8.
Ottawa—Geological Survey of Canada; Contributions to Cana-
dian Paleontology, vol. II.; Palaeozoic Fossils,
vol. ITI., part 2.

Toronto—Canadian Institute Transactions, vol. IV., part 2.

FRANCE.

Caen—Bulletin de la Société Linnéene de Normandie, vol. IX.,
. series 4.

Lille—L’Institut Coloniale de Marseille, vol. IIT., part 2, 1895.
Marseilles—Faculté des Sciences de Se cithinler tome
Pr Vaavid.... Vil.

Nantes—Bulletin de la Société Sciences Naturelles de |’ Ouest

de la France, tome IV., Nos. 2 to 4; tome V.,

Nos. 1 to 4; tome VL., No. 1.

‘Paris—Feuille des Jeunes [Naturnalistes, Nos. 300 to 311.

Bulletin des Seances Société Entomologique, Nos. 15 to
20, 1895; Nos. 1 to 12, 1896; Annales, Vol. LXITI.

Annuaire Géologique Universale, tome X., pp 655 to 900.

Bulletin de la Société de Géographie Commerciale de Paris,
tome X VITI., fasc. 4.

Bulletin du Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Nos. 1 to 8,
1895; No. 1, 1896.

Annales de |’ Institut Botanico-Geologique Coloniale de
Marseille, vol. I, 1893.

Extrait des Memoires de la Société Zoologique de France,
1895

Société de Spéléologie, tome I., Nos. 1, 2.

272

GREAT BrivraIN AND IRELAND.

Belfast—Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society,
Report and Proceedings, 1894-5.
Dublin—Royal Dublin Society, Proceedings, vol. VIIL., pt. 3, 4;
Transactions, vol. V., sec. series, Nos. 5 to 12;
vol. VI., sec. series, No. 1.
—— Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, vol. III., third series,
Nos. 4, 5; Todd Lecture Series, vol. VI.; Transac-
tions, vol. XX X., parts 15 to 20.
Edinburgh —Royal Physical Society, Proceedings, 1894-5.
London—Royal Microscopical Journal, parts 5, 6, 1895; parts 1
to 4, 1896.
— Royal Society, Proceedings, vol. LVIII., Nos. 351, 352;
vol. LIX., Nos. 353 to 358; vol. LX., No. 359.
——— Linnean Society, Journal, vol. XXXI., Nos. 212 to
215; Proceedings, 1896.
—— Royal Colonial Institute, Report of Proceedings, vols.
XXVL, XX VAT.
—— Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletin, 1895.
— Entomological Society of London, Transactions, 1895.
— British Museum, Catalogue of Birds, vol. XXV.; vol.
XX VII.
Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol VIII., Nos. 4 to 7.
Manchester—Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
Memoirs and Proceedings, vol. [X., Nos. 3 to
O35 vol De, Nos ito.
———-———-. Manchester Geographical Society, Journal, vol. X.,
Nos. 10 to 12.
————— Manchester Field Naturalists and Archeologists
Society, Report and Proceedings, 1895.
———-— Manchester Geological Society, Transactions, vol.
XXIV., parts 8, 9.

INDIA.
Madras—Madras Government Museum, Bulletin, No. 4.

ITALY.

Florence—Societa Entomologica Italiana, Bulletin IIT. and IV.

Milan—Atti Societa Italiana Scienza Naturali Milano, vol.
XXXVI, Nos. 1 to 14.

—- Bolletino Societa Entomologica Italiana, trimestre I., IT.,
1895.

Pisa—Atti della Societa Toscana de Scienza Naturali, vol. X.

Turin—Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata
dello R. Universita di Torino, vol. X., Nos. 210 to
240. |

273

JAVA.

Batavia—Naturkundig Tidschrift, deel LV.; Supplementary
Catalogues, 1885-1893 ; Boekworken, 1895.

JAPAN.
Tokio—Asiatic Society, Transactions, vol. XIII.; Supplement.
College of Science, University of Japan, vol, VITII., part,
2; vol. [X., part 1.
— Calendar, 1894-95.
— Tokio Geographical Society Journal, 1894.

MeExIco.
Mexico—Sociedad Scientitica, Memoirs, tome VITI., Nos. 1 to 4;
tome IX., Nos. 1 to 8.
Instituto Geologico, Bolletino, No. 3.

Norway AND SWEDEN.

Bergen—Bergens Museum, Aarbag, 1894-5.

Stockholm—Geologiska Foéreningens, 1895.

—- Entomologisk Tidschrift, vols. 1880 to 1894; vol.
1895, hefte 1 to 4

Stavanger—Stavanger Museum, Aarsberetnung, 1894.

RwvSssIA.

Moscow—Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Bulletin, Nos. 2 to
4, 1895; No. 1., 1896.

St. Petersburg—Société Impériale Mineralogique, band X VII.

Comité Geologique Bulletins, tome XIII., Nos.
8 to 9; tome XIX., Nos. 1 to 9, Supple-
ment; tome XV., Nos. 1 to 2; Memoirs,
vol. [X., No. 4; vol. X., Nos. 3 and 4;
vol <1 bt. No. 2.5 voly XIV., No. 3.

——_—_———— Academie Impériale des Sciences, Bulletins, tome

IT., No. 5., tome III., No. 1; Memoirs,

tome XLII., No. 12.

SWITZERLAND.

Geneva—Société de Physique et d’ Histoire Naturelle, Comptes
Rendus des Séances, vol. XIT., 1895.
Lausanne—Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, vol. XX XTI.,
Nos. 118 to 119; vol. XX XII., No. 120.

SoutH AMERICA.

Buenos Aires—Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Boletin, tome
» XIV., No. 2.

La Plata—Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria
_ Nos. 5 to 18.

274

Monte Video—Museo Nacional, Annales IV.

Rio de Janeiro—Observatoria, Annuario, 1895; Le Climat de
Rio de Janeiro; Determinatio das Posicoes
Geographicas; Eclipses du Soleil et Occul-
tations.

Soura AFRICA.
Cape Town—Philosophical Society, vol. VIII., part 2.

UNITED STATES AMERICA.

Baltimore—John Hopkins University Studies, series XII., Nos.
8 to 12; series XIII., Nos. 1 to 8; Circulars,
vol. X V., Nos. 121 to 126.
——__-—— American Chemical Journal, vol. XVI., Nos. 7 to 8;
vol. X VII., Nos. 1 to 7.
Boston—Society Natural History, Proceedings, vol. XX VL., part
4; Memoirs, vol. V., Nos. 1 to 2.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings,
vol. XXI., 1894-5; Vol. XXITI., 1894-5.
Cambridge—Harvard Museum Comparative Zoology, Bulletin,
vol. XX VI., No. ls .el DORA | Noses ioe. .
vol. XXIX., Nos. 1 to 6; Report, 1894-5.
Psyche, vol. VII., Nos. 233 to 244.
Cincinnati—Society of Natural History Journal, XVII., No. 4;
vol. X VIII., Nos. 1 and 2.
Chicago—Field Columbian Museum, vol. I., No. 1; Geological
series—No. 1, Botanical series; Nos, 1 and 2;
Zoological series; No. 1, Anthropological series.
Granville, Ohio—Scientific Laboratories Denison University, Bul-
letin, vol. VIII., parts 1 and 2.
Meriden, Con.—Meriden Scientific Association, Transactions,
vol. 7.
Massachusetts—Tuft’s College Studies, No. 4.
New York—Academy of Sciences, Transactions, vol. XIII,
1893-4; vol. XIV., 1894-5; Memoir L., part 1;
Annals, vol. VII., Index; vol. VIII., Nos. 5
to 12.
——-——— Microscopical Society, Journal, vol. XI., No. 4; vol.
AIL; Nos. ‘1 to 3!
(Albany)—New York State Museum, Report, 1893.
Philadelphia—Academy Natural Sciences, Proceedings, parts 1
to 3, 1895.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science, Proceedings, vol. II.,
parts 3 to 4.
San Francisco—Californian Academy of Sciences, Memoirs, vol.
II., No. 4; Proceedings, vol. IV., part 2;
vol. V., part 1.

275

Sacramento—Californian State Mining Bureau Report, 1893.
Salem—Essex Institute—Catalogue of Books on China.

St. Louis— Missouri Botanic Gardens Report, 1895.

———— Academy of Science, vol. VI., No. 18; vol. VII,

Wos. | to 3.

Washington—U.S. Geological Survey, 14th Annual Report,

parts 1 to 2; Monographs, Nos. XXIII. to
XXIV.; Bulletins Nos. 118 to 122.

American Association Advancement Science, Pro-
ceedings 1804.

Department of Agriculture—World’s Markets for
American Products; Monthly Crop Reports
July and November, 1895 ; the Common Crow
of U.S.; North American Fauna, Nos. 8-10;
Reports of Statistian, 1894-5; the Jack
Rabbits U.S.; the Weasels of North America,
No. 11.

Smithsonian Institution—Bibliography Wakashan
Language ; the Maya Year; the Panumkey
Indians, Virginia ; Report Bureau Ethnology,
1893, 1894; Chinook Texts; Siouan Tribes
of the East; Archzologic Investigations in
James and Potomac Valleys; an Ancient
Quarry.

In Indian Territory ; Bulletin No. 48 ; Proceedings
U.S. National Museum, vol. XVII., 1894 ;
Smithsonian Report U.S. National Museum,
1893.

FROM THERE AUTHORS.

Enzio Reuter—Ober die Palpen der Rhopaloceron.
D. Gill, L.L.D.—Report on the Geodetic Survey of South

Africa.

W. Horn—Report on the Work of the Horn Expedition to

Central Australia, parts I. to IV.

276

LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &c.

NovemMBER, 1896.

Those marked (¥) were present at the first meeting when the Society was
founded. Those marked (L) are Life Fellows. Those marked with
an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s
Transactions.

Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary.

Date of
Election

“SflSa7.
1893.
1876.
1890.
1853.
1893.

1855.
1878.

1855.
1879.
1876.

1894.

1881.
1881,

1888.
1880.

1881.
1880.
1893.

1892.

1888,
1886.
1880.
1892.
1883.
1893.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

BARKELEY, Sir Henry, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Colonial
Institute, London.

CossMANN, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris.

Evuery, R. L. J., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer Vic-
toria, The Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria.

*ETHERIDGE, ROBERT, Paleontologist to the Geological Survey of
New South Wales, Sydney.

GARRAN, A., L.L.D., Sydney, New South Wales.

GREGORIO, MARQUIS DE, Palermo, Sicily.

Hutu, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania.

JERVOIS, SiR W. F. D., K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., Ex-Governor of
South Australia, London, Fngland.

Litter, E.

*MUELLER, BARON F. von, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., M. and Ph. D.,
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.C.8S., C.M.Z.8., &c., &c., Government
Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. [Since deceased. ]

Russett, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales.

*Wison, J. T., M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Sydney University.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS,

Baiiery, F. M., F.L.8., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland.

*Cioup, T. C., F.C.S., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South
Australia.

*DENNANT, JOHN, F.G.S., F.C.S., Inspector of Schools, Russell-
street, Camberwell, Melbourne, Victoria.

*ForELSCHE, Pav, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Terri-
tory, Australia.

GOLDSTEIN, J. R. Y., Melbourne, Victoria.

*Kempr, Rev. J., Australia.

*McKiiuop, Rev. Davin, 8.J., Superior Daly River Mission, Nor-
thern Territory.

*MatpEN, J. H., F.L.S., F.C.S., Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New
South Wales.

*MaskeLL, W. M., Wellington, New Zealand.

Niconay, Rv. C. G., Freemantle, Western Australia.

*RicuarpDs, Mrs. A., Georgetown, South Australia.

*Scuuuz, Rev. Lovis.

*STIRLING, JAMES, Assistant. Geological Surveyor, Victoria.

*Srretton, W. G., Palmerston, Northern Territory.

277

FELLOWS.

Apcock, D. J., Adelaide, South Australia.

AnGas, J. H., Adelaide, South Australia.

Asusy, Epwtn, Adelaide, South Australia.

Bacot, Joun, Adelaide, South Australia.

*BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, South Australia,

*BLACKBURN, Rev. Thomas, B.A., Woodville, South Australia.

BoretTGerR, Orro, Adelaide, South Australia.

*Bracc, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics, University of
Adelaide, South Australia.

Brown, L. G., Adelaide, South Australia.

*Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.S., Government Geologist South Australia,
Adelaide.

Brummitt, Ropert, M.R.C.S., England, Kooringa, South
Australia.

Bussey, J. W., F.R M.S., North Adelaide, South Australia.

*CLELAND, W. L., M.B., Ch.M., J.P., Colonial Surgeon, Resident
Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum, Lecturer on
Materia Medica University of Adelaide, Parkside, South
Australia.

‘(L) Cooxr, E., Commissioner of Audit South Australia, Adelaide,
South Australia.

Cooker, JoHN H., Adelaide, South Australia.

Cox, W. C., Semaphore, South Australia.

*Drxon, SAMUEL, Adelaide, South Australia.

Dossiz, A. W., Adelaide. South Australia.

Drummonp, J. H. G., M.D., Moonta.

DupDtey, U.

*EastT, J. J., F.G.S. (Corresponding Member, 1884.)

ELDER, Sir Tuomas, G.C.M.G., Adelaide, South Australia.

FLEMING, Davin, Adelaide, South Australia.

FowLerR, WiLL1AmM, Melton, Yorke’s Peninsula, South Australia.

Fraser, J. C., Adelaide, South Australia.

*GOYDER, GEORGE, JUN., F.C.S, Government Analyst South
Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

Grey, Rev. Wiiiiam, Mount Barker, South Australia.

Grassy, W. C., F.L.S., Adelaide, South Australia.

GREENWAY, THomAs J., East Adelaide.

Hawker, E. W., Adelaide.

*Hoxitze, Maurice, F,L.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Adelaide
(Corresponding Member, 1882), Adelaide, South Australia.

*HowcuHin, WALTER, F.G.S., Goodwood East, South Australia.

JAMEs, THomas, M.R.C.S., England, Moonta, South Australia.

Jones. J. W., Conservator of Water, Adelaide.

(F) Kay, Ropert, General Director and Secretary South Australian
Public Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, South Australia.

KersHaw, JAmMEs A., Entomologist National Museum, Melbourne.

Lenpon, A. A., M.D., M.R.C.S., Lecturer on Forensic Medicine
and on Chemical Medicine University of Adelaide, Honorary
Physician Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Adelaide,
South Australia.

Luioyp, J. S., Adelaide, South Australia.

*Lower, O. B., F. Ent. S., Parkside, Unley, South Australia.

*Lucas, R. B., Adelaide, South Australia.

LuxowiTz, M. von, M.D., Adelaide.

*MacGarey, Hon. S. J., M,D., M.L.C., Adelaide, South Australia.

Mayo, G. G., C.E., Adelaide, South Australia.

1882.
1888.

1859.
1884.
1896.
1893.

1883.
1886.
1895.
1885.

1891.
1876.
1891.
1893.
1857.
1871.
1881.

1893.
1876.

1886.
1894.

1889.
1878.

1883.
1878.
1879.

1859.
1882.

1886.

1895.

278

*Meyrick, E. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wiltshire,
England.

Mouinevux, A., F.L.8., Secretary Central Agricultural Bureau
South Australia, Kent Town, South Australia.

(L)MurRAy, Davin, Adelaide, South Australia.

Monon, H.S8., Brighton, South Australia.

*PARKER, THOMAS, C.E., Rockhampton, Queensland.

Perks, R. H., MD., F.R.C.S., England, Birksgate, South
Australia.

Puituirs, W. H., Adelaide, South Australia.

Pooue, W. B., Adelaide, South Australia.

RAMAGE, REv. GRANVILLE, Norwood, South Australia.

*RENNIE, H. E., M.A., D.Se., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry Uni-
versity of Adelaide.

Rogers, R. S., M.D., Adelaide, South Australia.

*Rutt, WALTER, C.E., Adelaide, South Australia.

SeLway, W. H., Jun., Adelaide, South Australia.

Srmson, Aucustus, Hobart, Tasmania.

Smeaton, THomas D., Blakiston, Littlehampton, South Australia.

SmitH, Ropert Barr, Adelaide, South Australia.

*STIRLING, EDWARD C., C.M.G., M.A., M.D., F.B.S., F.R.C.S
Lecturer on Physiology University of "Adelaide, Honorary
Director South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia.

*STREICH, VICTOR, F.G.S.

*T ATE, RALPH, F.L, S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural Science Uni-
versity of Adelaide.

*TEpPPER, J. G. O., F.L.S., Entomologist South Australian Museum
(Corresponding Member, 1878), Adelaide, South Australia.

*TURNER, A. JEFFERIS, M.D., Brisbane.

VARDON, JOSEPH, J.P., Adelaide, South Australia.

“Verco, JosepH C., M D., F RC.S., Lecturer on the Principles and
Practice of Medicine and Therapeutics and on Clinical Medi-
cine University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.

Wainwakicut, E.H., BSc., St Peter’s College, South Australia.

Ware, W. L. Adelaide, South Australia.

Way, EDWARD W,M.B, M.RCS, Lecturer on Obstetrics oa
Diseases Peculiar to Women and Children University of Ade-
laide, Adelaide, South Australia.

Way, SAMUEL J., D.C.L, Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor
South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

*WHITTELL, Horatio, MD., M.RCS., F.R.M.S, President
Central Board of Health and City Coroner, Adelaide, South
Australia

*ZinTz, A., F.LS., Assistant Director South Australian Museum,
Adelaide, South Australia.

ASSOCIATE.
CLELAND, JOHN B., Parkside, South Australia.

OY te ne)

ae eel

bo
~I
©

ng a a Oe ee

FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION

OF THE

Roval Society of South Australia.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE COMMITTEE, BEING FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
30TH, 1896.

Evening Meetings.—Hight evening meetings have been held
during the year, at which the attendance has again been well
maintained, the number present being very even throughout
the session. It is interesting to note that whereas in the early
years of its existence the Section depended almost entirely on its
elder members and outside help (such as University Professors
and others) for members, &c., younger members are now coming
forward for this purpose, with the result that the Section is
becoming more self-reliant. The subjects dealt with have been
varied and interesting—plants, birds, gold-crystals, and aquaria
being some of the topics, while instructive addresses on the
structure of feathers and of hair have also been contributed.
Exhibits in natural history have formed a prominent feature at
these meetings, and the “Question Box” has frequently been
utilised as a means of eliciting information on various subjects.
Owing to the holding, in October last year, of the Learned
Societies’ Conversazione, to which members of this Section con-
tributed a large number of exhibits, no similar gathering was
held by this Section during the year. Papers, &c., have been
given by Dr. Perks, Miss E. F. Haycraft, B.Sc., Messrs. J. G. O.
Tepper, F.L.S., T. D. Smeaton, E. Ashby, 8. Smeaton, B.A., and
W. H. Selway, jun.

Excursions.—Eleven excursions have been held, and the ex-
periment has again been tried of continuing them through the
winter months, when the seaside has usually been visited. These
coastal trips have not been so much in favour as those to the

280

hills, some of the latter having been particularly well attended
over 40 ladies and gentlemen journeying to the Happy Valley
Waterworks and Clarendon. Many of the localities have been
visited for the first time by the Section, those specially worthy of
mention being the Sandy Creek Scrub and Barossa Goldfields
(perhaps the most successful, botanically, during the year) and
Echunga, when the gold-bearing features, as well as the plant-life
of the locality, was examined. By way of variety, an excursion,
chiefly devoted to the study of birds and their habits, was held,
and proved very interesting.

Protection of our Native Fauna and Flora.—A separate report
from the Committee appointed for this purpose is presented here
with.

McDouall Stuart Memorial Fund.—This section appointed a
representative on the Committee formed for establishing this
fund, and members willingly contributed to the praiseworthy
object sought to be carried out by this movement.

Death of Mr. J. Wilson, F.E.I.S.—During the year the Section
recorded with regret the death of Mr. J. Wilson, F.E.I.S., who
had been a member almost from its inception, and had filled the
position of Vice-Chairman.

Financial.—The desire expressed by the parent Society at the
beginning of the year for economy in working the Section has
been duly regarded. The expenditure has been the smallest on
record, and has been considerably exceeded by the amount re-
ceived in subscriptions.

Membership.—There has been a satisfactory addition of new
members to the roll during the year, which counterbalances the
loss through resignation and other causes. The number now on
the roll is 88.

Rost. H. Pers, Chairman.
W. H. Seiway, Jun., Hon. Sec.

Adelaide, September 18, 1896.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIVE FAUNA
AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE.

The Committee has met twice only during the past year. They
sincerely regret that the state of Mr. Robin’s health has not been
such as to enable him to resume the position of Secretary.

Kangaroos.—The Committee having within the last week been
informed that the term pracielngs for the protection of kangaroos —
in the Western District expired 22nd April last, has desired the
Secretary to write to the Commissioner of Crown Lands sug-
gesting that the term may be extended.

281

Destruction of Native Birds’ Eggs.—A report has been
sired from the police stating that at both 8. Peters and
Norwood all eggs brought in as sparrows’ eggs have been care-
fully examined by the Corporation Officer receiving them to
ascertain that there are none of other birds among them.
Shooting Protected Birds During Close Season.—Complaints
having been made last year that the reports of guns were fre-
quently to be heard both in the district between Henley Beach
and Glenelg, and in the Eastern Suburbs, the Secretary wrote to
the Commissioner of Police on the subject. He obtained reports
from Glenelg and Norwood that the constables could not obtain
‘sufficient evidence to convict offenders. The Committee are,
notwithstanding, aware that the provisions of the Game Act are
being constantly broken, and regret that more active steps to
prevent such breaches are not taken by the authorities.

The Destruction of Seals.—In their last report the Committee
referred to the illegal capture of a seal at Port Vincent. By a
letter from the Crown Lands Office, dated 26th September, 1895,
they were informed that the seal in question had escaped, and by
a subsequent letter that the police had been instructed to strictly
enforce the observance of the close season for seals.

The Cape Borda Lighthouse Reserve.—The Committee of the
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science having
recommended that this reserve should be dedicated to the preser-
vation of the native fauna, the Secretary wrote to the Commis-
‘sioner of Crown Lands asking what steps had been taken to carry
out this recommendation, and received in reply an intimation
that the Marine Board had enquired into the matter, and had
carried the following resolution :—“ The reserve in question being
required as providing a fresh food supply for the Lighthouse-
keepers, the Board cannot agree to the suggested dedication.”

_ Again the thanks of the Committee are due to the Commis-
sioner of Crown Lands for the distribution of notices regarding
the close seasons for birds and animals.

SamuEt Drxon, Chairman.
M. Symonps Ciark, Hon. Sec.
September 18, 1896.

‘OGST ‘daquiaqdag 4s1z ‘oprepepy

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283

ASTRONOMICAL SECTION

OF THE

opal Society of South Australia.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In submitting their fourth annual report the Committee are
pleased to note signs of the steadily growing interest in those
subjects which this society seeks to popularise.
There have been five general meetings of the society during
the past year, and five business meetings of the Committee.
The membership numbers forty-five, having gained four and
lost two since last annual meeting.
Papers on the following subjects have been read and discussed : —
Computations of time, by Miss A. M. M. Todd.
The effect of the Tides on the Rotation of the Earth, by
C. C. Farr, B.Sc.
Hypothesis to Account for Gravitation, by C. C. Farr, B. Sc.
The Theory of the Tides, by R. W. Chapman, M.A.
Jupiter, by E. P. Sells.
Symbols for the Signs of the Zodiac, by Sir C. Todd, K.C.M.G.
_ Besides the papers the Question Box has provided interesting
matter, both for research and discussion.
_ The Monthly Notes (now in their fifth year) have maintained
_ their character for excellence and have been distributed at the
_ beginning of every month. The thanks of the society are due to
_ the proprietors of the Register for publishing the Notes in their
_ paper, thereby increasing the number of those who may be bene-
tted by them, thus furthering the objects of the society.
Members have been supplied with printed copies of the Rules.
The part taken by the Astronomical Section in the conversa-
zione tendered to His Excellency the Governor last November
proved a success, and its best thanks are due to the President
and those members who contributed towards that end.
_ Adopted at annual meeting held at the Adelaide Observatory
_ on the 15th September, 1896.
_ The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :—Sir
©. Todd, K.C.M.G., President; Messrs. Lee and Dobbie, Vice-
| Presidents; Messrs. Strawbridge, Harris, Kestle, and Griffiths,
Committee ; and W. E. Cheesman, Honorary Secretary.
C. Topp, President.
W. E. Curzsman. Hon. Secretary.

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|)
(9 6)
or

meaeeaCOLOGICAL SECTION

OF THE

HRopal Society of South Australia.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.

The section has concluded its work of a critical revision of the
Marine Gastropods of South Australia, and have dealt with the
- following families :—Marginellide, Olivide, Conide, Pleuroto-
mide, Cancellariidee, Cyprieide, and Casside.

The lists of local representations of these families have been
considerably increased by the addition of many new species
(obtained chiefly through the dredging operations of Dr. Verco),
and many forms not hitherto recorded as occurring have been duly
localised and identified. Of the former, new species to the
number of sixteen belonging to the Pleurotomide have been
_ described by Mr. J. B. Sowerby, from type specimens forwarded
to him, in a paper in proceedings of the Malacological Society
(Vol. II., Part I., April, 1896), and of the other, several have
been dealt with by their discoverer, Dr. Verco, in a paper

published in this volume of the transactions of the Royal Society
of South Australia.

Ten meetings have been held during the year. Dr. R. H.
Perks was elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer vice Mr. R. H.
Pulleine, the latter having left Adelaide for residence in Sydney,
New South Wales.

Two new members have been elected during the year, Dr. Torr
and Mr. Ashby.

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_ Aboriginal ceremonial sticks, 263.

_ Aecrogenius tinctus, 38.

Adimonia lugens, 86; Mastersi, 87; Rich-
mondensis, 87.

Agelastica (Galeruca) melanocephala, 83.

‘Amphimela australis, 42.

Anatisis Muelleri, 259.

Aneurystypus, systematic table ze 257°;
aur us, 257 ; dives, 258.

Anisogona placoxantha, 160.

Antherea Roylei, 265.

Aphthona Cowleyi, 76.

Apus Australiensis, 265.

Argobuccinum mimeticus, 221.

Arsipoda, systematic table of, 43 ; eneofulva,

a cenescens, 52; collars, 54 ; concolor,

. : consanguined, 48; deceptriz, 50;

; aires, 49; ‘fossipennis, 53; hepatica, 54 ;

jocosa, 47; jugularis, 53; leeviceps, 46;

languida, 46; laticolhs, 56 ; pallidicornis,

50; paradoxa, 51 ; picturata, 55; podont-

ioides, 62; spectabilis, 48; striatipennis,

49; terminalis, 51 5 variabilis, 55: varie-

gata, 54.
ony ntus (Dynastidarum), 248 ; subzequalis,
Aspidomorpha planipennis, 107 ; lauta, 108.
Asthena porphyretica, 152.
Atychia anthomera, 162; desmotoma, 162.
eo cucullata, 83, 259 ; denticornis,

ee errans, 233; collaris, 233.
Birds, Australian Fossil, 176, 191.
Blackburn, Rey. T., on Australian Coleoptera,

35, 233.
Bore at Enfield, 260.
_ Callirrhipis cardwellensis, 258.
Candezea sculpta, 89.
Cassida Adelaide, ae: ” pg igaiialain 107.
Cheiloxena insignis, 3
Cheiroplatys, antic table of, 243;
irae 245; bifossus, 243; compactus,
246 ; juvencus, 246; latipes, 245 ; pyymeeus,

_Chirida lacunata, 105; maxima, 104 ; multi-
color, ‘oe simplaria, 106.

Clark, EV. Geology of the Ninety-Mile
; Desert, ‘110

bain ehrysocolla, 29; dicoela, 29; spect-
a new species of, 35, 233; list of

___ from Lake Callabonna, 212.
_ Compsotropha chrysozona, 27.
_ Corbula compressa, 230.

Co Hes "eng Sa :
epidodera crassior, 67; indicica, 67.

Crocanthes acroxantha, 170; epitherma, 170.
Srypsicharis puidica, 164.

287

GENERAL INDEX.

Ged Spence and genera, the names of which are printed in italics,
are described as new. |

a J., Correlation of Marine Tertiaries

Dichelia (?) amcebeea, 161.

Doratiphora euchrysa, 152; eumelia, 153.

Drillia pentagonalis, 222 ; telescopialis, 222.

Dynastidarum, see Asemantus

Enfield, bore at, 260.

Eochosis, sarcosma, 164.

Epipaschia lithochlora, 154.

Eulechria baryptera, 11; curvilinea, 12;
deltacostamela, 165 ; euch/ora, 12 ; stigmat-
ophora, 11; tetraploa, 13; tetratherma,
165 ; thermistis, 166.

Euprionocera geminipuncta, 6.

Euzophera (?) pyrrhoptera, 159 ; thermochroa,
160

Fish a) Pagrus) from Tertiary, R. Murray,
263

Fossil Wood from Port Elliot, 266.

Galerucides, systematic table of, 39; re-
viewed, 78.

Gelechia anthochra, 168; deltodes, 160;
hemaspila, 169; nana, 169; xanthastis,
168.

Geology of Ninety-Mile Desert, 110.

Genyornis Newtoni, 171, 191.

Glytorhagada euglypta, 264.

Gracilaria, pyrigenes, 1; ophiodes, 2

Haltica, systematic table of, 75; corrusca,
73; ferruginis, 74; gravida, 75; pagana,
74; splendida, 74.

Halticides, systematic table of, 40.

Halticodes disparipes, 70.

Harpa punctata, 218.

Heliocausta acosmeta, 4; achroa, 4;
planula, 4; phanozona, 5: simplex, 5.

Hoplitica atr ypunctatella, 7; coxantha, 7;
porphyraspis, 8; pyrites,9; pyrrhella, 8;
rujimaculella, 7.

Hormocerus fossulatus, 36.

Howchin, W., On a Bore at Enfield, 260.

Hyphaltica Adelaide, toa) anomala, Tis
lauta, 71; mediocris, 72 ; © occidentalis, 72.

Imbricaria porphy yria, ‘227.

com-

- Isodon, systematic table of, 237 ; bidens, 239 ;

intermedius, 241 ; levipennis, 240 ; Mey-
ricki, 237 ; nasutus, 229 ; terree- ‘regine, 238.
Lake Callabonna, Fossil Bird from, 171, 191 ;
Coleoptera from, 212.
Lepidoptera, New Australian, 152.
Lethocephala (?) callidesma, 153.
Linosticha albida, 15.
Longitarsus Victoriensis, 76.
Lophopepla (Hypercallia) igniferella, 10.
Lower, O., New Australian Lepidoptera, 152,
Macrobathra chrysobaphes, 32; puncticulata,
32; rosea, 33.
Menippus, remarks on, 89.

288

Mesetia ameoena, 37.

Metallarcha crocanthes, 157.

Micrantipha paradoaa, 89.

Micro-Lepidoptera, Descriptions of, 1.

Mitra Vincentiana, 223,

Mollusca, New Species of Marine, 217; New
Land Snail, 264.

Momea eximia, 84.

Monolepta, systematic table of, 100; bo-
tincta, 99; biguttigera, 94; brevior, 93;
cognata, 94; croceicollis, 99; debilis, 98 ;
dilutior, 91; elytrura, 93; eyrensis, 95;
Sumaticornis, 92; implicata, 91; “inter-
tencta, 96; melancholica, 97; ordinaria,
97; prctifrons, 97 ; piticollis, 98 ; sordidule,
96; sparsipennis, 92; subsuturalis, 95;
tarsals, 99; tricolor, 95 ; variegata, 94.

Murex umbilicatus, 231.

Myodora corrugata, 229.

Myrmecophila australis, 149.

Neocavonus bidens, 254.

Neorupilia ornata, 85.

Nephogenes variabilis, 22.

Novapus bidentatus, 247 ; crassus, 248.

Ninety-mile Desert, Geology of, 110.

Oecophora hemileuca, 31; spheroides, 31.

Oenochroa gnophodes, 14 ; ochrosoma, 13.

Oides, systematic table of, 82: ignota, 80;
insignipennis, 79; oculuris, 80; plant-
arum, 82; tigrina, 81, 259; velata, 82.

Opisthopyrme Jacobyt, 68.

Opsidota cestwosa, 37.

Ornix australis, 2.

Palmerstonia Bovilli, 254 ; pusilla, 253 ; vario-
licollis, 253.

Palparia euryptera, 3.

Parocystola leucospora, 30.

Philobota chrysanthes, 25 ; gonostropha, 166;
lonchota, 23; lunata, 25; oeuwlaris, 26;
orphnea, 24; orphnites, 24; perixantha,
24; sophia, 26; xipheres, 23.

Phleopola basigramma, 16; eucapnodes, 16;
euprepes, 17; leucocephala, 18; melano-
spiula, 17; subvirrdella, 15.

Phos tasmanica, 227.

Phyllophanes dyseureta, 21.

Piloprepes g/aucaspis, 19; Lucasti, 19.

Pimelopus, systematic table of,
sydneyanus, 256.

Placocosma pheeina, 14.

Plectroscelis, systematic table of, 56;
aciculata, 63; alpicola, 61; calida, 59;
crassipennis, 66; crebra, 62; eyrensis, 65;
hypocrita, 63; impressipennis, 64; lin-

256 ;

densis, 61; longior, 59; Meyricki, 66;
minutalis, 62; nox, 59; Olliffi, 62; pall-
dior, 65; propinqua 60; quadraticollis, 65;
tumbyensis, 63 ; varipes, 61.

Prasyptera Mastersi, 84.

Psylliodes lubricata, 78.

Pyenocera hypoxantha, 22.

Queensland, Micro-Lepidoptera of, 1.

Rhizobius secessus, 108.

Rupilia exzcelsa, 85.

Sastra costatipennis, var. obscuricornis, 84.

Scoparia anthomera, 157 ; hypozantha, 158.

Senranopterus, classified table of. 250; angus-
tatus, 252; coneentricus, 251; distribulus,
252 ; tricostatus, 252.

Silicified Wood from Port Elliot, 266.

Simethis chionodesma, 167 ; ophiosema, 167.

Solenia Cowleyi, 88.

Sorcostia niphostena, 153.

Spheroderma baldiensis, 77.

Spiloscapha thalloides, 36.

Stericta (?) callizona, 155; chionopa, 155;
leucodesma, 156 ; streptomela, 156.

Stigmodera magnijica, 35.

Stirling, Dr. E. C., on a new fossil Struthious
Bird, 171, 191.

Sureula Perksi, 224.

Sutrea Mastersi, 68; speciosa, 69.

Talis cyclosema, 158.

Tate, R., Correlation of Marine-Tertiaries,
118.

Telecrates desmochrysa, 163.

Tepper, J. G. O., new species of Myrme-
cophila, 149; Coleoptera of Lake Calla-
bonna, 212.

Teratomorpha coeliota, 20.

Tertiaries of Australia, Correlation of, 118

Tetrigus australicus, 35.

Tortrix (?) pyrrhopa, 161.

Triton mimeticus, 221.

Tritonidea fuszformis, 219.

Turner, Dr. A. J., descriptions of Micro-
Lepidoptera, 1.

Turricula apicitincta, 225,

Verco, Dr. J. C., om new species of Marine
Mollusca, S. Aus., 217.

Voluta translucida, 217.

Xenidia b:zonata, 43 ; melancholica, 43 : picti-
cornis, 42.

(?) Xuthea formosa, 77.

Xylorycta candescens, 163.

Zietz, A. H. C., on a New Fossil Struthious
Bird, 171, 191.

Vardon & Pritchard, Printers, Gresham-street, Adelaide.

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

a AND

SE ae OF aaa

OF THE

ROYAL SOGIBTY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA

eee OS ST

For 1896-97.

[Wits Taree Puartes |

EDITED BY PROFESSOR RALPH TATE.

Adelaide :

W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

DECEMBER, 1897.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South
Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed
“per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.”

Royal Society of South Australta.

Patron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

OnMrrICHht Es:
[ELECTED OCTOBER, 1897. ]

Presivent :
W. L. CLELAND, M.B.

Pice-President :
PROFESSOR RALPH TATE
(Representative Governor.)

WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.8.

Hon. Treasurer : Hon. Seeretary :
WALTER RUTT, C.E. G. G. MAYO, C-E.

dtlembers of Gouncil :
REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A. PROFESSOR E. H. RENNIE,

SAMUEL DIXON D.80., F.C.8:
MAURICE HOLTZH, F.L.S. W. H. SELWAY, Jtn.
J. S. LLOYD E. C. STIRLING, C.M;G,, 02,

M.A., F.B.S.

CONTENTS.

a
PART I. (Issued July, 1897.) PAGE,
Cossmann, M.: The oe of the Older arate of Aus-
tralia (plates i i. and ii.) . , 1

Morcan, Dr. M. : List of Birds in the Weighbourhood of Tak S.A. 22
Ware, E. R.: Notes on Australian Typhlopide (plate iii.) .. un 2S
Buacksurn, Rev. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera wile” ees

Tare, Pror. R. : Critical Remarks on some Australian Mollusca ... 40

ERRATUM.
ii oe, --rLaTe It.

The legend “ grits, rotten slates,” &c., refers to the Archiean ;

F whilst the area indicated as occupied by those beds is Eocene.

i —ak | a = a 4
Matpen, J. H.: Gna New Atriplex from South Australia... eee
Buiacksurn, Rev. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera ae
Abstract of Proceedings pis ve 2 me Nor as a BO
Annual Report ... 7 ses ae ae a, i af .. LO3
Balance-sheet ... ne ae bs as es i Aa .. 105
Presidential Address ... we is i a ee me ..2 106
List of Fellows " aii i. eo pe if a 037
Donations to Library ... a5 Ls cS ac sth re li

APPENDICES.

Proceedings, Annual < ‘eau and Balance-sheet of the Field Naturalists’
Section .. . 130
Annual Report and Pics atiant & of the Astronomical Section .. 135

General Index ... a om” +e 4 faa 2 , jv oe

Royal Society of South Justralra.

Patron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

PROFESSOR RALPH TATE
(Representative Governor.)
WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S8.
Hon. Treasurer : Hon. Secretary :
WALTER RUTT, C.E. G. G, MAYO;:C.

dtlembers of Gonncil :
REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A. PROFESSOR KE. H. RENNIE,

SAMUEL DIXON : D.Sc., F.C.S.
MAURICE HOLTZE, F.L.S. W. H. SELWAY, Jen.
J. 8S. LLOYD E. C. STIRLING, C.M.G., M.D.,

M.A., F.R.S.

4
?
,

CONTENTS.

Pa 3b ge
PART I. (Issued July, 1897.) PAGE,

Cossmann, M.: The oo of the Older are of Aus-
tralia (plates i i. and ii.) . : 1
Morcan, Dr. M.: List of Birds in the Neighbouthood of Laura, S.A. 22
Waite, E. R.: Notes on Australian Typhlopid (plate iii.) 25
BLACKBURN, Rey. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera 28
Tats, Pror. R. : Critical Remarks on some Australian Mollusca 4)
Lower, Oswa.p B. : Description of new Australian Lepidoptera 50

Davip, Pror. T. W. E., ann W. Howcuin: Notes on the Glacial -
Features of the Inman Valley ... ae sts ia ook
Tate, Prov. R. : Evidences of Glaciation in Central Australia 68
PART II. (Issued December, 1897.)

Tate, Pror. R.: A List of Plants collected by the Calvert Expedition 69

Browne, J. Harris. Anthropological Notes relating to the SEES
of the Lower North of South Australia 72

Howcuin, WALTER: On the Occurrence of Lower Cambrian Tossils in
the Mount Lofty Ranges es ie Bir = 74
Maven, J. H.: Ona New Atriplex from South Australia 87
BuiacksurN, Rev. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera 88
Abstract of Proceedings 99
Annual Report... . 103
Balance-sheet . 105
Presidential Address ... . 106
List of Fellows . 122
Donations to Library .. 127

APPENDICES.

Proceedings, Annual ree and Balance-sheet of the Field Naturalists’
Section ‘ ” ‘4 ... 130
Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Astronomical Section 135
’ General Index ... . 137

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THE GASTEROPODS OF THE OLDER TERTIARY OF
AUSTRALIA—LES OPISTHOBRANCHES.

By Maurice Cossmann, Hon. Fellow.
[Read April 6, 1897. ]

Puiates I., II.

_ |PreFacE.—The examples of fossil-species which form the
subject of this memoir were presented to the author by me, but
a duplicate set is placed in the Museum of the University of
Adelaide. The locality-names quoted by M. Cossmann are those
which accompanied his specimens, but I have added to the list
as fully as records in the University Museum allow of.—R.
— Tate. |
Actzon serobiculatus, Ven.-Woods. Pl.i., fig. 1-3.

Référence.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1876, p. 102 (1877).

Taille petite ; forme ovale, plus ou moins ventrue; spire courte,
a galbe conoidal ; embryon peu saillant ; cinq tours peu convexes,
dont la hauteur est inférieure 4 la moitié de la largeur, séparés
par des sutures peu profondes, ornés de quatre sillons spiraux,
cloisonnés par de fines lamelles d’accroissement. Dernier tour
presque égal aux quatre cinquicemes de la longueur totale, ovoide,
régulierement orné comme la spire jusque sur la base, qui est
étroitement subperforée dans la région ombilicale. Ouverture
étroite en arriére, dilatée en avant ou elle est arrondie et légére-
ment versante ; labre assez épais, tres arqué, un peu échancré au
dessus de la suture; columelle coudée par un pli oblique et a
peine saillant; bord columellaire large, calleux, un peu détaché
de la base.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 8 mill.; diametre, 3°75 mill.

Localités.—EKocrnt: Table Cape, Tasmania; Spring Creek,
near Geelong, Victoria.

Néotypes.—P1.i., figs. 1-3 ; deux échantillons ventras de Table
Cape, un échantillon plus étroit de Spring Creek. Ma collection.

A ffinités.—Cette espéce se rapproche par son ornementation de
Act. subinflatus, d’Orb., du calcaire grossier parisien ; mais elle
en différe par sa spire plus courte, par ses tours plus étroits et
moins convexes, par sa perforation ombilicale, par son pli moins

saillant. Si on la compare a Act. electus, Desh., du Suessonien

des environs de Paris, elle a la spire plus courte, Jes tours moins
élevés, le labre plus arqué, la columelle plus coudée. Enfin,
quand on la rapproche de Act. inflatior, Meyer, de Claiborne, on

remarque qu’elle est moins globuleuse, que sa spire est plus
conoide, que son embryon est moins saillant, que son labre est
plus sinueux en arriere, et que son pli columellaire est moins
anguleux.

Actzon funiculifer, nov. sp. Pl. i., fig. 4, 5.

Taille petite ; forme ovale et globuleuse; spire trés courte, a
galbe conique; embryon a4 nucléus extrémement petit, 4 peine
dévié ; cing tours trés étroits, presque plans, séparés par des
sutures étroitement canaliculées, ornés de trois rainures spirales
et cloisonnées par de fines lamelles d’accroissement. Dernier
tour égal ou supérieur aux quatre cinquiémes de la longueur
totale, plus large en arriére qu’au milieu, ovalement atténué a la
base, orné de rainures cloisonnées inégales et inéquidistantes,
celles du bas plus larges que les rubans qui les séparent, celles de
la base plus serrées et séparées par des cordons arrondis aussi
larges qu’elles. Ouverture médiocrement rétrécie en arriére,
dilatée et versante en avant; labre arqué, non échaneré en
arriére; columelle courte, presque dans le prolongement de la base
de l’avant-dernier tour, munie d’un pli saillant, transverse et
placé trés bas qui forme un gradin peu élevé; bord columellaire
calleux, recouvrant la fente ombilicale.

Dimensions,—Longueur, 8 mill.; diametre, 4:25 mill.

Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (pl. i., fig. 4, 5), ma collection.
MiocENE, Victoria.

A ffinités.—Quoique cette espece ait beaucoup de ressemblance
avec Act. scrobiculatus, T. Woods, elle mérite d’un étre séparée a
cause de sa spire plus courte, de ses tours plus étroits, de ses
sutures canaliculées, de ses sillons plus largement rainurés, de
son pli columellaire plus saillant et moins élevé, de l’absence de
perforation sous le bord columellaire. Elle est presque aussi
ventrue que Act. wnflatior, Meyer, de Claiborne ; mais elle a une
spire plus courte, la convexité maximum de son dernier tour est
située plus en arriere, son pli columellaire est plus saillant et
moins arrondi, enfin ses rainures spirales sont plus larges.

Actzon subsealatus, nov. sp. Pl. i., fig. 8, 9.

Taille tres petite; forme globuleuse, subsphérique; spire courte,
étagée en gradins, a galbe conoidal; embryon tres petit, 4 nucléus
dévié perpendiculairement ; quatre tours tres convexes, dont la
hauteur atteint le tiers de la largeur, séparés par des sutures peu
profondes, étagés en arriere par une rampe arrondie, ornés de cing
sillons spiraux et cloisonnés par de fines. lamelles d’accroissement.
Dernier tour égal aux trois quarts de la longueur, ventru, sub-
anguleux en arriére, ovalement arrondi 4 la base, réguliérement
orné de sillons étroits et finement cloisonnés, qui sont plus pro-
fonds et plus serrés sur la base imperforée. Ouverture courte et

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i
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-

assez large, a peine versante en avant; labre presque rectiligne
et vertical, lacinié sur son contour par l’extrémité des sillons
spiraux ; columelle munie d’un pli oblique et peu saillant ; bord
columellaire étroit et peu calleux.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 4°5 mill.; diamétre, 3 mill.

Localités et type.—Aldinga (Pl. 1, fig. 8, 9), ma collection ;
Adelaide-bore.—Eocrns, Austr. Sud.

A ffinités.—I1 n’est pas possible de confondre cette espéce avec
les précédentes; outre qu’elle est beaucoup plus globuleuse et plus
courte, ses tours sont plus étagés, et son pli columellaire est plus
oblique, enfin son labre est presque droit. Elle a un peu la forme
de Semiacteon sphericulus du hassin de Paris, mais elle n’appar-
tient pas au méme sous genre a cause de son pli épais et de
Vabsence de fente ombilicale; de plus, ses sillons sont plus
cloisonnés.

Actzeon distinguendus, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 6, 7.

Taille petite; forme ovale, trapue; spire courte, a galbe
conique ; embryon gros, a nucléus obliquement dévié ; cing tours
a peine convexes, dont la hauteur est inférieure au tiers de la
largear, séparés par des sutures étroitement canaliculées, étagés
par une rampe obliquement déclive et plus ou moins visible au
dessus de la suture, ornés d’un seul sillon spiral et ponctué sur
cette rampe inférieure. Dernier tour un peu cylindrique au
milieu, ovale ala base, subanguleux a la limite de la rampe
déclive en arriere, orné de sillons spiraux et ponctués tres écartés,
entre lesquels il y a une strie plus obsolete; sur la base, les sillons
sont plus profonds et plus rapprochés. Ouverture égale aux deux
tiers de la longueur totale, tres étroite en arriere, arrondie et
versante a la base; labre assez mince, arqué, un peu sinueux en
arriere ; columelle faisant un angle de 100° avec la base de
Yavant-dernier tour, munie d’un pli épais, saillant et arrondi ;
bord columellaire large et calleux, recouvrant completement la
fente ombilicale.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 7 mill. ; diametre, 2:5 mill.

Localités et type.—HOceENE : Muddy Creek (PI. i., figs. 6, 7),
ma collection; Cheltenham near Melbourne; River Murray Cliffs.

A ffinités.—Cette espéece ressemble a Act. Deshayesi, de Rainc.,
du caleaire grossier parisien, a cause de son ornementation et de
sa rampe déclive; mais elle est beaucoup moins globuleuse, sa
spire est plus allongée, ses sutures sont plus canaliculées et son
pli columellaire est plus saillant. On peut encore la comparer a
Act. lineatus, Lea, de Claiborne, qui a aussi des sillons écartés ;
mais elle s’en distingue par son unique sillon sur chaque tour de
spire, par sa rampe plus déclive, par son ~ledenta plus étroite et
par son pli plus saillant.

Actzeon evanescens, ov. sp. Pl. i., fig. 10, 11.

Taille assez petite; forme ovale, trapue ; spire courte, un peu
étagée, a galbe conique ; embryon a nucléus globuleux et dévieé ;
quatre tours un peu convexes, dont la hauteur atteint a peine le
tiers de la largeur, séparés par des sutures canaliculées et formant
un étroit gradin, lisses et brillants, sont un seul sillon spiral au
dessus de la suture. Dernier tour presque supérieur aux trois
quarts de la longueur totale, régulitrement ovale, arrondi a la
base qui est étroitement perforée, orné d’un profond sillon et
dune légére strie au dessus de la suture puis une large zone
lisse, au milieu cinq sillons spiraux et ponctués avec une
légere strie intercalaire, enfin sur la base une douzaine de
sillons plus rapprochés et plus profonds, sans stries dans l’inter-
valle. Ouverture grande et large, peu versante en avant; labre
a peu pres rectiligne et vertical; columelle faisant un angle de
120° avec la base de l’avant-dernier tour, munie d’un pli oblique,
assez large et peu saillant ; bord columellaire mince, détaché en
avant de la fente ombilicale.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 5:25 mill.; diametre, 2°75 mill.

Localités et type.—Adelaide-bore (Pl. i., figs. 10, 11), ma col-
lection ; Aldinga.—Eocenz, Austr. Sud.

A finités.—Cette espece se rapproche, par son ornementation et
sa bande lisse, d’ Act. Lowstaui, Desh., du calcaire grossier parisien ;
mais elle n’a pas la rampe déclive et ies tours subanguleux de
cette coquille. Si on la compare a Acé. procerus, Desh., du
Suessonien, qui a aussi une bande lisse sur le dernier tour, elle en
différe par sa forme beaucoup plus trapue, et d’ailleurs elle n ‘ap-
partient pas au méme groupe, puisque son pli columellaire est
simple.

Actzon olivellzformis, 7'ate. Pl.i., figs. 12, 13.
Synonymie.—Acteopyramis olrvelleformis, Tate, 1893.
Référence.—Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. vol. XXVIT., p. 181,

pl. xis fig.2;

Taille assez petite; forme étroite, pyramidelloide; spire
allongée, a galbe conique ; embryon a nucleus obtus et dévieé ;
huit tours a peine convexe, dont la hauteur atteint ou dépasse les
trois quarts de la largeur, séparés par des sutures étroitement
canaliculées, a peu pres lisses, avec de tres fines stries spirales
écartées ou peu visibles et un seul sillon situé prés de la suture
supérieure. Dernier tour embrassant, égal a la moitié de la
longueur totale chez les individus adultes, étroitement ovale,
presque lisse comme la spire, sauf ala partie antérieure ou il
existe 9 sillons écartés, et sur la base imperforée qui porte
encore 6 stries plus serrées. Ouverture courte, subrhomboidale,
arrondie du cété antérieur ; labre tres mince, peu arqué et peu
sinueux en arriére ; columelle coudée, faisant un angle de 100°

avec la base de l’avant-dernier tour munie dun pli sans saillie
qui forme le coude; bord columellaire mince et bifide sur la
région du pli.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 8°25 mill. ; diamétre, 2:5 mill.

Localités.— Muddy Creek, Spring Creek near Geelong.—
KocENE.

Neéotype.—Muddy Creek (Pl. i., figs. 12, 13), ma collection.

Observations.—Cette espece a été décrite par M. Tate dans le
genre Actwopyramis, institué par Fischer pour corriger le double
emploi Monoptygma (Gray, non Lea) ; je ne crois pas qu'elle ap-
partienne a ce genre qui ne comprend que des coquilles de
Pyramidellide, tandis qu ‘Act. olivelleformis a les tours em-
brassants et l’embryon des Actgonide ; d’ailleurs on trouve déja
Vindice de son pli bifide dans les Actgon du groupe d’A. Gmelini;
elle ne sen distingue que par sa forme plus allongée et a demi
lisse, comme les Crenilabium ; toutefois elle n’a pas les crénelures
columellaires de ce dernier genre, et son pli coudé est tout a fait
différent.

Semiactzon microplocus, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 14, 15.

Taille assez petite ; forme ovale ; spire courte ; embryon obtus,
a nucléus empaté dans la spire; quatre tours peu convexes, dont
la hauteur égale le tiers de la largeur, séparés par des sutures
étroitement canaliculées, ornés en avant de trois stries spirales
obsolétes, et au dessous d’un intervalle lisse un peu plus large,
d’un sillon peu profond, plus rapproché de la suture. Dernier
tour égal aux trois quarts de la hauteur totale, ovale, arrondie a
la base qui est perforée d’une étroite fente ombilicale, orné sur
toute sa surface (sauf un etroit espace lisse au dessus du sillon
sutural), de stries spirales et finement ponctués, plus serrées et
plus profondes autour de la région ombilicale. Ouverture courte
et large, arrondie et peu versante du cété antérieur ; labre un
peu oblique et subsinueux, épaissi a l’intérieur; continuelle
droite et inclinée, faisant un angle de 130° avec la base de
Yavant-dernier tour, portant au milieu un pli arrondi et peu

- saillant ; bord columellaire détaché de la base, se raccordant au

contour supérieur de l’ouverture.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 6°5 mill.; diametre, 4°75 mill.

Localités et type.—River Murray Cliffs (Pl. i., figs. 14, 15), ma
collection ; Mornington (Port Phillip Bay).—EHocene.

A ffinités.—Cette coquille s’écarte des Actwon par la petitesse de
son pli columellaire ; pour ce motif, je la place dans le sous-genre
Semiacteon que j’ai proposée, en 1889, pour S. sphericulus, Desh.,

Acteon puteolata, Pritchard, Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. VIII., p. 124, t. 4,
figs. 10-12, 1896, a fossil from Table Cape, is considered by MM. Cossmann
and Tate to belong to Odontostomia.

du calcaire grossier parisien; mais l’espece australienne se dis-
tingue de celle ci par sa taille plus grande, par ses sillons beaucoup
moins profonds, par son ombilic moins ouvert et par son pli plus
saillant. Sion la compare a S. Bezangoni, de la Loire inférieure,
on remarque que ses sillons sont moins profonds, moins réguliers,
et que son ouverture est plus large, plus évasée en avant.

Triploea ligata, Yate. Pl. i., figs. 16, 17.

kéférence.—Journ. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., vol. XXVII., 1893,
p: 186, ph xn} fig? 7.

Forme ovoido-coniqué ; spire un peu étagée et allongée, a galbe
conique ; embryon peu développé, a nucléus obtus ; cing tours
peu convexes, séparés par des sutures canaliculées, avec un étroit
gradin accompagné d’un profond sillon spiral, ornés de fines stries
imperceptiblement ponctuées. Dernier tour égal aux deux tiers
de la longueur totale, arrondi a la base qui est étroitement per-

t orée, orné sur toute sa surface de fines stries spirales, outre le
sillon voisin de la suture. Ouverture courte, ovale en avant et
légerement échancrée sur le contour supérieur; Jabre mince,
peu arqué ; columelle munie de trois plis lamelleux et saillants,
les deux antérieurs plus rapprochés et presque confondus ou un
suel pli bifide ; bord columellaire non calleux.

Dimenstons.—Longueur, 8 mill.; diamétre, 4 mill.

Localités et néotype.—Adelaide-bore (Pl. i. figs. 16, 17), ma
collection ; Cape Otway.—EOocENE.

Observations.—J’ai placé T'riploca (Eissais de Pal. Comp. L.,
1895, p. 50, pl. vii., fig. 19) comme sous-genre de Zornatellea,
parce que ses plis columellaires ont la méme apparence et que le
contour basal de louverture est subéchancré ; ce rapprochement
est d’autant plus justifié, que les deux plis antérieurs ont une
tendance a se confondre l’un avec l’autre, de maniere a présenter
Yapparence d’un seul pli dédoublé. -D’ailleurs 7'riploca s’écarte
des Ringinella, qui ont aussi trois plis columellaires et un galbe
presque identique, par son labre mince ou peu épais, non bordé
par un bourrelet externe. On ne connait jusqu’a présent, que
cette seule espece type representant cet intéressant sous-genre.

Tornatina pachyptycha, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 20, 21.

Taille petite ; forme cylindrique ; spire tres courte, étagée en
gradins ; embryon assez gros, a nucléus translucide, globuleux et
obliquement dévié; quatre tours plans, extrémement étroits,
munis en arricre d’une rampe déclive, excavée et limitée par un
angle un peu saillant, ornés de petits plis V’accroissement obliques
sur la rampe. Dernier tour supérieur aux trois quarts de la
hauteur totale, a galbe cylindracé, un peu ovalisé en arriere et
a la base qui porte, sur la région ombilicale, une dépression im-

a ee ye

perforée et limitée par un angle émoussé; surface entiérement
lisse, sauf les stries d’accroissement. Ouverture longue, étroite,
& bords paralléles en arriére, dilatce, versante et obliquement
tronquée ala base; labre mince, oblique, arqué, sinueux prés
de la rampe suturale; columelle courte, excavée, se raccordant
avec la base de l’avant-dernier tour par une courbe en S.,
munie d’un gros pli oblique et peu saillant ; bord columellaire
large, mince en arriére, calleux en avant, rejoignant le contour
supérieur par une courbe largement ouverte.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 6°25 mill. ; diamétre, 2 b mill.

5)
Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. i., figs. 20, 21), ma collee-
tion ; Miocene: Victoria.

Diieiide--On ne peut confondre cette espéce avec F. crassi-
plica, Conr., du Vicksburgien des Etats Unis, qui a une spire
encore plus courte et sans “gradins, dont le pli est plus anguleux,
dont la forme est plus trapue et dont le galbe est plus arrondi en
arriére. Si on la rapproche de Z. grignonensis, Desh., du cal-
caire grossier parisien, on remarque quelle s’en distingue par sa
spire étagée et par sa forme cylindracée, par sa dépression
ombilicale.

Tornatina longispira, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 18, 19.

Taille petite ; forme cylindrique ; spire un peu allongée, étagée
en gradins ; embryon saillant a nucléus globuleux et translucide ;
quatre tours dont la hauteur atteint ou dépasse le tiers de la
largeur, plans et lisses, munis en arricre d’une rampe assez large
et taillée 4 angle droit. Dernier tour égal aux trois quarts de la
longueur totale, cylindracé, ovale a la base qui porte une petite
rainure, imperforée a la place de lombilic ; surface entiérement
lisse, sur laquelle on ne distingue méme pas les stries d’accroisse-
ment. Ouverture a bords non paralleles, étroite en arriére, un
peu plus dilatée en avant ou elle est obliquement tronquée: labre
mince, arqué, peu sinueux en arriere; columelle oblique, peu
incurvée, renflée au milieu par un pli épais, a peine saillant; bord
columellaire large, calleux, recouvrant la région ombilicale.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 7°25 mill.; diametre, 2:5 mill.

Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. 1., figs. 18, 19), ma collec-
tion.—M1oceEne, Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette coquille n’est peut étre qu’une variété de
Pespece précedente, 7. pachyptycha ; cependant les trois echantil-
lons que je posséde me paraissent distincts de cette dernitre, par
leur forme plus ¢troite, par leur spire plus allongce, par leurs
tours plus élevés, par leur rampe moins deéclive, par leur pli plus
obsoléte, par leur columelle moins incurvée. II est possible que
si lon recueille une série de nombreux ¢chantillons de J'ornatina
du gisement de Muddy Creek, on pouvra trouver des individus in-

8
termédiaires entre ces deux especes; mais provisoirement, je crois
qu’on peut admettre 7’. Jongispira comme une espéce distincte.

Tornatina aptycha, nov. sp. PI. i,, figs. 22, 23.

Taille assez petite; forme cylindrique, étroite; spire trés courte,
un peu étagée en gradins ; embryon trés saillant, a nucleus dévie
en forme de crosse ; quatre tours extrémement ¢troits, convexes
ou subanguleux, avec une rampe déclive au dessus de la suture.
Dernier tour ¢gal aux cing sixiemes de la hauteur totale, cylin-
dracé, ovale & la base qui est imperforée et munie d’une dépression
ombilicale trés obsoléte; surface enticrement lisse. Ouverture
trés étroite en arriere, a peine dilatece en avant, ow elle est
découverte et un peu versante ; labre peu épais, presque vertical,
renverse a gauche de l’axe du cété anterieur, 4 peine échancré sur
la rampe suturale ; columelle dans le prolongement de la base de
Vavant-dernier tour, absolument denuce de pli; bord columellaire
calleux, recouvrant presque entiérement la dépression ombilicale,
et se raccordant avec le contour supérieur de l’ouverture.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 6°5 mill.; diametre, 2:25 mill.

Localités et type. —Muddy Creek (PI. 1., fig. 22, 23), ma_collec-
tion ; Table Cape.—Eoceng, Victoria et Tasmania.

A ffinités.—Malgré la resemblance exterieure de cette Tornatina
cylindrique avec les deux autres espéces déja décrites, il est im-
possible de la confondre avec celles, 4 cause de l’absence compléte
de pli columellaire ; en outre, elle est plus cylindrique que 7.
pachyptycha et elle n’a pas la rampe de 7. longispira ni la spire
aussi allongée. L’existence simultanie de ces trois formes, qui
appartiennent évidemment au méme genre TJornatina, démontre
quwil ne faut pas attacher ’importance d’un caractere générique
a la présence ou a l’absence d’un pli a la columelle, et quil n’y a
pas lieu de se fonder sur ce pli pour distinguer Tornatina de
Retusa.

Volvulella Tatei, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 26, 27.

Taille petite ; forme fusoide, acuminée au sommet, ovale a la
base ; spire involvée et imperforée. Dernier tour embrassant
toute la coquille, 4 galbe ovale et étroit, a surface lisse en ap-
parence mais couverte de fines stries spirales, qui deviennent
plus écartées et plus visibles sur la base. Ouverture presque
lineaire en arriére, un peu dilatée et découverte en avant ; labre
trés mince, peu arqué, vertical, formant en arriére un bec aigu
qui dépasse le sommet d’un demi millimétre; columelle droite,

Tenison-Woods in Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1878, figures an Opistho-
branch, t. 21, f. 4, as Vornatina involuta, which is quite inadequate for
generic determination, and is unaccompanied with a description, It may
represent a Volvulella,

faiblement tordue sur elle méme. Bord columellaire étroit,
détaché de la base et découvant une étroite fente ombilicale.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 5 mill. ; diamétre, 1°75 mill.

Localité et type—Muddy Creek (pl. i., fig. 26, 27), ma collec-
tion.—Moceng, Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette espéce est plus ctroite que V. redacta, Desh.,
du calcaire grossier des environs de Paris, et elle s’en distingue en
outre par ses stries et par sa perforation ombilicale; elle est
beaucoup moins étranglée en arricre et moins profondément
sillonnée que V. lanceolata Sow., de Barton ; si on la compare 4
V. DéKayi, Lea, de Claiborne, on trouve quelle est bien moins
conique, que son pli columellaire est moins saillant, et que son
labre dépasse moins le sommet; V. Meyeri, Cossm., de Jackson
(Mississipi) est beaucoup plus ventrue et a un pli bien plus sail-
lant; elle ressemble plutét 4 V. radiws, Desh., du Suessonien,
mais elle est plus étroite et plus allongée, plus visiblement striée.
En résumé, quoique le nombre des Volvulella éocéniques est déja
grand, je la crois différente de celles qui sont anterieurement dé-
crites.

Volvulella inflatior, nov. sp. Pl. i., fig. 24, 25.

Taille microscopique; forme régulierement ovale, étroite ;
dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, entierement lisse, im-
perforé au sommet et ala base. Ouverture lineaire en arriére,
subitement dilatée en avant; labre mince, a peu prés vertical ;
un fort pli columellaire, se raccordantpar une courbe arrondie et
carénée avec le contour supérieur, qui découvre largement l’ouver-
ture.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 2°25 mill.; diameétre, 1°25 mill.

Localités et type.—Spring Creek (Pl. i., fig. 24, 25), ma collec-
tion ; Table Cape.—Eocrng, Victoria et Tasmania.

Affinités.—Quoique je ne posséde qu’un seul échantillon ex-
tramement petit, je n’hésite pas a séparer cette espéce de V. Tater,
qui est beaucoup plus allongé et plus étroit ; en outre V. inflatior
a un pli plus saillant 4 la columelle et son labre ne dépasse pas le
sommet de la coquille. Sion compare V. inflatior a V. redacta
du bassin de Paris, on trouve que cette derniére espéce est moins
ovale et plus acuminée au sommet, que son ouverture est moins
rétrécie en arriére et qui sa base est perforce ; si on la rapproche
de V. radius, Desh., du Suessonien, on remarque que l’espéce
australienne a |’extremite inférieure plus arrondie, eb que son
ouverture est plus étroite en arriére, plus dilatée et plus décou-
verte en avant.

Seaphander Tatei, nov. sp. Pl. i., figs. 34, 35.

Taille moyenne ; test trés mince ; forme ovoido-conique ; spire
largement perforée au sommet quiest creusé d’un petit entonnoir

arrondi. Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, ventru au
milieu, obliquement atténué du cété posterieur, largement dilaté
et ovalement arrondi du cété anterieur; surface réguli¢rement
ornée de profonds sillons finement ponctués par les accroisse-
ments, et dont les intervalles portent quelquefois, surtout en
arriére, une strie intermédiaire plus fine. Ouverture grande et
découverte, rapidement dilatée ; labre régulierement arqué; bord
columellaire mince, largement étalé.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 15 mill.; diametre, 8 mill.

Localités et type.—Muddy Creek (Pl. i., fig. 34, 35), ma collec-
tion; Mornington, River Murray Cliffs.—Eocrns, Austr. Sud.,
Victoria.

Affinités.—Cette fragile espéce se distingue de Ja plupart de
celles qui ont été antérieurement decrites, par ses stries plus
visiblement ponctuées ; en outre, si on la compare a S. conicus,
Desh., du calcaire grossier parisien, on remarque qu’elle a une
forme plus conique et moins ovale et que son sommet est plus
largement perforé. Quant on la rapproche de S. altavillensis du
Cotentin et de la Loire inférieure, on trouve qu'elle est plus
dilatée en avant, que son ouverture est plus grande et que sa per-
foration apicale est moins étroite. Enfin S. fortis, Brongn., des
environs de Ronca, dans le Vicentin, est plus contracté aux
abords du sommet, plus allongé et plus étroit par son galbe
général.

Bullinella exigua, Z'en.-Woods. Pl. i., figs. 31-33.

Référence.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. IV, p. 19, pl. i.,
fig. 6 (1880).

Synonymie.—Cylichna exigua, T. Woods (non Atys exigua, A.
Adams).

Taille grande pour ce genre ; forme cylindracée ; spire tronquée
au sommet; perforée par un entonnoir graduellement rétréci, qui
laisse apercevoir lenroulement étagé de trois ou quatre tours.
Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, a galbe presque cylin-
drique, un peu plus étroit en arriere qu’en avant, arrondi a la
périphérie de l’entonnoir apical, et a la base qu’est munie d’une
fente ombilicale, orné de quelques filets spiraux dans |’entonnoir,
de deux ou trois stries trés obsolétes au dessus de sa périphérie,
de sept stries trés écartées sur la base, et de sillons beaucoup plus
rapprochés sur la région ombilicale qui porte en outre une rainure
spirale isolant une sorte de bourrelet 4 peine saillant. Ouverture
plus longue que le corps du dernier tour, a bords paralléles sur
presque toute sa hauteur, arrondie et versante a la base; labre
assez épais, rectiligne ex vertical, dépassant la troncature apicale,
avec laquelle il se raccorde par une courbe échancrée et limitée
par un rebord calleux ; columelle trés courte, excavée, munie d’un
pli épais tout 4 fait en avant, et d’un renflement trés obsoléte en
arriére,

Dimensions.—Longueur, 16 mill.; diamétre, 6:5 mill.

Localités et néotype—Muddy Creek (Pl. i., figs. 31-33), ma
collection ; Cheltenham, Gellibrand River, Spring Creek, River
Murray Clifts, Table Cape.—Eocene.

A ffinités.—Par sa taille et par son aspect général, cette espéce
ressemble beaucoup a 4. Saint-Hilairei, Lea, de Claiborne: mais
son entonnoir apical est plus anguleux et plus ouvert, muni de
filets qui manquent chez l’espece americaine, ses stries basales
sont plus écartées, et son ouverture est moins obliquement tron-
quée en avant. Elle se distingue de B. Vernewili, Desh., du
calcaire grossier parisien, par sa forme plus cylindracée, et par sa
surface lisse au milieu ; elle est moins étroite et plus atténuée en
arriere que L. Bruguierei, Desh., du bassin de Paris, quia en
outre la columelle plus oblique que l’espéce australienne.

Bullinella angustata, V'ate and Cossmann, nov, sp. Pl. i., fig. 1, 2.

Taille moyenne ; forme cylindro-conique, assez étroite ; spire
tronquee au sommet, a enroulement peu visible au fond d’une
étroite perforation. Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, a
profil a peine arqué, un peu plus atténué en arriere, arrondi a la
periphérie de langle apical, ovale a la base que est perforée d’une
étroite fente ombilicale ; surface ornée de stries spirales alternées,
les principales un peu plus profondes aux extrémités qu’au milieu ;
un dernier sillon basal limite un étroit bourrelet contre la fente
ombilicale. Ouverture a bords paralléles et tres étroite, sur la
plus grande partie de sa hauteur, dilatée tout a fait en avant,
arrondie et découverte sur son contour supérieur ; labre mince,
rectiligne, presque vertical, dépassant un peu la troncature apicale
et se raccordant avec le bord opposé par une sinuosité profondé-
ment échancrée ; columelle trés courte, excavée, munie en avant
d'un léger pli tordu; bord columellaire trés étroit, peu calleux,
se raccordant avec le contour supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 10} mill.; diametre, 4 mill.

Localité et type.—Adelaide (PI. ii., fig. 1, 2), ma collection.—
Eocene, Austr. Sud.

A ffinités.—Cette espéce ne peut étre confondue avec ZB. exigua,
a cause de sa surface enti¢rement striée, et de son unique pli
columellaire moins saillant ; en outre elle est plus étroite et le
bec du labre est moins prolongé. Sion lacomparea B. Verneuzli,
Desh., du calcaire grossier parisien, qui est stri¢ée comme elle sur
toute sa surface, on remarque que l’espéce australienne est beau-
coup plus étroite, que son ouverture est moins découverte a la
base, que sa columelle est plus excavée, non oblique, munie d’un
pli plus visible. Elle est enfin moins cylindrique que L. Bruguierer
et Saint-Hilairei, qui s’en distinguent en outre par l’absence de
stries au milieu du dernier tour.

Bullinella paucilineata, Tate and Cossmann, nov. sp. PL i,
fig. 28-30.

Taille assez grande; forme cylindracée, un peu trapue; perfora-
tion apicale étroite, ne laissant pas apercevoir l’enroulement de la
spire, située au fond d’un entonnoir arrondi et évasé. Dernier
tour embrassant toute la coquille, a galbe légérement ovale,
arrondi a la périphérie de l’entonnoir apical, ovale a la base qui
est imperforée, orné de sillons spiraux tres visibles, plus écartés
au milieu qu’aux extrémités, se prolongeant a linterieur de
Yentonnoir apical et sur la région ombilicale ot ils sont presque
imbriqués. Ouverture a bords non parallcles, rétrécie en arriere,
graduellement dilatée et arrondie en avant, ou elle est oblique-
ment versante ; labie mince, renversé a gauche de l’axe du cété
anterieur, vertical au milieu, arrondi en arricre; columelle régu-
liérement excavée, portant au milieu un renplement a peine
visible ; bord columellaire assez large, mince en arriere, calleux
et détaché a la base, se terminant en pointe a lextrémité du
contour supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 11 mill.; diametre, 5 mill.

Localité et type.—Spring Creek, (PI. 1., fig. 28-30), ma collec-
tion.—EocEnsz, Victoria.

A finités.—Cette espéce se distingue facilement de B. exigua et
de Lb. Saint-Hilairer par sa forme moins cylindrique et moins
étroite, par l’ornementation qui couvre toute sa surface, par son
sommet moins tronqué et plus arrondi, par sa perforation apicale
plus étroite, par sa columelle non plissée. Elle appartient encore
au groupe de Bullinella typiques et se distingue des Cylichnina
par son entonnoir apical beaucoup plus ouvert que celui des
B. galba, Conrad, espéce de Claiborne, qui est a peu pres a la
limite de séparation des deux groupes et que beaucoup d’auteurs
ont méme confondee spécifiquement avec B. Saint-Hilairer.

Bullinella aratula, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 3, 4.

Taille moyenne; forme cylindracée, subconoidale; spire
tronquée au sommet, largement perforée au fond d’un entonnoir
a peu pres conique. Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, a
galbe un peu ovale, plus atténué en arriére qu’a la base, subangu-
leux a la périphérie de Ventonnoir apical, orné de stries finement
ponctués et écartées au milieu, qui se transforment du cdté pos-
térieur en larges rainures séparées par des cordons plus etroits et
se prolongeant a Vinterieur de l’entonnoir ; sur la base, les sillons
Spiraux sont a peine plus serrés qu’au milieu du dernier tour,
mais ils sont plus pronds et subimbriqués. Ouverture plus
allongée que le corps de la coquille, 4 bords non paralléles rétrécie
en arriére, dilatée et arrondie en avant ou elle est peu versante;
labre légérement arqué, se prolongeant en arricre par un bec

a i oe

échaneré a sa jonction avec le bord opposé dans I’entonnoir ;
columelle courte et trés excavée, sans pli ni renflement; bord
columeilaire calleux et aplati, un peu détaché de la base, se
raccordant par son contour caréné avec le bord supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 10 mill. ; diamétre, 4:5 mill.
ebroit qui dépasse de ‘plus @un millimdtre la troncature apicale,

Localités et type.—Mornington (PI. 11., fig. 3, 4), ma collection ;
Muddy Creek, Gellibrand River, Fyansford, Corio Bay.—
—EoceENgE, Wotirin.

A finités.—Quoique cette coquille soit tras voisine de B. pauci-
lineata, il me parait necessaire de l’en séparer a cause de son
ornementation bien differente du cété posterieure, et aussi parce
quelle porte un bec a l’extrémité inferieure du labre ; en outre,
son bord columellaire est plus aplati, son labre ést moins rectiligne.
Tous ces caractéres leloignent encore davantage des autres
Bullinella connues dans |’ Eocéne d’Europe et des Etats Unis.

Bullinella cuneopsis, nov. sp. Pl. ii., fig. 5, 6.
Taille médiocre ; forme conique; somnet tronquée en enton-
noir, muni d'une perforation laissant apercevoir l’enroulement
des tours de spire. Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, a

profil presque rectiligne, coniquement attenué en arriere, ovale-

ment arrondi a la base, qui est a peu prés entiérement imperforée ;
surface enti¢rement lisse. Ouverture un peu plus longue que le
corps de la coquille, a bords paralléles, retrécie et contractée en
arriere, dilatee subitement et arrondie du céte anterieur, ot elle
nest presque pas versante; labre mince, peu renversé a gauche
de axe du coté anterieur, rectiligne et vertical sur presque toute
sa hauteur, légérement sinneux en arricre, ot il forme un bec qui
dépasse la troncature apicale; columelle tres courte, droite,
faisant un angle-de 130° anec la base de l’avant-dernier tour, un
peu gonflée au milieu, mais sans pli apparent ; bord colummellaire
étroit, un peu détaché de la base, se raccordant avec le contour
supérieur par une courbe presque réguliére.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 5 mill. ; diamétre a la base, 2°25 mill.

Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. i ii., fig. 5, 6), ma collection.
—Eocene: Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette espéece se reconnait aisément par sa forme
tout-a-fait conique et rétrécie en arriére, par sa surface lisse et
son ouverture contractée ; son galbe est plus rectiligne que celui
de B. conulus, Desh., du calcaire grossier parisien, et d’ailleurs
elle s’en distingue par sa surface non stride, par l’absence de pli
a la columelle, par son sommet moins étroitement perforé. Quant
a B. conoidea, Desh., de VOligocéne d'Europe, c’est une espece
dont la perforation apicale est plus etroite, presque recouverte
par la callosité de l’attache du labre, et dont le galbe est plus
ovale.

Bullinella infundibulata, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 15, 16.

Taille médiocre ; forme ovoido-conique, un peu trapue ; som-
met tronqué en entonnoir assez profond, laissant apercevoir
Yenroulement de trois tours étagés, pleins et déclives, ainsi que le
nucléus embryonnaire globuleux et lisse. Dernier tour embras-
sant toute la coquille, ovale au milieu et en avant, attenué en
arriere et carcné a la périphérie de lentonnoir apical, trés fine-
ment orné, sur toute la surface de stries spiralés extrémement
serrées, qui s’¢cartent et deviennent plus profondes sur la base ;
il n’y a pas de fente ombilicale, mais une étroite rainure imper-
forée, limitée par un sillon obsolete. Ouverture tres étroite en
arriere, subitement dilatée et arrondie en avant; labre, a peu
prés rectiligne et vertical sur la plus grande partie de sa hauteur
ne dépassant pas la truncature apicale; columelle courte et
droite, coudée en avant par une torsion pliciforme, bord columel-
laire aplati, un peu calleux, limité a lextérieur par une caréne
qui se raccorde en courbe avec le contour supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 6 mill. ; diametre, 3 mill.

Localités et type.—Gellibrand River (PI. i1., fig. 15, 16), ma col-
lection ; Spring Creek, Fyansford, Corio Bay, Birregurra, Muddy
Creek.—HocENE: Victoria.

A ffinités—Moins conique et plus trapue que DB. cuneopsis, cette
espéce s’en distingue en outre par sa surface entiérement stride,
par sa truncature apicale et par l’absence de bec au labre, Xc. ;
si on la compare a B. goniophora, Desh., du bassin de Paris, qui
a aussi une troncature carénee on remarque qu'elle est moins
cylindrique, que sa columelle est moins oblique et plus tordue,
que la base est imperforée et que son ouverture est plus dilatée en
avant. Quant a B. acrotoma, Cossm., de Claiborne, c’est une
espece dont la spire est masquée par une callosité tout a fait
caracteristique.

Bullinella altipliea, nov. sp. Pl. ii., fig. 9-11.

Taille petite; forme ovoido-cylindrique, courte et trapue ;
sommet tronqué en entonnoir large et peu profond laissant
apercevoir Venroulement des quatre tours de spire jusqu’au
nucléus embryonnaire, avec de petits plis d’accroissement curvi-
lignes. Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, a profil ovalisé,
régulitrement atténué a ses deux extrémités, caréné a la péri-
phérie de Ventonnoir apical, lisse en arriére, orné de quelques
stries spirales trés peu visibles sur la base qui est imperforée.
Ouverture rétrécie en arriére ot les bords ne sont paralléles que
sur une faible hauteur, dilatée, arrondie et découverte en avant ;
labre un peu arqué dépassant a peine la troncature du sommet ;
columelle excavée, munie tout a fait a la base d’un pli tordu qui
se raccorde avec le contour interne du rebord supérieur ; bord

columellaire etroit, calleux, aplati, limité par une caréne qui se
raccorde avec le contour externe du bord supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 3:5 mill.; diamétre, 1°75 mill.
Localité et type-—Mornington (PI. ii., fig. 9-11), ma collection.
—Eocenr, Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette coquille ne peut se confondre avec aucune des
Bullinella que je connais dans |’Eocéne, a cause de sa spire bien
visible dans l’entonnoir caréné que ferme la troncature apicale ;
en outre la position tout a fait anterieure de son pli columellaire
est un caractére qui est particulier a cette espece. Elle est
dailleurs beaucoup plus trapue que la plupart de ses congénéres
et ressemble, par son galbe, 4 une Roxania ,; mais elle n’a pas la
columelle tronqué a la base.

Bullinella phanerospira, nov. sp. PI. ii., figs. 12-14.

Taille petite ; forme ovoide et trapue; sommet tronqué en
entonnoir un profond, laissant apercevoir l’enroulement de quatre
tours convexes, séparés par de profondes sutures, avec une petite
perforation apicale au centre. Dernier tour embrassant toute la
coquille, ventru, ovale, également attenué a ses deux extrémités,
arrondi a la périphérie de la truncature de la spire, entiérement
lisse, sauf quelques striés tres fines et trés serrées sur la base qui
est imperforée. Ouverture trés étroite et contractée en arriére,
dilatée et arrondie en avant; labre arqué, un peu eépaissi et
réfléchi en arriére, muni d’un bec court a la jonction avec la
troneature apicale; columelle courte et droite, munie d’une
torsion pliciforme du cété antérieur ; bord columellaire calleux et
aplati, appliqué sur la base, se raccordant avec le contour
supérieur.

_ Dimensions.—Longueur, 3°25 mill.; diamétre, 2 mill.

Localité et type—Muddy Creek (PI. ii., figs. 12-14), ma collec-
tion.—Eocreng, Austr. Sud.

A ffinités. Cette espéce est extrémement voisine de B. altiplica,
et j'ai beaucoup hésité 4 ne la considérer que comme une simple
varieté, d’autant plus qu’il y a quelques individus intermédiaires
et douteux ; cependant on distingue assez facilement les deux
échantillons types, par la forme beaucoup plus ventrue de
B. phanerospira, qui n’a pas de caréne périphérique a la trunca-
ture apicale, dont la spire a des tours arrondis, dépourvus de plis
d’accroissement ; le dernier tour a le galbe plus gonflé au milieu,
plus obliquement déclive en arriére, et sa base est ornée de stries
plus serrées ; l’ouverture est plus contractée en arriére, la labre
est plus arqué, plus réfléchi; le pli columellaire est beaucoup
moins saillant. On peut done admettre la séparation de cette
espéce,

Roxania Woodsi, Zate. PI. ii., fig. 7-6.

Référence.—Cylichna Woodsi, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, for
1883, p. 211 (1884); ad, p. 228 (1885).

Synon ymee. —Cylichna arachis, Ten.-Woods, op. cit., p. 102
(1877); non Quoy.

Taille grande ; forme réguliérement ovale, un peu ventrue;
sommet étroitement perforé, ne laissant pas apercevoir la spire.
Dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, un peu plus atténué en
arriere qu’en avant, entiérement couvert de fines stries spirales
ponctuées, inéquidistantes, plus profondes, plus espacés et subim-
briquées sur la base qui est étroitement perforée d’une fente
ombilicale. Ouverture assez large, dilatée et arrondie en avant;
labre a peu pres vertical, sans bec ni échancrure asa jonction
avec la perforation apicale ; columelle excavée en arc de cercle,
tronquée a la base par un pli tordu et peu saillant, qui se raccorde
par une courte hélice avec le contour supérieur; bord columel-
laire calleux, détaché de la fente ombilicale, se terminant contre
la courbe hélicgoidale du pli columellaire.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 15:5 mill.; diamétre, 7:5 mill.

Localité et type.—Table Cape (PI. ii., fig. 7, 8), ma collection.
Eocene, Tasmania.

A ffinités.—Cette espece est moins ventrue et plus allongée que
R. utriculoides, Bosquet, de l’Oligocéne de Belgique; elle a la
columelle beaucoup plus tronquée que fF. ovulata, Lamk., du
calcaire grossier parisien. Si on la compare 4 &. biumblicata,
Desh., du calcaire grossier de Parnes, on trouve qu’elle est moins
globuleuse, moins étroitement perforée au sommet, que ses stries
spirales sont plus fines, que sur bord columellaire est plus large et
plus aplati. Quanta &. cincta, Desh., du Paléocene des environs
de Paris c’est une espece 4 sommet imperforé, dont les sillons
spiraux sont bien plus écartés que les stries de l’espece austra-
lienne. £&. oviformis, Meyer, de Jackson (Mississipi) est plus
trapue et plus cylindracée et a la columelle plus droite, plus mince,
Youverture plus arquée, le sommet plus étroitement perforé.

Roxania serobiculuta ,Tate and Cossmann, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 17, 18.

Taille médiocre; forme globuleuse ; sommet trés étroitement
perforé; deruier tour embrassant toute Ja coquille, réguliérement
ellipsoidal, un peu atténué a la base qui est dépourvue de fente
ombilicale, orné sur toute la surface de sillons ponctués, inéqui-
distants, plus écartés au milieu qu’aux extrémités. Ouverture
arquée, rétrécie en arricre, dilatée et arrondie en avant; labre
mince un peu arqué, formant un bec peu saillant et faiblement
échaneré & sa jonction avec la perforation apicale; columelle
courte, droite, 4 peine inflechié par une légére torsion ‘antérieure,
se terminant en pointe sans faire de crochet contre le bord

supérieur ; bord columellaire un peu calleux, appliqué sur la
base.

Dimensions,—Longueur, 6°5 mill.; diametre, 4°5 mill.

Localités et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. ii., fig. 17, 18), ma collec-
tion ; River Murray Cliffs.—EoceEne.

A ffinités.—Cette coquille ne peut se confondre avec R. Woodsi,
parce qu’elle est beaucoup plus globuleuse et que ses sillons sont
plus écartés; elle ressemble beaucoup a R&. biwmbilicata, Desh.,
du calcaire grossier parisien, mais elle s’en distingue par sa forme
plus ellipsoidale et plus renflée, par ses sillons moins profonds et
moins réguliers, surtout par l’absence de fente ombilicale. Si on
la compare a &. utriculoides, Bosquet, de l’Oligocéne de Belgique,
on trouve quelle s’en écarte par l’absence de fente ombilicale, par
ses sillons inéquidistants, par sa columelle moins excavée ; enfin
R. oviformis, Meyer, de Jackson (Mississipi), a une forme moins
elliptique, un pli columellaire plus saillant et est munie d’une
fente ombilicale.

Roxania (?) bullzeformis, nov. sp. PI. ii., figs. 21, 22.

Taille petite ; forme ovoide, ventrue ; sommet étroitement per-
fore ; dernier tour embrassant toute la coquille, un peu contracté
en arriere, arrondi a la base qui est perforée d’un entonnoir
ombilical assez largement ouvert ; surface ornee de stries spirales
trés fines et tres serrées au milieu, plus profondes et plus écartées
aux extrémités, sauf sur la région ombilicale ot elles se rap-
prochent davantage que sur la base. Ouverture plus longue que
le corps de la coquille, arquée, peu rétrecie en arrié€re, peu
dilatée et versante ala base; labre un peu épaissi, a peu prés
rectiligne et légérement oblique, formant un angle sur son
contour postérieur, se prolongeant par un -bec saillant, large et
versant, beaucoup au dela du sommet; columelle coudée, se
raccordant avec le contour supérieur ; bord columellaire calleux,
caréné a l’exterieur et détaché de la base.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 4°25 mill.; diametre, 2°5 mill.

Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. ii., fig. 21, 22), ma collec-
tion.—EoceneE: Victoria.

Affinités.—Cette espéce se distingue de la plupart de ses
congénéres par sa columelle presque pas tronquée: cependant je
ne puis me résoudre 4 la placer dans le genre Bullinel/a dont elle
sécarte par sa forme générale, par son ornementation, par sa
columelle coudée. C’est une forme dont le classement est trés
embarrassant et probablement pas définitif ; en tous cas, elle est
facilement reconnaissable par sur entonnoir ombilical et par la
contraction bien visible du galbe posterieur de son dernier tour.

Cylichnella callosa, Tate and Cossman, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 19, 20.
Taille moyenne; forme cylindracée, médiocrement trapue ;
sommet étroisement perforé, spire invisible ; dernier tour embras-
Cc

sant toute la coquille, a galbe ovale, également atténué a ses deux
extrémités, qui sont ornées de sillons spiraux peu visibles et assez
écartés: base munie d’une fente ombilicale tres étroite. Ouver-
ture un peu plus longue que le corps de la coquille, rétrécie a bords
paralléles en arriere, a peine dilatée en avant et découverte a la
basé ; labre mince, renversé a gauche de l’axe du cété anterieur,
vertical et peu arqué au milieu, formant un bec court a la jonction
avec la perforation apicale; columelle calleuse tres courte, peu
excavée, munie de deux plis, l’inférieur lamelleux et saillant
forme la limite externe du bord columellaire, l’antérieur plus
petit et plus épais se raccorde avec le précédent au contour
supérieur.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 10 mill.; diamétre, 4 mill.

Localités et type.—Aldinga (Pl. i, fig. 19, 20), ma collection ;
Cape Otway.—Eocene, Austr. Sud. et Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette espece ne ressemble a C. Bouwrdoti, Cossm.,
de l’Eocéne des environs de Nantes, que par sa plication columel-
laire et par sa perforation apicale; mais elle s’en distingue par
sa forme plus etroite et plus cylindrique, par l’absence de plis
axlaux au sommet, et par son ouverture plus découverte a la
base, de sorte qu’elle a plutét l’aspect d’une Bullinella ; seule-
ment elle s’écarte des espéces de ce genre par son double pli
-columellaire.

Ringiecula laetea, Johnston. PI. ii., figs. 23-24.
héférence.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1879, p. 34, 1880.
Taille petite; forme buccinoide, un peu allongée; spire
pointue, a galbe conique ; embryon petit, a nucléus subglobuleux
et dévié; cinq tours un peu convexes, dont la hauteur est un
peu inférieure a la moitié de la largeur, séparés par de profondes
sutures ; subétagés par une rampe obsolete, ornés de quatre stries
spirales écartés. Dernier tour peu supérieur aux deux tiers de la
hauteur totale, peu ventru, subanguleux au dessus de la suture,
arrondi 4 la base qui est imperforée, régulierement orné, sur toute
la surface, d'une douzaine de stries spirales écartées et de plis
d’accroissement irréguliers et obsoletes. Ouverture égale a la
moitié de la longueur totale, large en travers, canaliculée en
arriere, largement échancrée a la base ; labre vertical épaissi et
bordé par un large bourrelet qui envahit la moitié de l’avant-
dernier tour, lisse a ]’interieur avec un renflement un peu plus
saillant au dessus du canal posterieur de louverture ; trois plis
columellaires épais, les deux anterieurs lamelleux et tres saillants,
le pariétal plus écarté, écrasé a sa naissance ; bord columellaire
trés calleux et tres étalé.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 5 mill. ; diametre, 3 mill.

Localités et néotype.—Table Cape (Pl. ii., fig. 23-24), Muddy
Creek, ma collection.—EocENE ; Tasmania ; Victoria.

eal ee amy

ee Ie EO ET et VAS t

Affinités—Cette espéce se distingue aisément de la plupart des
_Ringicula typiques de lEocéne d’Europe et des Etats Unis, par
Vabsence de crénelures a l’interieur du labre; elle s’écarte des
formes néogenes par sa forme allongée et peu gonflée.

Ringicula Tatei, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 32, 33.

Taille trés petite ; forme buccinoide, un peu trapue ; spire peu
allongée, a galbe conique ; embryon a nucléus obtus et peu dévié;
quatre a cing tours a peine convexes, dont la hauteur égale la
moitié de la largeur, séparés par des sutures linéaires, ornés de six
stries spirales assez fines. Dernier tour égal aux deux tiers de
la hauteur totale, globuleux, arrondi a la base qui est imperforée,
régulierement orné de stries spirales équidistantes, sauf celles qui
bordent la suture et qui sont un peu plus serrées. Ouverture
large et courte, profondément canaliculée en arriére, entaillée a
la base par une échancrure assez étroite ; labre tres epais, un pua
oblique, bordé a ’exterieur par un énorme bourrelet dont l’extré-
mité amincie se prolonge sur la moitié de la hauteur de l’avant
dernier tour, lisse a l’interieur avec un renflement médian qui
accentue la gouttiere posterieure de l’ouverture; trois plis columel-
laires trés inégaux, l’anterieur assez epais et un peu oblique,
Vinférieur mince, transverse et moins saillant, le pariétal extréme-
ment épais et aplati a sa naissance ; bord columellaire large,
étalé, tres callaux, s’élevant presque aussi haut que la saillie du
bord oppose.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 3°5 mill. ; diametre, 2 mill.

Localité et type.—Muddy Creek (PI. ii., fig. 32, 33), ma collec
tion.—EvuceENeE et Miocene, Victoria.

A ffinités.— Beaucoup plus courte et plus ventrue que #. laetea,
cette espece s’en distingue en outre par ses stries moins écartées,
par Vabsence de rampe déclive au dessus de la suture, par les plis
plus inégaux.

Ringicula teniulirata, nov. sp. Pl. ii., tig. 27, 23.

Taille trés petite ; forme buccinoide; spire un peu allongée, a
galbe subconoidal ; embryon obtus, a peine dévié; quatre tours
un peu convexes, dont la hauteur depasse la moitie de la largeur,
séparés par des sutures linéaires, ornés de trés fines stries spirales.
Dernier tour égal aux trois cinquiemes de la hauteur totale, ovale,
arrondi a la base qui est imperforée, entierement couvert de stries
spirales, réguliéres et serrées, finement ponctuces par les accroisse-
ments. Ouverture large et ovale échancrée a les deux extrémités ;
labre épais, obliquement incliné en avant, bordé d’un large
bourrelet aplati, lisse a l’intérieur, subitement aminci et presque
ereusé du cété postérieur ; trois plis columellaires divergents,
minces, lamelleux, l’anterieur contournant la profonde échancrure
basale de ouverture ; bord columellaire a peu prés nul.

Dimensions. —Longueur, 2°5 mill.; diamétre, 1:5 mill

Localités et type.—Spring Creek (PI. ii., fig. 27-28), ma collec-
tion ; Gellibrand River, Mornington.—Eocengz, Victoria.

Affinités.—Cette espece ressemble a #. Tatei, mais ses stries
sont plus fines et moins visibles, ses plis columellaires sont plus
lamelleux, plus égaux, son bord columellaire n’existe, pour ainsi
dire, pas; sa forme générale est moins trapue, et sa spire est
plutét conoidale que conique. L’absence de crénelures au labre
ne permet pas de la classer dans le groupe des Ringicula typiques,
comme l’espéce suivante, dont elle se distingue d’ailleurs par sa
spire moins allongée.

Ringicula przlonga, nov. sp. Pl. ii., fig. 25-26.

Taille petite ; étroite, ovoido-conique ; spire longue, subulée, a
galbe régulierement conique ; embryon obtus, a peine deévie ; six
tours légerement convexes, dont la hauteur atteint presque les
deux tiers de la largeur, séparés par des sutures profondes et
subcanaliculées, ornés de huit sillons spiraux, un peu plus serrés
en avant qu’en arriere. Dernier tour égal aux trois cinquiémes
de la hauteur totale, a galbe arrondi, surtout a la base qui est a
peine perforée d’une fente ombilicale tres étroite ; surface entiere-
ment couverte de sillons spiraux, profonds et réguliers, un peu
plus serrés sur la base. Ouverture tres courte, large, canaliculée
en arriere, profondément échancrée a la base; labre assez epais,
bordé a l’exterieur par un bourrelet large et aplati qui dépasse a
peine la suture, portant a linterieur quelques crénelures divisées
en deux groupes separés par un intervalle lisse ; columelle courte
et excavée, munie de deux plis minces, lamelleux, tres saillants et
paralléles, pli parietal tres écarté, peu proéminent et peu épais ;
bord columellaire peu calleux, bien moins élevé a la base que la
saillie du bord opposé.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 4°5 mill.; diametre, 2:25 mill.

Localité et type-—Muddy Creek (PI. ii., figs. 24-26), ma collec-
tion.—EocEnE, Victoria.

A ffinités.—Cette espece ne peut étre confondue avec R&. lactea,
non seulement a cause de son ornementation et de sa forme plus
étroite, de sa spire plus allongée et de ses tours plus élevés, de ses
plis plus minces, mais surtout a cause des crénelures obsoletes de
son labre, qui la placent dans le groupe typique du genre
Ringicula. Elle s’écarte cependant de &. ringens, Lamk., de
Eocene des environs de Paris, par ses sillons plus profonds par
son ouverture moins calleuse, par ses crénelures labiales moins
fines et disposées en deux séries avec un intervalle lisse.

Umbrella australiensis, nov. sp. PI. ii., fig. 29-31.

Taille assez grande; test mince; forme elliptique, subcirculaire,
un peu élevée et irréguliére ; sommet presque central, a nucleus

‘oy. Soc. S. Austr. Vol. XXI, Pl. I.

13 14 15 16 47 13 A

3 20 WA
:
r

34 35

Pissarro, photogr. Sohier a Paris

ae =
La

ies

Pl. II.

::
p<
S

Sohier 4 Paris

embryonnaire globuleux, dévié et un peu enroulé; surface
extérieure lisse, gauchie marquée par des dépressions rayonnantes
trés obsolétes, ornée de plis d’accroissement irréguliers et peu
saillants. Surface interne brillante, avec quelques rayons indis-
tincts; impression musculaire assez étroite, irrégulitrement
frangée.

Dimensions.—Longueur, 27 mill.; largeur, 22 mill.; hauteur,
5 mill.

i et type-—Mornington (PI. ii., fig. 29-31), ma collec-
tion; Muddy Creek, River Murray Cliffs.—Eocrns, Victoria et
Austr. Sud.

A ffinités.—Cette espéce est beaucoup plus grande, plus mince
et moins aplatie qu’ U. lawdunensis de l’ Eocéne inférieur du bassin
de Paris.

EXPLICATION prs PLANCHES.
Pres I,

1- 3. AcTxoN scroBicuLaTus, 7’. Woods. (3) Spring Creek, Table Cape.
4- 5. ACTON FUNICULIFER, Cossm. (3) Muddy Creek.

6- 7. ACTON DISTINGUENDUS, Cossm. (3) Muddy Creek.

8- 9. ACTON SUBSCALATUS, Cossm. (4) Aldinga.

10-11. AcT#ON EVANESCENS, Cossm. (4) Adeélaide.

12-13. ACTON OLIVELL=FORMIS, Jate. (3) Muddy Creek.

14-15. SEMIACT#ON MICROPLOCUS, Cossm. (?) Murray Cliffs.

16-17. TrreLtoca LicaTA, Tate. (4) Adélaide.

18-19. TORNATINA LONGISPIRA, Cossm. (4) Muddy Creek.

20-21. ToRNATINA PACHYPTYCHA, Cossm. (3) Muddy Creek.

22-23. ToRNATINA APTYCHA, Cossm. (3) Muddy Creek.

24-25. VOLVULELLA INFLATIOR, Cossm. (%) Spring Creek.

26-27. VoLVULLELA TATEI, Cossm. (4) Muddy Creek.

28-30. BULLINELLA PAUCILINEATA, J’ate and Cossm. (%) Sprink Creek.
31-33. BULLINELLA ExIGUA, 7’. Woods. (2) Muddy Creek.

34-35. SCAPHANDER TATEI, Cossm. (2?) Muddy Creek.

Pre,

1- 2. BULLINELLA ANGUSTATA, J'ate and Cossm. (?) Adélaide.

3- 4. BULLINELLA ARATULA, Cossm. (3?) Mornington.

5- 6. BULLINELLA CUNEOPSIS, Cossm. (4) Muddy Creek.

7- 8. RoxantA Woopns!, Tate. (£) Table Cape.

9-11. BULLINELLA ALTIPLICA, Cossm. (8) Mornington.

12-14. BULLINELLA PHANEROSPIRA, Cossm. (3?) Muddy Creek.
15-16. BULLINELLA INFUNDIBULATA, Cossm. (#). Gellibrand River.
17-18. RoxaNnIA scROBICULATA, Tate and Cossm. (?) Muddy Creek.
19-20. CyLICHNELLA CALLOSA, Tate and Cossm. (3?) Muddy Creek.
21-22. RoxanrA(?) BULLZFORMIS, Cossm. (4) Muddy Creek.
23-24. RINGICULA LACTEA, Johnston. (+) Table Cape.
25-26. RINGICULA PRHLONGA, Cossm. (#) Muddy Creek.

27-28. RINGICULA TENUILIRATA, Cossm. (¢) Spring Creek.
29-31. UMBRELLA AUSTRALENSIS, Cossm. (g.n.) Mornington.
32-33. Rincicuta TaTEI, Cossm. (8). Muddy Creek.

ERRATA.

Page 11, ligne 15, au lieu de PI. i. lisez PI. ii.
Page 16, ligne 1, au lieu de fig. 7-6 lisez fig. 7-8.

List OF BIRDS COLLECTED OR OBSERVED IN

THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF LAURA, S.A.,,
By M. Morgan, M.D.
[Read November 3, 1896].

The nomenclature adopted is that of Gould’s Handbook to the
Birds of Australia. The skins obtained are now in the South
Australian Museum.

A
. Haliastur sphenurus
. Falco hypoleucus

Aquila audax

Falco melanogenys
Falco lunulatus

. Hieracidea berigora

. Tinnunculus cenchroides

. Accipiter torquatus

. Circus assimilis (Gld. Hdbk. sp. 26)
. Circus jardinii (Gld. Hdbk. sp. 27)
. Strix delicatula

. Spiloglaux boobook (female)

. Spiloglaux marmoratus (male)

. AXgotheles nove-hollandize

. Podargus strigoides

. Cypselus pacificus

. Hirundo frontalis

. Petrochelidon nigricans

. Lagenoplastes ariel

. Cherameeca leucosternum

2. Merops ornatus

3. Dacelo gigas

. Todirhamphus pyrrhopygius

. Artamus sordidus

. Artamus personatus

27. Artamus superciliosus

. Pardalotus striatus

. Pardalotus xanthopygius

. Strepera arguta (?) melanoptera
Gymnorhina tibicen

2. Gymnorhina leuconota

. Grallina picata

. Graucalus melanops

. Campephaga humeralis
. Pachycephala rufiventris
. Collyriocincla harmonica

38. Falcunculus frontatus

. Oreoica cristata

. Rhipidura albiscapa

. Sauloprocta motacilloides
. Seisura inquieta

. Micreeca fascinans

. Smicrornis brevirostris
. Petreeca leggii

. Petreeca goodenovii

. Melanodryas cucullata
. Malurus melanotus

. Malurus lamberti

. Malurus leucopterus

. Acanthiza nana

. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia
. Geobasileus chrysorrhea
. Ephthianura albifrons
. Ephthianura aurifrons
. Ephthianura tricolor

. Xerophila leucopsis

. Anthus australis

. Calamoherpe australis
. Cincloramphus cruralis
. Ptenoédus rusfescens

2. Mirafra horsfieldi

. Staganopleura guttata

. Taeniopygia castanotis

. Corvus australis

. Pomatostomus superciliosus
. Meliornis nove-hollandiz

. Glyciphila fulvifrons

. Glyciphila albifrons

. Ptilotis penicillata

. Acanthogenys rufigularis

. Acanthochaera carunculata
. Myzomela nigra

. Melithreptus gularis

. Melithreptus brevirostris

. Myzantha flavigula

. Diczeum hirundinaceum

. Zosterops coerulescens

. Climacteris scandens

. Cacomantis pallidus

. Cacomantis flabelliformis
. Mesocalius oscularis

. Lamprococcyx plagosus

. Lamprococcyx basalis

. Cacatua galerita

. Platycercus flaveolus

. Platycercus barnardi

. Psephotus hematonotus

. Euphema chrysostoma

. Melopsittacus undulatus
. Calopsitta novee-hollandize
. Trichoglossus multicolor

. Glossopsitta australis

. Glossopsitta porphryocephala
. Glossopsitta pusilla

. Phaps chalcoptera

. Geopelia tranquilla

. Stictopelia cuneata

. Turnix velox

. Coturnix pectoralis

. Choriotis australis

. CGidicnemus grallarius

. Lobivanellus lobatus

. Sarciophorus pectoralis

. Aigialites nigrifrons

. Himantopus leucocephalus
. Carphibis spinicollis

. Ardea pacifica

. Ardea nove-hollandiz

. Nycticorax caledonicus

. Tribonyx ventralis

. Hypotaenidia philippensis
. Anas superciliosus

. Anas punctata

. Chlamydochen jubata

. Phalacrocorax nova-hollandize
. Phalacrocorax varius

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN TYPHLOPIDZ.

By Epear R. Waire, F.L.S., Zoologist, Australian Museum,
Sydney. |

[Read April 6, 1897.]
Priare III.

The present contribution is the outcome of an examination of
specimens sent to me from the South Australian Museum by the
Director, Dr. E. C. Stirling. Further particulars will be included
in a future article. When all available material has been
examined, I propose to write on the distribution of the family in
Australia, but for the present content myself with the descrip-
tion and illustration of a new and interesting species and some
remarks on the identity of other forms.

9*, TYPHLOPS PINGUIS. sp. nov.

Habit very stout, of tolerable even thickness. Head short ;
snout fairly prominent with rather sharp edge. Rostral, above
half the width of the head, extending nearly to the level of the
eyes, slightly narrowed in front, the portion visible from beneath
a little broader than long; nasal incompletely divided, the fissure
extending from the anterior half of the second labial; nostrils
inferior; preocular narrower than the ocular, in contact with the
second and third labials. Eye distinct. Four upper labials.
Diameter of the middle of the body about two and twenty times
in the total length. Tail as long as broad, ending in an obtuse
spine. Twenty scales round the body.

Colors.—In spirits, brownish-yellow above, somewhat lighter
beneath.

Dimensions.—Total length, 348 mm. Length of head, 8 mm.;
width of head, 10 mm. Width of body, 15°5 mm. Length of
tail, 12°5 mm.; width of tail, 12°5 mm.

Hab.—South Australia, one example.

Type.—In the South Australian Museum.

* Previous species-numbers were published as follows :—1-3, Records
Austr. Mus. IT. (1893), pp. 57-62, pl. XV. 4-8. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W.,
IX. (1894), pp. 9-14, pl. T.

The circumstance of the nasal fissure being in contact with the
second labial, and the scales round the hody being in 20 rows,
limits the Australian species from which 7. ginguis requires to
be distinguished to three, namely, 7. bituberculatus, Peters,*
T. leucoproctus, Boul.,+ and 7’. wiedii, Peters,i All these are
elongate forms, the diameter of the body being contained at most
44, 40, and 42 times respectively in the total length ; whereas in
T. pinguis the diameter is 22 in the length, or nearly twice that
of any of the others ; it is in fact the stoutest Australian species
known.

Should further distinction be required, it may be mentioned
that the trilobed snout of the first-named is a character which
renders that species unmistakeable. The narrow rostral and
lateral position of the nostrils sufficiently sunders 7’. lewcoproctus,
while 7. Wiedii may be at once recognised by the fact that the
nasal fissure extends on to the upper surface of the snout, almost
dividing the plate.

10. TYPHLOPS AUSTRALIS, Gray, and T. BICOLOR, Peters.

The collection includes a number of examples which I confess
I cannot decide whether to name 7. australis§ or T. bicolor ;||
they are certainly one or the other.

A glance at Boulenger’s work shows that this writer widely
separates the species in his synopsis,{] the former being included
in the main division, characterised by having the ‘snout
rounded,” and the latter in that distinguished by the snout
having an “obtusely angular horizontal edge.”

Referring to the respective epitomised descriptions,** we find
that this is the only important difference between the two. The
number of scales (22) round the body, the character of the nasal
fissure, and the diameter of the body (33-37 and 30-34 respec-
tively) are the same. The enlarged head scales do not appear to
be distinguishing features, and the proportional width of the
rostral to the head is only slightly different (three-fifths in.
T. australis, and one-half in 7’. bicolor).

* Peters, Monatsb. d. k. Akad. d. W. Berlin, 1863, p. 233; and 1867,
p- 708, fig. 4.

+ Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) IV., 1889, p. 361; and Cat.
Snakes in Brit. Mus., T., 1893, p. 20, pl. I., fig. 6.

t+ Peters, loc. cit., 1867. p. D4, and Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W.,
IX., 1894, p. 13, pl. T., figs. 7, 8, and 9.

§Gray. Cat. of Lizards, Brit. Mus. (1845), p. 135.

|| Peters. Loc. cit. 1860, p. 81.

|] Boulenger. Cat. Snakes in Brit. Mus. 1893, I., pp. 11, 13.

** Boulenger. Ibid, pp. 35, 48.

Vol. XXI, Plate IT,

~
%
3
Sy
3
=
a4
~
Ro
a
wy)

TYPHLOPS PINGUIS, sp. nov.

- 3 fe a *
*
: .

Although examples showing the extreme degree of acuteness
or roundness of the snout may be recognised, the collection ex-
hibits so many intermediate grades that at present I feel in-
clined to regard the condition as of varietal rather than specific
import. Should this view be ultimately maintained, the species
will be known as Typhlops australis, Gray.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig.
1. Typhlops pinguis, sp nov. Nat. size.
2. Typhlops pinguis, head from above. Twice nat. size.
3. Typhlops pinguis, head from below. Twice nat. size.
4. Typhlops pinguis, head in profile. Twice nat. size.

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES,

By the Rev. T. Biracksurn, B.A.
[Read April 16th, 1897.]}
Parr XXI.

PECTINICORNES.
CERATOGNATHUS.

C. Frenchi, sp. nov. Mas. Minus elongatus, sat latus, sat
parallelus ; inzequalis ; inequaliter sat fortiter punctulatus ;
niger, squamis crassis albidis sparsim instructus, antennis
picescentibus ; capite medio tuberculo magno bifido et
utrinque supra oculos cornu brevi sat acuto armato, oculis
transversis minus convexis ; mandibulis quam caput paullo
longioribus, curvatis, ad apicem sursum compresso-dilatatis,
margine apicali processu dentiformi sat elongato armatis ;
mento ut lamina erecta transversa posito, hoc sparsim grosse
punctulato setoso (in medio haud canaliculato) ; prothorace
transversim quadrato, antice haud angustato ; elytris 3 vel
4 plus minusve distincte costatis; antennarum flabellis
quam articuli ceteri conjuncti haud brevioribus. Long.
(mands. excl.), 6 1.; lat., 24 1.

The form of the mentum (resembling the erect part of that
organ in Cryptodus caviceps, Westw.) and the shape of the eyes
are suggestive of close affinity between this insect and C. mentzifer,
Westw. I have not seen the latter but judging from the descrip-
tion of it the present species differs inter alia by the absence of
a median tooth on the inner margin of the mandibles, by the
strong erect process on the clypeus above each eye and by the
form of the mentum which is neither sulcate down the middle
nor emarginate at the apex.

Victorian Mountains ; taken by Mr. Giles.

LAMELLICORNES ( Dynastides ).
ISODON.
I. novitius, sp. nov. Mas. Brevis, subovatus ; nitidus ; brun-
neo-rufus, hic illic incerte infuscatus ; clypeo antice modice |
(ut I. pecuari) producto bidentato, ad latera nec acute nec
extrorsum ultra oculos producto, crebrius rugulose (ut

reliquum capitis, basi summa excepta) punctulato, carina
clypeali minus elevata recta haud tuberculata, lateribus sat
fortiter sinuatis ; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus quam
sesquilatiori, sparsim obsolete punctulato, antice vix im-
presso, basi marginata quam apex (hoc in medio tuberculato)
fere duplo latiori, angulis anticis parum prominulis posticis
rotundatis ; scutello levi vel fere levi; elytris (stria sub-
suturali excepta) fere levibus, striis punctulatis postice ab-
breviatis 2 vel 3 vix manifestis impressis; propygidio
stridulationis organis instructo (his rugis numerosis minus
elevatis compositis); pygidio sat crebre punctulato, partibus
mediana et postica fere levibus ; tibiis anticis extus sat for-
titer tridentatis ; tarsorum unguiculis simplicibus.
Fem. latet. Long., 5-6 1. ; lat., 3-33 1.

A very distinct species that should stand in my tabulation
(Tr. R.S. S.A., 1896, p. 237) beside pecwariws from which how-
ever it differs by many characters—inter alia the very fine and
very sparse puncturation of its prothorax the elytra almost
devoid of sculpture outside the subsutural stria, and the clypeus
(as in Australasia, terre-regine, and the species I take to be
curtus, Burm., and /aticollis, Burm.) not produced laterally in an
angular projection protruding beyond the contour of the eyes.

W.A.; Geraldton; sent by Mr. Lea.

ASEMANTUS.

A. Leai, sp. nov. Minus latus, vix subovatus ; nitidus ; piceus
(nonnullis exemplis plus minusve rufescentibus), subtus et
in pedibus fulvo-hirtus ; sat convexus; capite transversim
sat crebre rugato, vix tuberculato, clypeo antice parum
reflexo, carina inter frontem et clypeum modice distincta ;
prothorace quam longiori paullo minus quam sesquilatiori,
postice quam antice ut 12 (vix) ad 1 latiori, antice excava-
tione parva leviter impressa (hac intus sat fortiter punctu-

lata) et postice canaliculata (canali ut excavatio antica
punctulato), subtilissime (antice crebrius postice sparsim)
punctulato, lateribus minus rotundatis, angulis anticis acutis
minus productis posticis obtusis ; scutello fere levi; elytris
minus subtiliter sed sat leviter punctulatis, puncturis ut
series 8 geminatim dispositis, interstitiis vix vel leviter con-
vexis inter serierum paria ut series (sed confuse sparsim)
punctulatis, parte apicali confuse crebre punctulata; tarsis
sat gracilibus minus brevibus ; pygidio plus minusve crebre
(parte mediano-apicali quam cetere minus crebre punctu-
lata vel levi) punctulato.

Maris pygidio quam femine multo magis gibbo, tarsis pos-
terioribus magis elongatis, unguiculis anticis ineequalibus.

Femine pygidio minus gibbo, tarsis posterioribus minus
elongatis, unguiculis simplicibus. Long., 8-8} 1. ; lat., 44 1.
This species seems too close to A. swhequalis to be justifiably
made into a new genus ; nevertheless it differs in several not un-
important structural characters, notably in its longer and more
slender tarsi (there being also a greater difference in length be-
tween the hind tarsi of the sexes, the basal joint of the hind
tarsi being moreover but little dilated externally and not much
more in the female than in the male). This is a perplexing
character which makes Asemantus very difficult to place among
the Dynastid genera, since in M. Lacordaire’s arrangement the
male of A. swhequalis would be a Pentodontid and the female a
Pimelopid and both sexes of the present species have Pentodontid
structure of the hind tarsi. Other characters in which this
species differs slightly from the generic characters I attributed
to Asemantus are as follows :—The carina separating the clypeus
from the hinder part of the head is a little better defined than
the expression “clypeus a fronte vix distinctus” implies, and the
anterior excavation on the prothorax cannot he called “ large.”
Among the examples before me are two much smaller than the
rest (long. 6 1.) which however do not seem to differ otherwise
from the larger specimens.
W. Australia; Perth, Mount Barker, &c.; sent by Mr. Lea.

BUPRESTIDX.

STIGMODERA.

S. insularis, sp. nov. Sat lata; minus convexa; eneo-nigra,
capite prothoraceque cyaneo- et viridi-nonnihil micantibus,
scutello cyaneo, elytris testaceo-rufis (margines versus paullo
magis lete rufis) sutura fasciis 2 (paullo ante et paullo pone
medium positis) maculaque subquadrata apicali cyaneis,
antennis pedibusque violaceis aureo-viridi-plus minusve
micantibus ; corpore subtus pilis erectis argenteo-cinereis
vestito ; capite longitudinaliter sat late excavato, antice sat
fortiter minus crebre postice sat crebre minus fortiter punc-
tulato; prothorace quam longiori (et postice quam antice)
fere ut liad 1 latiori, sat fortiter minus crebre (antice
magis crevre magis subtiliter, ad latera crebre magis grosse)
punctulato, in medio longitudinaliter late leviter impresso,
latera versus depresso, lateribus sat arcuatis, latitudine
majori pone medium posita, basi leviter sinuata ; scutello
sat levi; elytris ad apicem leviter acuminatis (haud
spinosis), punctulato-striatis, interstitiis convexis sparsim
punctulatis; corpore subtus minus crebre minus fortiter —
(metasterno crebre fortius) punctulato. Long., 101; lat.,
Az. 1.

The markings on the elytra consist of a very narrow basal
border, a fascia in front of the middle resembling that of
S. simulata, L. and G. (as figured Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1868, t.
2, fig. 15), a fascia behind the middle resembling that of
S. precellens, Kerremans (widest on the suture and sinuously
narrowed to the margin), a spot at the apex resembling that
of S. undulata, L. and G. (as figured Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond.,
1868, t. 2, fig. 20), and narrow dark coloring along the suture.
In general form this species is very much like S. cruenta, L. and
G., but is a little more depressed and wider with the sides of the
prothorax very decidedly flattcned out.

Tasmania ; in the collection of C. French, Esq.

S. campestris, sp. nov. Minus lata; modice convexa ; antennis
capite prothoraceque xneis viridescentibus, scutello viridi,
elytris brunneo-testaceis (basi summa, sutura, fascia post-
mediana, et apice nigro-violaceis), corpore subtus pedibusque
cyaneis ; capite antice sat producto, longitudinaliter sat pro-
funde canaliculato, fortiter sat crebre punctulato, clypeo
antice triangulariter exciso ; prothorace quam longiori (et
postice quam antice) ut 13 ad 1 latiori, fere ut caput punc-
tulato, lateribus modice arcuatis, latitudine majori fere ad
basin posita, basi sat fortiter bisinuata; scutello sparsim
punctulato; elytris ad apicem late arcuatim emarginatis
bispinosis, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis antice parum
evidenter (postice gradatim fortius, apicem versus valde
fortiter) convexis sat crebre minus fortiter punctulatis ;
corpore subtus subfortiter sat crebre (sternorum parte inter-
coxali sparsim sat subtiliter) punctulato. lLong., 44 1.; lat.,
bith

A species bearing much general resemblance to S. distincta,
Saund. (as figured in Journ. Linn. Soc., 1868, t. 10, fig. 30), but
differing in the suture being widely of blackish violet color.
Differs from the description also in the prothorax being much
less than twice as wide as long and its base much less than twice
as wide as its apical margin, and in the sutural apex of the
elytra being distinctly spiniform.

Queensland ; sent by Mr. French.

S. Caroli, Blackb. Having seen reeently some more examples
of S. capucina, Blackb., and discovered it to be a very variable
species I have come to the conclusion that S. Caroli is probably
an extreme variety of it. Unfortunately the description of
capucina was founded on a then unique example in Mr. French’s
collection so that I had not a specimen before me when I
described Caroli. -

S. pulchripes, sp. nov. Modice lata; minus convexa; capite
prothoraceque nigro-viridibus, elytris brunneo-testaceis,

horum basi summa sutura (late) fascia lata mox pone medium
posita et parte apicali (late) nigro-viridibus vel subcyaneis,
corpore subtus antennisque nigro-viridibus parce breviter
argenteo-pubescentibus, pedibus leete violaceis ; capite longi-
tudinaliter profunde excavato, vix crebre minus fortiter
punctulato: prothorace quam longiori ut 12 ad 1 latiori,
sparsim (ad basin lateraque sat fortiter, in aliis partibus
subtiliter) punctulato, ad latera in parte postica depresso,
lateribus minus arcuatis, latitudine majori fere ad basin
posita, basi minus fortiter sinuata ; scutello levi; elytris ad
apicem tri-spinosis, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis (preesertim
postice) sat fortiter carinatis fere levibus; corpore subtus
minus fortiter vix crebre punctulato. lLong., 5-6 1. ; lat.,
1,°,-24 1.

Not unlike S. campestris in colors and markings, but with the
post-median fascia of the elytra considerably wider; very
different from it however in other respects. Its nearest ally is I
think S. bicincta, Boisd., from which it differs inter alia (a) in
markings, the suture being widely of dark color along its whole
length and the basal dark coloring on the elytra consisting of a
mere narrow edging ; (b) in the prothorax (which is otherwise
very like that of S. bzcincta) being only very sparsely punctulate;
(c) in the front of the elytra being very much less strongly
arched forward. The structure of the apex of the elytra is as in
S. bicincta—each apex trispinose, the two spines near the suture
placed close together, the sutural spine the shortest of the three.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French.

S. undulata, Don. Mr. French’s collection contains a remark-
able variety of this insect in which the dark markings of the
elytra are extended to cover the whole surface,—so that the
elytra are of a uniform greenish-black color.

ELATERID.
MEGAPENTHES.

M. futilis, Cand. I have received under this name from Mr.
Lea (who tells me that he obtained the name from Dr. Candéze)
examples of the insect that I named Hater wentworthensis. It
was to similar specimens, no doubt, that Dr. Candeze referred
in the note appended to his original description of J. futilis
(from N. Australia) when he said ‘‘I have had for some time
several individuals from N.S. Wales lying unpublished (restés
inédits) under the name of /futilis and closely allied to it (ayant
de grands rapports avec celui-ci)” and then mentioned its color-
ing, and said that it was also closely allied to MM. lituratus. I
am still of opinion that it is a good species. There are several
specimens from tropical Australia in my collection which I regard

a
3
7
‘

as futilis without doubt, and comparing £. wentworthensis with
these I find that besides the strongly marked color distinctions
the latter presents several slight differences; notably a some-
what finer and closer prothoracic puncturation and an evidently
more marked sinuation of the hinder part of the lateral margins of
that segment causing the hind angles to appear manifestly divari-
cate. It is also a consideration of some weight with one who has
had experience in the collection of specimens in Australia that
the probabilities are distinctly against the occurrence near
Sydney (where I have taken wentworthensis) of species that are
found in tropical Queensland. As regards the generic position
of wentworthensis I accept Dr. Candéze’s verdict. Megapenthes
and later are (as indeed that learned author remarks in his
“Mon. des Hlaterides”) very close, differing however in the pro-
sternal sutures which are impressed in the latter genus and not

inthe former. In wentworthensis the sutures certainly appear

less absolutely simple than in an average Megapenthes, but I
think on re-examination they are not sufficiently concave to
justify a place in later ; in any case Dr. Candéze’s authority
may well determine the matter.

DASCYLLIDAi.
MACROHELODES.

M. tasmanicus, sp. nov. Fem. Late ovalis; nitidus; supra
glaber ; subtus sat dense breviter sericeo-pubescens ; supra
flavo-brunneus (elytrorum partibus impressis quam cetere
minus flavis), capite prothoraceque indeterminate piceo-
notatis, elytris piceo-trimaculatis (maculis versus marginem
lateralem prope basin prope mediam partem et pone medium
positis), antennis palpisque versus apicem infuscatis ; subtus
(coxis exceptis) paullo infuscatus; capite (hoc inter oculos
biimpresso) confertim sat subtiliter, prothorace sparsim
leviter nec subtiliter, elytris crebre grosse, punctulatis ;
elytrorum sutura tota late leviter convexa sublevi; anten-
narum gracilium articulis 2° 3° que conjunctis quam 4" sat
brevioribus. Long., 41 1].; lat., 31.

This species is much like WZ. crassws, Blackb., but can be at
once distinguished from it by its more slender and differently
formed antenne. In JZ. crassus the joints beyond the third of
the antennz are evidently compressed and each evidently in-
creases in width from its base to its apex (the width of the fifth
joint at its apex being a trifle more than half its length). In the
present species the joints of the antenne are scarcely compressed
at all, but very nearly cylindrical (the width of the fifth joint at
its apex being not more than a third of its length). I may say
that this character is specific not sexual inasmuch as I possess

both sexes of If. crassus and find that they present no notable

difference except in the last ventral segment, which is feebly

emarginate in the male and pointed (very obtusely) in the female.

The present species also differs from crassus (apart from color)

by its larger size and the evidently stronger puncturation of its

prothorax.
Tasmania.
MALACODERMI.
LUCIOLA.

L. Cowleyr, sp. nov. Oblonga; supra nigra vel nigro-picea, pro-
thorace (late) et elytris (magis anguste) ad latera testaceo-
limbatis, scutello testaceo ; corpore subtus (capite excepto)
pedibus antennis (his paullo infuscatis) palpisque testaceis ;
segmento ventrali penultimo albo; capite concavo crebre
punctulato ; prothorace transversim quadrato, crebre punctu-
lato, in medio longitudinaliter sulcato, antice in medio
prominulo, lateribus sat late deplanatis, angulis anticis ob-
tusis posticis rectis ; elytris crebre aspere punctulatis, sutura
et costis nonnullis elevatis. Long., 24—221.; lat., 1 1.

Differs from L. flavicollis, Macl., by its smaller size, prothorax
less narrowed behind and having the explanate sides wider, &c.,
from L. coarcticollis, Oliv., by smaller size, prothorax with sides
much more explanate, lateral margins nearly straight, &c., from
australis, Fab., by the blackish color of its prothorax (except the
margins) and from L. Gestroi, Oliv., by the nearly straight sides
of its prothorax, &c.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. E. Cowley.

TENEBRIONID.
AXYNAON (gen. nov. Meracanthidarum ).

Caput planum verticale, in coxas anticas reclive; clypeus utrinque
supra antennarum basin sat gibbus; palporum articulus
ultimus securiformis ; labrum modicum; antenne corporis
dimidio longitudine sat equales; prothorax sat parvus,
fortiter convexus, sat gibbus, ad latera haud marginatus ;
scutellum transversum; elytra foveolato-striata ; pedes sat
graciles sat elongati, femoribus inermibus, tibiis ad apicem
mucronibus binis armatis ; metasternum brevissimum.

*No Australian species of Meracanthides has been described

*I have submitted an example of this insect to Mr. G. C. Champion, the
eminent specialist on the Heteromera, and he, with his accustomed
courtesy, has favored me with his opinion. He says ‘‘ the insect is either
an aberrant Meracanthid or should form the type of anew group. Your
supposition regarding its affinities is quite correct. It differs from the
Meracanthides in precisely the same way that the Megacanthides differ
from the Amarygmides, viz., in the unarmed anterior femora. In some
respects, as regards the scutellum, &c., it is more like Psorodes than
Meracantha,.”

hitherto. The present insect is certainly I think referable to the

tribe, though it cannot be placed in any known genus. I have

not an example in my collection of either of the two genera (the

African Psorodes and the N. American Meracantha) on which

M. Lacordaire founded the tribe, and so cannot very confidently

remark on the affinities of the genus I am characterising, but I

judge it to be not very near either of the two, as it evidently

differs from them by its femora without teeth and its prothorax

without lateral carine. In general appearance it resembles a

Chalcopterus but is at once distinguishable from that genus by

its very short metasternum.

A. Championi, sp. nov. Aineus (exemplis nonnullis viridi- vel
cupreo-micantibus); capite inter oculos crebre aspere punc-
tulato; prothorace subtiliter minus perspicue punctulato,
transverso, antice supra caput (a latere viso) fortiter declivi,
lateribus haud marginatis ; scutello levi brevi; elytris grosse
seriatim foveolatis, interstitiis angustis convexis. Long.,
8 1.; lat., 4 1.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. French.
CURCULIONIDZ.

CAR (gen. nov. ; ! Lrirhininarum).

Corpus pubescens ; rostrum prothorace sat longius, minus robus-
tum, subcylindricum, leviter arcuatum ; scrobes breves sub-
basales infer; antenne fere recte (vix geniculate), ad
basin fere contigue, scapo brevi, clava a funiculo vix dis-
tincta (hujus quam funiculi articulis inter se haud magis
arcte conjunctis); oculi valde leviter sed minus subtiliter
granulati; prothorax, subcylindricus sed antice angustatus,
quam elytra sat angustior, lobis ocularibus nullis; scutellum
modicum ; elytra sat lata; prosternum ante coxas minus
elongatum ; coxe antice contigue, intermedi modice ap-
proximate; femora mutica; tibie valide, apice aperte
inermes ; tarsi modici, articulo 3° alte bilobo; unguiculi
divaricati intus sinuati; pygidium elytris tectum ; segmen-
tum ventrale 2°™ quam 1" multo brevius, quam 3°” parum
longius; segmenta intermedia ad latera vix angulata ;
metasternum modicum.

The sma!l Curculionid for which I propose this new generic
name is a most perplexing species and difficult to place in any of
M. Lacordaire’s “ Tribes.” There is no doubt of its appertaining
to the aggregate which M. Lacordaire calls “Section B of
Phalanx I. of the Curculionides Phanerognathes Synmerides.”
On first consideration it seems to appertain to that portion of the
said “Section” in which the antenne are straight and have no

distinct club and to be referable to the Belides ; but as it has no
other resemblance to those genera, being in general appearance
as unlike a Belid as it can well be, it does not seem at all satis-
factory to give it such a place. The idea of its being a Belid once
laid aside, the general resemblance to Hrirhinine must certainly
strike the attention, and subsequent consideration cannot fail I
think to indicate those latter as really being the tribe of which
the present insect is an aberrant member. Regarding it as such
I do not find any aberration except in the antenne which un-
doubtedly are very unlike those of a typical Hrirhinid; neverthe-
less even these when carefully observed are found to differ in
degree rather than fundamentally,—for the basal joint (though
not longer than the following two joints together) is evidently a
“scape,” and the joints following it do not uninterruptedly (as
they do in belus) continue the direction of the basal joint but
are feebly geniculate with it. Perhaps however the greatest diver-
gence from the Hrirhinid type is in the antenne not having a
defined club but terminating quite like those of a Belus,; yet
even this character is distantly approximated in Hniopea. The
position of the antenne (inserted on the underside of the base of
the rostrum and separated only by a narrow canthus) does not
appear to be more inconsistent with the Lrirhinine than with
any other Tribe that I can suggest for this species to be placed
in ;—so that on the whole I feel fairly confident that I am placing
it rightly. Its claws scarcely differ from those of an Hmplesis.
The prothorax and elytra in outline much resemble those of
Rhynchites betuleti, F., except in the prothorax being more
conico-cylindric. The basal two segments of the abdomen
separated by a well-defined suture and the presence of a good-
sized scutellum and the absence of an antennal club separate the
present species from Apzon and its allies as characterised by
Lacordaire.

C. condensatus, sp. nov. Fem. (?). Tota rufo-brunnea, pilis
brevibus dilutioribus inequaliter vestitus, his in elytro
utroque ut lunula magna indeterminata condensatis (cujus
apices in margine laterali positi sunt); rostro gracili, cylin-
drico, leviter arcuato, quam prothorax sat longiori, subtiliter
sparsim punctulato ; antennarum scapo articulis sequentibus
2 conjunctis longitudine sat sequali, funiculi articulis 1° quam
2" et 2° quam 3" paullo brevioribus, 3°—5° inter se sat
eequalibus, 6° 7° que paullo brevioribus; prothorace vix
transverso, crebre fortiter sat rugulose punctulato ; elytris
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis leviter convexis crebre sub-
rugulose punctulatis. Long. (rostr. excl.), 24 1; lat, 121.

Australia; exact habitat uncertain, but I believe it to be in

Kyre’s Peninsula.

ELLESCHODES (gen. nov. Z'ychiidarum).

Corpus pubescens ; rostrum prothorace vix longius, sat robustum,
' subdepressum; scrobes antemedianze subrostrum directe,
oculos attingentes ; funiculus 7-articulatus; oculi subfortiter
granulati; prothorax transversus, quam elytra haud multo
angustior, lobis ocularibus fere nullis ; scutellum sat parvum;
elytra brevia, lata; prosternum ante coxas minus breve;
coxe intermediz minus approximate ; femora dente parvo
armata ; tibiw sat valide, anterioribus breviter mucronatis ;
tarsi sat breves, articulo 3° alte bilobo ; unguiculi divaricati,
appendiculati; pygidium elytris tectum; segmentum ven-
trale 2°" quam 1™ paullo brevius, quam 3°" 4" que con-
juncta sublongius; segmenta intermedia ad latera fortiter
angulata, 2° 3°" haud amplectenti.

In M. Lacordaire’s classification this genus falls into the Group
Elleschides and is very near Elleschus from which inter alia its
strongly divaricate claws distinguish it. Its dentate femora
inter alia distinguish it from Orichora and Ochrophebe. —

£. Hamiltoni, sp. nov. Ferrugineus vel piceo-ferrugineus, rostro
pedibus sternisque nigricantibus; rostro supra longitudi-
naliter striolato; antennis minus elongatis, scapo oculum
attingenti, funiculi articulo 1° modice elongato ceteris brevi-
bus, clava manifeste articulata ; capite prothoraceque crebre
vix fortiter punctulatis; hoc sat transverso, antice subito
angustato, in medio longitudinaliter plus minusve perspicue
subcarinato ; elytris vix striatis, seriatim subgrosse (inter-
stitiis planis crebre subtiliter) punctulatis ; corpore breviter
pubescenti. Long. (rostr. exc.), 15 1. ; lat., £1.

Perhaps congeneric with Zileschus orbitalis, Schonnh., which
its author places in Zileschus with some hesitation, but differing
from the description of that species inter alia by the absence of
white pilosity on the orbits of the eyes and on the sterna.

N.S. Wales ; taken near Mount Kembla by A. G. Hamilton,
Esq., who is publishing (in Linn. Soc. N.S.W.) a paper on the
economic value of this species.

LONGICORNES. ij
NENENIA.
The foilowing two species may I think be confidently referred

to Nenenia with which they seem to agree in all generic
characters.

N. thoracica, sp. nov. Sat elongata ; sat parallela; nigra, capite
subtus genis et prothorace rufo-testaceis, elytris chalybeis
notula subapicali transversa testacea (hac in margine laterali

quam in sutura multo latiori) ornatis, antennis apicem versus
subferrugineis ; pedibus piceis. Long., 5} 1.; lat., 14 1.
The structure of the head mouth organs and antenne does not
differ from the same in WV. aurulenta, Pasc. ; the elytra are more
parallel more distinctly punctured and scarcely distinctly pubes-
cent ; the tarsi are distinctly (though not very much) more slen-
der. I donot observe any other notable structural difference
from WV. awrulenta, Pasc., but the difference in coloring prevents
any possibility of confusing the two species. The subapical fascia
of the elytra commences on the lateral margin about half-way
between the middle and the apex and continues there more than
half-way to the apex ; its front margin runs obliquely hindward
to a point a little behind the middle of its lateral margin; its
hind margin is on the suture about level with its lateral hind
margin but its hind margin is deeply roundly emarginate so that
the chalybeate apex has the appearance of a round spot.
Victoria ; sent by Mr. Sloane; also by Mr. French.

NV. virgata, sp. nov. Hlongata; parallela; pallida (subtus
obscura flavo-pubescens); capite, prothoraceque maculatim,
elytris longitudinaliter adque apicem antennis, et femorum
tibiarum tarsorumque parte apicali, nigro-vel piced-notatis.
Long, o 1; fat. 14 -

Evidently a variable species in the distinctness of its markings,
as the two specimens I have seen differ considerably in this
respect. Regarding pale yellow as the ground color of the upper
surface the dark markings are as follows :—a large space between
the eyes, a spot on the vertex, the middle of the front of the
prothorax and two large discal spots on the same, the scutellum
(which however is clothed with pale pubescence), and on the
elytra the suture (widely but not quite to the apex) a narrow
interrupted marginal vitta and an apical spot. In one of the
examples before me the sutural vitta is subobsolete and the mar-
ginal vitta quite faint, while the space between the apical spot
and the elytral vittze is more brightly yellow than the rest of
the surface so that it seems to bear a rather conspicuous fascia.
This species is evidently more narrow and parallel than the pre-
ceding ; the fine cariniform lines on the elytra are less marked
than in it or WV. aurulenta.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. French.

RHYTIPHORA.

fi. Spenceri, sp. nov. Piceo-nigra, pilis niveis variegata ; his
frontem totam genasque dense eequaliter vestientibus, in
vertice (hoc longitudinaliter impresso) tri-radiatim co nden
satis, in prothorace lineas transversas plus minusve inter

ruptas 4 vel 5 formantibus, in elytris ut line varie con-
torte maculeeque condensatis, corpus subtus pedesque dense
sat equaliter (nihilo minus hic illic, preesertim in metasterno
et abdominis lateribus interrupte) et antennarum articulos
2" _—__8"" ad basin vestientibus; oculis permagnis ; capite
prothoraceque irregulariter sat sparsim vix profunde punc-
tulato; hoc transversim subquadrato, transversim plicato ;
elytris fere ut prothorax punctulatis, granulis nonnullis
basin versus instructis, ad apicem rotundatim vix truncatis.
Long. 14-16 1. ; lat., 5-53 1.

Closely allied to R. (Penthea) Saundersi, Pasc., but differing
from it by its very much larger eyes, the space between which
is densely clothed with even white pubescence, the spots and
patches of pubescence on its elytra considerably larger though of
similar form and arrangement, and its narrower and more
elongate form. The antennez of the male are a trifle longer (of
the female a trifle shorter) than the body. I take the essential
distinction of Rhytiphora from Penthea to lie in the less fine
granulation of the eyes; tested by that character this species
_and Saundersi, Pasc., appertain to Rhytiphora.

Central Australia ; taken by Professor Spencer ; sent to me by
Mr. French.

CRITICAL REMARKS ON SOME AUSTRALIAN
MOLLUSCA,

By Proressor Ratpu Tare.
[Read May 4, 1897.]

T availed myself of the opportunity during my recent visit to
Europe to compare actual South Australian specimens taken with
me with the types of certain Australian species preserved in
National Museums of Paris and London.

The Musée de l’Histoire Naturelle at Paris contains some of
the Lamarckian types collected by the Baudin-expedition on the
southern coasts of Australia, and some of those described and
figured by Quoy and Gaimard in the “ Zoologie de |’ Astrolabe,”
collected at King George Sound, Western Port, and Hobart. The
British Museum, London, contains the celebrated Cumingian col-
lections, many of the Australian species of which are figured in -
Reeve’s Icon. Conchol.; and types or co-types of species collected
by Angas, and described by himself, or in conjunction with A.
Adams, and by Crosse.

I need not rehearse the many disappointments which I experi-
enced. But what authentic informations I have been able to
glean are set forth in the following pages. Doubtless many of
the synonymns herein indicated have already been established,
but the independent opinion of an Australian conchologist on
Australian shells may be worthy of record, even if it be only in
conformation of prior determinations. Exchanges of opinions
between Australian collectors and Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British
Museum, and other conchologists having access thereto, cover a
period at least of 20 years, and we have profited thereby, chiefly
as regards the larger forms; but the National collection inade-
quately illustrates the molluscan fauna of Australia.

PART I.—GASTEROPODA.

TRITON EXARATUS, T. Quoyi, T. VERRUCOSUS, and T. EBURNEUS,
all of Reeve!, are correctly identified.

Fusus usruLatus, Reeve !, is correctly identified.

CoMINELLA FILICEA, Crosse!, I have of this species specimens
now identified with the type from Newcastle, N.S.W., and N.E.
coast of Queensland. So far as I know, the species has not been
taken here by local collectors, and I suspect that Angas’s record
of a single find is an importation, the locality of the type being

Port Jackson, to which on the label has been added “S.
Australia.” .

Cominella Adelaidensis, Crosse!, is not separable specifically
from C. ALVEOLATA. It may, however, be regarded as a local
race.

COLUMBELLA SEMICONVEXA, Lamarck!, is correctly identified.
C. Yorkensis, Crosse !, is a unicolorous variety, and C. infumata,
Crosse !, is a mere micromorph.

ANCILLARIA MARGINATA, Lamarck |, is rightly named.

Cancellaria levigata, Sowerby !, v. C. purpureformis, Valence.
The type-specimens of the former are somewhat rolled, but one
large one is without costation. The British Musuem examples
of the latter are smaller, spirally lineated, and the spire-whorls
not costate. The absence or presence of costation on the pos-
terior whorls is thus not constant, and the absence of spiral
striation in C. levigata may be due to obliteration by erosion. I
regard the two as conspecific, and would employ the name C.
PURPUR#FORMIS as the anterior of the two.

NATICA UMBILICATA, Quoy and Gaimard!, and Nactina picta,
Reeve !, are conspecific, as already suspected. The shell may be
located in the subgenus Stigmaulax, Morch, 1852, of Natica ;
whilst WVaticina nitida, Reeve, another South Australian shell,
becomes a ELunaticina, Fischer, 18857 Naticina, Gray, 1842 (non
Guilding, 1834).

THYLACODES SULCATUS, Lamarck.

The South Anstealian. vermitiform shell, thus named, agrees
with the type of Serpula suicata, Lamk., and S. sipho of that
author is the same; Vermetus arenarius, Q. and G.! (non. Lk.) is
another synonym.

Tryon (Man. Conch., VIII., p. 179, t. 53, f£. 64, 1886) rejects
the Lamarckian name in fcane of V. nove Hollandic, Rousseau,
because “one of the three types of that species [S. suleata is a
fossil and different, the other two appear to be JV. sipho.” From
a personal inspection, I assert with confidence that the above
statement is not true; S. sulcata and S. sipho are separately
labelled, though I regard them as one species; it is true
Lamarck adds a note under S. sulcata, ‘‘se trouve fossile dans la
Touraine,” but the fossil is not among the recent types. I regret
not being able to consult Vaillant’s paper.

The animal of our common tubiculate gasteropod exhibits the
same characters as described by Quoy and Gaimard for their
V. arenarius. But I may add that the oval egg-cases to the
number of 50 or 60 are attached by glutinous threads to inner
shell-wall ; about 20 matured embryos are contained in each
capsule,

TURRITELLA OXYACRIS, Tate, nom. mut.

T. acuta, Tenison-Woods, 1876 (non Mayer, 1868).

Eutima aaur, Angas! is correctly named.
DIASTOMA MELANOIDES [ Reeve], Tate, Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. W.,.
vol. XXVII., p. 176, 1893.
Mesalia nlélanoides: Reeve, Icon. Conch., 1849.

ATAXOCERITHIUM SEROTINUM (A. Ads.), Tate, J. Roy. Soc.,.
N.S.W., vol. XXVII., p. 179, 1893. This species I have made
the type of a new genus.

BaTILLARIA CERITHIUM, Q. and G.

Turritella Cerithium, Quoy and Gaimard !, Voy. Astrolabe,
p. 131, t. 55, f£. 27-28.

Cerithium turritella, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 19 (non
Q. and G.).

Bittium turritella, Angas, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 171; id. Ten.-
Woods, P. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1878, p. 35.

Cerithidea turritella, Tryon, Man. Conch.

Quoy and Gaimard’s types which I have studied were obtained
at Port Western, Victoria ; the species is very common in Tas-
mania and South Australia; it inhabits the mud-flats in the
region of about half-tide. Its operculum is circular and many
whorled.

This shell has been misquoted by Menke and subsequent
authors, which is traceable to a confusion of Quoy and Gaimard’s
own creation; thus they describe and figure a shell from Port
Dorey in Papua as Cerithium turritella (t. 55, f. 8), whilst the
Victorian shell is called Zurritella cerithium. The Southern
shell is the latter, and it extends to West Australia, if my quo-
tation of Menke is right, who, however, mentions only the name,
but adds a reference to Kiener, Icon. p. 64, t. 22, f. 1, which I
cannot consult.

The generic name Latillaria, Benson, 1842, replaces Lampania,
proposed four years after by Gray.

Triroris ANGASI, Crosse !, is rightly identified.

DiaLa MoNILE, A. Adams !, is rightly identified, though the
types are immature; 7’. tessellata, Ten.-Woods !, better exemplifies
the species than the commoner form in South Australian waters.

DiaLa LauTA, Adams }, is rightly identified.

Lirrortna Mavuririana, Lamarck. The smaller and rotund
variety, which lives at the high-water-mark is ZL. Diemensis,
Quoy and Gaimard |.

Paludinella Giles, Angas !, P.Z.S., 1877, t. 26, f. 2, 171, was
redescribed by me, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8S. Aust., vol. XVI., p. 196,
under the name of Blandfordia Stirlingi, an excusable over-
sight on account of the fauity figure, which better represents
Lithynia australis. The present species may be quoted as
BLANDFORDIA GILESII.

MELANIA BALONNENSIS, Conrad. In the Zoology of the Horn

Expedition I have degraded the two following Melanie, Jf. Z'atei,
Brazier, and M. subsmilis, E. A. Smith !, to varietal rank.

CYCLOSTREMA CINGULIFERA, A. Adams!, This Philippine shell
is very much larger than C. Zater, Angas, but otherwise they
seem identical, in which case C. /evis, Phil., will fall in as another
synonym.

CycLostREMA micans, A. Adams !, and Liotia Angasi, Crosse !,
are the same by comparison of types. Adams located his species
in the right genus, and his name takes priority.

PHASIANELLA VARIEGATA, Lamark !, and P. Angasi, Crosse !,
are conspecific; Crosse’s type is a somewhat overgrown indi-
vidual, but otherwise not different from the Lamarckian type.

CLANcULUs YATESI, Crosse !, October, 1863 =C. Menkei, Ads.
and Angas, in British Museum.

Monodonta lineata, Lamk. !=Trocuus BAapius, Wood.

This admission is on the back of the tablet carrying Lamarck’s
types, to which is added I. rosea, Lamk.! WM. Peroni, Lamarck,
only differs by having white flames.

These and other congeneric species usually referred to Hlenchus
should be quoted under Phasianotrochus, Fischer.

Cantharidus decoratus, Adams and Angas !, P.Z.S., 1864, and
Trochus Tiberianus, Crosse !, Jour. de Conch., Oct., 1863, are the
same as already suspected, and referred as synonymic under
Gibbula smaltata, Fischer, 1879. Crosse’s name is the older, and
the shell should be quoted as GiBBuLA TIBERIANA. G. aurea,
Ten.-Woods (1876) is another synonym.

GENA NIGRA, Q. and G., was not seen in the Paris Museum, but
a shell identically that which is locally referred to that species is
present, though unnamed.

FissURELLA NIGRITA, Sowerby !; is rightly identified ; the types
are larger than F. Pritchardi, Hedley, which I regard as
synonymic.

Parmophorus convexus, Q. and G.!=P. australis, Lk.!=Scutus
ANATINUS, Donovan.

ACMAEA FLAMMEA, Q. and G.! (Patelloidea). This species has
hitherto been known to local conchologists as A. conoidea, Q. and
G., Angas in 1865 being the first in error. The types are worn
smooth externally, and show a cruciform coloration in brown ;
each flame is frequently broken-up into three or more streaks.

ACMAEA CONOIDEA, Q. and G.!, which is much smaller than
A. flammea, has a circular aperture and fine radial threads.
A. calamus, Crosse and Fischer, authentic specimens of which I
have not seen, is probably the same.

ACMAEA SEPTIFORMIS, Q. and G.!, is rightly identified.

BULLINELLA ARACHIS, Q. and G.!, is rightly identified.

Haminea cymbalum, Q. and G. The type of this species I have

not seen, but specimens so named in the Museum of the Ecole des
Mines at Paris are different from those quoted under that name
by Angas in 1865. Our shell is H. renera, A. Ads.

PART II.—LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

The communication under this head will constitute a Fourth
Supplementary List of the Lamellibranch Mollusca of South
Australia. The first revision was published in Trans. Roy. Soc.,
S. Aust., vol. ix., pp. 76-111, 1887, and Supplemental Lists in
vol. X., 1888, vol. XIV., 1891, and vol. XV., 1892.

TEREDO ADAX, Hedley, P. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., 1895. This
species, though unnamed, was recorded by me Revision ix., p. 19,
1887.

Barnea similis [Gray], Tate, op. cit. ix, p. 80, non Gray=B.
OBTURAMENTUM, Hedley, Records Austr. Mus., II., p. 55, t. 14,
1893.

SAXICAVA ARCTICA, Linneeus. Saxicava veneriformis, Lamk.!,
and Corbula australis, Lamarck!, are the same, both types
equally large.

Genus CUSPIDARIA.

CuspIpARIA TasMANICA, Tenison-Woods (Neaera), Proc. Roy.
Soc., Tasmania, for 1875, p. 27 (1876).

Mr. E. A. Smith, in the Lamellibranchs of the Challenger Ex-
pedition, characterises 13 sections of the genus Neaera, denomi-
nated A to M. The dentition of the species here noticed was
unknown to him, which desiderrated information I now furnish.
It indicates a disposition of the hinge-teeth different from that of
each one of Smith’s sections, and a new section is required to
receive it. The diagnosis is as follows :—

Section N.

Right valve with a lateral tooth on each side; left valve with a
single tubercular denticle in front of the apex, no laterals. This
arrangement approximates to that in Section F., but without the
denticle in front of the apex of the right valve.

C’. Tasmanica inhabits the south-east coats of Tasmania and St.
Vincent-Gulf, South Australia.

CUSPIDARIA SIMULANS, Tate, 1897.

Oblong-oval, somewhat ventricose, white, thin, translucent,
concentrically and distantly lirate; lire usually rounded and
elevated, becoming somewhat lamellose anteriorly, sometimes as
close-set and slightly elevated lamelle. Some examples show
distant radial pellucid lines. The rostrum is elongated, about
one-fifth of the total antero-posterior diameter, attenuated and
truncate.

Right valve with a long lamelliform tooth on each side ; left
valve edentulous ; cartilage-pit posteriorly inclined.

Antero-posterior diameter, 6°5; umbo-ventral diameter, 4;
transverse diameter, 2°25.

Habitat.—St. Vincent Gulf, numerous examples dredged by
Dr. Verco.

A finities.—The dentition is that proper to Rhinomya, Adams,
=Section G., Smith. Hitherto this section has been unrepre-
sented in the Australian fauna, as the R&. rugata recorded by
Angas is not the species of Adams; it belongs to Section F,
and has been described by Smith as C. Brazierz.

In form and sculpture it resembles C. Brazieri, except that
the rostrum is shorter (perhaps not a constant character). This
general resemblance renders it doubtful if the South Austra-
lian shell is distinct from Rhinomya rugata, Adams, inhabiting
Japan, except that “oblonga,” “concentrice confertim lirata,” and
“iris corrugates” do not well apply.

CUSPIDARIA TRIGONALIS, Tate, 1897.

Subtrigonous, produced posteriorly into a short triangular
rostrum; ventricose, white, ornamented with concentric
lamelle ; the lamelle of the left valve are distant, thin, elevated,
wider than the interstitial sulci; those of the right valve de-
pressed and separated by lincar sulci.

Right valve with a lamellar tooth on each side, left valve with
a stout denticle in front of the hinge-notch; cartilage-pit deep
and subtriangular in outline.

Antero-post. diameter 5°5, excl. rostrum 4:25; umbo-ventral
diameter 4, transverse diameter 4.

Habitat.—Investigator Straits, dredged in 15 fathoms by Dr.
J. Verco.

Remarks.—Of the four known examples, three are left valves
and one is a right valve ; they have the same shape, but as the
ornamentation of the opposite valves is different it is possible
that two species are represented; yet there is nothing incom-
patible to the opinion that the difference of ornamentation is one
of degree, though it may be, we have here a species with the
Opposite valves dissimilarly ornamented.

The dentition of C. trigonalis is that of Section N., estab-
lished for C. Tasmanica, from which species it ditfers by its con-
spicuous cardinal denticle, shape and ventricosity, and thus also
from C. simulans. Indeed, it is remarkable among congeners by
its subtrigonal outline and umbonal inflation.

CoRBULA COMPRESSA, Verco, Tr. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust., XX. p.
230, t. 8, f. 2, 1896.

Myodora corrugata, Verco, op. cit. p. 229, t. 8, f. 1, 1896 (non

Tate, 1887)=Myopora ALBIDA, Ten.-Woods. St. Vincent and
Spencer Gulfs ; also Tasmania.

MAcTRA RUFESCENS, Lamarck. Correctly identified according
to the British Museum record.

Hemimactra corrugata, Tate, is only a varietal form of
H. versicolor, Tate.

HEMIMACTRA OVALINA, Lamarck. Correctly identified apud
British Museum, where Jactra depressa, Reeve, non Spengler, is
admitted a synonym.

LUTRARIA OBLONGA [Gmelin], Tate, op. cit., XIV., p. 266. If
the South Australian shell should be considered separable from
the European, bearing the above name, then L. rhynchena,
Reeve !, which is identically our shell, should be substituted.
L. dissimilis, Deshayes, was not seen.

MESODESMA GLABRELLA, Lamarck. The types of Amphidesma
glabrella, Lk. !, Mesodesma precisa, Deshayes !, and M. obtusa,
Crosse !, have been compared, and found to be conspecific ; the
two latter had already been considered by me, op. cit. IX., p. 85,
as the same.

MESODESMA ELONGATA, Desh. This shell occurs in the Paris
Museum as a Mactra with an undecipherable specific name. The
types of MW. elongata and MW. angusta, Desh., which are in the
British Museum, belong to one species.

ANAPELLA CUNEATA, Lamarck sp. <Anapa cuneata et A.
triquetra. These two species of South Australian Anapas were
admitted by me, op. cit., IX., p. 86, but after the study of the
types of Lamarck and Hanley, I have come to the conclusion
that only one species is represented, which finds support in the
fact that the two variants are correlative with their habitats, the
typical form on the sea-coast, and the Hanleyan form in estuaries.
Crassatella cycladea, Lk., is another synonymn from my examina:
tion of the type. This species should be quoted under Anapella,
Dall, 1895, in substitution for Anapa, Gray, 1853, non Gray,
1847.

Mulinia pinguis, C. and F., after a careful study of the descrip-
tion and figures of those authors, I cannot escape from the con-
viction that their shell is a monstrosity of <Anapella cuneata
forma triquetra. The generic location is made clear by the figure
which displays the interior of the right valve.

Donax sordida, Angas! (non Hanley)=D. Braz, Smith |,
1872.

PsAMMOBIA ZONALIS, Lamarck !, id. Tate, op cit., IX., p. 87, is
rightly identified.

CHORISTODON LAPICIDUM, Chem. Of the two synonymic names
Naranio lapicida and N. dwwaricata, both of Chemnitz, I follow
the British Museum authorities in using the former.

CHORISTODON RUBIGINOSUM, Adams and Angas.

Clementia Tasmanica, Petterd !, is a synonym.

VENURUPIS CARDITOIDES and V. cRENATA, Lamarck, are rightly
identified according to the British Museum naming.

TAPES FABAGELLA, Deshayes, of my collection agrees with the
type in the British Museum.

CHIONE GALLINULA, Lamarck, as so named from South Aus-
tralian waters, agrees with the type. VENUS AUSTRALIS, Sow.,
is perhaps not the same species, the type specimens have finer
and closer concentric ribs than the type of V. gallinula, whilst in
outline it is more triangular, the post-ventral margin rising more
quickly.

The locality of Lamarck’s type is King Island, that of
Sowerby’s King George Sound.

C. australis has not been found in South Australian waters.

CuIoNE Peroni, Lamarck!, with which C. aphrodinoides /
should be united. C. conularis / may be the young state. This
species in my Revision, I1X., p. 92, is quoted as C. scalarina.
Reeve, in Mon. Venus, gives an excellent figure of it (t. 17, f. 73)
under the name of C. aphrodinoides.

CHIONE sTRIGOSA, Lamarck !. C. aphrodina, Lk., is obviously
from descriptions and figures a synonym. In my Revision the
species is quoted as C. aphrodina. S

Chione sp. unnamed. The shell incorrectly referred in my
Revision, 1X., p. 92, No. 67, to C. strigosa, I failed to identify in
either the Paris or British Museum. It may possibly be C.
scalarina, Lamk., which I have not seen, or any examples
attributed to it. It agrees very fairly well in outline with
Reeve’s figure of it, which represents a shell of medium size, par-
ticularly in the somewhat arched post-hinge line, but no descrip-
tion of C. scalarina alludes to the very distinctive ornamentation
of our shell.

Dostnta Diana, Adams and Angas, id Tate, op. cit., LX., p. 93.

The type of this species and the shell I figured as D. grata are
certainly the same, but they are different from D. grata.
D. diana appears as if it were a worn J. crocea without the
coloration on the escutcheon. D. crocea is slightly coarser ribbed,
and more depressed than D. diana.

Dosinia crocea, Deshayes. This is a wrong identification, but
it agrees with D. histrio, var. from Swan River, in the British
Museum. It has the concentric ribs coarser and wider apart
than in D. grata.

MERETRIX ALATUS, Reeve. This is in substitution for Cytherea
gutila, Sow., and in harmony with the British Museum record.
M. rutilus is a different species.

Meretrix multistriatus, as quoted from Tasmania, can only be

M. DiemMeNneEnNsiIs; the true MZ. multistriatus is a very different
shell; and Hutton’s record of M. disruptus for the Wanganui-
Pliocene relates to MI. multistriatus. MM. disruptus is sufficiently
distinct from I. Diemenensis to take specific rank. The generic
name Cytherea, Lamarck, is replaced by Meretria.

CyPRICARDIA ROSTRATA, Lk. !, which is attributed to Kangaroo
Tsland, is labelled in the Paris Museum with the locality of New
Holland.

LucINA LACTEOLA, Tate, nom. mut.

L. lactea, A. Adams, non Lamarck.
L. concentrica, Adams and Angas, 1863, non Lamarck.

The British Museum records show that L. lactea has precedence
over ZL. concentrica, and that the two names refer to the one
species, but as the employment of either names has previously
been in use and continues so, it becomes necessary to atfix a new
specific denomination.

AxINUS FLEXUOSUS, Montague. <A British species now known
in New South Wales (Brazier), Tasmania (Petterd! and May!),
and South Australia, St. Vincent Gulf (Dr. Verco !).

Lucina MINIMA, Ten.-Woods!, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for
1875, p. 162 (1876), antedates Z. Tatei, Angas, by two years.

Luctna cuminel, Adams and Angas. This Divaricella may
not be L. quadrisulcata, D’Orbigny, and if the distinction is
valid, then Z. Cumingi comes to be employed for the Australasian
shell.

CRASSATELLA MICRA, Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., vol.
XEX:, pl. i,t. 3.

CRASSATELLA PRODUCTA, Verco, op. cit., pl. i, f. 2.

MyrILicaRDIA cRAssicosTaTa, Lamarck! (Cardita), is rightly
identified by comparison with the type.

BarBaTIA CARPENTERI.

The following are additional synonyms :—Arca trapezia and

A. fasciata, Ten.-Woods in Hobart Museum.

Barbatia laminata, Angas !, is a mere synonym to B. sQUAMOSA,
Lamarck !, as also A. McCoyi, Ten.-Woods.

AXINHA RADIANS, Lamarck (Pectunculus)/. Pectunculus
obliquus, Reeve !, is a synonym, and moreover the specific name
is preoccupied by Defrance, 1826, and Lea, 1833.

AXINHA STRIATULARIS, Lamarck (Pectunculus)/ This is the
same as P. radians of my “ Revision,” [X., p. 103. The type is
from King George Sound ; the examples in the British Museum
are labelled from Swan River.

Livopsis Forskaui, Adams!. The Limopsis Belcheri of my
Revision, [X., p. 104, wherein I had adopted McCoy’s identifica-
tion, is certainly not that species!. It approaches best to ZL.
Forskali, but whether L. Macgillivrayi be the more appropriate
designation I cannot say, not having seen that species.

ie, Sie, Se

Myrtitus Hirsutus, Lamarck. The actual type not seen, but
is correctly identified from specimens so named in Paris Museum.

Mytitus MenkeEanvs, Philippi. This species was known to
Lamarck, and is his Magellanicus, var.!, as it is also WZ. poly-
dontes, Q. and G.!

Myritus PLANULATUS, Lamarck! This is M. chorus of my
Revision, [X., p. 105. Lamarck’s type! is from King George
Sound. The subordination of the name of this species to that of
M. chorus, Molinia, I have no opinion upon, having accepted
Hutton’s views thereon.

MopIoLA AUSTRALIS, Gray. This is also M. albicosta, var.
spatula, Lamarck !

Moprota ALsicosta, Lamarck! The type is artificially
polished, but our shell so named is correctly identified.

Monro. Inconstans, Dunker, so named in the British Museum,
is the same which I figured in my Revision, IX., under the name
of MW. semivestita, Dunker.

Mopioua FLAvIpA, Dunker, so named in the British Museum,
is No. 181 of my Hand List, published by Adcock (1893).

Mopi0LarRiA CUMINGIANA, Reeve. A synonym of this species
is MW. discors, Q. and G.!, on the opinion that the Australasian is
distinct from the European.

MALLEUS VULSELLATUs, Lamarck !, is correctly named in our
local list. The following Lamarckian species seem to me to be
mere variants :—WV. decurtatus / is a stunted form, and WZ nor-
malis / is only a little more winged than MW. vulsellatus.

VULSELLA OvATA, Lamarck! The types are large examples,
with an individuality of.a more defined concentric sculpture than
is usual with South Australian examples attributed to that
species.

AVICULA PAPILIONACEA (Chemnitz), Lamarck! As suspected
in my Revision, IX., p. 107, A. Georgiana, Q. and G. proves to
be the same; and examination of Reeve’s types in the British
Museum results in attaching the two following as synonyms :—
A. punctulata and A. scalpta.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AUSTRALIAN
LEPIDOPTERA,

By Oswatp Lower, F.E.S., Wc.
[Read April 6, 1897.]

BOMBYCINA.

CosMOTRICHE (?) BRACHYCERA, N. Sp.

Male, 40 mm. Head, palpi, legs, thorax, and abdomen dark
fuscous; thorax with a transverse darker fuscous transverse
stripe, edged posteriorly with ochreous. Abdomen with ochreous
whitish hairs on anterior and middle segments. Antenne
white, biciliated with tufts of pale yellow hairs; at greatest
length one and a half, apex of antenne simple. Forewings
elongate triangular; costa straight, hindmargin obliquely
rounded, dark fuscous, dusted throughout with whitish, so as
to appear ashy-grey-whitish ; two well-marked black lines from
one-fourth of costa to one-fourth inner-margin, strongly curved
outwards on upper half; two well-marked black lines from
four-fifth of costa to just before anal angle, hardly denticulate,
but with a slight projection outwards in middle and just be-
neath costa. A triangular semi-hyaline discal spot in middle
of wing, partly edged with black; cilia whitish, chequered
with black at extremities of veins. Hindwings white, hairs
of inner-margin blackish, costal edge blackish; cilia white,
partly chequered with black. One specimen at Broken Hill in
November. Not unlike Bombyx mioleuca, Meyr., but the
curious antenne are quite different, besides shape of wing.

GEOMETRINA.
HYDRIOMENID.

MICRODES TYPHOPA, 0. Sp.

Female, 22 mm. Head, antenne, palpi, and thorax dark
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, with blackish segmental rings.
Legs fuscous, sprinkled with whitish ; tibiz and tarsi blackish,
ringed with white. Forewings moderate, dilated posteriorly ;
costa gently arched, hindmargin somewhat bowed, oblique ;
smoky fuscous, becoming whitish on median band; a slightly
curved moderate transverse whitish fascia near base, containing
a finer line of ground colour in middle throughout ; anterior
margin of median band edged by a similar fascia from one-

Se ra i ea it I i ee

ese

fourth of costa to one-fourth inner-margin, edged internally by
a fine line of black; posterior margin of band edged by a
similar, internally black-edged fascia from beyond three-fourths
of costa to just before anal angle, with sharp projection out-
wards beneath costa, and another less pointed in middle, the
fascia edged throughout externally by a line of ochreous-
brown ; subterminal slenderly white, indented beneath costa ;
a black hindmarginal line cut by veins into spots; cilia
fuscous, somewhat chequered with blackish towards base.
Hindwings with hindmargin hardly waved, fuscous, lighter
towards base; several darker fuscous, somewhat indistinct
waved transverse lines; three below middle more pronounced ;
cilia greyish. Markings of hindwings reproduced more clearly
beneath. One specimen; Semaphore, 8. Australia, in December.

SELIDOOSEMID i.
PARALG@A MARITIMA, 0. sp.

Male, 33 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark ashy-grey
fuscous. Thorax with a large, dense, bifid, posterior crest. Palpi
long. Antenne ochreous-fuscous ; pectinations three to apex.
Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous; posterior pair whitish. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular ; costa strongly arched at base, thence
nearly straight ; hindmargin hardly oblique, somewhat crenulate,
slightly angulated in middle, ashy-grey-whitish, densely and
finely transversely strigulated throughout with darker; a thin,
obscure, cuneiform mark of pale whitish-fuscous from costa at
about two-thirds, reaching half across wing; a fine, blackish,
interrupted hindmarginal line; cilia ashy grey-whitish. Huind-
wings white, with slight projections on veins four and seven,
waved on upper half, lower half nearly straight, three and four
from a point, grey-whitish ; a more or less suffused-fuscous hind-
marginal band, becoming obsolete towards anal angle; hind-
marginal line as in forewings; cilia white. Underside of
hindwings silvery-white, with a large, black, apical spot. One
specimen at Exeter, 8S. Australia, in June (at light), In Mr.
Meyrick’s generic description the apex of the antenne is said to
be simple ; in the present species the ciliations reach the apex,
although extremely short at that point.

NOCTUINA.
Nocruip2.
AGROTIS CALLIMERA, N. sp.

Male and female, 38-40 mm. Head and face pale-ochreous.
Palpi ochreous; second joint thickly infuscated on _ sides

externally. Thorax and antenne ferruginous-brown ; ciliations
about one-half. Legs greyish; tibiz spinose; tarsi fuscous,
ringed with ochreous-white. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, clothed
with whitish hairs on anterior segments. Forewings elongate,
moderate ; costa nearly straight ; hindmargin oblique, ferruginous-
brown, in some specimens becoming olive-greenish ; all veins
more or less outlined with whitish; a dull, leaden, reniform spot
at end of cell, upper lobe more or less internally whitish ; a trans-
verse row of blackish points on veins from about three-fourths of
costa to three-fourths of inner margin; a moderately broad,
silvery-whitish hindmarginal band ; a hindmarginal row of black
points ; cilia chestnut-brown. Hindwings and cilia pale creamy-
ochreous. Five specimens at Exeter, 8. Australia, in March.
Although somewhat variable, it is an easily recognised species.
Mr. Meyrick, to whom I submitted the species, returned it as
unknown to him.
AGROTIS GYPSINA, Nn. sp.

Male, 34 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, abdomen, and legs white;
tibiz spinose, fuscous, tarsi ringed with white. Antennz fuscous,
shortly ciliated, about one-half. Forewings elongate, moderate ;
costa nearly straight, hindmargin oblique; white; three short
oblique blackish dashes on costa—one near base, one at one-
fourth, and one beyond middle—first one more or less continued
half across wing as a zigzag line; a transverse row of fine black
points from about three-quarters of costa to three-quarters inner-
margin ; a yellow reniform spot at end of cell, cut by a fine black
line, and suffused beneath with fuscous ; a hindmarginal row of
blackish dots. Hindwings and cilia white, a hindmarginal row
of small black lunules. Two specimens taken by Mr. Harold
Lower at Exeter, South Australia, in March.

HYPENIDAi.
HYPENA MESOCHRA, N. sp.

Female, 30 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and palpi ochreous
fuscous, slightly reddish tinged ; palpi nearly five times as long
as width of eye; grey-whitish beneath on lower half. Abdomen
and legs grey, slightly ochreous tinged beneath. Forewings
elongate triangular, costa slightly sinuate beneath apex, bowed
outwards in middle, thence oblique ; ochreous fuscous ; a faintly
indicated fuscous median band broadest on upper half, margins
waved ; anterior edge from one-third costa to one-third inner-
margin ; posterior edge from beyond two-thirds of costa to just
beyond middle of inner-margin, faintly edged with lighter
ochreous ; two fine blackish dots transversely placed at end of
cell, a curved row of ill-defined fuscous dots from five-sixths costa.

to just before anal angle, posteriorly edged with whitish dots; a
hindmarginal row of fuscous dots between veins ; cilia ochreous,
slightly reddish-fuscous tinged. Hindwings with hindmargin
waved ; pale greyish ochreous, fuscous tinged; a denticulate
fuscous line from beyond middle of costa to just beyond middle
of inner-margin ; a similar parallel, less distinct, yet thicker, line
beyond ; interspace clearer greyish ochreous; hindmarginal area
suffused with ochreous fuscous ; hindmarginal dots and cilia as
in forewings. One specimen; Gisborne, Victoria, in January.
Quite distinct from any other species of the genus that I have
met with.
TINEINA.

ZACOPHORIDS.

PHLGOPOLA PYROCENTRA, Nl. sp.

Male, 20 mm. Head, thorax, and antennez fuscous. Antennal
ciliations one and a-half. Palpi whitish. Legs greyish, banded
with fuscous ; posterior pair wnolly grey. Abdomen grey. Fore-
wings moderate, elongate, costa gently arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, with a broad, fleshy-red, suffused,
longitudinal] streak through middle of wing, becoming blotch-like
towards hindmargin ; two or three very suffused blackish spots
on upper edge, a short, fuscous streak at one-third from base,
placed on band; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.
One specimen, Broken Hill, N.S.W., in April. <A curious-look-
ing and distinct insect. The palpi are rather short for this
genus.

PHILOBOTA MONADELTA, 0. Sp.

Female, 25 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax orange-yellow.
Second joint of palpi externally fuscous on apical half. Thorax
with a narrow, dark-purplish-fuscous anterior band. Antenne
fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Legs greyish; posterior pair
yellowish. Forewings elongate, moderate; costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin oblique ; bright yellow ; a small,
irregular, dark-fuscous patch on anal angle; cilia yellow, tips
fuscous-tinged, becoming fuscous on anal spot. Hindwings dark-
fuscous, becoming lighter towards base, hairs at base yellow;
cilia fuscous, mixed with yellow round anal angle. One specimen
near Sydney in December (Coll. Lyell). Rather an abnormal-
looking species, recalling a large specimen of Microbela epicona,
Meyr.

PELTUPHORA (?) LEUCOPLACA, n. Sp.

Female, 18 mm. Head and palpi snow-white, second joint of
palpi infuscated externally, especially towards base. Thorax

fuscous, with a large white quadrate spot on posterior half. |

Antenne and legs whitish, posterior legs ochreous. Abdomen
greyish ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate ; costa gently
arched, apex round pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded,
brownish ochreous ; a large snow-white blotch at base, extending
along inner-margin to about one-third, and only separated from
costa by a line of ground colour; a suffused erect white triangular
spot on inner-margin at anal angle; a similar, but more oblique,
one from costa just before apex, nearly touching apex of previous
spot ; a small suffused, whitish spoton middle of costa ; a minute
fuscous dot in apical white spot ; cilia ochreous-brownish, median
third white. Hindwings greyish-ochreous ; cilia pale-yellowish ;
underside of wings more yellowish tinged. In the present species,
which is doubtfully referred to Peltophora, veins 3, 4, and 5 of
forewings are closely’ approximated, yet separately at base—a
rather unusual character in this group. The hindwings are
normal. The antennal pecten is not traceable, having apparently
been denuded. One specimen at Mackay, Queensland, in
December.

OROPHIA MARMOREA, 0. Sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antennz white ;
antennal ciliations two, terminal joint of palpi hardly more than
half of second. Abdomen greyish. Legs grey, posterior pair
whitish. Forewings elongate, moderate; costa gently arched,
apex hardly pointed, hindmargin oblique, white, markings
ochreous brown; a narrow, somewhat indistinct costal streak,
attenuated at base; a suffused indistinct line, commencing at
base in middle and ending just near apex, a well-defined discal
spot at one-third of this streak, a second obliquely below it; a
moderately thick fascia from costa at apex to anal angle, strongly
indented inwards in median portion ; a row of blackish fuscous
interrupted spots along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa ;
cilia pale yellowish. Hindwings and cilia grey, cilia yellowish
tinged at base. One specimen at Mackay, Queensland, in April.
This species partakes somewhat the characters of both Saropla,
Meyr., and Orophia, Meyr., but seemingly distinct from either
by the palpi.

C#SYRA ARGYRASPIS, 1. Sp.

Female, 15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-orange.
Legs and abdomen greyish. Forewings moderate, elongate ;
costa hardly arched, apex somewhat pointed ; hindmargin oblique,
dull-ochreous-orange, with silvery-white markings ; a somewhat
broad costal streak from base to apex and right through cilia,
attenuated towards base ; three elongate, hardly connected spots
in middle of wing, first narrowly elongate, attenuated at base,

by hi Tah 7h 54 <r &

second and third in a direct line with first, obcordate, apices
turned towards hindmargin ; a narrow streak along inner mar-
gin, continued along hindmargin and ending immediately below
apex ; cilia ochreous-fuscous, terminal-half grey whitish. Hind-
wings greyish-fuscous ; cilia grey, basal-half fuscous. One speci-
men in November at Bulimba, Queensland. Recalls typical
species of philobota in markings.

GELECHIAD.
GELECHIA HEMICHLAENA, hn. Sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Abdomen greyish.
Palpi white, terminal joint fuscous, acute. Legs greyish. An-
tenne two-thirds. Forewings narrow, apex hardly pointed,
hindmargin oblique; white; markings cloudy-fuscous ; a suffused,
inwardly-oblique, narrow fascia, reaching half across wing, space
between this and base, suffusedly-fuscous, occupying lower half
of wing, space towards hindmargin lighter fuscous ; five or six
suffused costal spots on apical third of wing, separated by small
spots of ground colour ; an irregular mark at apex; cilia fuscous,
with a dark fuscous median line. Hindwings with termen
Sinuate, light-greyish-fuscous; cilia greyish. One specimen,
Broken Hill, in November.

GELECHIA MONOLEUCA, 0. sp.

Female, 18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax black ;
antenne somewhat serrate. Abdomen grey, posterior half black,
anal tuft whitish. Legs blackish, middle tibie ringed with
whitish, posterior legs with tufts of white hairs at base of joints,
tibie wholly whitish. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
black, somewhat shining; a moderate well defined snow-white
spot in middle of wing at two-thirds from base; various minute
whitish spots along veins, scarcely perceptible; a hindmarginal
row of minute whitish dots; cilia black. Hindwings with
termen not sinuate, six and seven stalked, greyish, blackish
tinged, except at base; cilia fuscous. One specimen taken at

Gosford, N.S.W. (Coll. G. Lyell, jun.)

GELECHIA (?) MICROMELA, Nn. sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black ;
palpi yellowish, second joint fuscous externally on basal half.
Antenne thickened, ochreous, somewhat infuscated. Forewings
moderate, rather short, costa gently arched ; shining deep purple
blackish, without markings, seven to apex ; cilia blackish. Hind-
wings biackish, thinly scaled ; three and four long stalked, six
and seven stalked; cilia as in forewings. Doubtfully referable

to Gelechia. Vein 7 can hardly be said to terminate on costa,
more correctly the apex. The stalking of veins 3 and 4 of the
hindwings would remove it from the Grelechiade altogether, but
as the species partakes very much of the facies of a Gelechia, I
place it here until I obtain more material. Superficially it
reminds one of the genus Petalanthes, one of the Qeophoride.
One specimen ; Gisborne, Victoria.

GELECHIA DESMATRA, N. Sp.

Male, 9 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax ochreous-
whitish. Abdomen and legs fuscous. Forewings moderate ;
costa hardly arched, apex rounded, whitish; a broad, thick,
fuscous, transverse fascia from middle of costa to middle of inner
margin, dilated on costa; two fuscous, more or less elongate,
marks on costa beyond this; apical fourth of wing tinged with
fuscous, and becoming darker on hindmargin, and containing a
row of small fuscous dots around apex and hindmargin; cilia
ochreous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. One specimen, Broken
Hill, in November.

GELECHIA OMBRODES, N. Sp.

Male and female, 10 mm. Head snow-white, palpi white,
second joint externally golden ochreous, except apex. Antenne
fuscous, with small fine pecten. Ciliations one. Thorax golden
ochreous. Abdomen greyish. Legs ochreous brown. Forewings
snow-white ; a narrow ochreous brown fascia at base; a broad
ochreous brown transverse fascia from three-quarters of costa to
anal angle, slightly dilated on costa and inner-margin, a light
ochreous-brown suffusion on apical portion of hindmargin, con-
tinued as a fine line along hindmargin to anal angle; cilia
greyish ochreous, becoming darker round anal angle. Hindwings
and cilia grey. Two specimens taken at Rockhampton in middle
of November. This species will require a new genus. I have
not yet sufficient material for dissection, but the neuration of the
forewings, so far as can be made out, is as follyws :—Vein one is
extremely long furcate, in fact the fork reaches half the length
of the cell ; veins two and three are stalked, seven and eight are
stalked, seven terminating on costa. The hindwings are normal,
excepting that six and seven are extremely short stalked.

GELECHIA MICRADELPHA, D. Sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, legs, and thorax
yellow. Posterior legs with a black band on tibize (abdomen
broken). Forewings elongate, moderate, narrow ; costa nearly
straight, hindmargin oblique, hardly sinuate beneath apex,
orange-yellow ; a small blackish spot on costa at one third from

base; a broad, purplish-fuscous, hindmarginal band, occupying
one-third of wing, anterior edge darker, and slightly curved out-
wards; a yellowish, elongate spot on costal portion of band ;
cilia fuscous, at base becoming yellowish. Hindwings with
termen sinuate, dark-fuscous ; cilia nearly one-half, fuscous. One
specimen, taken at Broken Hill, N.S.W.,in November. Nearest
porphyrloma, Lower, but differs by the smaller size, different
shaped hindmarginal band, and costal spot.

ANARSIA DRYINOPA, N. Sp.

Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs
ashy-grey-whitish. Terminal joint of palpi whitish, with blackish
ante-apical band. Antenne annulated with white. Thorax
more whitish, with an apparent fuscous, median stripe. Abdomen
greyish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow; costa gently
arched, apex pointed, hindmargin oblique ; ashy-grey-whitish,
mixed with fuscous and dark fuscous; markings very obscure ;
three short, blackish, outwardly oblique, costal spots between
base and middle ; various black and whitish short dashes towards
hindmargin ; a blackish, crescentic mark from inner margin at
one-fourth, curved round to base beneath costa; cilia fuscous.
Hindwings somewhat broader than forewings, termen slightly
sinuate, grey; cilia greyish. One specimen from Broken Hill,
N.S.W., in October. Nearest inodes, Meyr., but smaller, and
differently marked ; it is not unlike Gelechia aversella, Walk.

ANARSIA (?) HOLOMELA, nh. sp.

Female, 10mm. Head, thorax, abdomen, antenne, palpi, and
legs blackish. Antenne two-thirds, second joint of palpi with a
dense loose triangular tuft of hairs; terminal joint as long as
second, strongly recurved. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obiiquely rounded,
seven and eight stalked, seven to costa, three and four stalked ;
black, with hardly perceptible scattered minute blackish spots ;
an irregular blackish hindmarginal line; cilia light fuscous.
Hindwings fuscous, termen slightly sinuate, six and seven
stalked ; cilia about one-third, fuscous. One specimen; Broken
Hill, in June.

ARISTOTELIA (?) MONOSTROPHA, n. Sp.

Female, 13 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and legs greyish; face
whitish. Antenne whitish ; ciliations one, with pecten. Second
joint of palpi not tufted. Forewings lanceolate, moderately
broad ; ochreous-brown ; a broad, somewhat suffused-white streak
from base to apex, broadest in middle, extremities attenuated ; a
dark-fuscous dot in middle, resting on lower portion of streak ;
cilia greyish. Hindwings greyish; cilia ochreous-grey. One

specimen in March, Broken Hill, N.'S.W. Similar in appearance
to epispila.
ARISTOTELIA (?) EPISPILA, n. sp.

Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, and legs greyish-
fuscous. Apex of second joint of palpi whitish. Posterior legs
grey ; abdomen broken. Forewings linear, apex pointed ; pale-
brownish ; a broad, whitish, longitudinal streak from base to
apex, occupying upper half of wing throughout; two dark
fuscous dots, one before and one beyond middle of disc, placed
on upper edge of ground colour; some suffused fuscous spots
towards hindmargin; cilia grey. Hindwings linear, termen
sinuate, whitish ; cilia nearly two, colour as in forewings. One
specimen, Parkside, 8. Australia, in March. I am not quite
certain as to the correct location of this species; for instance,
veins seven and eight of forewings appear to run out of six,
which is unusual in this genus.

Y PSOLOPHUS DRYINODES, Nl. Sp.

Female, 25 mm. _ Head, palpi, thorax, legs, and antenne
fuscous ; palpi darker-fuscous on sides; second joint grey-
whitish above. Abdomen greyish. Forewings moderate; costa
gently arched, hindmargin oblique; fuscous, with innumerable,
darker-fuscous, minute dots, more pronounced along costa and
veins towards hindmargin, where they appear in longitudinal
rows ; there also appears to be three oblique, transverse rows of
similar spots from one-fourth of costa to about one-fourth inner
margin; one from middle of costa to before middle of inner
margin; another from near three-fourths of costa to beyond
middle of inner-margin; veins two and three stalked; cilia
reddish-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. Three specimens
at Brisbane in December.

Eurorna (?) NIPHODES, n. sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head, antenne, palpi, and thorax white ;
second joint of palpi infuscated beneath. Abdomen grey-
whitish. Forewings linear, apex pointed ; white, tinged with
ochreous towards apical third; a black dot in disc at one-third,
another obliquely beyond and below ; a third, larger, in middle
of disc at two-thirds ; a row of three or four black dots along
apical fourth of costa; an obscure blackish dot at anal angle.
Hindwings grey; cilia three, whitish. One specimen, Gisborne (?),
Victoria, in March.

EUTORNA STRATIMERA, N. Sp.

Male, 12 mm. Head, antenne, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and
legs dark fuscous ; antennze biserrate, very shortly ciliated ; hairs

of upper portion of second joint of palpi white. Forewings
linear, apex pointed ; dark ashy-grey-whitish ; a narrow whitish
line along costa from base to apex, finely attenuated along apical
three-fifths ; extreme edge of costa black at base; cilia fuscous.
Hindwings fuscous; cilia one and a half; greyish-fuscous. One
specimen, Belair, 8. Australia, in November.

CLEODORA EUMELA, 0. sp.

Female,12 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, antenne, and
legs black ; second joint of palpi with a dense projecting tuft,
terminal as long as second, recurved. Forewings moderate,
elongate ; costa gently arched, apex hardly pointed ; hindmargin
oblique, seven and eight to costa; black, with faint indications
of a few blackish scattered dots in disc and along hindmargin ;
cilia fuscous-grey. Hindwings slightly sinuate beneath apex ;
blackish, becoming lighter towards base; cilia as in forewings.
One specimen from Stawell, Victoria, in December.

PocGontas (?) LEUCOMA, n. sp.

10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax snow-white. Antenne
fuscous, white at base. Abdomen and legs greyish. Forewings
narrow ; costa nearly straight, apex hardly pointed, fuscous; a
broad, suffused-white, longitudinal streak from base to middle,
thence curved up to costa near apex, sharply defined on basal
half, somewhat suffused beyond; a small, elongate, blackish
mark in sinuation of white streak ; cilia greyish-fuscous. Hind-
wings narrow, fuscous ; cilia three, greyish-fuscous. One speci-
men at light, Mackay, Queensland, in August.

PoGONIAS CAPNOPA, Lower.

In my original description, the abdomen of this species was
not described. Having obtained an additional specimen, I am
enabled to complete the same. The description should read :—
*‘ Abdomen fuscous, ochreous in middle.” The cilia of the hind-
wings have an ochreous tinge in the specimen before me, which I
captured at Broken Hill, N.S.W., in April. |

PLUTELLIDZ.

PLUTELLA OCHRONEURA, h. Sp.

Female, 16 mm. Head, thorax, antenne, palpi, and legs
ochreous-white. Abdomen greyish. Forewings rather narrow ;
costa gently arched, apex pointed, whitish; all veins outlined
with pale-ochreous-yellow, giving the appearance of being
ochreous-white ; cilia ochreous, at apex becoming ochreous-white.
Hindwings lanceolate-linear, whitish; cilia two and a-half,
whitish. One specimen, Semaphore, 8.A., in November.

TINEIDA.
ERECHTHIAS POLYSPILA, Nn. Sp.

Male, 8-10 mm. Head black, face and crown white ; palpi,
thorax, and antennz blackish; second joint of palpi whitish
above. Legs fuscous, posterior pair greyish. Forewings linear,
apex pointed, dark fuscous, with whitish markings; a short
straight, fine streak from base in middle to one-sixth; a similar
shorter, but somewhat thicker one, immediately following, but
slightly above; a fine streak along inner-margin from hase to
anal angle, finely attenuated on posterior third; a fine irregular
oblique fascia from just before three-fourths of costa to anal
angle, touching end of preceding streak; a rather thick short
fascia from costa just before apex, reaching about half across
wing; a round black spot at apex, encircled by dull whitish ;
cilia fuscous, whitish at base, and with a blackish median line.
Hindwings and cilia fuscous. One specimen, Parkside, S. Aus-
tralia, in October.

NOTES ON THE GLACIAL FEATURES OF THE
INMAN VALLEY, YANKALILLA, AND CAPE
JERVIS DISTRICT.

By Pror. T. E. W. Davin, B.A., F.G.S., and
W. Howcuin, F.G.S.

[Read June 1, 1897].

In 1859 Mr. Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Government Geologist of
Victoria, made a hurried, but extensive geological tour in this
colony by request of the South Australian Government. In his
official report he says :—‘‘ At one point, in the bed of the Inman,
I observed a smooth, striated, and grooved rock surface, pre-
senting every indication of glacial action. . . . This is the
first and only instance of the kind I have met with in Australia,
and it at once attracted my attention.” This glacial pavement
was not subsequently observed till rediscovered by the authors of
this paper and Mr. C. C. Brittlebank in March last. The journey
was undertaken with the express object of investigating the
glacial features of the neighborhood, with the result that the
investigators are much impressed with the clearness of the
glacial evidences, as well as their magnitude. It is not intended
in the present paper to give a detailed description of the
observations made (that will take the form of a Report from
the Glacial Committee to the Australian Association for the
Advancement of Science), but it was thought desirable to give
an early and local statement of some of the leading facts which
have been obtained on this subject.

On leaving Port Victor by the Inman Valley road, about one
and a-half miles from the township, numerous large blocks of
granite are seen in the paddocks on the left hand side of the road.
Similar erratics can be noted on the hillsides bordering the road
almost the entire length of the valley to Normanville.

In the bed of the Inman, a little west of the seventh mile-
post from Port Victor, a very fine exposure of a polished ice-
pavement occurs. It is situated on the North side of the stream,
within the limits of the flood-waters, and passes under a bank of
recent river silt. There is a continuous, highly-polished floor,
measuring 20 ft. by 6 ft., with a surface slightly sloping towards
the stream. It is deeply grooved and striated, the strie having
a direction of W. 94° N., conforming to the general trend of the
valley. The stone which has taken the polish is a hard, dark-

colored quartzite, very favorable for recording the effects of
ice-action. This exposure must take rank as the finest example
of a glacially-polished rock known within the limits of Aus-
tralia. Most likely it is the identical example discovered by
Selwyn 38 years ago, and may appropriately be called “ Selwyn’s
Rock.” <A few yards higher up the stream, in a wash-away on
its Southern bank, another polished surface of smaller extent is
seen. The striew are in the same direction as on the larger face,
and cross the bed of the stream diagonally. The only other
places where striated rock was noticed was in a tributary of the
Bungala River, near its source on the Western side of the Bald
Hills, about four miles from Yankalilla, where two small patches,
a foot or two square, with overlying drift, were seen. Here also
the glaciated rock is a highly siliceous quartzite, similar to the
large polished surface in the Inman, and the strize show the same
general direction.

On the rising ground above the glaciated floor (already
described), near the seventh mile-stone, there are immense blocks
and groupings of granite boulders scattered over the sides of the
hill. Some of these are so massive that at first sight they look
like rocks in situ. -Close by, a mountain torrent has cut its way
through a bed of drift, studded with glaciated stones at an alti-
tude of about 100 ft. above the glacial floor in the bed of the
river.

From this point, for several miles up stream, the glacial drift
is seen at intervals in the banks of the river. Its general feature
is a soft sand rock carrying glaciated stones, and in places is
seen to rest on a dark-colored arenaceous clay with few stones.
In some instances the sand rock is considerably indurated and
carries beds of conglomerate irregularly distributed. Several
readings of these drift beds gave a dip of about 7° to E.S.E.

Between the ninth and tenth mileposts large granite boulders
are extremely common in the Inman, in some places almost
choking the bed of the river. One hundred large examples were
counted in the distance of a hundred yards. Blocks of granite
were measured equalling ten, eleven, and twelve feet in their
longer diameters.

In the upper reaches of the Inman the erratics are fewer in
number, and the glacial drift occurs as a soft, bluish-black clay,
which is more or less sandy in composition.

About 15 miles from Port Victor the Bald Hills watershed
crosses the valley transversely, cutting off the eastern (i.e, the
Inman and Back Valley) drainage, which finds its outlet at Port
Victor; from the western (7.¢., the Bungala and Yankalilla River
systems), which flow into Gulf St. Vincent. The road crosses the
watershed at a height of 640 ft. above sea level. The ice has

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crossed this barrier in its passage westward, leaving abundant
evidences of its former existence by thick deposits of drift and
glaciated stones on the summit of the range, with drift beds,
numerous erratics, and the polished rock surfaces already referred
to on the western or further flanks of the watershed. At the
summit of the Bald Hills the soil is deep and remarkably dark in
colour, more like a marsh soil than what usually occurs on the
erest of a hill. This ‘‘rich olack soil of the Bald Hills” attracted
Selwyn’s attention, but he was unable to account for it. It is
not unlikely to have been derived from a similar deposit as the
bluish-black glacial drift, which has a considerable development
in the Inman Valley.

Time prevented a close examination of the lower levels of the
Bungala Valley, which near Yankalilla are largely obscured by
recent river wash, but glaciated erratics were observed on the
hills two miles north of Normanville at a height of about 200 ft.
above sea level.

Taking advantage of the Easter holidays, one of us returned to
the district for further investigations. The Bald Hills watershed
was explored to the northward of the main road, when granitic
and other erratics were found scattered over Mr. J. R. Kelly’s
fields near the crest of the hills, some of them being facetted and
scratched.

A high ridge runs up the centre of the main east and west
valley between Port Victor and Normanville, separating the
Inman Valley from the Back Valley. Ata point about seven
and ahalf miles from Yankalilla a district road was followed,
which passes over this central ridge. Erratics were seen at inter-
vals on the rise, some of considerable size; and a granite boulder
three feet in diameter was noted close to the road near the crest of
the hill. As nearas could be judged, in the absence of an aneroid,
this ridge is about 500 ft. above the bed of the Inman, and about
100 ft. above the greatest height of road that passes over the
Bald Hills. After passing the crest of the hill, the ground drops
about 100 ft., and the road continues along the crest of a lower
range, which has a trend of 8.8.E. and N.N.W. On this range
there are two road cuttings, each about 100 yards in extent,
showing soft yellow sandstones, unstratified, but contorted.
Dark-coloured argillaceous bands run most irregularly through
the stone, sometimes forming loops. No stones were seen in the
sandstone itself, but several striated stones were picked up loose
in the cutting. About a quarter of a mile beyond the second
cutting a stony patch is exposed on the northern side of the road
on the slope of the hill, many of the stones showing glacial

features. The bed of the Back Valley Creek is much silted, and
only two small patches of the yellow sandstone similar to the

sandy glacial drift of the Inman were noticed in the bed of the
stream. It was in this valley that the three bores of the Victor
Harbour Coal Company were put down, passing through sand-
stones, shales, and boulder beds to a depth of 964 feet before
the old rocks were touched.

The most remarkable section of glacial drift discovered in the
district was in the Government Quarry in Woods Creek, a
tributary of the Bungala, and situated about a mile from the
centre of the township of Yankalilla. It is a white, yellow, and
grey sandstone, soft near the surface, but passing down to very
strong posts in the bottom of the quarry, which can only be won
by blasting. The stone is much jointed and appears to dip at
20° to N.N.W. There is a vertical exposure of about 50 feet,
and the quarry has been opened for a distance of about 150:
yards. The appearance of the face is very remarkable. Large
and small erratics are plentifully distributed throughout its
entire thickness, granite being very conspicuous, but mostly
rotten. One of the latter fragments was noticed that measured
18in. by 10 in. The included stones, where not decomposed, are
for the most part glacially smoothed or striated. The quarry has
been used for years as asupply for road metal, and has made
Yankalilla and neighbourhood famous for its good roads. In the
creek, close by, the drift is seen to rest unconformably on quartzite
thickly penetrated with a network of syenitic and other igneous
veins. No polished pavement at the line of junction was
visible.

On the road between Yankalilla and Cape Jervis proofs of
glacial action were seen in two places. About nine miles from
Yankalilla, in a cutting of the road on the eastern side, a sub-
angular erratic of red quartzite measuring 18 in. by 11 in. lies
near the top of the bank. The stone is very highly polished and
striated, and close to it is a sharply angular grey quartzite of
larger size, but not showing glaciation on the faces exposed.
Estimated height above the sea, 300 feet.

On the south side of Fowler’s Hill, just past the 59th milepost
from Adelaide (13 miles from Yankalilla), a section of glacial
drift with striated pebbles is exposed in a road cutting. The
drift occurs on the eastern side as a pocket 33 yards long and
12 feet high, enclosed within calcareous shale. LErratics are
numerous, the largest observed being a greenish quartzite 12 in.
by 6 in., exhibiting striz. Estimated height above level of sea,
500 feet.

At Cape Jervis there is the most extensive development of
glacial Till that has been up to the present observed in South
Australia. The morainic material occupies the background to
the lighthouse in crescent-shaped hills more than a hundred feet

high. Large single erratics, as well as groups up to 30 in number,
can be seen on the hillsides, and where a wash has occurred the
glaciated stones can be picked up in great numbers. Amongst
these, rounded quartz pebbles are conspicuous and in nearly every
case show polished faces. Amongst the larger erratics granite
boulders are the most common, and are associated with a few
quartzites, one of which measured 7 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 9 in,
exposed above the Till, in which it is partially buried. On the
hillsides above the lighthouse (where these large boulders have
been weathered out) the sloping ground is well grassed, which
obscures much of the glacial features; but the Till bed follows
the northern trend of the coast line, exhibiting a steep and bare
cliff face of the most instructive character. It is here seen that
the bed is a true unstratified Till crowded with travelled stones,
mostly ice-marked. A complete section is visible of a great Till
bed of over 100 feet in thickness, resting unconformably on a
floor of palzozoic rocks, and capped by variegated (? Miocene)
clays and a superficial travertine crust. The bed-rock is soft and
much decomposed, and therefore unsuitable for receiving or re-
taining a glacial face. The glacial outcrop was trazed along the
line of cliffs for about three-quarters of a mile without reaching
its termination.

Observations made from the top of the coach, on the return
journey from Yankalilla to Adelaide, it seems highly prob-
able that the glacial sandstone extends for about ten miles
from Yankalilla in that direction, as evidenced by (a) the road
metal ; (6) on top of hill above Wattle Flat (44 miles from Ade-
laide) the yellow sandstone characteristic of the glacial beds of
the locality outcrops by the roadside ; (c) on hill north side of
Wattle Flat Post Office what appears to be a Till with stones is
exposed in road-cutting; (¢d) and at 414 miles from Adelaide
this (7) glacial sandstone is once more seen in outcrop by the
roadside.

These observations require to be confirmed by a closer examina-
tion of the country, but it seems probable that the glaciation had
its Northern limits determined by the lofty Sellick’s Hill Range.

GENERAL DEDUCTIONS.

1. The stratigraphical features of the glacial beds of the dis-
trict have been but imperfectly traced, but they appear to be
devisable into two well-marked lithological types—

(a) An unstratified Till, of a dark color, more or less arenaceous,
either with or without glaciated stones.

(6) Yellow and grey sandstones and conglomerates varying
from a soft, friable sand-rock to a hard, siliceous sandstone, which,
in the latter case, is extensively jointed. These sandstones are

mostly destitute of stratification, and generally contain erratics.
Even where no stones can be seen in the face, striated stones are
almost invariably found on the surface of outcrop as though
weathered out from the bed.

The borings put down by the Port Victor Coal Prospecting
Company in the Back Valley show throughout their entire depth
alternating dark arenaceous mudstones with sandstones and
boulder beds similar to those observed at the surface. The con-
tinuity of the glacial beds to the 960 ft. depth, as proved by
bores, seems beyond doubt. This gives a thickness approxi-
mately of 1,500 ft. of glacial deposits in the Back Valley.

[The association of Till beds intercalated with yellow sand-
stones, as described above, offers a close analogy with the Bacchus
Marsh series of Victoria. |

2. The very wide area over which glacial features have now
been proved to exist leads to the conclusion that the greater part
of the Cape Jervis Peninsula, with Port Victor and Normanville
(or even Myponga) as the base of the triangle, has been visited
by ice, an area of more than 300 square miles.

3. The direction of the strisz, as well as the distribution of the
transported material, point to the region of the Southern coast,
from Port Elliot to Kangaroo Island, or even much further into
the Southern Ocean, as the probable centre of dispersion. Blocks
of Port Victor granite can be traced as far North as Hallett’s
Cove. The direction in which the ice travelled was therefore in
opposition to the present drainage of the land, which is, generally
speaking, from North to South.

4. In the present stage of our observations it is a little difficult
to say definitely what form the ice took in this extensive glacia-
tion. Was it in the form of glaciers, icebergs, or coast ice?
Many of the phenomena seem best explained by the supposition
of land ice as the agent—such as the great extent of polished
rock surfaces [as at Hallett’s Cove], the depth and uniform
direction of the striz, and the great number of scratched and
facetted stones contained in the drift. If the ice was in the
form of glaciers, it would require a great extent of highlands to
the South, sufficient to form vast snowfields, from which tongues
of ice radiated. The transported material being essentially local
in its origin, is not likely to have been carried by icebergs, so
that the only alternative is that of ice-floes or coast-ice being the
transporting agent. On this theory the Bald Hills, which are
now 600 or 700 feet above sea level, and are capped with glacial
drift, must at the time of glaciation have been at or below sea
level. When the locality has been more thoroughly examined,
it is not unlikely that evidences will be found that will set this
question at rest.

5. The presence of variegated (? Miocene) clays and travertine
as a capping to the Till at Cape Jervis, although in the absence
of fossils cannot be taken as conclusive, seems to point, like the
Hallett’s Cove section, to a Pre-Miocene age of the glaciation.

6. The additions to our knowledge of this important period of
glaciation in Southern Australia tend to confirm the opinion
already expressed by us elsewhere,* that the South Australian
glaciation was synchronous with the great Victorian glaciation
of Permo-Carboniferous age. No paleontological proofs of this
have been obtained in the drift beds of this colony, but the
lithological characteristics of the South Australian drift agree
very closely with the Victorian beds ; whilst the great changes
that have taken place in the physical features of the country
since the ice age, may well draw upon a period of time for their
accomplishment equal to that which separates the Permo-
Carboniferous age from the present.

Thanks are due to Mr. F. G. Raymond, of Yankalilla, by whose
valuable assistance our work was greatly facilitated in examining

the Yankalilla and Cape Jervis Districts.

* Aus. Asso. Adv. Science, vol. VI., p. 318.

ON EVIDENCES OF GLACIATION IN CENTRAL
AUSTRALIA.

By Proressor Ratpu TAre.
[Read June 1, 1897.]

In the “Geology of the Horn Expedition,” vol. II., p. 72,
there is described a section of Yellow Cliff, at the south-east
bend of the River Finke, near Crown Point Head Station. The
chief feature presented by that section is the tumultuously-
bedded material, many of the included pebbles, which range up
to two feet cube, are standing on end, some of the pebbles are,
moreover, sub-angular, smooth, and striated. _When on the out-
ward journey, this section was closely studied, and partly in the
company of Professor Spencer,* to whom I announced my opinion
that some of the pebbles evidenced glaciation. However, as I
failed to recognise any similar signs of glaciation or co-ordinate
phenomenon during the rest of our exploration, I, on my return
to Yellow Cliff, and after a brief re-examination of the pebbles,
attributed the striation of the pebbles to bedding-lines.

Professor Spencer, during the early part of this year, collected
pebbles from this section, which Professor David informs me are
undoubtedly glaciated, and thus confirms my first impression as
to the nature of their surface-sculpture.

The occurrence of large boulders on the north side of Cun-
ningham Gap, described by East (Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. XII., p.
44), may therefore be explained as ice-borne.

Date of Glaciation Cunningham Gap isa short north and
south transverse gorge in a mural line of cliff, which is consti-
tuted of the following strata, as determined by me in the tabular
mass of it known as Crown Point :—‘“ Desert Sandstone” in
three horizontal bands, about 50 feet, resting on false-bedded
friable felspathic sandstone and purple hard sandy clays dipping
south at about 50°. These latter are probably decomposed
Archezan-rocks, such as those described by East (op. cit., p. 45)
at Polly Springs, about 20 miles to the north.

The formation of Cunningham Gap is of course posterior to the
deposition of the Desert Sandstone and its subsequent structural
alteration, and thus inferentially is that of the accumulation of
the glacial-debris at Yellow Cliff. Moreover, pebbles of Desert
Sandstone occur in large proportion in the debris, and these are
readily distinguishable from the Ordovician quartzites or the
Archean glassy quartzites which occur in the Macdonnell
Ranges.

—* My coadjutor, Mr. A. Watt, in the Department of Geology, had not
the opportunity of studying this section.

:
|

i. ST OF PLANTS COLLECTED BY THE CALVERT
EXPEDITION.

By Proressor Ratpu Tate,
[Read July 6, 1897. ]

The collection of plants under review is supplemental to the
main gathering made by the naturalist to the Expedition (Mr.
Keartland) which was abandoned at Joanna Springs. It was
made between December 22, 1896, and March 17, 1897; firstly
whilst stationed at the junction of the Fitzroy River and
Margaret Creek, about 150 miles from Derby ; and secondly,
whilst on the search for his missing colleagues, embracing 100
miles down the Fitzroy, thence south to near Joanna Springs,
and thence to Derby.

The collection comprises about 100 species, but about a moiety
of them is represented by foliage, though of the latter a few admit
of assignment to specific denomination.

The facies is that of the Eremian botanical province, largely
comprised of Indo-Australian species, such as prevails over the

table-land skirting the littoral tracts of North-Western Aus-

tralia.

The region botanically explored by Mr. Keartland has been
somewhat extensively reported upon by the late Baron Mueller
through the collections made by himself, Mr. F. Gregory, Sir
John Forrest, and lately by Mr. Tepper (‘‘ Plants of Roebuck
Bay ”) in Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Aust., 1892.

Rare or previously unrecorded species are the following :—

Capparis wmbonata, Hibiscus panduriformis, Polycarpea
violacea, Trichinium arthrolasium, Gomphrena affinis, G.
Brownii, Cassia concinna, Indigofera viscosa, Neptunia gracilis,
Acacia suberosa, A. dineura, Melaleuca lasiandra, Gardenia
Keartlandi, n.sp., Tragus racemosus, Perotis rara, and Andropogon
gryllus.
_ Of the various collections made from this region it is note-
worthy how few are the species in common, and though the
greatest number enumerated in any one collection does not
exceed 250, yet in the aggregate the flora numbers over 600.

Capparidee.—Cleome viscosa. Capparis umbonata.

Violacee.—Hybanthus suffruticosum,

Zygophyllee.—Tribulus terrestris, T. Solandri.

Malvacee.—Abutilon otocarpum. Hibiscus microchlenus, H.

7 G

panduriformis. Gossypium australe. Adansonia Gregorii;
fruit five inches long and four inches diameter.

Sterculiacee.—Brachychiton Gregorii. Seringea integrifolia.

Tiliacee.—Corchorus vermicularis, C. sidoides. Triumfetta
cheetocarpa. -

Euphorbiacee. — Euphorbia Drummondii, E. alsinzflora.
Petalostigma quadriloculare.

Sapindacee.—Atalaya hemiglauca.

Caryophyllee.—Polycarpea violacea; a stouter plant than
usual, and densely fasiciled at the nodes. .

Amarantacee.—Gomphrena flaccida, G. affinis, G. Brownii.
Ptilotus arthrolasius; this species was collected by Sir John
Forrest, but as yet unrecorded, so I am informed by the Curator
of the National Herbarium, Melbourne.

Salsolacee.—Enchylena tomentosa.

Ficoidee.—Trianthema pilosa.

Phytolaccee.—Codonocarpus cotonifolius.

Nyctaginee.—Boerhaavia diffusa.

Leguminose.—Crotolaria Cunninghami. Indigofera viscosa.
Tephrosia purpurea. Abrus precatorius. Cassia concinna.
Bauhinia Leichhardtii. Neptunia gracilis. Acacia dineura, A.
tumida, A. stipuligera, A suberosa.

Combretacee.—Gyrocarpus Americanus.

Myrtacee.— Melaleuca leucodendron, M. lasiandra. Eucalyp-
tus terminalis. Barringtonia acutangula.

Santalacee.—Santalum lanceolatum.

Proteacee.—Grevillea refracta. Hakea macrocarpa.

Cucurbitaceg.—Cucumis trigonus. Mukia scabrella.

Rubiacee.—Gardenia Keartlandi, ate.

Shrubby, branchlets thick, the young shoots resinous (the
resin collecting as small drops of a clear amber color). Leaves
shortly petiolate, oval-oblong, obtuse at both ends, coriaceous,
penninerved and reticulate, not exceeding one and a-half inches
long, glabrous. Flowers white, terminal, solitary, shortly pedi-
cellate, sweet-smelling. Calyx-limb shortly tubular-campanulate,
with six, linear-obtuse lobes (two a little longer and wider than
the others) ; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes (about 4 mm..),
not ribbed. Corolla-tube nearly one inch long (23 mm.), slightly
dilated upwards; lobes six, oblong, about half-length of tube.
Fruit globulose to ovoid-globular, about one inch diameter (25
mm.), crowned by the base of the calyx-tube; endocarp dense,
hard, cartilaginous, 2 mm. thick; the rind dry and thin, at least
in the dried specimens ; placentas three.

One flower only (which has not been dissected), six ripe fruits.
Fitzroy River, Calvert Exploring Expedition.

This new species differs from its Australian congeners with

similar calyces in the young shoots being resinous, not pubescent ;
and from those with resinous shoots by its deeply toothed calyx.
It would appear from description that it approximates in general
characters to G. pyriformis on the one hand and to G. resinosa
on the other.

Convolvulacee.—Ipomea heterophylla.

Solanacee.—Solanum echinatum.

Bignoniacece.—Dolichandrone heterophylla ; leaves pinnate of
three pairs, leaflets oblong-oval up to one and a-half inches long.

Scrophularinee.—Herpestis floribundus.

Asperifolie.—Halgania solanacea.

Commelinee.—Commelina ensifolia.

Graminee.—Panicum decompositum, P. pauciflorum. Perotis
rara. Tragus racemosus. Andropogon gryllus. Aristida arenaria.
Eriachne obtusa. Cynodon tenellus. Sporobolus virginicus, var.
pallidus. Eragrostis tenella ; E. chetophylla.

‘ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES RELATING TO THE
ABORIGINES OF THE LOWER NORTH OF SOUTH
AUSTRALIA,

By J. Harris Browne.

[Read August 3, 1897.]

MetHop oF Cookinc Cress (LEPIDIUM RUDERALE) AND OF
_ STEAMING RusHEs (JUNCUS SP.) FOR FIBRE.

. A circular hole was dug in the ground, two feet deep by three
feet diameter, and into the bottom of the hole large pebbles were
placed ; a fire was kindled and kept burning until the stones were
red hot. The embers were then taken out and sticks laid across
the hole ; on these a layer of reeds or damp grass was placed, and
on them the cress in concentric layers, the root-ends to the out-
side ; over the cress another layer of grass was laid and more
grass round the outside of the heap. <A “ yam stick” was then
thrust through the heap from the top, and when withdrawn
water was poured down the hole thus made; this reaching the
hot stones, came up in steam that permeated the whole heap,
more water being added from time to time when necessary. In
about an hour the cress was well cooked, and the oven ready for
another fire as before.

Rushes were steamed in the same manner. They were kept
warm in the heap, and taken two at a time by the women and
chewed from end to end to break up the pith; they were then
allowed to dry, when the pith was separated from the fibre by
combing it with the fingers. The fibre was then rolled up into
twine, by the men, by twirling it with the hand on the naked
thigh. The twine thus made was used for making nets for fishing
and for catching emu and kangaroo ; for the latter the twine was
about the thickness of ‘“ sash cord.”

The chewing process was a very severe task for the women, and
while still young their splendid teeth were worn down to the
gums.

On A METHOD OF OBTAINING GAME.

The grassy substance, the leaves and stems of Xerotes effusa,
was used by the natives of the plains of the lower north for the
purpose of suffocating kangaroo rats (bokra) in their burrows.
The bokra afforded their chief supply of animal food at all times,
but more especially during the summer months ; and their skins,
made into rugs, formed the only clothing they possessed. The

73°

bokras lived in families, as many as 20 individuals in one burrow.
Each burrow had several inlets, all of them converging to a
central chamber, and from that chamber tunnels ran off in all
directions, each one being the private residence of a family.

A burrow having being found that showed by the tracks of the
animals that it was well inhabited, the native proceeded to stop
up all the holes, except one on the windward side. Into the out-
let opposite to and farthest from this he puts, before filling it up,
a yam stick or tuft of grass. Into the open hole he then placed
lengthwise a handful of the stems and leaves of this plant, set
fire to it, and sat down to fan the smoke into the burrow, the fan

—

being either an owl’s wing or a bokra’s skin sewn on to a forked -

stick.
The smoking process took from 15 to 20 minutes. When

the native thought there was smoke enough in the burrow, he -

went to the opposite hole into which he had inserted the yam
stick or tufts of grass, and if, on removing it, smoke came out
freely, he knew there was enough. He then stopped up the fire
hole, and, crouching down on the top of the burrow, he listened
intently for the movements, coughing or sneezing, of the bokras,
making marks on the ground where the sounds indicated the

situation of the animals in their last dying struggle. This was

often near the outlets of the burrow. When all was quiet, the
native opened the outlets at the marked spots and took out all
the animals within his reach. If there were not as many as he
wanted, he sunk a hole down into the centre of the burrow to get
at those that had died in the central chamber.

The hole sunk was about two feet in diameter, quite circular,
and often four or five feet deep. Its object was to reach the
point to where the different openings and tunnels converged.
The tools used were a yam stick and a wooden tray or shovel
eight or nine inches long by six or seven inches wide. When the
hole was about 15 inches deep, the native got into it, loosening
the earth between his legs with the yam stick, and threw it out
over his shoulders with the shovel. It required about an hour to
sink a hole four feet deep. I once saw eleven bokra taken out of
one burrow, six from the outlet holes and five from the bottom of

the shaft. A full-grown bokra weighs as much as an average--

sized rabbit.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF LOWER CAMBRIAN
FOSSILS IN THE MOUNT LOFTY RANGES.

By Water Howcuin, F.G.S8.
[Read August 3, 1897.]

For the past fifty years the stratigraphical position of the
Mount Lofty Ranges has been one of the most difficult, yet in-
teresting, problems in South Australian geology. A great ram-
part of rock, nearly 500 miles in its longer axis, its western
members composed of thick argillites, quartzites, siliceous lime-
stones and marbles ; and its easterly flanks passing into crystal-
line schists and great igneous intrusions, presents a bold
physiographical, as well as geological, contrast to the horizontal
beds which have gathered around its base. These serried heights
form the most conspicuous and extensive feature in our local
geology, and yet they have persistently held the secret of their
age. With two doubtful exceptions (quoted by the late Tenison
Woods) the most diligent search had failed to secure the faintest
paleontological remains; they were consequently regarded as
azoic and early observers classified them variously as older
Palzxozoic, or otherwise, Pre-Cambrian or Archzan.

The discovery in 1879 of a sub-crystalline limestone containing
fossils of Lower Cambrian age, resting unconformably on a Pre-
Cambrian series on Yorke’s Peninsula, was regarded as important
analogical evidence that the Mount Lofty formations were of
Pre-Cambrian age, and from the date of the discovery mentioned
the Mount Lofty Ranges have been generally classified as
Archean. Discoveries have been recently made, however, in
these so-called Archean rocks which have an important bearing
on this subject, and on the most convincing evidence determines
the basal beds of the Mount Lofty Ranges to be in part, if not
wholly, of Lower Cambrian age. The locality where the Cambrian
fossils were first observed was

NoORMANVILLE.

It is to Professor T. W. Edgeworth David, of Sydney, that the
credit of a quickened interest in these old rocks is due. During
the past nine months he has sectioned for microscopical examina-
tion a great number of fragments of siliceous limestones and
cherty nodules belonging to this series, and in a sample of black
marble from Normanville he detected the remains of small
organisms, which he supposed to be pteropods. In March last
when Prof. David, Mr. C. C. Brittlebank of Victoria, and the

present writer were examining the glacial features of Inman
Valley, opportunity was found to visit the outcrop from whence
this interesting specimen had been obtained, with the result that
Archeocyathine remains were discovered in the associated marbles.
Prof. David was the first to recognise their occurrence on the
weathered surface of the stone, and when once noted additional.
examples were soon found.

The locality where these remains were discovered is about three
miles north of the Normanville Hotel, in a valley opening out to
the sea, from which it is distant about half a mile. The place is
easily fixed by the old Wheal Mary silver-lead mine, several dis-
used shafts being on the immediate ground where the fossils were
first discovered. The fossils are not very plentiful, so far as
could be judged from the weathered surfaces of the limestone,
and appear to run in narrow fossiliferous zones in the direction
of the line of strike, such zones being repeated over a consider-
able width of outcrop. One of these coralline belts crosses the
valley obliquely, passing very near one of the old mining shafts.

At Easter I was able to make a second visit to the spot when
the fossiliferous belt was followed along a parallel line to previous.
observations, still further to the north-west, passing through the
next lateral valley for a distance of a quarter of a mile when it
was lost to view beneath a thick crust of travertine which
covered the crest of the hill.

The fossiliferous beds form part of a very thick series of
marbles, limestones, and calcareous shales which exhibit a close
stratigraphical and lithological correspondence with the Sellick’s.
Hill beds, to be referred to presently. Their outcrops form steep
and rugged hills with only a slight amount of soil on their pre-
cipitous sides. The most characteristic lithological feature is a
grey streaky cryptocrystalline marble which occasionally changes
into a coal-black variety, and more rarely to a mottled red colour.
Strings of arenaceous and ferruginous material more or less pene-
trate the liméstones in irregular reticulating lines which stand in
relief on the weathered surfaces. This heterogeneity of composi-
tion is unfortunate, in that it detracts from the value of the
marble as an ornamental stone. The Archeocyathine are found
in the grey marble, and are often difficult to distinguish from the
matrix in which they are imbedded. It is highly probable that
in some portions of the stone the organic remains have been
obliterated by the metamorphic action that has converted the
limestone into marble. The fossils occur in every stage of de-
finiteness, and in many cases only the faintest evidences of
organic structure has been preserved, the outlines shading off into
the amorphous matrix.

The beds show a high angle of dip. In the Wheal Mary shaft,
as seen from the surface, the dip reading was 65° W.5°S. About

300 yards further up the valley the angle of dip increased to 81°
with a due W. direction, and a little higher up again it was found
to be 75° in a W.N.W. direction. In a gully about half a mile
to the South-West the dip was taken by Mr. Brittlebank at 85°
to the N.W. |

SELLICK’s HILt.

In continuation of these researches, last month I visited
Sellick’s Hill, situated 32 miles to the South of Adelaide, with
the hope of finding Cambrian fossils in the neighbourhood, the
locality being in the line of strike of the Cambrian limestones of
Normanville. The result exceeded my most sanguine expecta-
tions. Not only was the fossiliferous horizon easily discovered,
but it proved to be much richer in organic remains than the out-
crop at Normanville. The principal coralline belt is literally
crowded with the remains of Archwocyathine throughout a
vertical section of not less than 100 feet, and was traced in a
continuous outcrop of equal richness and thickness for a distance of
eight and a-half miles in a North-East and South-West direction.

The main road, in the gradient of Sellick’s Hill, passes over
the exposed beds nearly at right angles to the line of strike, and
in a distance of about a mile and a-half rises to a height of 1,200
feet above sea level. The road cuttings therefore afford excellent
sections of the geological features. The beds are much folded
and crushed, exhibiting throughout a high angle of dip. These
beds can be naturally divided on lithological grounds into three
very distinct groups, which, in ascending order, are as follows :
—Argillites, Limestones, and Quartzites.

In the following Sketch and Table will be found the leading
features of the series as exposed in the road cuttings.

Archoocyathine Bed

& Molluscaand Archeocyathince
Sellich’s Hill Creek

gh)

fi Hh : 2
ih i Yi, EGET ALL Bm
fs yy iy hy aN
by, ied EH val LEAD

————" ARGILLITES PLIOCENE

SECTION OF SELLICK’s HILL,
Distance—One-and-a-quarter Miles.

I. Quarrzires.—These occupy the higher elevations of the.
Ranges and are of great thickness, but sub-divided for the most

part into numerous thin beds. The stone is fine-grained and
light-colored, and, where seen from a distance, its blanched boul-
) ders present the appearance of a limestone outcrop. The beds
are folded into acute anticlinal and synclinal curves, the major
anticlinal being about 500 yards in diameter where intersected

by the road. The strike of the beds is E.N.E. and W.S.W.

Dip 8.8.E., nearly vertical.

II. Catcareovus Grovp, including the following sub-divisions —

(a) Crystalline Marbles.—Near a sharp elbow of the road
white and cream colored marbles are seen to rise
from beneath the quartzites. These light colored,
saccharoid marbles have a close resemblance to the
* Ardrossan Marbles” of Yorke’s Peninsula.

(b) Earthy Shales.—¥or the distance of half a mile the
road runs closer to the line of strike, and passes
obliquely over a succession of alternating earthy
shales and limestones, the latter varying from a blue
siliceous limestone to an earthy, flaggy limestone.

- Where the laminated earthy shales attain any con-
siderable thickness they are generally crushed and
flexured.

(c) Black Impure Limestone, with much earthy matter
irregularly distributed throughout the mass, the
siliceous portions weathering into brown patches and
streaks on the face of the stone.

(d) Flaggy limestones. Dark-coloured limestones and earthy
partings, regularly alternating in bands about one
inch in their respective thickness. Outcrop serrated
and very distinctive. Estimated thickness, 500 feet.

: Is persistent over many miles of outcrop. Dip, 70°
: to 76° E.S.E. .
((e) Archeocyathine marble. Grey to bluish limestones and
marbles, outcropping in large tabular masses, often
| level with the sward. Chiefly composed of Archeo-
cyathine corals. Thickness about 100 feet.

(f) Impure limestone, more or less siliceous and earthy, in-

J cluding a thin belt of flaggy limestones, resembling
(da).

(g) Compact blue limestone. Locally known as “ blue metal,”
and has been quarried in a small way for lime-burn-
ing. Sparingly fossiliferous, carrying small mullusca
and occasional Archaocyathine. Several hundred
feet in thickness.

Ill. Areinures. Grey, purple, and black argillaceous shale,
which in places becomes more or less calcareous. Strongly
jointed, breaking up into numerous rhomboid prisms. The stone

is bleached along lines of joints, but preserves a dark colour in
the centre of the prismatic fragments. The grey shale is studded
with numerous pellets of small dark-coloured calcareo-siliceous.
inclusions, which are most numerous in an important cliff section
of the same beds seen on the coast at a distance of three miles to
the south-west. Strike, N.N.E. and 8.S.W. Dip, E.S.E. at 68°.

These argillaceous shales occupy the lowest horizon of the
Cambrian rocks exposed in the section. They are seen, both at
the base of Sellick’s Hill and on the coast, to pass under a thick
talus of Pliocene sands, clays, and gravels, which in the sea
cliffs have a thickness of from 100 to 200 feet. On the coast
these Pliocene beds rest upon gently-rolling Eocene limestones -
that, in places, are seen to be banked up against the face of the
Cambrian shales.

Tue FossiLIFERoUS LIMESTONES.

The fossiliferous belt crosses the main road a few hundred
yards above the Sellick’s Hill Hotel, having a North-East and
South-West direction. The outcrop follows the foothills, and
can be traced for miles on either side of the road.

In a South-West direction fine exposures of the coralline belt
are seen by the side of the road and in the adjoining paddock,
occurring in large tabular surfaces, which are partially obscured
by shallow soil or patches of travertine. At this point the stone
is crowded with Archwocyathine through a vertical thickness of
100 feet. The ovtcrop can be followed with the greatest ease,
the line of strike passing behind the, so-called, “ Mount Terrible
Farmstead,” * about two miles from Sellick’s Hill. Here the soil
is deep and cultivated, but large boulders of the fossiliferous
marble have been removed, as obstructions to cultivation, to the
fence line. The strike, as taken from the superior beds of flaggy
limestones on the higher ground behind the farmhouse, was:
found to be N.E. and S.W. with.a nearly vertical dip. The out-
crop was followed in the same direction over saddleback hills and
deep ravines for about four and a-half miles from the main road.
At this extreme distance reached the stone was to all appearance
equally as fossiliferous and as important in vertical development
as at Sellick’s Hill. The strike of the beds at this point is
nearly parallel with the coast line, and heading towards Myponga
Jetty and Normanville, which could be seen in the distance.

Retracing my steps to the main road, the fossiliferous lime-
stones were followed in their North-Eastern Extension from
Sellick’s Hill. They are seen Jin the bed of the creek a little
above the bridge where the stream crosses the road. Rising from

* The Mount Terrible of the official map is situated about four miles to
the East of this point.

E——————————

the creek, and on the hill behind the hotel, very massive surfaces
of the coralline marbles occur as bare patches, very rich in corals.
As in the outcrops on the Western side, the fossiliferous belt
follows the course of the foothills, the geological strike having
the same general trend as the Ranges.

In the second valley, after leaving the Sellick’s Hill Creek, a
very excellent section of the Cambrian beds is seen, although
the coralline bed is locally denuded. The underlying grey and
purple shales are exposed in high cliffs with a dip of 65° to S.E.
These shales are overlain by a thick series of blue siliceous lime-
stones, corresponding to the lower fossiliferous horizon, and
include a wedge of impure limestone (f) and thin quartzite,
which seem to have thickened in their easterly extension from
Sellick’s Hill. In the ascending order, where the Archwocyathine
beds should put on, there are alluvial banks 70 feet high. Higher
up the creek the flaggy limestones (d) form very high cliffs, which
are hard near the surface, but decomposed at depth into soft
ochreous beds. ' |

On the rising ground and summit of the next hill the

' fossiliferous beds are obscured by a thick crust of travertine, but

at the North-East slope of the hill there is an extensive exposure
of the “ blue metal,” or lower limestone beds, and on the succeed-
ing hill, both in ascent and descent, the coral beds show through
the turf in numerous slabs, maintaining their highly fossiliferous
character.

About three miles from Sellick’s Hill an important exposure of
these beds is seen in the bed of a creek and on the sloping sides
of the valley, at a spot which can be easily located as being
directly in the line of sight with a district road which runs as a
straight line for miles in a northerly direction. The stream has
cut the coralline bed at right angles, the latter occupying the bed
of the creek for a distance of thirty yards. The overlying faggy
limestone gave the strike as N.E. and S.W., dip 58°. From this
point the fossiliferous outcrop was followed for another mile,
many good exposures being noted.

At five miles the lower bed (gy) outcrops with very strong posts
of compact limestone in a creek situated a little west of Mr.
McBurney’s homestead. The gathering darkness of evening pre-
vented further geological observations at this interesting spot.*

THe Fraacy LIMESTONES.

The flaggy or earthy limestones which overlie the Archeo-
cyathine marbles are very constant and characteristic over a long
distance, and whilst the fossiliferous marbles are confined to the
foot-hills, these overlying impure limestones, with serrated out-

* See Postscript.

crops, follow the crest of the subordinate hills on the Northern
side of the Ranges. They occur at Normanville and throughout
the eight or nine miles which were under observation near Sellick’s
Hill. One peculiarity of this bed is that near the surface it is
hard and but slightly decomposed, showing only superficial pit-
ting and relief lines, but at depth it is changed to a yellow
ochreous earth, sometimes preserving its lines of stratification,
and at times with the lines of bedding entirely obliterated. This
is the case not only in the instance referred to in the creek section
to the East of Sellick’s Hill, but still more conspicuously in a
gorge 200 feet deep on the South-Western side of Mount Terrible.
At one place in the gorge, where there is a fine section of the
beds, the latter have been much broken and crushed, large blocks
having been turned at right angles to their natural position, the
very distinct and thin partings in their stratification making a
striking feature when thus broken and twisted. A_ similar
occurrence of crush was noticed (probably on the same line of
strike) ina tabular outcrop behind the Mount Terrible farmstead ;
large blocks, four or five feet square, were seen in juxtaposition
with their strata at right angles to each other. These beds (as
seen in the gorge referred to) are decomposed into yellow ochre
from a few feet from the surface to the lowest point exposed.
Dip 55° to 65° Westerly.

It is seldom that so clearly defined an outcrop with distinctive
peculiarities can be followed for an equal distance, as is the case
with the beds in question. The order of succession, viz., earthy
shales, fossiliferous limestones, and flaggy limestones, occurs with
equal clearness at Normanville and on the northern flanks of the
Sellick’s Hill ranges. So constant is this relationship of the beds
maintained that it was an easy matter to tell at any moment my
exact position on the section. With the “blue metal” outcrop-
ping on the one hand, and the calcareous flags with their serrated
edges on the other, the coralline horizon was clearly defined even
where temporally obscured.

PALZXONTOLOGICAL.

In the limited time at my disposal, in this rapid survey, but
little attention could be devoted to the paleontological features
of the rocks other than those which are visibie on the weathered
surfaces of the stone. The calcareous series, bounded by the
argillaceous shales below, and the quartzites above, develop a
thickness at Sellick’s Hill roughly estimated at 1,800 or 2,000
feet. The fossiliferous portions are towards the base of the series,
and are divided into two horizons, separated from each other by
earthy limestones, in which no fossil remains were seen. The
lower of these horizons is a very strong and comparatively pure

‘bluish limestone, several hundred feet in thickness. On the
Sellick’s Hill road these beds are largely covered with travertine,
but are exposed ina small quarry close to the road, where the
stone has been worked for lime-burning. Better sections of these
beds can be seen in the creeks which traverse the outcrops
further to the north-east. They are not conspicuously fossiliferous,
and the stone is very compact, but in an hour’s careful search in
the Sellick’s Hill quarry three small mollusca and a few Archeo-
-cyathine were obtained.

The upper fossiliferous horizon is a remarkable coralline bed,
100 feet in thickness. The calices of the anomalous Archeocya-
thine are crowded together ina manner that must have formed
a true coralline reef in the Cambrian seas. The solidity and
‘refractoriness of the matrix rendered it quite impossible to
extract these corals from their bed, and the only method in which
they can be successfully studied is by polishing and sectioning
the rock in which they are entombed. Such a method of in-
vestigation is a work of time, and consequently the paleontological
results await future elucidation.

The vertical range of the fossiliferous section in the beds
marked “‘e” to ‘“‘g” in the accompanying table is estimated at
800 feet.

This discovery of Lower Cambrian fossils in the Sellick’s Hill
Ranges gives a fresh interest to a reputed discovery of fossils in
this neighbourhood mentioned by Tenison-Woods in _ his.
* Geological Observations in South Australia,” p. 20, where,
speaking of the Mount Lofty Ranges, he says :—‘ No fossils
have been found except at one portion of the range, about thirty
miles south of Adelaide. I was informed that the fossil was a
Pentamerus oblongus. This would be characteristic of the lowest
division of the Upper Silurian rocks. The person who found it
is since deceased, so that the observation cannot be traced further
or verified, unless new discoveries are made. With this excep-
tion ; if, indeed, it can be considered such, nothing is known of
the age of the rocks on this range.”

The locality indicated for this fossil by Tenison-Woods,
although indefinite, is sufficiently precise to make it highly pro-
bable that it was obtained from some part of the Cambrian out-
crop in the Sellick’s Hill Range. The species mentioned is
correctly referred to the Upper Silurian, a formation considerably
higher in the geological scale than the one we are now dealing
with. To explain the discrepancy, we must infer one of two
things—either that fossiliferous beds higher in the geological
series than the Lower Cambrian occur in the ranges, or otherwise
the shell was wrongly determined. The latter is most likely to
be the case. We have no information on whose judgment the

determination was made, and it seems more probable to conclude
that some Cambrian shell was found, and incorrectly referred to
Pentamerus oblongus than assume the hypothetical occurrence of
a set of beds which are not known to exist in any part of the
colony.

CoMPARED WITH OTHER LowER CAMBRIAN LOCALITIES.

The most Southerly extension of the Cambrian limestone
hitherto known in the colony is in the Curramulka District,
Yorke’s Peninsula, in latitude a little North of Adelaide. The
outcrop, which is generally inconspicuous, can be traced at inter-
vals in a Northerly direction from Curramulka to Winulta
Creek, a distance of 35 miles. The beds in this area, except at
one locality, are but slightly disturbed, and when seen in section,
exhibit slight undulations, with a dip usually from 8° to 15°.
The exception referred to was observed by the present writer in
February last, when an anticlinal axis of some importance was
noted parallel with the coast a few miles South of Ardrossan.
The Eastern limbs of this anticline can be seen one and a-half
miles South of Rogue’s Point, in a bold ridge of Ardrossan
marble, 20 feet thick, dipping 40° E., as the beds pass out of
sight below water level. We have thus the interesting fact that
Lower Cambrian beds occupy portions of the coast line on both
sides of Gulf St. Vincent, and the dip, respectively, is towards
the trough now occupied by this arm of the sea.

Beds of Cambrian age have a great development in the Flinders
Ranges, north of Quorn, probably extending nearly 200 miles in
a north and south direction. Limestones with Archeocyathine
occur in these ranges at several localities, representing in their
extreme positions a geographical line of about 100 miles. The
paleontological contents of these beds, as well as those of Yorke’s
Peninsula, have been elucidated by Prof. R. Tate* and Mr. R.
Etheridge, jun.,j but our knowledge of the stratigraphical
phenomena of the Archeocyathine marbles and their associated
beds of the Flinders Ranges is very imperfect.

GEOLOGICAL AGE OF THE Mount Lorry RANGES.

It is impossible to ignore the important bearing of this latest
discovery of Lower Cambrian fossils on the geological age of the
Mount Lofty Ranges. The general uniformity of strike and dip
in the rocks throughout this extensive area has led to the opinion
held by many that the hill country of the Southern portions of
the province represents one great conformable series, and, on
various data, its geological position has been commonly referred

* Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Aus., vol. XV. (1892), p. 183.

| Ibid, vol. XIII. (1890), p. 10.

s 8) egy.

to an Archean, or at least Pre-Cambrian, age.* This hypothesis
rested for support mainly on three considerations :-—

1. Analogical. Rocks of Pre-Cambrian age are known to occur
on Yorke’s Peninsula, which exhibit lithological resemblances to
many of the rocks in the Mount Lofty Ranges.

2. The discordance in the angle of dip between the Cambrian
outcrops (especially those of Yorke’s Peninsula) and that which
is characteristic of the Mount Lofty Ranges.

3. The fossiliferous features of the Cambrian limestone, com-
pared with the azoic features of the comparatively little altered
and pure limestones which are abundantly developed in the
Mount Lofty series.

It must be conceded that these considerations have been con-
siderably weakened by the discoveries now placed before the
Society, and requires a re-consideration of the whole question.
The Cambrian beds at Sellick’s Hill occupy a position which has
been regarded as near the base of the Mount Lofty series, so that
unless the accepted order of succession is to some extent reversed
{or otherwise it can be proved that extensive faulting in the
rocks has occurred) the Cambrian age of the Mount Lofty Ranges,
as a whole, must be accepted.

With regard to the supposed analogy on lithological grounds the
Pre-Cambrian rocks of Yorke’s Peninsula are uniformly highly
metamorphic and igneous in their features and have their analo-
gues, in the Mount Lofty succession, only on the eastern flanks.
The value of the analogical argument is entirely dependent on
the assumption that the more highly metamorphosed beds of the
eastern outcrops are superior in position, and therefore newer in
point of age, to the less altered beds of the western side. For,
otherwise, if they underlie instead of overlie the latter, they pro-
bably represent an older uncomformable series with the less
altered shales, quartzites, and limestones of the western portions
as a newer, or Cambrian, formation.

Again, little weight can be given to the consideration of dis-
cordance in angle of dip when we take into account that the
Cambrians near Ardrossan pass rapidly from a dip of 15° to 40°,
and in the Sellick’s Hill outcrop in a series of anticlinal and
synclinal folds with angles of dip varying from 60° to 90°

Further, the discovery of characteristic fossils in these ranges
has not only clearly defined the geological age of the beds in

* As an exception to this opinion, Mr. H. Y. L. Brown, Government
Geologist, in his geological map of the colony (1886), divided the Mount
Lofty Ranges into three main geological divisions, marked by the degree
of metamorphism exhibited. In descending order the divisions are repre-
sented as follows :—1l. Paleozoic (Lower Silurian). 2. Paleozoic, or Azoie.
3. Archean.

which they are found, but has thrown doubt on the assumption
that the azoic features of the Mount Lofty beds in general are
due to a question of age.

The point that awaits determination now is—Are the funda-
mental rocks of the Mount Lofty Ranges comprehended in one
great Cambrian system, or are these rocks divisable into a newer
and an older series, a Cambrian and a Pre-Cambrian formation ?
If the latter, then we must find some line of unconformability by
fault or otherwise.

Professor Tate has suggested the probability of a great fault
existing in these old rocks somewhere in the vicinity of Adelaide.
I believe he has been led to an inference of that kind partly from
the great depth of the bed rock in the Croydon bore, amounting
‘to 2,000 feet. The same rocks in the Adelaide bore were proved
at adepth of 360 feet, which indicates a gradient of 1,640 feet in
a distance of about three and a-half miles. It is not impossible
that erosive agencies may be responsible for so great a difference
of level, and evidence is not wanting to prove a similar rapid
‘descent of the old rocks below the plains on the eastern side of
the ranges,* yet the phenomenon at Croydon is a remarkable one,
and may give the clue of a great crust movement, the confirma-
tion of which must be looked for in our hill country. A great
downthrow of the beds is capable of preserving outliers of a
newer formation, and in this way it is not impossible that Cam-
brian beds may, by faulting, be thrown against a face of Pre-
Cambrian rocks. This is one of the problems which the present
discoveries have raised, and which can only be settled by careful
and extended observations in the field.

At present no such line of fault is known to exist, and there
are some stratigraphical features which seem to indicate that the
fossiliferous beds described in this paper are interstratified and
conformable with the great geological system of the hills. We
have, for example, in the Normanville and Sellick’s Hill district
a continuous outcrop of Lower Cambrian rocks for a distance of
over twenty miles. The general strike and dip of these beds are
homologous with that which characterise the hill country in
general, and the lithology of the beds bears a close resemblance
to the shales, limestones and quartzites of the central and
Western parts of the ranges.

As bearing upon the present discoveries, special interest cen-
tres ina wide belt of limestones that takes in Brighton, Field
River, Reynella, and Noarlunga. These beds vary in composition

* A bore put down at the Pine Hut Creek, on the Murray Flats, within
a quarter of a mile of the foot of the hills had to penetrate a depth of 530
feet before reaching the bed rock.

r 85

from dolomitic to siliceous and relatively pure limestones.* No
marbles such as are found at Normanville and Sellick’s Hill are
known to occur in this series, and from a number of transparent
sections of the limestones of Brighton and Hallett’s Cove, made
by Prof. David, it has been shown that the minute structure of
the stone is largely oolitic. The blue limestones of the last named
localities bear a close resemblance to the “blue metal” beds of
the Sellick’s Hill section, but with the exception of casts of
Radiolariayt no fossils have been detected in the Brighton lime-
stones. It is a matter of great interest as to whether the Brighton
and Noarlunga limestones are comprehended in the same geological
formation as those of Sellick’s Hill or not. The former follow a
general line of strike almost due North and South, whilst the
strike of the latter is from N.E. and 8.W. to N.N.E. and 8.8.W.
This slight discordance of strike in the respective beds is not in-
consistent with conformability, but, taking the prevaling south-
easterly dip into account we must place the Brighton beds on a
somewhat lower geological horizon than the Sellick’s Hill beds.

Selwyn notes in his geological map an extensive anticline
running nearly paraliel to the coast along the Aldinga Plains.
This anticline can be traced from Brighton to Normanville, and

: is marked by a westerly dip on the coast with a general south-
easterly dip a few miles inland. This anticlinal area is

: characterised by remarkable local contortions and overthrusts.

| It is important to note that these crust movements have included

the Cambrians and the foot-hills of Mount Lofty in the same

: great system of foldings.

The discovery now recorded imparts new interest to the geology
of the Hills as a whole, and incites to fresh zeal in searching for
such evidences as will eventually unravel the connected story of
the origin and development of the great mountain system which
forms the geological axis of the colony.

PostTcRIPT.

Since reading the above paper I have revisited the neighbour-
hood of Willunga and followed the outcrop of the Cambrian lime-
stones for several miles beyond the point where left on my previous
visit.

Three miles south-west of Willunga, on Section 545, owned by
Mr. Culley, sen., the calcareous beds, without making a bold
feature, crop out strongly along the foothills. They include the
siliceous limestones, flaggy limestones, and overlying quartzites

* These limestones have, in part, been described by Prof. T. W. E.
David and W. Howchin, in a joint paper. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

p. 571, 1896.
+ Op. cit. ante.
H

characteristic of the series with a S.W. and N.E. strike. Dip,
S.E., at 45° to 50°. A marked feature of the beds at this point
is the thickening of the wedge of flaggy quartzites, which first
_ appear towards the base of the calcareous series near Sellick’s
Hill, and, thickening as they extend eastward, split the lime-
stones into an upper and lower series.

The lower limestones are well exposed in the next creek,
situated a little south-west of Mr. McBurney’s homestead, as
mentioned in the paper (p. ), but the calcareous belt is not seen
again until Willunga is reached. At the latter place the lime-
stones are once more bared on the hills behind the town, where
the stone is a close-grained white marble, with small crystals of
pyrite. From this point the outcrop is clearly defined for several
miles, following the foothills, and has been quarried by Mr. F. G.
Culley, through whose land the limestone passes. Dip, 60° 8.E.
It is difficult to tell the exact thickness of the beds, as they are
more or less obscured by turf, but the width of visible outcrop
varies from 150 to 250 yards.

At Springbrook, two and a-quarter miles from Willunga, the
stone has been extensively quarried for road metal. Here the
limestone is a dark ‘blue metal,” intercalated with thin earthy
shales, and has a dip of 50°. This was the furthest point visited,
but the outcrop was visible for a distance of three-quarters of a
mile still further to the North-East.

No fossils were seen in this journey, but the limestones in
some places included numerous circles filled with radiated
crystals of calcite that may possibly represent the cups of
Archeocyathine, although no structure could be detected. I was
told, however, by Mr. Brown, the owner of the Springbrook
Quarry, that shells had been occasionally seen in the quarry
when breaking the stone.

These extended observations have determined the outcrop of
the Cambrian beds for a further six miles beyond that mentioned
in the paper, or about 25 miles in all, and when last seen the
beds were in a line of strike that was directed into the heart of
the Mount Lofty Ranges.

My thanks are due to Mr. F. G. Culley, of Willunga, who
kindly acted as guide, and facilitated my observations in the
Willunga neighbourhood.

September 2, 1897.

—————— ee eC ™t—~—C—C—™

On A NEw ATRIPLEX FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

By J. H. Marpen, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney,
Corresponding Member.

[Read September 7, 1897.]

ATRIPLEX Kocuiana, Maiden.

A diecious, occasionally moneecious, erect perennial (or annual
with a woody base?) about one to one and a-half feet high, with
very angular branches; the whole plant grey with a scaly
tomentum. Male flowers in terminal interrupted paniculate
spikes, leafy at the base ; female flowers in axillary clusters, the
upper ones often with a few male flowers. Leaves rather thick,
narrowed into a short petiole, ovate-rhomboidal in outline,
irregularly sinuate-lobed or almost entire, the largest about one
and a-half inches long. Fruiting-perianth nearly sessile, strongly
veined as in’ A. vesicarium, two-lobed to near the base, the
segments narrow-reniform, twice as broad as long, almost trun-
cate at the top, but slightly denticulate, with two large thick,
nearly basal ovate-lanceolate appendages fully twice as long as
the calyx-segments.

It is nearest allied to A. vesicariwm, Hew., which it’ much
resembles in habit and foliage, and from which it is chiefly dis-
tinguished by the short and broad segments of the fruiting-calyx,
which are scarcely half as long as the dorsal appendages. It is
also allied to A. Quint, F. v. M. (in Victorian Naturalist,
November, 1888), but distinguished from that species chiefly by
the much longer appendages of the calyx-segments, the broader
leaves, and more herbaceous habit.

Thinly distributed in the vicinity of Mount Distance, near
Mount Lyndhurst, vid Farina, South Australia..—Heinrich Lud-
wig Max Koch, July, 1897.

Named in honor of Mr. Koch, a very intelligent collector, and
transmitted to me by Mr. Albert Molineux, F.L.S., General
Secretary of the Agricultural Bureau of South Australia.

This large-leaved Atriplex is doubtless a valuable fodder plant
(it is reported that “it is much liked by stock”) and steps will
be taken to have it propagated, with the view to experiments
being made in this direction.

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By tHE Rey. T. Biackpurn, B.A.
[Read October 5, 1897. ]
XXII.

CUCUJID.
PROSTOMIS.

P. intermedius, sp. nov. Statura P. Atkinsoni, Waterh.; rufo-
brunneus, nitidus; antennis brevibus, articulo 3° minus
elongato ; capite prothoraceque sparsim subtilissime punctu-
latis ; elytris subtiliter punctuiato-striatis ; jugulee calcaribus
lateralibus antice approximatis. Long., 3—4 1.; lat.,
33 1.

With antenne resembling those of P. cornutus, Waterh., this
species has its jugular processes like those of P. Atkinsoni,
Waterh.

Victoria and N.S. Wales.

PECTINICORNES.
AULACOCYCLUS.

A. collaris, Blackb. In describing this species (Tr. Roy. Soc.
S.A., 1896, p. 233) I omitted to state that its habitat is N.
Queensland.

LAMELLICORNES.
APHODIUS.

A. Victoria, sp. nev. Minus elongatus; minus nitidus; pubes-
cens ; colore variabilis, capite prothoraceque nigris vel nigro-
piceis, elytris lividis longitudinaliter plus minusve piceo-
notatis, corpore subtus nigro-vel brunneo-piceo, pedibus
lividis plus minusve picescentibus; capite prothoraceque
crebre subgrosse subrugulose punctulatis, illo antice reflexo ;
prothorace sat transverso postice haud (vel vix manifeste)
marginato, lateribus minus arcuatis, angulis posticis fere
rectis, disco postice leviter canaliculato ; elytris striatis,
interstitiis alternis sat convexis.

Maris prothoracis lateribus postice sinuatis, capite antice trun-
cato, tibiis anticis gracilibus extus bidentatis.

Feminz prothoracis lateribus postice fortiter emarginatis,
capite antice fere equaliter rotundato, tibiis anticis minus
gracilibus extus tridentatis. Long., 24—241.; lat., 14 1.
(vix).

The markings on the elytra resemble those of Aphodius sus,

Fabr., but are on the non-costate interstices.

The species may perhaps be placed in the genus not far from
A. sus; it is allied to A. lindensis, Blackb., which is founded on
a female example, the male probably presenting characters
similar to those of the present insect. The mesosternum is
gently carinate. The prothorax is almost without trace of a
basal margin and the lateral margin is not continued along the

edge of the emarginate portion of the prothorax in the female
(in lindensis this emarginate portion is margined).

Victoria; Black Spur; also sent by Mr. J. A. Kershaw, of
Melbourne.

PROCTAMMODES.

P. minor, sp. nov. Subovalis; nitidus; niger, palpis tarsisque
plus minusve rufescentibus; capite subtilius crebre (in
medio magis sparsim) haud rugulose punctulato, paullo pone
marginem anticum obtuse gibbo (hoc antice emarginato) ;
prothorace leviter transverso, postice canaliculato, fortiter
minus crebre punctulato ; elytris crenato-striatis, interstitils
convexis sparsim subtiliter punctulatis; tibiis anticis extus
tridentatis. Long., 12 1.; lat., +1.

Much like P. sculptus, Hope, but notably smaller, with the

head much more sparsely, finely, and smoothly punctulate and

having its surface even except that it is feebly and obtusely
gibbous in the middle behind the base of the clypeus. This
genus is most easily distinguished from Aphodius by the basal
joint of its front tarsi being the longest joint, reaching almost to
the apex of the apical spur of the tibia. In this character it
resembles Atenius but differs from the latter inter alia by the
structure of the hind tibie being of the Aphodius type.
Victoria ; several localities ; also sent by Mr. J. A. Kershaw.

DIPHUCEPHALA.

D. Kershawi, sp. nov. Mas. Viridis, antennis (clava nigra
excepta) testaceis, tarsis cyaneis ; breviter minus perspicue
setosa; capite prothoraceque confertim subtiliter punctul-
atis et reticulatim subtiliter areolatis; illo sat plano antice
recurvo et profunde emarginato, angulis anticis extrorsum
paullo directis ; prothorace quam longiori paullo (ut 8 ad 7)
latiori, longitudinaliter et transversim late sat profunde
sulcato (sulco longitudinali postice haud bifido, transverso

sat continuo), antice parum angustato, lateribus bisinuatis
in medio dente acuto armatis, angulis dentiformibus ;
elytris subfortiter subseriatim rugulose punctulatis et sat
fortiter bicostatis ; corpore subtus albo-piloso ; tarsis posticis
gracilibus. Long., 24 1.; lat., 14.1.

Fem. latet.

In Sir W. Macleay’s classification of the Diphucephale this
species falls into the second division of subsection B in Section
II. The close fine puncturation of its prothorax separates it at
once from all the species that have been attributed to that
aggregate except D. prasina, Macl. and D. laticollis, Lea. Its
remarkably elongate prothorax but little narrowed in front
separates it readily from those two insects (presuming from the
name that D. /aticollis has a strongly transverse prothorax, the
character is not mentioned in the description). It considerably
resembles several species in others of Sir W. Macleay’s aggregates,
e.g., purpureitarsis, Macl. and pygmcea, Waterh, but these have
inter alia the prothoracic furrows quite different. D.
purpureitarsis, Macl., has similar prothoracic sculpture (7.e. fine
close puncturation and a network of very fine scarcely elevated
lines) though with the reticulation less marked. The following
characters in combination are sufficient, I think, to distinguish
this from all other described Diphucephale—prothorax very
little wider than long and not much narrowed in front, with its
longitudinal sulcus simple and its transverse sulci reaching the
middle of the segment. The hind tarsi in this species are much
more slender and elongate than in any other Diphucephale known
to me, and the basal two joints are of equal length inter se. The
structure of the hind tarsi furnishes very important characters for
the distinction of species in this genus and seems to have been
unaccountably overlooked hitherto by describers.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. J. A. Kershaw.

PACHYGASTRA.

P. Victori@, sp. nov. Ovata; subnitida; nigra, pedibus picesc-
entibus, antennis (harum clava triarticulata) palpisque sub-
ferrugineis ; subtus et in pedibus ferrugineo-hirsuta ; capite
crebre aspere (clypeo hoc antice rotundato margine recurvo,
minus crebre haud aspere) punctulato; prothorace vix
canaliculato, fortiter transverso, antice fortiter angustato,
ut caput punctulato, lateribus fortiter dilatato-rotundatis ;
scutello punctulato ; elytris fortiter vix geminatim punctu-
lato-striatis, interstitiis sparsim punctulatis ; pygidio crebre
subtiliter punctulatis ; tibiis anticis late dilatatis, extus obtuse
bidentatis.

Maris quam femine antennarum clava magis elongato (quam
articuli ceteri conjuncti vix breviori) segmento ventrali
penultimo breviori. Long., 64—74$1.; lat., 33—421.

Agrees with P. tasmanica, Germ. in its labrum projecting in a
plane parallel with, but considerably below the level of, that of
the clypeus and its remarkably dilated (externally bidentate)
front tibia which resembles those of the Dynastid genus

Cheiroplatys. The above two characters in combination I take

to be the essential characters of Pachygastra. The antenne

differ much from those of P. tasmanica (which have a 6-jointed
club, at any rate in the male), but the difference is not greater
than occurs in the antennze within the limits of allied genera

(eg. Colpochila). Specifically it is much smaller than tasmanica

and differently colored, with its elytra strongly punctulate-

striate.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French.

ASEMANTUS.

A. subequalis (? Hope). In describing this species (Tr. Roy.
Soc., S.A., 1896, p. 249) I omitted to mention its size, which is,
long., 9—121.; lat., 44—6 1.

PIMELOPUS.

P. Sydneyanus, Blackb. In describing this species (Tr. R.S.,
‘$.A., 1896, p. 256) I omitted to mention its size, which is, long.,
9—11 1.; lat., 5—6 1.

CLERID.
STIGMATIUM.

S. bimaculatum, sp. nov. Piceo-nigrum, capite elytrorum duabus
quintis basalibus antennis sternis coxis abdominisque basi
plus minusve rufescentibus, elytris ante apicem maculis
singulis testaceis fere circularibus ornatis; capite et
elytrorum maculis pilis albidis sat dense vestitis, prothorace
elytris ad basin et apicem pedibusque setis erectis elongatis
sparsius ornatis (his in prothorace nigris in elytris pedi-
busque albidis), elytrorum ceteris partibus setis minus
elongatis (his ut superficies coloratis) instructis, sternis sat
dense sat breviter albido-pilosis; oculis inter se modice
approximatis ; antennis modice elongatis, articulorum singu-
lorum latitudine majori prope apicem posita; prothorace
paulloante medium transversim sinuatim sulcato, trans basin
transversim bisulcato, subtiliter sat crebre punctulato ;
elytris in duabus quintis basalibus punctulato-striatis (inter-
stitiis convexis granulatis), in cetera parte sparsim seriatim
minus perspicue granulatis. Long., 4 1.; lat., 1 1.

Resembles S. Gilberti, from which it differs inter alia by the
red basal piece of the elytra not extending so far hindward and
having its hindmargin not (or only very narrowly) clothed with
dense pubescence, by the black apical piece of the elytra being
less evidently granulose, and by the subapical spot on each elytron
being (not an obliquely placed oval mark but) almost perfectly
circular. S. dispar, Kuwert, appears to be distinguished from
this species by the hinder part of the elytra being punctulate-
striate, and Victorie, Kuwert, by the front part of the elytra
being black. The other described species seem to differ by
structural characters that may be regarded as subgeneric, espe-
cially by the shape of the joints of their antenne.

W. Australia.

BOSTRICHIDA.

XYLOPERTHA.

X. hirticollis, sp. nov. Sat nitidus; ferrugineus, prothorace
sternisque obscuris ; capite utrinque supra oculos pilis elon-
gatis crispatis densissime fimbriato ; antennis 10-articulatis,
articulis ultimis 3 conjunctis quam ceteri conjuncti manifeste
longioribus ; prothorace subcylindrico subleevi sed in parte
antica sat grosse granuloso-ruguloso et in margine antico
utrinque (ut caput) densissime pilis elongatis vestito ; elytris
obsolete nec crebre nec seriatim punctulatis, postice oblique
parum abrupte subtruncatis, parte declivi a medio retrorsum
carina cincta, sutura postice leviter cariniformi, angulo
suturali acuto sat prominulo; segmentis ventralibus pen-
ultimo antepenultimoque fortiter emarginatis (ultimo magno
subcompresso) ; tarsis posticis sat elongatis, articulis basalibus
3 valde compressis (articulo basali brevissimo, 2° 3° 4° que
conjunctis longitudine sat equali, 3° quam 4" triplo longiori,

5° 3° longitudine sat quali; tibiis anticis (intermediis
exempli typici carentibus) extus sat fortiter denticulatis.
Long., 14 1,.;, lat,2 J.

I have no doubt that. the specimen described above is a male.
It is easily recognizable by the remarkable shaggy and curled
pilosity on its head and prothorax. Each mass of hairs is about
as long as one of the antenna. The masses are placed one on
either side of the head running longitudinally, and one on either
side of the front margin of the prothorax running transversely.
The penultimate and antepenultimate ventral. segments are
strongly and widely emarginate, so that their hind margins in
the middle are very close to each other and to the preceding seg-
ment, but much farther apart on the sides. The strong compres-
sion of the basal part of the hind tarsi and the denticulation of
the front (and perhaps also the intermediate) tibize are also note-
worthy characters.

Roebuck Bay, W. Australia ; sent by Mr. French.

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TENEBRIONID%.
EXANGELTUS, gen. nov. (? Scawridarum ).

Ligula sat producta; mentum subquadratum planatum setosum ;
palporum articulus ultimus securiformis ; caput subtus ante
oculos profunde transversim sulcatum; labrum modicum
horizontale antice dense ciliatum ; caput declive pone oculos
parum angustatum ; oculi sat convexi minus angusti sat
grosse granulati antice emarginati ; antennze sat graciles sat
elongate filiformes, articulo 2° brevi, 3° quam 4° 5"§ que con-
juncti vix breviori, 10° quam 9"* sat minori, 11° minimo sub-
globulo ; prothorax antice et ad latera vix marginatus quam
elytra multo angustior; elytra convexa sat angusta quam
prothorax circiter quadruplo longiora ad latera vix perspicue
marginata ; prosternum ante quam pone coxas vix magis
productum, parte mediana postice sat recurvo ; mesosternum
sat angustum declive; metasternum elongatum ; segmenta
ventralia 3°" 4°™ que postice haud coriaceo-marginata ;
coxarum intermediarum trochantina manifesta; pedes minus
elongati minus robusti; tarsi subtus pubescentes, posticorum
articulo basali apicali longitudine sat eequali; corpus setis
brevibus adpressis minus crebre vestitum.

The insect on which this genus is founded is an extremely
perplexing one. I received it from Central Australia many

years ago and have never been able to make up my mind where

in the Tenebrionide to place it. Most of its characters associate
it with the “Tribes” that form the first ‘“‘ Cohort” of the second
“Section” in M. Lacordaire’s arrangement, but I have felt great
difficulty in placing it among them on account of its tarsi pube-
scent beneath and the structure of its prosternum which is such
that the front margin of the front coxe is scarcely further from
the front margin of the prosternum than the hindmargin of the
same coxe is from the hindmargin of the prosternum. Lately I
have submitted an example to that accomplished specialist in the
Tenebrionide Mr. G. C. Champion and with his usual courtesy
he has written me his opinion that it ought to be placed in the
“Cohort” to which I was disposed to refer it, pointing out a
character confirming it in this position, the importance of which
seems to have escaped the attention of M. Lacordaire; viz., the
absence of a coriaceous hindmargin to the third and fourth
ventral segments. Mr. Champion thinks it in some respects
allied to Asida (belonging to a “Tribe” not hitherto known as
Australian) though of entirely different facies, and also notes its
relationship to Wyctoporis,—near which (and therefore, according
to M. Lacordaire’s arrangement, in the Tribe Scawrides) I had
myself been inclined to think it seemed least out of place. I

therefore, though not without hesitation, assign it to that position

in order to bring forward a description of it.

E. angustus, sp. nov. Nigro-piceus ; opacus ; anguste elongatus,
modice convexus (Z'enebrionem molitorem, Linn., forma
nonnihil simulans); prothorace transverso, antice parum
emarginato (quam postice paullo angustiori), longitudinaliter
confertim qualiter strigato, lateribus antice sat arcuatis
postice subrectis, angulis posticis dentiformibus retrorsum
directis ; elytris sat parallelis quam prothorax sat latioribus,.
striis circiter 17 crebre punctulatis instructis, interstitiis
angustis sat cariniformibus; corpore subtus crebre sat
fortiter punctulato. Long., 51 1.; lat, 1,5, 1.

The close striation of the elytra (about 17 strize on each elytron)
is a notable superficial character.
Central Australia ; McDonnell Ranges; taken by Mr. Wild.

OSPIDUS.

O. gibbus, sp. nov. Latus, fortiter convexus; nitidus; rufo-
brunneus, elytris sparsim parum manifeste fusco-maculatis,
antennis apicem versus piceis; capite subtilius sat crebre-
punctulato ; prothorace fortiter transverso, longitudinaliter
vix manifeste canaliculato, disco subtiliter sparsim punctu-
lato, lateribus late planatis transversim rugatis; scutello-
sublevi; elytris subfortiter sat crebre vix subseriatim
punctulatis, parum perspicue 3-costatis. Long. 8 L. 5.
lat., 5 1.

Larger than O. chrysomeloides, Pasc., more nitid, more convex,
and differently colored; also the prothorax is more sparsely
punctured on the disc with its lateral portions much more
flattened (they are scarcely flattened at all in chrysomelordes ),
wider, and more rugulose, and the lateral flattened part of the
elytra is wider and less rugulose.

As I did not feel sure that my example of Mr. Pascoe’s species
was correctly named from his description, I have sent an example
of this insect to Mr. Champion (who has access to Mr. Pascoe’s
types) and he reports it quite distinct from O. chrysomel!oides.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. French.

MELANDRYIDA,
PAROMARTEON, gen. nov. (? Melandryidarum ).

Caput breve transversum; oculi modici convexi, sat fortiter
granulati; palporum maxillarium articulus apicalis sat
parvus antice oblique truncatus; mandibula ad apicem
bifida ; antennz sat breves robust (articulo 3° quam 2"
perspicue longiori 4°—10° sat equalibus fere transversis, 11°
quam precedentes manifeste longiori); pronotum transver-

ates pe ee

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sum, a prosterno carina haud distinctum ; quam caput paullo
latius, lateribus fortiter rotundatis, angulis fere nullis ;
scutellum modicum fortiter transversum ; elytra quam pro-
thorax latiora sat elongata; cox antice longitudinales
inter se fere contiguz postice late aperte ; coxz intermedie
longitudinales inter se sat approximatze ; cox postice inter
se sat approximate ; processus intercoxalis angustus brevis ;
pedes modici, tibiis ad apicem minute mucronatis, tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali ceteris conjunctis longitudine
equali (3° breviter bilobo); forma nonnihil Z'elephorwm
simulans ; corpus supra capillis erectis minus elongatis
crebre vestitum.

This is another perplexing Heteromerous insect on which I
have asked the opinion of Mr. Champion. He thinks it must
be a Melandryid near Trichosalpingus, which when I characterised
it I referred with much hesitation to the Pythide noting that its
tarsal structure was not of the Pythid type. Its tarsi are
Melandryid in character, but its pronotum not divided by a
carina from the prosternum excludes it (according to M. Lacor-
daire) from the Melandryide. Mr. Champion however evidently
considers that the tarsal rather than the prothoracic structure
should be the determining character (and I regard his opinion as
very conclusive) as he refers 7'richosalpingus to the Melandryide.
There is no doubt of TZ'richosalpingus and Paromarteon being
structurally near each other—although they are superficially very
unlike, the former having an apparent Pythid aspect and the
latter a facies more suggestive of a T'elephorid.

P. mutabile, sp. nov. Sat nitidum ; capite prothoraceque rufis,
elytris pedibusque (tarsorum apice piceo excepto) testaceis,
corpore subtus (prosterno excepto) antennisque (basi testacea
excepta) piceis ; nonnullorum exemplorum capite elytrisque
plus minusve vel omni no picescentibus ; capite prothora-
ceque subtiliter sparsissime, elytris sat crebre minus subti-
liter, corpore subtus sparsim minus perspicue, punctulatis.
Long., 141. ; lat., $1.

Victoria ; Alpine Region.
SORAPTIA.

S. lunulata, sp. nov. Minus elongata ; minus nitida ; sat longe
pubescens ; piceo-brunnea ; in elytris macula communi ante-
mediana sublunata et apice toto, antennis, pedibusque, sor-
dide testaceis ; oculis sat magnis grosse granulatis ; antennis
elongatis sat gracilibus, articulo 3° quam 2” fere duplo
longiori 4° longitudine sat quali ; prothorace fortiter trans-
verso, cum capite zqualiter crebre subfortiter aspere punc-
tulato, angulis posticis acutis, basi media late lobata ; elytris

quam prothorax parum fortius vix magis aspere punctulatis.
Long., 15 1.; lat., $1.

This is comitade species that I have referred to Mr. Champion.
He reports that in spite of its considerably different facies from
that of a typical Scraptia he does not see much in the way of
structure on which to found a distinct genus. Failing to dis-
cover any such distinction myself, I have no hesitation therefore
in attributing the insect to Scraptia.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. Koebele.

CURCULIONID.
CUBICORHYNCHUS.

C’. tortipes, sp. nov. Mas. subovalis, postice truncatus; niger,
squamis parvis silaceis (exemplis visis fere omnino abrasis)
et setis sparsis brevibus minus perspicuis albidis vestitus ;
capite postice sparsim granulato, supra oculos crista parva
acuta instructo; antennarum clava longe_ pediculata ;
rostro minus lato supra costis obtusis nonnullis instructo,
antice profunde triangulariter impresso (partis impresse
marginibus lateralibus cariniformibus) ; prothorace quam
longiori vix latiori, pone apicem transversim anguste fortiter
impresso et longitudinaliter linea subtili distincte notato
(his canalibus fere ut C. calcarati, Macl.), crebre zqualiter
granuloso (ut C. occultz, Sloane), lateribus fortiter dilatato-
rotundatis ; elytris supra planatis, postice perpendicularibus,
ad latera planis perpendicularibus (vel potius deorsum con-
vergentibus), sat fortiter striatis, interstitiis transversim
striatis et subseriatim granulosis (granularum magnitudine
maximam partem ut C. ocewlti, Sloane, sed in interstitii 5*
parte ante-apicali sat majori); coxis anticis inter se sat
remotis ; femoribus anticis basin versus fortiter curvatis ;
tibiis anticis fortiter, posticis paullo minus fortiter, falci-
formibus ; tibiis intermediis sat fortiter flexuosis. ‘Long.,
CLs An

Fem. latet.

This is the most remarkable Cubicorhynchus yet described I
think and can hardly be identical with any hitherto named ;
for, although some of them are so_ briefly and vaguely
characterised as to be incapable of‘certain identification, it is
doubtless safe to assume that no describer could have passed over
without remark the extraordinary shape of the legs and the
elytra if he had had this insect before him. Looked at from
directly above the present species appears to be sharply truncate
at the commencement of the posterior declivity of the elytra,
while looked at from directly behind (or obliquely from in front)

the upper outline of the elytra across the commencement of the
posterior declivity is distinctly concave, while the lateral part of
the elytra descends so abruptly that in the hinder part the 5th
interstice appears as the line of contact between two planes
placed at a right (or even slightly acute) angle to each other.
The extraordinary strongly pediculated and bent front femora,
and the remarkable shape of all the tibiz as well as the strangely
shaped antennal club (with a pedicle scarcely shorter than the
dilated apex) also furnish unmistakeable characters, and the
sculpture of the elytra (especially their transversely furrowed
appearance almost as in Sclerorhinws rufipes, Blackb.) is also
noteworthy. Probably the structural characters of the female
- are very different, but no female has been described in terms that
seem to associate it with the male before me.

W. Australia; Upper Murchison R. district ; sent by Mr.
French.
LONGICORNES.

PENTHEA.

P Mastersi, sp. nov. Mas. Dense pubescens et sparsissime
nigro-setulosa ; pube albida ochraceo-variegata et passim
maculis parvis nigris ornata; antennis quam corpus parum
longioribus, subtus sparsim capillis nigris fimbriatis, articulo
3° quam 4" vix longiori, articulis 1° 2° que griseis nigro-
maculatis (ceteris piceis ad basin et ad apicem anguste
griseis) ; capite inter antennas leviter concavo, linea subtili
integra longitudinali media impresso; prothorace transverso,
pone medium leviter transversim sulcato, ante sulcum trans-
versim 6-tuberculato, pone sulcum utrinque tuberculo parvo
obtuso armato; scutello transverso postice subtruncato ;
elytrorum sculptura sub pubem fere abdita (costis 3 mani-
feste apparentibus, internis 2 ante medium desinentibus),
granulis nonnullis prope basin exstantibus, apicibus sub-
truncatis. Long., 7 1.; lat., 23 1.

This species is I think congeneric with certain small Longicorns
which Mr. Pascoe described as forming a distinct section of
Penthea (P. scenica, melanosticta, &c.). Mr. Pascoe associated
with them P. picta, which differs from P. scenica, &c., in being
clothed with long fine hairs and having very finely granulated
eyes, and which should I think be placed in Corrhenes ; and I
should judge from the descriptions that P. crassicollis, Pasc., and
sectator, Pasc., should also be referred to Corrhenes. The present
insect is of narrower form than J’. scenica and melanosticta from
both of which it also differs inter alia in having a well-marked
transverse sulcus on the prothorax behind the middle (so well
marked that its extremities viewed from above look like emargin-

ations of the lateral margins) in addition to the usual transverse
depression in front of the middle. From P. macularia, Pasc.
(which I know only by description) it seems to differ by the
presence of ochraceous pubescence, of a well-defined longitudinal
line on the head, and of evident elytral costz, as well as by the
absence of a smooth glabrous line on the prothorax ; from
P. miliaris, Pasc., by the presence of white as well as ochraceous
pubescence on the elytra, the shape of the scutellum, &c.; and
from P. pullina, Pasc., by its elytra not having “two prominent
coste marked at intervals by coarse tubercles.” Its colours and
markings are as follows:—on a ground of whitish pubescence
ochraceous pubescence occupies the hind part of the head, runs
forward between the antenne (not extending to the eyes) and
spreads out on the front of the antennal tubers, is distributed in
a kind of linear reticulation on the prothorax and runs similarly
over the disc of each elytron but is almost absent on the marginal
sutural and apical portions ; the whole upper surface is studded
with small black spots (evidently smaller than those of
P. melanosticta and much smaller than those of P. scenica) which
on the front of the elytra are raised granules but elsewhere are
even with the general surface.

N.W. Australia; sent by Mr. Masters.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Roval Society of South Australia,

For 1896-97.

—_———

ORDINARY MEETING, NoveMBER 3, 1896.

Wa ter Howcuniy, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuisits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., laid on the table a case
of Lepidoptera. Dr. Morean exhibited a large collection of birds
in illustration of his paper.

Oxsituary Norice.—The President referred in feeling terms to
the loss science had substained in the death of Baron F. von
Mueller ; and it was decided to place a minute on record testify-
ing to the high value of his achievements in the fields of science.

Important Discovery.—The President announced that Prof.
David, of the Sydney University, had discovered fossils,
fadiolaria, in black cherty bands in silicious shales at Crystal
Brook, 8.A. These rocks had previously been considered of
Archean age.

Exection oF Hon. Sec.—G. G. Mayo was elected an additional
Hon. Sec., vice W. B. Poole resigned.

Paprers.— List of Birds in the Neighbourhood of Laura,
$.A.,” by Dr. Morgan. “Corrosion of Brass Pins in Entomo-
logical Specimens,” by J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.

ORDINARY Meretinc, APRIL 6, 1897.

Wa ter Howcuiy, F.G.S. (President), in the chair,

Exuisits. — Prof. Tate, F.G.8., exhibited the following
minerals: — Plumosite, the capillary form of Jamesonite ;
Monazite, the source of ceriwm and lanthanum ; an unnamed
form of calcic borate, possibly an anhydrous form of Bechelite ;
Coquimbite, a tersulphate of iron in its exceedingly rare purplish
form ; and a specimen of telluride of gold, W.A. Also rock
specimens illustrating crush-conglomerate, a specimen of contact
metamorphism, and a specimen of the alteration of diorite to
_ serpentine. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., laid on the table a collec-
tion of Lepidoptera from the Solomon Islands, consisting of 191

100

specimens, comprising 65 species. They had been presented to
the Museum by the Rev. R. T. Mathews, of Port Lincoln.

Bauttot.—Prof. T. W. E. Davin, B.A., of the Sydney Uni-
versity, N.S.W., and Jonn Dennant, F.G.S., of the Education
Department, Victoria, were elected Hon. Fellows; and Dr.
Morean and A. M. Lez, Colonial Entomologist, W.A., were
elected Fellows.

Paprers.—“ Descriptions of Coleoptera,” by Rev. Tuomas
Biacksurn, B.A. ‘“ Opisthobranchs of the Older Tertiaries of
Australia,” by M. Cossmann, of Paris, an Hon. Fellow. ‘ Notes
on Australian Typhlopide,” by E. R. Warre, Australian Museum.
“Descriptions of Lepidoptera,” by Oswatp Lower, F. Ent. 8.
“Catalogue of the Native Flora about Port Elliot,” by Miss
Jessig Husszy. The catalogued names number 355; of these
the following 25, including three new species to the province, are
additional to the region (vide Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., p. 68, 1889)
—Claytonia corrigiolacea, Casuarina paludosa, Atriplex Muelleri,
A. prostratum, Dodonwa Baueri, D. humilis, Pimelea Husseyana
(new species), Daviesia genistifolia, Pultenea tenuifolia, Heli-
chrysum cinereum, Cassinia punctulata, Logania crassifolia,
Styphelia costata, Scutellaria humilis, Pterostylis nutans, P. nana,
P. precox, P. obtusa, Acianthus caudatus, Centrolepis polygna,
and Danthonia bipartita.

OrpinaRY Meerine, May 4, 1897.

Water Howcain, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exursits.—J. G. O. Tepprr, F.L.S., exhibited a case of Indian
Lepidoptera. Prof. Tats, F.G.S., laid on the table a fossil species
of nautilus obtained near Port Pirie, S.A. W. H. Setway showed
an autumnal species of Pterostylis.

Batiot.—C. W. Marsh was elected a Fellow.

PapER.—Prof. Tats, F.G.8., read a paper dealing with the
conchological collections in the London and Paris Museums.

ORDINARY MereEtTING, JUNE 1, 1897.

Water Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuipits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S., exhibited a large number of
glaciated pebbles and rocks illustrative of the glacial features at
Inman Valley, 8.A.; also photograph of polished surface of
Selwyn’s Rock, Inman Valley, S.A. Prof. Tarr, F.G.8., laid on
the table photographs of evidences of glaciation at Crown Gorge
and Yellow Cliff, on the River Finke, Central Australia.

ELEcTION or Sus-CommirreE.—After a discussion on the best
methods of disseminating information on local predatory insects

101

and insectivorous birds, it was decided to elect a sub-committee
to consider and report on the matter, consisting of W. Howchin,
F.G.S. (President), Prof. Tate, F.G.S., Messrs. S Dixon, W. C.
Grasby, and J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.

Paprers.—‘‘ Notes on the Glacial Features of Inman Valley,
Yankalilla, S.A., and Cape Jervis Districts,” by Prof. David,
F.G.S., and Walter Howchin, F.G.S. “Evidences of Glacial
Action in Central Australia.” by Prof. Tats, F.G.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, JULY 6, 1897.

Watrer Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exursits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., laid on the table specimens
of all the Odanati and genuine Neuroptera from South Australia
in the Museum. A. Zrerz, F.L.S., Assistant-Director S.A.
Museum, laid on the table, the nest, egg, and skin of the Queens-
land rifle bird. The specimens shown belong to Craspedophora
Alberti, from Cape York. The specimens were collected by Mr.
D. LeSouef. Prof. Tare, F.G.S., exhibited the following speci-
mens of mollusca cellected by the Calvert Exploring Expedition :
—Melania onea, previously only known from the River Adelaide,
N.T.; Vivipara australis, a widely diffused species in Tropical
Australia ; and Unio Sturtii, a species of Northern and Central
Australia. W. Howcnin, F.G.S., exhibited rock specimens con-
taining Radiolaria, from England, New Soutn Wales, and South
Australia (Brighton and Crystal Brook).

Papers. —‘‘ Notes on a hitherto undescribed Parrot for S.A.,”
by A. Zretz, F.L.S, Assist. Director S.A. Museum. ‘“ List of
Plants collected by the Calvert Exploring Expedition,” by Prof.
Tate, F.G.S.

OrpinaRY Meetinc, Aucust 3, 1897.

Watrer Howcury, F.G.S. (President) in the chair.

Exuisits.—A. ZretTz, F.L.S., exhibited native weapons and
other articles collected by members of the Calvert Exploring
Expedition, from the Fitzroy River and’ Joanna Springs, W.A.
J. G. O. Tepper showed galls from West Australia, consisting of
species of Brachyscelis ; also three specimens of Cordiceps larva-
tum, a fungus growing on caterpillars in New Zealand ; also a
specimen of the “tsetse fly” (Glossina marsitans) from South
Africa ; also a specimen of the genus Chelifer of the Scorpionide

obtained near Mt. Lofty, S.A.
__ _Papers.— Anthropological Notes,” by J. H. Browne, com-
municated by Dr. Srirtinc. “On the Occurrence of Lower
Cambrian Fossils in the Mt. Lofty, S.A., Range,” by W.
-Howcutn, F.G.S.

102

ORDINARY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1897.

Watrter Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuisits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., showed roots of the apple-
tree affected with Schizoneura lanigera. W. Howcuin, F.G.S.,
exhibited a portion of rock obtained from near Sellick’s Hill,
S.A., containing Cambrian corals. W. H. Setway laid on the
table orchids from between Middleton and Goolwa, which he
considered very early. A Zrerz, F.L.S., Assistant-Director of
S.A. Museum, exhibited the completely restored fore and hind
left feet of Diprotodon, and contrasted them with those of such
living marsupials as the wombat, kangaroo, native bear, and
opossum.

Batiot.—J. H. Agia was elected a Fellow.

Paper.—‘‘On a New Aériplex from South Australia,” by J.
H. Marpen, F.L.S.

ANNUAL MEETING, OcTOBER 5, 1897.

Watter Howcuin, F.G.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuisits. — Botanical- and entomological specimens were
exhibited by Messrs. Epwin Asusy and J. G. O. Teppsr, F.L.S.

ANNUAL REPORT AND BALANCE-SHEET were read and adopted.

ELEcTION OF CounciL.—President, W. L. Cleland, M.B. ;
Vice-Presidents, Prof. Tate, F.G.S., and Walter Howchin, F.G:S. ;
Hon. Treasurer, Walter Rutt, C.E.; Hon. Secretary, G. G.
Mayo, C.E.; Members of Council, Prof. Rennie, D.Sc., E. C.
Stirling, M.D., F.R.S., Rev. Thomas Blackburn, B.A., 8. Dixon,
J.S. Lloyd, and W. H. Selway.

ELecrion or Aupiror.—D. J. Adcock was elected Auditor
for the ensuing year.

PapEer.—‘ New Genera and Species of Australian Coleoptera,”
by Rev. Tuos. BLracksury, B.A.

PRESIDENTIAL ApDRESS.—‘ On Recent Investigations on the
Foraminifera,” by WALTER Howcuain, F.G.S.

——<—<——

> ie! wl

103

ANNUAL REPORT,

The Council ‘has to report that a variety of new matter
relating to mollusca, ccelenterata, insecta, marsupialia, anthro-
pology, botany and geology has been brought under the notice
of the Fellows and Members during the past year. Amongst
the most noteworthy is the discovery of Radiolaria and Lower
Cambrian fossils in new localities for the Province. The exhi-
bition of the restored fore and hind left feet of Diprotodon at
the September Meeting is an event which is unique in the history
of science; and that it was possible, is largely due to the
technical skill of the Assistant Director of the Adelaide Museum,
A. H. L. Zietz, F.L.S., who was able to preserve the extremely
brittle remains found at Lake Callabonna, South Australia.

During the past year two gentlemen were elected Hon.
Fellows on account of the distinguished services which they had
rendered to science through the Society. They were Prof. T. W.
E. David, B.A., of the Sydney University, and John Dennant,
F.G.8., of the Education Department, Victoria. Four new
Fellows have been elected, and seven removed by death or other-
wise. The Society consists now of 12 Hon. Fellows, 71 Fellows,
13 Corresponding Members, and | Associate.

The obituary includes the name of an Hon. Fellow, Baron F.
von Muller, whose death has occasioned a loss which it will be
difficult to fill, not only to Australian workers, but to the
scientific world generally. At the proper time and place this
Society will hope to co-operate with Australian learned societies
in raising to his memory some fitting memorials. Another Hon.
Fellow has also died, namely, Sir W. F. D. Jervois, K.C.M.G.,
L.B., &c., ex-Governor of South Australia. In the death of Sir
Thomas Elder, K.C.M.G., science and art have lost a generous
benefactor and this Society a Fellow. Volume XVI. of the
Society’s Transactions will remain a memorial of the scientific
results of one of the expeditions fitted out to explore Central
Australia at his expense.

Whilst the principal attention of the Society has naturally been
devoted to the receiving and recording of new scientific facts,
other matters relating to the economic application of science
have not been neglected. A Sub-Committee of the Council was
appointed to ascertain the best methods of disseminating infor-
mation respecting local predatory insects and insectivorous birds.
This important matter has received very careful consideration,

104

and a report may be expected shortly offering some valuable
suggestions. In sympathy with this subject may be mentioned
the results of the action of the Field Naturalists’ Section of the
Society through its Native Fauna and Flora Protection Commit
tee. Through its energy and instrumentality a Bill is now before
Parliament entitled ‘“ Protection of Birds Act.”

In presenting this report of the year’s proceedings the retiring
Council fells that although some substantial work has been re-
corded, yet that much more might have been effected had the
Council had ampler means at its disposal. There is an abundance
of scientific material awaiting publication, but the Council has
had to hesitate about attempting it owing to its straitened means.
Happily, owing to the generous action of the Government in
subsidising the subscriptions of the Fellows, a little has been ac-
complished, but this could easily be expanded to three or four
times the amount if financial circumstances were propitious.
Whilst the Council feels a debt of gratitude to that small branch
of Fellows who have year by year so steadily contributed to the
funds of the Society, yet it would ask them further to use their
influence in persuading others to join the Society and assist in
this way the recording of matter pertaining to South Australia
of the greatest scientific value.

105

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——<————— —

106

THE ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS BY WALTER
HowcHIN, F.G.S. (PRESIDENT).

In vacating the Chair, which I have had the honour to occupy
for the past two years, I shall be following traditional usage if I
make a brief reference to the present position and prospects of
the Society. With the current year we publish the twenty-first
volume of the Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society
of South Australia. The Society has completed the second
decade of its existence, and has a record of work which, if con-
sidered with a due regard to its limited membership, and equally
limited means, is a matter for congratulation. When we con-
sider the great geographical extent of the colony, and the com-
paratively recent settlement of its population, it will be under-
stood that the scientific workers have been hitherto mainly
engaged in pioneering work, sketching the broader outlines, and
gathering the more evident facts in this vast scientific field.

The past year has not been destitute of work done by Fellows
of the Society which mark distinct stages in scientific achieve-
ments. The first-fruits of Dr. Stirling’s and Mr. Zietz’s patient
elaboration of the Callabonna fossil faunze has been published in
our Transactions in elucidation of the feet and leg-bones of the
great struthious birds which have become extinct on Australian
soil within comparatively recent geological time. The same
authors have had the honor to place a unique exhibit before the
Society in a complete osteological restoration of the fore and hind
feet of the Diprotodon, the first occasion in which these much-
debated appendages have been discovered and placed before a
scientific society. Dr. J. C. Verco’s further descriptions of new
species of marine mollusca from his dredgings in South Aus-
tralian waters, and the Monograph on the Opisthobranchs of the
Older Tertiary of Australia by the French specialist and Honorary
Fellow of this Society, Maurice Cossmann, are respectively con-
tributions of great value. Within the sphere of new geological
observations may be noted the glacial discoveries in the Inman
Valley, Yankalilla, and Cape Jervis districts, which have
revealed an extinct icefield of vast extent, of which the Hallett’s
Cove deposits form but a distant outlier. The discovery of a
thick group of Lower Cambrian limestones, with characteristic
fossils, in the Ranges extending from Normanville to Willunga
is of great interest as bearing on the possible age of the Mount
Lofty series, it being the only clearly determined datum line in

—_

107

the older rocks of the hill country to the south of Quorn. The
discovery of Radiolaria in the cherty nodules of the Crystal
Brook limestones, as well as in the siliceous limestones of
Brighton, has opened a new chapter in the paleontology of the
older rocks of the colony. At the instant when Professor David
and myself thought that in this discovery we had secured organic
remains in rocks of Archean age, the find of Cambrian fossils
shortly afterwards in the associated beds has rendered this con-
clusion exceedingly doubtful.

Our review of the present position of the Society is over-
shadowed with two regrets. First, that the number of those who
either actively or by Fellowship with the Society show practical
sympathy with scientific research is so small—a roll of 75 con-
tributing Fellows cannot be regarded as satisfactory in this
respect ; and second, scientific investigators have reason to be
discouraged that the financial resources of our Society—the only
Society in the colony devoted to the cause of original research—
are inadequate for the effective illustration of scientific discoveries
which may have occupied years of patient labor. The scientific
investigator takes upon himself honorary and onerous duties, and
is content to find his reward in the pleasures of his work and the
privilege of adding to the sum of human knowledge. All he
asks in return for his voluntary labors is the means of communi-
cating his special knowledge by a suitable channel to others.
During recent years original observations of great scientific value
have been held back from publication through this lack of mone-
tary means, and unless in the near future the burden is shared
by a larger circle in the community, we shall witness the
humiliating consequences that discoveries of great national
interest will have to go to foreign societies to obtain a voice in
the scientific world.

I would now crave your indulgence for a short time whilst
reviewing in a brief nanner some

RECENT RESEARCHES BEARING ON THE FORAMINIFERA.

Much interest attaches to the occurrence of the Rhizopoda in
the older stratified rocks. We may, therefore, in the first place,
draw attention to our present knowledge of

The Early Geological History of the Foraminifera.

The lowly organisation of these protean forms of life is sugges-
tive of a remote ancestry that may possibly take us back link by
link in an unbroken chain of vitality to the pregnant moment that
witnessed the dawn of life on this planet. On evolutional grounds
we may plausibly infer that there was a time when the Protozoa
formed the characteristic—perhaps the only type of animal life on
the earth—a protozoan age that antedated the age of the higher

108

invertebrates. If such was the case it has left scant evidence of
its existence. The practical results of a search in the Archean
and older Palewozoic rocks for these paleontological proofs are
extremely disappointing. Instead of finding the limestones of
these early periods crowded with the remains of what might be
deemed the primitive type of animal life, the Archean limestones
are singularly destitute of organic remains; and when we pass
the great interval marked by the unconformability between the
Archeans and the Cambrians, we find in the latter a richly
differentiated invertebrate fauna with scarcely a trace of the
more primitive Rhizopod. It is only when we rise in the geo-
logical series as high as the Carboniferous limestone that the
Foraminifera become at all a characteristic feature of the de-
posits, and the maximum of the order was only attained with the
Cretaceous and Tertiary formations, or, possibly, in the foramini-
feral fauna of the present seas.

It is not improbable that the unclothed amceboid organism was
the earlier prevailing type of this class, and that on the gradual
increase of carnivorous and predatory forms of life, the Amba
obtained a distinct advantage in the struggle for life in the
formation of a testaceous covering for its sarcode, either by the
secretion of carbonate of lime or by the agglutination of sand
grains and other foreign bodies. Such an important modification
of habit prepared the way for an endless morphological variation
of the organism—gave birth to a new order of Protozoans, and
made the Foraminifera the most important member of its class.
If the naked condition was the primitive form of the Protozoan
type, and the testaceous covering a later and slowly developed
modification, this will sufficiently account for the comparative
absence of the Foraminifera from the older geological formations.

The discussion on the organic or inorganic nature of Eozéon,
which has lasted over 30 years, still continues. A fascination
gathers around this so-called “Dawn Animal,” “ the lone occupant
of Laurentian seas,” that has called forth laboured investigations
and an elaborate literature. Eozéon was first described by Dr.
Carpenter and Principal Dawson in 1864. Its organic origin was
hotly contested by Professors W. King and T. H. Rowney in
numerous publications distributed over a period of 16 years.
Their contention was that the so-called organic structure of
Eoz6on was nothing more than an inorganic arrangement of
minerals in a laminar structure that was not uncommon in
serpentine rocks, and could be paralleled in the serpentine marble
or ophite of Skye, the serpentine of the Lizard, and other examples.
Mr. H. J. Carter took up a similar position of scepticism. In
1884 Prof. J. F. Blake examined the typical locality for Eozéon
at Cote St. Pierre, in Canada, with the result that he concluded

— —~ *

109

the nodules of so-called Eozéon were simply concretionary under
metamorphic rearrangements, and in a letter to Prof. H. J.
Johnston-Lavis, said, ‘I came away with the clear conviction
that we need no longer trouble about its organic nature.”*

The latest and most important contribution on this subject isa
joint paper read before the Royal Dublin Society by Prof. H. J.
Johnston and Dr. J. W. Gregory, and is published in the Trans-
actions of that Society for 1894.; The exhaustive observations
which the first-named of these authors has made on the geology
of Monte Somma brought to his notice some remarkable litholog-
ical features in certain ejectamenta from this old crater, and has
supplied the material for the joint paper now referred to, on the
“‘ Kozdonal Structure of the Ejected Blocks of Monte Sommaa.’
The blocks in which this structure is seen were derived, according
to the authors of the paper, from limestones of Mesozoic age
situated at a considerable depth in the funnel of the volcano, and
the specimens show an intermediate degree of metamorphism
between the comparatively unaltered Tertiary beds in the upper
part of the sub-volcanic platform and the more completely fused
ultra-basic and basic rocks of greater depth. The genesis of this
eozdonal structure can be gathered from the examination of a
series of specimens in which it is more or less perfectly developed.
As the result of an examination of a large number of these
ejected fragments, the authors conclude that ‘the Eozéon struc-
ture has been produced in those limestones which have, under
great pressure, in the presence of different gases, and in the
neighbourhood of a comparatively basic magma, undergone whole
or partial fusion.” }

The remarkable concentric and laminar structure of. the
eozoonal nodules is accounted for by the interaction of the lime-
stone and the more or less acid magma when brought into con-
tact. Along the line of contact a process of mutual modification
takes place. The limestone extracts a proportion of silica from
the magma, and the magma is rendered more basic, not only by
a loss of silica, but by the absorption of lime and magnesia from
the limestones with which it is in contact. The so-called
*‘acervuline layer” in Eozéon is accounted for by this process of

interchange and chemical reaction, attenuated and irregular

silicate bands being produced by the exhaustion of the silicic
substances in penetrating into the limestone. The presence of
twhuli in Eozéon structure is the strong point of evidence with

*** Kozdonal Structure of Ejected Blocks of Monte Somma,” by Prof. H.
J. Johnston-Lavis and J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., Sc. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.,
Vol. V. (Ser. 2), 1894, p. 274.

+ Op. cit.

t Op. cit., p. 264.

110

those who assert the organic origin of the specimens, and supplies
the characteristic feature that has led to its classification with
the Nummulinide. Similar tubuli or stoloniferous passages,
filled with mineral matter, are seen in the Monte Somma speci-
mens passing through the calcareous layers, and communicating
with the intermediate bands. These tubuli are supposed by the
authors to mark the main passages along which the fluid or gases
penetrated.

The photographic figures given in illustration of the work are
extremely suggestive of the anomalous Laurentian fossil, although,
judging from the plates, the cell walls and canal system lack the
definiteness and clear outline of the type specimens. Sir J. W..
Dawson has given a short rejoinder to Professors Johnston-Lavis
and Gregory, in Vat. Science of June, 1895, in which article he
says—‘ [ must emphatically deny that they resemble either in
composition, mode of occurrence, or form and structure the
Laurentian Eozéon of Canada.” Nothwithstanding this rejoinder
the latest evidences tend to weaken the proofs of the organic
origin of this doubtful object rather than confirm the conclusions-
which in the early years of its discussion were generally accepted.
One result of this prolonged discussion has been to illustrate in
how many instances petrological structure may simulate organic
features, and emphasizes the caution that should be exercised in
referring doubtful structures, especially when included in altered
and metamorphic rocks, to organic agencies.

The discovery of Foraminifera in the Cambrian rocks of
southern New Brunswick by Messrs. W. D. and G. F. Matthew
is of considerable interest. So far as I am aware, this is the first.
case in which Foraminifera have'been noted in rocks of Cambrian
age. They were discovered in the first instance by sectioning the
phosphatic nodules contained in the St. John series near the base
of the Lower Cambrians, and are associated with a group of
fossils of a distinctive character, which Mr. G. F. Matthew has
described in the Transactions of the New York Academy of
Science, vol. XIV. (1894-95), as “The Protolenus Fauna.” The
Foraminifera are referred to the genera Orbulina and Globigerina,
two of the commonest genera of the present seas, and whilst seven
new species are described, the remaining one, Orbulina universa,
is said to be indistinguishable from the same species which makes
up so large a proportion of the Atlantic ooze of to-day. Without
calling in question Mr. Matthew’s determination, it is well to.
remember that extreme caution is demanded in the determination
of fossils of so great a geological age, and particularly those (as
in the case of the genera referred to) which have a spherical form,.
as this is more easily simulated by inorganic structure than any
other outline. The previous records for the geological distribu-

111

tion of Globigerina do not go further back than the Jurassic, and
those of Orbulina, not earlier than the Lias. In view of the
present discovery, it is remarkable that no trace of either genus
has been found in the comparatively rich foraminiferal fauna of
the Carboniferous Limestone. Assuming the determination of the
author to be correct, it places Orbulina wniversa in a unique
position as the oldest surviving species among living things ; and
if the claims of Eozéon be disallowed, the Protolenus horizon of
St. John has the earliest record for the occurrence of Foraminifera
in any part of the world.*

If I may be allowed a moment’s digression from the immediate
subject of my address, I would draw attention to the fact that it
seems probable that more success will attend the search for
the Radiolarian representatives of the Rhizopoda in the older
stratitied rocks than remains the Foraminifera. L. Cayeux has
recently announced the discovery of Radiolaria inthe Pre-Cam-
brian rocks of Brittany. Whilst there are some aspects of this
supposed discovery that have led other specialists to regard
Cayeux’s determinations with some scepticism, it will quicken the
interest in these old and so-called azoic rocks that will no’ doubt
shortly place the matter beyond question. During the last three
years simultaneous discoveries of Radiolaria have been made in
many countries and from most formations, ranging from the
Cambrian to the present day. These results have been in many
cases, particularly those pertaining to the older rocks, obtained
from the examination of the much neglected cherty bands and
nodules which frequently accompany calcareous beds of all ages.

BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

From the days of Conrad Gesner in the middle of the sixteenth
century the delicate and varied forms of the Foraminifera have
commanded an increasing attention from scientific workers, yet
it is only within the last few years that any definite knowledge
has been obtained of the life history of this interesting Order.
The opacity of the investment has made the investigation of the
soft parts of the animal, in most cases, practically impossible and,
even where the shell exhibited some translucency, as soon as the
animal was removed from its normal conditions for observation it
withdrew its body to the.centra] portions of the shell, whilst the
vital functions either ceased or were for the time being suspended.
Two improved methods of enquiry have led up to the present
advance in our knowledge of the biology of the Foraminifera.
The first of these is an improved method of sectioning the shell
introduced by Mons. C. Schlumberger, of Paris, by means of

*Unless we accept the statement of L. Cayeux that he has obtained
Foraminifera, as well as Radiolaria, from the Pre-Cambrians of Brittany.

112

which. the excessively delicate central chambers of the test are
preserved from destruction in the mechanical process ; the second,
an ingenious contrivance of Mons. F. Schaudinn, assistant at the
Zoological Institute of Berlin, by which Foraminifera can be
placed under observation throughout all the phases of their
existence.

As far back as 1841, Ehrenberg noticed a Spirillina with a
great number of young examples within the chambers of the
parent shell, and as the observation was unique he conferred upon
it the trivial name of vivipara. Similar phenomena were sub-
sequently seen by Schultz and other observers in individuals
belonging to several different genera. In 1861 Mr. Carter
detected the existence of spherules in the chambers of some fossil
Foraminifera, which he regarded as “ propagative agents.” *
About the same time attention became directed to the structure
of the sarcode or protoplasm that formed the living body of the
animal, and in 1878 A. Schneider published + the results of his
researches with regard to the reproductive processes pertaining
to the genus Miliolina. The most striking point of Schneider’s
researches was, that in some instances the protoplasmic body
became broken up into two kinds of minute bodies, the smaller
of these, possessing spontaneous movement, he regarded in the
light of spermatozoa, and the larger as ova. The latter developed
into young Miliolina, and after secreting a delicate calcareous
test passed into a free condition. These observations of Schneider
require confirmation. The first definite step in elucidating the
life history of the Foraminifera was taken, however, in 1880,
when Munier-Chalmas, the distinguished French microscopist,
announced that in the case of certain species of Vwmmulites and
Assilina the initial chambers were formed on two distinct plans.
In the one case the primordial chamber was large, and in the
other the same primordial space was occupied by a number of
small chambers. Thus the individuals of a species were divided
into two natural groups (1) those which had a megalospheric
central chamber, and (2) those with a microspheric centre. The
external features of the two groups were identical, except that
those individuals which had the large central chambers were, in
most species, smaller in size than those which had the smaller but
more numerous central chambers. This “dimorphism,” as it was
called by Munier-Chalmas, has been made the subject of careful
and systematic investigation by the last-named eminent savant
in conjuction with the able and energetic specialist, Charles

* Ann. Mag., Nat. His. Ser. 3, Vol. VIII., 1861, p. 309.
+ Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Protozoen. Zeits. f. Wiss., Zool., Vol. 30,
Sup. 1878, p. 446.

uy) sh en ar

113

Schlumberger, and by their united efforts the existence of a
dimorphic origin has been demonstrated in the case of over twenty
genera.

The question that immediately arose, and awaited solution,
was, “ What is the meaning of this dimorphism?” That it had a
distinct relationship to the process of reproduction was generally
inferred, and its significance in this respect has given rise to
much discussion. The first point that required determination
was whether the dimorphic features were aboriginal in the history
of the individual, or caused subsequently to birth by a secondary
growth of smaller chambers within the macrospheric chamber, an
alternative that was soon decided in favour of the view that the
difference was aboriginal.

In 1894 Mr. J. J. Lister, in a paper read before the Royal
Society of London on “The Life History of the Foraminifera,”
gave a full and lucid resumé of the state of knowledge on this
subject to date, with many valuable, original observations.
Lister’s researches have been directed chiefly to the study of the
nuclei of Foraminifera in relation to reproduction. His observa-
tions were confined to a limited number of forms, and chiefly
the cosmopolitan species, Polystomella crispa. This careful
observer was able to note that the nuclei of the megalospheric
and microspheric individuals of a species differed essentially from
each other. The megalospheric form carries but one large
nucleus during the greater part of the life of the individual,
whilst the microspheric form, in the place of a large central
nucleus, contains several small nuclei. This discovery of a
physiological, as well as a morphological difference, in the two
forms strengthened the assumption that they owed their difference
of form to aboriginal causes.

The next point was to establish what relationship the two
forms bore to each other in the life history of the species. Did
the difference of form mark a difference of sex? Or did the two
forms represent a cycle of recurring generations, as may be seen
in some other departments of Natural History? Lister was led
to discard the sexual hypothesis chiefly from the study of Orbzto-
lites complanata, in which he found the young of the megalo-
spheric form in the brood chambers of both megalospheric and
microspheric individuals; “hence,” he says, “it is impossible
to regard either form as male.” Ina postscript to his paper, of
slightly later date, he reaches a definite conclusion on this point
in the following words, “The fact that the whole of the proto-
plasm of the parent is used in the production of the young, and
that these are all of one form, supports the view that the two
forms of the Foraminifera belong to different generations.” *

a * Op. cit., p. 446.

1l4

We must now refer to the brilliant work done by Schaudinn
in the elucidation of this interesting biological problem, who
quite independently of Lister has been engaged on the same
investigations, and by a curious coincidence has taken the same
species as Lister (Polystomella crispa) as his principal type. Not
only have these two eminent naturalists been independently led
to the same conclusion, but Schaudinn has thrown much additional
light on the reproductive phenomena of the Foraminifera.* By
the use of very high magnifying powers (up to 2,000 diameters)
he has watched the changes that take place in the nuclei during
the reproductive process, and are of the greatest interest. In the
first place he has never seen a nucleus multiply by constriction,
as is frequently the case in some Orders of the Protozoa, but the
nucleus passes through a succession of very remarkable and com-
plex changes which cannot well be made intelligible without
reference to the diagrammatic figures by which his work is
illustrated. Stated generally, however, the nucleus when passing
into the reproductive stage first develops a granular centre,
around which gathers a sphere of droplets like an alveolary
border. A process of segregation goes on and a cyst is formed,
the inner surface of which is covered by a number of compact
spheroidal bodies. When matured, the cyst bursts and the
spheroids are distributed throughout the protoplasm of the
animal as embryonic nucleoids.

The next question was to determine the distinctive changes
which take place respectively in the megalospheric and micro-
spheric forms of propagation. In the case of microspheric
generation there develops the cyst-like bodies with included
zoospores, as already described. In the crisis of reproduction,
the cyst bursts, the corpuscular bodies are set free, and by a rapid
circulatory movement, that is set up concurrently in the proto-
plasm, they are evenly distributed throughout the mass. At this
stage the whole of the protoplasm vacates the shell, forming an
irregular mass. The protoplasm then divides into sections of
various sizes, each fragment assumes a rounded form, secretes a
calcareous test, and this globular test constitutes the primordial
chamber of a Polystomella crispa, of the megalospheric form. In
these observations two points were established ; first, that the
whole of the parent body was used up in the formation of off-
spring ; and, secondly, a microspheric individual gave birth to a
megalospheric progeny.

* For particulars of M. Schaudinn’s investigations I am chiefly indebted
to M. Schlumberger, who in the following two papers has given an excellent
resumé of Schaudinn’s Preliminary Notes, with a reproduction of Schau-
dinn’s figures. Note sur la Biologie des Foraminiferes. La Plastogamie

dans les Foraminiferes, par Ch. Schlumberger, in La Feuille des Jeunes
Naturalistes, in Mars et Mai, 1896.

4
.
.

115

It now became the task of the investigators to watch the evolu-
tion of the megalospheric form. A considerable proportion of the
nucleoid bodies that during the embryonic condition were scat-
tered through the protoplasm of the microspherical individual
were seen to unite and form a compact mass, which became the
nucieus of a new megalospheric individual, and, according to
Lister, such nucleus generally occupies the primordial chamber.
When this individual of the megalospherical plan of growth has
reached the reproductive stage, the principal nucleus disappears,
broken up and absorbed into the protoplasmic mass, and minut2
nuclei make their appearance. A karyokinetic division of all the
nuclei follows, the latter acting as centres around which the
protoplasm arranges itself, forming small spherical masses which
gradually and uniformly become distributed throughout the
protoplasmic body until the whole of the body substance is used
up in their formation, and the minute spheroids, which are the
ultimate product of this extended process of division, are set free
_as flagellated zoospores of uniform size. These zoospores form
the embryos of the microspheric form of Polystomella crispa.

In these results the biological significance of the megalospheric
and microspheric plans of growth among the Foraminifera has
been explained. It has been demonstrated there are two methods
of reproduction—one by the production of embryos, and the other
by the emission of spores. The microspherical group produce
young in the form of embryos, which develop into megalospheric
individuals; and the megalospherical group produce spores, which
in turn reproduce the species on the microspherical plan of
growth. In a few rare cases, however (Schaudinn noticed three
in 4,300), it has been observed that where no principal nucleus
was formed in a megalospherical individual, the small nucleoid
bodies multiply directly from themselves, forming embryos instead
-of spores. In this case a megalospherical parent produces
megalospheric offspring without an intermediate microspheric
generation. The proportion of numbers in the two forms is
worthy of note. The megalospheric form is much more common
than the microspheric. The proportion in Polystomella crispa,
according to Lister, is in the ratio of 34 to 1; and in Adelosina
polygonia, according to Schlumberger, the relative proportions
areas 8 tol. The season of the year has apparently something
to do with these relative numbers, for the microspheric, or spore-
produced forms, on Lister’s observations, occur in greater numbers
in the height of summer than in other parts of the year.

If I may for a moment longer tax your patience in reviewing
these biological researches I would refer to a recent discovery in
which M. Schaudinn has still further advanced our knowledge of
the life history of the Foraminifera. He has obtained abundant

116

evidence of the occurrence of copulation in some species which he
has had under observation. His preliminary notes* on this
subject have, by the consent of the author, been summarized and
translated into French by M. Schlumberger in a paper published
in La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, in May, 1896, to which I
am indebted for a knowledge of this part of M. Schaudinn’s dis-
coveries.

Prior to the discovery now referred to, copulation had been
observed to take place among some of the Rhizopoda, but no
exact determination had been made of the changes that were
thereby induced in the individuals concerned in the act; and,
prior to the observations made by Schaudinn, no one had noted
the occurrence of copulation among the Foraminifera. The
researches of Maupas and Hartog on the methods of reproduction
among the lower forms of life, both in the vegetable and animal
kingdoms, published about five years ago, undoubtedly prepared
the way for the recent discoveries among the Foraminifera.
Maupas had pointed out that in the lower organisms long-con-
tinued propagation by fission without fusion resulted in a state
of senescene and ultimate extinction. This has been abundantly
confirmed by Professor Hartog, who says :—‘‘ We have evidence
on all sides to show that a sexual] reproduction, colonial or
cellular, is rarely continued indefinitely in those organisms which
have a sexual process. After a certain continuance of asexual
reproduction the strain deteriorates.” + What the author calls
a ‘rejuvenescence ” must be attained by fusion of individuals to
prevent degeneration, and maintain the vigour of the organism.
To reach this rejuvenescence, in the case of the Protozoa, Hartog
notes that there are two leading types of reproduction, which he
designates respectively Karyogamy and Plastogamy. Karyogamy
(a term first used by Maupas) is defined by Hartog to be “ the’
fusion of two or more nuclei as well as of the cytoplasts into a.
uninucleate cell.” +‘ Plastogamy is the cytoplastic union of
cells without nuclear fusion. This, of course, brings about com-
plete mixture of the cytoplasts, comparable to that of the nuclei
in Karyogamy.”§ In the discoveries of Schaudinn, to be im-
mediately referred to, it will be seen that copulation among the
Foraminifera is plastogamic rather than karyogamic.

For the purposes in view, Schaudinn has chiefly confined his
observations to two species of Foraminifera, Patellina corrugata
and Discorbina globularis, both of which are common forms in

* F. Schaudinn, Ucber Plastogamie bei Foram.; Sitz. Bericht. d. Gresellsch.
Naturforsch. Freunde, 1895, No. 10.
+‘*Some Problems of Reproduction,” by M. M. Hartog, Quar. Jour.
Micro. Soc., vol. XX XIII. (1892), p. 64.
+ Ibid. § Ibid.

117

Australian waters. One point clearly demonstrated is that
copulation can only take place under conditions in which the
respective individuals are qualified for copulation. These condi-
tions are apparently determined by the state of the nucleus.
Copulation only ensues when the individuals concerned have but
a single nacleus and this nucleus at rest, that is to say, not
undergoing sub-division. In every case observed where one or
both of the individuals of the same species had their nuclei on
the way to divide, the pseudopodia instead of fusing shrank away
from each other, but when two individuals approached each other
having their nuclei in the embryonic chamber, in a quiescent
condition, copulation ensued. These results were observed, not
only in the case of such examples as happened to come into contact
fortuitously, but were repeatedly experimentally confirmed by
Schaudinn, who used artificial means in bringing individuals to-
gether in various states with regard to their nuclear condition.

The act of copulation in the case of Patellina consists ap-
parently in the fusion of the protoplasm—that is, the cytoplast as
distinct from the nweleus in the individuals concerned. First the
pseudopodial extensions touch and merge and ultimately the main
portions blend, by which means the respective tests are raised
until they touch, not face to face, but at an angle forming a V
shaped space between the two shells. The open sides are rapidly
built up by the organisms with grains of sand and other fortui-
tous fragments that may be at hand, to give the greater protec-
tion, and (as we have already seen taken place in the case of
Polystomella crispa when in the act of reproduction) the whole
of the animal substance leaves the shells and is united into one
mass enclosed within the chamber formed for the occasion. After
the lapse of an hour or two, or even days, the protoplasmic mass
breaks up and concentrates around the nuclei; each little frag-
ment takes a globular form and secretes a test which forms the
embryological chamber of the new life. When the embryos are
ready for independent existence the temporary barriers are
broken and they escape from the ‘ nuptial cavern.” In this act
of copulation several individuals can take part concurrently
(Schaudinn actually observed groups up to five) but they must all
be mononucleary in condition, and the fusion is limited to the
protoplasm as distinct from the nuclei.

The process of copulation in Discorbina is very similar to that
already described in the case of Patellina. The flat faces of the tests
are brought together so that the respective apertures can readily
communicate. Portions of the walls of the final chambers are even
reabsorbed to permit of freer intercourse, and the open space
between the shells temporally enclosed by a film of carbonate of
lime. The multiplication of the nuclei and the formation of

118

embryos go on simultaneously in the two individuals. Each
nucleus forms an embryo—only one nucleus to each embryo—and
the latter develops two or three chambers by growth before it
escapes from the conjugal enclosure.

It is therefore clear that, whilst an agamic reproduction is the
commonest method of increase among the Foraminifera, a conjugal
union of individuals is necessary at certain times and under fit
conditions as a means of preventing the deterioration of the
species. Jt has also been established, so far as the species placed
under observation are concerned, that the act of copulation is
exclusively of the nature of plastogamy.

Quite recently Mr. J. J. Lister has propounded a very ingeni-
ous theory to explain the alteration of plan of growth which takes
place in the microspheric forms of Biloculina and Triloculina.*
Among the Mailiolide the principal types exhibit a biloculine,
triloculine, or quinqueloculine test, according as two, three, or
five chambers are exposed externally. It has been observed that
in the case of the (?sexually produced) microspheric forms of
Triloculina the early chambers of the shell are arranged on a
quinqueloculine plan, changing in the later stages to the trilocu-
line arrangement; and in the case of Siloculina, the early
chambers are quinqueloculine, then triloculine, and _ finally
biloculine. No such transmutations of form occur in the
(asexual) megalospheric forms, but these are respectively either
triloculine or biloculine throughout their growth. The questions
Mr. Lister has attempted to solve are—First, why this remark-
‘able change should take place in the growth of the genera referred
to; and, second, why such a change should be characteristic of
the microspheric and not the megalospheric form. The assump-
tion is, that the sexually-preduced microspheric form goes out of
its way to repeat the arrangement characteristic of allied forms
before it attains the arrangement proper to its own genus. Mr.
Lister says—‘‘ Is not this a particular instance of a phenomenon
widely met with in higher forms of animals, in which the indi-
viduals produced by budding attain the adult structure by a
direct development, while those produced from the egg often
develop by an indirect course, going out of their way to repeat
lost features characteristic of the archaic forms of their race? .
In the case of higher animals the larval stages are lost, the body
of the larva being fashioned into that of the adult, but in this
group of the Protozoa, the Miliolidz, the peculiar structure of the
young is permanently recorded, being built in and retained in the
centre of the chambers subsequently added.”+ If Mr. Lister’s

*«* A Possible Explanation of the Quinqueloculine arrangement of the
Chambers in the Young of the Microspheric Forms of Z'riloculina and
Biloculina,” Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., vol. I[X., p. 236 (1897).

+ Op. cit.

119

interpretation of these structural phenomena be correct, it follows
that the quinqueloculine plan of growth is the primitive type of
the group, whilst the triloculine and biloculine varieties represent
later modifications of the primitive form in its successive stages of
evolution.

FORAMINIFERA IN BOULDER CLAY.

What promises to have an important bearing on the theory of
the formation of Boulder Clay in the Northern Hemisphere is
the discovery of Foraminifera in the glacial deposits of Ireland,
Scotland, England, Denmark and other Continental countries.
As far back as 1879, Mr. Joseph Wright, of Belfast, began an
examination of the Boulder Clay for Foraminifera, and has
summarised his latest results in two papers published in the
Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow for 1894 and
1895. In almost every instance in which he examined the
unstratitied Till of Ireland and Scotland, he found Foraminifera
present in the material. The shells, which in the majority of
«cases were rare, were found free from either weathering or
abrasion, and had evidently lived and died im setw. It would
have been of great interest if Mr. Wright had indicated at what
height above the sea the samples were taken from, and whether
the Boulder Clay of high altitudes carried the same evidences of
foraminiferal life as the Clay at lower levels. The attention of
other investigators having been called to these occurrences, Mr.
T. Mellard Reade* has been successful in finding Foraminifera
in the Boulder Clay of England. Dr. Madsen+ has made a
similar discovery in Denmark, and Johannes Korn { in Germany.
The unstratified Till has been hitherto generally considered as a
moraine profunde, but if the evidences now adduced be confirmed
as a feature pertaining to the Till in general, it will prove
beyond question that it has been laid down under marine con-
ditions.

THE DETERMINATION OF LOCAL FAUN&.

The recent work done among the Foraminifera in determina-
tion of local faunze commands a moments notice. In the lamented
death of my friend and frequent helper (Henry B. Brady, F.R.S.)
in 1891, the most conspicuous British authority on the Foram-
inifera was removed fromus. His death left a gap in the British
ranks that has not been adequately filled by any one particular
worker in this department of natural history, but there are not
a few whose labors are worthy of honorable mention. The
monograph on “ The Foraminifera of the Crag,” which was begun

* Proc. Liverpool Geo. Soc., 1896.

+ Middelelser Fra Dansk. Geologisk Forening, 1895.

t+ Ueber Foraminiferen in Glacialthonen. Neus Jahrbuch fiir Mineral,
Geol. und Paliontol. Stuttgart, 1895.

120

by the publication of Part I. in the Paleontographical Society’s
volume for 1865, has, after an interval of thirty years, been com-
pleted in the Society’s volume for 1895. The authorship of the
earlier part was by Messrs. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H.
B. Brady. Of this distinguished triad only the first-named_ re-
mains with usto-day. Prof. Rupert Jones, whose name will ever
stand in the first rank of students of the Foraminifera, and who
has nearly completed his half century of observations in this de-
partment of study, takes the leading position in the completion of
the monograph. He has been ably assisted by H. W. Burrows, C.
D. Sherborn, F. W. Millett, R. Holland, and F. Chapman, cath,
of whom brings a special knowledge to bear on the branch of the
work entrusted to him. It is significant of the progress the
science has made in the interval that no less than thirty-one of
the specific determinations made in Part I. have had to be
corrected in their classification in the Part just published. Mr.
Frederick Chapman, F.R.M.S., who either independently or as
collaborator with other well known naturalists, has greatly en-
riched our knowledge of the British fossil Foraminifera, has for
more than ten years been engaged on a monograph of the Foram-
inifera of the Gault, of which nine Parts have already been pub-
lished and about 250 species figured. Mr. Chapman’s patient
and exhaustive labors are all the more valuable in that he has
worked out the foraminiferal fauna of the Gault in relation to
the zonal distribution of the species.

Deep sea dredging for scientific purposes has, of late years,
been prosecuted by many of the leading nations of the world.
An expedition of this kind was carried out by the U.S. Fish
Commission steamer “ Albatross” in 1891, under the scientific
control of Alexander Agassiz, the able Director of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at ; Harvard College. The ground investigated
was an unexplored region of the ocean floor off the West coast
of Central America, from the Galapagos on the Equator to the
Gulf of California as the northern limits of the explorations, and
has yielded material for a large number of monographs in eluci-
dation of the rich and interesting faunz then obtained. The
Foraminifera were intrusted to Axel Goés, the eminent Swedish
naturalist, who has worked out with distinguished ability the
very rich foraminiferal material obtained in these dredgings, and
has added to our knowledge a large number of new forms. Goés’
Work forms the XX Bulletin of the series, and was published in
1896.

One of the most valuable contributions to our subject within
recent years is that of Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek and R. Fennema
in a joint description of the Geology of Java and Madoura*,

* Description geologique de Java et Madoura. Tomes Ir. Amsterdam,
1896.

121

published last year in two volumes by order of the Governor-
General of the Netherlands East India. The islands of Java,
Sumatra, and others that are adjacent, possess a remarkable
assemblage of large Foraminifera, chiefly of Tertiary . age,
belonging to several genera. The authors referred to have con-
fined their attention mainly to these conspicuous forms, and
particularly those belonging to the Family Nummulinide, which
they have described with great care and illustrated by detailed
drawings that are models in their clear and faithful representation
of the objects described. The Work must rank as one of the
most important contributions in the elucidation of this important
family of the Foraminifera.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Before I conclude, I must refer to one more important contri-
bution to the study of the Foraminifera, which, though not
dealing with research in the ordinary use of that term, has
placed all original workers under lasting obligations to its author.
I refer to Mr. Charles Davies Sherborn’s exhaustive work, ‘An
Index to the Genera and Species of the Foraminifera,” published
by the Smithsonian Institution, in two parts; Part I. being
issued in 1893, and Part II. in 1896. Mr. Sherborn had already
secured a world-wide reputation by his ‘‘ Bibliography of the
Foraminifera,” brought down to the year 1888, and his *‘ Index”
supplies a ready reference to all species that have been described
up to 1889. The work is an inestimable boon to the specialist,
not only minimising the labour of wading through a voluminous
and scattered literature, but has greatly iimited the chances of
duplication in the description and naming of species. In the
same direction I cannot forbear mentioning the valuable aid
which naturalists, in general, will in future obtain from the
“ Record of Geological Literature,” which the Geological Society
of London has recently undertaken to publish as an annual
volume. The scheme followed will practically amount to a
Bibliography, in at least the geological field of investigation, and
be the means of calling attention to the published results of
of workers in the same departments of study that might other-
wise be overlooked.

DONATIONS | POT te 1 ee

For the Year 1896-97.

TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS.

Presented by the respective Societies, Editors, and Governments.

AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Berlin—Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde, band X XX.
No. 6; XXXI., No. 1.
———— Verhandlungen, ditto, band X XITII., Nos. 1 to 3.
Sitzungberichte der Ko6niglich Preuss. Akad. der Wis-
senschaft. zu Berlin, Nos. 40 to 53 (1895), and Nos.
1 to 25 (1897).
——— Abhand. der Konig. Preuss. Metereolog. Instituts,
Ergeb. der Beobacht. an den Stationen, 1893, 1894,
1896. Bericht uber die Thatigkeit, ditto, 1896.
Gottingen—Nachricht. von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissensch. u.
d. Georg-August. Universitat, heft 3 to 4 (1896),
heft 1 (1897).
Halle—Leopoldina, heft 31. |
Nova Acta der K. Leopold-Carol. Deut. Akad. der
Naturforscher, band LXIITI., No. 1; LXVI., No. 1.
Kiel—Schrift. der Naturwiss. Vereins fiir Schleswig-Holstein,
band X., heft 2.
Munich—Sitzungsb. der Mathem.-Physik. Classe der K. B.
Akad. der Wissensch. zu Munich, heft 3-4 (1896),
heft 1 (1897).
Vienna—Sitzungsb. der Mathem.-Naturwissen. Classe Kaiser.
Akad. der Wissensch., Nos. 7, 13, 14, 17 (1897).
——— Verhand. der K. Geolog. Reichenstalt, Nos. 13-15
(1896), Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7,8, TO) Tie Bat ieod )
—-—- K.K. Gradmess.-Bureau, Astronom. Arbeiten, band
VIEL, (1896):
——— Verhand. der K.K. Zoolog.-Botan. Gesellsch. in Wien,
band XLVL., heft 9, 10.
——— Annalen der K.K. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, band X.,
Nos. 2-4; band XI., Nos. 1-4.
Wurzburg—Sitzungsb. der Physik.-Medicin. Gesellsch., Nos. 1 to
11 (1896).

ea = ==

123

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

Adelaide—Gov. Geologist — Report Arltunga Goldfield and
Hart’s Range Mica Field (1897)
Brisbane— Depart. of Agriculture—Botany Abridged, 2nd Edit.,
1897.
Royal Society of Queensland, vol. XII.
Hobart—Royal Society of Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings,
1897.
Melbourne— Victorian Naturalist, vol. XITI., Nos. 9 to 12 ; vol.
XIV., Nos. 2 to 4.
— Royal Society of Victoria—Proceedings, vol. TX.,
fee, Vol. -X.) pt.’ T.
— Royal Geograph. Society of Australia—Transactions,
vol. XIV.
—-— Department of Mines and Water—Annual Report,
1896. Report on the Bendigo Gold Fields,
Nos. 1-2.
Sydney—Australian Museum—Memoirs III., Atoll of Funafuti.
Records, vol. III., No. 2. Report, 1896.
—w— Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. XXX., 1896.
—— Agricultural Gazette, vol. VIT., parts 10-11; vol. VIIT.,
pts. 1-5, 7.
—— Linnean Society—Proceedings, vol. X XI., pts. 3, 4.
—— Department of Mines and Agriculture—Records of the
Geolog. Survey of N.S.W., vol. V., pt. 2. Report,
1896.
——— Sydney Observatory—Meteorological Observations (H.
L. Russell).
Wellington, N.Z.—New Zealand Institute — Transactions and
Proceedings, 1896.
——— Department Lands and Survey — Reports,
1894-5 ; 1895-6.

BELGIUM.
Brussels—Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belge, tome
39, 1895.
Memoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liege,
tome XIX.
CANADA.
Halifax—Nova Scotian Institute Nat. Sciences, Proceedings, vol.
IX., part 1.

Montreal—Canadian Record of Science, vol. VII., No. 4.

Ottawa—Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report, 1894 ;
ditto, 1895.

Toronto—Canadian Institute: Annual Reports, 1887, 1892,
1893, 1894; Transactions, vol. I., part 1; Pro-
ceedings, vol. I., parts 1, 2.

124

FRANCE.
Nantes—Bulletin de la Société Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de
la France, tome VI., Nos. 2, 3 (1896).
Paris—Feuilles des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 314 to 321.
Bulletin des Seances Société Entomologique, Nos. 15 to
20 (1896); Nos. 1 to 12 (1897). Annales, vol.
LXIV. (1895).
—— Bulletin des Museums d'Histoire Naturelle-Gcéologie des
Indes Anglaises.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Cambridge —Philosophical Society, Proceedings, vol. IX., part 5.
Dublin—Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, vol. IV. part 1.
Edinburgh—Royal Physical Society, Proceedings, 1895-6.
——— Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. XX.
—— Edinburgh Geological Society, Transactions.
London-—Royal Microscopical Society, Journal, parts 5, 6 (1896) ;
parts 1 to 4 (1897).
Royal Society, Proceedings, vol. LX., Nos. 360 to 368 ;
vol. LXI., Nos. 369 to 376.
Linnean Society, Proceedings, Nov., 1895; June, 1896.
Entomological Society of London, vol. 1896.
Chemical Society, Journal.
Imperial Institute, Journal, vol. II., Nos. 22, 23; vol.
ITT., No. 26.
Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol. VIII. Nos. 8 to 11.
Manchester—Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
vol. XLI., parts 1 to 3.
———_— Manchester Geological Society, vol. XXIV., part
10; vol. XXV., parts 4 to 7.

INDIA.

Calcutta—Indian Museum, Ancient Coins, parts 3, 4.
Madras—Madras Government Museum, Bulletin, vol. II., No. 1.

tie

ITALY.

Florence—Societa Entomologica Italiana, Bulletin I. to IV.,
1897.
Milan—Atti della Societa Italiana Scienze Naturali Milano,
vol. XXX VI., Nos. 15 to 26; vol. XXX VIII., Nos.
1 to 7.
Palermo—Bolletino della Societia Botanico di Palermo, Anno I.,
part 1.
Pisa—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, vol. XV.
Turin—Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata
dello R. Univer. di Torino, vol. XI., Nos. 260 to
267; vol. XII., Nos. 268 to 292.

125

JAVA.

_ Batavia—Natrkuncig Tidschrift deel LVI.; Boekwerken, 1896.

_ Amsterdam—Geological Description of Java and Madoura,
tomes I., II., with maps.

JAPAN.
Tokio— Asiatic Society, Transactions, vol. XXTV.
-——— Seismological Society, Transactions, 1896.
College of Science, aaa of Japan, vol. IX., part 2 ;
vol. X., parts 1,
Geograph. Soc. of J an vol. XA VITE, No.3,

Mexico.
Mexico—NSociedad Cientifica, tomo IX., Nos. 9,10; tomo X.,
Nos. 1 to 4.
Instituto Geologico, Bolletino, Nos. 4 to 6.

Norway AND SWEDEN.
Bergens—Bergens Museum Aarbag, 1896, part 1 (Isopoda), part
2 (Crustacea) ; 1897, parts 3 to 6.
Christiana—Den Norske Nordhavs Expedit., 1876-75, No.
XXIII. (Tunicata), No. XXIV. (Protophyta).
Fauna Norvegiz, No. I.(Phyllocarida of Phyllopoda).
Norvegischen Meteor. Instit. Jahrbuch, 1893-4-5.
—- Norronaskellen Crania Antiqua, 1897.
——_¥— Philologiske Afghandlingen.
_Stockholm—Geologiska Foreningens, 1896.
Entomologisk Tidschrift, vol. 1896, heft 1 to 4.
Stavanger—Stavanger Museum Aarb., 1895.
Trondhjem—Kongelige Norske Videnskabers, 1894-5.
Upsala— University of Upsala, Bulletin of Geological Institution,
vol. IT., parts 2 to 4.

RuvssIA.
Moscow —Société Impériale des Naturalistes, bulletin Nos. 2 to
3, 1896.
St. Petersburg—Société Impériale Mineral., band 32.
Comité Geologique, bulletin tome XIV., Nos. 2
to 4; tome XV., Nos. 2-5
——-——---——— Academie Impériale des Sciences. Bulletin, tome
VI, Nos.‘1 to, 3.
SWITZERLAND.
Geneva—Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle, Compte
Rendue des Seances, vol., XIII., 1896.

Lausanne—Socicté Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, bulletin

XXXII. Nos. 121-122; XXXIII., No. 123.
Meuchatel— Société Neuchatelaise de Géographie, bulletin, tome,

VITTI., 1894-5.

—_.

126

SoutH AMERICA.

Buenos Aires—Acadomia Nacional de Ciencias, boletin, tome,
XIV., Nos. 3, 4.

Montevideo—Musee Nacional, annales V., VI., VII. .

Rio de Janein—Observatoria, Annuario 1896.

—— Musee Nacional], Archivos, vol. VIII.

SoutH AFRICA.
Cape Town— Philosophical Society, vol., VII., pt. 2.

UNITED STATES AMERICA.

Baltimore—John Hopkins’ University Studies, series XIII.,
Nos: 9 to 12; XIV., Nos. 1 to 5; circulars, vol.
XVI., Nos. 129-130.
—-—- American Chemical Journals, vol. XVII., Nos. 8 to-
10; XVIIT., Nos. 1 to 5.
-— Journal of Philclogy, vol. XVI., Nos. 2 to 4.
Boston-—Society National History Proceedings, vol. XX VII.
American Acaaemy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings,
vol. X XITI.
Cambridge—Harvard Museum Comparative Zoology, Bulletin,
vol. XX VITI., Nos. 2,3; XXX., Nos. 1 to 6.
Cincinnati—Society of National History, Journal, vol. X VIII.,.
Nos. 3, 4; XIX., No. 1.
Chicago—Field Columbian Museum, vol. I., Nos. 1 to 5.
Grenville, Ohio—Scientific Laboratories, Denison University,.
vol. | LX; apt. d:
New York—Academy of Sciences, annals, vol. [X., Nos. 1, 3.
— Microscopical Society, vol. XI]., No. 4; XIII,

Nos. | to 3.
Philadelphia—Academy Natural Sciences, Proceedings, parts 1,
2, 1896.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, vol. LIL,
pt. I:

San Francisco—Californian Academy of Sciences, Proceedings,
vol. V., pt. 2; Memoirs, vol. III., No. 5.

Salem——-American Association, Advance. Science, Proceedings,

1895.

St. Louis—Missouri Botanic Gardens Report, 1896.

Washington—National Academy of Sciences Memoirs, vol, ITI.

-— U.S. Geologicol Survey—Annual Report, 15, 16;

Bulletins 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134.

————— Department of Agriculture, N.A. Fauna, No. 12 ;.
Monograph, Common Birds in their relation
to Agriculture.

Date of
Election.

1857.

1893.
_ 1897.

1897.

LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &c.

NovemMBer, 1897.

Those marked (F) were present at the first meeting when the Society was:
founded. Those marked (L) are Life Fellows. Those marked with
an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s.
Transactions.

Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary.

HONORARY FELLOWS

BARKELEY, Sir Henry, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Colonial
Institute, London.

*CossMANN, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris.

*Davip, T. W. E., B.A., Professor of Geology, Sydney University,
New South Wales.

*DENNANT, JOHN, F.G.S., Inspector Technical Schools, Camberwell,
Victoria.

Evuery, R. L. J., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., late Government Astronomer
Victoria, The Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria.

*ETHERIDGE, RoBERT, Director Australian Museum, Sydney.

GARRAN, A., L.L.D., Sydney, New South Wales.

GREGORIO, MARQUIS DE, Palermo, Sicily.

Hvti, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania.

Littuez, E.

Russet, H. C., B.A., F.R.%., F.R.A.S., Government Astr onomer
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales.

*Witson, J. T., M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Sydney University.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Baruty, F.M., F.L.S., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland.

*CLoup, T. C., F.C.S., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South
Australia.

*ForLscHeE, PAut, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Terri-
tory, Australia.

GoLpDsTEIN, J. R. Y., Melbourne, Victoria.

*Kempg, Rev. J., Australia.

*McKitiop, Rev. Davin, 8..J., late Daly River Mission, Northern
Territory.

*Maipen, J. H., F.L.S., F.C.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Sydney,
New South Wales.

*“MASKELL, W. M., Wellington, New Zealand.

Nicoiay, Rev. C. G., Freemantle, Western Australia.

*RicHarps, Mrs. A., Mount Barker, South Australia.

*Scuuitz, Rev. Lovts.

*STIRLING, JAMES, Government Geologist, Victoria.

*STrRETTON, W. G., Palmerston, Northern Territory

1887.
1874.
1897.
1887.
1893.
1887.
1884.
1886.

1882.
1883.

1897.
1893.

1884.
1879.

1876.

1895.
1880.
1887.
1876.
1896.
1893.
1890.

1886.
1882.
1889.
1880.

1887.
1896.
1896.

1891.

1883.
1895.
1896.
1853.

1894,
1897"
1884.

1856.
1888.
1885.
1896.
1897.
1874,

128

FELLOWS,

Apcock, D. J., Adelaide, South Australia.

Anaas, J. H., Adelaide, South Australia,

AsuBy, Epwin, Adelaide, South Australia.

Bacor, Jonn, Adelaide, South Australia.

*BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, South Australia.

*BLACKBURKN, Rrv. THomas, B.A., Woodville, South Australia.

Borttcer, Orro, Adelaide, South Australia.

*Bracc, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics, University of
Adelaide, South Australia.

Brown, L. G. Adelaide, South Australia.

*Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.8., Government Geologist South ‘Antinied
Adelaide.

Browne, J. H., North Adelaide, South Australia.

BromMitT, Ropert, M.R.C.8., England, Kooringa, South
Australia.

Bussey, J. W., F.R.M.S., North Adelaide, South Australia.

*CLELAND, W.L., M.B., Ch.M., J.P., Colonial Surgeon, Resident
Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum, Lecturer on
Materia Medica’ University of Adelaide, Parkside, South
Australia.

(1) Cooke, E., Commissioner of Audit South Australia, Adelaide,
South Australia.

Cookk, JoHN H., Adelaide, South Australia.

Cox, W. C., Semaphore, South Australia.

*Dixon, SAMUEL, Adelaide, South Australia.

Dospik, A. W., Adelaide, South Australia.

DrumMMoND, J. H. G., M.D., Moonta.

Dupnay;,, Us, Drake, N.S. W.

*KasT, a J, 9 tae S (Corresponding Member, 1884), Kalgoorlie,
WA

FLEMING, Davin, North Adelaide, South Australia.

Fow Ler, Wr1aM, Melton, Yorke’s Peninsula, South Australia.

Frasier, J. C., Adelaide, South Australia.

*GoYDER, GEORGE, JuUN., F.C.S., Government Analyst South
Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

Graspy, W. C., F.L.S., Grenfell-street, Adelaide, South Australia.

GREENWAY, Thomas J., East Adelaide.

Hawker, HK. W., LL.B., B.A., F.G.S., Gladstone Chambers,
Adelaide.

*Hoirze, Maurice, F.L.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Adelaide
(Corresponding Member, 1882), Adelaide, South Australia.

*HowcHIn, WALTER, F.G.S., Goodwood East, South Australia.

James, THomas, M.R.C.S., England, Moonta, South Australia.

Jonss, J. W., Conservator of Water, Adelaide.

(F) Kay, Ropert, General Director and Secretary South Australian
Public Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, South Australia.

KERSHAW, JAMES A., Entomologist National Museum, Melbourne.

Lea, A. M., Col. Entomologist, Perth, W.A.

LENDON, A. A., M.D., M.R.C.8., Honorary Physician Childrens

Hospital, North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.

Luoyp, J. S., Adelaide, South Australia.

*Lowerr, O. B., F. Ent. 8., Broken Hill, N.S.W.

*Lucas, R. B., Adelaide, South Australia.

LukowiTz, M. von, M.D., Adelaide.

Marsu, C. W., Menzies, W.A.

Mayo, G. G., C.E., Adelaide, South Australia.

129

*Mryrick, KE. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wiltshire,
England.

Mouineux, A., F.L.S., Secretary Central Agricultural Bureau
South Australia, Kent Town, South Australia,

(L) Murray, Davin, Adelaide, South Australia.

Munton, H. 8., Brighton, South Australia.

PARKER, THomas, C.E., F.G.S., Rockhampton, Queensland.

Perks, R. 4., M.D., F.R.C.S., Adelaide, South Australia.

Puiuurpes, W. H., Adelaide, South Australia.

Poor, W. B., Adelaide, South Australia.

PrrestLeEy, P. H., Unley Road, Parkside.

Ramage, Rev. GRANVILLE, Norwood, South Australia.

*RENNIE. H. #., M.A., D.Sc., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry Uni-
versity of Adelaide.

Rutt, WATER, C.E., Assistant Engineer-in-Chief, Adelaide, South
Australia.

Sretway, W. H., Jun., Adelaide, South Australia.

Simson, Avucustus, Hobart, Tasmania.

SMEATON, THomas D., Blakiston, Littlehampton, South Australia.

SmitH, Ropert Barr, Adelaide, South Australia.

*STIRLING, EDWARD C., C.M.G.,MA., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.S.,
Lecturer on Physiology University of Adelaide, Director
South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia.

*STREICH, Victor, F.G.S., Windanya, W.A.

*Tats, Rapa, F.G.S., Professor of Natural Science University of

Adelaide.

“TEPPER, J.G.O., F.L.S., Entomologist South Australian Museum
(Corresponding Member, 1878), Adelaide, South Australia.

*TURNER, A. JEFFERIS, M.D., Brisbane.

VARDON, JOSEPH, J.P., Adelaide, South Australia.

*Verco, JosepH C., M.D, F.R,C.S., Lecturer on Therapeutics
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.

Warnwaeicat, E. H., B.Sc., St. Peter’s College, South Australia.

Ware, W. L., Adelaide, South Australia.

Way, SAmvEL J., D.C.L., Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor
South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

*WHITTELL, Horatio, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S., President
Jentral Board of Health and City Coroner, Adelaide, South
Australia.

*Z1eTz, A. H. C., F.L.S., Assistant Director South Australian
Museum, South Australia.

ASSOCIATE,
CLELAND, JoHN B., Parkside, South Australia.

— 130

FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION

OF THE

oval Society of South Australia.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE,

BEING FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1897.

Evening Meetings.—Hight evening meetings have been held,
at which papers have been given as under :—

1896.
Oct. 20—Mr. O. E. Menzel, ‘ Botanical Excursions in - N.S.
Wales.”
Nov. 17—Various members, Results of Excursion to Port Elliot,
Port Victor, &e.

1897.

Apl. 13—Mr. J. Aitken, “The Fauna of Boston Island, Port
Lincoln.”

May 18—Mr. J. W. Mellor, ‘“‘ Notes of a Collecting Trip to the
Flinders Ranges.”

June 15—Miss J. L. Hussey, “A Few Notes on South Australian
Algee.” |

July 20—Mr. E. Ashby, “ Marine Life on the Brighton Rocks.” —

Aug. 17—Mr. W. Howchin, F.G.S., ‘‘The Glacial Age in South —
Australia.”

Sept. 31—Annual meeting, Chairman’s Address by Mr. M.
Symonds Clark. 4

The aggregate attendance at these meetings has been greater than —
for several years past. It will be seen that the subjects dealt —
with have embraced several departments in Natural History, the |
greatest interest, judging by the attendance, being shown in Mr. |
Howchin’s address on the “Glacial Age in South Australia.”
Most of the papers have been given by, scientifically speaking, |
the younger members of the Section, which must be regarded as a —
hopeful sign. The exhibits have again been numerous and in- |
teresting, and have given practical evidence of the enthusiasm of |
collectors, especially in the departments of botany, ornithology, —

131

and conchology. At the September meeting the orchid Acianthus
caudatus, found by Miss Hussey near Port Elliot, was exhibited
for the first time in the Section’s history.

Excursions.—During the year eleven excursions have been
held, of which the following is a list :—
1896.
Oct. 10—Norton’s Summit.
«¢ — 24_National Park.
Nov. 7-9—Three days excursion to Port Elliot, Port Victor, &e.
1897.
Feby. 20—Trawling and dredging off Glenelg.
April 10—Dredging in Port River.
May 15—The Grange (Pine Forest).
June 12—Henley Beach to Glenelg.
July 17—Black Hill.
Aug. 21—Semaphore to Grange.
Sept. 1—Golden Grove and Gorge of the Little Para River.
«¢ 18—Blackwood.

‘The most noteworthy excursion was the three days’ visit to Port
Elliot, &c., in November last, when about twenty members
enjoyed a pleasant and profitable holiday. Several plants new
to most of the party were then gathered by them for the first
time. In the winter months the coast was visited, chiefly for
securing shells, while in the summer there were two trips on the
sea, one off Glenelg, for trawling and dredging; the other in the
Port River, for dredging only. One excursion was held chiefly
for the study of ornithology. The whole-day trip on September
lst to Golden Grove and the Gorge of the Little Para River
{which places had not been visited together for 13 years) was
successful both from a social and scientific point of view, and
_ additional pleasure was given to the occasion through the kind
hospitality of Mrs. Robertson, of Golden Grove. The remaining
excursions were made to the hills, including that favourite resort
—National Park.

Protection of our Native Fawna and Flora.—A separate report
is, as usual, presented by this Committee, which, it will be seen,
has been engaged in formulating a new Bill to afford better pro-
tection to our native birds and other animals.

Royal Societys Library.—The members of the Section were
reminded during the year that they had the privilege of access
‘to the valuable collection of books in the Royal Society’s
Library.

Rules.—Owing to the necessity of a reprint of the Section’s
Rules, the Committee have gone through them seriatim, and
have suggested a few alterations which they think will be an
‘improvement.

132

Financial.—The subscriptions have again considerably ex-
ceeded the payments, the former having amounted to £15, while
the disbursements have only been slightly over £10.

Membership.—Fresh names continue to be added to our roll
of membership, whilst, as always happens, some have been
removed from various reasons. The number now on the roll
is 88.

M. Symonps CLark, Chairman.
W. H. Setway, Jun., Hon. Secretary.

Adelaide, 20th September, 1897.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT. OF) THE, NATIVE
FAUNA AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE
OF THE FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION OF
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
TO BE PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEET-
ING OF THE SECTION ON 21st SEPTEMBER,
1897.

The Birds Protection Act.—The chief business of your Com-
mittee has been the preparation of a bill for the further protec-
tion of the native fauna, embodying most of the provisions (in
an amended form) of the Game Act and the Kangaroo Protection
Act, together with some new clauses. Your Committee, believing
that the term ‘‘ Game Act” was misleading, adopted the name
of the “ Birds’ Protection Act.” The new clauses comprise pro-
visions, amougst others, for the protection of Cape Barren geese
on their island breeding places; for the establishment of public
and private reserves for the protection of birds and other animals :
for preventing the sale of kangaroo skins of less than 1 |b.
in weight ; for the issue of licences to trap alive birds, &c., for
the purpose of domestication ; and for the granting of permits
to scientific collectors, providing, however, that such licences and
permits shall become void on conviction of the holder of any
offence under the Act. The first schedule comprises birds and
lizards to be protected during the whole year, the native birds
being distinguished by the scientific family or generic names
taken from Gould’s Handbook to the Birds of Australia. The
second schedule includes all other birds and quadrupeds, with

certain named exceptions, to be protected during portions of the _

year. Mr. Wm. White generously offered to submit the draft
bill to his solicitor, who suggested several amendments of a verbal
nature, which greatly improved the measure. The Minister of —
Education has kindly promised to take charge of the bill. It is

, Pe Z

133

now in print, and your Committee hope it may be introduced
this session.

The Mount Lofiy Recreation Reserve.—In response to a com-
munication from the Secretary, a letter was received from Mr.
L. J. Milford, Honorary Secretary to the Committee taking
charge of this Reserve, stating that his Committee would do all
in their power to prevent the destruction of shrubs and birds
upon the Reserve.

Kangaroo District, No. 2.—The period proclaimed for the pro-
tection of kangaroos in the western portion of the colony having
expired, the Secretary wrote to the Commissioner of Crown
Lands suggesting an extension of the period for another term,
and on the 14th inst. he received an intimation that this request
had been complied with. A notice in the Gazette of the 9th inst.
proclaims an extension for two years from the 8th inst. as regards
this district, comprising the Crown Lands in counties Robinson,
Dufferin, Way, Kintore, and Hopetoun.

Your Committee having last week observed a report of a
seizure in Victoria of a number of ducks, teal, &c., amounting to
some 3,000 head, which had been destroyed in the close season,
the Secretary wrote to the Commissioner of Crown Lands and
Survey, Melbourne, congratulating him on the seizure, and ex-
pressing the hope that adequate penalties had been imposed upon
the perpretators of such wholesale destruction.

Your Committee, in conclusion, desire to express their thanks
to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Minister of Education,
and the Commissioner of Police for assistance given in carrying
out their aims.

SAMUEL WJIxoN, Chairman.
M. Symonps Crark, Hon. Secretary.

Adelaide, 20th September, 1897.

134

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135

ASTRONOMICAL SECTION

Roval Society of South Australia.

FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee congratulate their fellow-members on being able
to present a Fifth Annual Report for their adoption.

The number on the roll is the same as last year, two having
been lost and two gained.

The work of the Society has been carried on by the President
and a few active members, which circle the Committee think
should be widened, and with that end in view has had prepared a
list of subjects, from which every: member might select one or
more on which he could express his opinion or seek for informa-
tion, thereby starting a discussion, and so increase the interest of
the general meetings.

As in previous years, there have been five general meetings and
five business meetings of the Committee.

Papers on the following subjects have been read and dis-
cussed :—

“ Shooting Stars and their Streams combined with Meteoric
Showers.” Mr. R. F. Griffiths.

* Planetary Motions.” Captain Lee.

“The Temples of Egypt from an Astronomical Point of
View.” Miss A. M. M. Todd.

“ Nebular Hypothesis, and the Action of the Tides.” Mr.
R. W. Chapman, M.A.

The subjects provided by the Question Box have received care-
ful consideration ; the more important were :-—

“The limits of time exposure in Astronomical Photography.”

“ The alleged atmosphere of the Moon.”

“Greenwich Observatory and the production of the Nautical
Almanack.”

“The latitude and conditions under which the Moon may
be seen to rise at the same hour on consecutive days.”

The Astronomical Notes (first issued in July, 1892, and now
in their sixth year of publication) have appeared regularly during
the past 12 months, reflecting great credit on Capt. Lee and Mr.
Griffiths, who are at the pains of preparing them.

Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Society, held at the
Observatory, Adelaide, on the evening of Thursday, the 2nd Sep-
tember, 1897.

C. Topp, President.
W. E. CuresmMaAn, Hon. Secretary.

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137

GENERAL INDEX.

(The species and genera, the names of which are printed in italics,
are described as new.]

Aborigines of the Lower North of South Aus-
traiia, Notes relating thereto, 72

Actwon distinguendus, 33; evanescens, 4; funi-
culifer, 2; olivelleformis, 4; puteolata, 5;
scrobiculatus, ] ; subscalatus, 2.

Agrotis callimera, 51; gupsina, 52.

Anarsia dryinopa, 57 ; holomela, 57.

Anthropological Notes, 72.

Aphodius Vicforia, 88.

Aristotelia epipsila, 58 ; monostropha, 57.

Asemantus Leai, 28.

Atriplex Kochiana, 87.

* Axunaon Championi, 34.

Birds, List of, about Laura, 22.

Blackburn, Rev. T , New Genera and Species
of Australian Coleoptera, 28, 88

Browne, Mr. J. H., Anthropological Notes, 72.

Bullinella altiplica, 14; angustata, 11; aratula,
12 ; cuneopsis, 13 ; exigua, 10; infundibulata,
14; paucilineata, 12; phanerospira, 15.

Cesyra arguraspis, 54.

Calvert Expedition, botany of, 69; mollusca
of, 101.

Cambrian Fossils, occurrence of, in Mount
Lofty Range, 74. F

Cape Jervis District, glacial features of, 61.

Car condensatus, 35.

Central Australia, evidences of glaciation in,

Ceratognathus } renchi, 28.

Cleodora eumela, 59.

Coleoptera, new genera and species of, 28, 88.

Cooking Cress, aboriginal method of, 72.

Cosmotriche brachuycera, 50.

Cossmann, Mr. M., Opisthobranchs of the
Older Tertiary*of Australia, 1

Cress, aboriginal method of cooking, 72.

Cubicorhynchus tortipes, 96.

Cuspidaria simulans, 44;
trigonalis, 45.

Cylichnella callosa, 17.

Dav.d, Prof., and Mr. W. Howchin, glacial
features of the Inman Valley, 6i.

Diphucephala Kershawi, 89.

Elleschodes Hamiltoni, 37.

Erechthias polyspila, 60.

Eutornia niphodes, stratimera, 58.

Exangetus angustus, 93.

Foraminifera, recent researches bearing on
the, 107.

Game, aboriginal method of obtaining, 72.

Gardenia Keartlandi, 70.

Gelechia desmatra, 56 ; hemichlena, 55 ; micra-
delpha, 56; micromela, 55; monoleuca, 55;
ombrodes, 56.

Glacial features, Central Australia, 68 ; Inman
Valley and Cape Jervis district, 61.

Howchin, Mr. W. and Prof. David, glacial
features of the Inman Valley, 61.

Howchin, Mr. W., on the occurrence of Lower
Cambrian fossils in the Mount Lofty Range,
74; anniversary address, 106.

Hussey, Miss, some Port Elliot Plants, 100.

Hypena mesochra, 52.

Inman Valley, glacial features of, 61.

Isodon novitius, 28,

Tasmanica, 44;

Lepidoptera, descriptions of new Australian
species, 50.

Lower, Mr. Oswald, descriptions of new Aus-
tralian Lepidoptera, 50.

Luciola Covleyi, 34.

Lucina lacteola, 48.

Macrohelodes tasmanicus, 33.

Maiden, J. H., on a new Atriplex from South
Australia, 87

Microdes typhopa, 50.

Megapenthes futilis, 32.

Mollusca, Australian, critical remarks on, 40;
of the Calvert Expedition, 101.

Morgan, Dr., List of birds about Laura, 22.

Mount Lofty Range, occurrence of Lower
Cambrian fossils, 74.

Nenenia thoracica, 37; virgata, 38.

Opisthobranchs of the Older Tertiary of
Australia, 1

Orophia marmorea, 54,

Ospidus gibbus, 94.

Pachygastra Victoric, 90.

Paraloea maritima, 51.

Paromarteon mutabile, 94.

Peltophora leucoplaca, 53,

Penthea Mastersi, 97.

Philobota monadella, 53.

Phleopola pyrocentra, 53.

Plants, of the Calvert Expedition, list of, 69 ;
of the Port Elliot Gistrict, 100.

Plutella ochroneura, 59

Pogonias capnopa, leucoma, 59.

Proctammodes minor, 89.

Prostomis intermedius, 88.

Radiolaria in S. Australian rocks, 99, 101.

Rhytiphora Spenceri, 38.

Ringicula lactea, 18; Zatei, 19; tenuilira‘a,
12; preelonga, 20.

Roxania bulleformis, 17;
Woodsi, 16.

Rushes, aboriginal method of steaming, 72.

Scaphander Jatei, 9.

Scearptia lunulata, 95.

Semiactzon microplocus, 5.

Steaming rushes, aboriginal-method of, 72.

Stigmatium bimaculatum, 91

Stigmodera campestris, 31 ; Caroli, 31; insul-
aris, 30 ; pulchripes, 31.

Tate, R., Critical remarks on some Australian
Mollusca, 40.

Tate, Prof., evidences of glaciation in Central
Australia, 68; list of plants of the Calvert
Expedition, 69.

Tornatina aptycha, 8; involuta, 8; longispira,
7; pachytycha, 6.

Triploca ligata, 6.

Turritella oxyacris, 41.

Typhlopide of Australia, 25.

Typhlops pinguis, 25.

Umbrella australiensis, 20.

Volvulella inflatior, 9; Tatei, 8.

Waite, Mr., Notes on Australian Typhlopide,
25.

Xylopertha hirticollis, 92.

Ypsolophus dryinodes, 58.

scrobiculata, 16 ;

Bee & ti

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

AND

ae fF Ook. |

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

ERRATA.

pp. 80-89, and legend on Plate iv. (Mollusca) read Plate iv. dvs.
p. 145, line 30, read were never seen.

p. 162, line 12 from bottom insert at after shot.

pp. 173, 175-8, 181, 183, insert Brockman before Creek.

p. 217, line 30, read Plate 6 instead of Plate 7.

Adelaide :
W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South
Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed
. **“per W. C. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
34, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.’’

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

AND

2 ae POR T

3 OF THE

_ ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

SS ae

Fer 1897-98.

[With SEvEN Puates AND THREE WoopcutTs. |

EDITED BY PROFESSOR R. TATE.

ISSUED DECEMBER, 1898.

Adelaide :
W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South

Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed

‘*per W. C. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
34, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.”’

dopal

Aociety of Fouth Australia.

Patron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

OPM OBS:

[ELECTED OcTOBER, 1898. ]

president:
W. L. CLELAND, M.B.

Vice-President:
PROFESSOR RALPH TATE.

(Representative Governor.)

WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S.

Hon. CGrevsurer: Hon, Secretarp:
WALTER RUTT, C.E. G..G. MAYO, ©.E.

atlembers of Council:

REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A. PROFESSOR E. H. RENNIE,

SAMUEL DIXON

D.Sc., F.C.8.

MAURICE HOLTZHE, F.L.S. W. H. SELWAY, Joy.

J. S. LLOYD

E. C. STIRLING, C.M.G., M.D.,
M.A., F.B.S.

PART I. (Issued July, 1898.)

_ErxeErrpcGE, R. : A further Cambrian Trilobite from Yorke Peninsula
(Plate IV.) © . - : - : . -
_ Masxett, W. M.: On some Australian Insects of the Family
Psyllidz (Plates I.—III.) - - - - -
Howcain, W.: Further Discoveries of Glacial Remains in South
i Australia - - - - - - -
Bracksurn, Rev. T.: New Genera and eee of Australian
Coleoptera (XXIII.) ~——- - - - -
Tate, Pror. R.: On two Deep-level Deposit of Newer Pleistocene
in South Australia - - - .
a H. B.: Notes on the Graphitic Slates and Dees Rocks
in the Kalgoorlie District - . - - -
_ Marpen, J. H., and EK. BercHe: On a New Myoporum from South
Australia - - - . - - -

PART II. (Issued December, 1898.)

‘Tate, Pror. R.: On Two New Cretaceous Bivalves - -
~ On Some Australian Species of Eulimide and
Pyramidellidz (Plate IVa. pars.) . -
————-- On Some Recent and Fossil Australian Species of
Philobrya (Plate IVa. pars. ) - -
TurNeR, Dr. A. JEFFERIS: Notes on Australian Lepidoptera
(Plate V.) 4 - 3 : :
Koc, Max: A List of Plants seta on Mount eaters: Run,
S.A. - - - . - - - -
‘Tate, Pror. R.: On some New or Little-known South Australian
Plants - - - - - -
—_——— _ Dimorphism in two South Australian Cruciferous
Plants - - - -
Nort, A. J.: List of Birds collected by the Calvert Expedition
in West Australia ; incl. Field Notes by G. A. Keartland -
Morcan, Dr. A. M.: Notes on the Nest and Begs of Porzana
fluminea-- - - - - -
Tate, Pror. R. : On deep-seated Eocene Strata in the Sova and
other Bores - - - - - : -
Turner, Dr. A. JEFFERIS : au a of New ab das
from Queensland - -
roRR, Dr. W. G., and E. heer: fascindons of Sones few. Species
of South Australian Polyplacophora (Plates VI. and VII.) — -
BLACKBURN, Rey. T.: New Genera and Species of Australian
Coleoptera (X XIV.) - - - - - :
SROWNE, J. Harris : Use of the Wedge by Aborigines — - -

PAGE

194

200

215

221
234

lv.

PAGE
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS — - - : : : - ae
ANNUAL REPORT - - - - - : - oy
BALANCE SHEET - - - - : - - 242
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS : : : : : - 243
Donations TO LIBRARY - - : . - 250
List oF FELLOWS - - - - : - - Zar

APPENDICES.
PROCEEDINGS, ANNUAL REPORT AND BALANCE OF THE FIELD
NATURALISTS’ SECTION - 2 ° - - -/ 260 @

ASTRONOMICAL SECTION = ‘ J 7 - - 265.
JENERAL INDEX : : a : [ : - 68

A FURTHER CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE FROM
YORKE PENINSULA.

By R. Erueriper, Junr., Hon. Fellow, Curator, Australian
Museum, Sydney.

[Read November 2, 1897. ]

Plate IV., figs. 1-3.

In 1884 Dr. Henry Woodward described* two Cambrian
Trilobites from the Parara limestone of Yorke Peninsula, to
which he gave the names of Dolichometopus Tatei, and Cono-
cephalites australis. Since then Prof. R. Tate has describedt
two others from the same district—Olenellus (?) Pritchardi and
Microdiscus subsagittatus.

Quite recently the Mr. W. Howchin transmitted to me a
portion of the cephalic shield of another Trilobite, found by him
at Ardrossan, that is in my opinion congeneric with Woodward’s
C. australis, but differing specifically, as I hope to show in the
sequel, by a very important character. It will, however, be
necessary in the first place to review our position in a generic
sense. Dr. Woodward, following my determination of the Caro-
line Creek Trilobites, in Tasmania, referred his species to the
genus Conocephalites, Barrande, both of us using this name:as it
was then commonly accepted. Through later researches amongst
Cambrian Faunas, and the literature relating thereto, it has been
ascertained that Conocephalites as a generic name will not stand,
but must give place to that of Ptychoparia, Corda. No one has
done more to clear up this point than have Messrs. F. B. Meek
and ©. D. Walcott, the latter the energetic director of the U.S.
Geological Survey.

It appears that Zenker, in 1833, proposed the name of
Conocephalus for a blind Trilobite, previously known as T'rilobites
Sulzeri, Schlottheim, and in 1839 Emmrich added a_ second
species termed Conocephalus striatus, but possessing eyes. The
incongruity of this appears to have struck Corda, who in 1847
pointed out that Conocephalus was, at the time of its enunciation,
by Zenker, a preoccupied name, and proposed to substitute for
the blind Conocephalus (C. Sulzeri) the name of Conocoryphe,
and for the species provided with eyes (Conocephalus striatus)
that of Ptychoparia. Subsequently the illustrious palceontologist
Barrande, without separating the two forms, endeavoured to

* Geol. Mag., 1884, I. (3), p. 343.
+ Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., F892, Vi PI? It.,: BP FSi:

surmount the difficulty by substituting the name Conocephalites
for Conocephalus*. In 1872 the late Mr. F. B. Meek, whose
great care and perspicuity it is a pity more of us do not follow,
adopted} Corda’s. names to the exclusion of Barrande’s
substituted one. Finally in the words of Mr. Walcott :—“ This
division [7.e., of Conocephalus, Zenker] appears to me to be one
demanded by the characters of the two types, and I fully endorse
the opinion of the late Mr. F. B. Meek( . . . . ) that Mr.
Corda’s names should be adopted, and the subsequent name
Conocephalites, proposed by Mr. Barrande, in 1852, treated as a
synonym.{” In these terms I now employ the name Ptychoparia
for Conocephalites australis, Woodw., and the fragmentary
cephalic shield, lately obtained by Mr. Howchin, for which I
propose the name of—

Ptyechoparia Howehini, sp. nov. Pl. IV., figs. 1-3.

Sp. Char.—Glabella oblong, with sides almost parallel, narrow-
ing but very slightly towards the front, which is evenly rounded;
surface convex, and slightly arched in the middle line, most so
posteriorly ; furrows in three pairs, the first or posterior pair
being the strongest marked, consisting of shallow depressions
extending inwards nearly to the arched median line ; second or
middle pair still shallower and shorter, issuing from the axial
grooves halfway between the first pair of furrows and proximal
ends of the ocular ridges ; third or anterior pair very short and
faint, mere nicks in the lateral margins of the glabella, exactly
opposite the proximal ends of the ocular ridges ; basal lobes the
most pronounced, the anterior lobe the largest, gradually sloping
downwards to the well developed frontal furrow, which is wide
and gently concave ; fillet (bowrrelet) of the limb prominent,
thick, and rounded. Facial sutures anterior to the ocular ridges,
straight (7.e., parallel to the longer axis of the glabella), giving to
the anterior portions of the united glabella and fixed cheeks a
square appearance. Fixed cheeks gently convex, but not wholly
preserved. Ocular ridges very well marked, broad and rather
flat, very oblique to the longer axis of the glabella, bounded pos-
teriorly by faint furrows. Axial furrows broad and not deep.
Ornament consisting of granules of two orders, small, and minute
respectively, interspersed with one another, and distributed over
the whole surface, including the frontal furrow, limb, and ocular
ridges.

* Syst. Sil. Bohéme, 1852, I. p. 415.

+ 6th Ann. Report U.S. Geol. Survey Territories (Hayden’s), 1872,
p. 487. I regret that I have not this work at hand to refer to.

+ Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey (Powell’s), No. 10, 1884, p. 35.

Vol. XXII. Plate IV,

Home t

Obs.—The central portion of the cephalic shield, or cephalon,
is all that is preserved of this interesting crustacean. The reason
for separating it from P. australis, Woodw., sp., are the follow-
ing :—(1.) Presence of the strong ocular ridges, absent in the
latter ; (2) direction of the facial sutures, which in P. australis
are said to be ‘‘ somewhat oblique,” but here are certainly straight
anterior to the ocular ridges, and do not commence near the
anterior angle(s) of the glabella ; (3) absence of oblique striz in
advance of the eyes ; and (4) the position the eyes would occupy
were they preserved. As regards the last point of difference in
P. australis the anterior ends of the eyes are decidedly well
forward, but I believe the corresponding points in P. Howchini
will be found to be much more posterior in position. In most
Ptychoparie possessing ocular ridges, the anterior terminations
of the eyes are situated at the distal or posterior ends of the
ocular ridges. Now these points in P. Howchini are much more
posterior than the corresponding positions in P. australis. Herein,
in my opinion, lies a fundamental difference between the two
types.

To Ptychoparia are also referable, in all probability, most, if
not all the fragmentary cephalic shields, described by me from
Caroline Creek, Tasmania.*

[The Type specimen is in the Australian Museum, Sydney,
presented by Mr. Howchin. |]

EXPLANATION TO PLATE IV.
PrycHopARIA HowcHINI.

Fig.
1, The cephalon or head shield as far as preserved, front view.
2. The same, side view.

3. Granules forming the sculpture, much enlarged.

* Proc. R. Soc. Tas. for 1882 (1883), pp. 153-157.

On SOME AUSTRALIAN INSECTS OF THE FAMILY
PSYLLIDZ&.*

By W. M. Maske tt, Hon. Correspondent.
[Read December 7, 1897.]
Plates [.-ITT.

The Australasian Psyllide have not, as far as I am aware, been
sufficiently studied. T. Dobson, in the Papers and Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Van Diemen’s Land, in 1850, wrote upon
the waxy secretion, or “manna,” produced by some Tasmanian
insects, and gave some figures both of this manna and of adult
insects ; but he seems to have known of only three species. I
possess some waxy shields corresponding to his figures 3 and 5,
but have not their adults; and it is not possible to make out
from his figures 4 and 6 exactly what genera or species are repre-
sent.d by them. Since his time I do not know of any systematic
attempt to describe Psyllid in this part of the world, except my
own paper in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,.
1889, in which I reported four new species, one of which was
probably an importation from Australia. Mr. E. Riibsaamen, in
the Berlin Entom. Zeitschrift, 1893, has a paper on some galls on
Eucalyptus, amongst a number of which he mentions one from
Australia which contained a Psyllid pupa; but no adult was.
found. I gathered from a letter a few years ago from the late
Mr. Olliff that he proposed to form a new genus, “Xylolyma,” for
some of the species which have waxy shields ; but the specimens
which I possess of four of these would belong rather to Signoret’s
proposed genus ‘‘ Spondyliaspis.” Probably, however, the adults
of these forms, when found, would not be separable from the
ordinary Psyllid genera, like Asphalara tecta of the present
paper; and both Spondyliaspis and Xylolyma would be aban-
doned. I think that Mr. Olliff never actually published anything
on his suggested genus. If any other papers exist on Austral-
asian Psyllide, I have not seen them, nor can I find references.
to any in the “ Zoological Record.” But there must be many
fine species yet to be discovered in these regions.

The principal character for generic separation in this family is
the venation of the forewing of the adult. In order to illustrate

* This is a posthumous article, the author having died before receipt of
proofs.—[ Ep. ]

this point in the present paper I have inserted in the figures of
wings letters denoting the parts referred to in the text. Although
I could not, on account of the dark patches, put such letters in
fig. 3, but the letters of figs. 10 and 17 will serve also for
them. I have also placed letters to the figures of the male
genitalia.

Genus PsyLua, Geoff.

Head prolonged anteriorly in two processes. Stalk of the
cubital vein in the forewing shorter than the stalk of the sub-
costal vein.

Psylla Lidgetti, sp. nov. Pl. i., figs. 1-4.

Insects not forming any gall or shield.

Pupa naked, active (Fig. 1). Colour, dorsally, dark brownish-
yellow, with a dark-brown patch on the head on each side of a
longitudinal light stripe ; thorax with an anterior brown patch
and six others in two rows; abdomen transversely banded with
brown. Wing-cases dark-brown, almost black. Ventrally, the
general colour is dark-red. Antenne and feet greenish, the ter-
minal joints of each dark-brown. Eyes red. The general form
of the insect in this stage is elliptical, the head smoothly rounded
in front, the abdomen terminating in a minute projection.
Antennz as long as the whole body, rather thick, with eight
joints, six of which are ringed and bear numerous hairs, and on
the Jast are two unequal spines. Feet thick and swollen, rather
short ; the dimerous tarsus, claws and pad are normal of the
genus. The margin of the whole body and head is fringed with
numerous short hairs, and a number of these are also scattered
over all the dorsum. Length of the pupa about 14 mm.= 5
inch.

The adult insect (fig. 2) is of a general brown colour with
some irregular patches of reddish yellow ; the antenne and feet
yellow ; eyes red. Head broader than long, somewhat depressed
in front and produced beneath in two short roundly-conical pro-
cesses. Eyes semi-globular, sessile, mnumerously facetted.
Antenne moderately long and slender, with ten joints, of which
eight are ringed. Feet presenting no special characters. In the
forewings the sides are nearly parallel, each side very slightly
concave in the middle, the ends broadly rounded. The primary
stalk of the veins reaches to about one-fourth of the length of the
wing; the stalk of the cubitus* is about one-half the length of
the stalk of the sub-costa ; the sub-costa forks close to the margin

* On account of the dark bands on the wing in fig. 3 the veins cannot be
well distinguished by lettering ; but the letters in figs. 10 and 17 will
answer also for this.

with one short branch and another almost parallel to the margin,
but there is no pterostigma in the enclosed space; the radius is
wavy, joining the costal margin about the apex ; the upper main
branch of the cubitus is convex, forking at two-thirds of its
length and its upper secondary branch reaches the margin a little
below the apex ; the lower main branch forks at about three-
fourths of its length, the shorter secondary branch turning
sharply to the margin, the longer extremely convex ; the claval
vein is short and very slightly concave. On the surface of the
wing are several brown patches ; a few, small and scattered, near
the base of the wing; one across the middle, much broader near
the costal margin and narrow near the dorsal margin; a third,
towards the extremity, very broad at the dorsal margin; and a
fourth, very small, separated from the third by a crescent-shaped
hyaline space, just above the apex. The hind wings are hyaline,
with only the usual three longitudinal faint veins. The genitalia
of the male insect (fig. 4) consists of the usual dorsal processes ;
the genital-plate (a) is curved slightly backwards, with its basal
portion very broadly rounded posteriorly ; the forceps (6) con-
sists of two narrow cylindrical processes bent slightly forwards ;
between these organs is the penis (not shown in the figure) ; the
abdominal extremity (c) is blunt and turned upwards. The
genitalia of the female have not been observed, but in all pro-
bability they do not differ greatly from those of the next species.

Hlabitat.—In Australia, on Acacia implexa. My specimens
were sent by Mr. Lidgett, of Myrniong, Victoria, from whom I
have ventured to name the insect.

The differences between this and P. acacie will be readily
seen by comparison of the wings and the genitalia, although in
colour and in habit the two do not greatly differ. The brown
bands on the forewing of P. Lidgettt are much more close and
conspicuous than the scattered patches on P. acaciw, and the
dorsal hairs of the pupa are also distinctive.

GENuS APHALARA, Jrster.

Head either swollen or produced in conical processes ; stalk of
cubitus in forewing longer than the stalk of the subcosta ; radius
curved.

I follow F. Low in including amongst the generic characters
the processes of the head. Scott (Trans. Entom. Soc., London,
1876) says :—“ Face not lobate.”

Aphalara tecta, sp. nov. Pl. ii., figs. 5-10.

Insects covered in the pupal stage by a waxy scale or shield.
The colour of this shield is reddish-yellow; the form is sub-

elliptical or pear-shaped, tapering anteriorly, somewhat convex,
the secretion exhibiting very fine transverse striations, and in
some specimens also a few obscure corrugations radiating from
the pointed end; the margin is smooth all round; the average
length is about 4 mm.=} inch, with a width at the broadest
part of about 3mm. The texture of the dorsal part is thin and
not very solid; the marginal part is thickened by an accretion
which, on turning over the shield, is seen to form a ventral scale
not extending over the whole median space.

The enclosed pupa is yellow, both dorsally and ventrally, and
the antenne and feet are likewise yellow; the wing-cases are
dark-brown. On the dorsum there is a short transverse black
band at about the separation of the thorax and the abdomen ;
on the head and thorax are two longitudinal rows of black
quadrangular spots, and on the abdomen two similar rows of
short black bands in pairs; the extremity of the abdomen bears
a black patch. On the abdominal margin is a quantity of white
cottony secretion, not forming a fringe. Antenne moderate,
with eight joints, of which six are ringed. Feet short and thick.

The adult female is yellow, with the thorax and abdomen
marked dorsally with a few black patches ; eyes reddish, facetted,
semiglobular, sessile. Head broader than long, depressed in
front, produced beneath in two rather long sub-cylindrical pro-
cesses. Antenne yellow, with brown tips, of the usual ten
joints. Feet yellow, normal. Forewings hyaline, without spots
or bands ; the primary stalk of the veins (a 5) is very short, only
about one-sixth the length of the wing ; the stalk of the cubitus
(b c) is a little longer than the stalk of the sub-costa (b d); the
sub-costa (dg) forks close to the margin; the radius (df) is
rather convex, and reaches the margin near the apex, and a little
above it ; the upper branch of the cubitus (ce, c h) forks at some
distance from the margin, its branches bending sharply down-
wards ; the lower cubital branch (c &, c m) forks at a short dis-
tance from its source, and its longer branch is not very convex ;
the clavus (a 7) is concave. Hindwings hyaline, with the normal
three longitudinal veins. Genitalia of the male (fig. 14) with a
sub-conical genital-plate, the sides straight, the end truncate ;
the forceps is very broadly dilated at its tips, and is bent sharply
forward beyond the genital-plate. Genitalia of the female formed
of two simple conical valves enclosing the ovipositor.

Habitat.—On Eucalyptus stuartiana. My specimens were
sent by Mr. French from Victoria, the exact locality not
mentioned.

The appearance of the pupal shield in this species might cause
it to be easily mistaken for a coccid of the genera Chionaspis or

Mytilaspis, but examination of the enclosed pupa shows it to be
undoubtedly a Psyllid.

Genus Trioza, Forster.

Head produced in two conical processes ; stalk of the cubitus
in forewing entirely wanting.

Trioza multitudinea, Tepper. PI. iii., figs. 11-17.

Ascelis (?) multitudinea, Tepper, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia,
1893. Figs. 15-21.

Insects forming large galls on leaves, in the pupal stage. These
galls, in the fresh state, have a greenish colour, but when quite
mature or old they become red, or reddish-yellow; the normal
form is subglobular ; rarely, specimens are slender and cylindri-
cal ; the outer surface is rough and wrinkled ; the texture is soft
and leathery. Each gall usually contains a single cavity—some-
times there are two or three cavities; the interior walls are
always quite smooth. The gall is attached to the leaf by a narrow
base, and on the other side of the leaf there is usually a depres-
sion, but this is not entirely constant. The galls vary in size
from a diameter of 3mm.=+2 inch, to 12 or more mm. And I
have seen a few almost 1 inch.

Within the galls are found the pupz, which when alive have
dorsally a palish-browr colour, banded with faint yellow bars ;
dead specimens are dark-brown, and the bands almost obsolete ;
ventrally the colour is pale yellow, the feet and antenne the
same. Dorsally the wing-covers are plainly visible, also the eyes,
which in fresh specimens are bluish. The margin of the pupaall
round bears a fringe of short yellow hairs. The general form is
elliptical, with a length of about 2 mm.=,', inch. There is no
special character in the antenne and feet, which indeed do not
vary greatly in the genus Trioza.

The larva has not been observed.

The adult female is almost entirely yellow, with a darker tinge
on the thorax, dorsally, and at the extremities of the antennze
and feet; the eyes are red, semi-globular, facetted, placed on a
short tubercular base. The head is broader than long, depressed
in front and produced beneath in two moderately long sub-conical
' processes ; the rostrum is cylindro-conical. The antennz have
10 joints, all elongated, sub-equal and ringed, except the two first,
which are short and smooth ; on the last joint are two short sub-
equal spines. Feet normal, with dimerous tarsi and double claws.
The genitalia of the female (fig. 19) consist of two longish,
sharply-pointed processes enclosing the ovipositor ; one of these
is rather shorter than the other ; both are numerously ringed, the

outer margins of the rings smooth to the tip; the inner margins
are also smooth for about halfway, but those near the tip are
very sharply serratulate. Forewings hyaline, with a very minute
sparse punctuation and without marginal hairs; the dorsal
margin (fig. 21, a mh) is slightly concave in the middle, the
costal margin (age) is nearly regularly convex; the primary
stalk of the veins (a }) extends to nearly one-third of the wing ;
the cubitus (be, 6%) has no stalk, forking directly with the sub-
costa (at 6); the upper branch of the cubitus (be, 6 h) is convex,
forking near the apex, the terminal branches reaching the margin
at about equal distances from the apex ; the lower branch forks
near the dorsal margin with one short branch (to m) and one
longer and convex (to k); the radius (df) is very slightly wavy,
and leaves the subcosta (6 7) at about half the length of the latter ;
the clavus (a 7) is nearly straight ; the costal vein (a g ei ) runs
all round the margin. The hindwings are hyaline, with three
faint longitudinal veins, of which the posterior one is forked. The
genitalia of the male have the usual dorsal processes ; the genital
plate (a) is broad at the base, with slightly emarginate tapering
sides ending in two divergent sub-conical teeth ; the forceps (0)
is somewhat similar, but narrower, and is bent forwards almost to
the plate.

The length of this insect is about 2 mm=,}, inch, with an
expanse of wings about 5 mm.

Habitat.—In Australia, on various species of Hucalyptus ;
principally, I believe, on what is known as “ Stringybark.” Mr.
Tepper sent me specimens from Marino, South Australia; Mr.
Froggatt, from New South Wales; Mr. French, from Victoria ;
and Mr. H. 8. Dove, from Tasmania.

The generic position of this insect is clearly defined by the
character of the wings, which are quite normal of the genus
Trioza. Specifically, it may be distinguished by the genitalia of
the female, which seems to be different from any hitherto re-
ported, as well as by the character of the galls which the pupz
inhabit. Psyllide, as has been found of late years, are almost
as varied as Coccide in their ways of covering themselves ; and
this seems to be especially the case with the Australasian forms,
for I do not find that Low and Scott or Riley draw particular
attention to this point respecting Psyllide of other regions. In
this part of the globe, however, we have some uncovered (e.g.
Lhinocola fuchsie in New Zealand), some with cottony secretion
(as Rhinocola eucalypti in N.Z.), some excavating pits for them-
selves (as some undetermined Australian forms), some forming
elaborate waxy tests of elegant design (as the species described
from Tasmania by Dobson in 1850 and others not yet fully
worked out), and some again, such as the one now under dis-

cussion, forming large and conspicuous galls. I possess several
specimens of very beautiful waxy pupa-cases, of which one is
certainly that for which Signoret founded his genus Spondyliaspis
in 1879; but some of these are empty, and in others there are
only dead pupz, so that I cannot well describe them. It would
be worth while for an Australian entomologist to take up the
study of these forms, and to describe the adults.

In 1893 Mr. J. G. O. Tepper published in the Transactions of
this Society a paper on “South Australian Brachyscelid Galls,”
in which he described one species as of the genus Ascelis, namely,
A. multitudinea. Having previously had galls of this (sent by
Mr. French), and having extracted from them only Psyllid pupe,
I was convinced that Mr. Tepper’s description of them to the
Coccide could not be correct, and I asked him to let-me have
specimens, which he very kindly did at once. From the galls
which he sent me I bred four adult insects, which are those
described above. Mr. Tepper must have been led into his error
on account of a principle which he laid down in his paper.
Speaking of some of my Coccid genera—VFrenchia, Cylindro-
coccus, &c.,—he said:—“‘ On account of a general similarity of
habit, I consider that they also should be included in the family
[Brachyscelide]. They form woody galls similar in structure to
those of Brachyscelis.” Undoubtedly, the galls of Trioza multi-
tudinea might easily be taken as very closely allied to those of
such species as Brachyscelis nux or Opisthoscelis subrotunda or
others, as long as the enclosed insects are not examined. But
the study of these at once shows that the principle embodied in
the words just quoted (and which I have italicised) is essentially
erroneous. Clearly both Psyllide and Coccide have a “ general
similarity of habit ;” yet it is quite impossible to unite the two.
There is only one point as to which I amin doubt. Mr. Tepper
describes not only the gall of his species, but also the enclosed
insect. This, he says, is “ yellow, rather flat, elliptical, with long
hairs . . antenne dorsal . . legsnone . . last segment
of abdomen deeply emarginate, the sides forming thick, obtusely
acuminate appendages, without bristles or sete.” What was this
insect? The description does not seem like that of a Coccid, and
the figure given by Mr. Tepper (in bis Plate V., fig. 4d) has no
Coccid features. In all the galls of this species opened by me I
have found Psyllid pupz, in which the legs are a very conspicuous
character ; but in some I found also yellow, elliptical things, with
dorsal autenne, which were pupe of parasites, and from one of
which emerged a long-bodied, long-winged fly of some Hymen-
opterous genus.

I think, on the whole, that I have rightly attached Mr. Tep-
per’s insect to Z’rioza. The specific name given by him is quite
appropriate, and I have not disturbed it.

Plate I.

4
bd
P<
3
>

Vol, XXII,

Plate II,

Plate III.

Vol. XXII

_—— eee

INDEX TO FIGURES.

Nortr.—In the figures of wings a } is the ‘‘ primary stalk ;” bc is the
‘** stalk of the cubitus;” 6 dis the ‘‘stalk of the subcosta;” bg, bf, is
the ‘‘ subcosta ;” a fis the ‘‘radius;” ce,ch is the ‘‘ upper branch of
the cubitus ;” ck, c mis the “‘ lower branch of the cubitus;” an is the
clavus.”

In the figures of genitalia, a is the ‘‘ genital-plate ;” bis the ‘‘ forceps ;”
c is the ‘‘ abdominal extremity.”

All the figures are highly magnified, except fig. 16.

Fig.
is Psylla Lidgett, pupa.
2. adult insect, dorsal view.
: A e forewing.
a = genitalia of male, side view.
5. Aphalara tect, shields on leaf.
6.. pupa.
7 ok ‘<< head of adult.
8. = ‘* antenna.
9. ws ‘© genitalia of male.
10. 1 ‘* forewing.
ll. Trioza multitudinea, galls on leaf.
12. = pupa.
13. a adult insect.
14, = = genitalia of female.
» 15. sy ns a more highly magnified.
16. ‘ “ genitalia of male.
17. és ae forewing. ‘

FURTHER DISCOVERIES OF GLACIAL REMAINS
IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

By Water Howcuiy, F.G.S.
[Read May 3, 1898.]

The Inman and Hindmarsh Rivers enter the sea within one-
and-a-half miles from each other at Encounter Bay, with the town
of Port Victor situated between their outlets. The Inman takes
its rise in the Bald Hills and follows a E.S.E. course, whilst the
Hindmarsh River rises in a series of springs among the “ Tiers,”
twelve miles north of Port Victor, and has a course almost due
north and south. |

In a previous paper read before the Society* it has been shown
that the Inman valley carries abundant evidences of former
glacial conditions, and that the trend of the ice was from south to
north. Ice-borne stones have been traced rounding Cape Jervis,
and studding the eastern shores of the Gulf. Similar erratics
have been carried overland, across the Cape Jervis peninsula,
and northward as far as Hallets Cove, at least fifty miles from
their source. All the evidence thus obtained pointed to the fact
that the granite ridge of the southern coast had been a centre of

dispersion for the ice, and as the Hindmarsh Valley, like the

Inman, is included in the radii from this centre, it seemed highly
probable that it would supply additional proofs of the extent of
this extinct icefield.

To test this point by direct observation, I spent a few days
last month in a walking tour through the Hindmarsh Valley and
Ranges, across to Myponga and Sellick’s Hill. The superficial
deposits to some extent mask the geological features of the
Valley, yet the results show that the Hindmarsh Valley has been
under an equal measure of glaciation as the Inman Valley.

The geological formations of the district are as follows :—

fecent.—1. River wash, consisting mainly of fine silt.

Newer Tertiary.—2. Horizontal beds of variegated marls and
sands, with thin lenticular beds of fine gravel.

Older Tertiary.—3. Pink - coloured fossiliferous limestone

(limited to the head waters of the Hindmarsh).

* Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Aus., xxi, p. 61.

SS | =

Geological Horizon Doubtful.—4. Glacial clays and sand-
stones, with erratics.

Primary.—5. Metamorphic quartzites, sometimes passing into
schistose structure.

In no part of its course (south of Nettle’s Hill) does the Hind-
marsh River flow over the Primary rocks, and consequently no
opportunity presented itself of finding such examples of polished
ice pavements as occur in the Inman. The Valley flats and
minor hills are composed of Newer Tertiary beds, as described
above. In the lower reaches of the Valley these beds attain a
considerable thickness, and effectually obscure the underlying
beds. Good sections may be seen in washaways and steep cliffs
up to 50 ft. in height, and it is in these Newer Tertiary beds
that the river has cut its way and laid down more or less a
secondary deposit of recent alluvial wash,

In some parts of the valley, especially on the higher flats, the
surface is a loose white sand, densely occupied by scrub.

On all sides there were presented the strongest proofs that in
post glacial times the valley has been subjected to much silting
up, the glacial deposits have been wasted, rearranged, or blinded
by an excess of cover, and the wonder is that any evidence of
their presence has been left to tell its tale.

A very large granite boulder was met with on Mr. Alexander
Hutchison’s land, distant from the river about three-quarters of
a mile, on its western banks, and immediateiy on the line of
fence separating Sections 205 and 218, Hundred of Encounter
Bay. The stone was originally so large that it formed an
obstacle to the fence, and had to be blasted before the wire could
be carried through. Two shots had been inserted, reducing the
part exposed above ground to half a dozen pieces, the largest of
which measures 4 ft. x 3 ft. x 3 ft. The base is still set firmly
in the ground, and the part exposed measures seven feet across.
It isa red granite with the characteristic features of the Port
Victor and Port Elliot granites.

Two other large granite boulders were pointed out to me by
Mr. Hutchison occuring on his land on the eastern side of the
river. One of these was situated near the eastern edge of Section
117, Hundred of Goolwa, and the other near the middle of the
adjacent Section 143. Both boulders are nearly even with the
ground, and have an exposure of five feet and four feet respec-
tively, but it was apparent that if the soil had been removed
their dimensions would have been shown to be much greater.

Following the road for about two miles, and rounding the
prominent spur of the Peeralilla Hill, as the road passes
through Section 136, a low cutting on the right hand side of the
road exposes a drift bed containing many erratics, including a

granite boulder which is uncovered to the extent of about 2 ft.
It is not unlikely that this bank of drift has slipped down from
higher ground.

A few hundred yards further north, at a point nearly opposite
the gates of Beaudesert, occupied by Mrs. Hutchnison, two large
granite boulders are seen on the right hand side of the road, near
the crest of the foot hills. They are at an elevation of about 80
ft. above the road, and as they exhibit flat faces toward each
other, it is very likely that they originally formed one block
which hag split along a line of weakness into two. They are now
3 ft. apart (one having slid a little down the bank), and are about
of equal size, measuring, respectively, 7 ft. x 3 ft. above ground.

Miss Hutchinson, of Beaudesert, kindly directed my attention
to a very fine erratic which occupies the bed of a dry tributary
of the river about a quarter of a mile below the farmstead. It
is a solid block of granite, 6 ft. x 5 ft. x 3 ft. 6 ins. high, and
has a fragment lying beside it which appears to have at one time
formed part of the larger mass. The boulder rests on a whitish
sandstone, somewhat flaggy in structure, which is set irregularly
with erratics of all sizes. This ylacial sandstone is well seen
about ten yards further down the creek, where it occupies the
whole bed of the stream and has a dip of 18° N.N.E. Between
this spot and the Beaudesert farmhouse there is a bed of
laminated black clay in the bottom of the Hindmarsh River
which has much the appearance of the black shale of the Inman
Valley, where it is found to be intercalated with the glacial sand-
stone.

Half a mile further north the glacial sandstones are said to be
again exposed in the bed of the river at the confluence of a
tributary, and the retaining wall of the Mount Billy bridge,
which crosses the stream in Section 138, Hundred of Goolwa,
rests upon the same beds. Large granite boulders, I was told, occur
on the top of the foothills to the right of the Mount Billy bridge,
but I had not the opportunity of visiting them.

On Mr. Abel Gray’s property, at Condolley Farm, Section 59,
Hundred of Encounter Bay, there is an exposure of glacial sand-
stone which forms a cliff 15 feet high. The beds have a dip
12°8., 3° E. The stone is moderately hard, and Mr. Gray when
building his house put in two shots to test the quality of the
stone for building purposes, but it proved too friable for use.
The beds at this place are comparatively free from large stones,
but several small granite boulders were seen on the surface which
had probably been weathered out from the upper beds, the largest
of which measured 18 inches in length.

Mr. Gray informed me that the same sandstone could be seen in
the creek on the other side of the Green Hill opposite his house,

and also at a more distant locality at the Square Water Hole, on
the road to Willunga, about 20 chains N.N.W. of the Old Square
Water Hole House, and five to six chains from the Adelaide
road on the left hand side going north. The surface of the stone
at the latter place, he states, has been loosened by weathering,
and is more or less covered by blown sand.

It seems highly probable that the extensive deposits of Newer
Tertiary sand beds, which have to a great extent choked the
Hindmarsh Valley, have been derived as rearranged material
from the glacial sandstones, which at several points are seen to
underlie them.

. The Hindmarsh Valley proper comes to an abrupt termination

at Nettle’s Hill, about nine miles from Port Victor. After
passing Mount Billy Bridge, the road makes a steep ascent of
several hundred feet, and enters on a hilly plateau known as the
“Hindmarsh Tiers.” I saw no granite boulders, nor could I hear
of any having beea noticed in these Ranges. On the hilltops
there frequently occur, however, beds of sandy clay, in which
pebbles are promiscuously distributed. These pebbles are much
worn, and in some examples appear to be facetted. They are,
indeed, exactly similar to the rounded and facetted pebbles which
occur plentifully in undoubted glacial drift at Yankalilla and
Cape Jervis. Jam by no means certain that they have any con-
nection with the glacial phenomena of the district, but their
occurrence is peculiar and worth recording. Similar beds with .
pebbles distributed irregularly through them can be seen at
Myponga on the southern flanks of Sellick’s Hill.

At the head of the Hindmarsh River there occurs a very re-
markable fossiliferous limestone of Eocene age. The stone con-
sists almost entirely of organic remains, forming a very pure
carbonate of lime often of a delicate pink colour, and is quarried
in the neighbourhood and burnt for lime. The outcrop, which is
of an inconspicuous character, is confined to the sides of a narrow
creek on land farmed by Mr. Geo. Maslin, within Sections 600
and 601, Hundred of Encounter Bay. The rock is in places
massive, and is exposed to a height of twenty feet above the level
of the stream, but as the stream has not cut its way to the base
of the formation its thickness is unknown. The same limestone
can also be seen in a small tributary a little further to the west,
but I did not visit the place. This limestone has been generally
spoken of as the “ Mount Jagged limestone,” but it is situated
more than three miles from Mount Jagged and is nearer Mount
Cone, which is a more considerable elevation. The spot where it
occurs is marked by several strong springs which form the head-
waters of the Hindmarsh River.

The considerable altitude of this limestone invests it with
special interest. The numerous Eocene outcrops of the colony
are, with this exception, all within a height not exceeding 200
feet above sea level, whilst the Eocene outlier of the Upper
Hindmarsh cannot be much less than 1000 feet. The water
parting of this elevated plateau occurs about three miles north of
the Eocene outcrop, reaching its greatest altitude in Mount Cone
and Mount Jagged, the former, according to the Survey Office
records, is 1,380 feet above sea level, and the latter 1,230 feet.
The Peeralilla Hill, which is three miles further down the valley
than the outcrop in question, hasa height of 910 feet. The exact
height of the Eocene beds is not known, but is probably some-
where between 800 feet and 1000 feet.

IT hoped, in visiting this outcrop, some evidences might be
found that would throw light on the stratigraphical relationship
of the Eocene limestone to the glacial beds of the district, but
neither the base nor the upper limits of the Lower Tertiary beds
were exposed. A great thickness of rich loamy soil forms the
banks of the creek at this place, and the upper posts of limestones
have been weathered into large boulders (after the manner of
limestones), with soil as cover and filling the intermediate spaces.
The occurence of Eocene beds at an altitude which gives them a
unique position for rocks of this age in southern Australia raises
some interesting questions in stratigraphical geology, concerning
which we have at present no satisfactory solution.*

It is worthy of note that a few months ago I picked up several
sea-worn boulders of Eocene limestone of a pinky colour on the
beach near Sellick’s Hill. In some respects they bore a close re-
semblance to the limestone of the Upper Hindmarsh, but differed
from the latter in containing rounded grains of quartz. There
are Eocene beds on the beach near where the pink limestone
boulders were found, but they appeared to possess very distinct
lithological features from the rolled fragments. The origin of
these sea-worn boulders is, therefore, a little uncertain. If de-
rived from the upland outcrop they must have crossed the water-
shed. It is perhaps more likely that they have a local origin in
some calcareous band which, when broken up and exposed to sea
water for some time have suffered some alteration in their ferru-
ginous constituents, and, by oxidation, have developed a pink
colour. Such a change, so far as I know, is not common in our
Eocene limestones, and may be taken into account when an

* Professor Tate says—‘‘ Catyclismal disturbance must account for the
presence of fossiliferous beds of this age (Hocene) in the Encounter Bay
district at elevations above 600 feet.” Roy. Soc., N.S. Wales, Vol. xxii,
p. 242. (1888).

4
i

;

_ |

‘a
4

attempt is made to correlate stratigraphically these upland
Eocenes with their low-level equivalents.

The observations detailed in this paper, whilst enlarging our
knowledge of the geographical extent of the extinct ice-field of
South Australia, unfortunately, do not throw any additional
light on the age at which the glaciation took place or the kind of
agency by which the ice operated. We may reasonably expect,
however, that when the thick and varied deposits of this period
have been submitted to careful examination these two questions

will be solved.

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Buackpurn, B.A.
[Read May 3, 1898.]
p.@. @ Fb

LAMELLICORNES.
MELOLONTHINI (Tribe).

This aggregate of genera appertains, in Lacordaire’s arrange-
ment, to the second “ Legion” of the family ‘“Zamellicornes” on
account of some of the abdominal stigmata being placed on the
ventral segments. Lacordaire divides this second “‘ Legion” into
“Tribes,” of which the Melolonthini is one and is distinguished
by those of the abdominal stigmata which are placed on the ven-
tral segments not diverging strongly from the line in which the
dorsal and ventral segments meet. The “Tribe” Melolonthinz is
divided by Lacordaire into ‘“sub-tribes,” of which, so far as I
know, only four are represented in Australia,—viz. Systellopides
(separated since Lacordaire’s time from his sub-tribe Pachypodides)
Sericides, Sericoides, and Melolonthides (true). The Systellopide,
are distinguished from the rest of the above-named sub-tribes by
the atrophy of the maxillary lobe in combination with the posi-
tion of the labrum on the same plane with the clypeus; while
the true Melolonthides differ from the remaining two by the front
coxee being (not conical and prominent but) transverse.
Lacordaire distinguishes the Sericides and Sericoides by the
relation between their clypeus and labrum, the latter being in the
Sericides intimately connected (soudé) with the clypeus so as to
be “indistinct” while in the Sericoides it is “free.” Here it is
to be noted (as Lacordaire remarks) that in some genera (e.g.
Diphucephala) the clypeus is divided by a suture which gives its
front part the appearance of a free labrum, and it must be
admitted that there are genera in which it is exceedingly difficult
to say that the piece in question is not the real labrum. As an
instance I would mention Phyllotocus. Comparing an example
of this genus with some of the Systellopides I cannot discover any
difference of structure justifying the assertion that the front
piece of the head is a part of the clypeus in one and the labrum
in the other. It must be remembered doubtless that Lacordaire

does not appear to have actually examined any Systellopid spe-
cies, and that it is Dr. Sharp who states that it is the labrum
which in the Systellopides is attached to the front of the clypeus
and is on the same level with it. I do not venture to assert that
either of these accomplished entomologists (both extremely
eminent anatomists) is wrong,—which would be highly presump-
tuous in any but a specialist on anatomy,—but I draw attention
to the matter in order to show that Lacordaire’s method of dis-
tinguishing the Sericides from the Sericoides is at any rate not
easy of application to the ordinary student.

However, there can be no doubt that these sub-tribes of
Melolonthini form two very natural and distinct aggregates in
each of which moreover there is a highly characteristic relation
between the clypeus and labrum, and I think this can be
expressed in terms (different from those of Lacordaire) which at
any rate as a supplementary statement of characters will be
found useful inasmuch as it avoids the necessity of determining
in difficult cases whether the front piece of the head is or is not
a true labrum.

In the Sericides, whether we regard the front piece of the head
as a labrum or follow Lacordaire in regarding it as an extension
of the clypeus and the labrum as invisible, it stands good that the
front face of the front piece of the head looked at from in front
has very little downward vertical or oblique development, so that
the insertion of the palpi is very little below the plane of the
clypeus, but in the Sericoides it is far otherwise. In them
(and also in the true Melolonthides), the labrum is attached to
the clypeus at a position considerably below the plane of the
upper surface of the latter, so that if the latter be looked at
from in front it seems to be strongly thickened downward (in
some species obliquely downward and hindward) and the labrum
is attached to it at a point considerably down this thickened
front face. As in the Sericides so in Sericoides there are genera
in which the labrum is not very easy to see as an organ distinct
from the clypeus, and moreover the labrum itself is of very
variable form in the Sericoides (in some genera even becoming
an erect lamina the apex of which rises considerably above the
plane of the clypeus) ; nevertheless a result of the attachment of
the base of the labrum being as indicated above is that the palpi
are inserted considerably below the plane of the upper surface of
the clypeus and all the observations I have made confirm the
opinion that their being so inserted is reliable evidence that the
relation of the clypeus and the labrum are of the Sericoid rather
than the Sericid type.

The adoption of this view of the distinctive characters of the
Australian Sericides and Sericoides involves some little re-adjust-

ment of the species to be attributed to those sub-tribes respectively,
inasmuch as it renders necessary the removal of Mechidius from
the former to the latter and of Pachytricha and Phenognatha
from the latter to the former. These transfers, however, appear
to me to tend altogether to a more natural classification. All
the three genera affected by it are extremely isolated in their
characters, and it is probably open to question whether each of
them may not eventually be regarded as representing a distinct
sub-tribe, but even so it seems to me that in a natural arrangement.
the sub-tribes containing Phenognatha and Pachytricha would
stand before the Sericides in the Melolonthini, and that containing
Mechidius certainly after the Sericoides. If the arrangement I
thus suggest be followed it will have the effect of associating
together in the Sericides species having remarkable sexual
characters in the front tarsi (unless Phenognatha of which I
know only one sex be an exception) and in the Sericoides species.
not exhibiting such sexual characters (or at least only in a slight
degree and in occasional members of a genus) and also of making
the Sericides of Australia consist entirely (unless Zpholcis
Phenognatha and Pachytricha, which I have nct seen alive, be
- exceptions) of genuinely flower-frequenting day-fliers, and the
Sericoides (so far as I know, and I have collected nearly all the
genera) contain no genus at all with similar habits ; for although
afew Heteronyces and Liparetri are sometimes to be met with
on flowers (as indeed what insect are not? I once found some
flowers thickly studded with a Hydrophilid) certainly neither
Liparetrus nor Heteronyx can be reckoned a flower-frequenting
genus. |

Since the publication of Lacordaire’s volume dealing with the
Lamellicornes numerous Australian genera have been added, and
as their diagnoses are scattered over a wide field of literature it.
seems desirable before passing to the description of some new
species that are before me to make some remarks on the aggre-
gates to which those new species are referable. I will begin
with the

SERICIDES (sub-tribe).

Excluding Mechidius and including Pachytricha and
Phenognatha (as proposed above), four genera known to
Lacordaire would form the Australian contingent of this sub-
tribe. To these five genera must now be added (including two
new ones described below and one formerly described under a
nom. procc).

A. Head (at any rate of the male) armed with a

horn h & .~ Phoenognatha.
AA. Head unarmed. '
B. Each claw bidentate beneath .., w+ Pachytricha.

BB. Claws not bidentate beneath.

€. Hind cox elongate.
D. Hind tarsi with claws elongate slender
and simple.
E. Basal four joints of front tarsi of
male together much longer than
apical process of tibia.
F, Intermediate claws similar to hind
claws ze .. Phyllotocus.

FF. Intermediate claws short (in

male thickened and with long
appendages) Phyllotocidium, gen. n.

EE. Basal four joints of front tarsi to-

gether shorter than apical process

of tibia : ... Cheirrhamphica, gen. n.

DD. Hind tarsi with short claws.

E. These claws simple ... Neophyllotocus, gen. n.

EE. These claws appendiculate ... Cheiragra.

CC. Hind coxe short and parallel.
D. Eyes free or nearly so Diphucephala.
DD. Front part of _ divided by 8 a
canthus ; oe Epholcis.
PHYLLOTOCUS.

Many of the species of this genus are incapable of certain
identification where comparison of types is not feasible. Unfor-
tunately 30 names are attributed to it. In Trans. Ent. Soc.
N.S.W., L., pp. 80 &e., the late Sir W. Macleay published a review
of the then existing names and added nine more, but although
he complained of the imperfection of Boisduval’s descriptions
his own descriptions were of the same kind as Boisduval’s,—one
of them consisting of eight words of Latin and 13 of English in
which no definite character is mentioned apart from color, and
the rest are not much better. I have had the advantage of
examining some of Sir W. Macleay’s types and therefore am in
a position to attempt a contribution towards the elucidation of
the genus. In Trans. Ent. Soc., N.S.W., IL, p. 187, Sir W.
Macleay described two additional species, and in P.L.S., N.S. W.,
1887, p. 225, another.
Although most of Boisduval’s descriptions are in my opinion
- incapable of being definitely attributed to any particular species
it seems to me desirable, as Sir W. Macleay has applied them to
species in his collection, to accept his identifications and to let
the insects in question bear Boisduval’s names. These names are
preusta, rufipennis, australis, and mestus. The first of them
_ {preusta) Sir W. Macleay regards (correctly I think) as a syno-
nym of JJacleayi, Fischer, which last is a species that can be
confidently identified. Boisduval described another species
{Lottini) which he referred to Phyllotocws only with doubt and
_ which Sir W. Macleay believed to be a Liparetrus ; it certainly
may be disregarded.

Erichson described one species (P. bumaculatus) ; it is easily
recognisable.

Blanchard followed with three species (erythropterus, navicularis
and ustulatus) ; all are easy to identify.

Burmeister was the next describer, and he also added two
names (discoidalis and pectoralis) the former of which he gives as
Mr. W. 8. Macleay’s name (no doubt MS.) and states that it is
identical with australis, Boisd. It seems to me decidedly that it
is a variety of the species that Sir W. Macleay has called
australis, Boisd., and that the insect which Sir W. Macleay sub-
sequently named iidescens is the same thing. Pectoralis (as Sir
W. Macleay points out) is not a Phyllotocus.

In 1858 Bohemann described three species (marginicollis,
oblongus and velutinus) which Sir W. Macleay says (I think
correctly) are all founded on varieties of the species that he calls
meestus, Boisd.

Then Sir W. Macleay follows with his 12 names on which I
make the following remarks.

Assimilis is excessively close to Macleayi, Fisch. Its author
states that the only good specific character to separate it by is a
slight groove on its forehead. After examining a long series I
have failed to find such a groove constantly present or absent in
either species, and doubt whether the two are distinct.

Kingz is undoubtedly a good and distinct species. I believe it
to be the insect which Boisd. called rufipennis, but as Sir W.
Macleay has attributed that name ;to another insect I shall not
disturb his nomenclature.

Marginipennis has puzzled me considerably. Its author states.
that it is abundant in the neighbourhood of Sydney ; yet I have
seen nothing among the numerous Phyllotoci collected by me (or
sent to me from) near Sydney which agrees with the description.
Unfortunately I can find no reference to it in the notes I made
when examining Sir W. Macleay’s types,—so I must pass it by
with the remark that unless there is some clerical or printer’s
error in the description it is probably a good species unknown to
me.

Iridescens (as noted above) I have little doubt is identical with
australis, Boisd. |

Palliatus is decidedly a var. (not I think sexual, as Sir W.
Macleay conjectures) of discoidalis.

Marginatus its author conjectures to be the female of
marginipennis. Judging by the description I have no doubt it
is a in of that species, though I doubt the difference being
sexual,

Ruficollis I cannot identify confidently. The colours are
differently described in the Latin diagnosis and the English

following it. It is possible that the species I call rwficollis in the
following tabulation may be wrongly identified.

Scutellaris is a good species.

Apicalis (from Northern Queensland) is a good species.

Sericeus, its author states, resembles australis, Boisd.; but no
difference from that species is pointed out, and the description
applies perfectly to the species named australis in the Macleay
collection. I have not seen the type of sertcews, which is not in
the Macleay Museum, but is doubtless in the “ Australian ”
Museum.

Varivicollis I think I know; the type specimen is no doubt
with that of sericews, and I have not seen it, but I have an ex-
ample from the neighbourhood where varvicollis was taken,
which agrees well with the description. It seems to be a good
species.

Vittatus is an extremely isolated species from tropical Queens-
land.

The remaining three species (occidentalis, Meyricki, and dispar )
are of my own nomenclature.

It will thus be seen that after all necessary weeding out
eighteen species remain which may be regarded as at present
forming the genus Phyllotocus. The following tabulation shows
satisfactory structural characters for distinguishing most of the
described species. There are however two (apicalis, Macl. and
marginipennis, Macl.) which I am unable to place in the tabula-
tion owing to the vagueness of their descriptions.

A. Elytra glabrous (or nearly so) except along their lateral margins.
B. Elytra nitid, not velvety, with interstices similar inter se and not
(or scarcely) convex.
C. Maxillary palpi elongate, their apical joint narrow and cylindric or
nearly so.
D. Front tibiz in both sexes externally tridentate (including the
apical process).

E. Prothorax rectangular at base Macleayi, Fisch.
» EE. Hind angles of prothorax strongly
obtuse.. bimaculatus, Er.

DD. Front tibic with only one tooth above
the apical projection.

E. Head testaceous ... oY. ... occidentalis, Blackb.
EE. Head black ‘ Meyricki, Blackb.
CC. Maxillary palpi much shorter, their apical
joint somewhat oval meestus, Boisd.

BB. Elytra more or less opaque, often velvety, ;
with convex unequal interstices.
C. Hind femora black or nearly so.
D. Prothorax strongly lobed in the middle
of base _... scutellaris, Macl.
DD. Prothorax not (or scarcely) lobed in
middle of base.
E. Puncturation of prothorax faint and
obscure (as usualinthe genus) .. wstwatus, Blanch.

EE. Puncturation of prothorax unusually
strong and well defined... ... variicollis, Macl.
CC. Hind femora testaceous vittatus, Macl.
AA. Elytra clothed with erect hairs (at. any rate
along the base and suture).
B. The hairs fringing the prothorax black or
nearly so.
C. Prothorax entirely black.
D. Head very coarsely unevenly and by no
means closely punctulate.
E. Convexity of prothorax (viewed from
side) even,—at any rate in the middle.
F. Elytra entirely set with erect pilosity erythropterus, Blanch.

FF. Disc of elytra glabrous rufipennis, Boisd.
EK. Prothorax strongly declivous hind-
ward all across base i Kingi, Macl.
DD. Head closely Age and somewhat
finely punctulate .. navicwlaris, Blanch.

CC. Prothorax red, or at any rate with its
sides broadly red.
D. Prothorax very strongly lobed hindward
at middle of base ... rujicollis, Macl.
DD. Prothorax not or but little lobed at base australis, Boisd.
BB. The prothorax fringed laterally with close-
set white pilosity aT dispar, Blackb.

It seems desirable to say a word rghit the sexual characters
of Phyllotocus, which to some extent vary with the species. In
all of them the male has one of the claws of its front tarsi more
or less (in some species very much more than in others) dilated.
There is also a tendency towards darker coloring in the males
than in the females of some species, and in several species the
elytra of the female are much more hairy than those of the
male. This latter character is very noticeable in P. australis,
Boisd.; but is extremely developed in P. Kingi, Macl., the female
of which has its elytra densely set with velvety pile while in the
male the elytra are nearly glabrous on the disc. Sir W. Macleay
is certainly justified, I think, in regarding Lacordaire as in error
when he finds sexual characters in the antenne of Phyllotocus. I
do not observe any sexual differences in the armature of the
front tibiee.

PHYLLOTOCIDIUM (gen. nov. Sericidarum ).

Mentum sat elongatum sat angustum; palpi labiales breves,
articulo ultimo obconico ; palpi maxillares sat breves (fere
ut Cheiragre), articulo apicali elongato-ovali quam ceteri
conjuncti vix breviori; labrum breviter transversum (a
Cheirrhamphice parum ‘dissimile) ; ; oculi modici; antennze
modice, 8-articulate, clava (maris quam femine magis
elongata) 3 - articulata ; prothorax qualis ; scutellum
modicum ; elytra maris haud, femine vix manifeste, striata ;
pedes robusti minus elongati; tibia antice extus (processu

25,

apicali vix extus directo excepto) haud deniate ; unguiculi
modice elongati (ab articulo 5° tarsorum longitudine haud
multo dissimiles), simplices, maris anterioribus incrassatis et
appendicibus 2 eiongatis membranaceis instructis; coxe
postice quam metasternum paullo breviores ; corpus supra
sat glabrum, subtus pilosum.

Type P. (Cheiragra), Macleayi, Blackb.

The tarsal character of this species (mentioned by me in
describing it, P.L.S., N.S.W., 1891, p. 482) must, I am now con-
vinced, be regarded as inconsistent with a place in the genus
Chevragra ; its facies moreover is quite sue generis, the glabrous
nitid upper surface being suggestive of certain Phyllotoci while
its head is that of a Cheiragra; the structure of the legs (and
especially the claws) is quite different from that of any other
species known to me, while the coppery (or purplish) gloss of the
upper surface distinguishes it among its allies.

CHEIRRHAMPHICA (gen. nov. Sericidarum).

Mentum sat elongatum sat angustum; palpi labiales breves,
articulo ultimo obconico; palpi maxillares modici (quam
Phyllotocc Macleayi, Fischer, multo breviores), articulo
ultimo subcylindrico ad apicem subacuminato ; labrum breve
transversum a clypeo sutura vix manifesta divisum; oculi
modici, fere ut Phyllotoci ; antenne modice, 8-articulate,
clava brevi 3-articulata; prothorax equalis; scutellum
modicum ; elytra oblonga, parum manifeste striata ; pedes
elongati fere ut Phyllotoci, sed maris tibiis anticis compresso-
dilatatis et tarsis anticis brevibus (harum articulis basalibus
4 brevissimis, articulo apicali quam tibia antica vix breviori,
unguiculo permagno deformi) ; cox postice quam abdomen
vix breviores ; corpus pubescens.

It will be seen from the above diagnosis that this genus must
be placed in Lacordaire’s “Groupe” Phyllotocides and that it
differs from Phyllotocus notably in the front piece of the clypeus
being very short, strongly transverse, and not separated from the
preceding piece by a sharply defined suture, also by the very
remarkable sexual characters in the front legs of the male, and
the very different maxillary palpi. The hind coxe are very
elongate, their hind edge being (on the lateral margin) scarcely
farther from the apex of the abdomen than from the hind margin
of the metasternum.

C. pubescens, sp. nov. Sat ovalis; pube pallida sat elongata ad-
pressa vestita ; subnitida; nigra, vix enea, antennis palpis
pedibusque brunneo-testaceis (nonnullorum exemplorum pro-
thorace elytris abdomineque brunneo-testaceis, nonnullorum

femoribus posticis vel 4 posterioribus infuscatis); capite
prothoraceque sparsim sat fortiter, elytris minus sparsim
minus fortiter, pygidio leviter squamose, punctulatis ; pro-
thorace transverso, antice leviter angustato minus emar-
ginato, lateribus sat arcuatis, basi bisinuata, angulis posticis
obtusis ; scutello modico ; elytris haud (vel vix manifeste)
striatis ; tibiis anticis extus bidentatis. Long., 17—24 L ;
lat. 4+—14 1.

In the male the basal four joints of the front tarsi are incras-
sated and very short,—together scarcely reaching to the apex of
the apical process of the tibia. The fifth joint is excessively
dilated and as long (without including the claws) as the preceding
joints together. One claw is as long as the fifth joint has a very
large lamina like appendage at its base and is attached to the
apex of the fifth joint in such fashion that it is directed back-
wards almost parallel with the tarsus. The other claw is normal.
The apex of the basal part of the fifth joint is thickly clothed
with long hairs.

W. Australia; taken by Mr. Lea at Swan River and
Geraldton.

C. interstitialis, sp. nov. Mas.—Ovalis; parum lata; pube
brevi erecta pallide ferruginea vestita ; sat opaca ; nigra,
antennis palpis pedibus anterioribus 4 tarsisque posticis
plus minusve rufescentibus ; capite crebrius subtilius,
prothorace sparsim sat grosse, elytris quam prothorax magis
crebre vix minus grosse, pygidio minus perspicue, punctulatis ;
prothorace vix transverso, antice sat fortiter angustato,
lateribus modice arcuatis, basi vix bisinuata, angulis pos-
ticis obtusis ; scutello modico ; elytris costis obsoletis angustis
circiter 4 instructis; tibiis anticis extus haud (processu
apicali excepto) dentatis; tibiis posticis robustis. Long.
221; Lat. 121.

I see no reason to separate this species generically from the
preceeding although as will be seen by comparing the descriptions
the two are not much like each other superficially. The erect
(not adpressed) hairs with which it is clothed, its clypeus more
evenly rounded in front, its much less transverse prothorax its
elytra with distinct traces of coste, its very stout hind tibi, the
much more numerous set at the apex of each tarsal joint, &c.,
contribute to make this species extremely distinct from the pre-
ceding. Its facies, indeed, is very much that of a Cheiragra, but
[I do not see how it can justifiably be placed among species with
short appendiculate claws while (as is the case) its claws are
altogether as characterized in the diagnosis of Cheirrhamphica.
Perhaps eventually it may be regarded as the type of a new

genus. The male characters of the front tarsi are quite as in
C. pubescens except in the basal lamina of the large claw being
scarcely developed.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. French.

NEOPHYLLOTOCUS (gen. nov. Sericidarum).

Type V. (Macrothops) rostrata, Macl.

I propose this name as a substitute for Macrothops, Macl. nec
Boisd., which is a nom. preocc., having been used by Boisduval
for a genus already named Phyllotocus by Fischer de Waldh. Sir
W. Macleay’s diagnosis is not very complete as it does not in-
clude any reference to the claws, where the most obvious distinc-
tive characters of the Phyllotocides are to be found. In the
present genus the claws are extremely short (about half the
length of the 5th tarsal joint), and are all simple in the female.
In the male one of the claws on each of the 4 anterior tarsi is
bifid.

Sir W. Macleay described a second species of his genus
Macrothops under the name pallidipennis which he stated was
founded on specimens that had lost their “ palpi, tarsi &c.” It is
therefore, impossible to say whether that species is rightly as-
sociated with the present insect.

CHEIRAGRA.

Sir W. Macleay formed this genus for a number of species
which he described so briefly that it is impossible to identify any
of them (as species) with certainty except by comparison, which
has not been practicable for me.

I have before me a considerable number of specimens evidently
attributable to the genus. Sir W. Macleay in his diagnosis of
the genus omitted to mention that the claws are appendicuiate
and furnished at their base with large membranous processes,
which I take to be the most reliable generic character. In the
male the front tarsi have one claw similar to those of the female
while the other claw is enormously developed and turned back
against the surface of the tarsus.

With the exception of two examples (from a far Northern
locality, unfortunately both females and therefore undesirable for
description) I cannot satisfy myself that the specimens of this
genus before me represent more than one species. They are from
various localities in Victoria and N.S. Wales and differ to a
remarkable extent in coloring, so that it is hard to find two quite
alike. This species does not appear to be Phyllotocus pusillus,
Blanch. (which Sir William seems to regard as the type of
Cheiragra) as its prothorax is not black in any variety that [have
seen and certainly could not be described as ‘‘haud punctatus.”

I suspect it is C. ruficollis, Macl., but unfortunately there is a
discrepancy between the 12 words of Latin and the 33 of English
of which the description consists, as the Latin makes the elytra
testaceous and the English implies that they are black (at least
in the male). However, the specimens before me include elytra
entirely black, entirely testaceous, and black with various testace-
ous blotches. There are no differences among Sir W. Macleay’s
descriptions of C. ruficollis, pallida, lurida, and atra except in
respect of color and slight distinctions in size. C. pygmea is
probably a distinct species which I have not seen, and
aphodioides may be distinct, as Sir W. Macleay says that the
front tibize of the male are more slender than in its allies.

EPHOLCIS,

This genus bearing much superficial resemblance to Mechidius
has entirely the Sericid relation between clypeus and labrum.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse in founding it expressed the opinion that it is
intermediate between Diphucephala and Mechidius. Its coloring
and the character of its sculpture as well as the presence of appen-
dages at the base of the claws are certainly suggestive of thelatter,
though it is to be noted that the claw appendages are not really
characteristic of Mechidius, being absent in many species, and
an analogous structure being found in an isolated species
(Nosphisthis) described below. But the structure of the head is
totally different from that of Mechidius and if it were to be
regarded as allied to that genus rather than Diphucephala it
would upset the validity of Sericides and Sericoides as distinct
sub-tribes. I have little doubt that it is a flower-frequenting
genus. Mechidius Albertisi and bilobiceps of Fairemaire are
evidently referable to Zpholcis. I suspect that the former is
identical with £. divergens, Waterh., in which case its name
must sink as a synonyn.

I refer provisionally to this genus Mechidius gracilis, Waterh.
which its author says is “very unlike all the others in that
genus.” It appears to me impossible to consider it a Mechidius
or even closely allied thereto, inasmuch as its prosternal sutures
are not open to receive its antenne and its mouth structure is of
the Sericid type, the front of its labium being almost in contact
with the apex of the clypeus without the intervention of a visible
labrum. Its facies is undoubtedly highly suggestive of
Mechidius and very different from that of Zpholcis, but never-
the-less I can find no character to separate it from the latter
genus which is not evidently merely specific in other genera, e.g.
Diphucephala and Mechidius. The following is a new species
allied to Z. (Mechidius) gracilis.

£. longior, sp. nov. Sat elongata; sat opaca ; picea, antennis
palpis pedibus et corpore subtus rufescentibus; setulis
brevibus gracilibus adpressis, et pilis erectis elongatis sparsis,
testaceis vestita; capite antice truncato elevato-reflexo,
lateribus sinuatis ; prothorace sat transverso, antice fortiter
angustato crebre rugulose sat grosse punctulato, lateribus
fortiter rotundatis, angulis anticis sub-acutis minus promi-
nulis posticis rotundato-obtusis, basi rotundata; elytris
obscure seriatim punctulatis, lineis 3 obscurioribus vix ele-
vatis instructis; tibiis anticis extus 3-dentatis (dentibus
inferioribus 2 approximatis, a 3° sat remotis) ; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basaliquam 2° multo longiori; ungui-
culis singulis ad basin appendiculis singulis armatis. Long.
341. ; Lat. 121.

Larger and more elongate than #. gracilis, Waterh., with the
prothorax much more coarsely punctulate ; the clypeus consider-
ably more reflexed in front (causing the labium to appear less
nearly in contact with the edge of the clypeus when the head
is looked at from beneath), and with its sides more sinuate.

N. Queensland ; sent by Mr. Cowley.

SERICOIDES (Sub-tribe).

This sub-tribe is by far the most numerously represented
among the Australian Melolonthini, and moreover presents extra-
ordinary difficulties in classification, owing to the presence of the
most remarkable structural differences between insects that apart
from those differences are not even very notably distinct from
each other as species. These differences are found in the number
of joints in the antenne, the structure of the antennal club, the
form of the labrum and the hind coxe, and even, to some extent,
the structure of the claws. To regard such differences as generic
(which one would do unhesitatingly in the case of almost any
other Coleoptera) would require an enormous multiplication of
the genera known at present and would split up numerous genera.
that are among the most natural aggregates in the whole coleo-
pterous series. For example, to regard those differences as generic
would involve the formation of at least nine new genera out of
Heteronyx, than which in a natural arrangement a more homo-
geneous aggregate could hardly be found, and changes almost as
sweeping would be required in nearly all the other large genera.

However at present the sub-tribe is in a state of extreme con-
fusion. Numerous genera have been formed since the publication
of Lacordaire’s work, but their diagnoses are scattered over a
wide field of literature and so far as I know have not been
systematically classified. The result of this is that anyone hav-
ing new species to describe is faced with the greatest difficulty in

ascertaining the genus to which (at Jeast some of them, in all
probability) should be referred. I propose therefore, before pro-
ceeding to describe various new species before me, to review the
Sericoid genera and endeavour to set forth their characters in a
tabulated form. I shall not, however, attempt the ambitious
task of placing the genera in anything like a permanently satis-
factory condition, as in my opinion that would be at present
impossible, and moreover would require very extensive alterations
that should be made by someone who has a wider knowledge than
I possess of the Sericordes of other parts of the world.

I may say, in passing, that I believe the character which should
have the greatest weight in the classification of the Sericoid
species into genera to be the nature of the sexual distinctions.
There are far too many species of which the sexual characters are
at least uncertain to allow of this system being carried out
to-day, but I am convinced that in it will be found the key to
the essential distinctions among the Sericoid genera.

What I shall attempt will be simply to determine which of the
existing generic names can be retained as founded on characters
that are (at any rate among other characters) valid, and show the
relation of them to each other,—making as few additions as
possible, and not attempting to split them up even in cases where
I have little doubt that a fuller knowledge of the sexes will
eventually require that they be split up. It is necessary however
to add a few new genera.

It will be observed that in the following classification of genera
considerable weight is conceded to characters seeming very slight
in comparison of others which are treated as of little value though
apparently more important; as where the nature of the elytral
striation is made generic and the number of antennal joints
specific. On this I have to remark that in what I believe will be
the really scientific classification characters founded on the nature
of the sexual distinctions will take the place of the apparently
unimportant characters now employed and also that, however
superficial some of these make-shift characters may appear, long
and careful observation of a very extensive series of species from
many collections has convinced me that they accompany real
generic difference and that there is no fear of future observations
requiring the genera thus slightly characterized to be suppressed,
but that the effect of future observations will be only to show
the necessity of further sub-division of the genera now distin-
guished by apparently slight characters.

The following may be noted in respect of the result of my
observations regarding the Australian Sericoides. 1. The nature
of the armature of the claws where the claws are not simple
cannot be relied upon as generic, but the difference between claws

that are either bifid or appendiculate and those that are simple
(disregarding membranous basal appendages) is strictly generic.
2. The number of antennal joints and the number of joints
forming the antennal club are not generic (although the difference
between the number of joints in the club where it is sexual
probably is generic). 3. Characters founded upon the granula-
tion of the eyes are strictly generic. 4. The difference between
simple and geminate striation of the elytra is nearly always
combined with reliable generic differences. 5. Marked differences
in the form of the clypeus (at least in many cases) are much more
generic than differences in the form of the labrum. 6. Differences
in the hind tibie are generic.

From these general observations I now pass to some remarks
on the generic names that at present stand attributable to ‘the
Australian Sericoides. These are, I believe, 34 in number
(excluding “ Melolontha” which seems to have been applied loosely
by some of the earlier authors to species of this subtribe). © Of
these Cotidia and Colobostoma are mere names given (without
mention of characters) by Boisduval to species that cannot. be
identified. It is not unlikely that Colobostoma was founded on
the insect since named Platydesmus sulcipennis by Sir W.
Macleay, but the evidence is not strong enough to upset the later
name. I Lave already discussed this point in Proc. Linn. Soc.,
N.S.W., 1890, p. 517 (note).

Haplonycha=Colpochila. Silopa and Hostilina = Heteronyzx.
Philochlenia and Omaloplia = Caulobius. Of the names sunk as
synonyms in the above statement I regard it as possible that two
(Haplonycha and Philochlenia) may have to be restored as repre-
senting valid genera when the sexual characters of Colpochila and
Caulobius are known in a long range of species, but I do not find
any other generic character that seems sufficient to confirm
them.

After the above eliminations there remain 28 genera, to the
validity of which I am not able to bring any definite objection,
but of them there are four that I have not been able to identify
among the large collections of Melolonthini that I have examined.
On each of these a few remarks seem called for.

1. Automolus. This genus was formed by Burmeister for a
small Tasmanian species, to which Erichson seems to have attached
the MS. name Liparetrus angustulus. Burmeister says that its
antennze are nine-jointed. Assuming the correctness of that
statement I should say that the genus is a good one and that I
have not seenit. If it could be that Burmeister had counted
the joints incorrectly and that they are really eight (it is easy to
go wrong about the minute antennal joints of a small Liparetrus)
I should suspect that the species is one of those which Sir W.

Macleay calls ‘‘Section II” of Liparetrus, and in that case I am
not at all sure that it would not be justifiable to retain the name
Automolus and regard Macleay’s ‘‘ Section II” as forming a dis-
tinct genus. But in this uncertainty I must pass the genus by
with the remark that it is certainly very closely allied to
Lnparetrus.

2. Microthopus. This is another genus (from W. Australia)
which Burmeister characterises as closely allied to Liparetrus. If
its author is right in saying that it is founded on a male example
it is unknown to me. If he was mistaken about its sex I should
regard it as possibly identical with my genus Macleayia (in which
case my name would lapse). Here again I must pass the genus
by as uncertain.

3. Homolotropus. This genus was founded by Sir W. Macleay
(Tr. Ent. Soc., N.S.W., IT., p. 193) on an insect that I am unable
to identify. Apart from the antenne I find no character in the
diagnosis that seems really generic, and the antennal characters
alone do not appear to me conclusive. Nevertheless, from the
description of the species, I take it that the genus is likely to be
a good one, but there is no character mentioned by the author
that enables me to place it in a tabulation. Moreover as Sir W.
Macleay asserts that the position of Homolotropus is near
Xylonychus (which Lacordaire places among the true J/2lolonthides,
where I think it is certainly more at home than in the Sericozdes)
it is quite possibly not a member of the sericoid group.

4. Odontonyx. Another of Sir W. Macleay’s genera concern-
ing which I cannot speak positively. The diagnosis would fit
Eurychelus but in the description of the species the author states
that there “seems to be” a kind of membranous appendage
beneath the last joint of the tarsi, and this remark I am afraid
compels me to pass the genus by, with the observation that it is
probably near Lurychelus.

To the above I have to add nine new genera bringing up the
total number to 33.

A. Prosternal sutures normal.
B. The claws simple (disregarding membranous appendages).
C. Winged species.
D. Femora glabrous and very slender and elon-
gate ‘ar te + es nes) keener Ens
DD. Femora shorter and stouter and more or
less pilose.
K. Elytra very short exposing much of the

propygidium (all small species).
F. Clypeus margined in front.

G. Antennal club 3-jointed in both sexes ... Liparetrus.
GG. Antennal club 5-jointed in the male .. Macleayia.
FF. Clypeus not margined in front _... ... Comophorus.

EE, Elytra of normal length (except in a very few
large species).

F. Eyes large (projecting laterally at least as far
as clypeus), nitid, and scarcely (or very finely)
granulate.

Front tibiz not as in GG.

H. Antennal club not setose on the faces of the

joints in either sex.
I. Tarsal joints not bearing tufts of long soft
hairs.
J. Labrum distinct (at least by a suture)
from vertical front face of clypeus.
K. Free outline of clypeus an even curve (or
nearly so)
L. Base of prothorax margined.
M. Elytra geminate-striate.
N. Hind tibiz short, their inner outline
not nearly straight.
QO. Apical joint of labial palpi conic, not
much longer than penultimate ... Aneucomides.
OO. Apical joint of labial palpi longer
and more cylindric.
P. Labrum (viewed from above) trun-
cate or emarginate in front.
Q. Canthus cutting into front of eye

well defined.. Colpochila.
QQ. Front of eye entire (or all but
entire) ” Petinopus.
PP. Labrum strongly projecting, re-
flexed and angular at apex... Glossocheilifer.

NN. Hind tibiz more elongate, their
inner margin straight.
O. Antennal club differing sexually
(always longer than spud joint of
maxillary palpi) Scitala,
OO. Antennal club ia both sexes not or
scarcely longer than apical joint
of maxillary palpi _... ... Anodontonyx.
MM. Elytra not geminate-striate.
N. A membranous appendage at the base
of each claw ... Nosphisthis.
NN. No membranous appendage at base
of claws.
O. Eyes widely separated.
P. Spurs of hind tibize normal.
Q. Apical joint of labial palpielongate

and cylindric... Frenchella.
QQ. Apical joint of labial palpi short
and more or less conic Platydesmus.
PP. Hind tibiz without spurs distinct
from the fringing cilia Anacanthopus.
OO. Eyes very larye, subapproximate
above and beneath the head... Hngyops.

LL. Base of prothorax not margined.
M. Transverse carina of hind tibize want-
ing (as in Scitala).

N. Sterna clothed with long pilosity ... Colpochilodes.
NN. Sterna almost glabrous Sericesthis.
MM. Transverse carina of hind tibiz well
defined (as in Colpochila) wn. “VEa0.

K.K. Front of clypeus with sharp lateral

angles, its sides straight... ... Sciton
K.K.K. Front of clypeus emarginate ..« Byrrhomorpha.
J.J. Labrum entirely confused with vertical
front face of clypeus Dysphanocheila.
I.I. Tarsal joints each with an isolated tuft of
long soft hairs beneath Ocnodus
H.H. The faces of the joints of the antennal
elub clothed with erect sete .. ... Diphyllocera.
G G. Front tibie excessively dilated and sinuous
(not dentate) externally $F .. Pachygastra,

F.F. Eyes smaller, and more distinctly granulate ; ¢
surpassed by clypeus.
G. Front tibiz not having a tooth close to the base

externally 33 Haplopsis.
G.G. Front tibie with a minute tooth close to
the base externally yacht Caulobius.
C.C. Apterous species... ; afte ... Callabonica.
B.B. Claws bifid or appendiculate.
C. Apterous species 8 ¥ iy ... Pseudoheteronyz.

C.C. Winged species.
D. Antenne with more than 7 joints.
E. Tarsi of male normal.

F. Form strongly depressed ... dn oe Pi pet cies es
F.F. Form notably more convex Heteronyz.
E.E. Anterior four tarsi of male strongly dilated... .Veoheteronyx.
D.D. Antenne with only 7 joints 5 aah
A.A. Prosternal sutures open to receive the antenne ... Maechidius.

ANEUCOMIDES (gen. nov. Sericoidarum ).

Mentum antice emarginatum; palpi labiales breves, articulo
ultimo breviter conico quam precedens parum longiori;
palpi maxillares sat elongati, articulo ultimo quam precedens
sat longiori ; labrum modice exstans, antice late rotundatum
(superne visum); oculi sat magni nitidi vix manifeste granu-
lati, antice a cantho profunde incisi; antenne (speciei
typice) 9-articulate, clava 4-articulata (hac maris quam
articuli precedentes conjuncti parum breviori, feminez haud
observate); prothorax transversus ; elytra geminato-striata ;
tibie antice extus 3-dentatz, posticis perbrevibus ad apicem
valde dilatatis; unguiculi simplices; sterna femoraque
pilosa.

The species for which I propose this new generic name is an
extremely puzzling one. Its facies is strongly suggestive of a
small Dynastid of the Oryctomorphid group, but its abdominal
stigmata are decidedly those of a Melolonthid, its antennal struc-
ture moreover being quite inconsistent with the idea of a
Dynastid. It is a short robust insect with hind femora and tibiz
very short and incrassate, and bears no resemblance in facies to
any other Melolonthid known to me. Nevertheless, I have failed
to discover any structural character that I can rely upon to dis-

o~
JV

tinguish it from Colpochila except the conic form and unusual
brevity of the apical joint of the labial palpi and the somewhat
peculiar labrum (slightly approaching that of Glossocheilifer ),
which viewed from above appears as a lamina projecting to a
moderate degree from the lower part of the vertical front face of
the clypeus, and having its free outline broadly rounded. In the
unique male before me the abdomen is remarkably short but this
may possibly be the result of distortion merely, and I also observe
that the bristles forming the apical fringe of the hind tibize are
unusually short and thick.

A. coloratus, sp. nov. Brevis, sat latus; sat nitidus ; supra sat
glaber sed prothorace pilis fimbriato, subtus in sternis
femoribusque pilosus; rufus, elytris nigro-piceis ; clypeo
subtilius crebrius, capite postice magis fortiter, prothorace
ut clypeus sed minus crebre, elytris crebrius fortiter, pygidio
subtiliter sparsim, punctulatis ; clypeo antice rotundato sat
fortiter reflexo; prothorace postice marginato, fortiter
transverso, antice fortiter angustato, angulis anticis acutis
minus prominulis posticis (superne visis) fere rectis, basi
utrinque vix sinuata ; elytris parum distincte striatis (striis
geminatis), interstitiis planis; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali quam 2" vix breviori. lLong.,51.; lat., 24 1.

This small species is notable for its coloring, the whole insect
being of a somewhat full red color except the elytra which are
black (or nearly so), with a little tendency to rufescence about
the shoulders.

S.W. Australia ; Eyre’s Sand Patch.

COLPOCHILA.

C. Roei, Burm., is certainly, I think, identical with
C, crassiventris, Blanch. The latter is the older name.

PETINOPUS (gen. nov. Sericoidarum).

Mentum antice profunde triangulariter emarginatum ; palpi
labiales modici, articulo ultimo gracili cylindrico; palpi
maxillares sat elongati, articulo ultimo quam prexcedens
multo longiori ; labrum a clypei parte antica verticali bene
discretum sed vix prominulum (fere ut Scztale) ; oculi magni
nitidi vix manifeste granulati, antice fere integri ; antennez
(speciei typice) 9-articulate, clava 3-articulata quam pal-
porum maxillarium articulus ultimus parum longiori (maris
quam feminz haud longiori) ; prothorax transversus ; elytra
geminato-striata; tibie antice extus 3-dentatez, posticis
modicis latis intus sat fortiter arcuatis ; unguiculi simplices ;
sterna parce pilosa; tarsi posteriores 4 maris subtus longe
dense pilosi.

The species for which I propose this new generic name has the
appearance of a Colpochila,—though very much smaller than any
Colpochila known to me,—but is at once distinguishable from
the species of allied genera by the sides of its clypeus not cutting
into the eye. I find however a faintly marked smooth but
scarcely elevated line on the eye occupying the position that in
allied genera is occupied by the canthus-like prolongation of the
clypeus. Another notable character consists in the long closely
placed pilosity on the underside of the hind and intermediate
tarsi in the male which gives those organs an appearance from a
certain point of view suggestive of a feather. In the female the
hind tarsi are glabrous except at the apex of each joint. The
mentum, moreover, is remarkable on account of the very deep
triangular excision (reaching nearly half-way to the base) of its
apical margin.

P. egrotus, sp. nov. Sat brevis; sat latus; sat nitidus; supra
fere glaber ; brunneo-testaceus ; clypeo minus crebre, capite
postice crebre subaspere, prothorace vix crebre minus for-
titer, scutello fere ut prothorax, elytris fortius subcrebre,
pygidio fere ut prothorax, punctulatis ; clypeo antice rotun-
dato reflexo ; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, antice
minus angustato, angulis anticis sat acutis parum productis
posticis rotundato-obtusis ; scutello magno triangulari; ely-
tris leviter geminato-striatis, interstitiis nonnullis angustis
subconvexis ; tarsorum posticorum articulis 1—4 inter se
longitudine subzequalibus. Long., 441.; lat., 24 1.

N. Territory of 8. Australia; in my collection, also in 8.A.
Museum.

GLOSSOCHEILIFER (gen. nov. Sericoidarum).

Mentum antice latum fortiter emarginatum ; palpi fere ut
Diphyllocere (labialibus modicis articulo ultimo sat elon-
gato apicem versus angustato, maxillaribus sat elongatis
articulo ultimo quam precedens sat longiori); labrum for-
titer productum, ad apicem angustatum et reflexum ; oculi sat
magni, sat nitidi, fere leves, antice a cantho profunde incisi ;
antennze (speciei typice) 9-articulatze, clava 3-articulata hac
maris articulis antennarum 2-6 conjunctis equilonga, femine
sat breviori ; prothorax transversus ; elytra geminato-striata;
tibiz antics extus 3-dentatz, posticis minus elongatis (parte
apicali sat fortiter dilatata); unguiculi simplices ; sterna
pilis elongatis dense vestita; tarsis maris quam femine
multo longioribus robustioribus.

This genus differs from all its allies in the remarkable form of

its labrum, which is very large and projects forward from the
lower extremity of the front (subvertical) face of the clypeus,

bending obliquely upward, and viewed from above looks like a
protruding tongue.

G. labialis, sp, nov. Elongato-ovatus; nitidus; supra fere
glaber, subtus in sternis femoribusque pilosus ; piceo-niger,
antennis palpisque rufis, pedibus (presertim coxis anticis)
plus minusve rufescentibus ; clypeo minus crebre, capite
postice confertim (hoc exemplorum visorum in medio fovea
Jeviter impresso), prothorace sparsim (ad latera magis
erebre), elytris sat sparsim, parum fortiter punctulatis ;
pygidio in medio sublevi, ad latera sparsius subtiliter
punctulato; clypeo antice rotundato sat reflexo ; prothorace
postice marginato, sat transverso, lateribus sat fortiter
arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis minus productis posticis
rotundato-obtusis, basi utrinque sinuata; elytris in disco
distincte striatis (sed striis minus perspicue geminatis),
latera versus minus distincte striatis (sed striis perspicue
geminatis); tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2"
sat breviori. Long. 64—7]I. ; lat. 341.

W. Australia ; taken by Mr. Lea at Mt. Barker.

SCITALA.

In Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, pp. 539-545, I wrote at
some length on the claims of this name to retention,—it having
been substituted by Burmeister and Lacordaire for Sericesthis. I
need not now repeat the arguments I then employed, but merely
observe that I contended for the claims of Sericesthis to be re-
tained in preference to Scitala. In doing so I followed the dis-
tinguished authors quoted above in the assumption that the type
of Sericesthis is congeneric with the type of Scitala. Lately
however I have seen reason to consider that assumption unwar-
ranted. I take it that the type of Sericesthis is the species for
which Boisduval first used the name,—viz. S. geminata,—and
that is undoubtedly a later name for Melolontha pruinosa, Dalm.
Now the type of Erichson’s genus Scitala is S. sericans, Er., a
species which I am not sure that I know, but I have before me
numerous species undoubtedly congeneric with it (judging by the
generic diagnosis), and there appear to me sufficient reasons for
the conclusion that they are not congeneric with Sericesthis
geminata, Boisd. Erichson states that in Scitala the apical
joint of the labial palpi is obconic and incrassate (as it is in the
numerous species referred to above) and he so figures it. But in
S. geminata, Boisd., it is elongate, cylindric, and very slender.
The shape of that joint is a very important character which that
eminent specialist Dr. Sharp relies upon as a leading distinction
of his genus Anodontonyx. I find, moreover, that all the species
known to me congeneric with S. sericans have the base of the

prothorax margined while in Sericesthis geminata, Boisd., the
prothorax has no basal margin. On these grounds I have con-
cluded that Scztala and Sericesthis are both valid genera, and I
know of no other species than geminata, Boisd. (=pruinosa,
Dalm.) that can be attributed to the latter.

Dr. Sharp’s genus Anodontonyx has the labial palpi of Scitala
as figured and described by Erickson [a fact which Dr. Sharp
seems to have overlooked,—probably taking S. pruimosa on
Lacordaire’s authority as the species of (so-called) Scitala with
which he compared his Anodontonyx,—though he probably has
seen also some true Scitala for he says that the apical joint of the
labial palpi in Scitala is “generally” slender]. Anodontonyx
however is perfectly distinct from both Sericesthis and Scitala by
another character (mentioned by Dr. Sharp) viz. that the
antennal club is short. This is more fully expressed by saying
that in Anodontonyx the antennal club is alike in the sexes while
in Scatala it is much longer in the male than in the female and in
both sexes is considerably longer than that of Anodontonyz.

Boisduval and Erichson appear to have included species of
other genera in their Sericesthis and Scitala respectively (a
matter with which I hope to deal in the next part of this series
of papers) but that does not appear to touch the validity of the
genera inasmuch as their characters should rest in the one case
on the characters of the species to which the name was first
applied (without a diagnosis) and in the other case on the
diagnosis.

The seven species described by me in my paper referred to
above under the name Sericesthis (on the assumption that
Sericesthis and Scitala are identical) I must now transfer to
Scitala (regarding that genus as distinct from Serécesthis ).

NosPHIsTHis (gen. nov. Sericoidarum).

Mentum antice vix perspicue emarginatum ; palpi labiales sat
breves, articulo ultimo subconico; palpi maxillares parum
elongati, articulo ultimo quam precedens vix longiori ;
labrum sat prominulum, antice (superne visum) emarginato-
truncatum ; oculi sat magni nitidi vix manifeste granulati,
antice a cantho profunde incisi; antenne (speciei typics)
9-articulate, clava 3-articulata, quam palporum maxillarium
articulus ultimus haud longiori; prothorax transversus ;
elytra striata (haud geminatim); tibie antice extus 3-
dentate, posticis sat brevibus ad apicem dilatatis intus
arcuatis ; unguiculi parvi simplices, sed ad basin lamella

membranacea instructi; sterna pilis longis minus dense
vestita,

:
:

This genus has the facies of /renchella, from which it is readily
distinguished by the membranous Jamella at the base of each
claw, as well as by the form of the apical joint of the labial palpi
and of the antennal club. I suspect the type is a female, but I
have no doubt the male scarcely differs in external structure ; I
do not recollect an instance of an Australian Melolonthid having
an extremely abbreviated antennal club in the female and a
longer one in the male. I judge the type to be a female only
because its tarsi are short and slender. The sexual distinctions
in the genera to which this is related are very slight, usually
almost confined to the length of the tarsi where the antennal
club is not in both sexes notably longer than it is in the insect
before me.

NV. parvicornis, sp. nov. Fem.? Sat nitida; rufo-ferruginea ;
pilis elongatis fimbriata ; corpore subtus pygidioque pilosa ;
capite confertim rugulose punctulato, clypeo late truncato-
rotundato, antice fortiter reflexo; antennis 9-articulatis,
clava perbrevi quadrata 3-articulata; prothorace fortiter
transverso, antice fortiter angustato, sparsius (quam caput
multo minus crebre) punctulato, lateribus sat squaliter
arcuatis, angulis anticis vix acutis posticis obtusis, basi
minus fortiter bisinuata; scutello punctulato; elytris sat
fortiter sat zequaliter striatis, interstitiis fortius vix crebre
punctulatis; pygidio subopaco, creberrime subtilissime
ruguioso-punctulato ; tarsis brevibus ; articulo apicali inter
unguiculorum baseos lamina instructo; unguiculis brevibus
fortiter curvatis. Long., 6} 1; lat. 341.

N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea at Forest Reefs.

FRENCHELLA.

In addition to the species of Blanchard and Burmeister already
mentioned by me (Pr. Linn Soc, N.S.W., 1892, p. 104) as
probably needing to be transferred from Haplonycha to Frenchella,
I find that H. iridescens, Blanch., is almost certainly a /renchella ;
I have examples before me which seem to be clearly that species
The following are new ones.

Ff. hispida, sp. nov. Sat nitida; ferruginea, prothorace prope
marginem lateralem medium macula obscura notato; supra
pilis elongatis fimbriata et in capite elytris pygidioque pilis
longis erectis sparsim vestita ; subtus sat pilosa; capite
crebre fortiter rugulose punctulato, clypeo antice rotundato
modice (minus quam /. l/ubrici, Black.) reflexo; antennis
8-articulatis, clava sat elongata 3-articulata ; prothorace sat
fortiter transverso, antice fortiter angustato, quam caput
multo minus crebre punctulato, lateribus superne visis a

basi ad medium fere parallelis hinc antrorsum subsinuatim
convergentibus (a latere visis, paullo pone medium rotundato
dilatatis), angulis anticis acutis posticis acutis nonnihil
dentiformibus, basi bisinuata ; scutello punctulato; elytris
sat «qualiter striatis, interstitiis subconvexis sat fortiter
punctulatis ; pygidio fere ut elytra punctulata et pilosa.

Maris antennarum clava quam articuli ceteri conjuncti haud
breviori; feminz paullo breviori. Long. 6—6} 1, ; lat. 3
—34 1.

For remarks on this species see the following (/. approximans).

Victoria and N.S. Wales.

F. approximans, sp. nov. Sat nitida ; fusca, antennis palpisque
dilutioribus, nonnullorum exemplorum elytris et corpore
subtus plus minusve rufescentibus; ut F. hispida pilosa ;
capite antennisque ut /. hispide ; prothorace sat fortiter
transverso, antice fortiter angustato (nonnullorum exem-
plorum obsolete canaliculato), quam caput vix minus crebre
punctulato, lateribus superne visis fere ut /’. hispide sed a
latere visis multo minus fortiter (et vix pone medium)
rotundato-dilatatis ; cetera ut F. hispide. Long. 6—7 1. ;
lat. 24—4 1,

This species is readily distinguishable from nearly all the other
described Australian Sericoid Lamellicornes with simple claws by
the long slender erect hairs that are thinly placed in longitudinal
rows on its elytra. It is, however, extremely close to /. hispida
from which it differs by its darker color, the considerably closer
puncturation of its prothorax and the different lateral outline of
its prothorax. If this be looked at from the side it is seen in
F. hispida to form a strong curve the extreme convexity (that is,
the point where the prothorax is at its greatest width) of which is
markedly behind the middle, whereas in the present species it is
only very feebly curved outward, and the extreme convexity of
the curve is scarcely behind the middle of the length of the
lateral margin. Owing to the declivity of the sides of the
prothorax this difference is scarcely noticeable when the prothorax
is looked at from above.

N.S.W.; Sydney and northern districts.

f’. hirticollis, sp. nov. Sat nitida ; fusca, plus minusve rufescens ;
fere ut F. hispida pilosa sed pilis erectis in prothorace ut in
elytris vestita ; capite ut /’. hispide ; antennis 9-articulatis,

clava sat elongata 3-articulata ; prothorace sat fortiter trans- _

verso, antice angustato, dupliciter punctulato (puncturis
majoribus solis setiferis), lateribus superne visis modice
arcuatis (latitudine majori pone medium posita) basin versus
sinuatis (a latere visis fere ut JF’. hispida sed etiam magis
fortiter rotundato-dilatatis) ; cetera ut F. hispide.

1 ey

Maris antennarum clava quam articuli ceteri conjuncti haud
breviori; femine paullo breviori. Long., 7— 7} 1.; lat.,
34—34 1.

Allied to the preceding two, but easily distinguishable by the
following characters :—The antennz nine-jointed, the prothorax
(as well as the elytra) clothed with long erect pilosity, the pro-
thoracic puncturation consisting of two kinds of punctures inter-
mingled (one kind manifestly smaller than the punctures on the
prothorax of hispida and non-setiferous, the other kind much
larger and setiferous), the sides of the prothorax very manifestly
sinuate behind the middle (viewed from above) and evidently
more abruptly—indeed almost sub-angularly—dilated behind the
middle, and more abruptly declivous (viewed from the side).

N.S. W. ; all the specimens I have seen are, I believe, from the
Sydney district.

Ff. aspericollis, sp. nov. Mas. Sat nitida; fusco-rufescens ;
pilis elongatis fimbriata, capite pygidioque pilis erectis vestitis,
corpore subtus piloso; capite antennisque ut F& hispide ;
prothorace fere ut F&. hispide sed creberrime aspere punctu-
lato ; elytris magis subtiliter punctulato; pygidio (exempli
typici) longitudinaliter fortiter carinato; cetera ut JF.
hispide.

Fem. latet. Long., 53 1.; lat., 31.
Near /. hispida but with elytra devoid of erect sete (I do not
think this is due to abrasion). Very distinct also by the

extremely close asperate puncturation of the prothorax and the

very evidently finer puncturation of the elytral interstices, as
well as by the strongly carinate pygidium,—though I do not find
the carination of the pygidium a reliably constant character in
all the Australian Lamellicornes.

N.S. Wales ; Armidale ; given to me, I believe, by the late
Mr. Olliff.

i. sparsiceps, sp. nov. Mas. Sat nitida; rufescens ; pilis elon-
gatis fimbriata, corpore subtus piloso ; capite postice minus
fortiter minus crebre haud rugulose (parte media fere levi),
clypeo (hoc minus brevi antice rotundato) magis crebre magis
equaliter, punctulatis; antennis 9-articulatis, clava quam
articuli ceteri conjuncti sat longiori ; prothorace sat fortiter
transverso, antice fortiter angustato, sparsius (quam /.
hispide sat minus crebre) punctulato, cetera ut 1. hispide ;
scutello sat levi; elytris fere ut /. haspide sed interstitiis
multo minus grosse punctulatis.

Fem. latet. Long., 6 1.; lat. 34 1.

I have seen two males of this species—both in inferior condi-
tion and both taken by Mr. Lea near Sydney. The species is at

once distinguishable from all the preceding by its much more
sparsely and smoothly punctured head. In both the examples
before me there are two large faintly marked impressions between
the eyes, but this is probably not a constant character. J.
sparsiceps is also distinguishable from all the preceding except
hirticollis by its nine-jointed antenne, and from that species by
its considerably longer antennal club and the absence of erect
pilosity on the upper surface.
N.S. Wales.

ANACANTHOPUS (gen. nov. Sericoidarum ).

Mentum subangustum ; palpi labiales sat breves, articulo ultimo
minus elongato subovali; palpi maxillares elongati, articulo
ultimo quam precedens duplo longiori; labrum parvum sed
distinctum, parum exstans, antice (superne visum) emar-
ginatum ; oculi modici sat nitidi, subtiliter granulati, antice
a cantho incisi; antenne (speciei typice) 9-articulate, clava
3-articulata [hac maris (?) quam articuli 2-6 conjuncti vix
longiori]; prothorax transversus; elytra striata (haud
geminatim); coxe postice quam metasternum parum
breviores ; tibiz antic extus bidentatz, posticis brevibus
ad apicem valde dilatatis spinoso-ciliatis (sed haud calcaribus
a ciliis distinctis armatis) certo adspectu bilobis ; unguiculi
simplices ; sterna breviter sparsim pilosa.

A very remarkable genus which I refer with much hesitation
to the Sericoides, The species described below has the facies of
a Dynastid, and I have not a specimen which I can afford to
damage to the extent that would be necessary to examine its
abdominal stigmata, but its nine-jointed antenne justify me I
think in excluding it from the Dynastides. Assuming it to be a
Melolonthid there is nowhere to place it but in the Sericordes
from which I can find no structural character to separate it.
But wherever it be placed the remarkable structure of its hind
tibiz should make it easy to recognise. These are extremely
dilated at the apex where they bear a continuous fringe of strong
stout spines but nothing that can be distinguished from the rest
of these spines as being “ apical spurs.” It is to be noted that
its eyes are smaller and more distinctly granulated than in most
of the genera allied to Colpochila and Sericesthis, and thus ap-
proximate to the Caulobius type, but as they project laterally as
far as the clypeus I think the genus should be grouped with the
former two rather than the last-named. The evident resemblance
on facies to the next genus (Hngyops) which is certainly a
Sericoid tends to contirm this in the place I have given it. I am
uncertain of the sex of the specimen before me but T do not think
that important since (from the analogy of allied genera) it is.

]

unlikely that if it be a female the male differs materially except
in probably having a longer antennal club. I have not been
able to make a proper examination of the front margin of the
mentum (which is rugulose and clothed with extremely long sete,
and therefore difficult to study without dissection).

A. imermis, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; minus convexus; sat
nitidus ; supra sat glaber ; supra piceo-niger, corpore subtus
antennis palpis pedibusque rufescentibus ; capite cum clypeo
crebre grosse, prothorace sparsim minus fortiter, pygidio sat
grosse, punctulatis; prothorace leviter transverso, antice
fortiter angustato, lateribus fortiter rotundatis, basi utrinque
subsinuata, angulis anticis acutis vix prominulis posticis
rotundato-obtusis; elytris substriatis, striis sat fortiter
punctulatis, interstitiis subtilius seriatim punctulatis sat
planis ; tarsorum posticorum gracilium articulo basali quam
2°° sublongiori. Long., 35 1.; lat., 14 1.

Tropical Queensland.

ENGYOPS (gen. nov. Sericoidarum).

Mentum sat angustum ; palpi labiales sat breves, articulo ultimo
minus elongato, subdilatato, ad apicem acuminato ; palpi
maxillares elongati, articulo ultimo quam precedens duplo
longiori ; labrum modicum, bene exstans, antice (superne
visum) emarginato-truncatum ; oculi permagni inter se sub-
approximati, sat nitidi, subtiliter granulati, antice a cantho
incisi ; antennz (speciei typice) 9-articulatz, clava3-articulata
(hac maris quam articuli 2-6 conjuncti paullo longiori) ; pro-
thorax transversus ; elytra striata (haud geminatim) ; coxe
postice minus elongate ; tibize antic extus 3-dentatz, posticis
sat brevibus ad apicem modice dilatatis ; unguiculi simplices ;
sterna sparsim pilosa.

The species for which I propose the above yeneric name must
certainly I think stand near the preceding one (Anacanthopus
imermis) on account of the close resemblance between them in
respect of the oral organs (the narrow rough mentum clothed
with very long sparse sete, the very long apical joint of the
maxillary palpi, &c.), and a decided agreement in facies. The
present insect however has a less marked resemblance to a
Dynastid and differs from the preceding in several important
structural characters. It is distinguished from all the other Aus-
tralian Sericoides so far as my observation goes by its very large
eyes, the interval between which is so narrow that the middle
part of the head (limited in front by the clypeal suture, on the
sides by the eyes, and behind by a line joining the hind extrem-
ities of the eyes) is scarcely if at all wider than long.

E. spectans, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; minus convexa; subnitida ;
suprasatglabra; ferruginea; capite crebre fortius, prothorace
sparsim minus fortiter, pygidio fortiter minus crebre, punctu-
latis ; prothorace sat transverso, antice fortiter angustato,
lateribus-leviter arcuatis, basi utrinque vix sinuata, angulis
anticis acutis vix prominulis posticis rotundato-obtusis ; elytris
sat fortiter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat fortiter nec
seriatim punctulatis subconvexis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam 2" sublongiori. Long., 34 1.; lat. 141.

Southern Queensland,

COLPOCHILODES (gen. nov. Sericoidarum ).

Mentum antice sat fortiter emarginatum ; palpi fere ut /renchelle
(labialibus modicis articulo ultimo sat elongato sat cylindrico,
maxillaribus sat elongatis articulo ultimo quam precedens
sat longiori) ; labrum totum plus minusve exstans, antice
(superne viso) truncato vel late emarginato ; oculi sat magni
nitidi vix manifeste granulati, antice a cantho profunde
incisi; antenne (speciei typice) 9-articulate, clava 3-articu-
lata (hac maris angusta elongata quam articuli precedentes
conjuncti vix breviori, feminze multo breviori) ; prothorax
transversus; elytra geminato-striata; tibie antice extus
tridentatz, posticis fere ut Sericesthis (elongatis, gracilibus,
intus fere rectis) ; unguiculi simplices ; sterna pilis elongatis
dense vestita.

The species for which I propose the above new generic name
cannot be satisfactorily placed in any previously characterised
genus. With the general characters in other respects of a
Colpochila it combines the hind tibie of a Sericesthis,—slender,
elongate, and having their inner edge straight, which gives it a
facies quite unlike that of either of the above named genera.
Besides the species described I have seen two others from W.
Australia, but as each of them is represented by a unique female
it would not be wise to describe them at present.

C. raucipennis, sp. nov. Elongato-ovatus; sat nitidus; supra
fere glaber, sternis femoribusque pilosis; ferrugineus vel
piceo-ferrugineus ; clypeo crebre subfortiter, capite postice
acervatim minus fortiter, prothorace sparsius (ad latera sat
crebre) sat fortiter, elytris sat grosse rugulose, pygidio minus
crebre subfortiter, punctulato ; prothorace postice haud mar-
ginato, sat transverso, lateribus (superne visis) pone medium
fere rectis, angulis anticis subacutis minus prominulis
posticis rotundato-obtusis, basi utrinque sinuata; scutello
levi; elytris geminato-striatis, interstitiis nonnullis angustis
convexis sed sculptura nonnihil propter rugositatem obscura ;

tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2"* parum breviori.
Long., 7—8} 1. ; lat., 34—4 1.
W. Australia; Perth, Albany, &c.

NESO (gen. nov. Sericoidarwm ).

Mentum antice leviter emarginatum; palpi labiales modici,
articulo ultimo subcylindrico haud vel vix dilatato, sat
elongato; palpi maxillares modici, articulo ultimo quam
preecedens sat longiori; labrum in medio vix prominulum,
antice (superne visum) emarginato-truncatum ; oculi magni
nitidi subtilissime granulati, antice a cantho profunde
incisi; antenne (specierum cognitarum) 9-articulatee, clava
3-articulata (hac maris quam articuli 1-6 conjuncti haud
breviori, feminz sat breviori) ; prothorax transversus, basi
haud marginata ; elytra varie striata; coxze postice minus
elongate ; tibiz antics extus 3-dentatz, posticis sat brevi-
bus ad apicem dilatatis intus arcuatis ; unguiculi simplices ;
sterna sparsim pilosa. :

This genus (which seems peculiar to tropical Australia) differs

from Colpochila in facies more widely than in structural charac-
ters. It is however distinct by several good characters,—espe-
cially its prothorax not margined at the base its short hind coxe
and the sparseness of the pilosity on its sterna. The canthus
cutting into the front part of the eye moreover is much less
divergent from the clypeal outline than in Colpochila, being
evidently a mere prolongation of the clypeus, while in Colpochila
it has the appearance of a carina distinct from the clypeal out-
line. It should be noted that this genus presents the very rare
(among the Australian Sericoides) character of including among
species with simply striate, one at least with geminate-striate,
elytra. In the latter however the striation is very different from
that of Colpochila, Scitala, &c., the width of the interstices
between stria and stria of the pairs being very little less than of
the alternate interstices and all the interstices being equally flat,
whereas in Colpochila, &c., the wider interstices are twice as
wide (or more) as the narrower ones and the latter are distinctly
more convex than the former.

NV. usta, sp. nov. Ovata; sat convexa; nitida; supra glabra ;
rufo-brunnea, capite prothorace pedibusque obscuris ; capite
cum clypeo sat crebre sat grosse, prothorace sparsius sub-
fortiter, punctulatis; prothorace sat fortiter transverso,
antice fortiter angustato, lateribus sat rotundatis, basi
retrorsum declivi utrinque vix sinuata, angulis anticis acutis
subprominulis posticis rotundato-obtusis; elytris subtilius
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis subtilius confuse punctulatis,
planis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2"* sub-
breviori.

Maris antennarum clava quam articuli 1-6 conjuncti vix
longiori, pygidio nitido sparsim distincte punctulato.

Femine antennarum clava sat breviori, pygidio minus nitido
subobsolete punctulato. Long., 44-531; lat., 24—3 1.

Tropical Queensland.

N. yorkensis, sp. nov. Ovata; modice convexa ; nitida ; supra
glabra ; rufa, elytris antennisque testaceis ; capite cum
clypeo crebre fortiter, prothorace sparsim subfortiter,
pygidio sparsim subtilius, punctulatis; prothorace sat
fortiter transverso, antice fortiter angustato, lateribus sat
rotundatis, basi retrorsum declivi utrinque manifeste sinuata,
angulis anticis acutis subprominulis posticis obtusis (vix
rotundatim) ; elytris minus regulariter striatis, striis fortius
punctulatis, interstitiis sat planis sparsim fortius punctul-
atis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2" distincte
breviori.

Maris antennarum clava quamarticulil—6 conjuncti fere sesqui
longiori.

Femine antennarum clava quam articuli 1—6 conjuncti sat
breviori. Long., 53 1.; lat., 24 1.

Differs from the preceding in color, also in the much longer
antennal club of the male, the prothorax notably less strongly
declivous hindward across the base, the considerably stronger
puncturation of the elytra, the absence of sexual difference in the
sculpture of the pygidium, We.

Tropical Queensland.

NV. planicollis, sp. nov. Ovata; modice convexa ; nitida ; supra
glabra ; rufa vel rufo-testacea, capite infuscato, prothorace
magis obscure rufo, elytris antennisque pallidis; capite
quam clypeus manifeste minus crebre, prothorace sparsim
subfortiter, punctulatis; prothorace fortiter transverso,
antice sat fortiter angustato, lateribus sat rotundatis, basi
haud retrorsum declivi utrinque parum sinuata, angulis
anticis acutis parum prominulis posticis obtusis (vix rotun-
datim) ; elytris geminato-striatis, striis sat fortiter punctu-
latis, interstitiis (ex his, alternis quam cetera paullo
angustioribus minus punctulatis vix convexioribus) sat
fortiter confuse punctulatis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali quam 2° sat breviori.

Maris antennarum clava quam articuli 1—6 conjuncti plus
quam sesquilatiori, pygidio sparsim subfortiter punctulato.

Femina latet. Long., 5£1.; lat., 3 1.

Resembles the preceding (NV. yorkensis) in color but differs

from it in the considerably longer antennal club of the male
(which to a casual glance looks about twice as long as all the

preceding joints together), in the basal part of the prothorax not
being declivous hindward, in the elytral stria distinctly running
in pairs, Xe. .
Tropical Queensland.
SCITON.

For the original diagnosis (P. L. 8., N.S.W., 1892, p. 101) it
will be well to substitute the following fuller one.

Clypeus aatice truncatus, lateribus sinuatis; mentum antice
emarginatum, lateribus pone apicem profunde excisis ; palpi
labiales modici, articulo ultimo dilatato ; palpi maxillares
parum elongati, articulis robustis (apicali 2° longitudine
eequali quam 3" sat longiori) ; labrum vix exsertum, antice
(superne viso) truncatum vel late vix emarginatum ; oculi
magni nitidi vix manifeste granulati, antice a cantho pro-
funde incisi; antenne (specierum cognitarum) 9-articulate,
clava 3-articulata (hac maris* cogniti quam articuli
precedentes 5 conjuncti paullo longiori, femine paullo
breviori) ; prothorax transversus ; elytra geminato-striata ;
tibie antice extus tridentate, posticis fere ut Sericesthis
(elongatis, gracilibus, intus fere rectis) ; unguiculi simplices ;
sterna pilis erectis sat brevibus minus perspicuis vestita,
pedibus sparsim pilosis.

A very distinct genus on account of the form of the clypeus
(recalling that of Mechidius), the peculiar excision of the sides
of the mentum disclosing the extreme base of the labial palpi,
and the scarcely exserted Jabrum resembling that of the genus
I take to be Ocnodus.

S. paullus, sp. nov. Ovatus, minus elongatus ; subopacus, non-
nihil pruinosus ; supra glaber; rufo-ferrugineus, antennis
palpisque testaceis ; clypeo nitido in medio subgibbo crebre
squamose, capite postice prothoraceque vix manifeste, elytris
parum distincte, pygidio nitido subtiliter sat crebre, punctu-
latis; prothorace sat transverso, antice minus angustato,
lateribus leviter arcuatis, basi utrinque leviter sinuata,
angulis anticis acutis minus prominulis posticis superne visis
sat (nec acute) rectis; elytris geminato-striatis, interstitiis
alternis angustioribus subconvexis; tarsorum posticorum
articulo basali quam 2" paullo longiori. Long., 5—52 1. ;
lat. 24—3 1.

5
Very much like S. ruber, Blackb., but much smaller, and easily
distinguished inter alia by its clypeus being quite gibbous in the
middle longitudinally (so that from a certain point of view it
appears foveate on either side) and by the notably longer basal

* i.e. S. paulli, sp. nov.

joint of its hind tarsi. I have before me a third species of this
genus (also from W.A.) which is not however in fit state for

description.
W. Australia.

DYSPHANOCHILA (gen. nov. Sericoidarwm).

Mentum antice leviter emarginatum ; palpi labiales modici, arti-
culo ultimo subconico sat dilatato ; palpi maxillares elongati,
articulo ultimo quam precedens multo longiori; labrum a
clypei parte antica verticali nullo modo discretum ; oculi
magni nitidi vix manifeste granulati, antice a cantho pro-
funde incisi; antennz (speciei typice) 9-articulate, clava
3-articulata (hac maris quam articuli precedentes conjuncti
multo longiori, feminze haud observatze); prothorax trans-
versus ; elytra haud manifeste striata ; tibie antic extus
2-dentate, posticis elongatis minus robustis intus fere rectis;
unguiculi simplices ; sterna femoraque pilosa.

This genus is easily distinguished by the total absence of any
distinction between the labrum and the deep downward-vertical
front face of the clypeus (which is even more complete than in
the genus that I take to be Ocnodus), in combination with hind
tibize of the Sericesthis type. Its facies is something like that of
Anodontonyx.

D. pilosipennis, sp. nov. Sat brevis, sat lata; modice nitida ;
supra pilis subtilibus elongatis erectis sparsius vestita, subtus
in sternis femoribusque pilosa; brunneo-testacea; clypeo
crebrius fortiter, capite postice sparsim sat grosse, prothorace
fere ut clypeus sed paullo minus crebre, elytris crebrius sat
fortiter, pygidio fortius minus crebre, punctulatis ; clypeo
antice rotundato-reflexo ; prothorace postice in medio haud
marginato, transverso, antice angustato, angulis anticis
minus acutis minus prominulis posticis acutis leviter retror-
sum prominulis, basi utrinque sinuata ; elytris haud distincte
striatis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2" paullo
breviori. Long., 44 1.; lat., 22 1

An easily recognisable species on account of the long erect
hairs clothing the upper surface. In one example I can detect
no indication of elytral strigz, in the other there are very faint
traces of strive arranged in pairs; they are however scarcely dis-
tinguishable, but sufficient to show that the striation, such as it
is, is of the geminate type.

W. Australia; Swan R. Taken by Mr. E. F. W. Blackburn
and Mr. Lea.

HAPLOPSIS.

M. Lacordaire regards this genus as identical with Heteronyx.

His remarks seem to imply that he had seen at least one of its

species, but it is difficult to believe he can really have done so, as
he says that it has “‘entirely the general appearance” of Heteronyz,,
—which is far indeed from being the case. Together with a very
different facies, it has simple claws and the club of the antennz
remarkably elongated. Structurally it is near Cawlobiws (which
Lacordaire also merges in Heteronyx, quite erroneously I am
convinced). Superficially it is easily separated from Cawlobius
by the presence (at any rate in all the described species) of con-
spicuous pubescent vittz on the elytra; but it is difficult to
specify satisfactory structural distinctions because Cawlobius
must I think for the present be allowed to embrace species that
will probably have to be treated eventually as types of distinct
genera. The insect which Burmeister has described as Caulobius
(Sericesthis cervina, Boisd.) is I think pretty certainly not con-
generic with C. pubescens, Le Guillou; but as I have not to my
knowledge seen the former I am unable to deal with the matter
confidently, and must treat Caulobius sufficiently loosely to in-
clude in it both those which Burmeister attributes to it. Re-
garded thus, the only one of Burmeister’s characters that seems
reliable is a very slight (but as far as my observation goes a very
constant) one, viz. the presence in Caulobius but not in Haplopsis
of a minute tooth on the external margin of the front tibiz close
to the base of those organs. In his tabulation Burmeister dis-
tinguishes the two genera by the form of the labrum, which in
Caulobius is said to be,—and in Haplopsis not to be,—prominent
and separated by a distinct suture from the vertical front face of
the clypeus. This holds good in respect of Haplopsis and
Caulobius pubescens but not in respect of some other species be-
fore me which, I feel confident, are congeneric with C. cervina.
So again Burmeister says there are eight joints in the antennz
of Cuulobius and nine in those of Haplopsis,—but the variability
of the Australian Heteronycides in very closety allied species of
numerous genera is so great as to render this character worthless.
The other notable distinctive character mentioned by Burmeister,
—viz. the presence of sexual variation in the clypeus of Haplopsis
and not of Caulobius,—is an important one if constant,—but I
have not before me (and still less had Burmeister before him) a
sufficiently long series of species and specimens to say confidently
whether it is constant. That Haplopsis and Caulobius are two
thoroughly good genera I should say there is not the shadow of a
doubt,—nor have I much doubt that all Burmeister’s distinctive
characters (except that founded on the number of antennal
joints) will stand, but I suspect that Burmeister’s diagnosis of
Caulobius was drawn up on C. pubescens only and that C. cervinus
if examined would be found not to correspond with the diagnosis
of C. pubescens in respect of the labrum and to differ in other

D '

respects of generic importance. Owing to this suspicion I have
included among the new species under Caulobius (below) some
species which I place in the genus only provisionally (as probably
congeneric with C. cervinus, Burm.,? Boisd.), but for which I
think a new generic name will be required eventually.

H. debilis, sp. nov. Piceo-nigra ; subzenescens ; subnitida ; capite
prothoraceque pilis elongatis erectis pallide brunneis, elytris
pilis decumbentibus griseis vittatim positis, corpore subtus
pedibusque pilis albidis sat crebre, vestitis; capite pro-
thoraceque sat crebre nec fortiter punctulatis; hoc fortiter
transverso, antice angustato, lateribus leviter arcuatis,
angulis anticis productis posticis obtusis; elytris obscure
rugulosis, 5-lineatim (plus minusve manifeste) longitudina-
liter convexis, lineis glabris vix rugulosis.

Maris clypeo antice truncato subtiliter marginato, antennarum
clava elongata.

Feminz clypeo rotundato, antennarum clava minus elongata.
Long., 25—3 1.; lat., 14—12 1.

Easily distinguishable by the form of the clypeus which in front
is simply truncate in the male and rounded in the female with its
margin not reflexed. The prothorax is notably less coarsely
punctulate than in its allies and the tarsi are much more slender
than those of H. lineoligera, Blanch.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

H. Ollifi, sp. nov. Obscure viridis; subnitida; supra pilis
griseis (in elytris vittatim dispositis), subtus pilis albidis
vestita ; capite prothoraceque grosse minus crebre punc-
tulatis; hoc minus fortiter transverso, antice angustato
lateribus arcuatis, angulis anticis productis posticis obtusis ;
elytris granulato-rugulosis, 5-lineatim (plus minusve mani-
feste) longitudinaliter convexis, lineis glabris vix rugulosis.

Maris clypeo antice fortiter reflexo, producto, late truncato ;
antennarum clava modice elongata.

Feminz clypeo antice vix producto, anguste reflexo, late trun-
cato ; antennarum clava vix minus elongata. Long., 3 1.;
lat., 12 1.

The decidedly green coloring of this species distinguishes it
from all its known congeners except viridis, Blackb., and the
clypeus of its male strongly produced and upturned in front with
the apex sharply truncate distinguishes it from them all.

Northern N.S. Wales ; given to me by the late Mr. Olliff.

H. lineoligera, Blanch. The synonymy of this species was
given wrongly by Burmeister, and has been taken over by other
authors from him. A very casual comparison of descriptions
renders this manifest, and it seems incomprehensible that Bur-

meister could have made such a mistake; equally so that he should
have re-described under another name (grisea) an insect which
he believed to be already described by Blanchard and then have
deliberately placed Blanchard’s name as a discarded synonym
below his own. Is it possible he can have thought this course

justified by the fact that the specimen he described bore a MS.

name affixed to it by Hope at a date possibly earlier than that of
Blanchard’s publication? However that may be H. pilosa, Burm.
(and not grisea, Burm.) is evidently the same as lineoligera,
Blanch., and therefore the name pilosa, Burm., must drop (as a
synonym of Jineoligera) and grisea, Burm., must stand as a good
species.
CAULOBIUS.
I have discussed this genus above in connection with Haplopsis.
The following species are I think new.

C. punctulatus, sp. nov. Sat nitidus; subcylindricus; rufes-
cens, capite prothorace metasternoque picescentibus ; pilis
brevibus pallidis suberectis minus confertim vestitus ; capite
rugulose sat grosse sat crebre punctulato, clypeo antice
truncato sat fortiter reflexo; prothorace transverso, antice
angustato, rugulose grosse sat crebre punctulato, lateribus
arcuatis (latitudine majori paullo pone medium posita) basin
versus subsinuatis, angulis anticis acutis posticis subrectis,
basi media modice lobata; scutello parum manifeste pun-
ctulato ; elytris fortiter sat grosse crenulato-striatis, inter-

' stitiis angustis inequaliter nec fortiter convexis; tibiis
anticis dentibus 2 prope apicem sat magnis et altero minuto
ad basin externis armatis; antennis 9-articulatis, clava sat
elongata quam articuli ceteri conjuncti vix breviori; tarsis
4 anterioribus (posticis exempli typici carentibus) modice
elongatis, articulis ad apicem fortiter clavatis 2° quam 1"
longiori. Long., 31.; lat., 121.

I am uncertain of the sex of the unique type of this species, as

I do not find any very reliable external sexual characters in

Caulobius. The labrum is scarcely distinct from the front face

of the clypeus and is pointed behind, its point being opposite to

an emargination of the mentum.
W. Australia ; taken by Mr. Meyrick, near Albany.

C. advena, sp. nov. Subnitidus ; subcylindricus ; piceo-brunneus
antennarum stipite tarsis elytrisque plus minusve rufescent-
ibus; pilis brevibus pallidis suberectis subtilibus minus
confertim vestitus ; capite crebrius minus grosse minus pro-
funde punctulato, clypeo antice truncato sat fortiter reflexo,
antennis 9 (?) articulatis, clava sat elongata quam articuli
ceteri conjuncti vix breviori; prothorace transverso, antice

angustato, crebre minus profunde (nullo modo grosse)
punctulato, lateribus arcuatis (latitudine majori paullo pone
medium posita) basin versus manifeste sinuatis, angulis
anticis acutis posticis sat acute rectis, basi media modice
lobata ; scutello vix manifeste punctulato ; elytris inzequali-
ter subtilius punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat latis insequali-
ter minus fortiter convexis ; tibiis anticis et tarsis anterior1-
bus 4 ut C. punctulati, tarsorum posticorum articulo 2°
quam 1"* plus quam duplo longiori. Long., 31.; lat., 12 1.

Very close to the preceding structurally but with the sides of
the prothorax evidently more sinuate near the base, the hind
angles distinctly sharper, the color throughout (very notably that
of the antennal club) quite different, the puncturation of all the
upper surface much feebler and finer, &c. It should be noted
that there is a difference in the form of the clypeus between these
two species for although it is truncate in both when viewed from
above, its front outline viewed from in front is straight in this
species but sinuate in C. punctulatus. The labrum seems to
differ somewhat in form from that of C. punctulatus the middle
of its hind margin not appearing pointed, but that difference is
possioly only apparent as in the unique type of the present
species the labrum is closely in contact with the mentum and in
the other is fully exposed. The antenne are in a very unfavor-
able position for examination of the minute joints that form the
funiculus and I cannot get sight of them with a microscope but
IT am almost sure they are 9-jointed.

Australia or Tasmania; exact habitat not known, but pro-
bably Tasmania, as a considerably broken specimen in my collec-
tion from that island does not seem to me to differ from the type

except in larger size (long. 32 1.) and decidedly more rufescent
elytra.

C. discedens, sp. nov. Subnitidus ; brevior ; niger, capite pro-
thoracis lateribus sutura antennis pedibusque obscure rufus-
centibus ; pilis brevibus suberectis albidis sat confertim ves-
titus ; capite sat fortiter minus crebre vix rugulose punctu-
lato, clypeo antice truncato sat fortiter reflexo ; antennis
9-articulatis, clava sat elongata quam articuli ceteri conjuncti
vix breviori; prothorace sat transverso, antice angustato,
rugulose grosse sat crebre punctulato, lateribus arcuatis
(latitudine majori paullo pone medium posita) basin versus
subsinuatis, angulis anticis acutis posticis subrectis, basi
media modice lobata ; scutello coriaceo ; elytris confuse vix
perspicue sed sat grosse punctulato-striatis, interstitiis minus
angustis leviter valde inzequaliter convexis ; tibiis anticis ut
C’. punctulati sed brevioribus magis latis ; tarsis anterioribus

4 fere ut C. punctulati sed brevioribus minus gracilibus ;
tarsis posticis sat brevibus, articulo 2° quam 1"° vix duplo
longiori. Long., 241. ; lat. 121.

Differs from C. punctulatus (apart from color and size) chiefly
as follows :—The clypeus viewed from in front is not sinuate ;
the prothorax is less strongly transverse ; the sculpture of the
elytra is extremely confused (and difficult to describe) consisting
of coarse but not deep punctures which run unevenly in indistinct
strie and have an ill-defined appearance, their interstices very
little raised and much wider than in pwnetwlatus and extremely
irregular (here and there almost disappearing in vague rugulosity)
and generally much serrated by the seriate punctures (in
punctulatus the punctures of the striz being markedly coarser
and deeper and much more regularly seriate) ; the tibiz are con-
spicuously shorter and evidently wider (though with similar
external dentation, two well defined teeth close to the apex and
one minute tooth at the extreme base) ; the anterior 4 tarsi are
manifestly stouter and shorter ; the whole insect is shorter and
wider. The much coarser puncturation of the prothorax readily
separates this species from C. advena.

W. Australia ; taken by Mr. E. Meyrick.

C. compactus, sp.nov. Subnitidus ; brevis; niger ; palpis anten-
narumque stipite dilutioribus ; pilis erectis in capite pro-
thoraceque sat longis ferrugineis, in elytris brevibus pallidis
vestitus ; capite sat grosse crebrius rugulose punctulato,
clypeo antice truncato fortiter reflexo ; antennis 9-articulatis,
clava elongata quam articuli ceteri conjuncti haud breviori ;
prothorace minus fortiter transverso, antice angustato,
grosse rugulose sat crebre punctulato, lateribus arcuatis,
(latitudine majori paullo pone medium posita), angulis
anticis acutis posticis subrectis, basi media modice lobata ;
scutello coriaceo leviter inequali; elytris minus distincte
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis angustis vix convexis obscure
rugulosis ; tibiis anticis ut C. punctulati ; tarsis anterioribus
4 fere ut C. punctulatc sed intermediis quam antici sat
brevioribus ; tarsis posticis elongatis gracilibus, articulo
2° quam 1" plus quam duplo longiori. Long., 2—22 1.; lat.
Lio—liolh

This species is in general facies much like C. discedens but is
notably blacker with the prothorax less strongly transverse and
much more closely punctured ; the elytra also are very differently
sculptured ; to a casual glance their sculpture might be described
as closely rugulose the rugulosity having a seriate arrangement,
but when closely examined they are seen to be in reality closely
striate-punctulate, the rows of punctures so close as to be almost

confluent and the intervals (both between series and series and

between puncture and puncture of the series) squamose-rugulose

in such fashion as greatly to obscure the puncturation.
Mountains of Victoria and N.S. Wales.

C. evanescens, sp. nov. Minus nitidus ; sat brevis ; niger, palpis
anternarum stipite et nonnullorum exemplorum tarsis
dilutioribus ; pilis pallidis decumbentibus vestitus ; capite
crebrius sat grosse punctulato, clypeo sat elongato antice
minus lato subrotundato vix reflexo ; antennis 9-articulatis,
clava sat elongata quam articuli ceteri conjuncti vix bre-
viorl ; prothorace leviter transverso, antice leviter angustato,
crebrius rugulose sat grosse punctulato, lateribus arcuatis
(latitudine majori vix pone medium posita), angulis anticis
acutis posticis obtusis (sed bene determinatis), basi media
minus fortiter lobata; scutello coriaceo parum inzequali ;
elytris crebre minus fortiter seriatim punctulatis, parum
rugulosis, interstitiis minus distinctis ; tibiis anticis fere ut
C. punctulate sed brevioribus latioribus; tarsis ut
C’. discedentis. Long., 15 1.; lat., +1.

This miuute Lamellicorn is evidently allied to C. discedens but
may be at once separated from it and from all the other described
Caulobir by its clypeus evidently more elongate and very much
less strongly reflexed at the apex. Although I have not broken
off an antenna for examination under a microscope (the only way
to be absolutely certain of the number of minute joints in the
funiculus) I have, I think, seen quite plainly through a Codding-
ton lens that there are four joints in the funicle,—so that the
antenne are nine-jointed.

W. Australia; taken by Mr. E. Meyrick.

MCHIDIUS.

This genus presents the difficulty usual in Australian ento-
mology of containing a certain number of species so vaguely
described that it is impossible to identify them without examin-
ing the types. The number of names that have been given to
species of Machidius is, I believe, 33 (excluding Albertisi, Fairm.,
bilobiceps, Fairm., and gracilis, Waterh., which have not the pro-
sternal sutures open to receive the antenne and have the Sericid
structure of the mouth ; they are allied to Diphucephala and are
members of, or very near to, the genus Hpholcis). Of the 33
names really appertaining to Mechidiws four must be dropped as
synonyms, viz. Kirbyanus, Westw.=spurius, Kirby, excisus,
Waterh. = rugosicollis, Macl., raddonanus, Westw. = sordidus,
Boisd., and sinwaticeps, Blackb. =mellyanus, Westw. Of the
remaining 29, two (viz. obscwrus, Macl., and parvulus, Macl.) are
so slightly described that it is impossible to form a clear idea of

_ a

a ed “ie \

them and I am obliged to pass them by. Thus I regard the
genus as at present consisting of 27 valid species to which I shall
presently add eight additional ones. Of the 27, there are six
that I have been unable to identify, on which I offer the follow-
ing notes.

M. spurius, Kirby is from N.S. Wales. It is a large species
(long., 5 1.) with simple claws, the clypeus very feebly emarginate,
the basal angle of the prothorax obtuse, the elytra with rows of
minute tubercles, and the hind tibiz with their external apical
process extremely elongate. This latter character enables me to
place it confidently in tabulating the genus. I have no doubt
the Mechidius from W.A. which Mr. Waterhouse (Tr. E. S.
Lond. 1875 p. 193) thinks a possible var. of spurius is mellyanus,
Westw., which at p. 201 of the same paper the author mentions
as unknown to him.

M. brevis, Waterh., from North Queensland, is_ scarcely
described, the remarks on it consisting of little more than the
mention of certain differences from U. ater, Waterh., without
any definite statement whether in all respects not specified the
description of MW. ater stands good for WM. brevis. Thus there is
a considerable element of doubt about some of the characters,—
e.g., the color (which is unusual and probably constant in If
ater). If WM. brevis is of the same deep black color as WM. ater, I
have not seen it. If it is of a different color the description is
valueless.

M. corrosus, Waterh., is a large species (long., 54 1.) from Tas-
mania with appendages to the claws, and the hind angles of the
prothorax “not at all acute.” I have seen nothing like it.

M. sexdentatus, Waterh., is a rather small species (long. 37 1.)
from Adelaide with the head “ tridentate on either side.” Among
the numerous South Australian examples of Mechidius that I
have seen there is not one with the head sculptured as that of
sexdentatus is said to be. The only species I have seen from any
locality with sculpture at all approaching it has the sides of the
prothorax excised (which they do not appear to be in sexdentatus)
and is from Sydney and agrees very well with the description of
M. emarginatus, Waterh.

M. Froggatti, Macl., is a species of moderate size (long., 4 1.)
from N.W. Australia. The only very notable character in the
description is a costa running hindward from the humeral angle
(7,;the humeral ‘“ callus”). I do not think I have seen the insect.
M. antennalis (described below) has such a costa, but is quite
different in other respects from the description.

M. bidentulus, Fairm., is a small species (long., 3 1.) from
Queensland. It has simple claws and is said to be notable by
the presence of two blunt teeth on the head. Iam satisfied that
I have not seen it.

It should be added that the identification of MM. sordidus,
Boisd., seems rather doubtful. Boisduval’s description would
apply to almost any Machidius, but Mr. Waterhouse (loc. cit.)
gives some information regarding it which he says is founded on
“authentic specimens,” but without stating the grounds on which
he considers them ‘‘ authentic.” Moreover there is a considerable
difficulty in understanding his remarks. Under the heading of
M. sordidus he says that that species is one of the commonest
Mechidii in 8. Australia, and describes its prothorax as ‘ very
slightly narrowed posteriorly, the posterior angles slightly less
than right angles.” I can at once identify the insect (which is
the only common one in S§. Australia, and also occurs in Victoria
and N.S. Wales) on which that description is founded, but under
the description of the next species (JZ. emarginatus) Mr. Water-
house speaks of the “ posterior emargination” of the prothorax in
“the preceding (species)” and says that emarginatus is closely
allied to it. These statements appear quite impossible to recon-
cile with each other. I, however, suppose that by some means
the place of emarginatus in the memoir was changed after the
description was written and that sordidus was not intended by
“the preceding,” but some other species (perhaps excisus,
Waterh.). Therefore I take sordidus, Waterh., to be the insect
on which the remarks under the name “ sordidws” were founded,
—not that referred to (under the heading “ emarginatus”) as
“the preceding.”

Mechidius is a genus in which the species are for the most part
easily distinguishable inter se by well marked characters, and are
readily tabulated. There is however one character that it is
impracticable to disregard in a tabulation, but which nevertheless
cannot conveniently be used without a few preliminary remarks,
and that is the form of the hinder part of the prothorax, which is
alike in scarcely any two species of the genus. But the grada-
tions of difference from one.species to another are not marked
enough to make easy the division of the species into groups
founded on this character. In a few species the base of the
prothorax is straight or evenly curved, with the sides also
evenly curved; then we find species in which the base is
more or less sinuate and the sides evenly curved; then
species in which the sinuation of the base becomes so strong
that it should be called rather an “excision” (in some the exci-
sion being so angled at both ends that there is an opening for
question which is the true basal angle); and then species in
which the excision takes in more or less of the side of the pro-
thorax so distinctly that there can be no hesitation in calling the
hinder extremity of the excision the “hind angle of the pro-
thorax.” I have tried several methods of forming groups on this

character and find the most workable to be founded on the difter
ence between a “sinuation” and an “excision” without regard to
the question whether the inequality is in the side or the base.
Even taking this as the crucial point, there is nevertheless a
possibility of doubt in respect of a few species which group the
insect should be referred to, and therefore it seems desirable to
specify M. clypealis, acutangulus, and imitator as species in respect
of which there is room for doubt whether the emargination of the
hind part of the prothorax should be regarded as a strong sinua-
tion or a moderate excision. With this qualification I believe
that it will be easy to distinguish the described species by means
of the following tabulation.

A. Claws without basal appendage.
B. Upper surface not clothed with long erect hairs.
C. Hind tibiz normal (not as CC).

D. Prothorax not excised in its hinder part.

E. Hind tarsi not particularly slender,—their basal joint notably
shorter than the next two together.

F. External apical process of hind tibie very long,—about same

length as longer spur on inner side.

G. Hind angles of prothorax acute mel/yanus, Westw.

GG. Hind angles of prothorax obtuse spurius, Kirby.

FF. External apical process of hind
tibiz notably shorter.
G. Hind angles of prothorax very
acute and strongly prominent
hindward.
H. Elytra with well defined costz Jatus, Waterh.
HH. Elytra not costate ... ater, Waterh.

GG. Hind angles of prothorax right
or moderately acute, not (or
scarcely) prominent hindward

H. Clypeus very strongly triangu-
larly excised in front.
I. Prothorax of normal convexity major, Blackb.
II. Prothorax strongly convex
longitudinally ... ... gtbbicollis, Blackb.
HH. Clypeus widely and feebly
emarginate in front.
J. Basal joint of hind tarsi about
same length as apical joint.
J. Base of prothorax feebly _
sinuate ee ... crenaticollis, Blackb.
*JJ. Base of prothorax pro-
foundly sinuate on either
side ... ae ... clypealis, Blackb.
II. Basal joint of hind tarsi not-
ably shorter than the apical
joint 3: bed ... ordensis, Blackb.
GGG. Hind angles of prothorax obtuse
(though not at all ronnded off) collaris, Blackb.
EE. Hind tarsi slender,—their basal joint
about as long as the next two to-
gether.

F. Hind angles of prothorax acute
FF, Hind angles of prothorax obtuse
(much rounded off) _... :
DD. Prothorax in hinder part distinctly ex-
cised,—the basal edging not continu-
ous round the excision.

F. A distinct angle immediately in front

of the excision.

F. The prothorax considerably nar-
rowed in front.

G. Basal jointof hind tarsi very short,

not longer thanapicalspur of tibize
*H. The angle at front of proth-
oracic excision strongly denti-

form oft 552 sd
*HH. The angle at front of excision
not dentiform ... p

GG. Basal joint of hind tibiz consider
ably longer than apical spur of
tibize mA ee Ms

FF. The prothorax as wide in front as
at base nef He tae

EE. No angle at front of prothoracic

excision ae Aor ae
CC. Hind tibie angularly dilated externally
at about the middle of their length.
D. Prothorax very sparsely punctulate
DD. Prothorax closely punctulate fe
BB. Upper surface clothed with long erect hairs.
C. The uppermost external tooth of front
tibiz placed at about the middle of their
length ve oh See Hy
CC. The uppermost external tooth of front
tibize placed much below the middle of
their length nA o 4
AA. A quill-like appendage at the base of each
claw.
B. Prothorax not excised in front of the hind
angles.
C. Joints of the antennal club shorter than
the rest of the antennal joints together.
D. Uppermost tooth of the front tibiz placed
at about the middle of the length of
the tibiz.

EK. Base of prothorax strongly sinuate on
either side, so that the angles are
acute.

F. Puncturation of prothorax not par-
ticularly coarse.

G. Interstices of the elytral striz
wide (each with two rows of
unctures) ... bivig tt

GG. Interstices of elytral striz much
narrower, —the strie being
much more numerous

longitarsis, Waterh.

rufus, Hope.

acutangulus, Waterh.

imitator, Blackb.

rugosicollis, Macl.
modicus, Blackb.

hopeanus, Westw.

tibialis, Blackb.
rugosipes, Blackb.

pilosus, Blackb.

variolosus, Macl.

sordidus, Boisd.

multistriatus, Blackb.

* These species may be considered intermediate between the group in which the pro-
thorax is excised and that in which it is merely sinuate in its hinder part.

FF. Puncturation of prothorax ex-

tremely coarse macleayanus, Westw.
EE. Base of prothorax not sinuate,—the
angles not acute caviceps, Blackb.,

DD. Uppermost tooth of front tibix placed
considerably below middle of length
of tibia . atratus, Burm.
CC. Joints of antennal club as long as the rest
of the antennal joints together ... jissiceps, Macl.
BB. Prothorax excised in front of the hind
angles.
C. Club of antennz three-jointed.
D. Side of prothorax with a strong angle in

front of the excision emarginatus, Waterh.
DD. Side of prothorax rounded at front of
excision is excisicollis, Blackb.
CC. Club of antennz five- jointed bee ... antennalis, Blackb.

M. gibbicollis, sp. nov. Late subovatus minus depressus ; minus
nitidus ; piceus, antennis testaceis ; setulis brevibus subtili-
bus minus crebre vestitus; capite antice triangulariter
fortiter exciso, lateribus sat fortiter bisinuatis ; prothorace
gibbo fortiter transverso, antice sat angustato, confertim
rugulose punctulato, lateribus sat fortiter crenulatis modice
arcuatis, angulis anticis subacutis sat productis posticis
rectis (vix acute), basi utrinque sat fortiter sinuata ; elytris
crebre punctulato-substriatis, interstitiis nonnullis leviter
convexis quam ceteri paullo latioribus ; tibiis anticis extus
fortiter 3-dentatis (dentibus intervallis sat equalibus inter
se divisis) ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2"
parum longiori ; unguiculis simplicibus. lLong., 44 1. ; lat.,
23 1,

This species bears a strong resemblance to WZ. fissiceps, Macl.,
but belongs to a different section of the genus owing to its having
no quill-like appendages at the base of its claws. Its clypeus
scarcely differs from that of J fissiceps, but inter alia the
general form of the insect is considerably wider and shorter, the
prothorax is less narrowed anteriorly and the teeth of its front
tibize are much larger more acute and more evenly spaced inter se.
It must also be near MM. bidentulus, Fairm. (which has similar
claws), but that insect is described as a small species (long.
6 mm.) of oblong form with the sides of the elypeus not sinuate,
while the present insect is much larger, is of exceptionally short
wide form, and has the sides of the clypeus strongly sinuate.
The strong longitudinal convexity of the prothorax (best
observed by looking at that segment from the side) is a little more
marked than in JW. fissiceps and distinguishes it from most of its
congeners.

W. Australia; Roebuck Bay. Given to me, I believe, by Mr.
J. J. Walker.

M. ordensis, sp. nov. Minus brevis, sat parallelus; minus
nitidus ; nigro-piceus, antennis dilutioribus ; setulis minutis
sparsim vestitus ; capite antice leviter late nec triangulariter
emarginato, lateribus vix sinuatis; prothorace sat fortiter
transverso, antice parum angustato, confertim aspere nec
grosse punctulato, lateribus subtilissime crenulatis leviter
arcuatis, angulis anticis subacutis modice productis posticis
obtusis retrorsum subprominulis, basi utrinque sat fortiter
sinuata; elytris crebre striatis, striis sat latis, interstitiis
latis convexis biseriatim punctulatis et transversim rugatis
(sculptura latera versus confusa); tibiis anticis extus
(exemplorum visorum) obsolete obtuse 3-dentatis ; tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali crasso quam 2° paullo longiori ;
unguiculis simplicibus. Long., 321. ; lat., 121.

A rather narrow parallel little species, with a general resem-
blance to M. modicus, but differing by its clypeus only feebly and
roundly emarginate in front with front angles quite rounded off,
its prothorax not emarginate before the hind angles which are
obtuse, and the much shorter and thicker basal joint of its hind-
tarsi. In the two examples before me the front tibiz are exter-
nally feebly trisinuate rather than toothed, but it is possible this
is due to the apex of the teeth having been worn off.

W. Australia; sent by Mr. Lea from Ord River, Kimberly
district. |

M. collaris, sp. nov. Sat brevis, latus ; minus nitidus ; piceus,
antennis dilutioribus ; setulis brevibus gracilibus testaceis
suberectis vestitus ; capite antice late minus profunde tri-
angulariter emarginato, lateribus sat fortiter sinuatis ; pro-
thorace fortiter transverso, antice sat angustato, sat fortiter
minus crebre punctulato, lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis
anticis sat acutis modice prominulis posticis obtusis, basi
recta ; elytris substriatis, interstitiis planis vix in zqualibus
puncturis sat magnis papillatis biseriatim impressis ; tibiis
anticis extus obtuse 3-dentatis (dentibus inferioribus 2
approximatis a 3° sat remotis) ; tarsorum posticorum articulo
basali quam 2" sat longiori ; unguiculis simplicibus. Long.,
41.; lat. 22 1.

This species is very notable in the genus through the base of
its prothorax being quite straight,—not at all sinuate.
S. Australia ; I have no record of the exact locality of capture.

M. imitator, sp. nov. Modice elongatus; subnitidus ; piceus
subrufescens, antennis dilutioribus; setulis brevissimis
adpressis sat sparsim vestitus; capite antice sat fortiter
triangulariter emarginato, lateribus latis leviter sinuatis,
angulo ante oculum acute recto ; prothorace fortiter trans-

verso, antice fortiter angustato, crebre fortiter rugulose
punctulato, lateribus fortiter rotundatis perspicue crenulatis,
angulis anticis minus prominulis minus acutis posticis oblique
semicirculariter emarginatis (angulo ante emarginationem
obtuso bene definito) ; elytris punctulato-substriatis, inter-
stitiis inequalibus (nonnullis quam cetera latioribus) irregu-
lariter granulis rugisque nitidis ornatis; tibiis anticis extus
obtuse tridentatis (dentibus inferioribus 2 subapproximatis,
a 3° modice remotis ; tarsorum posticorum articulo basali
brevi quam 2" vix longiori ; unguiculis simplicibus. Long.,
4 1.- lat., 141.

Allied to M. rugosicollis, Macl., easily distinguishable by the
characters indicated above in the tabulation.

Australia ; I am not certain of the exact locality, but believe
it to be in Victoria.

4M. modicus, sp. nov. Minus elongatus; minus nitidus; piceus
plus minusve rufescens ; setulis minimis gracilibus minus
crebre vestitus; capite antice triangulariter sat fortiter
exciso, lateribus sat fortiter sinuatis antice subacutis; pro-
thorace fortiter transverso, antice parum angustato, confer-
tim rugulose nec grosse punctulato, lateribus subtiliter
crenulatis leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis minus
productis posticis oblique semicirculariter (fere ut IZ. excisi,
Waterh.) emarginatis, angulo ante emarginationem fere
recto; elytris crebre striatis, interstitiis leviter convexis
ineequaliter rugulosis vel granulosis (nonnullis quam cetera
paullo latioribus) ; tibiis anticis extus 3-dentatis (dentibus
inferioribus 2 approximatis a 3° sat remotis); tarsorum
posticorum articulo basali quam 2" fere duplo longiori ;
unguiculis simplicibus. Long., 34 1.; lat., 14 1.

A very distinct species but bearing a general resemblance to
M. excisus, Waterh., from which, however, it is readily dis-
tinguished inter alia by the much deeper excision of the clypeus,
the much slighter narrowing of its prothorax in front, and the
much greater length of the basal joint of its hind tarsi.

Coolgardie, W. Australia ; sent by Mr. Lea.

M. multistriatus, sp.nov. Modice elongatus; subnitidus; piceus,
antennis testaceis; setulis brevibus gracilibus suberectis
minus crebre vestitus ; capite antice sat fortiter triangular-
iter emarginato, lateribus latis sat fortiter sinuatis ; pro-
thorace fortiter transverso, antice modice angustato, crebre
rugulose nullo modo grosse punctulato, lateribus sat fortiter
arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis sat prominulis posticis
subacutis retrorsum directis, basi utrinque fortiter sinuata ;
elytris crebre striatis, interstitiis transversim aspere rugatis

(certo adspectu nonnullis quam cetera paullo latioribus) ;
tibiis anticis extus 3-dentatis (dentibus inferioribus 2 approx-
imatis a 3° sat remotis); tarsorum posticorum articulo basali
quam 2" sat longiori, apicali elongato; unguiculis singulis ad
basin appendiculis singulis gracilibus armatis. Long., 44—
51.5 lat. 2—22 1.

Tt is difficult to believe that this common species is undes-
cribed and yet there seems to be no doubt that such is the case.
It is nearest, I think, to macleayanus, Westw., to which it bears
considerable resemblance ; but it differs from thatspecies inter alia
in the wider form and less coarse puncturation of its prothorax
and in the sculpture of its elytra; these in macleayanus present
alternately more and less convex lines, the former more nitid and
rugulose than the latter; in the present species the lines of
sculpture are equally inter se convex nitid and rugulose and are
narrower and separated from each other by more defined and
numerous striz. The tarsi of macleayanus, moreover are shorter
and more robust.

N.S.W. (Sydney, Forest Reefs, &c.)

M. excisicollis, sp. nov. Minus elongatus; sat opacus; piceus:
antennis dilutioribus; setulis brevibus gracilibus suberectis
minus crebre vestitus; capite antice sat fortiter triangu-
lariter emarginato, lateribus latis fortiter sinuatis; pro-
thorace fortiter transverso, antice angustato, crebre granu-
loso-punctulato, lateribus fortiter rotundatis obsolete
crenulatis, angulis anticis sat prominulis vix acutis posticis
oblique semicirculariter emarginatis (angulo ante emargina-
tionem nullo); elytris seriatim punctulatis (puncturis
singulis basi tuberculis nitidis instructis); tibiis anticis
extus 3-dentatis (dentibus inferioribus 2 approximatis, a 3°
sat remotis); tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam 2™
paullo longiori; unguiculis singulis ad basin appendiculis
singulis gracilibus armatis. Long., 5 1.; lat., 24 1. (vix).

A very distinct species with the prothorax very like that of
hopeanus, Westw., but more narrowed in front, and having the
basal angles dentiform ; and differing from hopeanus inter alia by
the presence of quill-like appendages at the base of the claws ;
also like emarginatus, Waterh., but differing from it inter alia by
there being no angle before the posterior emargination of the sides
of the prothorax.

Victoria; in the 8. Australian Museum.

M. antennalis, sp.nov. Minus elongatus ; sat opacus ; castaneo-
piceus, antennis testaceis clava elongata 5-articulata ; setulis
sat gracilibus sat elongatis adpressis minus crebre vestitus ;
clypeo antice late subtruncato ad latera recto, angulis anticis

/ 63

acute jrectis; prothorace fortiter transverso, antice haud
angustato, leviter minus crebre punctulato, in disco bifoveo-
lato, lateribus leviter sinuato-arcuatis subtilissime crenulatis,
angulis anticis obtusis minus prominulis posticis subquadratim
emarginatis, angulo ante emarginationem fere recto ; elytris
sat crebre punctulato-substriatis, interstitiis angustis inter
se zqualibus (sed costa sat fortis postice longe abbreviata
a callo humerali, et altera sublateralis antice breviter abbre-
viata a callo subapicali, procedunt); tibiis anticis extus
3-dentatis (dentibus inferioribus 2 approximatis a 3° sat
remotis); tarsorum posticorum articulo basali quam sequentes
2 conjuncti haud breviori; unguiculis singulis ad basin
appendiculis singulis gracilibus armatis. Long., 41.; lat., 2 1.

The extraordinary antennz of this species with a club consist-
ing of five very elongate joints (longer than all the preceding

joints together) of which that nearest the base is a little shorter

than the rest distinguish it from all its described congeners
known tome. Ido not think the character to be sexual inasmuch
asof fissiceps(which hasalmost aselongate an antennal club though
only three-jointed) I have seen enough specimens to render the
presence of both sexes probable and I do not find any difference
in the antenne of different examples.

N.S. Wales ; a single specimen taken near Sydney.

MELOLONTHIDES (true).
RHOPZA.

&. hirtuosa, sp. nov. Sat elongata (presertim mas); subtiliter
pubescens et pilis erectis sat numerosis (presertim in pro-
thorace) vestita; testacea vel fusco-testacea ; capite pro-
thoraceque confertim aspere (clypeo grosse minus crebre nec
fortiter) quam Ff. heterodactyle, Germ. multo minus sub-
tiliter, elytris dupliciter (ut heterodactyle), pygidio ut
prothorax, punctulatis; prothorace quam longiori fere
duplo latiori, antice fortiter angustato, lateribus crenulatis
modice arcuatis, angulis posticis obtusis; elytris ut
heterodactyle subcostatis.

Maris antennarum flabello elongato 7-articulato, articulo 3°
(antennarum) intus producto.

Femine antennarum flabello brevi 5-articulato, articulis 4° 5°
que (antennarum) intus productis. Long., 101. (mas.) 9 1. (fem.) ;
lat., 44—5 1.

This species is allied to heterodactyla, Germ. and soror, Blackb.
(from the other described species its closely punctured prothorax
in combination with a 7-jointed male antennal flabellum at once
distinguish it) from both of which it differs by the presence of

numerous long erect hairs on the upper surface (they are almost

wanting in heterodactyla and soror) and by the markedly stronger

and more asperate puncturation of its prothorax, and from soror
also by the much less strongly rounded sides of that segment.

The antennz of the male are very similar to those of the two

species just named but the female has the club of its antennz

only 5-jointed (in soror it is 6-jointed,—I do not know the female

of heterodactyla, but Germar implies that its antennal club is 7-

jointed).

N.S. Wales.

R. morbillosa, sp. nov. &. Mussoni affinis. Minus elongata ;
supra breviter sparsim pubescens; testacea vel fusco-testacea ;
capite rugulose inzqualiter, prothorace fortiter vix crebre
(quam heterodactyle multo minus crebre), elytris rugulose
sat grosse, pygidio confertim aspere, punctulatis ; prothoracis
conformatione fere ut &. hirtwose sed angulis posticis
rectis bene determinatis; elytris subcostatis (fere ut
. heterodactyle ).

Maris antennarum flabello elongato 5-articulato, flabelli arti-
culis 1° 2° que quam ceteri multo brevioribus (hoc quam ille
longiori ad apicem profunde emarginato).

Fem. latet.

The club of the antennz in the male having only three long
joints at once separates this species from all its described con-
geners. In other respects it is very much like &. Musson,
Blackb., but differs inter alia in its prothorax considerably more
closely, and its elytra evidently more coarsely, punctured.

N.S. Wales; taken by Mr. Lea near Forest Reefs.

ON Two DEEP-LEVEL DEPOSITS OF NEWER
PLEISTOCENE IN SouTH AUSTRALIA.

By Proressor Raupu Tare.

[Read June 7, 1898.]

The majority, if not ail, of the low-level tracts fringing our
coastline is generally known to be occupied by recent marine
accumulations, indicating an elevation of about 12 to 14 ft.
around St. Vincent’s Gulf, and thence westward to Fowler’s Bay
(see Trans. R. Soc., S. Aust., IT, 1879, pp. lxvii-lxix and 114; IV,
1881, p. 45; and XIII, 1890, pp. 172 and 181). In the South-
East, stretching from Lake Alexandrina to the plateau of the
Mount Gambier limestone, similar deposits of recent marine shells
underlay this extensive paludinal area (see Woods, “ Geol. Obs.,”
pp. 183 e¢ seq.).

With the exception of the Port Creek shell-limestone (see
Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust., X, 1888, p. 31), which extends from
18 to 26 ft. below high tidemark, no tangible evidences of deep-
seated deposits of a like nature have been brought to scientific
notice, though a passing reference to such an occurrence in the
Tintinara bore was made at my instigation by Mr. E. V.
Clark (Trans. Roy. Soc, 8S. Australia, XX, p. 115).
The desirability of publishing particulars of the indications of
recent marine deposits at considerable depths in the Port Pirie
bore has influenced me in furnishing the data which fix a like age
for the chief fossiliferous beds passed through in the Tintinara
bore, though more than a decade has passed since the completion
of that work, more especially so as my analyses extend the depth
of the newer deposits for a further depth of 90 ft. than that
stated by Mr. Clark.

TINTINARA BORE.

This bore was executed by our Department of Water Supply.
Samples of the beds passed through and explanatory manuscript
formed part of an exhibit staged by the Hydraulic Department
in the Jubilee Exhibition held at Adelaide in 1887. This exhibit
is now in the museum of our School of Mines, and the samples
from Tintinara have been critically examined by me.

The Tintinara bore is located in the Ninety-mile Desert in
near proximity to a station of that name on the railway line
connecting Adelaide and Melbourne. Its site is sixty-two feet
above sea level, and the main fossiliferous deposits extend in
depth from 60 to 100 feet, though marine shells appear at 26 feet
and at 154 to 244 ft. The deposits to 154 ft. in depth consist
essentially of loose shell debris, with varying admixture of sand ;
viewed as a whole, the shell debris is, by its nature and the
species of molluscs represented, analogous to shell banks which
occur between tide-marks on sheltered beaches of to-day, such
for example as Hardwicke Bay.

The majority of the species, though not living between tide-
marks, are those either frequent or not uncommon among the
accumulation of shells on many of our beaches. The accompany-
ing list of species is based on the examination of about two pints
of material, ‘belonging to the School of Mines, in three equal
parts from 60 to 70, 70 to 80, and 90 to 100 ft. in depth; and
about half-a-pint in the aggregate from depths ranging from 154
to 244 ft. received from the Conservator of Water. All the
commoner species occur at all the depths to 100 ft., so that a
record of the position of the rarer forms was not considered
necessary, but I have added the occurrences below that depth in
support of my contention that the containing beds are Newer
Pleistocene and not Kocene.

Some of the identifications in the subjoined list, either from
the fragmentary, juvenile, or rolled condition of the specimens
on which they have been based, are not certain though approx-
imately correct ; these are indicated in the list by a sign of doubt
after the author’s name.

All the determined species, as a result of comparison with
authenticated specimens, are with three exceptions living in our
seas. The exceptions are :—Strigilla sp., this is represented by
very little more than the hinge-line of a medium-sized left valve
and by a right valve, 6 by 5 mm.; there can be no doubt as to
the generic location, but the incomplete outline of the fragment
and the very juvenile size of the perfect valve do not permit with
safety an identity with the only Australian species of the genus,
S. Senegalensis, occurring in North Queensland (Port Douglas,
ex Brisbane Museum). ‘The very much finer and closer sculp-
ture does not agree with that on an equal area of the umbonal
region of the Queensland shell. A minute Erycinid, genus and
species yet to be determined, and Syrnola Jonesiana are the other
exceptions, both occur in abundance. These I cannot associate
with any Australian species known to me either by actual speci-
mens or figures,

;

SUMMARY OF STRATA
Passed through in the Tintinara Bore. (Surface 62 ft. above
sea-level).

Recent (Terrestrial).
Depth in Feet.

Travertine, compact and rubbly ... bes 0 — 24
NEWER PLEISTOCENE (Marine).

Sand (a few marine shells) .. : 24 — 26
Yellow and grey sands (shells veryabundant) 26 — 154
White friable calcareous silt (apparently

comminuted polyzoal debris, shells rare) 154 — 160
Black clay (with scattered shells) ... .. 160 — 244

EKocENE (Marine).

Blackish-brown sand (with numerous fossils) 244 — 253

Total thickness of the Newer Pleistocene beds is 220 ft., ex-
tending in depth from 38 ft. above sea level to 182 ft. below it.

The calcareous silt (154-160 ft.) was regarded by Mr. Clark as
the equivalent of the polyzoal limestone of our Eocene, but, as
may be gathered from my List, the under-laying black clay (160-
244 ft.) contains the same species of mollusca as occur in the
beds over-laying it.

To account for a few Eocene fossils in the washings from the
material labelled 220-244 ft., there has been some reconstruction
of the Eocene-surface or the basal portions of the black clay and
the upper-most portion of the Eocene sand-bed have been acci-
dently mixed in the process of boring. But recognition of their
respective sources is easy by the fact that the Pleistocene-shells
show lustre in contrast with the dark-brown colour and opacity
of the tests of the Eocene-species. The Bankivie from 220-244
ft. still retain their colour-markings, and the Erycinid bivalve is
quite pellucid.

List oF SPECIEs.*

[The prefixed asterisk denotes abundance. |

Purpura textiliosa, Lamarck.
*Nassa monile, Kiener. Also 145-154 ft.
Marginella muscaria, Lamarck.
Marginella muscaria, var. minor. At 220-244 ft.
*Marginella turbinata, Lamarck. Also 220-244 ft.
Columbella semiconvexa, Lamarck.
*Neverita conica, Lamarck.
Neverita sagittata, Menke ?
Bittium estuarinum, 7’ate.
veyenols J onesiana, Tate.

*Examples are included in the Pel optolosten Collection at the Museum
of the School of Mines,

Rissoia (Sabanza) Tasmanica, 7’en.- Woods.
Calliostoma Allporti, Z’en.- Woods.
Trochocochlea constricta, Lamarck.
*Bankivia fasciata, Menke. Also to 244 ft.
Adelactzeon casta, A. Adams.
Volvulella rostrata, A. Adams.
Corbula tunicata, Hinds.
Corbula scaphoides, Hinds. At 180-200 ft.
*Mactra rufescens, Lamarck.
Mesodesma elongata, Deshayes.
Mesodesma erycinza, Lamarck.
Strigilla sp., . Also 145-154 ft.
Rupellaria mitis, Deshayes ? Also 145-154 ft.
Chione undulosa, Lamarck ?
*Gen. et sp. Erycinide (not determined). Also 220-244 ft. -
Carditella infans, 7. A. Smith ?
*Nuculana crassa, Hinds. Also to 244 ft.
Limopsis Forskali, A. Adams.
Magasella Cumingi, Davidson. At 154-160 ft.

PORT PIRIE BORE.

Operations at this bore were suspended at the date of prepara-
tion of this communication, after having passed through to a
depth of 574 ft. of incoherent deposits, and a further depth of
61 ft. in siliceous clay-shales and limestones of Cambrian age.
At the date of the reading of this paper the boring had been re-
sumed, but with what object one is at a loss to understand, as
previously a finality had been secured both from geological and
economical standpoints. Samples of the beds passed through and
a statement of their respective thicknesses have been obligingly
placed in my hands by the Conservator of Water. From these
data the following descriptive tabular schedule of the boring has
been drawn up :—

Surface-level 14 ft. above low water-mark.

NEWER PLEISTOCENE.
Depth in feet.

Light blue clay ee a ts a
Mottled clayey gritty sand. Marine shells 30 — 90
Reddish sub- angular gritty sandy clay.

Marine shells ... 90 — 110
Light grey calcareous silt, slightly argillace-

ous, with Plecotrema ciliatum.. cot SEBO 8. DSG
Brown clay with included subangular silice-

ous and calcareous grit. Marine shells 136 — 150
Mottled (red and gray) ‘gritty clay. Salt

water ... 150 — 178
Red-yellow sand or ‘sandrock, consisting of

coarse moderately abraded grains ... 178 — 180

Light red and cream colored mottled clay 180 — 276

69
Yellowish grey rey clay. A little salt
water ... 423 .. 276 — 290
Very fine grained, yellow, sand-rock.
Brackish water t. 13 ... 290 — 360

INFRA EOCENE ?

Fine grained, white, sand-rock, colored black

by carbonaceous matter ep 360 — 455
Fine grained, white, sand-rock, colored black

by carbonaceous matter. With iron

pyrites ... oH ... 405 — 485
Brown, _ slightly argillaceous, sand-rock

(color discharged on heating) .. 485 — 490
Brown and black bituminous clayey sand-

rock. 490 — 527
Fine grained clayey sand and sandy clay,

with bituminous stains. .Stock water 527 — 560
Sand with lignite fragments is .. 060 — > 574

CAMBRIAN.

Siliceous shales and limestones... .. 544 — 641

Washings for macro-organisms have yielded the following
results :—

Depth of 50-ft.—Cerithium tenue, Sowb.; and Clanculus
Dunkeri, Phil.

Depth of 70-ft.—Cerithium tenue.

Depth of 130-ft.—Plecotrema ciliatwm, Tate.

Depth of 150 to 170-ft.—Cerithium tenue; Diala lauta, A.
Adams ; Odontostomia Angasi, Tryon ; Cyclostrema Tater, Angas ;
Pseudoliotia micans, var. simplicior, Tate ; Clanculus Dunkeri ;
and Utriculus ewmicrus, Crosse.

[Nore.—The majority of the foregoing species has been pre-
sented to the Museum of the School of Mines.—R.T. |

The species and individuals are few in number ; but, consider-
ing the very small bulk of the material under analysis, they are
proportionately rich. All, with one exception, are living in South
Australian waters, and are commonly cast-up on our shell
beaches. The exception is a varietal form of a somewhat common
littoral shell—Cyclostrema micans.

Passing upwards from the Cambrian bed-rock, there are 314 ft.
of unfossiliferous beds, more or less carbonaceous. These indicate
a land-accumulation. Whether or not, they are virtually cotem-
poraneous with the overlying marine-beds, or are on the same
horizon as similar beds passed through in the Kent Town-bore,*

* Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Aust., V, 1882, p. 43; and XIII, 1890, pl. 4,

which underlay Marine Eocene, it is impossible to say. The
succeeding 182 ft. of sandy and clayey beds, though unfossilifer-
ous, have so much the character of the overlying strata with
marine shells that they may be reasonably regarded as forming
part of the same series. The chief fossiliferous beds range
between 90 and 150 ft., but in the midst of them, at about
130 ft., is a band of calcareous silt charged with Plecotrema
ciliatum in an excellent state of preservation. This pulmoniferous
mollusc is living at extreme high tide-mark in the marine
marshes abutting on the Port Creek, whilst the fine calcareous
silt is analogous to the shell-travertine which delimits the
margin of an upraised Pleistocene sea-bed, extending from Glenelg
via Dry Creek to beyond Virginia. This ancient silt with
Plecotrema must, therefore, at the period of its accumulation
have been at the line of junction of sea and land, and is indicative
of an actual depression of 130 ft. below high water-mark. The
associated beds, from 30 to 150 ft. in depth, are, from their con-
tained organic remains, shore-line accumulations, and the total
amount of depression evidenced thereby is a few feet less than
150 ft. below high water-mark.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
ODONTOSTOMIA JONESIANA, Zate, 1898.

Shell narrowly pyramidal, a little more than three times as
long as wide, shining-white and smooth. Spire-whorls eight in a
length of six millimetres, of moderately rapid increase, flat,
separated by a well-defined linear suture. Last whorl with a
regularly convex base ; aperture pyriform, with a stout elevated
plait at the origin of the columella, inner front angle of aperture
slightly effuse and thickened with a slightly reflexed edge.
Length, 6°25, vix ; breadth, 2:0, vix, mm.

If Syrnola is a valid genus, then the present species belongs
thereto. Among Australian species known to me by actual
specimens it has the following alliances. It is narrower than
S. jucunda and broader than S. tincta, but differs from both in
its longer aperture and the far-backward position of the columella-
plait; in respect of its apertural characters, it resembles
5. infrasulcata, mihi, which is, however, a robust shell and has
a sculptured body-whorl.

The species-name is in compliment to Mr. J. W. Jones, Con-
servator of Water, whose continued interest in the promotion of
stratigraphical and paleontological investigations is abundantly
evinced in the present communication.

PSEUDOLIOTIA MICANS, A. Adams, VAR. SIMPLICIOR, Zate, 1898.

Cyclostrema micans is the type of a new genus, Pseudoliotia
which I propose to establish. The present variety differs by the
acute axial costz, which do not form nodulations on the spiral
carine. In consequence, the periphery appears markedly trun-
cate with a deep concave sulcus between the two peripheral keels.
Nevertheless, the normal forms show some variation in the den-
sity of the nodulation and by decrescence of that character would
graduate into the variety here described. Unfortunately only
one example (an adult) was found, and that of 2 mm. diameter.
This size is much smaller than usual, which ranges up to 4 mm.,
yet it is not smaller than a micromorph, which occurs abundantly
at Port Western, Victoria, or than Liotia speciosa, Angas, which
is conspecific. .

—~J
bo

NoTES ON THE GRAPHITIC SLATES AND ASSO-
CIATED ROCKS IN THE KALGOORLIE DISTRICT.

By H. B. Corsin, B.Sc.
(Communicated by Professor Tate.)

[Read June 7, 1898. ]

On November 12, 1897, at a meeting of the Boulder Literary
and Debating Society, Mr. Bethune read a paper on ‘‘ Evidences
of a Deep Level in the Kalgoorlie District,” and therein
expressed the opinion that certain graphitic slates in the Boulder
North Extended mine at 240 ft. were the result of a filling-in of
a cavity by alluvial deposits, and that subsequent lateral pressure
had given the alluvial detritus a laminated structure.

T could not agree with him on the evidence adduced, and as a
result of my criticism elicited that he had discovered certain
fossils in these beds, which he regarded as conclusive evidence in
support of his theory.

T subsequently in company with Mr. Bethune visited the mine
and saw the only section available, and in this communication I
propose to describe the geological features which are visible, and
to discuss the nature and origin of the so-called fossils.

The shaft of the Boulder North Extended being close-timbered
all the way, and the only open ground available for inspection
being in the east and north crosscuts, I have had to rely a good
deal on hearsay evidence for certain data.

Virtually, the whole of the way after the surface alluvium (by
the ininers called ‘“‘ made ground”) had been passed through, the
shaft was sunk in pink and white clay slates. At about 80 feet
water was met with, and at 200 feet crosscuts were opened out
N.E. and §.W., that is, at right angles to the general strike of
the auriferous lodes in the Kalgoorlie district. ;

The west crosscut passed through about 12 feet of fairly hard
clay-slates, almost vertical but with a slight underlay to the west.
Several veins of ferruginous quartz were cut in the clay-slates ;
then a mass of decomposed rock was entered (which from its
general appearance, kaolinitic nature and presence of “soapy
heads” I take to be a porphyry) and continued to the head of
the cross-cut at 50 feet, being occasionally traversed by vertical
clay-slates, though not so defined as near the shaft.

On the east side, the foot wall of the clay-slates is noticed at
about four or five feet in from the shaft, giving a total width of

20 ft. to the first series of clay-slates. This foot wall (?)
carries a very hard band of ferruginous quartzite, about 10 ft.
wide. Immediately beyond this vein an intensely hard diorite
was met with. The crosscut was only driven about 15 ft. at the
time of my visit, as it was intended to continue the shaft and to
crosscut at a deeper level.

The bottom of the shaft was so wet that I could not see any
of the features there, but I critically examined the stuff sent up
from this position, and secured from it various specimens of the
so-called fossils. These occur both in the semidecomposed rock
and in a true graphitic slate, so that evidently the clay-slates
have changed at some depth below 200 ft. to graphitic slates, and,
according to Mr. Bethune, this change took place gradually at a
depth of about 200 ft.

The specimens which Mr. Bethune regarded as fossils, I at
first thought they were so; that one was the cast of a Unio,
another of a Rhynchonella, and soon. Hence I considered that
the diorite on the east side was the result of a flow over horizontal
beds, represented now by the vertical clay-slates. But on going
below and studying the section I changed my views, especially
when I remembered that the graphitic schists at the Queen
Margaret mine carried similar pyritous nodules, only they are for
the most part spherical. I am now of the opinion that the clay-
slates and graphitic slates are examples of contact-meta-
morphism.

I imagine that the diorite on the east side is an intrusive mass
and found a partial vent in a fissure in the porphyry on the west
side. The result of the intense pressure would be to cause the
slaty structure assumed by the metamorphosed porphyry. The
volatile hydrocarbons escaping from below, contemporaneous with
diorite-intrusion, could easily supply the necessary carbon to
render the slates graphitic. Surface oxidation would remove the
graphitic matter above the water-level. The pseudo-fossils would
be present before the intrusion of the diorite, and had at that
time probably a spherical form. The upwardand lateral pressures
will account for the more or less elongated and flattened form
which they now present.

The origin of the ferruginous quartzite bands I explain as
follows:—The diorite and also the contact-metamorphosed rock
on cooling would naturally contract and thus would cause fissures
more or less irregular, which by deposition of silica and iron-salts
from solution in percolating waters would be in course of time
completely filled. | Could one critically examine the locus of the
pseudo-fossils, and should they be found to lie ina vertical plane,
then my view would receive considerable support.

DISCUSSION.

Professor Tare was not satisfied as to the evidence of contact-
metamorphism submitted by the author, or to that of alluvial
deposition contended for by Mr. Bethune. He considered that
those phenomena were explainable by the diminishing effects of
disintegration in depth upon the same rock. The shapes of the
pyritous bodies could not, in his opinion, be referred to bivalved
molluscan casts.

Mr. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., remarking on the acute edges of
the supposed fossils, said that the figure could not be due to
lateral pressure, otherwise the edges would be perpendicular to
the diameter as in ordinary discs, or at least a very blunt round-
ing off. The objects could not be compressed nodules, in his
opinion, and that they were of organic origin was a view receiving
some support from the great development of graphite associated
with them in the containing rock. Graphite in rock-formations
had long been claimed to have been derived from organic matter,
since no other satisfactory theory to account for the isolation of
the carbon had been advanced.

Mr. W. Howcuin, F.G.S., considered that in view of the
““augen” structure so often produced in metamorphic rocks, the
argument that the flattened shape was not due to pressure could
scarcely be applied. A fuller knowledge of the actual locai con-
ditions and constitution of the rocks was required to make
generalizations safe.

Mr. J. J. Hast, F'.G.S., speaking from personal knowledge of
the Kalgoorlie field, stated that the occurrences cited were in no
way peculiar to the locality dealt with by Mr. Corbin. In the
«ueen Margaret mine at Bulong the same kind of thing was
common. Where the graphite occurred plentifully the miners
sought to get beyond it as quickly as possible, for, though seldom
unassociated with gold, it rarely formed the matrix of good ore.
The rocks of Kalgoorlie form a low range of ferro-magnesian
silicates of diabasic character, which were broken up by intrusive
dykes of diorite and porphyry. The diorite-dykes seem to be the
dominant feature, and extend for miles in thin and thick bosses,
alternating along the line of direction in such manner that a plan
of them would suggest the figure of a huge cable. Each “link”
forms a boss, and along the sides of the “link” the richest gold
veins occur in the contact-zone. The graphitic belt is well marked
in places, and its connection with the gold-deposit is evident. He
regarded the graphite as having been derived from the breaking
up of liquid carbonic acid contained in inclosures in the rocks,
and by its agency the gold was precipitated from the waters holding
it in solution. The nature of these waters we could only guess

ee eS +P ~~
7

:
.
,
:

at now. They had, however, developed kaolinization of the

silicates to an amazing extent, and the iron-constituent had been

completely peroxidised to red hematite. The hematite was

everywhere finely disseminated throughout the kaolin. In the
contact-zones the hematite was hydrated to limonite, and a little
free silica in granular form, resembling quartzite, also occurred.
In depth pyrites were plentiful, and much of the free gold was
replaced by gold combined with tellurium. The porphyry-dyke
cited by the author appeared to be genuinely obtrusive, as it cut
off all the transverse veins it met. Kaolinization was greatly
advanced and had spread to the greenstone rock alongside. It is
between the dyke and the greenstone that a schistose structure
has been developed by pressure and shearing-strain, but the num-
ber of secondary minerals is surprisingly few; colloid silica and
limonite, forming the so-called “jasper” reefs, constitute the
lode veinstone proper, but its development is quite local. In
fact, the bulk of the paramorphism would seem to have been a
rapid passage of the greenstone to the stage of kaolin and chlor-
ite. A swelling of the rock in consequence developed the joint-
ings which now furnish the “soapy heads” of the author.
Where such a paucity of secondary minerals has been developed,
it is much more likely that they should aggregate into colonies
or kernels than that they should occur minutely disseminated.
To his mind the lusus natwre of the writer were but nodules
of secondary origin, and principally of the class termed “ spear”
pyrites, a variety which rapidly decomposes in contact with air
or rain-waters. Wad and pyrolusite also plentifully occur along
the graphito-pyritic belt. The pyrolusite is usually well crystal-
lised, and is at times associated with very rich ore.

On A NEw MyoroRruM FROM SOUTH
AUSTRALIA.

By J. H. Marpen, Hon. Memb., and E. Betcue.
[Read July 5, 1898.]

MYOPORUM REFRACTUM, 7. sp.

A glabrous shrub somewhat prostrate, attaining a height of
3 feet, but usually only 1 to 2 feet high as seen, with terete
branches amply covered with resinous tubercles. Leaves
alternate, crowded, oblong, } to # inch long, very obtuse, entire
or occasionally slightly crenulate, thick or somewhat succulent,
sessile and refracted. Flowers usually solitary (sometimes two)
in the axils, on slender pedicels shorter than the leaves. Calyx
divided to the base, the segments broad and acute, imbricate at
the base, about three lines long. Corolla white or often with
small purplish dots on the inside of the lobes; glabrous inside,
the lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens generally 4 (sometimes

5) exserted but rather shorter than the lobes. Ovarium and

fruit 2-celled, not compressed. Fruit small, apparently only
slightly succulent, ovoid tapering to the persistent base of the
style. Colour of the thin pericarp cream or yellowish. Fifteen

miles north of Mount Distance, 8.A. (on very salty, mineralised

damp soil—a salt-lake, now dry), M. Koch.

The specific name is in allusion to the set of the leaves. This
is distinctly an ornamental species, worthy of cultivation.

In affinity it is nearest allied to Mf. brevipes, Benth., also a
South Australian desert species, from which it is chiefly dis-
tinguished by the refracted leaves, the broad calyx-segments, and
the shape of the fruit. The flowers seem to be remarkably vari-
able, not only in the number of stamens, but also in the colour
and perhaps in the hairiness of the corolla. All corollas we ex-
amined were perfectly glabrous inside, but as Mr. Koch describes
the corolla in his notes as “bearded inside” it seems to be pro-
bable that both forms exist.

-J
~]

ON Two NEw CRETACEOUS BIVALVES.
By Proressor RaupH Tate.
[Read August 2, 1898.]

Lucina (?) Bonythoni, sp. nov. (1898).

Shell large, triangularly oval, with depressedly convex (right)
valve. Umbo a little in front of the middle, moderately large,
incurved in a transverse direction; lunule almost obsolete.
Posterior and anterior dorsal slopes making an angle of 110°;
the posterior one straight, the anterior one slightly incurved, and
shortly and bluntly extended at its junction with the semi-circular
ventral margin, the post-ventral margin rounded.

The ornamentation consists of acutely - rounded radial
threads and concentric thread-like lamelle, forming by their
combination a cancellated surface-structure of oblong or nearly
square depressions, which extends over the whole surface. The
thread-like margins of the concentric lamelle are feebly vaulted —
on the radial threads. Towards the ventral margin in the medial

line, there are about eight
radial threads, and about nine
concentric threadlets in a
square of 5 millimetres.
Dimensions. — Antero-pos-
terior diameter 4:5; ventro-
umbonal diameter 4:0 ; post-
dorsalandantero-dorsal slopes
about 2°5 mm.
Habitat.—One right valve,
the test of which is replaced
. by Precious Opal. UPppEr
CRETACEOUS at White Cliffs, New South Wales ; the unique type
in the Museum of the School of Mines at Adelaide.
The species-name is in compliment to Sir J. Langdon Bonython,
Chairman of the Council of the School of Mines since 1890.
Remarks.—The only shells figured from Australian Cretaceous
rocks at all comparable with the present species, apart from any
presumptive generic affinity, are Lucina anomala and L. ? aus-
tralis, Moore, in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xxvi, 1870; more so

with the former than the latter. But Z. anomala is suborbicular
in shape, with a nearly straight dorsal line, whilst my species is
triangularly oval or somewhat axiniform in marginal outline, and
has a strong tessellated ornamentation. The Syrian Cretaceous
species, L. percancellata, Whitfield, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, p.
403, t.b, f.b, 1891, has a somewhat similar cancellate ornament,
but that fossil is nearly circular in outline.

Until the interior is known, the generic location of
L. Bonythoni will remain uncertain, though the shape and orna-
mentation are not incompatible with a reference to Lucina, but,
on the other hand, the transverse direction of the umbonal
incurvature may imply other affinities, if other than a mere
specific characteristic.

The distinguishing features of LZ. Bonythoni are :—The axial
direction of the umbo, the axiniform shape, the cancellate
surface-ornamentation (particularly the frilled edge of the con-
centric growth-lines).

Flatopis (2) corrugata, sp. nov. (1898).

The fossil under observation is not like any figured species
belonging to the Cretaceous fauna of Australia, though it has
some resemblance to certain species of so-called Cytherea, but yet
is more Astarte-like than they are. The interior is unknown, and,
therefore, the generic relations are extremely dubious. Never-
theless, one exterior feature will narrow the arena of comparison,
that is the possession of an erect exsert ligamental plate to each
valve,as in Psammobia and other Tellinids, and thus indicates an
external ligament. Among the genera presenting this character,
Platopis, Whitfield, Bull, Mus. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 399, 1891,
seems to include the main external features presented by the
Australian shell. Platopis, which is placed by its describer in
Astartidz, contains species which “externally somewhat resemble
shells of the genus Astarte,” the hinge dentition differs from Opis
and Opiosma ; they have a “flattened or depressed convex form,”
and “possess an abruptly flattened, or even depressed slope,
which in many is sharply flattened, or even depressed between
the umbonal angles, and the very ill-defined, although large-
sized, lunule.”

Shell transversely triangular, somewhat cuneiform, convexedly
depressed. Umbones large, obtuse, antemedian; lunule ill-
defined. The dorsal slopes straight, inclined at an angle of 95°,
the posterior considerably the longer; post-ventral extremity
roundly-pointed (the shell is deficient in this region), the ventral
margin nearly straight to beyond the middle line, thence curving
rapidly upwards to form the well-rounded anterior extremity.
The post-dorsal line is bounded by a narrow declinous lanceolate

area and delimited on its inner aspect by an ill-defined obtuse
ridge extending from the umbo to the post-ventral extremity.
The inner margin of the valves is smooth
(at any rate visually so) at post-ventral ex-
tremity. The ornamentation consists of
subacute concentric undulations of variable
strength and at variable distances, separated
by shallow concave spaces wider than the
ridges ; coincident with the undulations are
JM widely-separated linear growth-lines; the
Zh concentric undulations are continued beyond

77% the post-umbonal ridge as close-set growth-
lines.

Dimensions.—Umbonal-ventral diameter,
18; antero-posterior diameter, 22 (by estimate); transverse
diameter, greatest at about one-third from the unbo, 9 mm.
Habitat.—One specimen of two valves in apposition, the test
replaced by Precious Opal; the interior matrix not opalized.
Upper CreEtTAcEous at White Cliffs, New South Wales; the
unique type in the Museum of the School of Mines, Adelaide.

ON SOME AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF
EULIMID4Z AND PYRAMIDELLIDZ.

By Proressor R. Tater.
[Read August 2, 1898. ]
Puate IV, Ficures 1-7.
FAMILY EULIMIDA:.
Genus EvuLma.

(a). Shell straight.

1. E, augur, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 56; Reeve, Icon. Conch.,
t. f., 1866; Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. viii., p. 269, t. 68, f. 10, 1886.
Synonym, ZL. proxima, Sowerby in Reeve’s Icon. Conch., t. 6,

f. 48, 1866 ; Tryon, op. cit., t. 68, f. 11.

I have compared the types of #. augur and £. proxima in the
British Museum, and ,the only differences between them
(Z. proxima is slightly immature) are those of total length, the
former having 10 whorls in a length of 12 m.m., and the latter
12 whorls in a length of 15 m.m., and a slight difference in the
proportion of the length to the breadth. An examination of
many examples of #. awgur proves that the proportion of length
to breadth is not constant, and that micromorphs occur ; indeed
there is a great tendency among Eulimide to range from giant
to dwarf-sizes; thus two extremes give the following ratio,
100 to 36 and 100 to 28 vix.

Tryon’s figure of £. augur grossly misrepresents its shape,
some individuals may show a barely perceptible torsion of the
spire, but in general, Angas’ diagnosis ‘“ marginibus spire
rectioribus ” is applicable.

Distribution.—For FE. augur. South Australia (without
locality), Angas, type specimen; Holdfast, Aldinga, and Fowler’s
Bays, Wauraultie and Wallaroo, Spencer Gulf, Z’ate,; Royston
Head (Matthews ! )

Tasmania (coll. Dr. Verco ! )

For £. proxima. New Sourta Watss, Port Jackson (type).
The record for Tasmania of 2. proxima by Tenison-Woods is
based on an erroneous determination, the shell so-named is
Rissoina spirata.

2. E. orthopleura, sp. nov. Pl. iv., fig. 1.
Pyramidal, straight, opaque-white, shining; whorls, nine, flat ;
last whorl subangular at the periphery, aperture rhomboidal.
Length, 6:25 ; width, 2:25.

Affinities This new species resembles £. polygyra, H.
Adams (type compared), but it has a blunter apex, and the
aperture is of a different shape. The rhomboidal aperture
differentiates it from 2. polygyra and #. augur, and in addition
is is distinguishable from the latter by a subangular base.

Localities—Souta Avustraria ; Holdfast and Aldinga Bays
(&. Tate, many examples).

(b) Shell tortuous.

In the following descriptions I have employed the phrase
‘torsion in one or two directions,” that is lateral or vertical, or
both. Hitherto the torsion has been described as either to the
left or right, upwards or backwards; but as these positions are
relative to the aperture, it is obvious that if the spire be inclined
to the left at a given stage of growth, the addition of a half-turn
to the body-whorl will bring the torsion to the right. The same
change will happen when the torsion is in a vertical plane: at
one stage, if the inclination be forwards, it becomes backwards
with the increase of a half-turn.

The application of the terms expressive of the direction of the
torsion can only be absolute as to the plane of the twist, that is
whether vertical or lateral. It is only possible to extend their
application when growth of the shell shall have ceased, or if the
shell-growths be periodic and of one or more complete turns.
This latter condition is certainly presented by Z. Zenisoni, as
pointed out to me by Dr. Verco, as traces of periodic growths are
visible on the spire, and in alignment on the one side. But
there are no distinctive features by which to recognise an adult
Eulimid.

8. E. Tenisoni, 7ryon, Man. Conch., vol. VIII., 1886, p. 269, t. 68, f. 16.

£. micans, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, for
1875, p. 144 (1876), non Carpenter.

The early spire-whorls are very narrow, and impart to the adult
shell an almost mucronate termination. The apical whorl is
blunt, higher than wide, but it cannot be described as mamil-
lated.

The shell attains to a length of 6 mm., and width of 2-5 mm.;
the spire-whorls nine in number; the torsion of the spire is in
two directions ; aperture roundly oval.

This species makes a near approach to #. brevis, Sow. (with
the type of which I have made comparison), but the shell is more
tortuous, and the body-whorl more depressed.

Distribution.—TasMania (TZen.-Woods, type); Victoria!;
Sourn Avusrratia, Holdfast, Aldinga, Streaky, and Fowler Bays,
Wauraultie, Spencer Gulf (2. Tate, many exs.).

4. E. commensalis, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig.£2.

Shell elongate-pyramidal, strongly curved in two directions,
translucent, vitreous, fawn-coloured with contained animal ;
whorls ten, moderately convex ; body-whorl globosely inflated,
thence rapidly tapering to the acute apex ; aperture semi-circular ;
outer lip much ecurved medially ; the front of the aperture is
well-rounded, but the margin is slightly reflected, so that seen
from behind there is the semblance of basal constriction. Tong. is
5; lat., 2 mm.

Habitat and Localities.—Commensal with Amblypneustes, spp.,
Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (#. Tate, many exs.) ; Port Stephens,
N.S.W. (Aust. Mus. !).

Affinities.—From figures and description, this species resembles
EL. parva, Sowerby, but seems to differ by its more ventricose
body-whorl and semi-circular aperture.

5. E. indisereta, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 3.

Shell elongate-pyramidal, slightly curved in two directions,
translucent, vitreous, colourless. Whorls eight, nearly flat, of
regular increase ; apex acute ; base convex and attenuate at the
front ; aperture narrowly oval; outer lip much curved medially.

Long., 4:25; lat., 1:5; long. of aperture, 1:5.

Eacality: eae sini Holdfast Bay (&. Tate, one ex.);
Frederick Henry Bay, Tasmania (W. L. May /); Port Stephens,
N.S.W. (Aust. Mus. !).

Not much unlike 2. commensalis, but the whorls are much
flatter and the aperture of a different shape. From figures and
description this shell has an analogue in the European 4.
incurva, but the aperture appears to be proportionately less elon-
gate in the Australian shell. 4. Petterdi, Beddome, must be a
near ally ; it is diagnosed as follows :—“ Shining white, curved ;
apex rounded; whorls 10; aperture narrowly pyriform; lip
scarcely reflected ; columella straight. Long., 4; lat., 1; apert.,
1 m.”

FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDA.

Genus EULIMELLA.
Of the diagnostically-known Australian species of this genus,
five species are recorded from North Australia in the ‘‘ Challenger
Mollusca,” and two others from New South Wales — #.

moniliformis, Hedley, and #. pulchra, Brazier. In South Aus-
tralian waters there occur two species, viz. :—

1. E. moniliformis, Hed/ey, P.L.S., N.S. W., 1891, p. 247, t. 19, figs. 1-3.
Holdfast Bay, in shell-sand (£.7. ).

2. E. trieineta, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 4.

Shell small, elongately conical, pellucid-white ; apex hetero-
strophe. Spire-whorls six, somewhat convex, the anterior whorl
margining the suture, sculptured by three engraved spiral lines,
one median and one near to each suture. Last whorl regularly
convex and moderately attenuated at the base. Aperture pyri-
form ; outer lip straight and thin ; columella arched, there is no
indication of a plait or tooth.

Length, 5:5; breadth, 1:75 mm.

Has somewhat the aspect of Syrnola jucunda, but apart from
the different generic characters, the shell is narrower and the
last whorl proportionately much longer.

Localities.—Streaky and Fowler Bays, in shell-sand (#. 7. ).

GENUS ODONTOSTOMIA.
1. Odontostomia (Syrnola) infrasuleata, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 5.

Shell narrow-lanceolate, about four times as long as_ wide,
shining, white, feebly striated in an axial direction. Apex
heterostrophe. Spire-whorls nine, flat, suture linear. Body-
whorl imperforate, subangulate at the periphery, below which are
about six revolving incised lines, the posterior one a little in front
of the posterior angle of the aperture. Aperture narrow-oval ;
columella-plait very prominent, in front of which the inner lip is
effusively expanded, and its margin reflected; outer lip not
ribbed within.

A specimen in Dr. Verco’s collection has two sulci on the last
whorl above the periphery, one of which is continued submedially
on the spire-whorls.

Length, 11; breadth, 3-5 mm.

Localities.—Holdfast Bay, St. Vincent Gulf, and
Wauraultie, Spencer Gulf, in shell-sand (&.7.).
Dredged off Rapid Head in 10 to 12 fathoms by
Dr. Verco.

A ffinities.—This new species is conspicuous by its
elongate-oval aperture, effuse at the front and the
sulci on the base of the body-whorl. It seems to
have no near ally among figured species, though
S. gracillima is a micromorph of it as regards

am shape.

waa Supplemental Note.— The annexed figure of

lige O. (Syrnola) Jonesiana, described in Part I of the
#4 present volume, p. 70, is added for comparison with
the present species, between which there are great
resemblances.

2. Odontostomia (Pyrgulina) Mayii, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 6

Shell conoidally turreted, relatively solid, dull white. Whorls
five (excl. the heterostrophe apex), separated by a deeply and
broadly channelled suture; ornamented by rounded obliquely
axial ribs wider than the interspaces, which are not visibly
sculptured. Last whorl with about 20 axial ribs, which terminate
at a spiral groove on the periphery; base somewhat flattened and
radially ridged, defined by a spiral rib, which margins the
peripheral groove. Aperture oval, outer and inner margins
joined by a callus, columella-plait stout, almost parietal.

Length, 2°5 ; breadth, 1:0 mm.

Localities.— D’Entrecastreaux Channel, Tasmania, whence
type-specimen in my collection received from Mr. W. T. May,
after whom the species is named.

Remarks.—There are several European species of this type of
ornamentation presented by O. May, such as O. turbonilloides,
and one Australian species, O. Henni, Brazier. From the latter
this new species differs (judging by description and figure) by its
channelled suture, oblique and stout ribs, and ribbed base.

GENUS TURBONILLA.
Turbonilla erubeseens, 7ate.

1877. Elusa bifasciata, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasm.,
for 1876, p. 150; non Turbonilla bifasciata, A. Adams, 1861.

1877. Turbonilla festiva, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 35, t. 5,
f. 4; non Folin, 1867.

1879. Turbonilla erubescens, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust.,
ii:; p: 108, 0, 2.10:

The types which served for the definitions of the forenamed
shells are from Tasmania, New South Wales, and West Australia
{King George Sound). Mr. May is satisfied, as the result of
comparison of authentic specimens, that the first two are one and
the same; I have arrivedata likeresult in respectof the Tasmanian
and West Australian shells. At the time of my definition of
T’. erubescens, my knowledge of 7. festiva was restricted to the
published description and figure; but now, with actual specimens
before me, I find that the alleged differences prove to be
invalid. The question remains as to which of the three names
should be employed; as indicated in the above synonymic
schedule bifasciata and festiva have prior use in the genus over
their Australian applications, this leaves erubescens free to be
employed.

The species is also known to me from South Australia and
Victoria.

Turbonilla Beddomel, Petterd, sp.

1884. Chemnitzia Beddomei, Petterd, Jour. Conch., p. 136.

1892. Turbonilla crenulifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust.,
xv., p 126, t. 1, f. 2.

The specimens, attributed to Petterd’s species, given me by
Mr. May, leave no doubt of the identity of my shell therewith,
though the diagnosis of the Tasmanian shell does not refer to the
tendency of decresence of the cost on the anterior aspect of the
whorls, and to crenulation at the posterior suture.

So far as known to me, the species is restricted to South
Australia and Tasmania.

Turbonilla varicifera, 7ate, 1898. PI. iv., fig. 7.
Shell elongate turreted, about four times as long as broad

‘usually of a chestnut-brown colour, with the varices mottled with

white, but various shades passing to white occur. Spire-whorls
twelve in a length of fifteen millimetres, tipped by a heterostrophe
protoconch ; flatly convex, but separated by a well-defined
suture ; ornamented by close-set, slightly oblique, rounded, axial
ribs, separated by much narrower interspaces, here and there two

-or more cost are confluent to form a broad varix ; the whole

surface is crossed by incised spiral lines increasing to about fifteen

-on the penultimate whorl of a large specimen. Last whorl with

axial costz, about twenty, evanescent at the regularly rounded

periphery ; base spirally linear-sulcate ; aperture oblong, columella

with an obscure spiral plication.

Long., 15 mm. ; lat., 4:00 mm. A micromorph of twelve spire-
whorls measures 10 mm. by 2°5 (vix) mm.

This species has been represented in my cabinet for many years
by incomplete beach-examples, which indicate a very large shell
for the genus and the possession of varices. Its recent discovery
in some numbers by Dr. Verco, through dredgings in the deeper
parts of St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs, has, now, made it possible
to adequately diagnose the shell.

The feature of the variced spire, though exceptional, is how-

-ever, presented by the recent species, 7’. striatula, Linne (the

type of Montserrato’s Section Pyrgostylus) and the Miocene
species, 7’. intermedia, Grateloup; both of which I have under
observation.

The Australian species, making the third enumeration under
Pyrgostylus, differs from 7. striatula, chiefly by its straighter

cost and narrower interspaces ; and is distinguishable from 7’.

intermedia by slenderness, less oblique ribs with narrower

‘interspaces.

On SOME RECENT AND FOSSIL AUSTRALASIAN
SPECIES OF PHILOBRYZ.

By Proressor Raupy Tarte.

[Read August 2, 1898.]

Puate IV., Ficures 8-10.

The bivalved mollusca, which constitute the genus Philobrya,
are minute shells, which present in their adult state various
characters proper to the very young states of WMytilide,
Aviculide, and Arcide. They were little known to malacologists
till the appearance last year of M. Felix Bernard’s “ Etudes
comparatives sur les genres Philobrya et Hochstetteria.” Bernard
has provisionaliy placed these two genera as a subfamily
(Philobrying) in the family Aviculide; but the absence of
prismatic structure of the test, and the existence of a copious
periostracum incline me to the opinion that the systematic
position of this subfamily is rather with Mytilide than with
Aviculide.

Of the eleven species referred by Mr. Bernard to this
subfamily, nine occur in the Southern Hemisphere, chiefly in
moderately high latitudes. The recognition of the existence of
Philobrya in Australian waters is, therefore, not unexpected ; but
greater interest is attached to the fossil record, here announced for
the first time, as may be gathered from the following extract from
M. Bernard’s essay :—‘ I] est indispensable de rechercher si
parmi les formes fossiles il n’en existe aucune qui pourrait soit
rentrer dans le genre Philobrya, soit s’en rapprocher plus que ne
font les Anisomyaires actuels. Je n’ai trouvé aucune indication
de cette nature en ce qui concerne les faunes secondaire et
tertiare. La cause en est peut-étre dans la petitesse de ces
coquilles qui peuvent avoir échappé aux investigations, ou bien
avoir été considérées par ceux qui les ont recueillies comme des
jeunes ou de petites especes d’Aviculidés, de Mytilidés ou
méme de Lima. Les fossiles primaires m’ont fourni quelques
indications qui, tout en manquant pour le moment de precision,
me paraissent devoir soulever une utile discussion.” Journ. de
Conch., No. 1, 1897, p. 41.

The additional species—subjects of the following records are :
-—Two living in Southern Australia and Tasmania, one from the
Newer Tertiary of New Zealand, and two from the Older Tertiary
of Victoria.

Philobrya ecrenulatifera, Tate.

Myrina crenatulifera, Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Australia
1892, p. 131, t.1, figs. 11 and 1la.

This shell has all the interior characters proper to Philobrya,
but its inflated umbo is crowned by a subcircular (not calyculate)
prodissoconch which does not interrupt the convexity of the
umbo. The absence of coste further suggests a reference to
Hochstetteria, but the elongate ligamental pit and almost terminal
umbo are, however, not in agreement thereto.

In addition to the South Australia locality of the type, speci-
mens from two Victorian localities have been submitted to me.
Barwon Heads, Mr. 7. §. Hall; Flinders Island, Mr. G. B.
Pritchard.

Philobrya fimbriata, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 8.

Shell thick, ventricose, contour obliquely subquadrangular,
umbos terminal. Prodissoconch relatively small, though prominent,
semicircular, its outer margin defined by an elevated rim. An-
terior margin of valve inclined at an angle of from 60° te 70° to
the dorsal margin; surface ornamented with about fourteen
feeble angular radial ribs, crossed by regularly disposed concentric
threads (not so strong as the radial ones), which form imbricating
serratures at the intercrossing. Test covered with a tawny sub-
pellucid epidermis, which is raised into setee on the radial costz
(corresponding with the serratures thereon), and extends as a
fringe around the ventral margin of the sheil.

Ligamental pit lanceolate, directed obliquely backwards for one-
third or one-half-length of the posterior hinge-line. The trans-
verse crenulations on the posterior of the hinge-line are reduced
to short crowded striz.

Dimensions of a large example.—Ant. post. diameter, 3°75 ;
dorso-ventral diameter, 4°5 ; thickness, 3 mm. ; but the average
size is about three by four.

Habitats —TasmantA, Derwent and Frederick Henry Bay, coll.
Mr. May ; Sourn AvstRALIA in dredge-siftings from St. Vincent
and Spencer Gulfs—dead shells numerous, living examples few,
coll. Dr. Joseph Verco.

Vicroria, among Kellia rostulata, Tate, dredged in life, seven
to nine fathoms at Port Phillip Heads by the late Mr. J. B.
Wilson (my collection).

Philobrya trigonopsis, Hutton, sp.

Mytilicardia trigonopsis, Hutton, Trans. New Zealand
Institute, vol. xvii, p. 324, 1885; id., “ Macleay Memorial
Volume,” p. 85, t. 9, f. 94 a-b, 1893.

Habitats — Wanganui (Pliocene) and Petane (Miocene), New
_ Zealand.

The above emended generic reference is based on the study of
cotypes kindly transmitted to me by the author of the species.
Tt closely resembles P. costata, but which has thicker and closer
ribs.

Philobrya Bernardi, sp. nov. PI. iv., fig. 10.

Shell rather thin, ventricose, contour obliquely subquadrangu-
lar; umbones nearly terminal, prodissoconch large and prominent.
Anterior margin nearly straight, or slightly curved, making a
right angle with the hinge-line; posterior margin -traight,
ventral-margin well-arched. An obsolete keel defines a somewhat
steeply inclined post-umbonal slope; anterior to which the surface
is ornamented by about eight slender costz, which are crossed by
concentric threads of nearly equal calibre with the radial
threads, regularly disposed, but with increasing intervals towards
the ventral margin; these concentric threads produce slight
serratures on the radial threads.

Internally, the posterior margin is slightly interrupted by five
or six crenulations. The ligamental pit is short, lanceolate,
and directed backwards; posterior to which the hinge-
line is obsoletely transversly ridged. A very deep byssal notch
terminates the aimost obsolete anterior of the hinge-line.

This new species is named in compliment to M. Felix Bernard,*
of the Natural History Museum at Paris, whose gift of
specimens of P. costata has largely assisted me in the elaboration
of the species herein dealt with. It is conspicuous among
congeners by open fenestrated ornament.

Horizon.—Kocene, Victoria ; Muddy Creek (2 exs.), Shelford
(1 ex.), Curlewis (1 ex.), collected by J. Dennant; and Fyans-
ford (1 ex.), collected by J. F. Mulder.

Philobrya preenuntia, sp. nov. Pl. iv., fig. 9.

Shell rather thin, ventricose, inequilateral ; obliquely oval-
rhomboid in contour ; prodissoconch relatively very large and
prominent.

The anterior margin is convex. The ornament consists of
about twelve slender radial cost, on which are formed slight
serratures by the very feeble concentric laminations which are
visible in the interradial spaces.

The ligamental pit is shortly oval-lanceolate and directed
backwards; the anterior portion of the hinge-line has about
fourteen transverse ridges, whilst the posterior portion is only
obsoletely ridged.

*It is with profound regret that I announce this dedication to be
posthumous, as that talented young malacologist died August 12, 1898, at
the early age of thirty-five years.

Vol. XXII. Plate IV.

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This species has some resemblance to P. Filholi, but is less
inequilateral, and the cost are more numerous and slender. Its
most striking feature is the relatively wide anterior area.

Horizon.—Eocene, Victoria, at Cape Otway, one ex. (since
lost) collected by J. Dennant.

LIST OF DESCRIBED SPECIES OF PHILOBRYA.

(a) RECENT.

P. setosa, P. P. Carpenter, 1864. California.

P. Munieri, 7. Bernard, 1896. France.

P. atlantica, Dall, 1895. Argentine.

P. meridionalis, H. A. Smith, 1885 (Dacrydium). Prince Edward and
Marion Islands.
. aviculoides, Velain, 1876. Isle St. Paul.
. meleagrina, Bernard, 1896. Stewart Island, N.Z.
. costata, Bernard, 1896. Stewart Island, N.Z.
. Filholi, Bernard, 1897. Stewart Island, N.Z.
. crenatulifera, J’ate, 1892 (Myrina). S. Australia and Victoria.
. fimbriata, Tate, 1898. S. Australia and Tasmania.

P. (Hochstetteria) crenella, Velain, 1876. Isles St. Paul and
Amsterdam.

P. (Hochstetteria) modiolina, Velain, 1876. Isles St. Paul and
Amsterdam.

P. (Hochstetteria) trapezina, Bernard, 1897. Stewart Island.

a>hacharheckahas

(6) Fosstt.
P. trigonopsis, Hutton, 1885 (Mytilicardia). Pliocene and Miocene,
N. Zealand.
P. Bernardi, Tate, 1898. Eocene, Victoria.
P. prenuntia, Tate, 1898. Eocene, Victoria.

~ = yp} -— --—_—_—_—__—-

EXPLANATION TO PLATE IV.
[All the figures considerably enlarged. }

. Eulima orthopleura, Tate, 1898.
Eulima commensalis, 7’ate, 1898.
Enlima indiscreta, Tate, 1898.

. Eulimella tricincta, Tate, 1898.
Odontostomia infrasulcata, Tate, 1898.
Odontostomia Mayii, Tate, 1898.

. Turbonilla varicifera, Tate, 1898.

. Philobrya fimbriata, Tate, 1898.

. Philobrya prenuntia, Tate, 1898.

. Philobrya Bernardi, Tate, 1898.

NoTES ON AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.
By A. Jerreris Turner, M.D.
[Read September 6, 1898. ]
Plate V.

SYNTOMIDIDA.

The great majority of the Australian species of this family are
referable to the genus Hydrusa. My attention was first called
to this group by the difficulty experienced in identifying one of
our commonest Brisbane insects, described below under the
heading of Hydrusa aperta, Walk. Fortunately, nearly all the
types of the species described by Mr. Meyrick (Proc. Linn.
Soc., N.S.W., 1886, p. 773) are contained in loca! collec-
tions. During a recent short stay in Sydney, I took the oppor-
tunity of carefully examining those in the Macleay and Australian
Museums, and comparing them with my own examples; and I must
express my gratitude to the Curators of these museums for their
kind assistance. J am also much indebted to Dr. T. P. Lucas
for an opportunity of examining types in his valuable collection,
and to the Queensland Museum for the loan of specimens.

The difficulty of determining the species of this genus lies in
the great uniformity of marking, combined with the considerable
range of variability in certain species. For this reason they
cannot be satisfactorily studied from isolated museum specimens,
but need large series of specimens from various localities for
comparison. Series bred from the larve would be specially
valuable. Mr. Meyrick has, I believe, in spite of the thorough-
ness and accuracy of his work, been misled in at least one
instance into making several species out of one by the paucity of
his material.

I do not regard the present contribution as in any way final,
for much remains to be learnt of the species inhabiting Northern
Queensland, where the genus is most abundantly represented. Of
many species, I have seen only a few isolated types ; and of those
enumerated below, some may, I think, be regarded as perfectly
well-established and distinct species: — Hydrusa humeralis,
Butl.; H. xanthosoma, Turn.; H. ecliptis, Meyr.; H. stelotis,
Meyr. ; H. pyrrhodera, Meyr.; H. leucacma, Meyr.; H. aperta,
Walk. ; H. orphnea, Turn.; HA. recedens, Luc.; H. annulata,
F.; H. phepsalotis, Meyr. ; H. bicolor, Walk.

The following I regard as species concerning which further
information is required, although the majority at least are likely

to stand :—H. sphenophora, Turn.; H. chlorometis, Meyr.; H.
hyalota, Meyr.; H. cyanura, Meyr.; H. antitheta, Meyr.; 4.
humeralis, Butl.; H. eschatias, Meyr. ; H. trigonophora, Turn.

There are three of Meyrick’s species, concerning which, from
lack of material, I am unable to form an opinion :—Hydrusa
paraula, Meyr.; H..anepsia, Meyr. ; H. macroplaca, Meyr.

In determining the species, the wing markings are of little
value in most instances, as they are both very similar in different
species, and variable in the same species. I have followed
Meyrick in assuming a normal five spots en the forewings in each
instance. A connecting spot between the fourth and fifth is
sometimes present. Its full development, so as to unite these
two into one large spot, is an important character, but its partial
development is valueless, as a small spot in this region is
frequently present, or completely absent, in one and the same
species. Occasionally the first and third spots are partially
confluent as an abnormal variety, but I have never seen them
completely merged except in H. ecliptis and H. lampetis, where
they are combined. The white apices to the antennz of some
species is a valuable character, also the presence or absence of
yellow or orange spots on the thorax. The thorax is, however,
frequently rubbed in imperfect or badly-pinned specimens. The
presence or absence of orange on the posterior abdominal
segments also furnishes good characters, though a slight extent
of variation must here be allowed for.

I have given a complete list of the known Australian species
of this family, and have incorporated the localities given in
Meyrick’s paper. But the section of the Hydrusa with black
anal segments still remains in an unsatisfactory condition ;
H. leucacma, Meyr., is a well-defined species ; for the discrimina-
tion of the other forms new series of specimens are required.

In Plate V., which is reproduced from a photograph, figures 1
to 6 inclusive and 8 are varieties of H. aperta, Walk.; 7.
trigonophora, n. sp.; 9. H. lewcacma, Meyr.; 10. H. orphnea,
n. sp.; ll. H. ecliptis, Meyr.; 12. H. lampetis, n. sp.; 13.
H. phepsalotis, Meyr.; 14. H. pyrrhodera, Meyr.

AGAPHTHORA, Meyrick.

AGAPHTHORA MELANORA, Meyr.

I know of only the type specimens in the Macleay Museum
which are from Cape York, Queensland.

AGAPHTHORA SPHENODES, Meyr.
Cairns, Queensland ; Macleay and Queensland Museums.
SYNTOMIS, Ochsenheimer.

Tongue well developed. Antenne in male simple, without
serrations, with very short even ciliations (+). Palpi short,

porrected, loosely scaled. Spurs very short. Forewings with 2

from about 2, 4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 8 below 10 ;.

9, 10, and 11 out of 8. Hindwings with vein 4 absent, 3 and 5
separate at base, 6 absent.

The neuration resembles Choromeles, Meyr., but the antennz
are non-pectinated.

SYNTOMIS ANGUSTIPENNA, Lucas.

Hydrusa angustipenna, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1889.

Male and female, 23-27 mm. Head and face black, collar
orange. Antenne wholly black. Thorax black. Abdomen
orange, bases of segments broadly black, two apical segments and
anal tuft wholly black. Forewings blackish, spots rather small,
semi-transparent, dull orange ; basal spot absent ; second wedge-
shaped, with apex obtuse, anterior; third trapezoidal or triangu-
lar; fourth elongate, sometimes surmounted by a small dot;
connecting spot absent; fifth roundish, fairly evenly bisected.
Hindwings black with a roundish basal orange spot.

In the females the spots are rather larger than in the males.

Brisbane.

HYDRUSA, Walker.

TABULATION OF SPECIES.

1, Abdomen wholly orange _... ue a ... xanthosoma
Abdomen not wholly orange ; i. oe
2. Forewings wholly black without spots iff sf 3
Forewings with spots present 365 » ra 4
3. Anal tuft black 3 te ve oud aie bicolor
Anal tuft orange... i it} ... eschatias
4, Forewings with spots colourless ; oe os
Forewings with spots more or less orange AX th 6
5. Thorax with orange spots ... ‘ bit ... pyrrhodera
Thorax wholly black > hyalota
6. Connecting spot between fourth and fifth completely
developed (as long as fifth) 7
Connecting spot absent or only partially developed (less
than half fifth) ... 11
7. First and third spots wholly confluent _ a a 8
First and third spots separate 9
8. Spots large, those of hindwings wholly confluent m ecliptis
Spots small, those of hindwings pray only .. ... _lampetis
9. Patagia partly yellowish % ia .- chlorometis
Patagia wholly black ates He ee aa 10
10. Antennz with apex white... ats a ck stelotis
Antenne wholly black Ny sphenophora
11. Abdomen with last two or three segments wholly black 12

Abdomen with last two or three segment not wholly

black... 14
12. Abdomen wholly black beneath, or with only a few
orange scales rT. at cyanura

Abdomen with orange markings beneath a df 13

13. Hindwings with basal spot obsolete ... he .. leucacma
Hindwings with basal spot well developed __... .. antitheta
paraula
anepsia
: macroplaca
14. Antenne with apex white ... te oh pee 15
Antenne wholly black fe - ae S 16
15. Spots small, opaque, deep orange __... ioe ... phepsalotis
Spots moderate, semitransparent _.... * Sy annulata
16. Abdomen hairy a 1 is wa tha 17
Abdomen smooth-scaled a abe m out 18
17. Thorax with yellowish markings wt nad Pee recedens
Thorax wholly black ah ay ak a orphnea
18. Patagia orange ie *: ass nee .. humeralis
Patagia black " 19
19. Distal spot of hindwings triangular, touching | basal spot
on median vein ... . trigonophora
Distal spot of hindwings roundish... ee Fale aperta

HyDRUSA XANTHOSOMA, 7. sp.

Male, 25-28 mm. Antennal pectinations well marked, 14.
Veins 3 and 5 of hindwings closely approximated at base.

Head and face orange. Antenne fuscous, irrorated dorsally
with orange scales. Thorax orange. Abdomen orange without
black markings, tuft orange with a few lateral fuscous hairs.
Legs orange, anterior and middle tarsi fuscous. Forewings
blackish, with confluent orange spots ; first spot, small, roundish ;
second, wedge-shaped; an additional orange streak separated by
blackish vein from second spot, and by a narrow black line from
costa ; third, elongate prolonged upwards and inwards, separated
from second only by median vein ; fourth, elongate, surmounted
by an additional spot; fifth, bisected by a black vein into two
equal elongate segments ; an elongate connecting spot developed
between fourth and fifth ; and another between fifth and third ;
these confluent spots leave two small black areas, first beyond
second spot, sometimes confluent with costal and anal black
areas ; second separating first and third spots. Hindwings
orange, hindmargin broadly but irregularly blackish, a small
black dot below middle of costa.

Varieties.—The extent of orange suffusion relatively to black
ground color varies. The connecting spot between fourth and
fifth, usually well developed, may be completely absent.

A very distinct species, remarkable for the absence of black
rings on abdomen, and the unusually developed confluent orange
markings on wings.

Barrier Range, North-West Australia; some half-dozen
specimens, all males (Coll. Macleay), one of which is now in my
collection.

Hyprusa Ecuiptis, Meyr. Pl. v., fig. 11.

Brisbane. Onespecimen taken by Mr. fideo. This exactly
corresponds with the types inthe Macleay collection, which are
from Cooktown.

HypDRUSA LAMPETIS, n. sp. PI. v., fig. 12.

Female, 35 mm. Head and face reddish-orange, with a broad
black line between antenne. Antenne black to apex. Thorax
wholly black. Abdomen orange, bases of segments black; two
terminal segments wholly black, except anal hairs; beneath
wholly black. Forewings dull-blackish fuscous, with a brilliant
purple lustre in oblique light; spots small, pale-duli-orange,
reddish-tinged, semi-transparent ; first coalescing with third to
form an elongated oblong spot of moderate size; second small,
wedge-shaped ; fourth elongate, connected with fifth by an
equally large additional spot ; fifth bisected unequally, upper seg-
ment elongated, lower sub-triangular. Hindwings dull-blackish-
fuscous with purple lustre ; spots pale-orange, semi-transparent ;
basal spot small, bisecting vein not black; second very small,
triangular, touching first.

It is possible that this may be an extreme variety of 7.
ecliptis. The present species is distinguished by the much smaller
spots and by the distal spot of hindwing not being completely
merged with basal spot.

Bowen, Queensland; one specimen (Coll. Queensland Museum).

HyDRUSA SPHENOPHORA, %. sp.

Maleand female, 31-36 mm. Headand face orange, witha narrow
black line between antenne. Antenne black to apex. Thorax
black, with a conspicuous posterior orange spot. Abdomen
orange, base of segments narrowly fuscous above, more markedly
so beneath, apical segment blackish-fuscous, tuft orange. J ore-
wings black with greenish-iridescence, spots moderate or rather
large, pale-dull-orange, opaque; first subquadrate, broadly
separate from third ; second wedge-shaped, apex anterior, obtuse;
third irregular oblong, prolonged upwards anteriorly, where it is
separated from second only by vein; fourth connected by an
additional spot with fifth, the whole forming a broad wedge with
apex downwards, separated by veins into four segments, decreas-
ing in size from above downwards, upper three elongate, lowest
triangular. Hindwings with spots same colour as forewings,
large and confluent ; leaving an irregular black line along hind-

margin, thickest at. apex, toothed below middle; and a black
spot below middle of costa.

Allied to H, ecliptis and H. stelotis. From the former distin-
guished by separation of first and third spots, from the latter by

black-tipped antenne, large and confluent spots of hindwings,
&c., but more material is necessary to satisfactorily determine the
limits of variation of these species. Barrier Range, North-West
Australia ; two specimens (Coll. Macleay).

HyYDRUSA CHLOROMETIS, Meyr.

I have not seen a type of this species, but from the description
it appears to be very distinct, belonging to the group in which con-
necting spot between fourth and fifth is fully developed, and
characterised by the ochreous-yellow spots on patagia and thorax.

The type specimen was taken by Mr. Meyrick at Glen Innes,
New South Wales, in December.

HypDRUSA STELOTIS, Meyr.

I have only seen the types, which appear very distinct.
Cooktown (Macleay Museum).

HypRUSA PYRRHODERA Meyr. PI. v., fig. 14.

Thursday Island, Cape York, Cooktown, and Cairns, Queens-
land. The Queensland Museum contains a large series from the
last-named locality.

Hyprusa HYALoTA, Meyr.

Cape York, Queensland ; one specimen each in the Macleay
collection and that of the Queensland Museum. Fresh specimens
are required to establish with certainty its distinctness from the
preceding.

Hyprusa Leucacma, Meyr. PI. v., fig. 9.

There are five male specimens of this species in Coll. Lucas. It
closely resembles some forms of the following species in the fore-
wings and thorax ; but may be readily distinguished by the
obsolescence of basal spot of hindwings, and complete blackness
of three apical abdominal segments including anal tuft. There
are five orange markings on dorsal surface of abdomen of male.

Cairns, Queensland.

Hyprusa ApertTA, Walk. PI. v., figs. 1-6 and 8.

Syntomis aperta, Walk., Suppl. 72, Meyr., l.c., 134.; Hydrusa
pyrocoma, Meyr., 127; HH. synedra, Meyr., 128; H. hesperitis,
Meyr., 129; H. mochlotis, Meyr., 132; H. nesothetis, Meyr., 133.

The distinguishing features of this species are the large size, 33-
48 mm. (but dwarfed specimens also occur), the black antenne, the
broadly orange head, the conspicuous yellow posterior thoracic
spot, the seven orange bars on the abdomen of male, six in
female (the last two of these may be reduced in size, or nearly
obsolete), the very elongate fourth spot of forewings, and the
well-developed basal spot of hindwings.

946

Varieties.—The wing-markings are extremely variable. The
sexes are usually easily distinguishable, the males being broader-
winged, with smaller and more widely separate spots; in the
females the spots are usually larger, more closely approximated
(rarely tending to coalesce), and supernumerary spots are often
present.

To enter into details — The fourth spot is sometimes
surmounted by a small extra spot, The connecting spot between
fourth and fifth may be entirely absent, or rudimentary, or well-
developed, about half-length or less of upper segment of fifth spot.
A small spot resting on second spot is rarely present in the male,
frequently in the female. Very rarely first and third spots are
partially confluent (one specimen). In hindwings distal spot
may be small (especially in males), with upper segment small or
absent, or large (especially in females), with upper segment well
developed. In the abdomen the orange on the dorsal surface of
penultimate and ante-penultimate segments may be reduced to
small central dots. Beneath the two ante-apical segments may
have the orange fairly well-marked, reduced to a few scattered
scales or absent. The anal tuft is always orange.

After careful comparison with the types in the Macleay and
Australian Museums, I believe that all Meyrick’s names given
above are synomyms for one variable species. All the forms
occur commonly about Brisbane. At the same time I would
freely acknowledge, that if my material had been restricted to
Mr. Meyrick’s types, I should have regarded them as separate
species as he has done.

With regard to Syntomis aperta, Walk., I have felt consider-
able difficulty. Walker’s description of the wings I cannot
understand, but he says “scutellum” is yellow, which is suggestive
of this species. Meyrick describes the thorax as black, but this,
I believe, after examining them, to have been due to his types
being rubbed. That in Dr. Lucas’ collection has a conspicuous
posterior yellow spot. Mr. Meyrick describes the antenne as
white at apex, but I cannot help regarding this as an error.
Careful inspection of the types named by him aperta in the
Macleay, Australian Museum, and Lucas’ collections shows no
more than a doubtful paleness of the terminal joint in one
instance, due to loss of scales. These types appear to me to be
certainly referable to the common Brisbane species.

If my conclusions be correct, the species has a wide range from
the extreme north of Queensland to South Australia. It is very
common in the neighbourhood of Brisbane. Mr. R. Illidge finds
the larvee in his garden feeding on various weeds and decaying
leaves and fruit they are densely clothed with brown hairs.

HypRUSA TRIGONOPHORA, 7. sp. PI. v., fig. 7.

Male and female, 25-35 mm. It differs from H. aperta, Walk.,
in the smaller size, in the distal spot of hindwings triangular,
instead of roundish, the apex of triangle touching basal spot
on median vein, and in tuft of male being black laterally. At
first, I regarded it as a variety of the preceding; but have now
five specimens taken at Brisbane and Stradbrooke Island, and
have seen many others, all of which show the differences to be
constant.

Hyprusa CYANURA, Meyr.

One specimen (Coll. Lucas); said to be from Thursday Island,
Queensland. There is a second specimen in this collection.

Hyprusa ANTITHETA, Meyr.

I saw a type of this species in the Australian Museum, and it
seemed to me distinct ; distinguished from H. aperta by the two
apical segments being wholly black. Whether a posterior
thoracic spot was present I could not decide. No trace of it is
discernible, but the pin goes through where it might have been.

I have received a specimen from Bundaberg, which resembles
the type of H/. paraula, Meyr., in the Macleay Museum. This
may or may not be distinct from the foregoing. The posterior
spot is very distinct.

I have not seen the types of H. anepsia, Meyr., and Z.
macroplaca, Meyr., and can therefore express no opinion on these
species.

; HyprusA HUMERALIS, Butl.

(Journ. Linn. Soc., 1876, 352).

Male and female 24-30 mm. Antennal pectination in male
rather long (2). Head orange, obscurely fuscous between
antenne. Antenne black to apex. Thorax black with orange
patagia, and a conspicuous posterior orange spot. Abdomen
orange, bases of segments broadly blackish ; apical segment in
male blackish, with a small dorsal orange spot, in female pale
orange. Forewings blackish, spots pale orange, opaque, rather
small; first, roundish or oval; second, wedge-shaped, apex
anterior, obtuse; third, irregular-oblong or sub-triangular ;
fourth, elongate, sometimes surmounted by an additional dot ;
connecting spot absent ; fifth, roundish or oval, evenly bisected
by a black vein. Hindwings black, with spots large and con-
fluent, somewhat constricted at point of union.

Distinguished by long antennal pectinations of male, con-
fluence of spots of hindwings, and especially by the orange

patagia.

Barrier Range, North-West Australia; two specimens
(Coll. Macleay). The British Museum type is stated to be from
North Australia. I have two specimens from Brisbane and
Stradbrooke Island, and have seen others, which differ from the
types in spots of hindwings: being separate; for the present I
include them in the present species.

HYDRUSA ORPHNAA, %. Sp.

Male and female 24-27 mm. Head broadly black on crown,
collar yellow. Face black in male, in female mixed with ochreous.
Antenne black to apex. Thorax black. Abdomen with hairy
yellow scales, bases of segments black. Forewings black without
iridescence, thinly scaled ; spots moderate, pale orange, semitrans-
parent ; first, small, subquadrate ; second, larger, bluntly wedge-
shaped ; third, nearly triangular, anterior angle produced towards
second, and truncate ; fourth, elongate, surmounted by a small
dot, connecting spot absent ; fifth, roundish, bisected by a black
vein. Hindwings, basal spot rather larger, irregularly outlined,
unequally divided by a fine black vein ; distal spot well developed,
upper segment nearly as large as lower.

Readily distinguished by the hairy abdomen and the scantily-
clothed forewings, which give the species a very distinct
appearance. The black face of the male is a very marked
character, but may not be constant. The male is broadey, winged.

Ballandean, Queensland, and Tenterfield, New South Wales,
three specimens in February.

Hyprusa ANNULATA, Fab.

Zygaena annulata, F.E.S., 389; Syntomis annulata, Boisd.
Zyg. 122, pl. vii., 8, pl. viii, 2; Hydrusa cingulata, Butl., Journ.
Linn. Soc. 1876, 352; H. nigriceps, ib. 352; H. intensa, ib. 353,
Meyr. lc. 136.

The earlier synomymy is taken from Meyrick’s paper. I have
read Butler’s descriptions and do not find in them any tangible
points of distinction. His Hydrusa intensa is recognised by
Meyrick, but the point of distinction given by the latter is unten-
able. I have taken every gradation from nearly complete
absence to considerable development of upper section of distal
spot of hindwings on the same day under circumstances which
left no doubt as to specific identity.

Varieties.—A. very constant form in its markings. In Bris-
bane the males are slightly larger and broader-winged than the
females, in specimens from Ballandean and Tenterfield the dis-
parity is much more marked. The anal tuft of the male,
normally wholly orange, is sometimes black at the sides, as in
I. phepsalotis. In forewings the fourth spot is rarely surmounted

a =

by a small extra spot. I have one female specimen in which the
first and third spots, normally widely separate, are confluent.

Brisbane, Stradbrooke Island, and Moreton Bay District
generally ; Ballandean, Maryborough, Rockhampton, and Cook-
town, Queensland ; Tenterfield, Grafton,Sydney, and Wollongong,
New South Wales ; also from Tasmania. Common and generally
distributed.

HypRUSA PHEPSALOTIS, Meyr. Pl. v., fig. 13.

This may be distinguished best from H. annulata by the small,
intensely orange spots on the wings. The anal tuft, orange, with
black sides, is characteristic, but is occasionally found as a variety
in the latter species, as is the obsolescence of upper part of basal
spot of hindwings.

Var. ethiops. In the Macleay Museum are two specimens
from Sydney and Illawarra, in which the spots on the wings are
extremely small. In both the distal spots of the hindwings are
absent. In one the posterior spots of the forewings are absent,
only three minute basal spots being present.

Maryborough and Mount Tambourine, Queensland; Sydney
and Illawarra, New South Wales.

HyYDRUSA RECEDENS, Luc.
(Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1891.)

Male, 17 mm. Head and face ochreous-yellow ; a few fuscous
scales between antenne. Antenne black to apex. Thorax
black, with some ochreous-yellow scales posteriorly, patagia
fuscous or light-ochreous-yellow. Abdomen with hairy yellow
scales, bases of segments black ; seven yellow markings on dorsal
surface ; tuft pale-ochreous, at sides fuscous. Forewings black,
rather thinly scaled, without iridescence ; spots pale-ochreous,
semitransparent; first and second spots quadrangular ; third
triangular ; a well-developed lenticular spot between second and
third ; fourth narrow-elongate, surmounted by a faint ochreous
line; connecting spot indicated by a small dot; fifth spot
roundish, evenly bisected. Hindwings with basal spot well
developed ; distal moderate, remote, upper segment small.

Immediately distinguished by its small size from all other
species. It appears to be variable; the colour of the patagia
differs in the two specimens. The lenticular spot between
second and third spots would be a good character if constant. In
the hairy abdomen it differs from all except H. orphnaa.

Duaringa, Queensland.

Hyprusa ESCHATIAS, Meyr.

I have only seen the type in the Macleay Museum. The
locality is unknown.

100

Hyprvusa BIcoLtor, Walk.
Euchromia (Hydrusa) bicolor, Walk., Bomb. 255, Butl. Tl.
Het. I. 19, pl. ix. Mydrusa bicolor, Meyr., |.c., 139.
Cairns, Queensland, apparently common (Macleay and Queens-
laud Museums). Mr. R. Illidge has taken one specimen at Bris-
bane.

CHOROMELES, Meyrick.

CHOROMELES GEOGRAPHICA, Meyr.

Taken commonly about Brisbane in October and again in
March.

CHOROMELES STREPSIMERIS, Meyr.

I have seen only the type in the Macleay Museum ; it is from
Bowen, Queensland.

EUCHROMIA, Hb.
EUCHROMIA POLYMENA, Lin.

Sphinx polymena, Lin., Syst. Nat. II., 106; Cr. 13, D.; Meyr.,
lic., 142. North Australia; one specimen in the Macleay
Museum.

EvucHRoMIA IRus, C7.

Sphinx irus, Cr., 3684; Slaucopis irius, Boisd., Voy. Astr., V.,
192; S. ganymede, Dbld. Soct. Dise., 519, Pl. III., 3; Huchromia
trus, Meyr., l.c., 143. Cape York and Cookstown, Queensland.

Vol. XXII. Plate V.

101

A LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED ON MT. LYND-=
HURST RUN, S. AUSTRALIA.

By Max Kocu.

[Read, September, 6, 1898.]

This list embodies the result of my gatherings, which I under-
took for the Central Agricultural Bureau, at the request of the

General Secretary, Mr. A. Molineux. The classification is in

accordance with the “ Handbook of the Flora of Extratropical
South Australia.” The area worked is of comparatively small
extent, not exceeding 200 square miles.

The exact locality is situated about 12 miles due north from
the old Yeralina Head-station, embracing a portion of the Mt.
Freeling Hills in the east, the Yeralina and Twins (now called
Pindalpena) Creeks in a southerly and westerly direction, and
terminating at the lower portion of the George Creek in the
north. Though slightly to the north of District 8., I have decided
at Prof. Tate’s suggestion and in accordance with the general
complexion of my collection, to move the geographic boundary,
by enclosing the Mt. Freeling Hills and the surrounding elevated
country in District 8. The collection would not have been by
far so representative, if it was not for the enthusiastic co-
operation of my neighbours, Messrs. J. Langley, of the Trinity
Well, and W. Langley, of Mt. Fitton mine, and I wish hereby to
acknowledge their valuable help in the cause of science.

The greater number of the plants had been named by Mr. J.
H. Maiden, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, through
the agency of the Central Agricultural Bureau, Adelaide, while
the remainder have been named, and a large number of
of the whole revised, as indicated by prefixed asterisk, by Professor
R. Tate, of the University of Adelaide.

Being intimately associated with the rearing of stock, I have
made it my business to investigate which plants are most suit-
able and valuable for pasture, and notes of the economic value of
each plant, as far as known to me by personal observation, are
herewith given.

I have also ascertained a few aboriginal names for various
plants, as well as the uses they are put to by the natives, and I
trust these additions to my list will be of some interest.

Ranunculacee.
Ranunculus parviflorus, Linne. Good fodder.
*Myosurus minimus, Linne.

102

Papaveracee2.

*Papaver aculeatum, Zhuwmb. Rare.

Capparidee.

*Cleome viscosa, Linne. Fodder.

Crucifere.

All useful fodder plants.

*Erysimum brevipes, /. v. WV.

*Erysimum Blennodia, /. v. WM.

*Sisymbrium trisectum, /. v. MZ. I note three forms here. My
No. 221, with white flowers and linear-filiform leaves, is
probably the typical form. No. 325 resembles very much
the ahove, but has pale-yellow flowers, and being generally
found in the presence of 8. nasturtiordes, it may be a hybrid.
No. 328. The foliage of this form is denser, the leaves are
broader, somewhat thick and succulent, and the racemes
more robust. The flowers of this form are always at the
top end of the stalk, which gradually grows longer as the
flowering proceeds; while in Nos. 221 and 325 the flowering
begins at the bottom end of the raceme, which only shows
buds at the top-end.

*Sisymbrium nasturtioides, /. v. M. ‘ Mustard-bush.”

*Sisymbrium procumbens, Zate. Rare.

*Stenopetalum lineare, R. Brown. Aboriginal name, Warcoontoo.
An article of food for the natives.

*Alyssum minimum, Pallas.

*Menkea australis, Lehm.

Menkea australis, Lehm. My No. 326 is a variety differing
from the typical form by the paucity of foliage. It is quite
prostrate, racemes are filiform, flowers white, more minute
than with J. australis, and the fruits somewhat narrower
at the apex, and slightly wrinkled.

Capsella cochlearina, &. v. M.

Capsella ochrantha, F. v. M.

*Lepidium phlebopetalum, / v. WM. “‘ Cress.”

*Lepidium papillosum, /. v. M. “Cress.” Aboriginal name,
Nalaka. 'The seeds are eaten by the natives.

*Lepidium ruderale, Linne. Three forms are noticed here. My
No. 272 is a stout herb, with radical, deeply-lobed glabrous
leaves, flowers in short corymbose racemes, pods half-line
long. No. 324. Leaves glabrous and lobed, flowers in long
racemes, pods half-line long. No. 388. Stems and leaves
slightly hairy, lower leaves lobed, upper ones entire, pods
14 line long.

ba Ts

103

Frankeniacee.

*Frankenia levis, Zinne. Useless for fodder. Two forms I
have noticed, one with ovate leaves, the other with linear
leaves.

Pittosporee.

Pittosporum phillyreoides, De Can. ‘‘Apricot-tree.” An orna-
mental tree; the foliage is eaten by cattle. Aboriginal
name, Madroo. The seeds are eaten by the natives.

*Bursaria spinosa, Cav. ‘ Boxbush.” Collected by Mr. Langley
near Mt. Livingstone.

Rutacee.

*Eriostemon difformis, Cunn., var. teretifolius. Collected by
Mr. Langley near Mt. Livingstone.

Zygophylleez.
*Tribulus hystrix, &. Br. Fodder. Aboriginal name, Koola.
Though some species of Zygophyllum are said to be injurious
to stock, I have no evidence to that effect, but I noted stock feed
freely of them.
*Zygophyllum apiculatum, /.v. M@. Fodder. Collected by J.
Langley, Trinity Well.
*Zygophyllum fruticulosum, De Can. Useful fodder. Aboriginal
name, Medeewurta ; an article of food for the natives.
Zygophyllum ammophilum, /. v. J.
Zygophyllum Billardieri, De. Can.
*Zygophyllum prismatothecum, /. v. M.
*Zygophyllum Howittii, /. v. M@. Collector, J. Langley.
*Zygophyllum iodocarpum, /. v. WM. Suspected of being injurious.
*Zygophyllum glaucescens, /. v. Mf. Usefulfodder. Aborignal
name, Vilday. An article of food for natives.

Geraniacee.

Erodium cygnorum, Nees. Valuable fodder. Aboriginal names,
Yarpee, Windoo, Wuntooka. The herb is largely eaten by
the natives.

Oxalis corniculata, Zinne. Soursobs. Fodder; eaten by the
aborigines.

Sapindaceze.

Heterodendron oleaefolium, Désf. The foliage of this tree is
greatly relished both by cattle and sheep. Aboriginal
name, Mindra, the seed of which forms an article of food
for the natives.

*Dodonza viscosa, Linne. ‘‘ Hopbush.”
Dodonza viscosa, variety, angustifolia.
*Dodonea lobulata, /. v. M. “Hopbush.’
All three collected by W. Langley at the Daly and
Stanley mine.

104

Dodoneza microzyga, 7. v. M. “ Red Hopbush.”
All the above Dodoneas are cropped by sheep.

Phytolacceez.
*Codonocarpus pyramidalis, & v. M@. “ Poplar tree.”

Malvacee.

All more or less useful for fodder.
Sida corrugata, Lindl.
Sida virgata, Hooker. Aboriginal names, Watteeworroo and
Burdaddee.
Abutilon Mitchelli, Bentham. Ornamental. Aboriginal name,
Yarreedee.
* Abutilon oxycarpum, Ff. v. I
Abutilon Fraseri, Hooker.
*Lavatera plebeia, Sims. A valuable fodder plant, also orna-
mental. Aboriginal names, Wirpa, Koornma, and Wurnma.
The roots (apara) of young plants are eaten by the natives.
Malvastrum spicatum, A. Gray. Useful fodder.
*Hibiscus brachysiphonius, 7. v. MW. Rare.
*Gossypium Sturtii, /. v. M@. A very ornamental shrub.

Tiliacez.
*Corchorus longipes, Tate, n. sp. Fodder.

Euphorbiacee,
*Kuphorbia erythrantha, /. v. Mf. Fodder.
Euphorbia Drummondii, Boiss. Fodder.
Euphorbia eremophila, Cunn. Fodder.
These herbs are looked upon with suspicion as poisonous,
but reliable proofs are wanting.
*Phyllanthus rhytidospermus? 7. v. M. Rare.
Phyllanthus lacunarius, /.v.
*Phyllanthus trachyspermus, J Hooker. Collector, W. Langley
The same as the Mount Parry plant, which was wrongly
attributed to P. Gunni. [R.T.
*Beyeria opaca, 7’. v. M. Collected by W. Langley.

Portulacee.
All these herbs are eaten by stock.

Portulaca oleracea, Linne. Good fodder; Aboriginal name,
Monyeroo. 'The leaves and seeds are an article of food for
the aborigines.

Claytonia Balonnensis, 7 v. M.? Aboriginal name, Parakilya.

*Claytonia pumila, /. v. M. The only previous record for South
Australia is ‘near Macdonnell Range, C. Giles.”

*Claytonia volubilis, /. v. M. Though described to have 8 to 10
stamens, [ often found 18 or 20.

105

Caryophyllee.

*Spergularia rubra, Cam’. It occurs in two forms, one is
prostrate, the other erect ; fodder.

Polygonacez.

Muehlenbeckia Cunninghamii, /. v. WZ. Fodder. “ Lignum” ;
Aboriginal name, Burdinga.

Chenopodiacee.

Comprising the most important and widely distributed
fodder-plants of the district.

Atriplex stipitatum, Bentham.

Atriplex nummularium, Lindl. ‘Old - man Saltbush” ;
aboriginal name, Vilpena.

Atriplex vesicarium, Hew. Bladder saltbush. This is the most
valuable saltbush of all. A variety has been noted by me
in the Mt. Freeling Hills, which resembles the typic forin in
habit and foliage, but the fruits show only the inner
herbaceous valves, while the bladder-like appendages are
either wanting or very minute. Aboriginal names,
Billacurroo, Dandayree.

Atriplex velutinellum, # v. MW. Collector, J. Langley.

Atriplex fissivalve, F. v. IW.

*Atriplex angulatum, Bentham. I notice a variety differing in
habit, form of foliage, and fruits. The latter consist of two
thin three-angled valves with either one or two small hornlike
dorsal appendages, which, however, are not unusual.

Atriplex leptocarpum, F. v. IW.

*Atriplex limbatum, Benth. ‘Spreading Saltbush.”

Atriplex halimoides, Zind/. About four varieties have been
noticed by me, the chief difference is in the shape of fruits.
Aboriginal name, Maltoo, which seems to be also employed
for several other annual saltbushes.

*Atriplex holocarpum, #. v. /. Annual or Pop-saltbush, so
called on account of the popping noise the fruits produce
when trod upon. Aboriginal name, Maltoo.

Several varieties of this species has been noticed by me.

(a). Stems robust fruits large, nearly globular and spongy,
This is the typic form.

(6). Foliage much crowded and very watery ; fruits ovoid,
somewhat acuminate. Stems herbaceous. This is the
spongiosa-form of F. v. Mueller.

(c). Stems rather rigid, woody and brittle ; fruits obovate,
intermediate in shape, but with a hard and shining epiderm.

Atriplex Kochianum, Maiden. Stems erect, angular, woody,
and brittle. Leaves very angular, whereby it can be easily

106

distinguished from A vesicarvwm, to which it is allied.
Fruits have two large, thick, nearly basal ovate-lanceolate
appendages.

Rhagodia spinescens, &. Br. Useful fodder. Spinescent only
when very old, or in adverse seasons. Aboriginal name,
Yillaroo.

Rhagodia nutans, &. Br. Good fodder.

*Chenopodium nitrariaceum, /. v. M.

Chenopodium auricomum, Lindl. Good fodder.

Chenopodium cristatum, /. v. M. Fodder.

Enchylena tomentosa, &. Brown. Fodder. Aboriginal name,
Burlahmee. These fruits are an article of food for the
natives. '

*Threlkeldia proceriflora, Ff. v. J.

Kochia lobiflora, # v. MW. Rare.

Kochia brevifolia, R. Brown. ‘* Bluebush.”’

Kochia pyramidata, Benth. ‘‘ Bluebush.” Aboriginal names,
Ooneroo and Koonambirra.

Kochia eriantha, /. v. YW. Rare.

*Kochia spongiocarpa, /. v. WM. “ Bluebush.”

Kochia villosa, Lindl. ‘‘Cotton-bush.” Four forms have been
noticed here ; the difference is principally in the more or less
dense woolliness of stems and foliage, size of fruits, and
habit of growth of the plants.

Kochia sedifolia, F. v. M. ‘ Bluebush.”

Kochia aphylla, &. Br. ‘ Cottonbush.” Valuable fodder, often
spinescent. Aboriginal names, Bulka and Poondoo-poondoo.

Kochia ciliata, # v. AZ. Aboriginal name, Moodlee.

Kochia brachyptera, /. v. A.

*Bassia Dallachyana, Benth. Fodder, but injurious to sheep
when in fruit, as these are densely enveloped in cottony
wool, and if partaken of in quantities they will form
indigestible felty balls in the entrails of sheep, which often
die in consequence of them.

Bassia tricornis, Bentham.

Bassia biflora, /. v. I.

Bassia paradoxa, /. v. WM.

Bassia lanicuspis, /. v. M.

Bassia diacantha, /’. v. MM.

*Bassia uniflora, /. v. W.

Bassia bicornis, /. v. I.

Bassia eriochiton, 7'ate.

*Bassia quinquecuspis, /”. v. WM. Aboriginal name, Yate.

*Bassia divaricata, /. v. M. Aboriginal name, Yalkirray

3assia bicuspis, /. v. I.

*Bassia Tatei, 7. v. MU.

107

All the Bassias, especially in the earlier stages of growth,
provide palatable and succulent fodder for stock; and,
although the spiny nature of the fruits of some of them is
objectionable in wool, the pastoralist of the Far North should
not condemn these plants on that account, because these
spiny fruits are the very safeguards against eradication of
a most useful class of fodder-plants.

Babbagia dipterocarpa, #. v. IM.
*Babbagia acroptera, / v. MW. and Tate.
*Babbagia pentaptera, /. v. MW. and Tate.
*Salicornia arbuscula, &. Brown. Aboriginal name, Zarapoolia.
Salsola Kali, Zinne. ‘ Roley-Poley.” Aboriginal name, Yilka.
Very useful fodder.

Amarantacee.

Euxolus Mitchelli, /. v. W Fodder.
Euxolus interruptus, Miguel. Rare. The first record for South
Australia.
Ptilotus obovatus, /. v. WM. Good fodder.
Ptilotus exaltatus, Vees. Ornamental. Collector, Mr. Langley.
*Ptilotus nobilis, /. v. MZ. Ornamental. Good fodder. Aboriginal
name, Anemaheewurta.
*Alternanthera triandra, Lam. Good fodder.

Nyctaginee.
*Boerhaavia repanda, Willd. Collected by W. Langley at Mt.
Fitton.
Boerhaavia diffusa, Linne. Good fodder. Two forms are
noted here, which the aborigines also seem to distinguish.
No. 65, Stemsand leaves hairy; aboriginal name, Zawo.
No. 66, Stems and leaves glabrous; aboriginal name,
Padioo. The natives eat the roots of these herbs, which they
call Murra.
Urticacez.

Parietaria debilis, 4. Forster. Good fodder.

Casuarinee.

Casuarina glauca, Sieb. ‘“ Blackoak.” The foliage is a valuable
fodder. Aboriginal name, Alkoo.

Leguminose.
*Daviesia genistifolia, Cumn. Collected near Yudnamuttena by
Mr. W. Langley.
Templetonia retusa, &. Brown. Collected by Mr. H. L.
Hughes, of Umberatena.
Templetonia egena, Benth. ‘ Broombush.” Aboriginal names,
Atara and Linyee.

108

*Goodia medicaginea, Salisb. Collected by Mr. W. Langley
near Mt. Livingstone.

(*Crotalaria Cunninghamii, #. Br. Not eaten by stock.
‘Hacks’ Bean, Parrot-plant,” ornamental. Introduced by
me into the district. |

* /Aschynomene indica, Linne. Rare.

*Indigofera australis, Wold.

*Indigofera brevidens, Bentham. Both collected by Mr. W.
Langley at Mt. Livingstone.

Clianthus Dampieri, Cunn. Good fodder; perhaps the most
ornamental plant in the North. Aboriginal names,
Ngarabana and Minyee-minyeelparry.

*Swainsonia phacoides, Benth.

*Swainsonia campylantha, /. v.

*Swainsonia stipularis, # v. IZ.

*Swainsonia oroboides, # v. M. These Swainsonias, or Vetches,
yield fattening fodder, and as far as can be ascertained are
not injurious to stock.

*Psoralea patens, Lindl. Fodder.

Trigonella suavissima, Lind/. Good fodder. ‘‘ Scented clover.”
Aboriginal names, Walpurla, Kanba, Kadumma, and
Columba. The latter name is from Innamincka blacks.

Lotus australis, Andrews, var. Behrianus. <A variety with
white flowers has been noticed here. ‘‘ Poison-weed.” Mr.
H. L. Hughes, an experienced man with stock, informs me
that this weed is very dangerous to sheep, especially when
in fruit. It affects sheep most when they partake of it in
quantities on an empty stomach, or when they are kept in a
yard after feeding freely of the herb. The symptoms are a
drooping of the ears of the sheep, which soon become drowsy
and stupid ; their stomachs are getting distended, and at
last they lie down and die. Sheep, when grazing in a
paddock, rarely die from the herb, because they feed on
other herbage as well. In the event of a flock being driven
over a patch where the herb grows thickly, the best plan is.
to take them from it, and to let them go. Do not yard them
under any circumstances, and should symptoms of poisoning
appear after yarding, turn the sheep out on feed as quickly
as possible. Bleeding will often save a sheep.

*Glycine tabacina, Benth. Fodder.

Rhynchosia minima, De Can. Fodder.

*Cassia pruinosa, /.v. UM.

*Cassia desolata, /.v. MZ.

Cassia Sturtii, R. Brown.

Cassia artemisioides, Gaudichaud.

*Cassia eremophila, Cunn.

eres

109

*Cassia phyllodinea, R. Brown.

All these Cassias are ornamental, the foliage and the pods
are eaten by sheep. Aboriginal names, Aundey and
Wammalleroo. The seed used to form an article of food for
the natives. —

*Petalostylis labicheoides, A. 4r. Ornamental. Aboriginal
name, Warreedee.

{*Bauhinia Carronii, /. v. M. Beantree; very ornamental and
shady, introduced by me from Strezelecki Creek into the
district. Aboriginal name, Moodloo. |

Acacia tetragonophylla, /. v. WZ. ‘“‘Deadfinish.” Aboriginal name,
Bararrecka.

*Acacia papyrocarpa, Bentham. <A tree up to 20 feet high.
Aboriginal name, Myal/. Collected by Mr. J. Langley at
Trinity Well.

Acacia Sentis, f.v. M@. “ Prickly Acacia.” Aboriginal name
Kalyoo.

*Acacia retinodes, Schlecht. ‘ Wattle.” Aboriginal name,
Weerilda.

Acacia sp. No. 9. Aboriginal names, Aroo, Kakooroo, Wurra.
Blacks use the ashes of the leaves in the preparation of
Pitchorree (a narcotic).

*Acacia salicina, Lindl. ‘‘ Native Willow,” and variety varians.
Aboriginal name, La/koora.

* Acacia iteaphylla, # v. M. (?) Material incomplete.

*Acacia Osswaldi, # v. M. “ Bastard Myall.” Aboriginal name,
Whyacka.

Acacia aneura, /. v. M@M. Local and aboriginal name, Mulga.

The Acacias provide useful fodder for stock, especially in
adverse seasons. The foliage of A. anewra being particu-
larly relished, while A. sentis is greatly patronised by the
camel The timber of A. anewra is much esteemed and used
for posts in preference to all others, and the bark of A.
salicina is often used by bushmen for tanning skins, with
good results.

The seeds of some species are used by the aboriginals as
an article of food, and the very hard timber of A.
tetragonophylla is utilised for clubs (waddies) when the
knobby roots of the Mallee are not procurable.

Thymelee.

Pimelea simplex, /.v.M@. A seemingly useless weed, which no
animal will eat. Aboriginal name, Vamala.
Pimelea microcephala, 2. Brown. Foliage much in request for
fodder by sheep. Aboriginal name, Willparee, name of
berries, Narreemahee.

110

The aboriginals make use of this shrub and its fruits for
medicinal purposes. They boil, for instance, the bark of the
roots and drink the liquid for the throat and chest com-
plaints, and they twist the extremely tough and fibrous bark
of the roots into strings or thin cords, and tie them around
their stomach or around their aching head, or other parts of
the body, in order to remove the pain. Seeds when chewed
are very injurious.

Proteacee.
*Grevillea lavandulacea, Schlecht, var. Collector, Mr. W. Langley.
*Hakea Ednieana, Zate. ‘Cork-tree.” Collector, Mr. J.
Langley, Trinity Well. Aboriginal name, Yantana.

Hakea leucoptera, &. br. ‘‘ Needle-bush.” Aboriginal name,
Kooloova. The aboriginals when hard-pressed for a drink
extract water from the running roots, called Nappa-koparee.
They first burn down the bush, thus driving all the moisture
into the roots, which they dig out. One end of the root is
exposed to the heat of a fire, and the water trickles out from

the other end into a receptacle, often consisting of a wallaby
skin turned inside out.

Crassulacee.
*Tillea verticillaris, De Can.

Ficoidez.

Tetragonia expansa, Murray. ‘‘ Native Spinach.” A valuable
fodder plant ; also used as a pot-herb by Europeans as well
as blacks, who name the herb, Paldroo.

Aizoon quadrifidum, 7. v. MW. Fodder.

* Aizoon zygophylloides, /. v. 1. Fodder.
Also, a variety with pink sepals has been noted by me.

Trianthema crystallina, Vah/. Aboriginal name, Maparee.

*Zaleya decandra, Burm. Fodder.

Mollugo hirta, Zhunberg. Fodder.

*Mollugo Cerviana, Seringe.

Lythrariez.
*Lythrum hyssopifolia, Linne. Collector, Mr. W. Langley.

Myrtacez.
*Callistemon teretifolius, # v. M. Collector, Mr. W. Langley.

Melaleuca glomerata, /. v. WM. ‘ White tea-tree.” Aboriginal
names, Wooda, Kooda. .

Melaleuca, species. ‘“ Black tea-tree.” Aboriginal names, Woota,
Koota.

Eucalyptus oleosa, /. v. M. Aboriginal name, Jfallee.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlecht. ‘ Gumtree.” Aboriginal name,
Kalpooroo ; the seed, Power, an article of food for the blacks,

111

Rhamnaceze.,

*Cryptandra phlebophylla, Ff. v. M. Near Mt. Livingstone, Mr.
W. Langley. The only previous record is “ Elder's Range,
near Lake Torrens.”

Santalacez.

Santalum lanceolatum, &. Br. “ Cattle-bush,” ‘ Currant-tree.”
Aboriginal name, Mandaworra. Ornamental. Good fodder.
Blacks eat the fruits. A friend of mine asserts, that on a
hot summer’s day he was driving a flock of sheep in company
with a black boy, and met with a tree loaded with ripe fruit.
Both ate a Jarge quantity of it and fell asleep. Awaking,
they drove the sheep further on, and met with another tree ;
ate some more fruit with the same result. My friend is of
opinion that the berries contain narcotic properties.

Santalum acuminatum, De Can. “ Peach-tree.” Aboriginal
name, Nakala. Both Europeans and blacks use the fruits
as an article of food. Cattle will greedily eat the foliage,
breaking the rather brittle branches off with their horns.

Haloragee.
*Loudonia aurea, Lindley. Near Yoodnamuttena Mine.
*Haloragis aspera, Lindl. Fodder.

Umbellifere.
*Didiscus glaucifolius, 7. v. M. Fodder.
‘Daucus brachiatus, Sieb. Fodder. ‘‘ Native-carrot.”
*Hydrocotyle trachycarpa, /. v. WZ.

Cucurbitacee.
Melothria maderaspatana, Congn. Aboriginal name, Willa-
lillalee. Blacks eat the fruits.

Loranthacez.
*Loranthus linophyllus, Fenzl. Aboriginal name, Partapee.
*Loranthus pendulus, Sizb. Aboriginal name, Weedla.
Loranthus Quandang, Lindi. Aboriginal name, Yappee
mulgatee. These mistletoes are gradually destroying all
shrubby vegetation. They are, however, eaten by stock,
and the berries are in demand by the natives for food.

Composite.

*Wedelia platyglossa, F. v. M.
*Flaveria Australasica, Hooker. Fodder.
*Aster pimeleoides, Cunn. Collected by W. Langley.
*Dimorphocoma minutula, Fv. M. and Tate.
*Podocoma cuneifolia, 2. Br. Collected by J. Langley.
*Vittadinia australis, Rich. Fodder. Also a variety with

narrow and entire leaves, J. H. Maiden.

112

Minuria leptophylla, De Can. Ornamental.

*Minuria integerrima, Benth.

*Minuria suaedifolia, # v. UM.

Calotis hispidula, Fv. M. Objectionable.

Calotis cymbacantha, 7. v. M. Fodder.

Calotis scabiosifolia, Sonder and Ff. v. M. Ornamental.

Calotis plumulifera, /. v. 1. Fodder.

*Brachycome calocarpa, /.v. I.

*Brachycome pachyptera, Z’'urcz. Good fodder.

*Brachycome ciliaris, Less. Good fodder. Two forms have been
noticed here. No. 261, stems woolly, leaves linear lobed
and dense, rays blue. No. 346, stems and leaves glabrous;
leaves few, broader, with short lobes ; rays blue.

*Senecio Gregorii, #. v. M. Good fodder.

*Senecio lautus, Solander. Good fodder.

*Senecio magnificus, /. v. M. Not eaten by stock, butornamental.

*Senecio anethifolius, Cunn. Collected by Mr. W. Langley,
Yoodnamuttena.

Senecio brachyglossus, /. v. M. Fodder.

*Centipeda thespidioides, # v. WM. Useless.

*Stuartina Muelleri, Sonder.

*Elachanthus pusillus, 7. v. MW.

*Rutidosis helichrysoides, De Can. Fodder.

*Pterigeron liatroides, Bentham.

*Pterigeron dentatifolius, F. v. M.

*Ixiolena leptolepis, Benth. Not much use.

*Txiolena tomentosa, Sonder and /. v. MM.

Cassinia levis, &. Br. A shrub, collected by Mr. H. L. Hughes
Umberatena.

*Podolepis canescens, Cunn. Ornamental. Collected by W.

Langley, Mt. Distance.
Podolepis Lessoni, Bentham.
Gnaphalium luteo-album, Zinne. Useless.

*Gnaphalium indutum, Hooker.

*Gnaphalium Japonicum, Thunberg.

*Leptorrhynchos pulchellus, # v. MW.

*Helipterum moschatum, Bentham.

Helipterum polygalifolium, De Can. Ornamental.
Helipterum strictum, Benth. Good fodder.
Helipterum floribundum, De Can. Ornamental.

*Helipterum pygmeum. Benth.

*Helipterum microglossum, Z'ate. Ornamental.

*Helipterum Troedelii, /. v. M. Slightly odoriferous.

*Helichrysum podolepideum, # v. MM.

*Helichrysum semipapposum, De C.

*Helichrysum ambiguum, 7Z’wrez. Collected by J. Langley.

113

*Polycalymma Sturtii, 7. v. 2. Ornamental.
*Hyalolepis rhizocephala, De C.
Angianthus pusillus, Bentham.

*Gnephosis skirrophora, Bentham.

*Gnephosis eriocarpa, Bentham.

*Gnephosis cyathopappa, Bentham.

*Gnaphalodes uliginosum, 4. Gray.

*Craspedia chrysantha, Bentham.

*Craspedia pleiocephala, /. v. I.

*Pterocaulon sphacelatus, Benth. and Hooker. Local name,
*“ Horehound.” Aboriginal name, Yunga-yunga. The
decoction of the leaves of this perennial plant is used by
bushmen for colds. Others flavour their tea by putting a
leaf or two in it.

Campanulacez.

Isotoma petraea, # v. M. Fodder.
*W ahlenbergia gracilis, DeCan. ‘ Native Bluebell.” Ornamental.

Goodeniacee.

Sceevola spinescens, &. Br. Fodder. Aboriginal name, Poorntoo.

Blacks eat the berries.

*Goodenia pinnatifida, Schlecht. Variety with linear-lanceolate
leaf-segments.

*Goodenia ovata, Smith.

*Goodenia calcarata, /’. v. I.

*Goodenia glauca, /. v. I.

*Goodenia heteromera, /. v. WZ.

Convolvulacee2.

*Ipomea heterophylla, &. Sr. Aboriginal name, Woonooroo.
Natives eat the roots.
*Convolvulus erubescens, Sims. Fodder. Aboriginal name,
Noonyay.
*Evolvulus linifolius, Zinne. Collected by W. Langley, Mt.
Livingstone.
Boraginee.

All but of slight fodder-value.
Heliotropium curassavicum, Linne.
Heliotropium Europeum, Linne.
*Heliotropium tenuifolium, A. Brown.
*Pollichia Zeylanica, /. v. M. Ornamental.
Echinospermum concavum, F. v. MM.
Eritrichium australasicum, De Can.
*Cynoglossum Drummondii, Benth. Collected by W. Langley,
Mt. Fitton.

114

Asclepiadez.

Sarcostemma australe, AR. Br. ‘ Milk-bush.” Almost extinct.
Aboriginal names, Meeninya and Parde-bardettee. Bushmen
use the milk to heal sores. I have often seen sheep to feed
off this bush.

Marsdenia Leichhardtiana, #7 v. MW Fodder. ‘ Native Pear.”
Aboriginal name, Howla (fruit). Name of plant, Toopara.
The natives eat the roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of this

plant.
Gentianee.
*Hrythrea spicata, Pers. Fodder.
Plantaginee.
Plantago varia, &. Br. “ Rib-grass.” Good fodder.
Solanaceze.

*Solanum esuriale, Zindl. Aboriginal name, Puddadee. Berries
when ripe are eaten by blacks.

*Solanum chenopodium, /. v. MM.

*Solanum ellipticum, £&. Br. Aboriginal name, Yoomeroo.
Berries are edible.

Lycium australe, /. v. Mf. Fodder. Aboriginal names, Beeree,
Wadneree. The aboriginals eat the fruits.

Datura Leichhardtii, # v. 1 As this plant is closely allied to
Datura stramonium, it would be interesting to know whether
it possesses the same medicinal properties as the former.
Sheep will readily eat it.

Nicotiana suaveolens, Lehm. “ Native tobocco.” This plant is
injurious to stock.

Labiatez.

*Mentha australis, &. Br. ‘ Mint,” strongly odoriferous
Teucrium racemosum, &. Br. Fodder.
*Prostanthera striatiflora, /. v. J. An ornamental shrub, ‘ Lilac-
bush.” Aboriginal name Yulpoo.

Serophularinee.

*Stemodia Morgania, 7. v. W Collected by Mr. W. Langley near
Ooloo Tank.
*Limosella Curdieana, /. v. YW.

Acanthaceez.
Justicia procumbens, Linne. Rare.

Myoporinez.
*Myoporum montanum, &. Br. “Myrtle-tree.” Aboriginal
name Ad/oo. Fruits are eaten by blacks.
Myoporum refractum, Maiden. Useless for fodder.

115

Eremophila scoparia, Fv. M. ‘ Balsambush.”

Eremophila longifolia, Fv. M. Aboriginal name, Kooyamurra.
The natives use the branches of this tree for the sacred
purpose of covering their dead.

*Eremophila Freelingii, # v. M@. ‘‘ Honeysucklebush.” A white
flowering form has been observed. Aboriginal name, Kaltya
or halya.

Eremophila oppositifolia, . Br. Aboriginal name, Weeooka.

Eremophila Brownii, /. v.

Eremophila Duttonii, /. v. M. Aboriginal name, Kaltya, halya.

Eremophila maculata, fv. M. ‘“ Emubush.” Aboriginal name,
Nanyoo. .

Eremophila latifolia, Fv. M. Rare.

*Hremophila alternifolia, &. Br. ‘‘ Honeysucklebush.” Aboriginal
names, Ka/tya, halya.

The Myoporinez are more ornamental than useful, still
sheep will feed on them sparingly in bad seasons, and thus
prolong their existence, and I have often seen them lick up
the shed corolle with avidity.

Conifere.

Callitris verrucosa, FR. Br. “Pinetree.” Collected near Mt.
Livingstone by Mr. W. Langley.

Amaryllidee.

Crinum pedunculatum, &. br. Ornamental.
*Calostemma luteum, Sims. Ornamental. Aboriginal name,
Waddywurra.
Liliacez.

Wurmbea dioica, Mv. M. “ Lily.”

Dianella revoluta, 2. Br.

Bulbine bulbosa (?) Hav. Aboriginal name, Boontooka.
*Thysanotus tuberosus, #. Br. Blacks eats the tubers.
*Xanthcrrhoea quadrangulata, Fv. M. “Grass-tree.” So far

as the material permits of identification.

Fluviales.
*Triglochin calcitrapa, Hooker.

Cyperacee.
Cyperus rotundus, inne. Ornamental. This species has a
cormlike root.
*Cyperus vaginatus, 2. Brown.
Cyperus subulatus, A. Br. (?).
N.B.—There is a cyperus species growing here which,
however, is not satisfactorily identified. It has a small

116

bulbous root, from which long filiform roots spring, at the
ends of which new bulbs are formed. These small bulbs
have a nut-like taste, and are. eagerly dug after by the
natives, who call them Kudnamurra, Ala, Yower, Tharaka,
the name Yower being mostly used by Mt. Lyndhurst
blacks.
Cyperus laevigatus, Linne, var. Collected by Mr. J. Langley,

Trinity Well.

*Cyperus alterniflorus, &. Brown.

*Heleocharis acuta, &. Brown. Collected by Mr. J. Langley, St.
George Creek.

*Scirpus litoralis, Schrader. Also collected by Mr. J. Langley
at Fishponds. Walparinna Springs, near Mount Freeling.

Graminee.

Only a very few of this order are not fit for fodder, and
those species which are most widely distributed through the
district are generally considered the most useful. The
aboriginals call grass and other small herbage Kanta.

Panicum coenicolum, F— v. WM. Rare. Aboriginal names,
Talghee, Allee. The seed called Power-tundra is an article
of food for the blacks of the district.

*Panicum divaricatissimum, A&. Br. Rare.

*Panicum gracile, &. Br. ‘ Food-grass.” Aboriginal name,
Talghee. Blacks eat the seeds of this species. A quickly-
growing grass after a flood.

*Panicum leucopheum, H. Bb. K.

Panicum reversum, &. v. M. Not sufficiently plentiful to be of
value for fodder.

*Setaria viridis, Palisot. Rare.

*Erianthus fulvus, Kunth. ‘Sugar-grass.” Aboriginal name,
Aldroo, A valuable grass.
Andropogon sericeus, &. kr. ‘ Rattail-grass.” Very valuable.

Andropogon punctatus, Rowb. Good fodder.
Andropogon exaltatus, R. Br. ‘Scent-grass.” Of no fodder

value.

* Anthistiria ciliata, Linne. ‘‘ Kangaroo-grass.” Ornamental,
but rare.

*Anthistiria membranacea, Lindl. ‘“ Barcoo-grass.” Useful
fodder.

Eriochloa polystachya, Humb. and Kunth. Much esteemed.

Tragus racemosus, //aller. ‘‘ Bur-grass.” Fodder.

Pappophorum commune, /. v. M., and var. avenaceum.
“ Summer-grass.” Useful.

*Alopecurus geniculatus, Linne.
*Stipa scabra, Lindl. ‘ Spear-grass.” Fodder.

117

Chloris acicularis, Lindl. ‘‘Spider-grass.” Good fodder.
*Chloris divaricata, R. Br. Fodder. New for South Australia.
*Chloris truncata, R. Brown. Found by Mr. Langley near

Mount Livingstone.

Aristida arenaria, R. Br. ‘“ Mulga-grass.” Fodder.

*Aristida depressa, Retz. Rare. [A. ramosa of my “ Hand-
book” belongs here.—R. Tare. |

*Aristida calycina, &. Br. “ Spear-grass.”

*Sporobolus actinocladus, F. v. M@. Useful fodder. I have often
noticed this grass to be infested by a fungus.

{Cynodon Dactylon, Rich. ‘ Couch-grass.” This grass was intro-
duced by me into the district. |

Triraphis mollis, 2. Br. Rare.

Astrebla pectinata, Fv. MW. “ Mitchell-grass.” A perennial.
One of the most valuable yrasses of the North. Aboriginal
name (Queensland), Taldra anta.

*Astrebla triticoides, Fv. WM. “Annual Mitchell-grass.” Very
much esteemed for fodder.
*Bromus arenarius, Labtillard.

Diplachne loliiformis, /. v. 1 Too minute to be of value.

Eleusine cruciata, Zam. ‘Summer-grass.” ‘‘ Hight-day-grass.”
A very quick-growing, though not Jasting, grass. Aboriginal
name, Wallamurroo.

Triodia irritans, A. Br. “Porcupine-grass.” Of no value,
except the young shoots after a burning of the old grass.
The long fruit-spikes are eaten by stock.

*Triodia pungens, R. Brown. Found by Mrs. J. Stamford in the
sandhills near Farina.
*Schedonorus litoralis, Padisot.

Eragrostis pilosa, Palisot. Useful fodder.

Eragrostis Brownii, Vees. Good fodder.

Eragrostis cheetophylla, Steud. (?)

*Eragrostis falcata, Cand. Good fodder.
Poa ramigera, 7. v. M. ‘Cane-grass.” Rare. Aboriginal
name, Dickeree.
Rhizosperme2.

Marsilea quadrifolia, Zinne. Fodder. Aboriginal name, Vardoo.
The natives eat the spore-cases by pounding them up into
flour.

Filices.

‘Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz. ‘ Rock-fern.”
‘Cheilanthes vellea, /. v. WZ. ‘Hairy Rock-fern.”

118
INTRODUCED PLANTS, noticed at Mt. Lyndhurst.

*Sisymbrium officinale.
Erodium cicutarium.
Chenopodium murale.

*Papaver hybridum.
Centaurea melitensis.
Sonchus oleraceus.
Xanthium spinosum.

*Cryptostemma calendulacea.
Malva rotundifolia.
Nicotiana glauca.

*Silene gallica.

*Lithospermum arvense.

*Hordeum murinum.

*Phalaris canariensis.

*Picris hieracioides.

*Capsella bursa-pastoris.

*Medicago denticulata.

es ee I L

~ Pp baat ere err eae

119

ON SOME NEw or LITTLE-KNOWN SOUTH
. AUSTRALIAN PLANTS.

By Proressor Raupeu Tare.
[Read October 4, 1898. ]

CoRCHORUS LONGIPES, 7. sp., 1898.

A prostrate diffuse undershrub, with several wiry branches,.
radiating to one foot or more in diameter, sparsely short
glandular hirsute. Leaves glabrous or slightly stellate-hirsute,
oblong-lanceolate, bluntly pointed, somewhat attenuate at the
base, coarsely serrate-crenate, about 10 mm. long, on stalks about
one-third the length of the leaf. Stipules broadly and obliquely
triangular, toothed, or simple.

Peduncles about 10 mm. long, bearing one or two pedicellate
flowers in the axils of two small obliquely triangular bracteoles
connate on one side, and forming a slight incomplete cup ;
pedicels about half the length of the peduncles, both with minute
glandular hairs.

Sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 3.5 mm. long, almost
glabrous. e

Petals bluish-white, narrow-spathulate, attenuate into a long
claw, midrib distinct, 4 mm. long.

Stamens five, free, longer than the ovarium, 2.5 mm. long.

Ovarium thickly beset with short stellate-hairs, 2 mm. long,
terminated by a much abbreviated style.

Capsule on straight not recurved pedicels, oval oblong,
obtusely rounded at both ends, 6 mm. long, exteriorly minutely
stellate-hairy and contracted between the seeds; valves five,
membranous. Seeds somewhat horse-shoe shaped, smooth, 12 to
16 in each cell, without transverse partitions between them.

Mount Lyndhurst Run in the neighbourhood of Farina, South
Australia.—Wax Koch.

This species differs from its Australian congeners, which are
subshrubby in habit, in many particulars; of these may be
noted the long peduncles, the erect capsule, the inconspicuous
vestiture of glandular hairs, the fewness of stamens, the shape
of the numerous seeds. In general appearance it resembles
C. vermicularis.

ACACIA PAPYROCARPA, Bentham.

It is with some hesitation that I refer the rigens-like Acacia
from Mount Lyndhurst to the rare A. papyrocarpa, on account

120

of the incomplete diagnosis of that species, as published in FI.
Aust., ii, p. 338. But so far it agrees with it, and differs from
A. rigens in those particulars pointed out by Bentham. The
material before me permits of a full definition of the species,
which here follows incorporating the new facts with Bentham’s
diagnosis :—

“A small tree of about 25 feet, the branches nearly terete,
glabrous or minutely hoary-pubescent. Phyllodia linear-subulate,
rigid, thick, but slightly flattened (1), 2 to 3 in. long, tapering
into a recurved (or straight) but not pungent point, narrowed at
the base, striate with numerous fine parallel nerves only visible
under a lens, slightly hoary-tomentose, especially along the
centre, without any midrib.”

Peduncles axillary, solitary, about half-an-inch long, bearing
each a globular head, 4°5 mm. diameter, of about 20 pale-yellow
4-merous flowers.

Calyx of four sepals slightly united at the base, half as long
as the corolla; each sepal narrow-oblong, slightly dilated atop,
ciliate (not ‘hair-tufted as in A. rigens) on the margin of the
spatulous tip, thin and transparent except the yellow summit.

Corolla of four, slightly unequal, free, incurved petals. Hach
petal somewhat oval in outline, slightly apiculate at the summit,
and distinctly attenuated into a claw, with a distinct midrib;
smooth, thin and transparentgbut yellow in the upper half.

Ovarium wholly concealed beneath long silky-white threads.

“Pod flat, falcate or flexuous, 3 to 4 inches long, 4 to 5 lines
broad (only here and there slightly contracted between the
seeds), valves almost membranous (with raised reticulated nerves).
Seeds longitudinal (acutely ovoid, flat, brown and shining, 7 x 4
vix mm.); funicle with (two) very short folds (beneath the stroph-
iole), gradually and not much thickened from the base.”

Affinities and Differences.—Bentham compared his species
with A. rigens, with which it has much resemblance, and pointed
out that the finer and more numerous veins on the phyllodes, and
the form of the pod were specific differences. The further
anatomical details which I have reported above, while they indi-
cate on the one hand other characters in common, yet they
augment the difference between the two species; notably the
tetramerous flowers (as noted without exception in the numerous
flowers analysed) and the hairy ovarium. The hairy ovarium

and 4-merous flowers agree with A. sessiliceps, but the sepals,

phyllodes, seeds, and funiculus are different.

Localities. —The ty pe- epecitnen was collected by R. Brown on
the “South Coast.”

In seeking to give more topographic definition of this phrase
we have in the first place a choice of the localities in South Aus-

Rei ahnieed<

%
.

rae

121°

tralia, botanically explored by Robert Brown. These are
Memory Cove, Port Lincoln, Kangaroo Island, Petrel Bay,
Fowler Bay, St. Peter’s Isles, Spencer Gulf, and Head of Spencer
Gulf. And in the second place we have to consider the known
distribution of the species. Of the twenty records “S. coast,” a
large number may be interpreted Port Lincoln, but in other cases,
as Craspedia globosa, such an attachment is incompatible with
known habitats.

As regards A. papyrocarpa, such an inquiry is of interest, as
the original locality has long remained unique. To be in geo-
graphic harmony with subsequent records “8S. coast ” in this case
may be regarded as signifying either the costal tracts about
Fowler Bay or at the Head of Spencer’s Gulf.

Baron F. v. Mueller attributes this species also to West Aus-
tralia in his “‘Census Aust. Plants,” 1882; but he had not
published any other fact supplemental to Bentham’s account of
it, and it has no place in his Monograph of the Australian
Acacias.

The only authentic record is Mount Lyndhurst Run, cited in
Mr. Koch’s list (see ante).

HELIPTERUM MICROGLOssSUM, Tate.

Ref.—Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust., VIL, p. 104, 1883.

Syn.—H. corymbiflorum, var.? microglossa, F. v. M., in FI.
Aust., III., p. 647. H. microglosswm, Maiden and Betche, Proc.
Lin. Soc., N.S.W., XXIT., p. 151, 1897.

Localities.—In South Australia, slopes of Mount Parry and
Termination Hill, and extending thence into Lake Torrens Plain
(#.7.); Mount Lyndhurst Run, M. Koch / this last locality is in
the same botanic region; Port Augusta, Mrs. Richards! ; and
Gawler Range, Dr. Cleland/. Warrina, Mrs. Richards; Mount
Eba, #. Giles; and Yorke Peninsula, O. Tepper, from data in
Melbourne Herbarium on the authority of its present Curator ;
but the last locality is an error, as I have ascertained by exami-
nation of Mr. Tepper’s original set. In New South Wales,
Goyinga Mountains, 7. Aust., and other localities recorded by
Maiden and Betche, op. cit.

122

DIMORPHISM IN Two SouTH AUSTRALIAN
CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS.

By Proressor Ratpu Tare.

[Read October 4, 1898. ]

Bentham, in Fl. Austral., I., p. 80, thinks it possible that
Geococcus pusillus (a monotypic genus) ‘may be a dimorphic
state of a species of another genus . . . a radical-leaved
Blennodia, for example.”

Geococcus pusillus is recorded by F. von Mueller in ‘“ Census
Australian Plants,” 1882, for W.A., S.A., V., and N.S.W.; and
Queensland is added in the second supplement to that census
published in 1885. For South Australia the species has occurred
at the following localities on the authority of Baron F. v.
Mueller :—River Murray (in litteris to the writer), Fowler Bay
(Mrs. Richards, in Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust., vol. III., p. 172,
1880), and Ardrossan, Yorke Peninsula (J. G. O. Tepper, T.R.S.,
S. Aust., vol. IIL, p. 175, 1880).

From these three widely separated localities I have seen plants
of so-called G. pusillus from Ardrossan only. The duplicate set
submitted to me by the collector permits me to state that the
late Baron confounded two very distinct species under the one
name, one being a state of Stenopetalum spherocarpum, and the
other a plant agreeing fairly well with Bentham’s description of
Geococcus pusillus. The first of these offers some points of
interest, which I will at once describe, whilst the nature of the
other will be considered in its relationship to other similar plants
observed elsewhere.

STENOPETALUM SPH ROCARPUM.

Under Geococcus pusillus, F. von Mueller included in the
Ardrossan List of Plants, op. cit., a dwarf state of this species,
differing in one particular only from the normal condition in
having cleistogamous flowers (though not observed by that
botanist). The flowers are more or less closed by the adpression
of the relatively large sepals, so that all the interior organs are
concealed. Each petal has a filiform claw, spathulately expanded
upwards, and terminated by a rather long filamental extension.
The latter in the dried specimens is spirally coiled in a horizontal
direction, and is included within the calyx. The capsules are
prolific in seeds, and though the pedicels are recurved, yet they
are not abnormally lengthened, so as to bring the fruit to the
ground,

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6

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ai il
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123

BLENNODIA CARDAMINOIDES, Bentham.

The second of the Ardrossan plants represents the “ Geococcus-
state” of this species. But before submitting evidences of
such an attachment, I desire to discuss the advisability of the
Retention of the genus Blennodia, R. Brown, 1849.

The majority of Australian botanists influenced by their
compeer has accepted his dictum that Blennodia is made up of
species of the genera Sisymbriwm and Hrysimum. A. critical
examination of the 10 species of the South Australian flora,
collectively included under these two generic names, satisfies me
that the venation of the capsule is not that proper to Sisymbrium ;
as in all the species, there is only a midrib, without a lateral vein
on each side. The midrib varies, however, in its prominence—
being conspicuous in B. filifolia, slender in JB. trisecta, incon-
spicuous in S. lasiocarpa, or obsolete in 5. canescens, though in
the related species B. cwrvipes there is a distinct keel on the
capsular valve. There is no justification for the employment of
Sisymbrium for some of our crucifers, and I take, therefore, this
opportunity to refer my S. procumbens to Llennodia as B.
procumbens, Tate, 1898. The seeds not distinctly in a single
row separate Slennodia from rysimum as also from
Sisymbrium.

GEOCOCCUS PUSILLUS, a dimorphic plant and of what one or more
species ?

I have already referred to Bentham’s perspicuity in regard to
G. pusillus, which subsequent investigations have proved him to
be correct. Following on, in the order of time, I find that
Mueller in ‘“ Key to Victorian Plants,” p. 131 (1888), under
Sisymbrium cardaminoides, describes the ‘ Geococcus-state” of
the species in the following words :—‘‘ Or in a stemless state of
this plant (fruits) very short, rather thick and turgid, singly
forming on their stalks, and during maturation burying them-
selves in the ground; the flowers of this state very minute.”
This implies that all the Victorian. plants previously quoted as
G. pusillus belong to Blennodia cardamunoides. In the following
year the same author in the fourth supplement to his “ Census
of Australian Plants,” indicates at p. 5 that ‘ Geococeus pusillus
= Sisymbrium cardaminoides,” which implies that G. pusillus,
Drummond, is a dimorphism of the quoted species. This may
be true in the majority of cases, but in view of the fact that
Blennodia, in the sense used by Bentham, is represented in W.
Australia by the three following species only— 2. trisectum,
B. Richardsii, and B. brevipes, it is inconsistent to regard
Drummond’s plant as belonging to b. cardaminoides, the normal
condition of which is not known to inhabit the same country as

124

Drummond’s type. At the same time I must admit that the
specific description of Drummond’s plant well agrees with the
South Australian examples of the ‘‘ Geococcus-state” of JB,
cardiminordes.

Examples of so-called Geococcus pusillus have been studied by
me from the following South Australian localities :—-Ardrossan,
J. G. O. Tepper ; Mount Remarkable, C. F. Johncock ; Craddock,
Central Agricult. Bureau. They all agree in general characters
with Bentham’s diagnosis—in radical pinnatifid leaves, stemless,
the fruits born singly on radical axillary reflected peduncles,
burying the capsules in the ground. The flowers I have not
seen. The capsule is cylindrical, at its longest about 7 mm., not
exceeding 9 mm., and from four to five times as long as wide,
the pedicels about 10 mm. long, broad and flat ; but the fruits
are often deformed, some reduced to an ovoid outline of 3 by
25 mm., or even slightly less, this deformity may arise from the
resistance to penetration offered by hard ground. Each fruit-
valve flatly convex from a median keel, reticulately streaked on
the sides and sparsely stellately-hairy, apex obtusely pointed.

Though the foliage is that of Blennodia cardaminoides, yet the
other structures are not in agreement therewith. Thus the
stigma is sessile, the pod is not curved (though this character is
not constant in L. cardaminordes), and is not attenuated at the
base, whilst its conspicuous midrib and the reticulate veining on
the side are additional distinctions. These marked differences
must be related to the habit of dimorphism ; inasmuch as I
possess a plant of B. cardaminoides from Cooper Creek, which
has four single-flowered short stalks (about 7 mm. long), some
erect others horizontal, among the radical leaves ; otherwise it is
normal, the single flowers are not yet advanced enough to show
no more than a slight passage towards a fully developed
“‘ geococcus-state.” However, a little has been gained in the
direction of correlating the two very dissimilar states of Blen-
nodia cardaminoides, which have in common virtuaHy only leaf-
form.

———

List OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE CALVERT
EXPLORING EXPEDITION IN WESTERN
AUSTRALIA.

By AtrreD J. Nortu, C.M.Z.8., Ornithologist to the Australian
Museum, Sydney. With Field Notes by G. A. Keartuanp,
Naturalist to the Expedition.

[Read October 4, 1898. ]

I have received from the South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
for examination, an interesting collection of North-West Aus-
tralian bird skins, prepared by Mr. G. A. Keartland. The collec-
tion was formed chiefly during the time Mr. Keartland had
charge of the camp at the junction of the Fitzroy River and
Margaret River, about forty-five miles from Derby, and while
the leader, Mr. L. Wells, was absent in search of the missing
members of his staff—Mr. C. F. Wells and Mr. G. Jones. Owing
to the intense heat, and scarcity of water and feed for the camels,
over 300 bird skins obtained prior to the main party leaving
Separation Well, together with guns, tools, and clothing, had to
be abandoned in the desert.

Unfortunately for science, the attempts of late years to wrest
Nature’s secrets from the arid inland regions of North-West
Australia have been more or less attended with disaster. In
1886 Mr. E. J. Cairn, who was collecting natural history speci-
mens on behalf of the Trustees of the Australian Museum about
100 miles inland from Derby, narrowly escaped losing his life.
In the broad daylight his party was suddenly attacked by the
natives, who were concealed behind some rucks, and the head of
a spear passed through the fleshy part of one of Mr. Cairn’s arms.
Although suffering no further injury from the natives, misfortune
still pursued him, for after weary months of toil, portion of his
collection, consisting of many bird-skins, nests, and eggs, was lost
in transit to the Museum, and was never recovered.

Early in the same year the late Mr. T. H. Bowyer-Bower left
Sydney for Derby with a taxidermist, who had accompanied him
from London. This gentleman and his assistant succeeded in
forming a splendid collection, although part of it was destroyed
during their absence one day from the camp through the grass
catching fire, and burning one of their tents and everything in it.
After spending nearly twelve months in the district, shortly
before Mr. Bowyer-Bower left Derby, he contracted a malignant

126

fever, which, to the deep regret of all who knew him, terminated
fatally a few days after his arrival at Port Darwin. These
calamities are now overshadowed by the sad fate of the lost
explorers of the Calvert Expedition, who perished from thirst in
the desert. The indomitable perseverance, however, of the leader,
Mr. L. Wells, in his heroic attempts to rescue his late com-
panions, forms a bright page in the recently-added chapter to the
history of Australian exploration.

Dr. E. P. Ramsay, in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales,* has enumerated the species contained in
Mr. Cairn’s and the late Mr. T. H. Bowyer-Bower’s collections.
The former, which consisted only of the recovered portion of the
collection, contained examples of 66 species, and numbered among
them were specimens of Malurus coronatus and Emblema picta,
recorded, probably, for the first time since the types were described
by Mr. Gould.

Although the extent of the late Mr. Bowyer-Bower’s collection
had been materially reduced by a disastrous fire, it was the
largest ever obtained in North-West Australia, numbering 152
species. It was formed within a radius of 25 miles of Derby,
and included in it a number of migratory and littoral species not
represented in the present collection.

The abandonment near Johanna Springs of the first collection
made by the Calvert Expedition is a most serious loss, especially
to my indefatigable friend, Mr. Keartland, who joined the party
purely for the love of the ornithological results it would yield.
It is, however, a matter for congratulation that he was able to
save his field notes.

The collection brought back by Mr. Keartland was formed
between December 22, 1896, and May 1 of the following year,
and numbers, exclusive of the nests and eggs, 167 specimens,
referable tu 59 species.

I had the pleasure of examining Mr. Cairn’s and the late Mr.
Bowyer Bowez’s collections, and note that many beautiful forms
contained therein are absent’ from the present collection. One
misses the lovely little M/alurus coronatus, Ey hthianura crocea,
and Poéphila mirabilis, and also the duller-plumaged, but rarer,
Astur cruentus.

On the other hand, several remarkable species, not included in
either of the above collections, are now recorded for the first time
from North-West Australia, notably the chastely- coloured
Spathopterus alexandra, obtained near Johanna Springs, and
Pulotis keartlandi, procured near Derby. The latter species was
one of the novelties discovered by Mr, Keartland during the

*Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., yor I., Second Series, p. 1,085
(1886) ; id., op. cit., vol. II., Second Series, p. 165 (1887).

127

journey of the Horn Scientific Expedition in Central Australia.
It could hardly be expected that the district in which the present
collection was made would yield any but well-known forms,
especially as the late Mr. Bowyer-Bower and his assistant had
systematically worked the adjacent neighbourhood for nearly 12
months. Nevertheless, the collection, although comparatively
small, is of great interest, as it has increased our knowledge of
the range of several species, and contains the hitherto unknown
eggs of Lophophaps ferruginea.

In the accompanying paper, as in the Report of the Horn
Expedition, Mr. Keartland’s notes on his observation of the
different species in the field are placed between square brackets.

No. 1. Circus AssiMILis (Spotted Swamp Harrier),

Circus assimilis, Jard. & Selby, Il. Orn., vol. I., pl. 51 (1826) ;
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., voi. I. p. 63 (1874); Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol, II., 2nd series, p. 165 (1886) ;
North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 1 (1889).

Circus jardinii, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. I., pl. 27 (1848) ;
Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. IT., App., p. 12 (1848).

An adult female. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Wing, 17 inches.

(This beautiful Harrier was frequently met with in the course
of our trip. Near Lake Way several were observed flying slowly
near the ground, seeking their prey in the form of lizards, &c.
Whilst collecting in the vicinity of the camel depot on August
18, 1896, Mr. Chas. F. Wells pointed out a nest containing two
eggs, from which he had just disturbed the bird. The nest was
about 30 feet from the ground on an horizontal branch of a gum-
tree. On September 25 Mr. L. A. Wells took two eggs slightly
incubated from a nest situated in the forked branch of a gum-
tree about 20 feet from the ground. They were somewhat rough-
shelled, white, with slight brown stains as though soiled with
cofiee. On several occasions these birds were seen near the junction
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. When in quest of food they
seem very restless. I never saw one perch ona tree, but disturbed
many engaged in devouring their prey in the long grass which
abounds on the tributaries of the Fitzroy River. |

No. 2. Fatco MELANOGENYS (Black-cheeked Falcon).
Falco melanogenys, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), p. 139; id.,
Bds. Austr., fol., vol. I., pl. 8 (1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr.
Austr., vol. II., App. p. 14 (1849); Sharpe, Cat. Bds., Brit.
Mus., vol. I., p. 385 (1874) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W.,
vol. II., 2nd series, p. 166 (1887); North, Nests and Eggs,
Austr. Bds., p. 16, pl. ITI., fig. 4 (1889).

128

~ One young female. Camp about five miles from the junction
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

[These falcons are numerous all through Kimberley, especially
near water. They are known locally as the “Snake Hawk,”
‘but the specimen shot had been feeding on grasshoppers. As it
is well known that these birds are generally found in rocky
country, it is probable that the homes of those noted will be
found in the Oscar, Leopold, and Barrier Ranges.

No. 3. Strix DELICATULA (Delicate Owl).

Strix delicatulus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1836), p. 140; zd.,
Bds. Austr., fol., vol. I. pl. 31 (1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr.
Austr., vol. II., App. p. 17 (1849).

Strix delicatula (subsp.), Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
IT., page 297 (1875); North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 24
(1889),

Strix delicatula, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. IL,
2nd series, p. 166 (1887).

An immature male, obtained at the camp, about five miles
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

[These beautiful birds were met with in the Mulga scrubs east of
Lake Way, where they presented a most grotesque appearance as
they gazed at the passing caravan. At the camel depdt several
more were noted, and specimens obtained. These birds were all
perched amongst the foliage of the trees. Whilst shooting at
one of the creeks passed, Mr. C. F. Wells disturbed a pair from
the hollow spout of a eucalypt, and on another occasion, at the
Fitzroy River, I had sent a native to examine a hollow branch,
when another pair flew out, striking him in the face with their
wings as they escaped. |

No. 4. Ninox oceLuata (Fawn-bellied Owl).

Chevéche ocellée, Hombr. and Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pl.
3, fig. 2 (1843).

Athene ocellata (Homb. et Jacq.) Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Péle
Sud, tom. ITT., p. 51 (1853).

Ninox ocellata (subsp. ), Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. IT.,
p. 170 (1875).

One immature male. Camp about five miles from the

junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This specimen has

the entire face snow-white, rendering the brown ear-coverts very
conspicuous, the head and hind neck more strongly washed with
ochraceous fawn, and the under parts slightly paler than adult
examples from Port Essington. Total 11 inches, wing 8.6, outer
tail-feathers 5, tarsus 1.45.

129

[I had only one opportunity of securing this species. Whilst
collecting near the Fitzroy River, my blackboy noticed a pair
perched just overhead. They gazed at us whilst he climbed to
secure a Honey-eater’s nest, and on his descending the tree, I
shot one, the other escaping before I could reload. I was much
struck with the manner in which these birds seemed to compress
their feathers so as to make themselves appear remarkably small. |

No. 5. NInox occiDENTALIS (Western Winking Owl).

_Ninox connivens-occidentalis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.,..
vol. I., 2nd. series, p. 1,086 (1886) ; 2d., op. cit. vol. IT., 2nd. series, .
p. 166 (1887). |

A young male and a young female. Camp about five miles
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This
north-western form of V. connivens may be distinguished by the
pale rufous-brown stripe down the centre of each feather of the
under surface. The young resemble the adults in plumage.

| Although nocturnal in their habits, I found these birds were
capable of keeping a sharp lookout in the brightest sunshine. On
disturbing a pair near the Fitzroy River I shot the female. Her
mate flew off, pursued by several Friar birds, Grallinas, Red-
throated Honey-eaters, Kingfishers, and Wood Swallows, but,
although his attention was somewhat absorbed in repelling their
attacks, I had great difficulty in securing him after a chase of
nearly a mile. These Owls are also numerous along the course
of the Nerrima and Jilgelly Creeks, where they frequent the dense
bushes near the waterholes, and feed on the small animals, birds,
and reptiles which come to drink in the evening. |

No. 6. Cacarua GaLerita (Sulphur-crested Cockatoo).

Psittacus galeritus, Lath., Ind. Orn., vol. L., p. 109 (1790).

Cacatua galerita, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 1 (1848);
Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App. p. 35 (1849); North,
Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 250 (1889) ; Salvad., Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. XX., p. 16 (1891).

One freshly-moulted adult female, some of the quills and tail-
feathers being not full grown. This specimen is smaller than
examples from other parts of Australia. Total length, 17 inches ;
wing, 11°8; tail, 7. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

{During February a few of these birds visited the Fitzroy
River, but they are regarded as rare in that locality. I shot one,
which proved to be a female, evidently on the lookout for a nest,
as the ovaries were well developed. This bird was much smaller
in size than any of the species I have seen. |

130

No. 7. CaLyproRHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS (Great-billed Black
Cockatoo).
Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc.s
1842, p. 138 ; id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 8 (1848) ; Salvad.,.
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XX., p. 110 (1891).

Total Length. Wing. Tail.
Female, imm. sk. 22 in. 16:5 11:8
Female, imm. sk. 22 in. 16:2 Lig

Two immature females. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. In addition to
the difference in size, the females of this species may be dis-
tinguished from those of C. banksi and C. stellatus by the greater
extent of yellow in the cross-bars on the tail.

[These birds were first observed at Mullawa, and were sub-
sequently seen on several occasions as they passed overhead, but
at the Fitzroy River they were very numerous. During December
they caime in large flocks to a small lagoon near our camp, just’
before sunset and in the early morning. They spent some time
on the ground after satisfying their thirst, during which they
appeared to be feeding on the bulbs of a species of water-lily.
Young birds were taken by the natives from the spouts of the
eucalyptus on the Margaret River early in November. |

No. 8. SPATHOPTERUS ALEXANDR& (Princess of Wales’
Parrakeet).

Polytelis alexandra, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p, 232.

Polytelis alecandre, Gould, Suppl. Bds. Austr., pl. 62 (1869);
Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XX., p. 479 (1891); North,
Rec. Austr. Mus.,,vol. IT., p. 19, pl. 2., fig. 5 (1892); Selater,
List Vert. Anim. Zool. Gard., 9th ed., p. 358 (1896).

Spothopterus alecandre, North, Ibis, p. 339 (1895); Spencer,
Horn Exped. Centr. Austr., part 1 Warr. pp. 100, 147 (1896) ;.
North and Keartl., op. cit., pt. 2, Zool., p. 69, pl. 5 (1896).

A female, obtained two miles 8.W. of Johanna Springs. Speci-
mens were also procured N.W. of Mount Bates, before the party
separated, but were left in the desert when the collections were
abandoned. It is interesting to extend the range of this beauti-
ful Parrakeet to West Australia.

[On the flying trip made by Messrs. L. A. Wells and G. L.
Jones during August they found numbers of these birds about
one hundred miles North-East of Mount Bates, and on several '
subsequent occasions, but when we traversed the same track
about five weeks later I only saw them twice, and succeeded in
shooting one pair. Again in April a pair were seen within two
miles of Johanna Springs, and several days later a flock of about
20 was noted in the same neighbourhood. They appear to be

—

ee.

131

confined to the most dreary desert country, and must either
travel long distances to water or require very little of it. In the
stomachs of those opened the seed of the 7'riodia pred »minated.
When noted they were disturbed whilst feeding amongst the
* Spinifex,” and usually perched on the nearest tree irrespective
of species. Mr. Wells has since reported seeing several within a
few miles of the Fitzroy River. ]

No. 9, PrisTes ERYTHROPTERUS (Red-winged Lory).

Psittacus erythropterus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., vol. [, p. 344
(1781).

Aprosmictus erythropterus, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl.
18 (1848).

Ptistes erythropterus, North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p.
255. pl. 14, fig. 5 (1889); Salvad., Cat. Bds., Brit. Mus., vol.
XX., p. 481 (1891).

Three adult males, one adult female, one young male. Camp
about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret
Rivers. Similar in colour and size to examples from Eastern
Australia, except in having the tailfeathers slightly more
yellowish-green. Two eggs, taken from a hollow trunk of a tree
near the Fitzroy River, March 17, 1897, are rounded ovals in
form, white, and slightly nest-stained, the measurents of both
being alike, 1:18 x 0°97 inch. Gould records in his “ Birds of
Australia ” that he met with this species on the Liverpool Plains,
but neither Dr. Ramsay in his “Tabular List of Australian
Birds,” nor Count Salvadori in Catalogue XX. of British
Museum include New South Wales in the habitat of the Red-
winged Lory. These birds are by no means uncommon in the
Northern and North-Western parts of the colony. I met with
them on Namoi River in November, 1896, and [ have known of
their eggs being taken from nesting places in trees on the Bogan,
Macquarie, and Warrego Rivers.

[This beautiful Lory was only found in the vicinity of the
Fitzroy River, where it appears to be fairly plentiful. Seldom
more than two or three birds are seen at a time, excepting at the
Ficus-trees which happen to be in fruit, and then as many as
half-a-dozen are to be found devouring the small berries, of which
they are very fond. Probably in the latter case it is only a
family group. On March 18, Mr. Arch. Blyth pointed out a tree
into which he had noticed one of these birds enter. As we
approached the tree a bullock-whip was cracked several times,
but the bird sat close until the limb was struck, when she emerged
from a hollow branch about 40 feet high. A native was sent up,
but holes had to be cut along the horizontal limb and down the
trunk until the nest was located, about six feet from the ground.

132

The four partly -incubated eggs it contained were simply
deposited on the decayed wood at the bottom of the hollow. |

No. 10. PritoscLERA VERSICOLOR (Red-crowned Lorikeet).

Trichoglossus versicolor, Vigors, in Lear’s Ill. Parr., pl. 36
(1832); Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 51 (1848); Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. I., Second Series, p. 1,095 (1886).

Ptilosclera versicolor, Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XX.,
p. 66 (1891).

Three adult males, two adult females, one young male. Camp
about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret
Rivers. The females are smaller, and duller in colour, than the
males. Immature males resemble the adult female.

[During November and the early part of December immense
flocks of these beautiful Lorikeets were seen passing over our
camp in the early morning, but, before January 1, they all disap-
peared and were not again seen. In habits and voice they closely
resemble the Musk Lorikeet (7. concinnus), and are not easily
scared from the trees on which they happen to be feeding. On
one occasion I fired five shots before they took flight. They used
to visit one or two Hucalyptus-trees near our camp soon after
sunrise, and by their loud cries quickly attracted attention.
There they were found actively climbing and clinging to the
foliage, extracting the honey from the blossom in such a manner
as to convey the idea that they were anxious to be off again to
some distant part. The female is scarcely so bright in plumage
as the male. I was informed that they breed in the hollow limbs
of the trees on the margin of the Margaret River. |

No. 11. CAcoMANTIS FLABELLIFORMIS (Fan-tailed Cuckoo).

Cuculus flabelliformis, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. xxx.,
(1801) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. II, 2ud. series,
p. 170 (1887).

Cuculus cineraceus, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol,. vol. IV., pl. 86,
(1848).

peed) flabelliformis, North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds.
p- 244, pl. 13, fig. 7 (1889); Shelley, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,
vol. XIX., p. 266 (1891).

A nestling. Wing 2°65 inches. Camp about five miles from
the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

No. 12. Scyrmrops Nov#-HOLLANDI@ (Channel-billed Cuckoo).

Scythrops nove-hollandie, Lath., Ind. Orn., p. 141 (1790);
Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV. pl. 90 (1848); Ramsay, Proz.
Linn. Soe. N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd. series, p. 1,094 (1886); North,
Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 248 (1889); Shelley, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. XTX., p. 330 (1891).

133

An adult female. Mount Campbell near Fitzroy River, seven
miles west of camp. This species has a very wide range. It is
found in the Moluccas, Celebes, New Guinea and adjacent islands,
Northern and North-Western Australia, Eastern Queensland, and
New South Wales, and occurs asa rare straggler in Tasmania.

{ At the approach of the tropical rain in January the Scythrops
made its appearance in the early morning, always coming from the
west and going east. Their loud notes, which they utter when
flying, were always noticed by the Crows at our camp, which at
once assembled and attacked the intruder. Then a battle royal
ensued. Two or more Crows attacked simultaneously, and the
sharp snap of their bills might be heard for some distance. When
the Channel-bill was chased for about a mile the Crows returned
to their quarters. On Mount Campbell a pair of Scythrops fre-
-quently resorted to a fig-tree to feed. I shot the female on 3rd
March, and found the stomach full of figs. The ovaries were
well developed, and contained three yolks, varying in size, one
being as large as a small cherry, the other two slightly less.
Near the Margaret River the natives took two young ones from
a Crow’s nest near tre homestead, which the Scythrops had
frequently visited. They are locally know as “ Stormbirds.”

No. 13. CenrRopuUS PHASIANUS (Pheasant-Coucal).

Cuculus phasianus, Lath., Ind. Orn., vol. II., Suppl., p. xxx.,

(1801).
( ot phasianus, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 92
41848); North, Nest and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 249 (1889) ; cd.,
Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. II., p. 17 (1892) ; Shelley, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. XIX., p. 340 (1891).

Centropus melanurus, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol.
I., 2nd series, p. 1,094 (1886).

Three adult males, two adult females. Camp about five miles
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Jtivers. Similar
to examples from Eastern Australia. The wings of the males
vary in length from 9°8 to 10°25 inches ; those of the females
from 10°6 to 11-4.

[Amongst the long grass near the Fitzroy River these birds
were found either singly or in pairs, but after rain six or seven
might be seen assembled on a patch of burnt ground. All
those shot during January ard February had a few brown
feathers scattered through the black on the head, neck, and
breast, a fact which suggests either that all those shot were
changing from the immature to the adult stage, or that they are
‘subject to variations of plumages at different times of the year.
The females were invariably larger than the males, but in other
respects the sexes were alike. Occasionally they were found

134

amongst the branches of the gum-trees along the creeks. At early
morning and about sunset theirdual notes revealed their presence..
The natives of three different tribes call this bird the “ Book
Book.” |

No. 14. Hautcyon sanorus (Sacred Kingtisher).

Halcyon sanctus, Vig. and Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. XV.,.
p. 206 (1826); Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. II., pl. 21 (1848) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,036.
(1886); North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 37 (1889) ;.
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XVIT., pp. 267, 500 (1892).

One adult male, two immature males. Camp about five miles
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar
to examples from Eastern Australia. Wing of adult male 3°6
inches.

A set of three eggs, taken from a hollow limb about 50 feet
from the ground in January, 1897, are nearly round, pure white,
and lustreless. They are slightly smaller than examples taken
in New South Wales, and measure as follows :—(A) 0°98 x 0°85:
inch ; (B) 0-97 x 0°81 inch; (C) 0°98 x 0°83 inch.

[Numbers of these birds were seen in the timbered country
around the telegraph station at Fitzroy River, and all along the-
course of that stream. Their notes were not only totally different
from those of the same species found in other parts of the Conti-
nent, but the birds and their eggs were so much smaller as to
suggest the possibility of a different species. During December
and January a number of their nests were found in the hollow.
branches of the trees near the river. Four eggs constitute the
clutch. |

No. 15. Hatcyon pyrruopycius (Red-rumped Kingfisher).

Halcyon pyrrhopygia, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), p. 113 5
id., Bds. Austr., fol. vol., IT., pl. 22 (1848) ; Sturt, Exped. Centr.
Austr., vol. IT., App., p. 20 (1849); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd. series, p. 1,086 (1886).

Halcyon pyrrhopygius, North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds.,
p- 38 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XVII., p. 258.
(1892); North and Keartl,, Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Austr., part
II, Zool., p. 66 (1896).

One adult female. Camp about five miles from the junction:
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This species is found all
over the dry inland portions of Australia. |

[The first specimen was obtained near Cue. Subsequently they
were found wherever suitable shelter existed until we reached!
the Fitzroy River, where others were shot. They are not
numerous in the North.]

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135
No. 16. DaceLo LEACHII CERVINA (Fawn-breasted Kingfisher).

Dacelo cervina, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IL., pl. 28 (1848);
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. [., Second Series, p. 1,086
(1886); North, op. cit., vol. [V., Second Series, p. 1,024 (1889).

Dacelo cervina (subsp.), Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
XVIL., p. 207 (1892).

Two adult females, one adult male, one young male. Camp
about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret
Rivers. The subspecific distinction accorded to the northern and
north-western race of D. leachii does not hold good in many
instances. 1 have specimens now before me from Derby, N.W.
Australia, that, except for their slightly-smaller size cannot be
distinguished from examples of D. leachit from Port Denison.
Specimens of D. leachii from Cairns, North-Eastern Queensland,
have a slight fulvous wash on the under-surface, and are precisely
similar to birds obtained at Broome, North-West Australia.
Farther north they become smaller and darker. All the examples.
from Port Essington in the Australian Museum are typical
D. cervina. They have tawny-buff breasts, darker-blue quills
and tail, and smaller white tips to the tail-feathers. An adult
male and female from Roeburne, North-West Australia, are
slightly paler than the specimens from Port Essington, and are
furthermore distinguished by the very narrow brown streaks
down the centres of the feathers on the crown of the head.
Examples obtained intermediate between these two localities
vary considerably in the depth of the butfcoloring on the under-
parts.

[These birds were heard and seen for the first time by our party
along the Fitzroy River, where they were numerous. Although
in flight and shape D. cervina so closely resembles D. gigas, its.
note is totally different, and conveys an impression that its vocal
organs are out of gear, as it gives forth a succession of short
jerky sounds bearing no resemblance to the hearty laugh of
D. gigas. It has also a stronger bill, and is much more brilliant
in its markings on the wings. An adult female shot near
Jilgelly Creek had nearly the whole of its back a beautiful pale
metallic blue.

No. 17. Eurysromus australis (Australian Roller).

ELurystomus australis, Swains., Anim. in Menag., p. 326 (1827);
Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. II., pl. 17 (1848); Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. X VIT., p. 36 (1892).

Eurystomus pacificus, Ramsay, Proc., Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol.
II., 2nd series, p. 166 (1887); North, Nests and Eggs Austr.
Bds., p. 35 (1889).

One nearly adult female. Obtained in a tree near the Fitzroy
River, about five miles from the camp.

136

[Whilst at Fitzroy River I was frequently told of a very rare
bird, which was described as black, with a white spot in each
wing, and advised to keep a sharp lookout for it along the course
of the rivers. I did so, with the result that the rara avis proved to
be the Roller or Dollar bird. They were rather shy, and
generally perched on the top branches of the highest trees. As
they were al] in heavy moult at the time (January), I did not
shoot many.

No. 18. Merrops ornatus (Australian Bee-eater).

Merops ornatus, Lath., Ind. Orn., vol. II., Suppl., p. 35 (1801);
Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IL, pl. 16 (1848); Sturt, Exped.
Centr. Austr., vol. IT., App., p. 19 (1849); Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc., N.S.W., vol. II., 2nd series, p. 166 (1887); North, Nests
and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 34 (1889); Sharp, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. XVII., p. 74 (1892).

Three young females. Camp about five miles from the junction
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

[Although the Bee-eater is generally found tunnelling in the
banks of creeks at breeding time in North-West Australia, they
more frequently burrow in the sand on the open plain. During
January they became quite a feature in the bird-life around our
camp, and [ had many opportunities of examining most gorgeous
specimens as they flew past, or permitted me to approach within
a few yards of the trees on which they were perched. The
majority of them appeared to be young ones, but adult birds in
full livery were frequently noted. |

No. 19. Eurosropopus areus (Spotted Nightjar).

Eurostopodus guttatus, Gould (nec. Vig. and Horsf.), Bds.
Austr., fol., vol. JI., pl. 8 (1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.,
N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,097 (1886) ; North, Nests and
Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 27, pl. 11, fig. 2 (1889).

Eurostopus argus, Hartert, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XVI.,
p. 608 (1892).

One female in the moult. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. In vol. XVI. of
the “Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum,” Mr. Hartert
points out that the type specimen of the Nightjar, described by
Vigors and Horsfield under the name of Caprimulgus guttatus
is only the young of Hwrostopodus albigularis.

| During the early part of our journey the peculiar note of this
bird gave rise to a considerable amount of speculation as to its
origin, but at Mount Campbell I not only got the required
information from the natives, but also satisfied myself by shooting
the bird whi'st uttering it. This note consists of a “caw, caw,

Sasa ee eer

137

caw, gobble, gobble, gobble.” In the whole of the desert these
birds are seen soon after sunset skimming over the tops of the
spinifex in search of insects, but camp-fires possess a strong attrac-
tion for them in the form of winged insects attracted by the
light. Whilst on watch on the night of August 17, I counted
ten birds flying round the burning spinifex at one time. Although
seen far into the desert at night, they prefer rocky country in
which to pass the day. On the hillside, near Mount Campbell, I
disturbed fourteen birds from about half an acre of ground, and
subsequently flushed several lots of five or six, but never saw one .
perch. They appear to spend all their time on the wing or
ground. They lay one egg on the bare ground, without making
any nest. The egg is a pale-green, lightly spotted with black. |

No. 20. Arramus LEUCOGASTER (White-bellied Wood-Swallow)-

Ocypterus leucogaster, Valenc., Mem. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., tom.
VI., p. 21, pl. 7., fig. 2 (1820).

Ariamus leucopygialis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol. vol., II., pl. 33

1848).
; Artamus leucoyaster, North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Bds., p.
43 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XITI., p. 3 (1890).

One adult and one young male. Camp about five miles from
the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The young
male has the bill brown, all the feathers of the back, scapulars,
and greater wing-coverts tipped with rich buff, those on the
centre of the throat and the tips of the quills and the tail
whitish.

{A few of these birds were seen along the course of the Fitzroy
River, and near our camp I found them in compauy with 4.
melanops. On February 15 a pair were seen feeding their young
brood. They were not by any means numerous, being generally
found in pairs. They seem to be of a most affectionate disposition,
and, when not engaged in soaring overhead or seeking food, might
be observed perched side by side on some dry twig pluming each
other’s feathers. They were never seen far from water. |

No. 21. ParpaLotus rusBrRicatus (Fawn-browed Diamond Bird).

Pardalotus rubricatus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., (1837), p. 139 ;
id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. II., pl. 36 (1840) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds,
Brit. Mus., vol. X., p. 60 (1885); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.,
N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,087 (1886); North, Nests and
Eggs, Austr. Bds., p. 54 (1889); North and Keartl., Rep. Horn
Sci. Exped. Cent. Austr., part 2, Zool., p. 69 (1896).

One adult male. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar to examples from
Northern and Central Australia.

138

[The singular soft note of this little Pardalote was first heard
in the Eucalypts on the margin of a creek near our camel dep6t
during August. and Mr. C. F. Wells soon procured a nice
specimen in full plumage. Others were frequently shot, but
they were not so brilliant in colour as those I obtained in
Central Australia in 1894. ]

No. 22. LaLaGEe TricoLor (White-shouldered Caterpillar-eater).

Ceblepyris tricolor, Swains., Zool. Journ., vol. I., p. 467 (1825).

Campephaga humeralis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. II., pl.
63 (1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. IL, App., p. 23
(1849); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series,
p- 1,088 (1886).

Lalaye tricolor, North, Nests and Eggs Aust. Bds., p 78
(1889); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. IV., p. 92 (1879).

One adult male. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This is a migratory species,
visiting New South Wales about the end of September, and

departing again in February. It is found in most parts of the

Australian Continent.

[Whilst near Lake Way, in July, a number of young birds of
this species were seen, and as the season progressed we found the
immature males exchanging their modest brown garb for the
bright black-and-white of the adult male. Near the Fitzroy River
during February they were breeding, and several clutches of eggs
taken, which presented considerable variation in colour, some being
heavily blotched with red on a pale-green ground, whilst others
were streaked and blotched with dark-brown on a rich-green
ground. The nests, which were small for the size of the birds,
were built of fine grass, moss, cobwebs, and scraps of bark in the
horizontal forks of the Eucalypt- and Bauhinia-trees, in such a
manner as to make their discovery somewhat difficult. They
were so shallow that the least shake dislodged the eggs. |

No. 23. CoLLYRIOCINCLA BRUNNEA (Brown Shrike-Thrush).

Colluricincla brunnea, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1840, p. 164;
id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. ITL., pl. 76 (1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., vol. II., 2nd series, p. 167 (1887); North, Nests
and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 81 (1889).

One adult male only. Camp about five iniles from the junction
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This species agrees with
Gould’s figure and description of this species. In the Catalogue
of Birds in the British Museum, Dr. Sharpe describes the
adult as having a distinct white eyebrow, like C. superciliosa,
Masters, which Dr. Sharpe includes as a svnonym of C. brunnea.
None of our adult males from Port Essington and Derby, in the

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139

_ Australian Museum Collection, have any indication of white eye-
brows, but it is apparent in a young male in the Macleay
Museum. Dr. Sharpe’s C. pallidirostris agrees with the female
of C. brunnea, but of which he has omitted to give a description.
Gould also only describes the male, but figures the two sexes in
his Birds of Australia.

{Near Kurrajong Creek this bird was first seen, its well-known
note attracking attention to it as it flew from tree to tree along
the course of the creek. During February a pair hatched their
brood near our camp on the Fitzroy River, and afforded consider-
able amusement by the manner in which they fluttered near my
dog to divert its attention from the young ones. |

No. 24. Orgoica cristata (Crested Bell-bird).

Turdus cristatus, Lewin, Bds. New Holl., pl. 9 (fem.).

Oreoica gutturalis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol. vol. II., pl. 81
(1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App., p. 23 (1849),

Oreoica cristata, Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. VIILI., p.
174 (1883); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 70, pl. 8., fig.
6 (1889) ; Stirling and Zietz, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austr., vol.
XVI., p. 157 (1893); North and Keartl. Rep. Horn Sci. Exped.
Centr. Austr., part 2, Zool. p. 73 (1896.)

One adult male. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. With the exception of the
extreme northern portions, this species is found all over the
Australian Continent.

|The Oreoica was found scattered from Mullawa to the Fitzroy
River. Although they were most plentiful in the vicinity of
water, at times they were seen or heard on the sandhills of the
desert far from it. Their nests were also frequently noted in
the Corkbark and other trees in the valleys where they had
probably been built soon after rain, but were all abandoned at
the time of our visit. The well-known ventriloquial accomplish-
ment of this bird afforded frequent amusement to our party. One
perched within a few yards of our camp was watched for nearly
an hour, and, as it turned its head, it appeared to throw its voice
in different directions. |

Ly No. 25. Maturus Leucoprerus (White-winged Superb Warbler).

Malurus leucopterus, Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l’Uranie, Zool,
p. 108, pl. 23, fig. 2 (1824); Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IIT.,
pl. 25 (1848) ; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App., p. 25
(1849) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. IV., p. 290 (1879) ;
North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 116 (1889) ; North and
Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci. Exped. Cent. Austr., part II., Zool., p
5 79 (1896).

140

One adult male and female. Johanna Springs. This species.
is also distributed over the southern half of the Australian
Continent. The type was obtained by M. M. Quoy and Gaimard
on Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay, West Australia.

No. 26. Maturus cruentTatus (Crimson-backed Warbler).

Malurus cruentatus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), p. 143;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,090
(1886); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 118 (1889).

Malurus brown, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. III., pl. 27
(1848).

Malurus dorsalis, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. 1V., p. 296
(1879).

Seven adult males, two adult females. Camp about five miles
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The
males are of a deeper red on the backs than examples from Cairns
and Cape York. Similar specimens were obtained by the late
Mr. T. H. Bowyer-Bower.

A nest of this species, taken from a low bush, is a dome-shaped
structure with an entrance near the top. It is rather loosely put.
together, and is formed throughout of very fine dried grasses and
strips of white bark intermingled, with the covering of some
composite plant. Externally it measures two inches and a-half
in diameter by four inches and a-half in height. Eggs, three in
number, white, finely dusted with pinky-red markings ovér the
entire surface of the shell. Length (A) 0°6 x 0°5 inch, (B) 0°62
x 0-44 inch, (C) 0°6 x 0°44 inch. In another set of four the
markings are slightly larger and are confined principally to the
thicker end of the egg, and in one specimen they are confluent
and form a well-defined zone.

[This delicate but gorgeous little bird was first noted near the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Although usually found
in long grass and undergrowth, it occasionaliy resorts to the larger
trees, and one specimen was shot from a branch 50 feet high. It
is very tame, and easily approached. Unlike most species of this
genus, the present species usually constructs its nest some distance
from the ground. Those found by Mr. Wells and myself were
located in either what is known as the Peach-bush or Bauhinia-
tree, and four to ten feet from the ground. ‘The nests are built
of fine dry grass, with a rather large opening near the top. The
clutch of eggs, three or four in number, show considerable
variation in colour and markings, but they have usually a fleshy-
white ground, more or less spotted with red, which in some
cases forms a zone. |

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141

No. 27. Smicrornis FLAvESCENS (Yellow-tinted Scrub Tit).

Smicrornis flavescens, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 134 ;
id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. I[1L., pl. 104 (1848); Masters, Proc.
Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. IL, p. 272 (1877); Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. IV., p. 210 (1879); Ramsay, Proc. Linn.,
N.S.W., vol. I., p. 1,889 (1886); North and Keartl., Rep. Horn
Sci. Exped. Centr. Austr., part IT., Zool., p. 84 (1896).

Four adult males and one female. Camp about five miles.
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar
to examples from Northern and Central Australia.

(This beautiful little songster was frequently noted near the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, where it might be
seen fluttering and hopping amongst the foliage of the Eucalypt
trees or saplings. The sexes are alike in plumage and size].

No. 28. PacILopRYAS CERVINIVENTRIS (Grey-breasted Robin).

Petroica? cerviniventris, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 221; id.,
Bds. Austr., fol., suppl., pl. 15 (1869).

Pecilodryas cerviniventris, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
IV., p. 242 (1879); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. IT.,
2nd series, p. 167 (1887).

One adult male. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

[This bird was only seen in the dense mangrove scrub on the
margin of the Fitzroy River, where its loud note betrayed its.
presence. On the first January I saw a pair of young ones,
which had apparently just left the nest, being fed by their .
parents. Although several were shot they became so quickly
decomposed by the heat that I was unable to obtain more than.
one skin. The sexes are alike in plumage].

No. 29. MrirarrRa HORSFIELDI (Horsfield’s Bush-Lark).

Mirafra horsfieldi, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 1; id,
Bds. Austr., fol., vol. [III., pl. 77 (1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., vol. L, 2nd series, p. 1,098 (1886); North, Nests.
and Egys Austr. Bds., p. 159 (1889); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. XIII., p. 604 (1890).

One female. Camp about five miles from the junction of the
Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Slightly smaller than examples
obtained in New South Wales, and approaching in colour the:
South Australian bird, separated by Dr. Sharpe under the name
of M. secunda.

Four eggs taken in February, 1897, from a nest built under
a tuft of grass, are of a pale-yellowish-grey ground colour,
thickly covered with numerous yellowish-brown freckles and

-faint underlying dots of slaty-grey. Length, (A) 0°8 x 0°57 inch,.

142

(B) 0°75 x 0°55 inch, (C) 0°77 x 0°57 inch, (D) 0°77 x 0°57 inch.
Another specimen has the ground-colour of a clear greyish-white,
and the markings larger and darker. Length, 0°8 x 0°57 inch.

[On the grassy flats, which extend for some distance on each
side of the Fitzroy River, these birds are so numerous as to
convey the idea that the headquarters of the species is in that
locality. When we arrived at the lagoon near the river men-
tioned on November 6, I was surprised : at their numbers. As we
passed along a constant succession of birds kept rising from the
ground and flying to the right and left of our line, but seldom
went more than 20 yards before they again settled. It was
impossible to throw a stick in any direction without disturbing
several. Around the lagoon they were found in such numbers as
to remind one of sparrows in a dry thistle field. They were very
plentiful near the Fitzroy River Telegraph Station and at Mount
Campbell, where they were found breeding in February. Their
nests are usually placed neara small tussock of grass, or in a
slight hollow formed by the pressure of a horse’s foot; the
material used to line them with is fine grass. The eggs are
beautifully glossy, the ground being a pale-stone colour, almost
obscured with brown spots. Four is the usual clutch. |

No. 30. Barninpa ruFIcAUDA (Red-tailed Finch).

Amadina ruficauda, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1836, p. 106.

Estrelda ruficauda, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IIL, pl. 84
(1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p.
1,090 (1886).

Bathilda ruficauda, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XIIL,
p. 374 (1890).

Four adult males, four adult females, four immature males.
Camp about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and
Margaret Rivers. Apparently very common. The females may
be distinguished by their duller plumage, the less extent of
crimson on the face and head, and the larger white spots on the
throat and sides of the body. Young birds when first assuming
the plumage of the adult have the white spots on the under-
surface very much larger than when they attain their full livery.

Three eggs taken in March, 1897, from a dome-shaped nest
constructed entirely of green grass, are pure white. Length,
(A) 0°57 x 0°41 inch, (B) 0:57 x 0°43 inch, (C) 0°6 x 0°42 inch.

(These birds were only found in the vicinity of the telegraph
line, near the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, where
they appeared to be permanently located. They were generally
seen in small flocks. A nest of this species, from which I shot
the bird, was flask-shaped, and built entirely of fresh, green grass,
from which the colour had not had time to fade. It contained ~
five white eggs. |

143

No. 31. Sricroprera ANNULOSA (Black-rumped Finch).

Amadina annulosa, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. 143.

Estrelda annulosa, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. III., pl. 81
(1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p.
1,090 (1886).

Stictoptera annulosa, North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p.
161 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XIII, p. 314
(1890).

An adult male and female. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

Four eggs taken from a dome-shaped nest of dried grasses in
March, 1897, are white, with an almost imperceptible tinge of
blue.

Length—-(A) 0°55 x 0-41 inch, (B) 0°55 x 0°38 inch, (C)
0-54 x O-4 inch, (D) 0°55 x 0-4 inch. The eggs of this Finch
are the smallest of all our Australian birds.

[This pretty Finch was only seen near the Fitzroy River,
where it was breeding during February and March. By a
close observation of the material used it is possible to determine
to which species of Finch the nest belongs. The Ringed Finch
usually chooses a site in some drooping branch about 10 ft. from
the ground. In the case of those examined the outer covering
was invariably very coarse—dead grass loosely woven together—
but the lining was of the finest silver-grass, and a marvel of
neatness. Six eggs form the usual clutch. Although some were
perfectly white, one clutch from which I caught the bird had a
faint bluish tinge, similar to those of the Chestnut-eared Finch. |

No. 32. Munia PEcrorALIS (White-breasted Finch).

Amadina pectoralis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), p. 127.

Donacola pectoralis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. III., pl. 95
(1848).

Donacicola pectoralis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol.
I., 2nd series, p. 1,091 (1886).

Mumia pectoralis, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XIIT., p.
354 (1890).

An adult male and female. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. This species is
also found in the neighbourhood of Normanton.

[This Finch was only seen between the Telegraph Station and
the Margaret River. It proved very shy, and although frequently
disturbed whilst feeding amongst the long grass, or seen flying
from tree to tree, only two or three were shot. |

144

No. 33. PapuHiLta AcuTicAuDA (Long-tailed Grass Finch).

Amadina acuticauda, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. 143.

Pephila acuticauda, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. III., pl. 90
(1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series,
p. 1,091 (1886); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds. p. 167
(1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XIII, p. 375 (1890).

Three adult males, one adult female. Shot in the forest timber
near Derby. This species is confined to the Northern and
North-western portions of the Continent. Live specimens brought
to Sydney by Mr. Burton, who accompanied the late Mr. T. H.
Bowyer-Bower on his collecting expedition to North-West Aus-
tralia, bred readily in confinement.

[This Finch was seen for the first time by our party near the
Fitzroy River as we approached Derby, and at the wells which
supply the latter place with water. The birds are very tame,
and easily caught by simply covering the troughs and placing a
dish of water under a frame covered with cheese-cloth. Several
brought down alive are thriving in captivity |.

No. 34. NeocuMIA PHm#TON (Crimson Finch).

Fringilla pheton, Homb. et. Jacq., Ann. des Sci. Nat., tom. VI.,
p. 314 (1841).

Estrelda pheton, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IIL, pl. 83
(1848) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series,
p. 1,091 (1886).

Neochmia pheton, North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 388
(1889); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XIII. p. 389
(1890).

Twa adult males, one adult female. Camp about five miles.
from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar
te examples from Eastern Queensland.

Six eggs taken from a flask-shaped nest of coarse grasses in
March, 1897, are pure white. Length—(A) 0°63 x 0-45 inch,
(B) 0:6 x 0:47 inch, (C) 0-6 x 0°5 inch, (D) 9°6 x 0-47 inch,
(E) 0°6 x 0:47 inch, (F) 0°67 x 0:45 inch.

{At each of the homesteads near the junction of the Fitzroy
and Margaret Rivers these birds make their appearance during
December, and immediately after the rainfall in January.
commence building their nests. At the Police Camp there were
eight pairs of birds, which had located their structures on the
plates of the verandah. Others had buried their nests in the
reedy thatch of the stable. At Mr. Blyth’s Camp they were nesting
under the eaves of the thatch, and the birds were so tame as to
hop about the ground close to where we sat at breakfast.
Although two birds were taken off their eggs and handled, they

145

returned to their nests immediately they were liberated. At Mr.
Harris’s quarters that gentleman showed me an old nest fixed in
a bundle of wire hanging on the wall in his storeroom, which was
an enclosed galvanised-iron building without windows. The birds
had to enter under the corrugations in the iron in front, and fly
across the room. The birds usually disappear again as soon as
their young take wing. The material used for the exterior of
the nests is coarse outer blades of grass, so large that it is sur-
prising how they carry it, but the lining is fine and soft. Six
pure white eggs constitute the clutch. I never saw nests belong-
ing to this species on trees or bushes. |

No. 35. Emsiema picta (Painted Finch).

Emblema picta, Gould, Proc., Zool., Soc. (1842), p. 17; zd., Bds.
Austr., fol., vol. III., pl. 97 (1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.,
N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,092 (1886) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. XIII., p. 295 (1890); North and Keartl., Rep.
Horn Sci. Exp., Centr. Austr., part II., Zool., p. 88 (1896) ;
North, Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. ITI., p. 14 (1897), N.S.W.

Four adult males, one female. Johanna Springs.

During the prolonged drought of 1896 in New South Wales
three adult males of this species were obtained within 20 miles of
Sydney.

(This rare Finch was first seen and shot at Johanna Springs,
where they came in company with the Chestnut-eared Finch to
quench their thirst. They were very shy, and single specimens
were only procured at the sacrifice of many of their companions.
They were afterwards seen near the hospital at Derby, and when
the steamer ‘“ Australind” was off Broome five Painted and two
Chestnut-eared Finches perched in the rigging and kept flying
about the vessel for some time. They were seen in large flocks. |

No. 36. CHLAMYDODERA NUCHALIS (Great Bower-bird),

Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis, Jard. and Selby, Ill. Orn., vol. IL,
1. 103.
' Chlamydera nuchalis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 9,
1848).
Chlamydodera nuchalis, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. VI.,
p- 391 (1881); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. II., 2nd
series, p. 169 (1887).

Two fully adult females, two not adult females, one young
female. Camp about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy
and Margaret Rivers. It is remarkable that all the specimens
obtained are females. It would be interesting to know if the
adult males of this species entirely lose their rose-pink nuchal
plumes for a period during the moulting season.

146

[Soon after reaching the Fitzroy River in November I secured
a young bird of this species, and on mentioning the matter to
several gentlemen at camp, was informed that a pair had been
taken from the nest by a black boy a few weeks previously.
Subsequently specimens were obtained at the horse-trough near
the well, where they came frequently to drink and bathe. Their
chief food seems to be a small black native fig, and wherever
that fruit existed on the Fitzroy River the peculiar note of the
Bower-bird was frequently heard. Several of their bowers
which were discovered contained the usual collection of bleached
bones, shells, bits of glass, and parrot feathers. |

No. 37. PomatrosroMUs RUBECULUS (Red-breasted Pomatostomus).

Pomatorhinus rubeculus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), p. 144;
id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 21 (1848); Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. VII., p. 421 (1883).

Pomatostomus rubeculus, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W.,
vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,088 (1886); North, Nests and Eggs
Austr. Bds., p. 155 (1889); North and Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci.
Exp. Centr. Austr., part II., Zool., p. 91 (1896).

One adult female. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar to specimens from
Northern and Central Australia.

[These remarkable birds were frequently noted between
Mullawa and Lake Augusta. Owing to their sociable habits they
have acquired the name of ‘“ Family birds,” as they are generally
found in flocks of six or seven. They seem equally at home on
tree or ground, but are seen to the best advantage when disturbed.
They then fly off one after another, alighting near the base of the
nearest. tree, which they ascend by a series of hops or jumps,
keeping up an incessant chatter or mewing like a cat. During
their antics their bills are generally elevated, and their tails erect
or spread like a fan. Their huge stick nests, containing fresh
eggs, were found on the Que-road in June. At Fitzroy River
they were found breeding in February. |

No. 38. Sriamarops ocuLaRis (Brown Honey-eater).

Glyciphila (?) ocularis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), p. 154.

Glyciphila ocularis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl 31
(1848) ; Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol I[X., p. 213 (1884) ;
North and Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci. Exp. Centr. Austr., part IT.,
Zool., p. 93 (1896).

Stigmatops ocularis, North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p.
198 (1889).
rigs (?) subocularis, Gould, Proc. Zool, Soc. (1837), p.
54,

147

Stigmatops subocularis, Sharpe, Rep. Voy. H.M.S. ‘“ Alert,” p.
18 (1884) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. I, 2nd series,
p- 1,092 (1886) ; ; North, Rep. Horn Sci. Exp. Centr. Austr. , part
II., Zool., p. 93 (1896).

One adult male and one young male obtained near Derby. The
adult male has a bleached appearance, and the head is more
greyish than examples from Eastern Australia. A specimen
from the same locality obtained by Mr. E. J. Cairn in 1886 can.
not be distinguished from birds procured near Sydney. The
young male has the cheeks, upper wing-coverts, and edge of the
wing distinctly washed with yellow, and is similar in colour and
size to young examples from Port Essington, the Gulf District,
and Burwood, near Sydney. This is Gould’s S. subocularis,
separated by him from the present species on account of its
smaller size and the yellower tint which pervades the plumage.
I would here point out, however, that a yellow wash to some of
the feathers of several species of the Meliphagude is a certain
indication of youth, and that it is entirely lost when the birds
haveattained their full adult livery. This may be more particularly
observed in Philemon citreogularis, P. sordidus, Myzomela
pectoralis, and the present species. With the exception of the
adult male in the Calvert Collection previously referred to I can
find no difference in adults and young birds of S. ocularis from
Nothern and North-Western Australia with others obtained in
the Eastern and South-Western parts of the Continent. One
specimen in the mounted collection of the Australian Museum,
procured at Port Denison, has an abnormally long bill. The
following are the wing measurements of both adults and young
from different loéalities :—

Wing. Locality.

(A) Ad. male 2°72 ins. Dobroyde, Sydney, N.S. Wales
(B) Ad. female = i Ashfield, Sydney, N.S. Wales
(C) Ad. male pW Ais: Port Denison, Queensland

(D) Ad. male 2°65 ‘* Georgetown, Gulf District, Qu’nd.
(E) Ad. male ye LF Georgetown, Gulf District, Qu’nd.
(F) Ad. male 2°65, “ Port Essington, North Australia
(G) Ad. female 2-7 Port Essington, North Australia
(H) Ad. male > Ty aay Derby, N.W. Australia

([) Ad. male Riu 4 Derby, N.W. Australia

(J) Ad. female Bie Perth, S.W. Australia

(K) Juv. male 2°45“ Burwood, Sydney, N.S. Wales
(L) Juv. male 24 «6 Derby, N.W. Australia

(M) Juv. female 2:4 ‘* Port Essington, North Australia
(N) Juv. male rs: Port Essington, North Australia

All the young birds are more or less tinged with yellow,
especially on the cheeks, upper wing-coverts, and edge of the
wing.

148

[On my arrival at Derby on May 1, I found several kinds of
trees in full blossom, and consequently Honey-eaters were plenti-
ful. One of the noisiest for its size was the bird under notice.
It showed a decided preference for the blossom of the [i-tree, but
occasionally visited the Eucalyptus. They were seen singly or in

pairs. |
No. 39. Prinoris FLAVESCENS (Yellow-tinted Honey-eater).

Ptilotis flavescens, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), p. 142; zd,
Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 41 (1848) ; Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. IX., p. 245 (1884); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.,
N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p. 1,092 (1886).

Five males, two female. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The range of this
species extends east to Normanton in the Gulf district. Young
birds have the upper surface paler than the adults.

[During the hot days of December and January these birds
came to the water-trough at the well near the Telegraph Station
in such numbers as to completely line the trough whilst they were
drinking ard bathing. They seem to be similar in their habits
to P. penrcillata, spending their time in bathing, chasing each
other, and seeking insects or blossom amongst the branches of
the different trees. The sexes are alike in plumage, and can
only be distinguished by dissection. They were just building
their nests when we left in March. |

No. 40. Prinoris sonora (Singing Honey-eater).

Ptilotis sonorus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), p. 160 ; 2d. Bds.
Austr., fol., vol. IV. , pl. 33 (1848).

Ptilotis sonor a, Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. [X., p. 234
(1884); Ramsay, Proce. Linn. Séc. N.S. W., vol. I., 2nd series, p.
1,092 (1886).

A young female. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The young of this species
may be distinguished from the adult by its paler under surface,
and having only narrow shaft-streaks of pale brown on the
breast. It is distributed over the greater part of Australia.

[In the scrub near Geraldton these birds were first seen busy
amongst such bushes as were in blossom in June, and from that
time until my arrival at Derby, they were seen almost daily.
Occasionally they were the only birds to be found on the sandhills
Several clutches of their eggs were taken from the Casuarina
and Acacia-trees during August. |

No. 41. PriLoris KEARTLANDI (Keartland’s Honey-eater).

Ptilotis keartland:, North, Ibis (1895), p. 340; North and
Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci. Exp. Centr. Austr. part IT., Zool. p.
93, pl. 6., upp. fig. (18964).

149

Three adult males, one young male. Obtained in the forest
timber, near the Fitzroy River, on the way into Derby. It is
interesting to meet with a series of skins of this Honey-eater,
which Mr. Keartland first discovered during the visit of the
Horn Expedition to Central Australia in 1894. It is also re-
markable that Mr. Cairn, or the late Mr. Bowyer-Bower, did not
meet with this species during the time they made large collections
in the vicinity of Derby in 1886. Two of the adult specimens
have the basal portion of the lower mandible yellow ; wing, 3
inches, to 3°3. The young male is slightly duller in plumage
than the adult, and the patch of yellow feathers below the ear-
coverts is not so bright and well-defined ; wing, 2°8 inches.

{On October 5 several of these birds were found far in the
desert, south of Separation Well, in a small patch of scattered
mallee. They were afterwards found at Gilgelly Creek and
Derby. Probably the fact that so many of the trees were just
out in blossom during the time of our visit at the end of April
may account for their presence in such numbers. |

No. 42. SromiopERA vuNIcoLoR (Uniform-coloured Honey-eater).

Ptilotis unicolor, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., (1842), p. 136; id,
Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 46 (1848) ; Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. [X., p. 249 (1884); Sharpe, Rep. Voy. Alert., p, 20
(1884).

Stomiopera unicolor, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S8.W., vol.
I., 2nd series, p. 1,092 (1886).

Four adult males. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar to specimens from
Northern Australia.

{The loud notes of this bird were only heard amongst the man-
groves near the Fitzroy River. They seem to delight in bathing,
and when not so engaged may be seen actively searching for
insects or honey amongst the dense undergrowth which skirts the
river. The sexes are alike in plumage. |

No. 43. Paitremon sorpipus (Northern Friar Bird).

Tropidorhynchus sordidus, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. L,
introd., p. 58 (1848).

Philemon sordidus, Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. IX., p.
277 (1884); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd
series, p. 1,092 (1686); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p.
219, pl. 12, fig. 3 (1889).

Philemon sp. (1) Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. I.,
2nd series, p. 169 (1887). .

Philemon juv (sp. ?), Ramsay, op. cit., vol. [I., 2nd series, p.
169 (1887).

150

Philemon occidentalis, Ramsay, top. cit., p. 676 (1887), amm.
male.

Four adult females, one immature male. Camp about five
miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.
Gould separated this species from P. citreogularis on account of
its smaller admeasurements and larger bill. Five specimens from
Port Essington, where the type of P. sordidus was obtxined by
Gilbert, have the bills of the same size as examples of P.
citreogularis, procured in New South Wales. They are, however,
much smaller, the wing measurements varying in length from 4°55
inches to 4:7. The present examples all have the bills larger than
in P. citreogularis, and the wing measurement nearly alike,
varying only from 4°95 inches to 5-05. They are slightly paler-
brown above, and whiter on the under-surface, and have that
washed-out appearance often seen in birds procured in very hot.
districts. The specimens obtained by Mr. E. J. Cairn on the
Lennard River are slightly larger, aud the wing measurement.
varying from 5:25 inches to 5:45. In the list of references given
above it will be seen that I have included Dr. Ramsay’s P.
occidentalis as a synonym of this species. The type of P.
occidentalis was obtained by the late Mr. T. H. Bowyer-Bower
near Derby, and it is in precisely the same stage of plumage as.
the immature male of P. sordidws procured by Mr. Keartland,
and from which it cannot be distinguished. Both specimens have
all the feathers of the interscapular region edged with ashy-
white, the outer webs of the inner primaries margined with
greenish-yellow, a conspicuous patch of citron-yellow feathers on
the sides of the lower neck, and only a faint tinge of yellow on
the silvery-white throat. Immature specimens of P. citreogularis,
from Eastern and Southern Australia, differ in having a bright.
citron-yellow throat, and only a few feathers on the sides of the
lower throat tipped with citron-yellow.

Adult specimens of P. sordidus from North-Western Australia.
can only be distinguished from P. citreogularis by their bleached
appearance and larger bill. The latter character is subject. to-
much variation, especially in specimens obtained in different
localities. In other respects the two birds are similar.

A nest of this species from which the female was procured was
built in the drooping leafy twigs of a Eucalyptus growing near
the Fitzroy River. It is cup-shaped in form, and is outwardly
constructed of dried grass-stems and long strips of very fine bark-
fibre, held together with the indumentum of some composite
plant, the inside being lined entirely with dried grasses. Exterior
measurements, 33 inches in diameter, by 54 inches in depth 3.
interval diameter, 24 inches, by 34 inches in depth. An egg
belonging to this nest is of a very pale-purplish-red ground colour,.

151

with a few rounded spots and dots of dark-purplish-red on the
larger end ; while appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell
are underlying spots of faint purplish-grey-grey. Length, 1:03 x
0-73 inch. Another specimen has dull-purplish-red blotches.
uniformly distributed over the surface of shell, except on one
side, and the ground-colour almost obscured with numerous
streaky markings of faint purplish-grey. Length, 1:12 x 0°77
inch,

|In the neighbourhood of the Fitzroy River, and especially at
Derby, these birds were very numerous. They seemed to require
water as frequently as Finches and Pigeons, and dearly love a
bath. Often whilst watching the different birds arriving and
departing from the water-troughs I was annoyed by the visit of
one or more of these birds, whose sudden arrival caused the
immediate dispersal of all other species from the water. It is
very pugnacious, and chases any intruders from the vicinity of
its nest. Should an Owl be disturbed during the day he is
immediately noticed by the Friar bird, and chased and worried
for a great distance during which time many other birds join in
the hunt. Many of their nests were found near the river, but
only two eggs obtained. The nests were made of coarse grass,
cup-shaped, and placed in the drooping foliage of the Eucalypt.
When seen from below they bore a strong resemblance to those
of the Chestnut-eared Finch. One of the birds was distinguished
by its darker plumage and yellow markings on the sides of the
neck. Whether another species or simply a variation in plumage
with age I was unable to determine. It was being constantly
attacked by the Sordid Friar-birds, which were numerous in the
locality where it was shot. |

No. 44. Metirureprus terior (Yellow-backed Honey-eater).

Melithreptus letior, Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. His., 4th
series, vol. X VI., pl. 287 (1875); td., Bds. New Guinea, fol., vol.
III., pl. 40 (1875-88) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W.,, vol. L.,
2nd series, p. 1,093 (1886).

Three adult males, one immature male. Camp near the junc-
tion of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Four examples of this
beautiful Honey-eater, with its conspicuous bright-yellow hind
neck and rump. The immature male has the outer primaries,

most of the inner secondaries, and the lateral tail-feathers pale-
brown. Wing, 3°3 inches. This very distinct species is also
found in the Gulf District, Northern Queensland. In vol. IX.
of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum its name is.
erroneously placed as a synonym of M/. gularis.

[The neighbourhood of the Fitzroy River from Derby to its
_ junction with the Margaret River appears to be the stronghold

152

of this beatiful Honey-eater. During February they were found
in small flocks amongst the Mimosa, Bauhinia, and Eucalyptus
saplings. Those seen in May had paired and were nesting. |

No. 45. Myzometa PECTORALIS (Banded Honey eater).

Myzomela pectoralis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), p. 170;
id., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 65 (1848); Gadow, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. TX., p. 138 (1884) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W., vol. II., 2nd series, p. 169 (1887).

Three young males. Camp about five miles from the junction
of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The youngest bird has
patches of pale buff among the black feathers on the crown of the
head, and has the mantle strongly mottled with the same colour ;
the innermost secondaries are conspicuously edged with white,
and the ear-coverts are yellow. The other specimens have the
ear-coverts a paler yellow, a few rich buff feathers in the mantle,
and one of them some pale buffy-white feathers on the forehead.
Adult birds have the ear-coverts pure white like the sides of the
neck and the upper parts of the head, mantle and back black.

There is an adult male of this species in the Australian
Museum, obtained by Mr. George Masters at Port Denison.
Previously it has not been recorded further south in Queensland
than Rockingham Bay.

[The trough at the well in the vicinity of our camp at the
telegraph station near the Fitzroy River was frequently visited
by these birds, and I soon obtained specimens for my collection. —
They were also found in considerable numbers at Derby in May,
where the blossom afforded them an ample supply of food.
Though the adult males are decidedely black-and-white, several of
those shot appeared to be immature, and had old brown feathers
dispersed through the black. I have reason to believe that the
young of both sexes are plain dark-brown above and pale-brown
or dirty-white beneath What appeared to be adult females
corresponded in plumage with the young ones. A deserted nest —
of this species bore a strong resemblance to that of M. nigra,
but was lined with a few bits of horsehair. ]

No. 46. ENroMOPHILA RUFIGULARIS (Red-throated Honey-eater).

Entomophila rufogularis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1842), p.

137; 2d., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 52 (1848); Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol I., 2nd series, p. 1,092 (1886).

Entomophila rufigularis, G Gadow, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. [X., —
p- 219 (1884); North, Nests dad Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 2138
(1889).

Three adult males, one adult female, one not quite full
plumaged male. Camp about five miles from the junction of the —

153

Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. The wings of adults measure from
2°8 to 3 inches.

A nest of this species taken near the Fitzroy River in February,
1897, is attached on one side to a thin leafy twig of a species of
Bauhinia, prokably B. Hookeri, Mr. Fred Turner, F.R.H.S.,
kindly informs me. It is a deep cup-shaped structure, one side
of it being considerably higher than the other, and is outwardly
formed of very fine bark fibre, a small quantity of grass, and the
outer covering of some composite plant, firmly matted and held
together, the inside being neatly lined with fine dried grasses. On
one side it measures exteriorly 4+ inches, on the other 2} inches ;
inside diameter, 2 inches. The eggs are two or three in number
for a sitting, and are extremely variable in size, shape, disposi-
tion, and dolout of their markings. The most common type is
elongate-oval in form, white, with small irregular-shaped spots
and dots of rich-red or pinky- red evenly distributed over the
entire surface of the shell, and closely resemble the eggs of
Gerygone albigularis, or Malurus cyaneus. Two sets of three
each measure as follows :—Length, (A) 0:74.x 0°5 inch, (B) 0°76
x 0°51, (C) 0°73 x 0:5, (D) 0:77 x 0°54, (E) 0°68 x 0°53, (F) 0°73
x 05. A set of two are nearly round, and measure (A) 0°63 x
0:53, (B) 0°67 x 0°55. Another type has a zone on the larger
end formed of large confluent dull-red blotches, and resembles
some varieties of the eggs of Malurus lambert: or M. longicaudus.
A third has the pure-white ground colour sparingly dotted and
spotted with purplish-black, ‘and in some specimens a few large
penumbral markings of purplish-red on the larger ends, and
resemble the ezgs of Glyciphila modesta or oh wnec a! epee
A set of two measures, (A) 0°68 x 0°48 inch, (B) 0:67 x 0°47.

[Near the Fitzroy River these birds were numerous. They
were very active, and when seeking for insects amongst the long
grass, or in the foliage of the various trees, kept up an incessant
chatter, chasing each other or attacking birds of other species
which happened to intrude on any bush on which they were
feeding. They evince a decided liking for the small black fig,
and also to shelter themselves from the sun amongst its foliage.
At nesting time, which is immediately after rain in January or
February, they become very tame and fearless. On_ several
occasions I stood under a Bauhinia-tree, and watched them build-
ing their nests within five feet of my face. The nest, which is
deep, cup-shaped, is always suspended by one side of the rim to
the end of some slender twig, seldom more than six feet high,
but on one occasien a pair built fully twenty feet from the ground
in a Eucalypt at our camp. The nests were all built so that they
could swing with the wind, and were constructed principally of
fine grass. The eggs show great variation in colour and mark-

154

ings. Four clutches, taken from nests built near our camp, which
were frequently visited during building and laying, and about
which there is not the least doubt, differ thus :—No. 1 Clutch—
Heavily freckled with light-red on white ground, elongated oval
in shape. No. 2 Clutch—Much smaller than the above, slightly
spotted at the larger end with small black spots on white ground,
short, swollen, oval in shape. No. 3 Clutch—Sparingly marked
with large dark-brown spots on white ground, oval shape. No.
4 Clutch—Heavily marked with dark-red, especially at the larger
end, where the ground colour is almost completely obscured.
Three eggs form the usual complement, but occasionally birds
were found sitting on two. |

No. 47. CuIMACTERIS MELANURA (Black-tailed Tree-Creeper).

Climacteris melanura, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1842), p. 138 ;
7d., Bds. Austr., fol., vol. IV., pl. 97 (1848) ; Gadow, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., vol. VIIL., p. 334 (1883); Ramsay, Proc. Linu. Soc.
N.S.W., vol. IL., 2nd series, p. 169 (1887); North, Nests and
Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 239 (1889).

Three adult males, two adult females, two immature males.
Camp about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and
Margaret Rivers. Gould’s figures of this species in his “‘ Birds of
Australia” are those of the male only. ‘The female has the
throat white, and the feathers on the lower portion of it broadly
edged with chestnut-red. Immature males are brownish-black
above and below, with narrow white streaks to the feathers on the
throat, and sub-terminal spots of white on the under-tail coverts ;
the fawn band through the centre of the wing is also of a richer
colour than in the adults.

[Near the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers these
birds were often seen or heard. Their notes and _ habits closely
resemble those of the well-known Brown Tree-creeper. They are
very shy and ditficult to approach. The adult female is easily
distinguished by a white patch on the throat. Why this bird
should be named the Black-tailed Tree-creeper is difficult to
understand, whea the term sooty or Black Tree-creeper would be
so much more appropriate. |

No. 48. Paaprs uisrrionica (Harlequin Bronze-wing).

Columba (Peristra) histrionica, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840),
p. 114. ;
Peristera histrionica, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 66
(1848).

Phaps histrionica, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. IL,
2nd series, p. 171 (1887); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds
p. 274 (1889).

155

Histriophaps histrionica, Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus,
vol. XXT., p. 529 (1893).

One adult female. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

[These birds were invariably found in large flocks in the
vicinity of the Fitzroy River, where they came to drink towards
evening, but as we traversed the open grassy plains south of the
St. George Range, great flocks arose from amongst the Flinders
grass, on the seeds of which they had been feeding. They are
extremely sociable in their habits, always feeding and drinking
in company, and wherever one nest is found many others may be
looked for in the same neighbourhood. |

No. 49. LopHopHaps FERRUGINEA (Rust-coloured Bronze-wing).

Lophophaps ferruginea, Gould, Handbk. Bds. Austr., vol. TT.
p. 137 (1865) ; id., Bds. Austr., Suppl., pl. 68 (1869); Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. IIL., 2nd. series, p. 171 (1887).

Lophophaps plumifera, Salvad. (nec Gould), Cat. Bds. Brit.
Mus., vol. X XI, p. 533 (1893).

An adult male and female, obtained near Mount Arthur,
slightly darker and richer in colour than specimens procured by
the Jate Mr. T. H. Bowyer-Bower near Derby, in October, 1886.
The sexes are alike in plumage, but individual variation exists
in the depth of the white band on the throat ; in some specimens
it is crescentic in form, in others it extends in a V-shaped mark-
ing down the centre of the throat. Two eggs, taken by Mr.
Harris from a slight grass-lined depression in the ground, shel-
tered by a spinifex tussock, are swollen ellipses in shape, and of
a uniform pale-cream colour, the grain of the shell being very
fine and its surface slightly glossy. Length, (A) 0°94 x 0°77 inch,
{B) 0-9 x 0°77 inch. These are the only authenticated eggs of
this species that, as far as I am aware, have yet been found.

Count Salvadori has described this Pigeon in the ‘“ Catalogue
of the Columbe in the British Museum,” under the name of
Gould’s older species, LZ. plumifera. The latter in his “ Handbook
to the Birds of Australia” states that “ LZ. ferruginea differs from
L. plumifera . . inthe absence of the broad white pectoral
band so conspicuous in the latter.” In the ‘ Aves of the Horn
Expedition ” I pointed out the difference between Gould’s and
Count Salvadori’s descriptions of L. plumifera, but, judging from
the measurements only, I there concurred that the bird described
by Count Salvadori was similar to the one from which Gould had
taken his original description of LZ. plumifera. Since the publica-
tion of the Report of the Horn Expedition, however, the Aus-
tralian Museum has been enriched by the addition of the well-
known Dobroyde Collection, which contains a fine series of the

156

Plumed Bronze-wings, and I now feel confident that the specimens
from which Count Salvadori took his description of LZ. pluwmifera
are only slightly paler-coloured examples of Gould’s L. ferruginea,
and not his true LZ. plumifera. This is supported by the fact
that the talented author in describing L. ferruginea, and of which
he had Gould’s type before him, states that it is ‘Similar to ZL.
plumifera, but the general cinnamon colour of a deeper hue.”
Moreover, there is now a sufficient number of specimens of
Plumed Bronze-wings in the Museum, [I believe, to satisfactorily
answer the question asked by (sould in his Supplement to the
Birds of Australia: ‘Are there two or three species of these
charming little crested Pigeons?”

The last to be described, L. ferruginea, is a good and distinct
species, which may be easily distinguished from L. plumifera by
the absence of the white band on the chest, and its uniform
cinnamon-coloured breast and abdomen. The habitat of this
species appears to be restricted to that portion of West Australia
lying between Champion Bay and King Sound. The late Mr.
T. H. Bowyer-Bower obtained samples of it near Derby, North-
West Australia, and it is from some of his specimens Count
Salvadori has taken his description of LZ. plumifera. Gould’s
figure of L. ferruginea, although slightly high-coloured, otherwise
accurately represents the distinguishing characters of this species.
His original description of LZ. plumifera in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society is apparently taken from a young bird, for the
middle of the abdomen is there described as being light-buff. In
describing the same species in his Handbook, he states the
abdome2n is snow-white, which clearly applies to the bird he dis-
tinguished later on in his Supplement to the Birds of Australia,
under the name of G. lewcogaster. It was with hesitation that
Gould separated the birds from South Australia under the latter
name, and one of his principal reasons for so doing was that they
were obtained in a locality far removed from the then known
habitat of Z. plumifera. In his Handbook, Gould remarks:
“ From Gilbert’s journal I extract the following passage :—‘ Lat.,
17° 30’. March 6. I was fortunate enough to kill for the first
time Lophophaps plumifera.’ I only saw the specimen I killed.”
In the “ Old Collection” of the Australian Museum is a specimen
of L. plumifera, which Dr. Ramsay informs me was presented to
Mr. John Murphy, one of the members of Dr. Leichhardt’s Over-
land Expedition, and who obtained it during the journey from
Moreton Bay to Port Essington. Mr. Murphy, then a lad of 16,
was with Gilbert at the time he treacherously met his death at
the hands of the natives, and presumedly this is the historic
specimen referred to by Gilbert in his journal, for there is no
record in Dr. Leichhardt’s work of any others being obtained,

—— >. «te,

Cg hee la ‘Tr =

157

except two shot by Brown the day before Gilbert secured his
specimen, “but they were too much mutilated to make good
specimens.” Upon comparing a number of these Pigeons with
white pectoral bands, and buffy-white or snow-white abdomens,
from different parts of the Gulf District with others procured in
Central and North-West Australia, I cannot but regard them as
all being referable to one species—ZL. plumifera, of which I rank
G. lewcogaster as asynonymn. A pair of L. plumifera from the
Gulf District have thrived well in the aviary at the Botanic
Gardens, Sydney, for the past four years.

{The North-West part of Australia appears to be the home of
this species. In habits and appearance at a distance they closely
resemble ZL. lewcogaster of Central Australia. In some rocky
country near Gorda Town we saw these Pigeons for the first
time. Several single birds were disturbed as we passed the base
of the hills, but soon afterwards large coveys, consisting of about
one hundred birds, passed from their feeding ground to the hills.
At the homestead of Liverynga Station, I am informed, they are
very abundant in the hills close by, and are so tame that as many
as a dozen birds may be seen under the verandah seeking shelter
from the hot sun, or drinking from a dish of water placed for
their convenience They are also plentiful near the Margaret
and Gascoigne Rivers. They deposit their two creamy-white
eggs on the ground beneath the shade of a spinifex tussock in a
slight depression in the ground, in which a few bits of grass are
collected. Iam indebted to Mr. Harris, of Fitzroy River, for
the clutch in the collection. |

No. 50. OcypHars LopHotes (Crested Bronze-wing).

Columba lophotes, Temm., Pl. Col., 142 (1823).

Ocyphaps lophotes, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., V., pl. 70 (1848) ;
Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App., p. 44 (1849); Ram-
say, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W,, vol. II., 2nd series, p. 171 (1887) ;
North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 277, pl. 4, fig. 10 (1889) ;
Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXI., p. 535 (1893); North
and Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci. Exp. Centr. Austr., part II., Zool.,
p. 99 (1896).

One adult female. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

{These lovely birds had a peculiar interest for our party, as by
observing the direction taken by them in the morning Mr. L. A.
Wells found water on two occasions. They were present in the
greatest numbers near Mount Bates, where they came in immense
flocks to drink at a small pool. But wherever water existed
throughout the journey they were seen. Being very plump and
fleshy, they were often shot for the pot. At the Fitzroy River

158

several nests containing eggs or young birds were found during
our stay. |

No. 51. GeoPpELIA HUMERALIS (Barred-shouldered Dove).

Columba humeralis, Temm., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. XIIL, p.
128 (1821).

Geopelia humeralis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 72
(1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. IL., 2nd _ series,
p. 171 (1887) ; Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXI., p. 455
(1893).

: Erythrauchena humeralis, North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds.,
p. 277 (1889).

An adult male and female. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Similar to
examples from Eastern Australia,

{ Among the dense timber along the banks of the Fitzroy River
these birds were very numerous, but they were never seen far
from water. They were always found in pairs, and several of
their nests containing young were found on the Bauhinia-trees
near the river. |

No. 52. GEOPELIA cUNEATA (Little Turtle-dove).

Columba cuneata, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. 61 (1801).

Geopelia cuneata, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 74
(1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App., 44 (1849) ;
Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXI., p. 462 (1893); North
and Keartl., Rep. Horn Sci. Exp. Centr. Austr., part II., Zool.,
p- 101 (1896).

Stictopelia cuneata, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. L.,
2nd series, p. 1,095 (1886) ; North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds.,
p. 279 (1889).

One adult male. Camp about five miles from the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Two eggs taken from a frail
nest of twigs are true ellipses in form, pure white, and measure
{A) 0°79 x 0°6 inch, (B) 0°78 x 0°6 inch.

[Near Cue a few of these Doves were seen ; but, afterwards, in
the timbered country beyond Lake Way, they were disturbed in
hundreds as the caravan passed along. They were found wherever
water existed, and appeared to drink frequently. At the
Fitzroy River several nests were found containing eggs or young.
The nest, a very frail structure, is usually placed on the
horizontal branch of a Bauhinia-tree, and consists of a few small
twigs or grass-stems, so loosely thrown together that the eggs
may be seen from beneath, and so flat on top that it is a difficult
matter to bend the limb without causing the eggs to fall. |

159

No. 53. Turnix vVELOx (Swift-flying Turnix).

Hemipodius velox, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), p. 150; zd.,
Bds. Austr., fol, vol. V., pl. 87 (1848); Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
‘Soc. N.S.W., vol. IT., 2nd series, p. 171 (1887).

Turnix velox, North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 286
(1889); Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXIT., p. 553 (1893).

An adult male and female. Camp about five miles from the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. 7. /eucogaster,
-described by me in the report of the Horn Expedition from a
‘Single specimen, may prove to be only a very bleached young
bird of this species.

A set of three eggs of 7. velox are of a pale-brownish-white
ground colour, which is almost obscured by numerous minute
reddish-brown and violet-grey freekles uniformly distributed over
the surface of the shell. In one specimen the ground colour is
almost a clear white, rendering the markings very distinct.
Length, (A) 0°91 x 0:74 inch, (B) 0°91 x 0°7 inch, (C) 0°88 x 0:71
inch. Another set of two are slightly more pointed at the smaller
ends, and have the pale-brownish-white ground colour thickly
-covered with very small indistinct markings of a slightly-darker
hue. These specimens have a washed-out appearance, and look
_as if they had been exposed to the sun’s hot rays for a long time.
Length, (A) 0-92 x 0-72 inch, (B) 0°92 x 0°7 inch.

No. 54. EryrHroconys cinctus (Red-kneed Dotterel).

Erythrogonys cinctus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1837, p, 155;
id., Bds. Austr, fol., vol. VI, pl. 21 (1848) ; Ramsay, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. IL. m 2nd series, p. 171 (1887); North,
Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 307, pl. 16, fig. 5 (1889) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus,, vol. XXIV, p. 125 (1896).

Two adult males and two females. Swamp at the rear of the.
telegraph office, about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy
and Margaret Rivers. The crown of the head of adult females is
bronzy-brown, like the back, but it becomes darker as the birds
get older, and very old females can hardly be distinguished from
the male. This species is represented in the Australian Museum
by numerous examples from all parts of the Continent, except
Queensland.

[These handsome little waders made their appearance at the
swamps near the Fitzroy River immediately after the rainfall.
They were found in small flocks, and frequently in company with
the Marsh Sandpiper. |

No. 55. TrRinGA acuminata (Marsh Tringa).
Totanus acuminatus, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. XIII, p.

192 (1821).

160

Scheniclus australis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. VI., pl. 30:
(1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App., p. 50
1849).

i acuminata, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
vol. II., 2nd series, p. 171 (1887).

Heteropygia acuminata, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
XXIV., p. 566 (1896).

An adult male and female in winter plumage, obtained at a
small swamp immediately at the rear of the telegraph office, near
the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Examples are
more frequently procured in Eastern Australia during October,
November, and December.

{The first pair of these birds was obtained near camp on

Creek. The two birds were obtained on different
days in August, and were the only ones seen until after the
tropical rains fell.in January and February at the Fitzroy River,
when they were seen wading in the shallow margins of the
swamps. They display a peculiar habit of jerking up their tails
whilst feeding or when about to fly. On disturbing small flocks
of the Red-Kneed Dotterel (Hrythrogonys cinctus), a bird of
this species was after observed to rise in company with them, as
though one of the flock. |

No. 56. GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS (Eastern Pratincole).

Glareola orrentalis, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. XIII, p.
132, pl. XTIT (1820) ; Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. VI., pl. 23.
(1848) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXIV., p. 58 (1896).

Four adult females, one adult male, two young males. Shot
near the camp about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy
and Margaret rivers. Recorded for the first time from North-
West Australia. It is worthy of note that the late Mr. T. H.
Bowyer-Bower obtained specimens of G. isabella (@. grallaria
Temm.) in the same district. On the eastern coast G. orientalis,
has been procured as far south as Botany, near Sydney.

|The appearance of this bird is regarded by residents of North-
West Australia as an indication of the approach of rain, and it is
locally known as the ‘“ Little Storm-bird.” During January I
noticed a flight of strange birds, which afterwards proved to be
this Pratincole, about a-quarter of a mile from the telegraph
station. I ran for my gun, but was surprised to see the birds
rising from the ground like a continuous column of smoke and
circling overhead until they spread out so as to almost obscure
the sky. I was within one hundred yards of them when the last
bird left the ground. After soaring and rising in the air they
disappeared in a southerly direction. For about a month after-
wards they were seen in large flocks nearly every day coming

-—-,
¥

See ee eee

lol

from the West, and later in the evening returning in that
direction. They came in a similar manner to a flight of Swifts,
scattered over a wide area and circling or dashing along in
pursuit of insects. Those shot had their gullets filled with beetles
and grasshoppers. Owing to their tender skin [ found it difficult
to obtain specimens. Although a number was shot those which
fell any distance were ruined by striking the ground, as the con-
cussion invariably knocked off large pieces of skin. The examples
secured were shot whilst skimming over a swamp, from which
they were retrieved by a little black urchin about eight years old.
The natives were very indignant at my shooting these birds, and
a deputation from the blacks’ camp explained for my edification
that if I killed any more a big rain would come and never stop
until it had washed everything away. Although I was responsible
for the death of about a score of birds the deluge had not occurred
in the district at the time of writing. Perhaps because | left. ]

No, 57. NumeEnius minutus (Little Whimbrel).

Numenius minutus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), p. 176;
id. Bds. Austr., fol., vol. VI., pl. 44 (1848).

Mesoscolopax, minutus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
XXIV., p. 371 (1896).

An adult male, shot in an open plain twenty miles south of
Derby. This species breeds in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia,
and winters in Australia. During its stay here examples may
be obtained in the same month in districts exhibiting the
extremes of temperature. Specimens have been procured during
March in the Snowy Mountains, New South Wales, at an alti-
tude of 3,700 feet, also on the hot plains of the Northern Terri-
tory of South Australia.

{On the open plains, near Derby, these birds were often
noticed. Their mode of flight against the wind closely resembles
that of the domestic Pigeon. In alighting on the ground they
immediately become very active in their search for food, which
consists of insects, especially grasshoppers, and a few small
seeds. |:

No. 58. Trrponyx VENTRALIS (Black-tailed Rail).

Gallinula ventralis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1836), p. 85.

Tribonyx ventralis, Gould, Bds. <Austr., fol., vol. VI., pl. 72
(1848) ; Sturt, Exped. Centr. Austr., vol. II., App. p. 53 (1849) ;
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. II., 2nd series, p. 172
(1887) ; North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 424, pl. 17, fig.
4 (1889).

Microtribonyx ventralis, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol.
XXITI., p. 165 (1894).

162

Two adult females. Shot om a small swamp at the rear of the
telegraph office, and about five miles from the junction of the
Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Wing measurement, 8-1, 8:2
inches. Similar to examples from Eastern and Southern Aus-
tralia.

[As soon as a good rainfall takes place in any part of West
Australia this 7ribonyx wakes its appearance: A short time
prior to our arrival at Lake Way in July abundance of rain had
fallen and formed a fresh-water lake about five miles in circum-
ference, around the margin of which thousands of these birds
were seen. They appear just like a number of Bantam fowls
running in the scrub and long grass, where they seek their food,
often at a considerable distance from water: When disturbed
they run rapidly for a short distance and then take wing, but
always fly towards or over the water. The footprints of these
birds were seen on nearly every dry claypan passed. As soon as:
the tropical rains formed swamps at the Fitzroy River these birds-
arrived, and hundreds were to be seen in places where a few days:
before no trace of them existed. |

No. 59. Taporna RADJAH (Radjah Sheldrake)..

Anas Radjah, Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool., tom. I., p. 302 (1828).

Tadorna radjah, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. VII. pl. &
(1848) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. [., 2nd series, p.
1,096 (1886); North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 338
(1889); Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XX VIL. p. 175:
(1895).

One female. Shot on the Fitzroy River, about seven miles
from camp, Some of the feathers in the centre of the chestnut
pectoral band are missing, in other respects the bird is in perfect
plumage. Wing 11 inches.

[These birds are very local in their habits, and at various
places they frequent on tlie Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers they
appear to spend most of the year. If shot and disturbed, they
will return to the same spot during the night. In January a
pair of adults with eleven newly hatched young ones were seen
in the Margaret River. The nest which these birds had
occupied was in the hollow spout of a Eucalypt overhanging the
water. Although generally found in pairs, flocks of from four
to eight are not uncommon. On two occasions single birds were
seen in company with a flock of “ Black Ducks.” |

The eggs of the following species were also obtained :—
No. 60. Cacatua ROSEICAPILLA (Rose-breasted Cockatoo).

Cacatua roseicapilla, Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist., tom., X VIT
p- 12 (1817); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol II., 2nd

163

series, p. 170 (1887); North, Nests and Eggs, Austr. Birds,
p- 251 (1889); Salvad., Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. vol. XX.,
p- 132 (1891).

Cacatua eos, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 4 (1848).

Three eggs taken from a hollow branch of a tree near the
Fitzroy River. When fresh they are pure white; but these
specimens are very much nest-stained, and were apparently
incubated. Length (A) 1°52 x 1:2 inch; (B) 1:47 x 1:18 inch;
(C) 147x112 inch. These eggs are larger than any I have
seen from Eastern Australia.

No. 61. Saunoprocta picata (Pied Fantail).

Rhipidura picata, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. I., Introd. p-.
XXXIX. (1848).

Three eggs. They are oval in form, and of a cream-buff ground
colour with a band of small dull chestnut-red surface-spots on
the thicker end, intermingled with underlying markings of pale
bluish-grey. Length, (A) 0°73 x 0°56 inch, (B) 0°75 x 0-56 inch,
(C) 0-73 x 0°58 inch.

No. 62. CINCLORAMPHUS RUFESCENS (Rufous-rumped Lark).

Anthus rufescens, Vig. and Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. XV.,
p. 230 (1826).

Cincloramphus rufescens, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. III., pl.
76 (1848) ; North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds., p. 153 (1889) ;
Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit Mus., vol. VII., p. 500 (1883).

Ptenedus rufescens, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. IT.,
2nd series, p. 168 (1887).

Two eggs found on the ground. They are of a pale purplish-
white ground colour, with freckles, spots, and a few blotches of
purplish-red distributed over the entire surface of the shell, the
markings being slightly larger and darker on the thicker end.
Length, 0-87 x 0-64 inch, (B) 0°91 x 0°7 inch.

No. 63. SYN@cUS AUSTRALIS (Swamp Quail).

Perdix australis, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. 4, XIT (1801).

Synoicus australis, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol. V., pl. 89
(1848) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. I., 2nd series, p.
1,099 (1886); North, Nests and Eggs of Austr. Bds., p. 289

1889).
; es autralis, Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXIT., p.
247 (1893).

A set of four are swollen ovals in furm, pointed slightly at the
end, and are of a uniform dull yellowish-white, except where nest
stained. Length, (A) 1:22 x 0-92 inch, (B) 1:13 x 0°93 inch,
(C) 1:1 x 0-9 inch, (E) 1:19 x 0°93 inch. Another set has the

164

yellowish-white ground colour slightly tinged with dull green,
and are very finely freckled all over with pin-point markings of
yellowish-brown. Length, (A) 1:12 x 0°88 inch, (B) 1°12 x 0-89
inch, (C) 1:12 x 0°87 inch.

I cannot agree with Mr. Ogilvie Grant* in uniting S.
diemenensis, with this species, the wing-measurement being fully
one inch longer than in S. australis. Moreover the eggs of
S. diemenensis are larger, the ground color is a deeper green, and
the marking more conspicuous. A set of the latter taken at
Boat Harbor, on the North-west coast of Tasmania measure as
follows, length, (A) 1°38 x 0°99 inch, (B) 1:3 x 0°97 inch, (C)
1:33 x 1 inch, (D) 1°33 x 0:98 inch, (E) 1°32 x 0°98 inch, 1°31 x
0:96 inch. Eggs of S. australis taken in Tasmania are similar
in colour and size to those of continental birds of this species.

No. 64. LoBIVANELLUS MILES (Masked Plover).

Tringa miles, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 51 (1783).

Lobwanellus personatus, Gould, Bds. Austr., fol., vol., VI., pl.
10 (1848).

Lobivanellus miles, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. L.,
2nd series, p. 1,099 (1886) ; North, Nests and Eggs Austr. Bds.,
p. 301 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXIV. p. 140
(1896).

Two eggs, taken on the 8th of March, 1897, from the margin
of a swamp about five miles from the junction of the Fitzroy and
Margaret Rivers. They are rounded ovals in form, and of a
yellowish-stone ground colour, slightly tinted with olive, with
freckles, spots, and larger irregular-shaped markings of olive-
brown and blackish-brown distributed over the entire surface of
the shell, together with a few superimposed spots of dull bluish-
black. Length, (A) 0°68 x 0:3 inch, (B) 0°63 x 0°31 inch.

No. 65. Hypor@NipIA PHILTPPENSIS (Land Rail).

Rallus philippensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. tom. I., p. 263 (1766).

fallus pectoralis, Gould, Bds. Austr., vol. VI., pl. 76 (1848).

Hypotenidia philippensis, North, Nests and Eggs of Austr.
Bds., p. 328 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vol. XXVIII,
p. 39 (1894).

Three eggs, taken in February, 1897. They are a pale cream-
buff ground colour, with rounded spots and a few blotches of
chestnut-red and dark bluish-grey, the latter colour appearing as
if beneath the surface of the shell. Length, (A) 1:32 x 1:03 inch,
(B) 1:33 x 1:03 inch, (C) 1:37 x 1:03 inch.

* Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. vol. XXII, p. 247 (1893).

Pe eae

™ BATS ee

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165

The following notes by Mr. G. A. Keartland refer to birds
observed during the expedition, and were either amongst the
skins abandoned in the desert, or were shot for food :—

No. 1. Circus Goutpi (Gould Harrier).

This species was only noted in the vicinity of the large fresh-
water swamps at Lake Way and near the Fitzoy River. Beyond
Tecognising its presence, and the fact that lizards, snakes, and
grasshoppers form its chief food no information was obtained.

No. 2. AsTuR CINEREUS (Grey-backed Goshawk).
’ A single example of this species was shot near the telegraph

‘station on the Fitzroy River.

No. 3. AstuR APPROXIMANS (Australian Goshawk).

Wherever surface water was found these birds were met with.
‘Whilst duck-shooting in August, I saw one attacking a Tribonyx.
It made several swoops at its intended victim, and would, no
doubt, soon have killed it. They are very courageous. I saw
one make several attempts to seize a half-grown fowl, notwith-
standing the fact that a dog kept barking at it, and our black
boy drove it away twice. A cartridge ended the trouble. At

Johanna Springs I shot a fine female, and was surprised to find

it so far in the desert. Amongst those killed were a female in
adult plumage, whilst her mate still retained his immature garb.
I had observed these birds building their nest near a creek, and
if time had permitted I should probably have obtained their eggs.
All the settlers wage war against the Goshawks on account of
their depredations amongst the poultry. At a spring in lat.
22-23, long. 124:0, one was seen devouring a Crested Bronzewing
Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes), which it had, no doubt, seized whilst
-drinking.

No. 4. AccIPITER CIRRHOCEPHALUS (Collared Sparrow-hawk).

Along the Fiztroy and Margaret Rivers, and their branches,
these bold little birds were met with. Near our camp in January
I was surprised to see a small male bird attacking a pair of Rose-
‘breasted Cockatoos. The Cockatoos had selected the hollow
branch of a tree for their nest, and whilst they were trimming
the entrance to their future domicile the hawk made frequent
swoops at them, knocking out bunches of feathers and causing
the Cockatoos, which were more than twice his weight, to cry out
with pain. This battle was continued for some time, and was
eventually terminated with a cartridge, as I hoped to have the
chance of robbing the cockatoos’ nest myself.

166

No. 5. AQuiLa aAuDAX (Wedge-tailed Eagle). é‘

Although in other parts of Australia these Eagles are found of
various shades of colour—from very light brown to near-y black,.
T never saw a light-coloured one throughout our journey. In
crossing the desert they were frequently seen pursuing the little-
wallabies so common on the sandhills. They generally hunted in:
couples. Soaring overhead, until their keen eyes detected their
victim, they descended with unerring aim upon it. Several of
their nests were seen in the desert gums on the sandhills, not.
more than 20 feet from the ground.

No. 6. HaLiartus LEucoGASTER (White-billed Sea Eagle). ,

Along the North-West Coast, and on the rivers, these noble-
birds were seen. They are not at all as particular in their diet.
as many suppose, but will devour wallabies, ducks, or lizards as
readily as they dofish. Mr. T. Carter informed me that he had
taken their eggs, near Point Cloates, from a nest in which the-
remains of several wallabies were found.

No. 7. HALIASTUR GIRRENERA (Red-backed Fish Eagle).

Several of these birds were seen along the course of the Fitzroy
and Margaret Rivers, but owing to their shyness I was unable to-
obtain specimens. They were invariably found perched on high.
trees overhanging the water.

No. 8. Hatiastur spHENURUS (Whistling Eagle).

Greatly to my surprise, these birds were very rare. At
Quanbun Station, on the Fitzroy River, two of them kept up a
constant attack on the Rosebreasted and other Cockatoos which
came to drink at the swamp. Along the rivers a few more were
seen.

No. 9. Mitvus arrinis (Allied Kite).

These tropical scavengers were not seen until the Fitzroy River
was approached early in November, but on our arrival at the
telegraph station at the Crossing they were very numerous. All
along the road from Derby to the Margaret River they may be
seen in hundreds. During the heat of the day they seek shelter
from the sun amongst the branches of the various trees, but both
morning and evening they are either on the wing soaring over-
head or seeking food on the ground. Nothing in the shape of
carrion seems to come amiss to them. They are very tame, and
are useful in clearing away the offal when cattle are slaughtered.
They seldom attack poultry, and consequently are not molested...
Grasshoppers form the chief portion of their food. They build
in loose stick nests in the Baobab-trees during March andi

pril.

rr
~

167

No. 10. Lopnotcrina isura (Square-tailed Kite).

A few of these Kites were noted in the early part of our trip.
At one of our camps near Lake Augusta in July I found a nest
containing one young bird fully fledged. It was situated in a
Cork-bark-tree, about 15 feet from the ground. The old birds
were very shy and difficult to approach.

No. 11. GypoIcriINnIA MELANOSTERNON (Black-breasted Kite).

Many of these birds were observed on the flats near the Fitzroy
River. As our caravan passed along, they kept rising from the-
ground, and only flew a short distance before they again settled.
They were never seen to perch. Two old nests were found, but
neither contained eggs.

No. 12. Fatco HypoLeucus (Grey Falcon).

Several of these beautiful Falcons were observed near Mount
Campbell, and also at Mount Arthur, but successfully evaded

capture. :
No. 13. FALco sUBNIGER (Black Falcon).

Many splendid specimens of this Falcon were noted between
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. Two nests examined were just
ready for eggs. In structure they closely resemble those of
Hieracidea berigora, and were placed in the highest trees in the
neighbourhood.

No. 14. Fatco tunutatus (White-fronted Falcon).

This ubiquitous bird was found wherever water exists. As an
instance of its daring, I may mention that whilst camped at
depdt in August a flock of Cockatoo-Parrots perched on a dead
tree close to the waterhole, but before I could pick up my gun, a
White-fronted Falcon dashed at them, causing the flock to
scatter in all directions. In an instant it seized one in its flight,
and was making off, when I fired at him, knocking out feathers.
The Falcon dropped its prey, but secured it again before it
reached the ground. A second shot at long range caused him to
again let the Parrot fall; but it was quite dead. The White-
fronted Falcon is probably one of the most courageous of the
Falconida, and is able to attack with success young ducks and
teal, which it will carry off, though much heavier than itself.
Its marvellous power of flight enables it to travel a great
distance in search of prey.

No. 15. HizraciDEA ORIENTALIS (Brown Hawk).
These birds were found in great numbers in the early and
latter parts of our journey, but very few were seen in the
desert. In August several nests containing young were found,

168

-and our party were interested in watching the assiduity with
which the old birds carried out their paternal duty. From
before daybreak until long after dark at night their cries might
be heard as they flew over our camp, carrying lizards, &c., to
their clamoring broods. Near the Fitzroy River they were
‘found building their nests in March.

No. 16. HizRAcIDEA BERIGORA (Western Brown Hawk).

In the early part of our trip these birds were frequently noted
‘in the mulga scrubs and forest country. Owing to their size, I
regret I was unable to collect a series of skins to illustrate the
variation in their plumage. Their habits and courage closely
resemble those of the foregoing species.

No. 17. TiInNUNCULUS CENCHROIDES (Nankeen Kestrel).

This Kestrel was found during the early portion of our journey.
Its habits are well known, and show no variation in the different
parts of the Continent. Unlike any of the foregoing members of
the order, the Kestrel frequently makes its nest in the hollow
‘spout of a dead tree. On 28th August I took four eggs from a
tree near our camp, and was surprised to find the nest lined with
pellets of camel dung. This is probably the first time this
material has been used for nest-lining.

No. 18. Panpion LeucocePHALUS (White-headed Osprey).

These birds are very numerous all along the North-West Coast
andthe course of the Margaret, Fitzroy, Gascoigne, Ashburton, and
Oakover Rivers. They seldom venture far from water, and their
nests are usually placed in trees on the margin of the streams
mentioned.

No. 19. Nrnox BooBooKk (Boobook Owl).

One of the most familiar sounds to be heard during the night,
wherever timber was large enough to afford sufficient shelter,
was the note of the Boobook. These birds were heard, and seen,
near Lake Way and they were also numerous throughout the
course of the rivers and creeks. Early in August a pair flew
from the hollow branch of a large tree on the margin of a creek
where we were shooting ducks. As I thought they had their nest
there, the late Mr. Jones obliged by chopping outthelimb, with the
result that we found the nest just ready for eggs. During the
day the birds are freqently seen amongst the foliage of the
trees,

No. 20. CacaruA LEADBEATERI (Leadbeater’s Cockatoo.)

These birds were only found in the desert, where morning and
evening they were noted in their journeys to and from water or
feeding on the bushes and ground.. They were usually in pairs,

at died ay

169

and when camped near the native wells we seldom missed seeing
them. They were very shy, and flew around several times to see
that all was safe before alighting.

No. 21. CacaTuA ROSEICAPELLA (Rose-breasted Cockatoo).

Near Lake Way these birds were first noted on July 13, but a
few days later Mr. Jones discovered two of their nests, from
which he dislodged the birds. Subsequently, in crossing the
desert, a number of other nests were found, and on October 15
Mr. Wells took three fledged young ones from a hollow tree on a
sandhill. During February and March several nests, containing
either eggs or young, were found near the Fitzroy River. It
will thus be seen that these birds have not only a wide range in
the North-West, but that their breeding-time is equally extensive.
The birds were found in great flocks at all waters, and were so tame:
that no difficulty was experienced in shooting a number for the
pot, five or six frequently falling to one shot. When well stewed,.
they form a very palatable dish.

No. 22. CacATUA SANGUINEA (Blood-stained Cockatoo).

This species was first noted between Mullawa and Cue, but at
Lake Way the first nice specimen was obtained. They were not
seen again until we reached the lagoons near the Fitzroy River,
where they were in countless numbers. At one spot about six
acres of ground was perfectly white with them. They were
always seen in the vicinity of water, and spend a great portion of
their time on the ground. Unfortunately when I had the
opportunity of preserving them they were all so dirty or in such
ragged feathers that I did not procure a good skin. During
November the natives secured an immense number of nestlings,
which they regard as excellent food. August and September are
their usual laying months. After the young ones have ieft the
nest, they keep up their incessant cry for food for some months.

No. 23. CALopsirrTacus NOVA HOLLANDI& (Cockatoo Parrot).

Wherever surface water exists in North-West Australia the
Cockatoo Parrots are seen as they arrive in large flocks to drink
both morning and evening. Their food consists of various grass
seeds, which they seek in the coolest parts of the day, but when
the sun becomes hot they shelter under the densest foliage they
can find, and at such times they will remain so still that the
natives can approach to within a few yards and knock the birds
down with their throwing sticks. Nestlings were plentiful at the
Fitzroy River during January.

No. 24. TRICHOGLOSSUS RUBRITORQUIS (Red-collared Parrakeet).

Onapproaching Derby several pairs of these birds crossed our line
of march, but I was unable to secure specimens. However, the

170

fact that they breed in that neighbourhood was established by
Dr. House, Government Resident, who showed me a beautiful
pair of young biras in captivity which had been taken from a nest
in the vicinity by a native. They were very tame, and appeared
to stand confinement well in the large aviary in which they were
kept. Dr. House also showed me several skins he had preserved
from birds shot in his paddock.

No. 25. Puatycercus zonarius (Port Lincoln Parrakeet),

From the commencement of our journey these birds continue to
be fairly abundant until reaching Separation Well, after which
they were not observed. Near the waterholes they might be seen
in pairs or small flocks feeding on the ground or devouring the
green shoots of several small plants. With the exception of a
solitary pair of the Yellow-collared Parakeet, this was the only
representative of the genus found in West Australia during the
trip.
No. 26. PLarycercus sEmMiTorQuatuS (Yellow-collared
Parrakeet).

Although these birds are numerous in places between Albany
and Fremantle, they seem to avoid the tropics. A single pair
was found south of Lake Augusta in the end of July, but,
_ judging from their poor condition, I concluded that they were
out of their latitude. Mr. Wells shot them at a waterhole, and
although the morning was well advanced, their stomachs con-
tained very little food. .

No. 27. PsepHorus muLticotor (Varied Grass Parrakeet).

These birds were frequently seen between Cue and Lake
Augusta, but were not found further north. They were always
seen singly or in pairs. They are of an affectionate disposition,
. and when one bird was shot and left where it fell for a few
minutes, its mate invariably returned and perched near for a
short time, and then approached the dead one to try and coax it
away. They were generally found near water, and prefer mulga
or mallee country.

No. 28. MELopsirracus uNDULATUS (Warbling Grass Parrakeet).

Throughout the whole of the country traversed these birds
were noted. They were breeding in July and August, and
numbers of eggs and young birds were seen. On July 26 Mr.
Jones took young birds fully fledged from a hollow limb, in which ~
he found four nests. Two of the latter contained fresh eggs. —
Other nestlings were seen on August 26. As these birds require
to drink frequently, their presence was always noted, and their
course watched. They travel immense distances to feed, and in

171

the vicinity of Johanna Springs flocks of several thousands were
seen going to some favorite feeding-place soon after sunrise. On
three occasions I saw a beautiful yellow bird flying in the flock.
These abormal birds were as richly coloured as a Norwich canary.

No. 29. GEopsirracus OCCIDENTALIS (Western Ground
Parrakeet).

Although the feathers of these birds were often found in the
nests of various small birds or amongst the spinifex, where they
had no doubt fallen victims to the hungry dingoes, I only saw
one bird, which was disturbed by Mr. Wells’ camel in passing
through some spinifex on a stony rise on which scattered mulga
trees were rather too numerous. Mr. Chas. F. Wells. pointed
out the spot where it had settled; but after a short search, it
was flushed some distance away, showing that it had travelled
fully fifty yards. Owing to the erratic flight of the bird through
the scrub, I was unable to shoot it. I afterwards ascertained
from the natives that these Parrakeets lay four eggs in a loosely-
made cup nest under the shade of the spinifex. They are
nocturnal in their habits, feeding and drinking at night, and
hide during the day beneath the shelter of the tussocks, from
which they only emerge when disturbed, and then they fly off
like a quail, giving a short sharp note several times as they go.

No. 30. CucuLus pauuipus (Pallid Cuckoo).

These well-known birds were found throughout the trip, and
were seen from Mullawa in June to the Fitzroy River in March.

No. 31. CacoMANTIS FLABELLIFORMIS (Fantailed Cockatoo).

Several of these birds were noted on the Fitzroy River, and in
the vicinity of the telegraph office, during February.

No. 32. Lamprococcyx BASALIS (Narrow-billed Bronze Cuckoo).

These birds were frequently seen, and several shot during the
early stage of our journey. At the Fitzroy River, Mr. Wells took
an egg of this Cuckoo from the nest of Malurus cruentatus.

No. 33. Daceto Gicas (Great Brown Kingfisher).

Whilst camped at Mullawa, I heard the well-known notes of
these birds, and found a few of them always near our quarters.
They were also noted between Fremantle and Perth, but were
not found north of Cue.

No. 34. AXGOTHETES NOVH HOLLANDIAE (Owlet Nightjar).

Throughout the course of our journey I frequently saw these
birds fly about our camp at night. As the caravan passed
through the forests the unusual noise disturbed the Nightjars

172

from their retreats in the hollow branches of the dead trees..
Whilst in pursuit of ducks with Mr. C. F. Wells on 8th August,
he called my attention to one of these birds perched within a few

feet of my head. It was nearly black, but whilst changing my

cartridge it disappeared across the creek, and could not again be

fuund. Subsequently others wers seen. They frequently came-

under the verandah at the telegraph station at night in pursuit
of insects, flying in and out like Welcome Swallows.

No. 34. Hirunpo NEOxENA (Welcome Swallow),

These well-known birds were only seen near Geraldton at the-

start of the expedition. They are by no means common in West
Australia.

No. 36. LAGENOPLASTES ARIEL (Fairy Martin).

Near Cue and at Fitzroy River I saw numbers of these birds,
and was informed that their well-known bottle-shaped mud nests.
are frequently seen among the rocks of the St. George Range. |

No. 37. CHBRAM@CA LEUCOSTERNUM (White-breasted Swallow).

Numbers of these pretty birds were seen tunnelling in the
sandy crown of a hill near Cue on June 28, whilst others were
examining crevices in the rocks. Mr. Jones, who was with me,.
kindly climbed to several places from which we saw the birds
emerge, but found the nests were unfinished. These swallows
were subsequently seen as we entered the desert, and on
September 29 I obtained specimens of young birds just able to
fly, in addition to adults of both sexes. A few were soaring
overhead at Fitzroy River during January and the two following
months.

No. 38. Artamus PERSONATUS (Masked Wood Swallow).

Karly in August we passed through an immense flock of these-
birds in a mulga scrub. They appeared to be migrating, and to-
have simply stopped to satisfy the cravings of hunger, as they
were soon busy amongst the grasshoppers. We camped for lunch,
but, before resuming our journey, they had made a start. On
several subsequent occasions they were noted, and near our
camel depot on August 25 they were found in company with A.
melanops and A. superciliosus. As we approached the northern
border of the desert we saw numerous flocks, whose welcome chirp:
was the only sound that disturbed the silence of the journey.

No, 39. Arramus supERCILIOsUS (White-eyebrowed Wood
Swallow).

These birds were only seen on one or two occasions. Near the
camel dep6t on August 25 a number were noted, but, although I

—

173

visited the same locality frequently during the month I spent
there, I only saw them once. On one or two mornings they were
noted in the desert.

No. 40. ParpALorus ornatus (Striated Diamond-bird).

This bird was seen and shot near the Fitzroy River in January,
but was in bad feather owing to heavy moult. It was observed
amongst the top branches of a stunted gum-tree.

No. 41. GYMNORHINA TIBICEN (Piping Crow Shrike).

Three of these birds were seen near Lake Way on July 12, and
a few days later others were noted. Although I made diligent
search and inquiries, I could find no trace of them so far north as
the Fitzroy River.

No. 42. GymMNorHINA LEUCONoTA (White-backed Crow Shrike).

Whilst in the train between Fremantle and Perth Mr. Jones
drew my attention to these birds on several occasions as they
perched on the trees near the railway line, or flew off on the
approach of the train. No trace could be found of their presence
further north.

No. 43. Cracricus rosustus (Black-throated Crow Shrike).

The merry carols of these birds were frequently heard along
the creeks before reaching Mount Bates, and specimens obtained.
They appeared to watch for, and secure, their prey whilst the
victim was drinking. One bird was shot whilst in the act of
killing a Chestnut-eared Finch on the margin of a pool in creek.
They were not seen further north.

No. 44. PacHYcEPHALA RUFIVENTRIS (Rufous-breasted Thick-
head).
These birds were numerous in the scrub along the course of the
Fitzroy River, but were not noted elsewhere.

No. 45. SPHENOsTOMA cRIsTATA (Crested Wedgebill).

This bird appears to have a very wide range in West
Australia. Along the Cue road its notes were frequently heard,
and birds were plentiful near Lake Way. At our camel depét
on Creek during August I obtained a number of
specimens, and on several occasions killed the pair at one shot.
In three cases, males in immature plumage, with horn-colored
bills, were found mated to adult females ; whilst at other times
the sexes could not be distinguished without dissection, The.
Wedgebill delights in open country in which low bushes of dense:
foliage exist. Their nests are usually placed in the latter, about
3 feet or less from the ground, and are built of fine twigs, cup-

174

shaped, and lined with soft grass. Like Oreoica cristata, the
Wedgebill is a most accomplished ventriloquist.

No. 46. GRAUCALUS MELANOPS (Black-faced Graucalus).

This bird was noted on many occasions throughout the trip,
but appears to be most plentiful in the large timber near the
creeks and rivers.

No. 47. GRALLINA PicaTA (Pied Grallina).

As might be expected, these well-known birds were found near
all surface waters passed. During January and February many
of their nests were observed around the swamps near the Fitzroy
River, and in March the natives brought several young ones to
our camp. As the bird is so well known, skins were not
preserved.

No. 48. Ruiprpura ALBIscAPA (White-shafted Fantail).

These birds, or what I thought to be them, were noted several
times in the mangroves near the Fitzroy River, but as 1 was in
pursuit of other birds, and did not care to shoot them, I cannot
be certain as to their identity.

No. 49. SAULOPROCTA MOTACILLOIDES (Black and White Fantail).

This well-known flycatcher was found throughout the journey.
Near the camel depdt during the month of August Mr. C. F.
Wells called my attention to a nest containing three eggs of this
species. They were much more highly coloured than usual,
being rich yellowish-brown with bluish-black markings. They
were quite fresh. At the telepraph station at Fitzroy River a
pair of these birds were constantly hopping about the kitchen
door, and often went inside in pursuit of flies.

No. 50. Seisura 1nQuIETA (Restless Flycatcher).

The harsh grating notes of these birds were only heard near
the Fitzroy River, where the birds were numerous. Instead _ of
hopping along the ground like the Black Fantail, the Flycatcher
was invariably noted in the tops of the tallest trees, where its
restless habits rendered it conspicuous.

No. 51. Micra@ca FAscInANs (Brown Flycatcher).
These birds were only noted near the Fitzroy River during
March and the two following months.
No. 52, Perraca GoopENovil (Red-Capped Robin).

In the early part of our journey these birds were very numer-
ous, being noted frequently from Cue to Separation Well, but
further north the country appeared to be too dry and the climate

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175

too hot. Although I was assured they occasionally frequent
the Fitzroy River and its vicinity, | never saw them there.

No. 53. MELANODRYAS BICOLOR (Hooded Robin).

These birds were seen throughout the trip, being particularly
numerous at Creek in August. On October 26 I found
a nest of this Robin containing two eggs. It was placed on the
horizontal branch of a desert gum-tree, about six feet from the
ground. It was a cup-shaped structure, built of strips of bark,
cobwebs, and fine grass. Although the rope holding our tar-
paulin was tied to the branch, the birds visited and sat on the
nest several times during the day. The eggs were dark-olive-
green, with a reddish-brown tinge at the larger end. Other birds
of this species were subsequently seen near the Fitzroy River.

No. 54. Maturus LAmBerti (Lambert’s Superb Warbler).

The first specimen of this species was obtained near Lake
Augusta, but others were afterwards seen in considerable
numbers, and frequently in company with M. leucopterus in the
saltbush and samphire near Creek. At Separation
Well several of their nests were seen in the low bushes near our
camp, but the young birds had all taken wing prior to our arrival
there on October 9.

MAaLurvus LEucoprerus (White-winged Wren).
Several of these beautiful little warblers were seen near the

~ camel depdt on Creek, and the late Mr. C. F. Wells

shot some capital specimens, which were, unfortunately, aban-
doned in the desert. The male birds are very shy, except at
breeding-time, when they become pugnacious, fighting and
chasing each other away from the bushes where they purpose
building their nests. On one occasion two males were so intent
on their battle that I killed both at one shot from about 15 paces.
The White-winged Wrens generally frequent the saltbush and
samphire flats, but are also found in any low dense bushes and
undergrowth. Three of their nests, containing fresh eggs, were
found during September.

No. 55. Maturus Lteuconorus (White-backed Superb Warbler),

This shy little warbler was first noted in the saltbush near
Lake Way, where several specimens of both sexes were obtained.
They were afterwards noted at various places rigbt across the
desert, to within 50 miles north of Johanna Springs, but were not
seen near the river. In the pursuit of these birds I found the
homely-clad females very tame and easy to approach, whilst the
males in full plumage were extremely shy. When heard or seen
out of range the male would immediately either fly off or drop

176

into the thick undergrowth, and then hop away unobserved. As
soon as he was at a safe distance, the females and young birds
followed.

No. 56. AmyTis sTRIATUS (Striated Desert Wren).

Although frequently seen as we travelled over the spinifex
flats, I did not secure specimens of this bird until 6th October,
about 40 miles south of Separation Well, where eight specimens
(four of each sex) revealed the fact that there is no sexual
difference in plumage. During August Messrs. L. A. Wells and
Jones found several nests containing eggs belonging to this
species, and subsequently a number of others were obtained.
The nests were always placed on top of a spinifex tussock, and
built of soft grass, with a large opening near the top. The eggs
(two in number) were either finely or heavily spotted with light
brown on a white ground.

No. 57. AMYTIS TEXTILIS (Quoy’s Desert Wren).

Amongst the saltbush near Lake Way, and also ou the
samphire flats or scrub-covered sandhills near our camel depdt
on Creek, I obtained over a dozen specimens of this
bird, and in August secured a pair of young ones unable to fly.
I found no variation in colour or structure in either sex or stage,
adult or young. They all possessed the same stout bill and
fleshy thighs. The sexes could not be distinguished without
dissection. These birds keep close to the ground under some
dense bush until disturbed, when they fly or run with great
rapidity to the nearest shelter. Occasionally at mating-time
they may be seen on a low bush, but seldom more than 2 feet
from the ground. Wounded, it is almost impossible to secure
them, as they run to shelter and hide like mice.

No. 58. Stiprrurus mMaLacurus (Emu Wren).

When approaching Separation Well we were surprised to find
a species of small bird hiding in the spinifex. Numbers were
seen, but, owing to their agility in concealing themselves, and
their disinclination to fly, it was difficult work to secure them.
The first one obtained was caught by Messrs. L. A. Wells and
G. L. Jones by simply throwing a waterproof sheet over the
tussock in which it secreted itself, and then removing the grass
by degrees until the bird was caught. It proved to be an im-
mature female. At the well I succeeded in obtaining three more
(two males and one female). Thus in the arid desert and in hot
weather we found birds that have hitherto been associated in our
minds with moist localities. The males were extremely brilliant
in colour, the throat being a very bright lavender-blue. These
were all shot in a low acacia bush on a sandhill. Three of their

177

nests were found in the spinifex, but the young ones had all taken
flight. These nests closely resembled those of the maluri, but
had rather large side openings. It was extremely unfortunate
that these skins were lost, as, although entered on my notes as
Emu Wren, I am strongly of opinion that it is a separate species,
as the tail feathers were very close in texture, and the throat of
the male much more highly coloured than in any specimen of
Stipiturus malacurus I had previously seen.

No. 59. ACANTHIZA APICALIS (Western Acanthiza).

Amongst the samphire bushes near the camel depédt on
Creek the musical note of this little Acanthiza was
frequently heard, and numbers of their nests found. The latter
is a pretty dome-shaped structure with a small opening at the
side. It is built of soft grass and cobwebs, and decorated all
over with white cocoons, which gave it a very pretty appearance.
The eggs (three in number) are fleshy-white, freckled or blotched
with red. All the nests discovered were within about 2 feet of
the ground.

No. 60. EparHianura TRICOLOR (Crimson-fronted Ephthianura).

These gorgeous little birds were constantly met with through-
out the trip, but were most numerous in the saltbush country.
They appear to be quite indifferent to the proximity of water.
They were first noted near Cue, were numerous near Lake Way,
and odd birds were found in the driest parts of the desert.
Sometimes they were in large flocks, but frequently single birds
were seen.

No. 61. EpHrHiANuRA AURIFRONS (Orange-fronted Ephthianura).

Unlike the preceding species, these birds were always found at
the fresh waters seen in the early stages of our journey. At
Lake Way they were particularly numerous, clinging to twigs
and rushes projecting above the surface of the water. They
mingled with the Dotterel on the damp sandy flats, and were
also found in the saltbush and samphire near camp. ‘They were
not seen again until after the tropical rains in February, when
they appeared at the “ bluebush” swamps near the junction of
the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers.

No. 62. PyrrHoL@mus BRUNNEUS (Brown Red-throat).

Before reaching Cue this lovely little songster made his
presence known. They seem to delight in saltbush and country
thickly studded with low dense bushes, and although their sweet
notes are frequently heard, the birds themselves retire to the
thick foliage on the approach of man. When undisturbed, they
may be seen hopping amongst the grass. Specimens were

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secured on several occasions between Cue and Separation Well,
but they were not found further north. During the flying trip
taken by Messrs. L. A. Wells and G. L. Jones in August they
found a beautiful clutch of three eggs of this species. The nest
was in a thick bush about 3 feet from the ground.

No. 63. CALAMANTHUS CAMPESTRIS (Field Calamanthus).

Although the Field Calamanthus is generally found amongst
coarse grass, heath, and scrub, in moist localities, it seems to
thrive equally well in the dry sandy parts of West Australia.
They were frequently disturbed amongst the samphire, saltbush,
and grass near the camel depét, and morning and evening
enlivened our camp with their songs, as perched on some
elevated spot one would pour forth its daily carol. Several
nests were found during August, two of them being discovered
lying on small patches of bare ground, in such exposed positions
as to convey the idea that they had been cast away by some
passing oologist. Mr. Chas. F. Wells found another beneath the
shelter of a low saltbush. All the eggs taken were of the usual
colour and character.

No. 64. XEROPHILA LEUCOPsIS (White-faced Xerophila).

In the mulga scrubs between Mullawa and Lake Way these
birds were frequently seen, either singly or in small flocks. They
are very active, either on the ground or amongst the scrub
Their bulky nests are usually located amongst drooping foliage of
the casuarina or acacia; but on one occasion Mr. Jones pointed
out a hollow log about 8 feet high into which he had noticed a
small bird disappear, and on splitting it open we were surprised
to find a Xerophila’s nest, containing three fresh eggs, at the
bottom of the spout. A few days afterwards another was found
in a similar position. The Xerophila was not found further
north than Lake Augusta.

No. 65. CINCLORAMPHUS CRURALIS (Brown Cincloramphus).

At the camel depdt on Creek these birds were
first noted. Their well-known habit of singing loudly as they
fly from tree to tree or rise from the ground, giving a final chirp
on perching, was frequently noticed. The specimens shot
appeared to be identical with those found in other parts of
Australia, They were also seen at the Fitzroy River.

No. 66. CrncLoRAMPHUS RUFESCENS (Rufous-tinted
Cincloramphus).
These birds were particularly plentiful amongst the long
kangaroo grass along the creeks between Cue and Lake Augusta,

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and also near the Fitzroy River. Their habits are too well
known to require further comment.

No. 67. Pomarostomus suUPERCILIosuS (White-eyebrowea
Pomatostomus).

These birds were found in several places between Mullawa and
Lake Augusta, and afterwards at Fitzroy River and along the
Nerrima and Jilgelly Creeks, their noisy chatter and sprightly
antics frequently causing muchamusement. They were breeding
near Cue in June and at Fitzroy River in February. On two
occasions they were seen in company with P. rubeculus.

No. 68. PoEPHILA MIRABILIS (Crimson-headed Finch).

Although JT only obtained an immature live bird, caught at
Derby, Mr. Wells brought evidence in the shape of a cageful of
adults that they are plentiful in that locality. I was also
informed that they are numerous at Wyndham, a fact which
shows that they range across the northern portion of the
continent from east to west.

No. 69. TH#NEOPYGIA CASTANOTIs (Chesnut-eared Finch).

These little birds had a peculiar share in our interest, as their
presence in numbers is a pretty good indication of the proximity
of water. Wherever rockholes or wells containing water were
found immense flocks of these birds were seen. They seem to
possess an insatiable thirst, and will alight in flocks to drink
close to where men are working. When we were baling water
for the camels they frequeutly perched on the sides of the dishes
to drink. Iam strongly of opinion that they possess the ability
to scent water, as on several occasions during the hot days of
April flocks perched on the trees under which we were enjoying
the midday halt, and were not easily scared, but kept hopping on
the water casks and near the pannikins containing hot tea.
Although constantly chased by my dog, they simply evaded the
attack, and as soon as allowed drank from a tin of water placed
for them. At one rockhole passed soon after leaving Lake Way
they were in such numbers as to pollute the water with their
droppings. They were found from Mullawa to the Fitzroy River.
In some cases three or four nests containing fresh eggs were
found on one bush. They build in all sorts of places, nests
being found in the tall desert gums, in holes in hollow logs, on
low bushes, or on the ground under the low-spreading saltbush.
They often start laying as soon as the foundation of the nest is
placed in position, and kept on building and laying until both
operations were finished. The material used is invariably dry
grass stems. The birds seek the shelter of their nests at night,
even after their broods are hatched. Notwithstanding that one

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pair, which built their nest in our bough shade, were frequently
handled by our Afghans at the camel depot, they remained there,
laid the full clutch of bluish-white eggs, and reared their brood.
Mr. Wells found a Wedgebill’s nest near our camp which had
been appropriated by a pair of these Finches. It contained one
egg when first discovered, but before the clutch was completed
the birds had finished roofing it over.

No. 70. CrncLosoMA CASTANEONOTUM (Chesnut-backed Thrush).

About 40 miles south of Separation Well several of these
birds were shot. They were very shy, and when disturbed from
one bush soon sought shelter under another. The specimens
secured were moulting at the time (September).

No. 71. CrnctosomMA CINNAMOMEUM (Cinnamon-colored Thrush).

These birds delight in rough stony country, and were numerous
around our camp at the camel depot. They lie concealed under
low bushes until approached within afew yards, when they fly off
to other shelter. They were never seen to perch. Several of
their nests were found on the ground under low bushes. In each
case the bird had scraped a slight hollow, and lined it with a few
acacia leaves. The nest was so loosely made that it fell to pieces
on being lifted. The clutch consisted of two eggs of a dirty-
white ground colour, heavily blotched with umber-brown and
slatey-grey.

No. 72. Corvus coronoipEs (Hazel-eyed Crow).

During the early part of our journey these birds were
frequently observed, but as the hot weather set in in October
they became scarce, and were afterwards found only in the
vicinity of watcr, so that, to us at least, they ceased to be birds
of evilomen. In December and the first week of January they
were very numerous around our camp, and united with the Kites
(Milvus affinis) in performing the duty of scavengers. During
the heat of the day they might be seen either perched or flying
with their bills wide open, showing that they too suffered from
the scorching sun. As the rain-time approached, and the
Channetbill (Scythrops) made his appearance, we often witnessed
twenty or thirty Crows indulging in an attack on the latter, until
they had chased him for over a mile. Two birds generally
approached the Scythrops simultaneously, as they appeared to
have a wholesome dread of his formidable bill. As soon as the
rain came the Crows all cleared off, and were not seen again
before we left, on 16th March.

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No. 73. Prinoris penicituata (White-Plumed Honeyeater).

Between Lake Way and Lake Augusta these birds were
plentiful wherever water existed, and several nests containing
young ones were noted on 3rd July. Near our camel depdt on

Creek three clutches of eggs were taken in the
latter part of August. All the eggs were remarkable for the
whiteness of the ground colour and the very dark spots with which
they were marked. The fondness of the White-Plumed Honey-
eaters for bathing may account for the fact that they were never
seen far from water. They were not observed further north
than Lake Augusta, but on the Fitzroy River give place to
P. flavescens.

No. 74. CERTHIONYX LEUCOMELAS (Pied Honeyeater).

This rare honeyeater was first obtained in some scattered
mallee some distance south of Separation Well, on 25th
September. At that time they were in poor plumage. Several
of the male birds shot had brown feathers scattered through the
black, indicating, probably, that they were immature birds, and
that the young of both sexes are of the same colour as the
female, which closely resembles Anthus australis in colour and
markings. Towards the end of October flocks ef these birds
frequently passed us going north. On 22nd October I found a
nest of this bird. It was built of short grass-stems, woven
together with spider’s web, and suspended by the rim in a cork-
bark tree. Both birds were at the nest, and I shot the male,
which proved to be a beautiful specimen. The solitary egg
which the nest contained bore a strong resemblance to that of
the Sordid Wood Swallow, the ground colour being a dirty-white,
finely spotted, especially at the large end, with brownish-black
and slate colour. Although these birds had all been very easily
approached to within twenty yards, others seen near the Fitzroy
River in January were very wary, and I was unable to secure
them.

No.75. ACANTHOGENYS RUFIGULARIS (Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater).

From Mullawa to near Separation Well these birds were
frequently met with, and in the mulga scrubs they were to be
seen in numbers. They were never noted further north than
Separation Well.

No. 76. ANTHOCHHRA CARUNCULATA (Wattled Honeyeater).

Whilst in camp at Mullawa a number of these honeyeaters
were frequently seen and heard. A specimen shot presented no
features of difference from those obtained in the southern
portions of the continent. They were not seen afterwards.

182

They are said to be plentiful between Fremantle and Albany,
and are locally known as “ gill birds.”

No. 77. MyzomeE.La NiGRA (Black Honeyeater).

About 70 miles north of Mount Bates I noticed several of
these little honeyeaters on the Grevillea trees, which were in full
blossom, and on 2nd October Mr. C. F. Wells found a nest, from
which the bird flew as he passed the bush. It was very small.
cup-shaped, built of the soft outer strippings of dead grass,
bound together with cobwebs, and suspended by the rim in a
ti-tree bush. It contained one pale-buff egg, somewhat darker at.
the larger end, sparingly spotted with brown. The birds were
again seen at the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers
during December.

No. 78. MyzanTHa FLAVIGULA (Yellow-throated Miner).

Between Lake Way and Separation Well these birds were
frequently noted, and several shot, and isolated pairs were
occasionally found in the sandhills until nearing the river. Mr.
Jones secured a clutch of three eggs during August a short:
distance north of Lake Augusta.

No. 79. ZosteRops Goutpi (Green-backed Zosterops).

numbers. They are similar in habits to their eastern and
southern representative ( Zosterops cwrulescens), and at the time
of my visit were confined to the dense scrub on the margin of
the river.

No. 80. Dica:um HIRUNDINACEUM (Swallow Dieceum).

These beautiful little birds were found throughout the journey,
and probably their presence may account for the great number of
trees on which the various kinds of mistletoe were found. All
the adult males seen were remarkable for the brilliancy of their
plumage.

No. 81. CLIMACTERIS SUPERCILIOSA (White-eyebrowed Tree
Creeper).
Two of these birds were shot near Lake Augusta. They

proved to be of opposite sexes. They were found in company, ~

and on splitting the log open from which one of them flew, we

found a nest nearly ready for eggs. ‘

No. 82. CLimacteriIs ERyTHRoPS (Red-eyebrowed Tree Creeper).

Two of these birds were shot soon after leaving Cue. They
were found in mulga scrub, ascending the stems of the trees in a
series of short hops, and seeking the insects in crevices which

183

they passed. On reaching the top of the tree, they immediately
flew off to the base of the next, where the operation was
repeated.

No. 83. Sirrenia PILEATA (Black-capped Sittella).

Flocks of these birds were noted near Lake Augusta during
the months of August and September, and also at the Fitzroy
River in January. They seemed to confine their attention to
the smaller trees in the scrub, whereas the Oraage-winged
Sittella delights in running up and down the tallest box-trees.

No, 84. PHaps cHALCOPTERA (Bronzewing Pigeon).

During our stay at the camel depét on Creek I
found these birds in considerable numbers in the open scrub.
They came out to feed and drink morning and evening, but
during the heat of the day sought the shade of some low bush.
At such times they proved very wary; but when they came to
water in the evening they often alighted on the ground within
10 feet of where I sat. At Johanna Springs they were especially
numerous, as many as thirty being counted on a bare patch of
ground at one time. As from three to four usually fell to a shot,
they formed a welcome addition to our larder. Whenever this
bird is observed at sunset, it is almost certain to be going to:
drink ; but astheir power of flight is wonderful, they travel a
great distance in a short space of time. Although many
hundreds of these birds were seen during the trip, I never
noticed one perch on a tree. They were all either flying or on
the ground.

No. 85. GEOPELIA TRANQUILLA (Peaceful Dove).

These birds were only found near to the Fitzroy River and in
the neighbourhood of Derby. They were generally seen singly or
in pairs, their low plaintive note revealing their presence.

No. 86. Lerpoa ocELLata (Ocellated Leipoa).

The presence of this bird in the mulga scrubs between Cue and
Separation Well was established by the finding of their mounds,
feathers, and footprints; but as they are extremely shy, they
retired on the approach of the caravan, and sought shelter in the
scrub.

No. 87. SYNOICUS AUSTRALIs (Swamp Quail).

Amongst the tall kangaroo grass between Lake Way and the
camel depot numbers of these birds were seen, and several shot.
One female killed on 20th August contained a perfect egg in the
oviduct. Others were seen near Mount Arthur in April, and
several clutches of their eggs were picked up as we crossed a

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level plain covered with Flinders grass. The eggs were
scattered, as though they had been washed from the nests by
recent tropical rains. Both birds and eggs were identical with
those found in Victoria.

No. 88. TurNIx VELOX (Swift Flying Turnix).

These birds are found in North-West Australia throughout the
year, frequenting alike the Flinders and Mitchell grass plains,
the spinifex of the desert, and the tall kangaroo grass along the
creek flats, but are most numerous near the junction of the
Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers. At the latter place they get the
credit of eating off the young plants in the gardens of the
settlers as soon as they show above ground. Whether the
charge is a just one I cannot say, but I was taken into the
garden by Mr. Harris to see some young melon and cucumber
plants that had just come up. On approaching the cucumber
bed, three of these birds flew away, and we found that nearly all
the plants had been eaten off. The bird may be driven to this
practice by the scarcity of green food, which they take in
conjunction with seeds and insects. After rain falls they
‘become extremely numerous in the green grass which immediately
springs up. As these birds are only occasional visitors to the
southern portions of the continent, it is highly probable they are
‘driven south by protracted drought. They seem to breed

nearly all through the year, four eggs being the usual com-
plement.

TURNIX LEUCOGASTER (White-breasted Turnix).

Throughout the whole of the journey from Cue to Derby these
birds were noted. Whether we traversed the dense kangaroo
grass near the creeks, the scattered herbage in the timbered
country, or the arid spinifex flats between the sandhills, they
rose beside our track nearly every day. In some places they
were so numerous that they were flushed every fifty yards. On
one occasion, soon after daybreak, I counted no iess than fifteen
birds all in sight at one time feeding on a patch of very short
spinifex. Their eggs or young were frequently found from early
in July until March. They were often found at a great distance

from water; on several occasions, however, I disturbed them
whilst drinking.

No. 89. Dromarus irRoratus (Spotted Emu).

These birds were very plentiful in the vicinity of Lake Way,
and their tracks were frequently noticed wherever water or
‘Juondong-trees existed. The fruit of the latter appears to be a
favourite food of the Emu, as from twenty to thirty nuts were
frequently seen in the bird’s droppings. Several nests, in which

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185

the brood had recently been hatched, were passed, and the chicks
themselves noted during July. The nests were usually found in
the open spinifex flats between the sandhills. Although no
adult specimens were secured, the birds were often seen, and
feathers obtained in places where the Emu had fallen a victim to
either the natives or dingoes.

No, 90. CHARIOTIS AUSTRALIS (Australian Bustard).

During the early and Jatter parts of our journey these birds
were seen in great numbers, but they avoid much of the desert.
Near the Fitzroy River Mr. Ferris found a fresh egg on the 11th
November, and several young birds were seen a few weeks later.
On two occasions female birds with their single chicks were
noticed walking to water, and on attempting to approach them
we found the young ones suddenly disappear. In each case they
had forced themselves into the hole formed by a horse’s hoof in
the dry mud. Near Mount Campbell I counted eighteen
bustards all in view at once. Whilst travelling near the
Nerrima Creek, on Ist April, I bagged a brace of bustards,
which were in capital condition, and must have weighed nearly
20 lb. each. One bird furnished four meals for three men and a
dog, whilst the five natives in camp made two meals off the other.
These birds were in heavy moult; but the fact that the grass-
hoppers had been very plentiful no doubt accounted for their
condition.

No. 91. GEpicnemus GRALLARIUS (Southern Stone Plover).

Several of these birds were seen on the stony ground near our
camel depét during the monthof August. They were extremely
shy, and difficult to approach. Although these birds are
nocturnal in their habits, they commenced to run before I was
within 150 yards of them, and defied all attempts to capture or
shoot them. As we approached the Fitzroy River, before day-
break of 6th November, the weird notes of the Southern Stone
Plover were amongst the delightful music that greeted our ears,
as it is well known that although this bird spends the day in the
forest or open plain, it always resorts to water at night.

No. 92. LopivaANELLUs mites (Masked Plover).

Near the Fitzroy River many of these birds were seen, but
when the rains fell they scattered to the numerous swamps which
were then formed. Their habits are precisely similar to those of
L. lobatus. Unfortunately the birds all disappeared before I had
the opportunity of preserving specimens. I am indebted to
Mr. Jas. Livingstone for a pair of eggs of this bird, which he
obtained near the river. They were taken from a slight hollow
in the ground, and were of a dull olive-yellow, heavily blotched
with brownish-black markings.

186

No. 93. EupDROMIAS AUSTRALIS (Australian Dotterel),

At the first lagoon we passed on approaching the Fitzroy
River a number of these birds were seen running near the margin
of the water. When alarmed, they rose quickly, their long
pointed wings enabling them to travel a great distance in a very
short time. Although on several occasions three or four birds
were disturbed near together, each went off by itself, either on to
the open plain or some other part of the lagoon. On our return
along the course of the river to Derby they were frequently
disturbed some distance from water. They were never seen in
flocks.

No. 94. AXGIALITIS MELANOPS (Black-fronted Dotterel).

At all creeks or pools passed between Mullawa and the Fitzroy
River this active little Dotterel was found, either singly or in
pairs, running along the margin of the water in search of small
aquatic insects. During August several young birds, just able to
fly, were shot at the camel depdt, and one fresh egg was picked
up beside a pool. On 7th November I found several pairs of
newly-hatched young ones on the sandy bed of the Fitzroy
River. Although probably not more than a day or two old, they
ran very quickly for some distance before being caught. When
ong was captured it invariably proved that the other had escaped
during the chase. When newly hatched, the Black-fronted
Dotterel is probably the most handsome of all Australian birds
at that age.

No. 95. AGIALITIS RUFICAPILLUS (Red-capped Dotterel).

Large numbers of these birds were found at the fresh-water
swamp near Lake Way. They congregated on the sandy margin
in great flocks, and ran over the moist ground with surprising
rapidity in search of food; but when their wants were satisfied
they again assembled in groups, and remained in one position for
over an hour, if undisturbed.

No. 96. GLAREOLA ISABELLA (Australian Pratincole).

Single examples of this species were frequently seen on the
open plains within a few miles of Derby and at the swamps near
the Fitzroy River. I was informed that they breed in con-
siderable numbers on the stony rises near the Margaret River.

No. 97. RECURVIROSTRA NOVH®-HOLLANDIE (Red-necked Avocet).

This well-known wader was frequently observed in the shallow
swamps near the Fitzroy River. Running amongst the weeds in
the shallow swamp, the Avocet dexterously secures a supply of
minute aquatic insects by the aid of its peculiar awl-like bill.
They were often seen in company with the White-headed Stilts.

187

No. 98. HiMANTOPUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (White-headed Stilt).

At the large fresh water lagoon near Lake Way these birds
were found in great numbers. On 14th July a few were shot for
the pot, ard amongst those secured young birds predominated.
After the rains fell in January large flocks of Stilts visited the
pools along the Fitzroy River, where their peculiar croaking
notes often betrayed their presence amongst the coarse grass
tussocks growing in the water. When disturbed, their manner
of extending their long legs behind whilst flying gave them a
very grotesque appearance.

No, 99. CLADORHYNCHUS PECTORALIS (Banded Stilt).
Several of these birds visited the swamps near the Fitzroy
River during our stay in that locality. They were observed

feeding in company with Avocets and White-headed Stilts.

No. 100. GALLINAGO AUSTRALIS (New Holland Snipe).

During February a number of Snipe were seen along the
course of the creek running from the telegraph station to the
Fitzroy River, and also on many of the marshes formed by the
heavy rain. ‘They were very wild, and frequently rose far out of
range. 3

No. 101. Ruyncn#a Ausrra.is (Australian Rhyncheea).

On 14th August a fine bird of this species was shot by Said
Aimeer as it was wading in the shallow water of the creek at
the camel depét. It proved to be a female, well developed, and
would soon have laid. The peculiar formation of its trachea
proved a matter of great interest to our Afghan, who was never
tired of asking questions concerning it.

No. 102. Gronricus sPINICOLLIS (Straw-necked Ibis).

These birds were numerous along the course of the Fitzroy
River, and they were found wading in many of the swamps on
its margin. Occasionally large flocks were observed perched on
the dead trees we passed. As an instance of the tenacity of life
in the Ibis, I may mention that one shot by Mr. Wells flew
nearly a quarter of a mile after a Winchester bullet had passed
through its body in an oblique direction.

No. 103. THRESKIORNIS STRICTIPENNIS (White Ibis).

A few of these birds were seen at the lagoons near the Fitzroy
River, but they were rare in comparison with the straw-necked
species.

No. 104, Pratipis FLAVIPES (Yellow-legged Spoonbill).

Many of the lagoons on the southern side of the Fitzroy
River are resorted to by the Spoonbill. They were also seen on
the sandy flats of the river.

188

No. 105. Grus AUSTRALIANUS (Native Companion).

These birds were generally met with in pairs until April, when
they were seen in large flocks. They were found in the river
bed and on the open plains, but seem to prefer the timbered
country. Their loud notes often betrayed their presence some
time before the birds themselves were seen.

No. 106. XENORHYNCHUS AUSTRALIS (Australian Jabiru).

These birds were observed on several occasious near the
junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, and one of their
old nests on the latter stream was pointed out to me. It
consisted of a large mass of sticks, and, viewed from beneath,
somewhat resembled the nest of Aquila audax, though a trifle
smaller. The natives occasionaily secure the young birds.

No. 107. ArpEA paciFiIca (Pacific Heron).

These birds were first noted soon after leaving Cue, and were
afterwards found at all surface waters passed; but as soon as
rain fell, they were seen in great numbers at the swamps near
the Fitzroy River. Their strange habit of standing motionless
in the swamps or on trees near the water, rendered their long
white necks a marked feature in the locality. Their food
consisted of water beetles, frogs, and small fresh-water snails.

No. 108. ARDEA NOV#-HOLLANDI& (White-fronted Heron )

This well-known Heron was frequently met with during the
early part of our journey, but they were more numerous in the
vicinity of the Fitzroy River. Although generally found singly,
they were occasionally seen in flocks, varying from three to a
dozen.

No. 109. Nycricorax caLEponicus (Nankeen Heron).

In searching amongst the dense timber on the banks of the
Fitzroy River, I disturbed many hundreds of these birds.
Although nocturnal in their habits, they are very wary, and not
easily surprised during the day. They breed in great numbers
amongst the tall mangroves, and the young birds form an
important item in the menu of the natives.

No. 110. PorpHyrio BELLUs (Azure-breasted Porphyrio).

Several of these birds were found near the junction of the

Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, where they were seen wading in
the shallow swamps, or perched on trees growing in the water.

Their habits are identical with those of the well-known Black-
backed Porphyrio.

—

189

No. 111. HyporNipIA PHILLIPPENSIS (Pectoral Rail).

A few of these birds were flushed near the camel depét on
Brockman Creek, and also near the junction of the Fitzroy
and Margaret Rivers. At the latter place two clutches of hard-
set eggs were taken during February.

No. 112. Furica austrA.is (Australian Coot).

Large flocks of these birds were seen at the lagoons passed on
the south side of the Fitzroy River. When disturbed, they
simply flew a short distance, and settled on the water like a flock
of ducks.

No. 112. Heropias axpa (Australian Egret).

These birds form a prominent feature in the avi-fauna of the
vicinity of the Fitzroy River. Scarcely a lagoon or stretch of
water in the river was passed without seeing one or more of
these birds solemnly wading in the shallows in quest of prey, or
sleeping on one leg. Although slow in its movements, the Egret
is very shy, and considerable care is required to approach it
within shot. A second species of White Egret, much smaller
than the above, was seen, but at too great a distance to identify.

No. 114. CeREoPsIs NOVH-HOLLANDIZ& (Cereopsis Goose).

Several of these birds were observed flying from islands to
the mainland, as the “ Australind” steamed down the west coast
to the Australian Bight; and I was informed by Mr. T.
Carter, a fellow-passenger, that they are occasionally shot near
Carnarvon.

No. 115. ANSERANAS MELANOLEUCA (Senipalmated Goose).

A small flock of these birds was observed at a lagoon about
100 miles south-east of Derby. I was informed that they are
more numerous further east.

No. 116. CHLAMypocHEN suBata (Maned Goose).

These birds were not by any means numerous, a few being seen
near Lake Way, and a pair were shot ata fresh-water creek,
near Lake Augusta. They were also found in small flocks at
several lagoons along the course of the Fitzroy River.

No. 117. Nerrapus PULCHELLUS (Pygmy Goose).

Several flocks of these little Geese were seen on the south side
of the Fitzroy River. They were very shy, and difficult to.
approach. When disturbed, they arose quickly, and flew near
the surface of the water, making a peculiar whistling noise all
the time they were on the wing. I was informed that several of
their nests are generally found near together, but they were not.
breeding at the time of my visit.

)

190

No. 118. Casarca 'TADORNOIDES (Chestnut-coloured Sheldrake).

Near Lake Way a pair of these Ducks passed our camp just
out of range, and others were seen at three places near the
Fitzroy River, either singly or in pairs.

No. 119, DENpRocyena vaGcans (Whistling Duck).

These birds were found in large flocks on the margin of the
pools near the Fitzroy River. During the day they sleep under
the shade of the bushes around the water, but at night travel
out on to the open plains to feed. Whilst on the wing they keep
up an incessant whistling noise, from which they derive their
name. They deposit their eggs amongst the spinifex and cane-
grass some distance from water.

No. 120. DENDRocYGNA EYTONI (Eyton’s Tree Duck).

The open plains near the Fitzroy River appear to be the strong-
hold of this species. Whilst travelling at night near Noon-
koombah we frequently disturbed them in thousands as they were
feeding amongst the dry grass, probably on the seed. Towards
morning they return to the water, and after a short bath repair
to the shelter of the bushes on the margin. These birds lie so
close together when sleeping that seven or eight are often secured
at one discharge. On several occasions I killed birds of the two
species (Hytoni and vagans) at the one shot. Both species breed
very freely in the coarse grass near Mount Campbell, and the
natives in that neighbourhood make sad havoc amongst their
eggs.

No. 121. ANAs supEeRcILiosa (Australian Wild Duck).

A few pairs of these birds were found at most of the surface
waters seen, At a large claypan east of Cue we saw old birds
swimming with their young broods as early as June 29, and
during August several immature birds were shot. In the
neighbourhood of the Fitzroy River fresh eggs were taken during
January and February, thus showing that the breeding season is
largely influenced by the rainfall. On several occasions single
birds of this species were seen flying in company with a flock of
common Teal (Anas gibberifrons), and at one pool I shot one in
company with Nyroca australis. Both birds were adults, and
arrived at the water together. This habit of different species
mingling together was noted on a much larger scale at some of
the pools near the Fitzroy River.

No. 122. ANas GiBBERIFRONS (Slender Teal),

Until reaching the Fitzroy River this Teal proved to be by far
the most plentiful species of Duck. They were found at all
claypans and creeks passed, and frequently proved an acceptable

191

adjunct to our larder. On several occasions flocks comprised of
about equal proportions of Teal and White-eyed Ducks were seen
swimming or flying together. On our arrival at the camel depdét
on August 10 I killed a young bird of each species at the one
shot. They were unable to fly, and were the only birds on the
creek at the time. Fresh eggs of the Teal were taken from
hollow trees at the Fitzroy River during January and February.

No. 123. MaLAcoORHYNCHUS MEMBRANACEUS (Pink-eared Duck).

A few of these birds were seen on a swamp near the
telegraph station on the Fitzroy River during February, but
they are not plentiful in any known part of West Australia.

No. 124. Nyroca ausTRALIS (White-eyed Duck).

These birds were found scattered all over West Australia .
wherever fresh-water pools existed. Near Lake Way and the
Fitzroy River they were particularly numerous, and many were
shot for food. They were generally seen in flocks, but
occasionally singly or in pairs. Owing to the density of their
plumage, rapid flight, and dexterity in diving, they tax the skill
of the sportsman in pursuit of them. The Wyroca is often found
in company with Ducks of other species, particularly Teal.

No. 125. Popiceps crisratus (Australian Tippet Grebe).

Several birds of this species were seen at the Fitzroy River
and also at some of the large claypans passed near Lake Way.

No. 126. Popicrrs nestor (Hoary-headed Grebe).

On a large claypan about 20 miles east of Cue adult and
young birds of this species were noted on June 29th. Others
were afterwards observed on several pools near the Fitzroy
River.

No. 127, Popicers Nov® HOLLANDI& (Black-throated Grebe).

A few isolated birds had been previously noted, but large
numbers of them were see near Lake Way, and at the depét Mr.
L. A. Wells killed one on firing into a flock of Teal. These
Grebes were also found at many of the swamps formed by the
heavy rains near the Fitzroy River.

No. 128. HyprocHELIDOoN HYBRIDA (Marsh Tern),

On November 6th we found several birds of this species at a
large lagoon near the Fitzroy River, but after the tropical rains
they became more numerous, and were seen at the swamps along
the course of the river until within a few miles of Derby.

192

No. 129. SrerNA AneLica (Long-legged Tern).

Several flocks of these Terns passed over our camp at the
Fitzroy River, and I was informed that they were plentiful at
several large swamps between the river and the Barrier Range.
They were seen during April at a swamp within six miles of
Derby.

No. 130. GracuLUs sTICTOCEPHALUS (Little Black Cormorant).

Although not by any means so numerous as the preceding
species, these birds are found under similar conditions in the
same locality.

No. 131. GracuLtus MELANOLEUCUS (Little Black and White
Cormorant).

It is impossible to walk 100 yards amongst the dense timber
on the margin of the Fitzroy River without disturbing numbers
of these birds. After satisfying their hunger in the early
morning, they resort to the shelter of the foliage of the Leichardt
Pines and mangroves, where they remain motionless for hours.
In many places the ground is perfectly white with their
droppings.

No. 132. GRACULUS NOVH HOLLANDI& (Black Cormorant).

Several birds believed to belong to this species were seen in
the distance ; but the first to come within shot was obtained at
the camel depdt, where it came into the creek in quest of frogs,
which were numerous there. These Cormorants were afterwards
seen at the Fitzroy River.

No, 133. PrLicanus consPiciLLatus (Australian Pelican).

Along the course of the Fitzroy River large flocks of these
birds are found. During the day they may be seen standing in
groups on the sandy flats perfectly motionless, in such a manner
as to suggest the idea of a small graveyard in the distance. They
are so sluggish that the natives frequently kill them with their
waddies, which they throw with surprising accuracy of aim.

|
:

193

A NOTE ON THE NEST AND EGGS OF PORZANA
FLUMINEA.,

By A. M. Moreay, M.D.

As the eggs of this bird are rare in collections, and as I am
unable to find a description of them in any scientific writings, I
take this opportunity of describing a clutch sent to me by Mr.
Malcolm Murray, of Wirrabara. Mr. Murray writes :—‘“ The
Crake’s nest was composed of grass, dry and green intermixed,
placed above water level, in a bush growing in the water of a
lake or swamp near Farina, on Myrtle Spring’s Run.” The eggs
are five in number, and were taken on August 18, 1898. The
ground colour is of a light olive-brown, with dark reddish-brown
spots, more plentiful at the larger end, but not forming a distinct
ring, some of the marking appear as if beneath the surface. At
the larger end there are, in each egg, a few round almost black
spots. Measurements :—(A) 14 in. x 42 in,, (B) 14 in. x 43 in,
(C) 1,3, in. x 34 in., (D) 1,5, in. x 43 in., (E) 1} in. x32 in. The
eggs were accompanied by the bird shot from the nest.

194

ON DEEP-SEATED EOCENE STRATA IN THE
CROYDON AND OTHER BORES.

By Proressor Raupx Tarte.
[Read September 6, 1898. ]

I. Croypon Bore (No. 2).

In the Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust., XITI., p. 188, 1890, I have
given an account of the strata passed through in the Croydon-
bore, which attained a depth of 800 feet below the surface.
Therein the chief point of interest was the recognition of the
Pliocene beds of the Dry Creek-bore, the fossiliferous develop-
ment of which extended from 395 to 605 feet. At the time of
the publication of my paper the boring was abandoned; _ sub-
sequently a second bore-hole was commenced alongside the first,
and was finally abandoned, 17/6/93, after attaining a depth of
2,296 feet. The geological conditions revealed in the additional
1,496 feet have not yet been described ; though the Conservator
of Water has furnished details of thickness and description of
strata to accompany the Engineer-in-Chief’s report for the year
ending June 30, 1893. Mr. Jones has obligingly placed to my
use, for the present object, all the bore material preserved in his
department.

OLDER PLIOCENE.

At from 470-475 in the Croydon-bores (No. 1 and No. 2) the
assemblage of fossils was the same as in the Dry Creek-bore at
about 400 feet, though the actual number of species was
relatively small.

Fossils were again met with at 603-606 and at 705-715; the
assemblage consisting of the larger species, which also occur at
the highest level in the Croydon and Dry Creek-bores, and if
viewed by themselves would have been pronounced Miocene.
However, as they occur in association with an undoubted Pliocene
fauna, they must be regarded as survivals from Miocene times.

195

_ A jlist of the determined species from the lowest levels is as
follows :—
603-60 feet. 705-715 feet.

Lampusia armata... ok —
Natica balteatella ye —~
Spondylus arenicola fe *
Pectunculus convexus -—
Cucullzea Corioensis .
Crassatella oblonga =
Divaricella Cumingi — i
Chione Cainozoica 7 -
Hemimactra Howchiniana . *
Corbula ephamilla = *

Below the depth of 715 feet no fossils appear till 778 feet, but
the nature of the fossils there encountered do not permit of a
decisive determination as to age, and this also applies to other
occurrences. It is not until the fossiliferous bed at 970-1,0U0 feet
is reached that undoubted evidence of Eocene age is forthcoming,
which continues to 1,681 feet, the greatest depth yielding fossils.

kK KK KK Hh HK H

Eocene.

763—808. Calcareous silt, with much polyzoal debris, chiefly
Celleporze at 778 feet.

810—880. Fine yellow sands (polyzoal and echinodermal debris at
820—835).

880—928. Fine yellow’ calciferous sands (polyzoal and
echinodermal debris at 905—910).

928—931. Yellow sandy clay with fragments of Hupatagus sp.

931—-970. Fine yellow calciferous sand.

970—980. Fine yellow’ calciferous sand; polyzoal and

echinodermal debris, /ibularia gregata abundant.

1,060—1,090 Calciferous sandstone with some _ glauconitic
coloration. Pecten sp. and polyzoa at 1,085.

1,126. Calcareous sand with shell-debris; grey and_ bluish
calciferous sandstone, more or less chalcedonic,
and sand-rock. Corbula py«xidata.

1,200—1,230. Calcareous sand-rock.

1,282. Bluish friable calcareous sand-rock with sheli-debris
chiefly echinodermal and polyzoal). Magasella
lunata.

1,376. Bituminous clay and black sand. Turritella Aldinge.

1,681. Bituminous shale; casts of Gasteropods in chalcedony,
calcite, and iron-pyrites, some shell-matter.
Turritella Aldinge, Mesalia stylacris, Fibularia
greyata, Cellepora.

2,155. Brownish sandy clay. No fossils.

196

2,175. Brownish sandy clay with included fragments of fine-

grained sandstone.

No fossils.

2,262—2,296. ‘‘Fragments of sandstone, chloritic slate, and
limestone of primary age.”
Government Geologist.

List or Eocene Fossiis

From the Croydon-bore (No. 2) at various depths between 970
and 1,681.

Turritella Aldingz, Z'ate.
Mesalia stylacris, T'ate.
Dentalium Mantelli, Z7zttel.
Dentalium subfissura, Zate.
Dimya dissimilis, Z’ate.
Lima Bassi, 7. Woods.
Pecten Eyrei, Z'ate.
Pecten Flindersi, 7'ate.
Pecten Hochstetteri, 72ttel.

Terebratulina catinuliformis, Z'ate.

Magasella lunata, 2. sp.

Magellania Garibaldiana, Davidson.

Fibularia gregata, J'ate.
Scutella marsupiata, n. sp.

Kchinolampas Murrayanus, Lambe.

Pentacrinus and Antedon, spp.
Graphularia senescens, Tate.

Report by the

SUMMARY OF STRATA IN Croypon-Bore (No. 2).

Mammaliferous Drift 4e
Older Pliocene (marine), 395—715

Eocene ? (marine), 715 — 760=45
Eocene (marine), 760 — 1,681 = 921
Eocene (unfossiliferous), 1,681 — 2,262 = 581

Thickness.
395
320

1,547

2,262

General kemarks :—The sequence of deposits in the Croydon-
bore compared with that as illustrated in the Kent Town-bore
and immediate vicinity* reveals several disparities, when it is
remembered that a distance of only about four miles separate

the two areas.

The disparities between them are :—In the Croydon-bore, 320
feet of Marine Pliocene, absence of typical Miocene, a thousand
feet of sandy beds with a paucity of Eocene marine fossils. In
the Kent Town section, no marine Pliocene, a typical develop

*Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Aust., v., p. 40. 1883.

197

ment of Miocene, 149 feet of argillaceous and calcareous strata
containing a typical Eocene molluscan fauna, and an infra-Eocene
series of more or less carbonaceous beds 142 feet thick.

Professor David and Mr. Howchin* have sought to explain
the stratigraphical relationships of these two dissimilar series of
beds by the introduction of a north und south fault, ranging
along the buried scarped front of the Archean rocks, on which
the Eocene and Miocene of the Adelaide plateau repose. This
conjecture disregards the probability that physical conditions of
varying character may have been the contributing cause of the
lithological and organical disparities.

If the position of the Eocene in the Croydon-bore be due toa
downthrow fault, then it might be reasonably expected that the
very distinctive Eocene series of the Kent Town-bore would be
repeated in the Croydon-bore ; but as such is not the case, I am
of opinion that there is no direct evidence of a fault, and that
the Kent Town series belong toa later period, and are more
littoral in their organic contents.

The series of events that these sections teach us may be sum-
marised as follows :—The Post-Cretaceous sea laved the base of
the now subterranean escarpment of over 2,000 feet in vertical
height, and at that measure the land stood relatively higher.
Deposition and depression were synchronous over the submerged
plain ; coincident therewith, wholly or in part, lacustrine and
paludinal accumulations, preserved in the carboncceous beds of
the Kent Town-bore, were formed on the higher ground. Finally
depression submerged the terrestrial surfaces at Kent Town, and
a more littoral life prevailed there in comparison with the earlier
Eocene deposits. The Miocene deposition followed, succeeded by
the extensive denudation of the Miocene and higher levels of the
Eocene, and the removal of about 800 feet of the Eocene series,
constituting the Adelaide Plain. Over this plain of marine
denudation, Pliocene marine beds were accumulated, these of a
more or less shallow-water origin, and over an area of depression;
finally to be converted into a vast lacustrine area, in which land-
drifts of about 400 feet have been accumulated.

II. Tin tinara Bore.

Eocene-sands at a depth of 244-253 have yielded on the
examination of further material the following list of species,
which indicate a correlation to the lower series of the Aldingian
beds, those in common marked with an asterisk.

*Marginella sub-Wentworthi

*Drillia, sp.

*P.L.S., N.S. Wales, xxi., tab. xl., fig. 1.

198

*Mesalia stylacris
*Natica Aldingensis
*Turritella Aldingze
Cyclostrema, sp.
Calliostoma, sp.
* Actzeon evanescens
Bullinella, sp. aff. cuneopsis
*Cylichnella callosa
*Dentalium Mantelli
Cadulus, sp.
*Lima Bassi
*Nucula Tenisoni
*Nuculana planiuscula
*Nuculana Huttoni
*Nuculana leptorhyncha
*Nuculana apiculata
Barbatia, n. sp., aff. equidens
* Limopsis insolita
Verticordia n. sp.
*Cardita lattissima
*Carditella lamellata
*Carditella rugosa
Carditella, n. sp.
Trigonia semiundulata ?
*Chione Cainozoica
*Meretrix tenuis
*Tellina porrecta
Tellina, n. sp.
*Myodora lamellata
*Corbula pyxidata
*Terebratulina catinuliformis
Magasella, sp.
Ditrupa, sp.

III. Revisep List or Fosstts From K1-K1i Bore.

Eocene sands at a depth of 380-424 feet. (Supplementary to
Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1896, p. 115).

*Trophon hypsellus
*Tritonidea, aff. apicilirata
*Marginella submicula

* Ancillaria ligata

*Clathurella apicilirata, n. sp.
*Trivia ovulatella

*Scalaria Maric

*Turritella Aldingee
*Ataxocerithium concatenatum

199

Newtoniella, 5 spp.

Triforis, spp.
*Triforis, sp.
*Eulima, sp.

Turbonilla, sp.

Siliquaria occlusa ?

Rissoia, 3 spp.

Strebloramphus, ». sp.

Liotia Roblini

Leptothyra parvula

Leptothyra, sp.

Phasianella, sp.
*Calliostoma, sp.
*Euchelus, sp.

Patella, sp.

Puncturella psila, 2. sp.
*Dentalium Mantelli
*Arca pseudonavicularis

Arca, sp.

*Limopsis multiradiata

Carditella, 2.sp., as at Tintanara
*Crassatella communis, var
*Chione Cainozoica
*Meretrix tenuis

*Terebratulina Scoulari ?
Polyzoa, many spp.
Pentacrinius, sp.
Cidaris, sp.

Balanus, sp,

*Amphelia striata

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
FROM QUEENSLAND.

By A. Jerreris Turner, M.D.
[Read October 4, 1898. ]

PLUTELLID Ai.

I deal here only with the forms generally known as Hypono-
mentide and Glyphipterygide, which are included with the
Plutellide by Mr. Meyrick in his recent work on British
Lepidoptera. But few species are as yet known from this part
of Australia, and I have but small addition to make to our
knowledge. The genus Glyphipteryx, in particular, is much
better represented in the southern part of the Continent.

Hyponomenta, Latreille.

I have two species referable to this genus, a definition of which
may be found in Mr. Meyrick’s work mentioned above. One with
grey forewings bears the manuscript name of H. pawrocentera,
Meyr., the second I describe as new.

HYPONOMENTA PAUROCENTERA, Jeyr. (MS.).
Brisbane and Warwick, Queensland.

HYPONOMENTA MYRIOSEMA, 72. Sp.

Male, 22-28 mm. Head white. Palpi white; apex of second
and middle of terminal joint annulated with black. Antenne
white, becoming dark-grey towards apex. Thorax white, with
two black dots before middle and one at posterior apex ; patagia
white, with a small black dot on anterior margin. Abdomen
dark-fuscous ; apices of segments and tuft white. Legs white,
with black annulations round apices of tarsal joints and tibiee ;
anterior femora and tibiz black on internal surface; black dots
on middle and base of external surface of anterior and middle
tibie ; and on apex of middle femora. Forewings elongate
slightly dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin straight, slightly oblique; snow-white,
with numerous black dots ; one at base; six on basal two-fifths
of costa; three to five beneath, but not on apical portion of costa ;
two rows in disc beneath centre of four to six each, that over
anal angle slightly larger; two to five along hindmargin, some-
times partly fused ;-cilia snow-white, sometimes partly fuscous

201

on centre of hindmargin. Hindwings pale-grey, towards base
whitish ; cilia white, sometimes grey around apex.

Brisbane ; ; three specimens, one of which was taken in August,
the others undated.

Atreva, Walker.

British Mus. Cat., IT., 526.

This genus has not yet been properly defined. It may be dis-
tinguished from Hyponomenta by the presence of vein 4 in hind-
wings. Walker’s name can only be adopted by courtesy. I have
not been able to refer to Zeller’s definition of his genus Oeta.

ATTEVA NIVEIGUTTELLA, Walk.

Brit. Mus. Cat., II., 526.

This and the following are handsome insects, the forewings
being orange-fuscous, with numerous white spots. In the present
species the apical half of hindwings is dark-grey, in the following
the hindwings are orange.

Brisbane ; also from India.

ATTEVA IMPARIGUTTELLA, Z.

Oceta impariguttella, Zeller, Hore Ent. Soc. Ross.. XIIL., 224.
Atteva impariguttella, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon. Plate.
Brisbane and Cookstown, Queensland ; also from Ceylon.

POLYNESA, 7. g.

Head smooth. Tongue well-developed. Antenne three-
fourths, in male filiform, moderately ciliated (one to one-half) ;
basal joint without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved,
ascending, second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint
almost as long as second, rather stout, acute. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Forewings vein 2 from three-fourths, 6 and 7
stalked, 7 to hindmargin, 11 from middle. Hindwings: ovate,
broader than forewings, cilia one-third, veins 2 and 4 stalked, 5
present, 6 and 7 approximated at base. Posterior tibize smooth-
scaled.

POLYNESA MACULOSA, 7.sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head white. Palpi white, base of second and
apex of terminal joint dark-fuscous. Antenne white, annulated
with fuscous. Thorax white, with a black dot on base of each
patagium. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs white; anterior
and middle pair broadly annulated with dark-fuscous. Forewings
elongate-oblong, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white, with many large black dots,
three at base, four on costa, three in a line above middle of
disc, one in disc beneath the last of these, two on fold, one on
inner-margin at three-fifths, three near and parallel to hind-

202

margin, the lowest touching it; a few black scales on hind-
margin ; cilia white, on apex and opposite last dot black, and
with three black dots between these two. Hindwings whitish ;
cilia whitish, with a fuscous dot at apex, and traces of a medium
fuscous line.

Brisbane ; one specimen.

Hyperrropua, Meyrick.
HYPERTROPHA TORTRICIFORMIS, G7.

Brisbane, Queensland ; also from Ballandean, Queensland, and
Tenterfield, New South Wales, in February.

HYPERTROPHA AMETALLA, 7. Sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head, face, and palpi dark-fuscous, irrorated
with whitish scales. Antenne dark-fuscous, towards base
obscurely annulated with whitish. Thorax dark-fuscous.
Abdomen fuscous. Legs whitish-ochreous, irrorated with dark-
fuscous, tarsi annulated with fuscous ; posterior tibie yellowish.
Forewings oblong, posteriorly dilated, costa rather strongly
arched, apex pointed, hindmargin markedly sinuate, slightly
oblique ; fuscous, irrorated with whitish, reddish-fuscous, and
blackish scales ; an obscure outwardly curved transverse blackish
line from costa at one-third, not reaching inner-margin ; indi-
cations of two fainter similar lines between this and base, and
of five very faint parallel lines from costa beyond one-third, all
lost in disc ; an ill-defined blackish spot in costal portion of disc
beyond middle; cilia fuscous, with metallic lustre; traces of
metallic lustre are also visible in parts of disc by oblique light,
and tend to form lines. Hindwings pale-yellow, with a broad
fuscous line along hind- and inner-margins ; cilia fuscous.

Closely allied to the preceding, but different, especially in the
scanty development of metallic markings.

Armidale (3,500 ft.), New South Wales ; one specimen.

Sim=rHis, Leach,

Besides those given below, Mr. Lower. has described two
species from Queensland (Proc. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1896, p. 167).

SIMETHIS SYCOPOLA, Meyr.

Brisbane.

SIMATHIS METALLICA, 7. sp.

Female, 11 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen _ fuscous,
irrorated with dull orange scales. Palpi ochreous, annulated
with fuscous. Antenne fuscous with whitish annulations. Legs
ochreous-whitish, with fuscous annulations. Forewings strongly
dilated, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin

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oblique, slightly sinuate; dark-fuscous irrorated with dull
orange-ochreous , a transverse, slightly wavy, bluish-metallic line
from costa at one-fourth to inner margin at one-third ; an
irregularly curved bluish-metallic line from costa at three-fifths
obliquely outwards, decribing a U curve in apical part of disc,
and joining a short outwardly oblique similarly coloured line in
middle of disc at five-sixths ; a straight erect metallic line from
inner-margin at two-thirds not reaching middle of disc; around
this line is a dark-fuscous blotch ; several fuscous and ochreous-
orange areas in disc; cilia fuscous, apices whitish. Hindwings
dark-fuscous ; disc irregularly blotched and irrorated with dull-
orange ; cilia fuscous, with a pale basal line, and whitish apices.
Brisbane ; one specimen.

CuHorEnNtTIS, Hiibner.

Chorentis bjerkandrella, Thunberg.
Brisbane ; sometimes abundant.

Kupsevia, Meyrick.

EUPSELIA CARPOCAPSELLA, Walk.
Brisbane ; two specimens in September.

EUPSELIA BEATELLA, [Walk.

Female, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous, finely
irrorated with whitish scales. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen ~
dark-fuscous, irrorated with yellow scales, forming obscure annula-
tions. Legs pale-fuscous, reddish-tinged ; posterior pair yellowish.
Forewings oblong, posteriorly dilated ; costa gently arched ; apex
rounded ; hindmargin obliquely rounded ; fuscous irrorated with
whitish scales, which tend to be arranged in transverse lines ; the
absence of these leaves a fuscous blotch on middle of inner-
margin, sharply defined anteriorly, suffused posteriorly ; a much
larger, more ill-defined blotch, roundish, reaching from costa at
three-fourths to anal angle; between the two blotches three
incomplete fine transverse metallic lines are visible on oblique
illumination ; two small metallic spots between second blotch and
apex ; four or five black dots on lower half of hindmargin ; cilia
fuscous with a metallic basal line. Hindwings deep yellow, with
a broad dark-fuscous hindmarginal band, produced along inner-
margin to base ; cilia fuscous with paler basal and median lines.

I have redescribed this species, Walker’s description being
insufficient and inaccurate. Unfortunately Meyrick was misled
thereby into describing Z. carpocapsella as this species (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. V., p. 219). This is rectified in an
appendix (ibid., vol VII., p. 184). From £. carpocapsella it is
distinguishable by the absence of transverse lines from costa, the

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inner-marginal blotch is common to both. In the former the
hindmarginal band of the hindwings is also much thicker at the
apex.

Brisbane ; one specimen in April.

EUPSELIA SATRAPELLA, Meyr.

Brisbane, in September ; Ballandean, Queensland, in February.

EUPSELIA THEORELLA, J/eyr.

Brisbane ; two specimens in September.

HKUPSELIA MELANOSTREPTA, Meyr.

Oxenford, near Brisbane ; one specimen in November. Tenter-
field (3,090 feet), New South Wales ; one specimen in Februar y

EUPSELIA ANOMMATA, 2. 8p.

Female, 14 mm. Head, face, and palpi ochreous-whitish.
Antenne pale-fuscous with blackish annulations. Thorax dark-
purple fuscous, with a conspicuous anterior and posterior ochreous-
whitish spot. Ahdomen fuscous, tuft ochreous-tinged. Legs
fuscous, posterior pair ochreous. F'orewings moderate, somewhat
dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; purple-fuscous, with violet
metallic lustre; a whitish blotch on inner-margin from one-fifth
to three-fifths, not quite reaching costa ; a narrow whitish fascia
from costa at two-thirds, two before anal angle, constricted in
disc ; cilia dark-fuscous with a pale basal line, and pale apices.
Hindwings fuscous, ochreous-tinged, especially towards base ;
cilia fuscous with a pale basal line.

This handsome species differs from other members of the genus
in the absence of hindmarginal dots.

Brisbane ; one specimen in September.

GLYPHIPTERYX, Hiibner.

GLYPHIPTERYX ATRISTRIELLA, Z.

Zeller, Hor., Ross. (1877), p. 398, Meyr., le, p. 229.
Glyphipteryx chrysolithella, Meyr., |.c., p. 230.

There can, I think, be little doubt of the identity of these two
species. Brisbane specimens agree closely with specimens from
Blackheath, New South Wales, having the hindwings golden-
yellow, with broad blackish hindmarginal band. This constitutes
the variety chrysolithella. On the other hand I have received a
South Australian specimen from Mr. Lower in which the forewings
are essentially similar, but the hindwings are fuscous, towards
base mixed with yellowish, as in Zeller’s description of his
type, which was from Tasmania.

——

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GLYPHIPTERYX IOMETALLA, Jeyr.

Brisbane ; very abundant in grassy places from August to
October, flying near the ground and difficult to see.

GLYPHIPTERYX METEORA, Meyr.
Brisbane.

GLYPHIPTERYX CHRYSOPLANETIS, Meyr.
Brisbane and Ballandean, Queensland.

GLYPHIPTERYX PALHOMORPHA, Meyr.
Recorded from Brisbane by Meyrick.

(ECOPHORID 4.

At some future date I hope to publish a revision of this
family. The present instalment is confined mainly to descrip-
tions of new species.

AGLAODES, 7. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts small. Antenne,
basal joints moderate, without pecten (?); ciliations in male
(unknown). Palpi long; second joint very long, much exceeding
base of antennz, with appressed scales slightly dilated at apex ;
terminal joint short (one-third of second), slender, acute. Thorax
with a small posterior crest (7). Forewings with costa strongly
arched. Hindwings narrower than forewings and much shorter,
ovate ; cilia two-thirds. Anterior tibiw clothed with long hairs.
Forewings with vein 7 to apex. Hindwings normal.

Although the generic characters cannot be fully determined
from the single female specimen, its distinctness can hardly be
doubted. The palpi and shape of wings are peculiar. It appears

, to come nearest EHpipyrga, Meyr.

AGLAODES CHIONOMA, Nn. sp.

Female, 11 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish ; second joint
tinged with reddish externally towards apex. Thorax (rubbed).
Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish; anterior tibie with long
reddish hairs, anterior tarsi reddish. Forewings strongly dilated
posteriorly, costa strongly arched, apex obtusely rectangular,
hindmargin slightly oblique, straight ; fuscous irrorated with
whitish and bright-red scales ; a broad snow-white streak along
basal third of costa ; a red blotch on inner-margin before middle,
containing a central yellow spot ; a narrow red line along costa
from one-third to two-thirds, thence in a strongly arched line to
hindmargin above anal angle; beyond this, apical portion of
dise is bright-yellow ; cilia yellow, at anal angle fuscous, with a

206

few red scales. Hindwings much shorter than forewings, apex
very obtusely rounded ; grey; cilia grey.
™ This little moth is surpassed by none in its gaudy colouring,
the contrast of bright-red, bright-yellow, and snow-white, on a
fuscous background, being most striking.

Brisbane ; one specimen, in February.

EULECHRIA SILVICOLA, 1. sp.

Male and female, 11-13 mm. Head, face, and palpi pale-
brownish-ochreous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax and abdomen
pale-brownish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish; anterior pair
infuscated. Forewings oblong, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; pale-brownish-ochreous ;
a minute fuscous dot in disc at one-third ; .a larger dot in disc at
two-thirds, prolonged by a transverse fuscous suffusion to before
anal angle ; some fuscous scales in apical portion of disc, with
traces of an outwardly curved line from costa to four-fifths to
anal angle often obsolete ; cilia pale-brownish-ochreous. Hind-
wings and cilia pale-grey.

This small and inconspicuous species belongs to the group of
£. convictella, from which it is distinguished by the absence of
second discal dot, and the transverse mark formed by union of
posterior dot with inner-margin.

Mount Tambourine, near Brisbane; six specimens in November
among dense tropical forest. I sent one to Mr. Meyrick, who
pronounced it new.

KULECHRIA CONCOLOR, 7%. sp.

Male and female, 17-19 mm. Head, face, thorax, and abdomen
pale-ochreous-brown. Palpi ochreous-brown, apex of terminal
joint fuscous, external aspect of second joint sometimes fuscous.
Antenne fuscous. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair ochreous-whitish.
Forewings elongate, not dilated ; costa moderately arched, apex
rounded, hiudmargin very obliquely rounded; _pale-ochreous-
brown, without markings; costal edge at base fuscous; cilia
pale-ochreous-brown. Hindwings ochreous-brown, very slightly
darker than forewings ; cilia ochreous-brownish.

In Meyrick’s tabulation this would come next to Z. alopecistis,
being distinguished by the absence of reddish tinge.

Common at Ballandean, Queensland, in February. I sent
specimens to Mr. Meyrick, who pronounced it new.

KULECHRIA CANDIDA, 7”. sp.

Male and female, 17-23 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi
fuscous ; second joint white posteriorly and at apex. Abdomen
fuscous, apices of segments whitish, tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs

207

whitish, anterior pair infuscated. Forewings elongate, not
dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hind-
margin very obliquely rounded ; white without markings ; cilia
white. Hindwings pale or dark-grey; cilia whitish with a
faintly-marked grey basal line. (Cilia about half.)

Variety. Forewings, head, and thorax suffused with greyish.

In Meyrick’s tabulation this falls under the same heading as
E. cycnoptera (Meyr.); but Mr. Meyrick informs me that it is
not this species, from which it differs by broader hindwings (in
cycnoptera these hardly equal cilia), longer palpi, and larger size.

Ballandean (2,500 ft.), Queensland ; Tenterfield (3,000 ft.), and
Armidale (3,500 ft.), New South Wales; taken commonly in
February.

EULECHRIA CHRYSERES, ?. Sp.

Male, 15 mm. UHead blackish ; sidetufts and face orange.
Palpi orange ; second joint with a few blackish scales ; terminal
joint wholly black. Antenne blackish, annulated with ochreous ;
basa] joint orange, with a few black scales. Thorax orange ;
anterior margin and a posterior dot blackish. Abdomen dark-
fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous, annulated with ochreous. Fore-
wings narrow; costa slightly arched; apex rounded; _hind-
margin extremely oblique; scarcely rounded ; bright-orange with
black markings; costal edge black, except for short spaces at
two-fifths and four-fifths; inner-margin black throughout; a
basal patch not touching costa, extending to middle of inner-
margin ; a transverse fascia from costa at three-fifths to inner-
margin before anal angle ; dilated on both margins, and connected
in dise with basal patch ; a broad band along apex and _ hind-
margin, with a few orange scales at apex; cilia black Hind-
wings and cilia grey.

Very distinct. In Meyrick’s tabulation it falls under the same
heading as £. malacoptera, Meyr., and £. beliodora, Meyr., being
distinguished from both by the black markings.

Sandgate, near Brisbane; one specimen on a tree-trunk in
July.

EULECHRIA DIAPHANES, 7%. sp.

Male, 14 mm. Head and thorax pale-yellowish, irrorated with
dark-fuscous scales. Palpi pale-yellowish ; second joint irrorated
with dark-fuscous ; terminal joint with a broad median dark-
fuscous ring. Antenne pale-yellowish, annulated with dark-
fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish,
irrorated and annulated with fuscous. Forewings moderate,
scarcely dilated, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded in lower half; whitish,
faintly yellow-tinged, very distinctly yellowish along costa ;

208

rather thickly irrorated with dark-fuscous scales ; the absence of
these leaves a whitish dot in disc above middle at one-third, and
a second before two-thirds ; also an inwardly oblique triangular
mark on costa at four-fifths, from which a curved line proceeds to
anal angle ; cilia whitish, yellowish-tinged, with a few scattered
dark-fuscous scales. Hindwings whitish, thinly scaled, semi-
transparent ; a few pale-fuscous scales at apex and along hind-
margin ; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Very distinct from any other species hy the yellowish fore-
wings with fuscous irroration, and the semi-transparent hind-
wings.

Mount Tambourine, near Brisbane, one specimen in
November.

LINOSTICHA POLIOCHROA, n. sp.

Male and female, 12-13 mm. Head white, finely irrorated
with fuscous. Palpi white ; second joint fuscous at base, and
with a fuscous subapical ring; terminal joint with a fuscous
basal and subapical ring. Antenne pale-fuscous ; ciliations in
male 3. Thorax white, finely irrorated with fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish. Forewings narrow, elongate,
costa almost straight, apex round-pointed ; hindmargin very
obliquely rounded, white, finely irrorated with fuscous, and with
darker-fuscous dots ; a raised patch of scales in middle of disc at
one-third and two-thirds, with a dark-fuscous dot beyond each ;
a third dot on fold obliquely below first; a fourth on inner-
margin before anal angle ; traces of short lines from base of costa
along fold, and from costa at one-third to first dot; a dot on
costa at one-half, and another at two-thirds ; from the latter is a
series of five or six dots parallel to hindmargin ; cilia white, with
a few fuscous scales. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey.

In Meyrick’s tabulation this would fall next to L. helictis,
Meyr., distinguished by absence of inner-marginal blotch. It is,
however, a much smaller insect, more resembling L. anarcha,
Meyr., but without ochreous tinge. The raised scales are a
peculiar character.

Mount Tambourine ; two specimens in November.

PHILOBOTA RHODOPLEURA, 7. Sp.

Male, 21-22 mm. Head grey. Palpi grey; middle third of
second joint, base, and apex of terminal joint dark-fuscous. —
Antenne grey. Thorax and abdomen grey. Legs grey ; anterior
tarsi dark-fuscous, annulated with whitish ; posterior tibie and
tarsi whitish. Forewings moderate, oblong, costa moderately
arched, apex obtusely rectangular, hindmargin slightly oblique,
rounded beneath ; grey; costal edge blackish at base, thence

—- —

209

pale-rosy to four-fifths ; a blackish dot in disc at one-third, a
second before two-thirds, a third on fold obliquely beyond first ;
a few scattered blackish scales in disc; a partially obsolete
blackish line from costa beyond middle, sharply angulated in
dise at five-sixths, and continued thence to anal angle; a row of
blackish dots along apical one-fifth of costa and hindmargin;
cilia grey. Hindwings grey, slightly infuscated in apical portion ;
cilia grey.

This species has all the appearance of Heliocausta, but the
presence of a pecten removes it from that genus. Among the
described forms of Philobota it is conspicuously distinct in the
uniform grey-colouring, with pink-costal edge of forewings.

Brisbane ; two specimens. Also one specimen at Stradbrooke
Island in October.

PHILOBOTA MELICHRODES, 7. sp.

Male and female, 15-16 mm. Head whitish-grey, without
yellow tinge. Palpi fuscous; second joint pale - yellowish
internally, second and terminal joints whitish posteriorly.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax pale-whitish-yellow. Abdomen grey.
Legs fuscous ; posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings pale-
whitish-yellow without markings; extreme base of costal edge
fuscous ; cilia grey, on costa whitish-yellow. Hindwings and
cilia dark-grey.

Near P. melirrhoa, Meyr., but distinguished by the grey head
and abdomen.

Brisbane ; two specimens taken in October.

PHILOBOTA COSMIA, 7”. sp.
Female, 18mm. Head white. Palpi white; basal third of
second joint dark-fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous, sharply
annulated with whitish. Thorax dark-fuscous; centre of anterior

’ margin and a posterior dot white. Abdomen dark-fuscous. Legs

ochreous; anterior pair infuscated. Forewings posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
nearly straight ; oblique ; white, markings fuscous, ferrugineous-
tinged ; a narrow basal fascia; a streak along costa to middle; a
broad transverse fascia before middle ; a third fascia from costa
at two-thirds to anal angle, broad in disc, and containing a few
white scales; a narrow band along apex and hindmargin, not
reaching anal angle; cilia dark-fuscous, on costa and middle of
hindmargin ochreous-whitish. Hindwings fuscous; cilia fuscous,
with a paler basal line.

In Meyrick’s tabulation falls with P. lysizona and P. pruinosa,

from which it is readily distinguishable by the transverse fasciz.

Brisbane ; one specimen in October ; and I have seen others of
both sexes,

210

PHILOBOTA SORORIA, 7”. sp.

Female, 16 mm. Head snow-white. Palpi white, base of
second joint dark-fuscous. Antenne blackish. Thorax dark-
fuscous, middle of anterior margin broadly white. Abdomen
grey. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair infuscated. Forewings
somewhat dilated, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin nearly straight, oblique ; white, the greater part of
disc suffused or irrorated with fuscous; a fuscous streak along
basal third of costa, its anterior extremity prolonged to inner-
margin; on inner-margin near base is a large roundish snow-
white blotch ; some irregular white areas on costa, inner, and
hindmargin ; two discal dots faintly indicated ; cilia dark-fuscous,
at apex and above anal angle whitish. Hindwings aud cilia
grey.

The male is not known, but it appears closely allied to the
preceding, the fascize being lost in a general fuscous suffusion.
It is certainly distinct.

Brisbane ; one specimen.

PELTOPHORA IDIOCOSMA, 7. sp.

Male, 19 mm. Head (rubbed), palpi, and antennz ochreous-
whitish. Thorax pale-ochreous-whitish. Forewings dilated, costa
slightly arched, apex tolerably acute, hindmargin very oblique,
slightly sinuate; pale-pinkish-ochreous, markings ochreous-
fuscous; an oblique line from base to inner-margin at one-fourth ;
two oblique fascie parallel to this, first from costa near base to
middle of inner-margin, second from costa at one-fourth to anal
angle ; all three lines partly obsolete and suffusedly connected
On inner-margin ; a fourth line from costa at two-fifths, dilated
above anal angle, where it is confluent with second fascia, from
thence it is bent upwards and continued to apex ; a triangular
blotch on costa before apex ; cilia pale-ochreous, at apex fuscous.
Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; cilia pale-ochreous.

Very peculiarly marked, and not like any other species.

Mount Tambourine, near Brisbane; one specimen in
November.

PELTOPHORA OSTEOCHROA, 2. Sp.

Male, 16-18 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne whitish,
faintly orchreous - tinged. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs |
ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair infuscated. Forewings elongate-
oblong, not dilated, costa strongly arched at base, thence straight,
apex round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish,
faintly ochreous-tinged ; a dark-fuscous dot in dise before middle,
a second beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first ;
sometimes a fourth dot at anal angle tending to be united by a

211

fine line with second dot; cilia whitish. Hindwings whitish-
grey; cilia whitish.
A simply-marked species, falling in Meyrick’s tabulation with
P. amenena, Meyr., from New Zealand, but distinguished.
Mount Tambourine near Brisbane, two specimens in
November.
PELTOPHORA AUREOLA, %. sp.

Female, 16 mm. Head and thorax orange-yellow. Palpi
yellow, second joint with a dark-fuscous dot on external surface
at base and another before apex. Antenne orange-yellow.
Abdomen ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair some-
what infuseated. Forewiugs moderate, somewhat dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely
rounded; bright-orange-yellow, deeper towards hindmargin ;
markings blackish ; a dot in disc before middle, a second beyond
middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first ; a fine line of
dots from costa at four-fifths, outwardly curved in disc to anal
angle ; cilia deep-orange-yellow. Hindwings and cilia yellowish-
whitish.

The orange-yellow forewings, together with the very simple
markings, distiuguish this species from any other. In Meyrick’s
tabulation it would fall next P. conietia (Meyr.), from which it
is separated by the blackish markings.

Mount Tambourine, near Brisbane ; one specimen, in November.

SAROPLA PSAMMODES, %. sp.

Female, 15 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne pale-ochreous.
Palpi pale-ochreous; basal two-thirds of external surface of
second joint fuscous. Abdomen pale-ochreous-fuscous. Legs
dark-fuscous ; posterior tibiz and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings moderate, scarcely dilated, costa moderately arched, apex
tolerably acute, hindmargin oblique, scarcely sinuate ; very pale-
brownish-ochreous, irrorated sparsely with brownish scales, which
form a suffused fascia from costa before apex to anal angle; a
blackish dot in disc before middle, a second above middle, a third
on fold obliquely below first, and two more almost confluent in
disc beyond middle; cilia very pale-brownish-ochreous, at anal
angle fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey.

The colour of the forewings distinguishes it from other des-
cribed species. The long terminal joint of palpi, almost as long
as second joint, is another point worth noticing.

Brisbane ; one specimen in August.

CoESYRA IODETA, 1. sp.

Female, 14 mm. Head dark-fuscous, face whitish. Palpi
whitish. Antenne whitish, with a few fuscous dots on upper

212

surface near base. Thorax bright-yellow, anterior margin and
posterior extremity dark-fuscous; patagia wholly yellow.
Abdomen fuscous. Legs whitish; anterior pair infuscated.
Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; bright golden-yellow ; a
basal fascia from base of costa along inner-margin to one-sixth ;
an erect purple-fuscous mark from anal angle, reaching two-thirds
across disc ; a subterminal and a hindmarginal band of reddish-
violet, containing a few scattered purple-fuscous scales ; cilia
yellow, at anal angle reddish-violet, with fuscous apices. Hind-
wings dark-grey ; cilia grey.

A distinct species. In Meyrick’s tabulation it falls with
C. philoxena, Meyr., being distinguished from this by the absence
of costal streak, and from most other species by the dark-fuscous
sidetufts of head.

Brisbane ; one specimen in October.

CROSSOPHORA NEPHELELLA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish,
terminal joint sparsely irrorated with blackish scales. Antenne
whitish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish ; anterior pair
somewhat infuscated. Forewings narrow-elongate, costa moder-
ately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ;
whitish, very sparsely irrorated with isolated blackish scales,
especially towards margins; discal dots obscurely indicated by
clusters of these scales, the first two often completely obsolete ;
cilia white. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

An inconspicuous little species easily overlooked. It comes
nearest C’. thetvas, Meyr., but may be distinguished by the general
irroration and obolescence of the discal dots.

Sandgate near Brisbane; three specimens beaten from
Melaleuca leucodendron in August.

Psecapia, Hiibner.

Head with appressed scales, side tufts small. Tongue
developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male thickened, sometimes
serrate, with very short ciliations (one-fifth), pecten absent or
represented by a few fugitive scales. Labial palpi moderate
or rather short (sometimes long, Meyrick), second joint with
appressed scales, terminal shorter. Forewings with 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to costa or apex. Hindwings rather broader than
forewings, elongate-ovate, cilia less than one-fourth, 3 and 4
connate, 5 approximated to 6, 6 and 7 parallel. Posterior tibize
hairy.

This genus was omitted from Meyrick’s descriptions of Aus-
tralian Cicophoride, but will be found defined in his work on

213

British Lepidoptera. I have three species referable to it. Two are
here described ; the third has white forewings, and resembles
nearly examples I have received with the name Psecadia postica,
Z., of which I have not yet seen the description.

PSECADIA HILARELLA. Walk.

Azinis hilarella (Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat., XXVIIL., p. 542 ;
Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, IIT., p. 506, piate 209, fig. 3).

Male and female, 25-35 mm. Head whitish-grey, with two
black dots posteriorly. Palpi whitish-grey, with black annula-
tions, second joint with a basal and subapical, terminal with a
basal and apical ring. Antenne grey, with a black dot on basal
joint ; towards apex dark-fuscous. Thorax slaty-grey, with two
pairs of black dots. Abdomen deep-orange with a cental black
dot on first six segments. Legs grey, with black annulations ;
posterior femora orange. Forewings elongate, not dilated, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, scarcely
oblique ; slaty-grey with black dots; one at base of costa and
of inner-margin, two just beyond these, one on costa at one-
fifth, one on fold, two near inner-margin at one-fifth and two-
fifths, two in a line beneath costa, and two in a line below
middle of disc; five arranged in a circle beneath apex ; a line of
about ten on hindmargin ; cilia dark-grey, apices paler. Hind-
wings golden-orange, with a triangular blackish blotch at apex ;
cilia dark-fuscous at apex, thence orange.

A large and handsome species, which must have an extensive
geographical distribution. The antenne in the male are some-
what serrate, but its close relationship to the following species
shows that it must be referred to this genus.

Brisbane ; also from Ceylon.

PSECADIA HEPTASEMA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 18-20 mm. Head whitish-grey. Palpi
whitish-grey, terminal joint blackish. Thorax grey, with two
black dots on anterior margin ; patagia whitish-grey, apex black.
Abdomen pale-ochreous. Legs grey, with blackish annulations ;
posterior femora pale-ochreous. Forewings elongate, not dilated,
costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight,
slightly oblique ; grey, with black dots; a black spot at base,
with whitish-grey centre; a black dot on fold, a second beneath
costa at one-fifth, a third in a line with second, two in centre of
disc at about middle and three-fourths, and two more beneath
apex; a row of four dots along hindmargin ; cilia grey. Hind-
wings grey, towards inner-margin ochreous-whitish ; cilia grey at
apex, gradually becoming ochreous-whitish towards anal angle.

Brisbane.

214

CreratoPuysEtis, Meyrick,

CERATOPHYSETIS SPHHROSTICHA, Meyr.

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (1886), p. 1,045.

T have seen two specimens, the type in the Queensland Museum,
and another, also male, inMr. Dodd’s collection. In the latter the
anterior edge, which is twisted uppermost of the laterally com-
pressed antenne, is clothed with a brush of long whitish hairs ;
in the type these seem to be denuded. The posterior tibize are
shortly rough-haired.

The genus must be referred to the immediate neighbourhood of
Psecadia, Hb., from which it is only distinguished by the extra-
ordinary antenne of the male.

DEFINITIONS OF SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHOR,

By W. G. Torr, LL.D., and Epwin Asupy.
[Read October 4, 1898. ]
Plates VI. and VII.

In the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,
vol. II., part 4, April, 1897, appeared a very excellent paper by
Mr. W. T. Bednall on the Polyplacophora of South Australia.

This painstaking article has paved the way for all future
workers in this field, and the South Australian rocks are furnishing
excellent opportunities for original research.

New species are constantly being discovered. Unfortunately,
in several instances only one specimen of a species has been
found.

The deep dredging operations of Dr. J. C. Verco has helped
us very considerably, and has introduced several species not
found near the coast.

To Mr. E. H. Matthews, of Yorke’s Peninsula, we are deeply
indebted for helping us to classify our specimens.

To Mr. M. M. Maughan and Dr. J. C. Verco our thanks are
due for specimens supplied, and to Professor Ralph Tate for his
kind advice and encouragement in preparing our work for the
printer and engraver.

1. Chiton Vereconis, x. sp. Pl. 6, fig. 1.

General Appearance.—Shell oblong, much elevated, carinated,
side slopes slightly curved and steep. Colour.—Flesh-coloured,
variegated with creamy-white flecks. Third valve with more
white than others; a broad blackish band running all medial
areas.

Anterior Valve.—Ten riblets ornamented with strong elongated
longitudinal tubercles. Teeth, eight slits.

Posterior Valve.—Mucro median, prominent. Ornameuted
with nine or ten riblets, composed of tubercles similar to anterior
valve. Sinus moderately broad.

Median Valve.—Latera] areas ornamented with 12 to 14 pairs
of strong elongated longitudinal tubercles, divided into two rows
by a deep sulcus. The tubercles vary from opposite to alternate,
the anterior being shorter than the posterior. Pleural areas
covered with 14 to 16 longitudinal riblets, sometimes continued

216

into the dorsal area. Dorsal area smooth. The median valves
each have one slit. The teeth under the microscope are
pectenated ; sinus broad and shallow. Inside colour creamy-
white with bluish patches.

Girdle.—Clothed with imbricating scales, apices sub-erect,
giving the girdle a rasp-like appearance. Scales pyramidal,
apices smooth, base ornamented with eight to ten vertical riblets.

Measurement.—Length, 24 mm. - breadth, 12 mm.

Habitat.— Dredged in'Sti Vincent's Gulf, South Australia, by
Dr. Verco and W. D. Reed. Aldinga, by Ww. Kimber.

Remarks.—It can easily be distinguished from allied species
by the strongly raised longitudinal tubercles in the lateral areas.

2. Aeanthoehites ecrocodilus, x. sp. Pl. 6., fig. 2.

General Appearance.—Shell elongated, rounded, very broad in
proportion to the girdle. Side slope curved. Colour pale-olive-
green.

Anterior Valve.—Strongly radially ribbed with five ribs.
Interspaces covered with more or less straight transverse rows
of squamose pustules. Two slits only discoverable in broken
specimen.

Posterior Valve.—Mucro median distinctly beaked; valve
divided into dorsal and pleural areas ; dorsal smooth and raised—
pinnatifid—and pleural similar to corresponding area in median
valves. Four slits. Sinus broad,

Median Valves.—Lateral areas distinctly raised. Anterior
margin forming a strongly elevated diagonal rib, clothed with
irregular raised squamose pustules, having a confluent tendency.
Pleural area has a somewhat concave appearance, owing to the
raised character of lateral and dorsal areas. The whole covered
with triangular-shaped scales, which become very flat and large
as they approach the anterior margin. Pustules and triangular
scales are placed in longitudinal rows, continued through lateral
and pleural areas. Dorsal Areas.—Triangular, smooth, each
margin deeply notched with three to eight notches, prominently
beaked. Teeth, 1-1.

spongy, having on each side seven
and on anterior valve four tufts of short brownish spicules.
Microscopically mottled wit’ white, and densely clothed with
minute, irregular, opaque sca es, which give it a rough appearance.

Measurements.—Length, 17 mm.; breadth, 8 mm.—in dried
Specimen,

Habitat.—Marino, South Australia; discovered by Dr. Torr.

Remarks.—\temarkable for strongly raised diagonal rib, and
for its very coarse shagreening ; some of the scales being fully
half mm. across, and are microscopically striated.

217

3. Acanthochites cornutus, »n. sp. Pl. 6, fig. 3.

General Appearance.—Shell elongated, narrow, decidedly
carinated, side slopes very slightly curved. Colour light-yellowish-
brown, mottled with white. Dorsal area whitish-brown.

Anterior Valve.—Radially ribbed with five ribs, the whole area
being closely packed with bead-like granules.

Posterior Valve.—Very diminutive. Mucro post-median. Valve
divided into dorsal and pleural area. Dorsal similar to same area
in median valves. Pleural area covered with concentric rows of
bead-like granules. The deep sulcations of the dorsal area are
present on anterior margin to the outer edge of valve. 5

Median Valves.—Lateral area much raised, and_ thickly
studded with imbricating granules. Pleural areas decorated with
eight to ten longitudinal rows of distinctly raised pustules, con-
siderably larger than the granules of the lateral area.

Dorsal Area.—Triangular, microscopically pinnatifid, which
appearance is caused by three or more deep sulcations, continued
into the pleural areas.

Girdle.—Narrow, having on each side seven sutural horny
protuberances, covered with microscopic glossy granules. Whole
girdle clothed with closely-packed microscopic imbricating semi-
transparent scales. General colour yellowish, with splashes of
brown.

Measurement.— Dried specimen: Width, 3mm.; length, 8 mm.

Habitat.—Marino, South Australia; low tide. Discovered by
E. Ashby. Only one specimen (not dissected).

Remarks.—The horny protuberances, absence of spicules, and
transparent, closely-packed scales make this a very distinct
species.

4. Acanthochites Verconis, 7. sp. Pl. 7, fig. 4.

General Appearance.—Shell distinctly elongated carinated.
Exposed portion of valves one-third total width in live specimen.
Valves elevated. Posterior margin concave, prominently beaked.

Colour of valves, pearly white, distinctly mottled with pink
deepening to rose-pink at posterior margin.

Anterior Valve.—Clothed with somewhat flattened pustules,
separated, oval, very distinct, smaller towards the apex, and
arranged alternately. Teeth, five slits, with rays leading to
apex.

= Valve.—Mucro central, covered with flattened pustules

rather longer and flatter than anterior valve. Dorsal area
distinct and smooth. Sinus wide. Eight slits at irregular
distances.

Median Valve.—Pleural area covered with ten to eleven
diagonal rows of squamose pustules. Dorsal area raised, striated

218

showing distinct hastate to pinnatifid outline (pustulose under
high magnifying power); one slit. Inside colour creamy-white to
deep- -pink.
Girdle.—Cream to deep-rose-pink, leathery, and encroaching
on the sutures, destitute of tufts, covered with minute hairs.
Measurements.—Length, 10 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm.
Habitat.—Dredged by Dr. Verco in St. Vincent's Gulf, South
Australia, and taken at Aldinga Rocks by Dr. Torr.
Remarks.—This species is allied to A. scutiger of Reeve ; his
description is very incomplete. The girdle in A. Verconis is smooth
and not densely bristled as in scutiger.

5. Acanthoechites Maughani, x. sp. Pl. 7, fig. 5.

General Appearance.—Shell elongated oblong, carinated, side
slope curved. Colour light-brown, with patches of yellowish-
brown.

Anterior Valves.—Covered with concentric rows of pustules,
large at base, and growing smaller towards apex.

Posterior Valve.—Mucro slightly post-median. Five concentric
rows of pustules.

Median Valves.—Lateral and pleural areas, except that the
former is yellower; both areas ornamented with six slightly
radiating longitudinal rows of exceptionally elongated tubercles,
inclined diagonally acutely backwards, touching ‘the tegmentum
almost the whole length, giving the appearance of riblets serrated
on one side. Some tubercles are much bent over at the tip.
Tubercles rough with microscopical granules.

Dorsal Area.—Linear raised granulose, intermittently covered
with blackish specks. Longitudinally and transversely striate
under the microscspe. Apex of sixth valve black.

Girdle.—Light-brown, little darker than valves; leathery,
loosely clothed with minute scales. Sutural tufts of short
brownish spicules, and four tufts on anterior valve.

Measurement.—Length, 8 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.—dried speci-
mens.

Habitat.—Port Victor, 8. Australia; discovered by M. M.
Maughan, Esq. Aldinga, by Kimber.

Kemarks.—Kasily distinguished from its allies by its narrow
raised and granulose dorsal area and its exceedingly elongated
appressed tubercles.

6. Acanthochites exilis, . sp. Pl. 7, fig. 6.
General Appearance.—Colour porcelain-white, slightly mottled
with very pale-brown. Dorsal area on third valve bright-red,

oblong, rather broad, strongly carinated, side slope straight,
beaked,

219

Anterior Valve.—Radially ribbed with five ribs, the whole
closely covered with glossy pustules on a brownish ground.

Posterior Valve.—Mucro anterior. Pustules as in anterior
valve ; very small.

Median Valves.—Lateral areas raised, closely covered with
slightly diagonal rows of highly polished pustules. Continued
through pleural areas, but considerably Jarger and more raised,
in some cases so closely packed as to suggest longitudinal riblets.
Some rows are confluent.

Dorsal Area.—Triangular, broad; uniformly covered with
somewhat distant, evenly distributed, slightly raised pustules,
arranged in some valves in longitudinal rows. Tegmentum longi-
tudinally striated. Ground colour of third valve deep rose-red ;
pustules less highly coloured. In valves 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 the dorsal
area is often mottled with pink.

Girdle.—Spotted with cream and pale-brown. Very much
crumpled in dried specimen. Covered with irregular scales. At
the sutures prominent rough tubercles, from the centre of which
a bundle of white or brown spicules is produced. Size, dried
specimen: Length, 3 mm.; breadth, 1 mm.

Habitat.—Dredged by Dr. Verco in Spencer’s Gulf and
Investigators’ Strait, South Australia, in 10 to 15 fathoms of
water.

7. Acanthochites Tatei, x. sp. Pl. 7, fig. 7.

General Appearance.—Greenish-brown, spotted with pale-grey.
Dorsal areas buff colour, with tinge of salmon-pink, in third valve
dark-green. Girdle, mossy-green. Shape, oblong carinated, side
slopes straight.

Anterior Valve.—Three very indistinct radial ribs closely
covered with slightly elliptical pale-brown scales gradually
decreasing in size to the apex. Ground dark-horn colour. Apex
smooth transversely striated.

Posterior Valve.—Mucro post-median. Dorsal area triangular.
The buff or salmon-pink colour extending over two-thirds of valve.
Median area dark-brown, closely covered with elliptical irregular
whitish scales,

Median Valves. —No distinction between lateral and pleural
areas. Ground colour, ornamented with six or seven irregular
radiating diagonal rows of whitish spathulate scales, which
increase in size as they near the posterior margin.

Dorsal Areas.—Triangular, raised, beaked, smooth, decorated
with transverse wavy markings, microscopically longitudinally
and transversely striated. Third valve moss-green, and remainder
buff with tinge of salmon-pink.

220

Girdle.—Olive-green, one-third of area. Mossy, owing to its
being covered with short yellowish-white spicules, larger at
margin, forming a dense fringe. Tufts, seven each side at inter-
section on valves. Four on anterior valves. Sutural tufts coarse
and spear-shaped, closely appressed towards the apex of the
valves. Specimen in formalin. Length, 6 mm. ; breadth, 24 mm.

Habitat.—Middleton, Encounter Bay, South Australia; one
specimen only on rocks discovered by Dr. Torr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI and VII.

a. Dorsal view of entire shell.

b. Anterior valve.

c. Median valve.

d. Posterior valve

e. Lateral view of posterior valve.
f, Portion of girdle magnified.

g. Life size, lateral view.

Fig.
1. Chiton Verconis, n. sp.
2. Acanthochites crocodilus, x. sp.

3. . cornutus, %. sp.
4, pls Verconis, 7. sp.
5. . Maughani, n. sp.
6. £ exilis, . sp.

ri se Tatei, n. sp.

—— a hg

bo
bo
—

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WiTH DESCRIPTION OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Buacksurn, B.A.
[Read October 4, 1898.]
XXIV.
PALPICORNES.

NEOHYDROBIUS (gen nov. Hydrobidarum).

Mentum antice emarginatum ; palpi graciles, labialibus brevibus,
maxillaribus valde elongatis (quam caput prothoraxque
conjuncti haud brevioribus), articulis ultimis 3 gradatim
brevioribus ; mandibule ad apicem bifide ; labrum trans-
versum antice late subemarginatum; clypeus antice
emarginatus; oculi modici minus convexi; antenne
9-articulate (articulis 1° magno, 2° sat elongato, 3°-5°
brevibus, 6° majori 7" amplectenti, 7°-9° clavam forman-
tibus) ; prothorax transversus;~ scutellum modicum
triangulare ; elytra ovalia nullo modo striata ; pedes modici ;
tibiz ad apicem bicalcarate, tibiarum anticarum calcaribus
permagnis ; tarsi modici; unguiculi maris antici inequales
valde arcuati et subtus ad basin lamina muniti; mesos-
ternum postice carina brevi armatum.

Type (Philhydrus) burrundiensis. Blackb.
Since I described this insect (Proc. L.S8., N.S.W., 1889, p. 447)

I have obtained more specimens, including the male, and I find

that its tarsal characters,—together with some other characters

noted above,—are inconsistent with a place in Philhydrus. The
original specimens were taken in the Northern Territory, but
those received later are from N. Queensland.

PSEUDOHYDROBIUS (vide infra).

The remarkable insect for which I propose this name and which
I have placed below (at the end of the Palpicornes), might on
account of its tarsal characters be considered more naturally
placed near Neohydrobius. It is therefore well to mention it in
both places.
BEROSUS.

The known Australian species of this genus are now so
numerous that it seems desirable to place a statement of their
characters in a tabular form. I am doubtful whether the species

Q -

222

might not justifiably be divided into two genera, but as in that
case the genera would both have to be regarded as distinct from
Berosus, and as moreover they both completely resemble Berosus
superficially I prefer to avoid the creation of these new genera.
In the first of these groups the elytral sculpture resembles that
of the European Z. affinis, Brul., in having a short stria (aot
nearly reaching the middle of the elytra) between the Ist and
2nd complete striz, but the structure of the mesosternum is quite
different from that of B. affinis that segment being traversed
merely by a fine elevated longitudinal line ; while in the second
group the stria between the lst and 2nd complete striz reaches
more or less beyond the middle of the length of the elytra, but
the mesosternal structure is identical with that of the European

B. affinis.

I think I have before me examples of all the described Aus-
tralian Berosi except B. approximans, Fairm., which is a very
small species (Long., 14 1.) from Queensland of which the most
notable character appears to be that the interstices of the elytral
strie are transversely wrinkled ; it is possibly identical with B.
(Hygrotrophus) involutus, Macl. Of the described species, how-
ever, one (B. pallidulus, Fairm.) seems to be identical with
Hygrotrophus nutans, Macl., and therefore if Hygrotrophus is to
stand (as I think it may) must be removed from Berosus. On the
other hand Hygrotrophus involutus, Macl., as noted below seems
to me to appertain to Berosus, and when these corrections have
been made and two new species (described below) added there
are 18 names that have been applied to Australian Berosi. One
of these however (B. externespinosus, Fairm.) I regard as pro- —
bably a synonym (of Australie, Muls.). One species as noted
above (B. approaimans, Fairm.) being unknown to me, the
number to be dealt with in the following tabulation is 16.

A. Mesosternal carina not prominent in front of the intermediate coxe ;
2nd stria of elytra not nearly reaching the middle of the length of
the elytra.

B. Elytra spinose at apex.
C. Apical spines of elytra comparatively short.
D. Puncturavion of elytral interstices equal or nearly so.
K. Puncturation of dise of prothorax comparatively close and striation
and seriate punctures of elytra comparatively strong.
I’. Base of the posterior 4 femora black or dark-fuscous.
G. Head very elongate (size of insect
about 4 1.) hs ics A iP oF
GG. Head notably less elongate (size
of insect about 3 1.) i .. Australie, Muls.
FF. Legs entirely clear testaceous .. majusculus, Blackb.
KK. Puncturation of disc of prothora
notably more sparse, and striation
and seriate punctures of elytra
evidently finer ois ae

gravis, Blackb.

decipiens, Blackb.

223

DD. Elytral interstices in front nitid and
finely and sparsely punctured, behind
opaque with close asperate punctures macuwmbensis, Blackb.
CC. External spine at apex of elytra very
long and slender (much longer than the
scutellum) ads ies rey
BB. Elytra unarmed at apex.
C. Head testaceous or brown.
D. Striz and seriate punctures of elytra
strong (about as in Australivw, Muls.)... sticticus, Fairm.
DD. Striz and seriate punctures ofelytra fine debilipennis, Blackb.
CC. Head black or metallic.
D. Punctures of disc of prothorax very close
(about as in B. affinis, Brul.)... we
DD. Punctures of disc of prothorax evidently
less close.
E. Clypeus extremely closely (almost con-
fluently) punctured a r
EE. Clypeus notably less closely punctured.
F. Lateral striz very much narrower than
their interstices.

G. Interstice on either side of the short
second stria bears a single row of
well-defined punctures ... Mi

GG. Interstice on either side of the short
second stria with confused and
faint puncturation a -

FF. Lateral striz about same width as
their interstices ... a4 ... ovipennis, Fairm.
AA. Mesosternal carina prominent in front of

intermediate coxe (as in affinis, Brul.);

second stria of elytra reaching at least to

middle of length of elytra.

B. Punctures of prothorax very coarse (notably

munitipennis, Blackb.

Flindersi, Blackb.

discolor, Blackb.

stigmaticollis, Fairm.

auriceps, Blackb.

more coarse than in afinis, Brul.) ... Qqueenslandicus, Blackb.
‘BB. Punctures of prothorax much less coarse.
C. Size comparatively large (about 3 1.) .. duplopunctatus, Blackb.
CC. Size very small (at most 21.) ... ... _tmvolutus, Macl.

B. mayusculus, Blackb. In Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A. 1892, p. 207, I
expressed a doubt as to whether this species is really distinct
from B. externespinosus, Fairm., and stated that I was unable to
specify any structural characters to separate the two. I had not
at the time examined a male of the latter, but having now seen a
male I am able to say that majusculus is a valid species as the
penultimate ventral segment in the male of Fairmaire’s insect is
even, having no trace of the dentation of outline that ;s so con.
spicuous in BL. majusculus.

B. Australiw, Muls. I think &. externesprnosus, Fairm., may
be regarded as identical with this insect. M. Fairemaire says
that the latter is very near his species, but differs in the termina]
spines of its elytra being of equal size and less widely separated ;
I can definitely assert, however, that there is quite as much
variation as this expression indicates in the terminal spines

224

of specimens of Berosus taken in company and evidently con-
specific. In all other respects the description of Australie fits
M. Fairmaire’s insect very well unless it be with regard to the
strie 4-6 of the elytra which Mulsant says are “ postice lviores.”
T take this to mean that the punctures of those striz are less.
conspicuous than of the others in the hinder part, and certainly
this seems to be the case (at any rate from points of view) in
several species (including externespinosus) although it is not so
strongly marked in any species known to me that I should be
inclined to attach much importance to it.

B. sticticus, Fairm. I have examples (from Queensland) of a
Berosus which I refer doubtfully to this species. Their discrepancy
with the description consists in the markings of the elytra (which
are not constant), since I cannot find that in any of my speci-
mens those markings fall in any distinct manner into the form of
a semicircle. Whether or not, however, I am right in my
identification B. sticticus is rightly placed in the tabulation as all
the characters I have relied upon in placing it are characters
mentioned in M. Fairmaire’s description.

B debilipennis, sp. nov. Elongato-ovalis; testaceus, capite
prothoraceque fusco-adumbratis, elytrorum striis puucturis
maculisque nonnullis obsoletis et corpore subtus
fuscescentibus ; clypeo subtiliter sparsissime capite postice
crebrius subfortiter, prothorace sat fortiter nec crebre (hoc
antice sat angustato), punctulatis; elytris subtiliter
striatis, stria 2° longe ante medium desinenti, striis
subtiliter punctulatis, interstitiis subseriatim (antice quam
strie haud magis subtiliter) punctulatis, elytris postice
inermibus ; mesosterni carina ante coxas intermedias haud
prominenti. Long., 25 1.; lat., 131.

My unique example of this insect has unfortunately lost its.
front tarsi and therefore its sex cannot be determined. Its elytra
simple at the apex and its testaceous head, in combination, dis-
tinguish it from all the other described Australian Bevosi except
B sticticus, from which it may be at once separated by its larger
size, and by the much finer punctulate striz of its elytra (which
resemble those of B. decipiens, Blackb.). Ifmy identification of
B. sticticus be right it also differs from that species by its
prothorax more narrowed in front.

Tropical Queensland (sent by Mr. Cowley).

B. auriceps, Blackb. In a “N.B.” under this heading in
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1889, p. 449, I drew attention to a
specimen which I considered a possible var. of awriceps. The
study of some erosi recently received from Queensland has
satisfied me that the specimen in question appertains to a species
quite distinct from awriceps and which is B. ovipennis, Fairm.

225

5. queenslandicus, sp. nov. Ovatus ; minus elongatus ; obscure
brunneus, capite et prothoracis disco nigris vix virides-
centibus, elytris plus minusve piceo-vel nigro-adumbratis,
antennis palpis pedibusque dilutioribus ; capite prothor-
aceque equaliter crebre sat grosse punctulatis ; prothorace
antice parum angustato; elytris fortiter striatis, stria
2" longe ultra medium elytrorum continua, striis fortiter
(versus latera grosse, sicut interstitia quam puncture haud
latiora sunt) punctulatis, interstitiis sublevibus, elytris postice
inermibus; mesosterni carina ante coxas intermedias
prominenti (ut B affinis, Brul.).

I have seen only females of this very distinct species, which is
of notably darker colour than any other Australian Berosus
known to me and is easily recognizable inter alia by the very
coarse puncturation of its head and prothorax.

Queensland.

HYGROTROPHUS.

I have received from Mr. Lea some specimens which he tells
me that he has ascertained by comparison to be H. involutus,
Macl. I cannot see any ground for regarding them as congeneric
with H. nutans, Macl., or for separating them from JSerosus.
They seem, however, to be distinct from any other described
Berosus.

H. DeVisi, sp. nov. Ovalis, sat elongatus; nitidus; supra
pubescens ; testaceus, capite et prothoracis disco (hoc varie)
viridibus vel cupreis, elytris varie plus minusve manifeste
fusco-maculatis, corpore subtus plus minusve infuscato ;
capite prothoraceque (hoc antice leviter angustato) minus
crebre minus fortiter punctulatis ; elytris crebre subtilius
subsquamose punctulatis, vix perspicue striatis vel seriatim
punctulatis, postice inermibus ; mesosterni carina ante coxas
intermedias haud prominenti.

Maris segmento ventrali penultimo simplici. Long., 14—2 1;

lat., 3—4 1.

Evidently congeneric with H. nutans, Macl., but very much
smaller, with the head and disc of prothorax metallic-green or
coppery.

Queensland ; sent by Mr. DeVis, Mr. Cowley, We.

AMPHIOPS (?)

It is not without hesitation that I refer the following two
species to this genus, as I have not seen an authentic type of it.
It appears to have been unknown, except by description,
to M. Lacordaire. In all important respects, however, the
specimens before me agree very well with Erickson’s diagnosis,

226

the only discrepancies being that the scutellum, although of the
elongate triangular form described, cannot be called “small,”
and that the hairs on the intermediate tibiz are scarcely “long.”
T have not been able to examine the mandibles, and therefore
cannot say whether they are as described. The principal
character of Amphiops seems to be its having four eyes—two
above and two below the head—and this is the case with the
insects before me, as the ocular canthus is carried along the
exterior margin of the eyes quite widely, thus dividing each eye
into two parts. The extreme convexity of these insects is such
that (viewed from the side) the height of the elytra is as great
as their length.

A (2) australicus, sp. nov. Breviter ovalis, valde convexus, ad
latera compressus ; nitidus ; niger vel nigro-piceus, antennis
palpis corpore subtus pedibusque plus minusve rufescentibus ;
capite (hoc permagno) crebre dupliciter, prothorace sparsim
inequaliter, elytris fortiter (in disco sparsim confuse, ad
latera crebre seriatim) punctulatis; prothorace fortiter
transverso, antice fortiter bisinuato, ad latera et ad basin
rotundato ; elytris nullo modo striatis. Long., 14 1.; lat. 1 1.

This species looks to a casual glance as if it might very well be
congeneric with the species I described as Volvulus punctatus, but
its eye structure is quite different. In respect of puncturation
moreover it is very different especially on the elytra where the
punctures are very much coarser. In punctatus the elytral punc-
tures are not much less fine than in Cyclonotwm Mastersi, Macl.

Tropical Australia ; Northern Territory (Dr. Bovill; also Mr.
J. J. Walker).

A. (?) duplopunctulatus, sp. nov. Breviter ovalis, valde con-
vexus, ad latera compressus; nitidus; niger vel piceus,
antennis palpis pedibusque rufescentibus; capite (hoc
permagno) crebre dupliciter, prothorace dupliciter vix crebre,
elytris dupliciter crebre (puncturis plurimis seriatim dis-
positis) punctulatis ; prothorace fortiter transverso, antice
fortiter bisinuato, ad latera et ad basin rotundato ; elytris
vix manifeste striatis. Long., 14 1; lat., 1 1.

Differs from the preceding chiefly in respect of the elytral
sculpture. In the present species the whole surface of the elytra
is covered with comparatively close fine puncturation with which
coarser punctures are thickly intermingled, the coarser punctures
having a seriate arrangement (in scarcely defined striz) on both
the discal and lateral parts of the elytra as well as being mixed
with the fine punctures all over the interstices. In A.(?)australicus
the fine puncturation of the elytra is so fine and sparse as to need
looking for, and in the sutural region (especially on the front

227

half of the elytra) the larger punctures also are very sparse and
without seriate arrangement.

Queensland ; sent by Mr. DeVis.

HYDROCHUS.

The description of the Australian members of this genus are so
scattered through the literature of widely separated countries
that it seems desirable to furnish some notes showing their
relation to each other. I have therefore attempted to place their
characters intelligibly ina tabular form, adding some remarks
on some of them, and giving a detailed description of a new
species. There is, however, one species that I have been unable
to identify, viz., H. obscwroeneus, Fairm. I should judge from
the description that it isnear H. Horni, Blackb., but it may be
at once distinguished from that insect by its having a fovea in
the middle of the head between the eyes as well as by the well-
defined sculpture of its prothorax and the implication that the
alternate interstices of itselytraare not more elevated than the rest.
I have before me a specimen which Mr. Lea tells me that he
has ascertained by comparision with the type to be H. parallelus,
Macl.

A. General colour dull-brown, pitchy, or obscurely zeneous.
B. Head not trisulcate between the eyes.
C. Seriate punctures of the elytra so coarse
as to leave no continuously detined
interstices between some of the rows Adelaidw, Blackb.
*CC. Interstices between the rows of elytral
punctures not obscured by the coarse-
ness of the punctures.
D. Alternate elytral interstices strongly
carinate, in strong contrast to the
others ... wih be ... Victoriw, Blackb.
DD. Alternate elytra] interstices not, or
only feebly, more elevated than the
others.

E. Prothorax at base with four well-
defined impressions separated by
well-defined ridges aa :

EE. Base of prothorax not having four

well-defined impressions.

F. Clypeus much more nitid and less
coarsely punctured than the rest
of the head (size comparatively
large) oi aa Bs

FF. Clypeus punctured like the rest

of the head (size very small)... Horni, Blackb.
BB. Head distinctly trisulcate between the :
eyes.

reqularis, Blackb.

diversiceps, Blackb.

* In H. Victorivw some of the interstices are ill defined, but it is om
— of rugulosity of sculpture, the punctures not being particularly
arge.

228

C. Interstices between the rows of elytral
punctures all well defined.

D. The alternate elytral interstices csarcely

more elevated than the others (size

moderate).
E. Prothorax narrow:and strongly nar-
rowed at base... parallelus, Blackb.
EE. Prothorax wider, subquadrate, not
much narrowed at base ... australis, Motsch.

DD. The alternate elytral interstices con-
spicuously elevated (size very small) interioris, Blackb.

CC. Seriate punctures of elytra so coarse as

to leave no continuously defined inter-

stices between some of the rows Palmerstoni, Blackb.
AA, General colour 5 daar Bree eae with the
legs yellow leteviridis, Blackb.

Hi. diversiceps, sp. nov. Hibngabult bates obscure cupreus,
clypeo suturaque viridescentibus, genubus tarsisque plus
minusve piceo-notatis ; clypeo subtiliter punctulato ; capite
postice indeterminate inzquali, rugulose punctulato ; pro-
thorace leviter transverso, postice sat angustato, indeter-
minate inequali, sat grosse subrugulose punctulato, lateribus
leviter sinuatis minus arcuatis ; elytris suturam lateraque
versus Striatis, seriatim punctulatis (serierum subsuturalium
puncturis quam ceterarum minoribus), interstitiis internis
vix (externis manifeste) elevatis. Long., 131.; lat., 21.

On each elytron the punctures of the two rows nearest to the
suture are in indistinct striz, and are smaller than the punctures
of the other rows. The next two rows of punctures do not run
in strie; but the rest of the rows are in strie. The seriate
punctures (except those of the subsutural series) are about the
same size as those of the European H. angustatus, Miull., and are
larger than those of H. parallelus, Macl., and smaller than those
of H. Adelaide, Blackb. The external interstices, beginning
with that between the fourth and fifth rows of punctures, are
somewhat elevated, especially near the apex.

Queensland ; sent by Mr. DeVis.

H. interroris, Blackb. In re-studying this insect for the
purpose of tabulation, I find with regret that the type was
covered with some kind of exudation (probably the normal
condition of the insect), which I overlooked ; and the exudation
now having, with considerable difficulty and some damage to the
specimen, been removed, it appears that my description (Report
of the Horn Expedition, II., p. 260) erred in respect of the
sculpture, for the head, instead of being as I called it ‘ sequalis,”
is trisuleate between the eyes, and the elytra should be described
as “ having all the alternate interstices a little more elevated than
the rest, especially the fifth behind and the ninth in the middle,”
instead of (as is implied in my description) “only the fifth
behind and the ninth in the middle more elevated than the rest.”

229

OCHTHEBIUS.

0. brisbanensis, sp. nov. Minus latus; minus nitidus ; piceo-
niger, vix enescens, pedibus antennisque rufescentibus ;
capite prothoraceque valde inqualibus, vix perspicue
punctulatis ; hoc transversim quadrato (in disco sulco
longitudinali mediano, sulco oblique in parte postica utrin-
que posita, et utrinque fovea antica, impresso), parte ex-
planata laterali quam disci dimidium vix angustiori, lateribus
fere rectis; elytris minus perspicue striatis, seriatim sat
fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis sat planis, sutura elevata.
Long., = 1. ; lat., 2 1. (vix).

The previously described Australian Ochthebii are australis,
Blackb., and novicius, Blackb. The latter is a much larger species
of considerably wider form. The former is of about the same
size as the present insect, but more nitid, of a reddish-piceous
colour and of somewhat wider build. Moreover the sculpture of
its head is entirely different. Looked at obliquely from the front
the head (excluding the clypeus) in australis is seen as divided into
5 elevations (2 ridges on either side placed one behind the other
and a central tubercle); while the corresponding piece in the
present species from the same point of view is seen as an area
bearing a large deep fovea on either side of the middle the space
between the foveze being comparatively narrow and elevated like
an obtuse ridge.

Queensland ; near Brisbane ; sent by Mr. DeVis.

HYDRAENA.

H evanescens, sp. nov. Ovalis ; subnitida ; obscure rufo-brunnea,
capite nigricanti, prothoracis lateribus (nonnullorum
exemplorum) pedibusque testaceis; capite vix perspicue,
prothorace crebrius subtiliter, elytris subtiliter seriatim,
punctulatis ; prothorace leviter transverso, antice parum
angustato, basin versus transversim (et prope angulum
anticum subrotundatim) impresso; eiytris postice obtusis,
subtiliter seriatim punctulatis. lLong., 2 1.; lat., } 1.

This pigmy is distinguished from all the other described Aus-
tralian Hydrene by its minute size. From TJorrensi, Blackb.,
and acutipennis, Fairm., it also differs by its elytra being blunt
at the apex; and from luridipennis, Macl., and simplicicollis,
Blackb., by the much finer puncturation of its prothorax.

Queensland ; sent by Mr. DeVis.

CYCLONOTUM.
C. Cowleyi, sp. nov. Late ovale; minus convexum ; modice
nitidum ; rufum, elytris piceo-nigris; supra equaliter con-
fertim subtiliter punctulatum, sed elytris puncturis minus

230

subtilibus seriatim impressis; prothorace quam longiori ut
24 ad 1 latiori, antice angustato, margine antico fortiter
bisinuato; elytris haud striatis, stria subsuturali etiam
carenti. Long., 3 1.; lat., 14 1.

This species is very much more finely and closely punctulate
than C. Mastersi, Macl. The absence of a subsutural elytral
stria distinguishes it from all the other described Australian
Cyclonota.

Queensland (Cairns); sent by Mr. Cowley.

NOTOCERCYON (gen. nov. Spheridiidarwin).

Palpi labiales breves; palpi maxillares modici, articulis 2°
dilatato, 3° 4° que gracilibus inter se sat eequalibus ; labrum
vix perspicuum; oculi modici; antenne ut Cercyonis ;
scutellum modicum triangulare; elytra pedesque ut
Ceryconis ; prosternum ut Cercyonis ; mesosternum sat late
lanciforme planum ; corpus supra parce pubescens.

This genus differs from Cercyon chiefly by the form of the
mesosternum which is flat as in Meyasternum, though not quite
so wide as in that genus and much longer. It differs from:
Megasternum in having the prosternum and tibize as in Cercyon.

N. ornatum, sp. nov. Ovale, postice acuminatum ; convexum ;.
parce pubescens; rufobrunneum, prothorace rufo, elytris
testaceis (striis nigris, interstitiis interrupte nigro-maculatis,
maculis fascias duas indeterminatas formantibus),
antennarum clava nigra ; capite prothoraceque subtiliter sat
sparsim punctulatis ; hoc fortiter transverso ; elytris fortiter
striatis, striis minus perspicue punctulatis, interstitiis
subtiliter punctulatis (puncturis singulis capillas singulas
ferentibus) convexis ; metasterni mesosternique parte
mediana planata sparsim punctulata. lLong., 4 1. ; lat., 3; 1.

I met with two specimens of this insect, which are similarly
coloured. The species differs from the following in its form
acuminate behind, the evidently finer and sparser puncturation
of its prothorax, and the much less close puncturation of the:
flattened surface of its meta- and mesosterna.

Victoria; Black Spur.

NV. (Cercyon) dorsale, Kr. I met with several specimens near
Hobart of an insect which agrees very well with Erichson’s
description of this species, anc I have it also from several locali-
ties in the Victorian Mountains. It is evidently congeneric with
the species for which I have proposed the generic name
Notocercyon. In colouring it presents considerable variety, the
typical form (with which one of my Tasmanian examples agrees),.
has the piceous colour on the elytra in the form of a common

eS err rrr

231

triangle with its base on the base of the elytra, but in most
examples the piceous colour is more extended (leaving only the
hinder part of the lateral margins and the apex testaceous) till in
one of my Victorian specimens the whole elytra are of dark
colour with only the apex somewhat lighter than the general
surface. The most marked character distinguishing this species
from the preceding consists in the close puncturation of the
flattened portion of its sterna.

CERCYON.

Up to the present time .wo genuine species of Cercyon have
been recorded as Australian, viz., C. fossum, Blackb., and (the
doubtless imported) C. flavipes, Fab. I have now to record the
following :—

C. quisquilium, Linn. I have an example of a Cercyon (taken
to the best of my recollection near Melbourne) which seems to me
to be this species. Compared with the specimen in my European
collection the elytral interstices certainly seem to be a little less
finely punctulate, but I can find no other difference, and have
little doubt the insect has been imported into Australia.

PSEUDOHYDROBIUS (gen. nov. Palpicornium).

Palpi labiales breves graciles, articulo ultimo ovali quam preecedens
sublongiori ; palpi maxillares minus elongati, quam capitis.
(inter oculos) latitudo vix longiores, articulis ultimis 2
longitudine sat equalibus; mentum quadratum; labrum
brevissimum sub clypeo fere abditum ; caput sat parvum ;
oculi modici quam Hydrobi minus leviter granulati ;
antennz 9-articulate, quam palpi maxillares sesquilongiores,
articulis 1° quam 11” sublongiori subcylindrico, 2° quam
1™ triplo breviori, 3-6 gracilibus gradatim brevioribus (his
conjunctis quam 1"* 2"*que conjuncti vix brevioribus), 7-9
clavam formantibus (7° 8° que inter se equalibus, his
conjunctis quam 11" paullo longioribus) ; prothorax trans-
versus ; scutellum modicum; elytra ovalia; pedes modici
sat graciles; femora compressa; tibiz breviter ciliatie ;
tarsi modice elongati, articulis 1° perbrevi, 2° 5° que
elongatis inter se equalibus; unguiculi simplices ; mesoster-
num quale (7.¢., nec carinatum nec tuberculatum) ; corpus
glabrum.

This genus is certainly, I think, allied to Cyclonotwm, but it
has the tarsi of Hydrobius, nine-jointed antenn, and the
mesosternum non-carinate. Its habits, moreover, associate it
with Cyclonotum rather than with the true Hydrophilides.
Probably M. Lacordaire would have treated it as a distinct tribe
of Palpicornes.

232

P. floricola, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; sat convexus ; nitidus ;
supra brunneo-testaceus, capite prothoraceque in disco, et
elytris presertim latera versus, varie infuscatis ; corpore
subtus pedibusque rufo-brunneis ; capite crebre minus sub-
tiliter, prothorace minus crebre magis subtiliter, elytris
(striis neglectis) fere ut caput sed minus crebre, punctulatis ;
elytris striatis, striarum (his apicem versus multo magis
fortiter impressis) puncturis quam _ interstitiorum sat
majoribus. Long., 23—241.; lat., 121.

Victoria ; on flowers near Fernshaw (Black Spur).

PHYTOPHAGA.

I have recently sent examples of a considerable number of the
Phytophaga that I have described to the eminent specialist Mr.
M. Jacoby, of the London Entomological Society, with the
request that he would favour me with information regarding any
of my determinations that he might consider incorrect. He has
courteously responded to this request and has pointed out the
following errors (which it seems desirable to place on record) in
my work.

TERILLUS.

T. micans, Blackb. Mr. Jacoby informs me that this species
is identical with Alittus foveolatus, Chp., and adds the informa-
tion that he also regarded it as a TZerdllus and that it is the
species he described as 7’. porosus. I have no doubt Mr. Jacoby
has conclusive reasons for this determination (provably he has
seen Chapuis’ type) but it should be noted that Chapuis in his
tabulation of the [phimeztes indicates as a leading character of
Alittus that the lateral margins of the pronotum are perfectly
straight (“tout a fait drovts’) which they are most emphatically
not in this insect, and in the specific description says that the
tibiz are the same colour “ flavo ferruginie” as the antenne
which they are not in any of the somewhat numerous specimens
that I have seen of this insect. No doubt Dr. Chapuis incorrectly
described his insect.

HALTICODES.

This genus (charactised by me Tr. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1896, p. 69
Mr. Jacoby says does not appear to him to differ from Lactica
Dr. Chapuis gives as one of the main distinctions of the Lacticites
the presence of a deep transversal prothoracic furrow ‘limite de
chaque coté.” In Halticodes the prothoracic furrow terminates
laterally by arching round to the base; whereas I understood the
expression ‘limite de chaque cété” to indicate that the
transversal furrow is cut off on either side by a longitudinal
furrow at right angles to it (as in Crepidodera). I presume how-
ever that this is not the case, and in that event I do not know

———

233

any character on which Halticodes should be excluded from the
Lacticites—or separated from Lactica. My H. disparipes is very

distinct specifically from the only other Zactica yet described as

Australian (Z. australis, Duviv.).

AULACOPHORA.

A. Palmerstoni, Blackb. Mr. Jacoby informs me that this is
not distinct from A. abdominalis, Fab.

MONOLEPTA.

M. alpina, Blackb. Mr. Jacoby states that this is identical]
with IZ. minima, Allard, which is, I think, the only Galerucid
hitherto attributed to Australia of which I have not been able to-
see the description.

234

UsE OF THE WEDGE BY THE NATIVES OF THE
GREAT BARRIER PLAIN.

By Joun Harris Browne.
[Read October 4, 1898.]

In the years 1844 and ’5 the great plain west of the Barrier
Ranges, and extending northwards to the latitude of the Grey
Ranges, had on it large patches of the Acacia homolophylla, the
Brigalow of Western Queensland. These patches were often
many square miles in area. The trees were from 8 to 1¥% feet in
the stem, 5 to 8 inches in diameter, and sufficiently wide apart
to enable a man to ride amongst them easily, although at a dis-
tance they appeared to form a thick impervious scrub. They
were of great value to the natives. First, their seeds were an
important article of food. For this purpose, when the seeds were
nearly ripe, branches were torn off the trees and piled up in heaps
on patches of bare ground, and when quite dry were thrashed
with sticks. The seeds were then collected, winnowed on a rug,
ground between two stones with water into a paste about the
cousistence of thick gruel, and eaten from the grinding-stone with
the bent forefinger, used as aspoon. Boomerangs and spears
were made from the wood. For a boomerang a branch with the
proper curve was selected, and an incision about an inch deep
was cut into it at each end of the proposed weapon. Then the
point of a yamstick or other piece of wedge-pointed wood that
had been hardened in the fire was driven under the cut wood at
the smaller end. <A piece split off that required very little finish-
ing to make it a perfect boomerang. Sometimes two or three
were made off the same branch by deepening the cuts after each
one had been split off. For spears a tree with a perfectly straight
stem 10 or 12 feet long was cut down, the top cut off, and then
split into halves and quarters by having wedge-shaped pieces of
wood driven into the small end. The trees split very readily. I
split a tree 10 feet long into halves with a single blow with an
axe struck on its smallerend. The spears made from the tree in
this manner were 9 to 10 feet long, from 14 to 13 inches in
diameter, chisel-pointed at one end, and with a blunt point at the
other. They were never thrown, but were held in both hands,
and used to thrust with in a charge. I believe they were peculiar
to that district, for IT never saw any of them north of the Grey

tanges. All the Acacia-trees seem to have died out, for when
ten years ago I looked down upon the great plain from the top of
Mount Robe, the only trees on it were a few pines and some
mallee in scattered clumps.

——————— eS

BeoarRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Roval Society of South Australia,
For 1897-98.

——__—_>_____.

ORDINARY MEETING, NoveMBER 2, 1897.

W. L. Cietanp, M.B. (President), in chair.

Exuisits.—J. G. Tepper, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of an
Alewrodid, Trioza sp., on Sterculia-leaves from Botanic Garden,
The larve emit white waxy threads and coat surface of leaves
with sugary fluid, which if not removed by ants or in other ways
render plants sickly. Also some peach-tree aphis (Myzus cerasi),
remarking they were difficult to remove by spraying. Also
specimen of tick (Ixodes muralia), presented by Mr. Wirtheimer,
and taken from a snake skin sent to him from Queensland. A.
ZeEIrz, Assistant-Director of the Museum, made some remarks
upon Alexandra Parrot (Spathopterus Alexandre) from Glen
Edith, N.T., which had bred in captivity, but had not reared
their young. Prof. Tarz showed herbarium specimens of Poly-
podium proliferum, new for South Australia, from Cournamount,
River Murray. Collected by the Rev. Henry T. Hull, of Mount
Pleasant, who remarks that “there is no doubt of its occurrence
in a wild state. On a recent visit I saw hundreds, if not even
thousands, of plants” (25/10/97).

Battor.—W. G. Torr, LL.D., M.A., B.C.L., was elected a
Fellow.

Papers.—“‘A Newly -discovered Cambrian Trilobite from
Yorke’s Peninsula,” by R. Erueripce, Jun. “ Description of
New Mollusca,” by Professor Tare.

OrpDINARY MEETING, DECEMBER 7, 1897.

W. L. Cretanp, M.B. (President), in the chair.
Exuisits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S8., exhibited and described
palzolithic implements from the brick-earths of Sussex, and

236

gravels of France, from Madras Presidency, and from Somaliland.
Paper. — “On Some Australian Insects of the Family
Psyllidae,” by W. M. Maskell, of Wellington, N.Z.
S. Drxon reported result of the deputation to the Minister of
Education in reference to preparing a manual on insectivorous.
birds and predatory insects for use in Public Schools.

OrDINARY Mererinc, Apri 5, 1898.

Pror. Tate, F.G.S. in the chair.

Exursits.—Prof. Tarz showed pieces of prismatic sandstone:
from the Hawkesbury series, N.S.W. and Western Victoria.
Also some “ limestone biscuits ” from Biscuit Flat, S.E. ; having
referred to certain speculations of Rev. J. Tenison Woods in his.
work on South Australian Geology, 1862, as to the origin of
these biscuits, he went on to describe the appearance of the
biscuits—their highly calcareous nature. A section through the
narrow part shows concentric rings around a central spot or
space, and in several examples a fresh water shell (Bulinus)
is found to be the nucleus. Mr. Thomas Smeaton wrote describ-
ing some observations made by him some 30 years ago on lime-
stone biscuits from S.E. and elsewhere, and came to much the.
same conclusion as Prof. Tate.

Mr. Tepper, F.L.S8., showed a piece of green opal from:
Coolgardie, W.A. Also a pupa of codlin moth obtained from.
apple stem between three apples, and which had made a nest in.
a bottle where it had been placed subsequently.

A. Zeirz, Assistant Director of Museum, brought under the:
notice of the meeting a small green pigeon (Chalcophaps
chrysochlora) caught at Bews near Kadina, very rarely found so
far South, its proper home being Queensland and New South
Wales. Also a small fish of the perch tribe (Chelmo truncatus )
and of the scaly finned family, so named because the dorsal and.
anal fins are thickly covered with scales. Also an unusually
large specimen of the blue-tongued lizard (Cyclodes gigas) from
Leighs Creek; about 18 inches long.

Papers.—“ Description of new Coleoptera,” by Rev. Thos..
Blackburn, M.A.

OrpINARY MeEeEtInG, May 3, 1898.

W. L. Crecanp, M.B. (President), in the chair.

Osrruary Notice.—J.G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., drew attention
to the death of W. M. Maskell, of Wellington, N.Z., a corres-
ponding member of the Society. It was decided to send a letter
of condolence to the Hon. Secretary of the Philosophical Society,
Wellington.

237

Exutpits.—W. Howocntn, F.G.S., laid on table a photograph
of a large erratic boulder transported by glacial action some ten
miles up the Inman River Valley.

Papers.—“ Further Discoveries of Glacial Remains in South
Australia,” by W. Howcuin, F.G.S.; ‘ The Influence of Vegeta-
tion on Climate and the Rainfall,” by J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.

OrpiInARY MEETING, JUNE 7, 1898.

W. L. Crevanp, M.B. (President), in the chair.

Exursits.—Prof. Tare, F.G.8., exhibited a grass (Aristida
depressa) from Mount Lyndhurst (collected by Mr. Koch) new to
South Australia. Also a sedge (Cyperus levigatus) from River
Hindmarsh (collected by Miss J. L. Hussey), first found in South
Australia at Nilpena, but in an extreme varietal form, and this
year J. H. Maiden, Government Botanist of N.S.W., has received
a specimen of it from Mount Lyndhurst. The Port Elliot plant,
Which in its Scheenus-like habit represents the typical form
widely spread over warmer regions of the world, chiefly in
maritime districts, has hitherto only been known for Australia at
Swan River, W.A.

J. G. O. Teppsr, F.L.S., exhibited a cocoon of an insect on an
eucalypt bough curiously simulating a Serpula.

Epwin Asupy showed Callochiton platessa, Acanthochites
speciosus, and A. asbestoides, and small medusa from Aldinga.

Papers.—“ Respecting Contact Metamorphism occurring at
Kalgoorlie, W.A.,” by H. B. Corpin; “On two Deep Level
Occurrences in South Australia of Recent Marine Deposits,” by
Prof. TATE.

OrpDINARY MeerinG, Juty 5, 1898.

W. L. Cievanp, M.B. (President), in the chair.

Exuipits.—A large series of specimens from White Cliffs,
illustrating pseudomorphism by noble opal, by Prof. Tavs, the
property of the School of Mines. These included scalenohedra
after calcite, opalised sandstone, reptilian humerus, Ichthyosaurian
vertebra, wood-structure, and various molluscan tests.

W. Howcuin, F.G.S8S.—A piece of quartzite with polished
surface, taken from a large bed of the same rock in the Onka-
paringa watershed, exhibiting pseudoglacial features ; a piece of
black flint pseudomorph after calcite, from Wallaroo Mines ;
also specimens showing rock-faulting, contortion, and interrupted
jointing, and others illustrating various geological phenomena.

238

Paper.—‘‘ On a new Myoporum from South Australia,” by J.
H. Marpen and E. BercHe.

Dr. Srirtinc, M.D., F.R.S., moved the following resolution
(Prof. TaTE seconded. Carried.) :—‘‘ That whereas the aborigines
of Australia are rapidly disappearing, it is desirable, in the
interests of science and of our successors, that a comprehensive
and enduring record of the Australian race, in the fullest
anthropological and ethnological significance, should be taken
before it is too late; that this Society communicate with the
Royal Societies of Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and
West Australia and the Linnean Society of New South Wales,
with the object of asking whether those Societies will join in a
combined movement, together with such other scientific bodies as
may be interested, to induce the Governments of their respective
colonies to promise contributions of say £500 from each colony,
payable in such annual instalments as may be necessary to defray
the expenses of such a work ; that contingent upon the approval
by this Society of the above resolution, the Council be requested
to put it into effect by forwarding copies to the bodies
mentioned.”

ORDINARY Meetine, Auaust 2, 1898.

W. L. Cietanp, M.B. (President) in the chair.

Exuipits.— A. Zertvz, Assistant-Director of the Museum,
specimen of Leatherjacket (Monacanthus, sp.), with abnormal
dorsal spine from St. Vincent’s Gulf. Also a blue ruff-heron
(Demigretta jugularis) from Wallaroo. It is found in tropical Aus-
tralia, but rarely so far south. S. Drxon specimens of telluride
ore, carrying 40 per cent. of gold, in schistose rocks from the
Kalgurlie Mine, W.A. W. Howcutn, F.G.8., gave an interest-
ing description of foraminiferal sand, obtained through the
kindness of Prof. David, of Sydney, and Mr. Geo. Sweet, of
Melbourne, from the Funafuti Atoll, and from the bore put down
to test the nature of the underlying rocks. The beach consists
largely of nullipore fragments sometimes consolidated into rock
masses. Theforaminiferaare not very abundant in their variety, but
formalmost the entire mass of the beach sand, and belong to eleven
genera, including sixteen species, and present an almost identical
facies with those of the fossil fauna of the lower tertiaries of
Southern Australia. Organic remains from the bore at 150 feet
were scarce ; those from the 400-feet depth were more abundant,
particularly amphistegina, which made up the most of the rock —
materials, and were in each case characteristically of shallow
water species, which would seem to indicate subsidence of the

239

platform on which the atoll rests. A photograph of Funafuti was
was also shown.

Batitor.—E. Meyrick was elected an Honorary Fellow.

Papers.—‘‘ Two new species of Cretaceous Mollusca.” ‘ New
species of Eulimidz and Pyramidellide ;” Revision of the Austra-
lian Cyclostremidze and Liotiidee {Publication unavoidably post-
poned]. The author points out that great diversity of opinion has
prevailed as to the correct systematic position of the component
species ; some under different generic names have been placed
in both families. The limits of the genera of Cyclostremide are
better defined, and the following two new genera are proposed :—
(1.) CycLosTREMELLA, type Liotia Loddere, Petterd, is separated
by its varicosely margined aperture ; (2) PszupoLioria, type
Cyclostrema micans, A. Adams (=Jiotia Angasi, Crosse), is
defined as somewhat like Liotia, with a thick porcellanous (non-
perlaceous inside) test, aperture oblique, its margin thickened,
operculum horny and multispiral, without a granulose exterior.
Cirsonella, Angas, falls as a synonym under Z'ubiola, A. Adams,
in the family Cyclostremide ; ‘“‘On some Recent and Fossil
Species of Philobrye,” by Prof. Tare, F.G.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 6, 1898.

W. L. Ciextanp, M.B. (President) in the chair.

Batiot.—Mr. Epwin AsHBy was unanimously elected an
auditor.

Papers.— Notes on Australian Lepidoptera,” by Dr. A.
JEFFERIS TURNER; “ Lists of Plants on Mount Lyndhurst Run,”
by M. Kocu; “ Deep-seated Eocene Strata in the Croydon and
other Bores,” by Prof. Tats, F.G.S.

ANNUAL MEETING, OcToBER 4, 1898.

W. L. Cietanp, M.B. (President) in the chair.

Exuisits.—Prof. Tarr exhibited botanical specimens collected
by Mr. C. F. Johncock from the neighbourhood of Mount
Remarkable—these were: the geococcus state of Blennodia
cardaminoides, Kennedya prostrata, leaves of Xanthorrhea
quadrangulata from the summit of the Mount, Solanum
lacunarium, Adiantum cethiopicum, and Pterostylis pedunculata,
Rey. Tuos. Buacksurn, B.A., exhibited obsidian bombs.

Annual report and balance-sheet were read and adopted.

ELEctTIon oF Councit.—President, W. L. Cleland, M.B.; Vice-
Presidents, Prof. Tate, F.G.S., and W. Howchin, F.G.S.; Hon.
Treasurer, Walter Rutt, C.E.; Hon. Sec., G. G. Mayo, C.E.;

240

Members of Council, Prof. Rennie, D.Sc., E. C. Stirling, M.D.,
Rev. Thos. Blackburn, B.A., 8. Dixon, J. 8. Lloyd, and W. H.
Selway ; auditor, Edwin Ashby.

Presidential Address was read by the PRrEsIpENT, and upon
the motion of Prof. Tare, seconded by Prof. Sririinc, was
ordered to be printed in the Society’s Transactions.

Papers.—‘The Use of the Wedge by the Natives of the Great
Barrier Plain in making their Boomerang and Spears,” by John
Harris Browne. Report on the Birds collected on the Calvert
Expedition, by A. J. Nortu, C.M.Z.S., and G. A. KEARTLAND.
“Dimorphism in South Australian Cruciferz,” by Prof. Tars,
F.G.S8.; ‘ Descriptions of New Microlepidoptera,” by Dr. A. J.
TuRNER ; ‘‘ Notes on the Nest and Eggs of Porzana fluminea,”
by Dr. A. M. Morean ; “‘ Descriptions of seven New Species of
South Australian Polyplacophora,” by Dr. Torr and E. Asusy ;
‘“‘ Descriptions of New Australian Coleoptera,” by Rev. T.
BLACKBURN.

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241

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council reported that the scientific work of the Society
had been steadily carried on during the year. Part 1 of vol.
XXII was ready for distribution in August.

Prof. Tate, F.G.S had been engaged in making a revision of
the Australian Cyclostremide and Liotiide, and had also made
independent observations of the Calcareous Biscuits from the
South-Eastern district of the colony. W. Howchin, F.G.S., had
discovered further traces of glacial action in Hindmarsh Valley,
and a Trilobite from Yorke’s Peninsula, which R. Etheridge, jun.,
of Sydney, has described as Ptychoparia Howchini.

Valuable papers have been contributed during the year by
Prof. Tate, F.G.8., Dr. Verco, Rev. Thos. Blackburn, B.A., the
late W. M. Maskell, J. H. Maiden, Dr. A. J. Turner, and J. G.

‘O. Tepper.

Exchanges of publications have been accepted with various

scientific bodies. The Council have to report the death of a

corresponding member, W. M. Maskell, the late Registrar of the
University of New Zealand, who had shortly before his lamented
death forwarded a valuable paper to the Society.

A movement has been initiated by Prof. Stirling for obtaining
the support of the various Colonial Governments and learned
societies in an organized attempt to collect and preserve all
ethnological and anthropological information relative to the

aborigines of Australia.

During the year J. H. Maiden, Director of the Botanic Garden,
Sydney, and E. Meyrick were elected Honorary Fellows.

The membership of the Society is as follows:—10 Hon.
Fellows, 9 Corresponding Members, 70 Fellows, 1 Associate.

Early in the year Mr. Sam. Dixon initiated a discussion on
the advisability of securing the dissemination of reliable infor-
mation respecting the insectivorous birds and useful insects of
South Australia. After discussing the matter at several meetings,
a Sub-Committee, consisting of the President, Prof. Tate, Messrs.
S. Dixon, J. G. O. Tepper, and W. C. Grasby, was appointed to
take such steps as they considered necessary. The Committee in-
vited the co-operation of the Royal Geographical Society, Royal
Agricultural Society, the Zoological Society, and the Agricul-
tural Bureau. All these Societies decided to assist in attaining
the objects of the Sub-Committee, and a meeting of the repre-
sentatives was held at the University, when it was decided to
wait on the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture and Education.

The Minister promised to make enquiries and decide what
action the Government would take. No official reply has yet
been received.

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PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

During the year now ending the Society has received various
valuable contributions on matters relating to natural history and
geology, which are the sciences that in a new country are the
most prolific in furnishing original papers and monographs. The
object of this Society as a scientific body is to place on record
only new facts relating to science as they bear on South
Australia. This is the rule of the various learned Societies of
the Australian Colonies, so that the proceedings of this Society
should reflect the increase to our scientific knowledge respecting
South Australia in any given year. The thanks of this Society
are certainly due to those science-workers who loyally forward
the results of their labours on South Australian subjects to be
incorporated in our proceedings. To some of the Fellows it may
be a matter of regret that attempts have not been made by the
Council to place scientific subjects in a popular form before the
meetings. It should be remembered, however, that the functions
of a Royal Society are not to popularise science nor to give
instruction, but simply to publish results of work done or to
discuss the deductions which may legitimately be drawn from
ascertained scientific data. Our workers are, however, so few,
and each one is almost necessarily an authority on his own
particular speciality, that the opportunities for profitable
discussion do not often present themselves for want of a
sufficient number of those who would be entitled to speak ex
cathedra. Again, the existence of the University as a rallying
focus for anyone interested in science, as there are to be found
some of our chief exponents of various branches of science,
also tends to deprive the meetings of this Society of one of its
objects, namely, a common meeting ground for the exchange of
scientific thoughts. As to the popularising of science, this
Society might possibly have taken up the matter if it were not
being already done in a pre-eminently satisfactory manner by
the University and the branches of the Society. For this
Society to attempt to do the same would be superfluous, and
anything that is unnecessary is certain to be mischievous. It is
no object of this Society to enter into competition with
other institutions, and although it may be a matter of
regret that our meetings are not as well attended as
they might be, yet the regret is not on account of the small-
ness of the audience, but of the smallness of the band of science

244

workers. It has, however, been already stated that many of our
workers do not attend the meetings because they have had
opportunities elsewhere of meeting those with whom they are in
science matters en rapport. The utility of this Society is there-
fore not to be measured by the number who attend the meetings
but rather by the bulk of its published memoirs. The intrinsic
value of the contributions has always maintained a very high
scientific standard. It must also be remembered that each of
these contributions necessitates a vast amount of labour and
minute and painstaking investigation, so that although the
quantity may not always be great, the quality is unimpeachable.
Another obstacle to the size of our proceedings has been at times
the question of ways and means, and the study of certain subjects
has had to be postponed owing to the unlikelihood of the Society
being equal to the necessary expenditure. As an example may
be cited what has been done with regard to the unique Calla-
bonna fossils. In 1894-5 a beginning was made by describing
and illustrating certian bones of Genyornis Newtont, but since
then there has been no further publication. On those who can
afford to wait fortune in the end generally condescends to smile
and so it is in this case. There is now every certainty that the
work will be pushed on with vigour, as the Government has
generously, and with a due appreciation of the scientific
value of the work, caused a sum of money to be set apart for
this especial object. It must be particularly gratifying
to all who have the welfare and encouragement of scientific
work at heart to have this tangible proof of the enlightened
interest which the present Ministry of South Australia takes,
not only in assisting to obtain scientific materials, but also in
making it available for the benefit of the scientific world.

At the meeting held in July, 1898, an important resclution was
carried, expressing the desirability of a united action on the part
of the Australian Colonies to arrange and publish an authorita-
tive Treatise, as complete as possible, of the Australian race.
There is every reason to hope that material assistance will be
obtained from the various Governments for effectively carrying
out this national work. It will also be conceded by all that no
time should be lost in setting about the collecting of all available
information. In South Australia, apparently, no systematic and
comprehensive attempt has been made to study the aboriginal
races of this colony. In the pages of our proceedings during the |
past twenty years appear various important, but isolated, con-
tributions towards the anthropology of Australia. The most
important of these are probably those relating to the tribes
inhabiting an area of country having a radius of two or three
hundred miles from a centre about the Finke River. The reason.

249

‘why it is advanced that these contributions have a greater
-ethnological value, from an Australian point of view, than other
important studies made to the west of the Gulf of Carpentaria,
the Daly River, and other parts of the coastal region of the
Northern Territory, is that the tribes in Central and Southern
Australia are less likely to be mixed with other races. And one
-of the greatest points of interest in connection with the study of
the aborigines of Australia would be that here, if anywhere, it
‘should be possible to investigate perhaps one of the purest
examples of a race that is autochthonic as contrasted to exotic in
its local origin. In other words, in studying the purest examples
_-of the Australian aborigines, the scientific investigator would be
studying as purely local productions as would be found in the
‘respective flora and fauna. The isolation of the Central and
Southern parts of Australia from other centres of human occupa-
tion, the absence of rivers or other easy modes of transit, and the
background of a vast uninhabited ocean, presents a habitat that
is unique in the completion of its severance from the rest of the
world or from any invading influences. So that whatever
affinities the aborgines of Australia may have as a race with
certain black Hill Tribes of Southern India or Papuans or Negritos
of the Archipelagos to the east of Australia, they would still
present a study from an isolation point of view vastly superior
to any that could be obtained in any other country, or under any
other existing conditions with which we are acquainted. Mr.
Romanes attaches very great importance to the effects of isolation
and devotes part III. of his work “ Darwin and after Darwin”
chiefly to a discussion of the varieties and bearings of isolation in
modifying forms of life. ‘In isolation,” he says, ‘we have a
principle so fundamental and so universal that even the great
principle of natural selection is less deep, and pervades a region
-of smaller extent.” Isolation is defined as the prevention of
intercrossing between a separate section of a species or kind and
the rest of that species or kind; whether such separation be due
to geographical barriers, to migration, or to any other state of
matters leading to exclusive breeding within the separated group.
‘This application of isolation to the aborigines of Central and
‘Southern Australia has been particularly fortunate, as there is
reason to believe that the Australian race is amongst the most
primitive known, and the most direct issue of the primitive stock
from which the various races bordering the greater part
of the Indian Ocean may possible have been sprung in
the remote past. If this should be the case with the
aborigines of Australia it would tend to show that
isolation must have an injurious effect on the development or the
-evolution upwards of any particular species. It is not difficult to

246

see how this may be, and how the effect would be somewhat
similar to what takes place in what is called ‘composite
portraiture.” In the latter, for instance, only the more salient
points of say some 50 portraits are manifested, the result being
unlike any, and yet having some common resemblance to all. So-
in the long-continued breeding of a pure race the more salient
features of the people would be the more likely to be perpetuated,
and the minor deviations or tendencies to evolution would stand
a greater risk of not being transmitted. If this view is correct, the
picture presented by the aborigines of Australia is not that of a
degenerate, but rather of a primitive race, a people whose chances
of further evolution have been lessened by their extreme degree
of isolation. As in the composite portrait, individual peculiarities
would remain in abeyance and only the broader distinctive traits
of the race or species would appear. As regards the idea that
the aborigines of Australia are a degenerate or retrogressive race
it appears that reliance is based chiefly on certain rites and
customs to support the view. Mr. Helms, in the anthropological
contribution to the results of the Elder Exploring Expedition,
after rejecting the shipwreck theory, favours the opinion that the
aborigines of Australia have become a retrogressive race, basing
the conclusion on their extraordinary sexual rites for retarding
an excess of population, on their complicated marriage laws, and,
besides, on other remarkable features of intellectual culture,
pointing tothe supposition that they must be the remnants of a highly-
advanced culture. It seems improbable that isolation would cause
retrogression, although it would favour a race becoming stationary
and perhaps accentuated. Another explanation may be advanced
in place of retrogression. We possibly err in attaching a too.
high mental or intellectual value to the rites and customs men-
tioned by Mr. Helms, an error into which we do not fall in
considering the many wonderful acts and habits of various.
animals. For instance, in considering the engineering skill of
the beaver in constructing dams, it is not necessary to suppose.
that it had some Archimedean ancestor who had a genius for
construction and the application of physics. Nor, again, to sup-
pose that some ancestors of the honey-bee had a talent for
practical sociology, and elaborated the existing ethics and distri-
bution of labour which characterises ordinary hive-life. It is not
necessary to suppose that these are examples of retrogression. As.
different substances emit sounds characteristic of themselves when
struck, owing to some speciality in the arrangement and nature
of their molecules, so it is conceivable that organisms would
respond in varying ways to the constant action of stimuli. It is.
possible in this way to see how by a slow process of evolution the
gradual adjusting of the nervous cellular structures with their

247

dendrites or branches under persistent stimuli of a given character
may lead to a condition of unconscious cerebration, having all
the appearance of conscious intent. We may all admire and
appreciate the mechanical skill of these rodents, and the ethical
effects of some of the customs of these insects, and of this species:
of the genus homo, but it is another matter, and a probably
unwarranted assumption, to attribute the same powerof intel-
lectual appreciation to these beavers, honey-bees, or aborigines,
either now or in the remote past, that we ourselves possess. That
these three types of animals should have responded to stimuli in
an apparently intelligent manner may be considered as evidence
of the high quality of their primary nervous structure, but not
necessarily as evidence of conscious volition of adapting means to
an end. Personal contact with an aboriginal by no means shows
him to be a stupid fellow, but it would be asking too much to
expect him to appreciate the restraints of civilization, As an
illustration of how savage man acts in common with many
animals and birds in a way which more civilised peoples have
lost may be mentioned the power of travelling to and reaching
distant places without any apparent guidance. Darwin, in his
posthumous “ Essay on Instinct,” which appears in extenso as an
appendix to Mr. Romanes’ work on ‘Mental Evolution in
Animals,” says we should be very cautious in attributing to
migratory animals any capacity in this respect which we do not
ourselves possess. And he quotes from the navigator Wrangel
on the “unerring instinct” of the natives of N. Siberia, and from
Sir George Grey’s “ Expedition to Australia” of the powers of
the aborigines here, in the same direction. If any act has the
appearance of conscious intent, it might be assumed that this
power of unerringly travelling to a given place would be one.
And yet there is no more ground for supposing that it is the case
with savage man than with other members of the animal world.
An analogy may also be sought in the evolution of language,
that results which appear volitional have not in reality so arisen.
As Prof. Max Miller says in his “Chips,” man in his primitive
state was endowed, not only like the brute with the power of
expressing his sensations by interjections and imitations, he
possessed likewise the faculty of giving more articulate expres-
sion to the rational conceptions of his mind. That faculty was
not of his own making. It was an instinct, and so far as
language belongs to that instinct, it belongs to the realm of
nature. And it is also seen that different anthropological centres
responded to this instinct in different ways, but always in the
same way as regards general construction for any particular
centre. It thus may be assumed that languages, with their
vocabularies and grammatical construction, were unconsciously

248

evolved as the result of stimuli acting on certain organisms
endowed with a certain potentiality. As regards the individuals
using any specific language, it was a case of unconscious cere-
bration, and it was left for the learned comparative philologist to
explain the mechanism and the rationale. This is the only
conclusion that can be reached, for it would be absurd to suppose
that languages could have been consciously evolved by the peoples
using them. Returning, then, to the curious rites and customs
and laws of the aborigines of Australia, it does not seem
necessary to suppose any antecedent conditior of greater culture
or civilisation to explain their existence. And this is more
particularly the case as there appear absolutely to be no other
vestiges of such supposed greater culture. Also, what is known
as ‘unconscious cerebration” robs many intelligent acts of their
claim to be the result of conscious intent.

I may shortly refer to the general custom of circumcision
amongst many of the tribes of the Australian aborigines.
This naturally is a custom closely associated in the mind
with Jewish rites, and the question arises, Can there be
any racial connection in the matter ? Some _ ethnologists
have advanced the opinion that in the remote past there
was a great African-Austro-Malayan centre of development
of the human race. At this period of extreme antiquity there
was probably a much greater distribution of land in the southern
hemisphere than at present, and that there probably existed
continents, now submerged, making communication between
Australasia and Africa much easier. A reviewer of Wallace’s
‘““Malay Archipelago” in the “Anthropological Review” for
1869 writes:—‘ We shall not be surprised if in Madagascar
be found the key to the problem of the relationship of the
races of the Malayan Archipelago. If the dark and light tribes
of this great island are sprung from the same stock, the same
must be true of the dark and light races of the Archipelago.
While, therefore, in the aborigines of Australia we may perhaps
have the most direct issue of the primitive stock from which
these races have sprung, we see in thé tribes of Madagascar the
secondary human centre from which both Malays and Papuans
have branched off.” The Rev. W. Ellis was struck with the
Polynesian characterestics of the Hovas of Madagascar, and many
observers, amongst whom may be mentioned Prof. Huxley, have
maintained that the Papuans are more closely allied to certain
African than to other races. Tbe curious phenomenon has been
referred to by some writers of the existence side by side of dark
and light races at various remotely separated points around the
basin of the Indian Ocean, Such were the light and dark hill
tribes of India, the light and dark races of the Malayan Archi-

249

pelago, the Hovas and dark tribes of Madagascar, the Hottentots
and Katffirs, and the light and dark people of Semitic origin with
African affinities. If in the remote dawn of the appearance of
man on the earth the so called Semitic razes had their earliest pro-
genitors from amongst this great southern anthropological centre, of
which the Australian aborigines are amongst the most primitive
examples, it is a curious coincidence that a certain rite should be
common to both notwithstanding their present great racial
separation. If the theory may be allowed that the rites and
customs of the Australian aborigines are the results of uncon-
scious cerebration resulting from the action of a succession of
stimuli on a certain pre-disposed nervous organisation, may it
also be conceded that a similar underlying strain of nervous
organisation exists also in the Semitic races. If the Australian
aborigines and the Semitic peoples should have even this remote
anthropological connection, it is conceivable that they would
respond in a similar manner under certain conditions. It is
evident that unless the Semitic nervous organization had been
en rapport with the idea of circumcision, no mandates, however
authoritative, would ever have nationalised it as completely as is
seen in certain Semitic people.

What is wanted, however, are not theoretical speculations
about Australian aborigines and their affinities, but the more
prosaic work of collecting and arranging authoritative data. It
is to be feared that there will be great difficulties in the way of
obtaining these, and it will tax the energies and resources of the
Australian anthropological leaders and specialists to initiate a
working plan for overcoming these difficulties. Whatever this
plan may be, it should be characterised by a uniformity applicable
to the whole range of the subject, and it should be pursued with
an unswerving steadiness. In the interests of the subject it is
to be sincerely hoped that amongst our leaders in Australia may
be found one who possesses the genius of organization, and that
all others, great or small, will loyally contribute their quota to
the best of their abilities and opportunities. If this national
work on the Australian aborigines is carried out in a manner
worthy of the subject, it will rank as one of the most important
contributions to ethnological science.

bo
Or
©

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

For the Year 1897-98.

—_—— ee LF

TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS.

Presented by the respective Societies, Editors, and Governments.

AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Berlin—Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde, Band XX XJ,
No. 2 to 6; XXXII, No. 1 to 3.
——- Verhandlungen ditto, Band XXIII., No. 4 to 10, Band
, XXIV, No. 1 to6.
——— Sjitzungberichte der Koniglich - Preuss. Akad. der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, No. 26 to 53 (1897);
Nos. 1 to 23 (1898).
——- <Abhand. der Ko6nig. Preuss. Meteorolog. Instituts,
Ergeb. der Beobacht. an der Stationen, 1895-96-97.
——-- “Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, heft 1 to 6 (1898);
Nachrichten wtber deutsche alten Thumsgunde
(1897).
Gottingen—Nachricht. von der K. Gesellschaft. der Wissensch. u.
d. Georg-August. Universitat, heft 3 (1897), heft
1 (1898) ; und Geschaftliche Mittheilungen.
Halle—Year-book, 1896.
Nova Acta der K. Leopold-Carol Deut. Akad. der
Naturforscher, band LXV., No. 2; LXVI., No. 4.
Munich—Sitzungber. der Mathem. Physic. Classe der K. B.
Akad. der Wissensch. du Miinchen, heft 3 (1892) ;
heft 1 to 3 (1893); heft 1 to 3 (1894); heft 3
(1897); heft 1 (1898).
—— Abhand. ditto, band XVIII., heft 2-3; band XIX.,
heft 1.
Trencsen—Society of Natural History—Year-book, 1896-7.
Vienna—Verhand. der K. Geologisch. Reichenstalt, Nos. 9 to 18
(1897); Nos. 1, 2, 7, 8 (1898).
——— Verhandlungen, ditto, Nos. 9 to 18 (1897); Nos. 1, 2,
7, 8 (1898).
——— Verhand. du K.K. Zoolog.-Botan. Gesellschaft. in Wein,
band XLVI., heft 8.
——— K., K. Gradmess.-Bureau, Astronom. Arbeiten, band
IX,

251

‘Vienna—Annalen der K.K. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, band XLI.,
Nos. 3, 4.

Wurzburg—Sitzungb. der Physik.-Medicin. Gesellsch., Nos. 1 to 8
(1897).

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

Adelaide—Gov. Geologist: Report Western Part South Australia ;
Report Mannahill Goldfields.
—-— Woods and Forests Dep.: Annual Reports, 1895-6,
1896-7.
Adelaide Observatory, Meteorol. Reports, 1894.
Brisbane—Dep. Agriculture: Botany Bulletins, No. 15.
Royal Society, vol. XITI.
ee eee, survey Dep.: Bulletins, Nos. 2 to 7.
Reports on Lead and Tin Mines, Herberton.
Report on Goldfields, Brovinia, Eidswold,
Hodgkinson, and Croydon. Report on various
Gold Dist., by R. L. Jack, F.G.8. Contributions
to Flora of Queensland, by F. M. Bailey, F.LS.
Ethnological Studies N.W Central Queensland
Aborigines, by W. E. Roth, B.A.
Hobart—Royal Soc. of Tasmania, Notes on Aborigines,
Tasmania.
Melbourne—Victorian Naturalist, vol. XIIT., Nos. 7 to 10; vol.
XIV., Nos. 1 to 12; vol. XV., Nos. 1 to 6.
-- Royal Society of Victoria, vol. X., pt. 2; Tran-
sactions, vol. I., pt. 2; vol. IL, pts. 1-2; vol.
mee, pt. 1.
——--—— Royal Geograph. Soc. of Australia, Transactions,
vol. XV.
——--—— Australian Institute Mining Engineers — Tran-
sactions, vol. IV., vol. V.
—-—— Dep. Mines and Water, Report IX.; Geolog. Survey
Victoria, Annual Report, 1897.
Perth, W.A.—Gov. Geologist—Gold-Mining Statistics, 1897 ;
Annual Repert, 1896.
|, ~Year-Book, 1896-97.
eee A Land of Promise,” 1897-8.
Dep. of Mines, Report, 1897.
Sydney— Australian Museum—Records, vol. III., parts 1 to 4;
Memoirs III., Atoll of Funifuti, parts 5, 6;
Catalogue of Birds, No. 4.
—— Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. XXXI.
(1897).
——— Department of Agriculture, vol. I., part 4.
———- Agricultural Gazette, vol. VIII., parts 8 to 12; vol.
IX., parts 1 to 8.

252

Sydney—Linnean Society, Proceedings, vol. X XII., parts 1 to 4 +
vol. XXITI., parts 1, 2; Rules, &., &. ©
—-—— Department of Mines and Agriculture—Records, vol.
V., part 3; Annual Report, 1897; Mineral
Resources, Nos. 1 to 3; Manual of the Grasses of
N.S.W., by J. H. Maiden, F.L.S.
—_—— Sydney Observatory — Meteorological Observations
(1896), H. C. Russell.
Wellington, N.Z.—New Zealand Institute, Transactions and
Proceedings, vol. XXX. (1897).
—_———-—_-——— Dep. Lands and Survey, Report, 1896-97 ;
Report Colonial Laboratory, 1898 ;
Monograph (Topigraphical).
—_—_—___—--——— Dictionary New Zealand Language, by Rev.
W. Colenso, F.R.S.

BELGIUM.

Brussels—Société Entomologique de Belge, Annales, tome 40:
(1896) ; tome 41 (1897).
——-—— Société Royale des Sciences de Liége, Memoirs, tome

20.
CANADA.

Halifax—Nova Scotian Institute Natural Science, vol. IX., part
2. |

Montreal—Canadian Records of Science, vol. VII., Nos. 3, 5:

to 7.

Ottawa—Geological Survey of Canada, Paleozoic Fossils, vol.

ITl., part 3.

Toronto

Canadian Institute, Transactions, vol. V., part 2;
Proceedings, vol. I., parts 4, 5; vol. IT., parts 2, 4.
——— Astronomical and Physical Society, Transactions, 1897.

FRANCE.

Caen—Société Linnéene de Normandie, Bulletin, vol. X. (1895).
Nantis—Société Sciences Naturelles de Ouest de la France,.
Bulletin, tome VII., Nos. 1 to 4.
Paris—Feuilles des Jeunes Naturalistes, Nos. 321 to 334.
Société Entomologique. Bulletins, Nos., 13 to 20 (1895),
Nos. 1 to 12 (1898).
GREAT Britain AND IRELAND.
Belfast—Belfast Natural Hist. and Philosoph. Society, Proceed-
ings, 1895-6, 1896-7.
Cambridge—Philosophical Society, Proceedings, vol. IX., parts.
6 to 8.
Dublin—Royal Dublin Society, Proceedings, vol. VIII., part 5 ;
Transactions, vol. V., part 13; vol. VI., parts.
2 to 13.

253

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, vol. IV., parts 2 to
5; Transactions, vol. XX XI., parts 1 to 6.
Edinburgh—Royal Physical Society, Proceedings, 1896-7.
—-—- Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proceedings, vol. XX1.,
1896-7.
—-———-— Edinburgh Geological Society, Transactions, vol.
VII,, part 3 (1897).
London—Royal Microscopical Society, Journal, pts. 5-6 (1897),
pts. 1 to 3 (1898).
—-— Royal Society, Proceedings, vol. LXI., Nos. 377 to.
379 ; vol. LXITI., Nos. 380 to 387; -vol. LXIII.,
Nos. 388 to 402. Report Committee International
Catalogue of Scientific Literature; Year-book,
1896-7, 1897-8.
——- Linnean Society, Proceedings, Nov., 1896, to June,
1897. :

—-4 Royal Colonial Institute, vo]. XXVIII.

———— Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletins, 1896-97-98.

—-—— Entomological Society, London, vol. 1897.

—_— — British Museum, Facsimile of Old Charts of Australia,
1885. Catalogue of Birds, vol. XXIV. (1896),
Limnicole.

South Australian Company, Study in Colonization.

—-— Royal Geographical Society, Journal, vol. X., part 6 ;

vol. XI., part 1; vol. XII, part 1.

Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol. VIII., parts 12, 13; vol.

[X., parts 1 to 3.
Manchester—Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, .
vol. XLI., part 4; vol. XLIL, parts 1 to 3.
— Manchester Geographical Society, Journal, vol.
XXV., parts 9 to 11.
——— Manchester Field Naturalists’ and Archeologists’
Society, Report, 1896, 1897.
— Manchester Geological Society, Transactions, vol.
XXV., parts 3, 8, 12, 14 to 16.
Truro—Royal Institution of Cornwall, Journal, vol. XIIT., part
3 (1897).

ITALY.

Florence—Societa Entomologica Italiana, Bulletins 1 to 4 (1898).
Milan — Atti della Societa Italiana Science Naturali, vol.
XXXVII., fasciculo 2, 3.
Pisa—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, vol. X.,
1) Se. G BE
Turin—Museo di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R.
Univer. di Torino, Bolletino, vol. XI., Nos. 243 to
259; vol. XII., Nos. 305 to 310.

s a

254

JAVA.

Batavia—Naturkundig Tijdschrift, deel L. (1891), LI. (1892)
LVIT. (1898).
Mexico.
Mexico—Sociedad Scientifica, tome X., Nos. 5 to 12; XI., Nos.

1 to 4.
—_—- Instituto Geologica, Bolletino, Nos. 7 to 10.

NorRwWAY AND SWEDEN.

Bergens—Bergens Museum, Crustacea of Norway, vol. I., parts
3, 4; vol. II., parts 7 to 10. Year-book (1897).

Christiana—Jahrbuch des Norwegischen Meteor. Instituts,

1892-96-97.

Stockholm—Geologiske Foreningens, 1897.

Entomologisk Tidschrift, vol., 1897, heft 1 to 4.

Upsala—University of Upsala, Bulletin Geological Institution,
vol. IIL., part 2, No. 6.

Russta.
Kiew—Society of Naturalists, Proceedings, vol. XIV., part 2 ;
vol. XV., parts 1, 2.
Moscow—Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Bulletins 1 to 4
(1897).
St. Petersburg—Société Impériale Mineralogique, vol. XX XIIL.,
XXXIV. Geology of Russlands, band
XVIII. Handbook, 1, 2 (1896). Register,
1885-95.
_——_-+__-— —— Comité Geologique, Bulletins, vol. XV., Nos.
6-to.9; XVL, Nog to S53-¥ Tia ees
to 3. Memoirs, vol. XIV., No. 5.
Academie Impériale des Sciences, Bulletin,
tome. I., Nos. 1,29 Ti. Nos. 1 to9: El
Nos. 1 to: 10:1 Vi, Nasi a tovou ieee
to 5; VL, Nos. 4:36 Vi Nek:

SWITZERLAND.
Geneva—Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle, Compte
| Rendu des Sciences, vol. XIV. (1897),
Lausanne—Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Bulletin
XXXITI., Nos. 124 to 126; XXXIV., No. 127.

SourH AMERICA.
suenos Aires—Academia Nacional de Ciencias, boletino, tome,
AV 4 Nosil to 4,
La Plata—Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Veterinaria,
INO, (h2K;, |

255

Montevideo— Museo Nacional, annales, tome, II., fase. 8.

Rio de Janeiro—Observatoria, Annuario 1897.

— Revista Maritima Brazil — Bibliotheca da
Marsulia (1898), anno X VIT., Nos. 7 to 11;
anno XVITI., No. 1.

South AFRICA.

Cape Town—Philosophical Society, Transactions, vol. IX.,
pt. 1-2; vol. X., pt. 1.

UNITED STATES AMERICA.

Austin— Texas Academy of Science, Transactions, vol. I., No. 5.
Baltimore—John Hopkins’ University Studies, series XIV.,
Nos. 6 to 8, 11-12; XV., Nos. 1-2; circulars,
wore A VE. Nos. 127), toy 131; vole XVES
Wie, 135 ; vol. X VITI., Nos. 6 to,10; vol. XIX.,
Nos. 1-2.
Boston—Boston Society of Nat. Hist. Proceedings, vol. XX VII.;
vol. XXVIII.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, val XXXIT,,
Nos) 1 to 17 ; vol.’ XX XTII., Nos. 1 to 4.
Cambridge, U.S.A. “Harvard Museum Comparative Zoology,
Bulletin, vol. XXVIII, Nos. 4-5;
vol. XXXI., Nos. 1 to 7; vol. XXXIT.,
Nos. 1 to 5.
———- Psyche, vol. VIL, Nos. 246-8.
Cincinnati—Society of Natural History, Journal, vol. XIX.,
Nos. 2-3.
Chicago—Field Columbian Museum, Report Series, Ornitho-
logical Studies, vol. I., No. 2; Archeological
Studies, vol. I, No 1; Observations of Popo-
catepet), vol. I., No. 2; Zoological Studies, vol. L.,
Nos. 6-7 ; Anthropological Studies, vol. II., No. 1.
Academy of Science, Annual Report, No. 39;
Bulletin, No. 1.
Davenport—Academy of Natural Science, vol. VI. (1889-97).
Indianapolis—Indiana Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, 1894-5,
New York—N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Transactions, vol. XV.
(1895-6); Annals, vol. IX., Nos. 1 to 12.
- N.Y. Microscopical Society Journal, vol. XIII,
pt. 4; vol. XIV., pt. 1.
N.Y. State Museum, 48th Report (1894).
Public Library, Bulletin, vol. II., Nos. 1 to 7
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Science, Proceedings, part 3,
1896 ; parts 1, 2, 1897.
—————— University of Pennsylvania, Publication, vol. I,
Nos. 1 to 3.

256

————— {Zoological Society’s Twenty-sixth Annual Report
San Francisco—California Academy of Sciences, Proceedings,
vol. I. (Zoology, Nos. 1 to 4), (Geology, Nos.
2), (Botany, No. 1); vol. VI. (1896) ;
Tapuriptilis, Pacific Coast.
Salem—American Assoc. Advance. of Sciences, Proceedings, 1896.
St. Louis—Missouri Botanic Gardens, Report, 1897.
Academy of Science, Proceedings, vol. VII., Nos. 4
to 16.
St. Pauls—Geological and Natural History Survey of Min-
nesota, Report, 1887.
Washington—National Academy of Sciences, vol. L., part 2.
— U.S. Geological Survey, Seventeenth Annual
Report, parts 1 to 3; Monographs, vols. XXV.
to XX VITI.
Department of Agriculture Year-book, 1896, 1897.
North American Fauna, No. 13.
—_——-—— Smithsonian Institution — Report U.S. Nat.
Museum, 1894; Smithsonian Report, 1894 ;
Bulletin, No. 47 ; Special Bulletin, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 1895 ; North American Birds ;.
13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th —— Reports
Bureau of Ethnology.

LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &c.

NOVEMBER, 1898.

Those marked (F) were present at the first meeting when the Society was
founded. Those marked (L) are Life Fellows. Those marked with
an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s
Transactions.

Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary.

Date of

Election.

1893.
1897.

1897.
1876.
1890.
1893.
1855.
1897.
1898.

1876.

1894.

1881.
1881.

1880,
1893.
1886.

1883.
1893.

1874.
1897.
1887.

1893.
1887.
1884.
1886.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

*CossMANN, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris.
*Davip, T. W. E., B.A., Professor of Geology Sydney University,
New South Wales.
*DENNANT, JOHN, F.G.S., Inspector Technical Schools, Camberwell,
Victoria.
Every, R. L. J., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., late Government Astronomer
Victoria, The Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria.
*ETHERIDGE, ROBERT, Director Australian Museum, Sydney.
GREGORIO, MARQUIS DE, Palermo, Sicily.
Hout, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania.
*MarpeEn, J. H., F.L.S., F.C.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Sydney,
New South Wales.
*Mryrick, E. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wiltshire,
England.
RussELL, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales.
*Witson, J. T., M.D., Professor of Anatomy Sydney University.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Barney, F. M., F.L.8., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Qneensland.

*Cuioup, T. C., F.C.S., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South
Australia.

*FOELSCHE, Pau, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Terri-
tory, South Australia.

*McKinuop, Rev. Davin, 8.J., late Daly River Mission, Northern
Territory.

Nico.ay, Rev. C. G., Fremantle, W.A.
*STIRLING, JAMES, Government Geologist, Victoria.
*Stretton, W. G., Palmerston, Northern Territory.

FELLOWS.

Anaas, J. H., Adelaide, South Australia.
*Asupy, Epwin, Adelaide, South Australia.
Bacor, JoHn, Adelaide, South Australia.
*BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, South Australia.
*BLACKBURN, REv. THomas, B.A., Woodville, South Australia,
BoetTGceER, Orro, Adelaide, South Australia.
*Brace, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics University of
Adelaide, South Australia.

1883.
1882.
1897,
1893.

1884.
1879.

1876.

1895.
1887.

1876.

1896.
1893.
1890,
1886.
1882.
1889.
1880.

1887.
1896.
1896.

1891.

1885.
1898.
1893.
1896.
1853.

1894.
1898.
1897.
1884.

1856.
1888.
1885.
1874.
1888.

1897.
1859.
1884.
1896.
1893.
1883.
1886.
1892.
1898,

258

*Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.S., Government Geologist South Australia,
Adelaide.
Browne, L. G., Adelaide, South Australia.
*Browne, J. H., North Adelaide, South Australia.
Brumnmitr, Rosert, M.R.C.S., England, Kooringa, South
Australia.
BussELL, J. W., F.R.M.S., North Adelaide, South Australia.
*CLELAND, W. L., M.B., Ch.M., J.P., Colonial Surgeon, Resident
Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum, Lecturer on
Materia Medica University of Adelaide, Parkside, South
Australia.

(L) Cookk, E., Commissioner of Audit South Australia, Adelaide,

South Australia.
Cookk, JOHN H.. Adelaide, South Australia.
*Dixon, SAMUEL, Adelaide, South Australia.
Dospir, A. W., Adelaide, South Australia.
Drummonp, J. H. G.,, M.D, Moonta.
Dup.ey, U., Drake, N.S. W.
*Hast, J. J., F.G.S. (Corresponding Member, 1884), Adelaide.
FieminG, Davin, North Adelaide, South Australia.
Fow.er, Wriuram, Melton, Yorke’s Peninsula, South Australia.
Fraser, J. C., Adelaide, South Australia.
*“GoYDER, GEORGE, JUN., F.C.S., Government Analyst South
Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
Grassy, W. C., F.L.S., Grenfell-street, Adelaide, South Australia.
GREENWAY, THomAS J., East Adelaide.
Hawker, E. W., LL.B., B.A., F.G.S., Gladstone Chambers,
Adelaide.
*HoLtzE, Maurice, F.L.S., Director Botanic Gardens, Adelaide
(Corresponding Member, 1882), Adelaide, South Australia.
*HowcHIn, WALTER, F.G.8., Goodwood Kast, South Australia.
HucuHes, SAMvEL, B.Sc., Registrar School of Mines, Adelaide.
JAMES, THOMAS, M.R. C. ‘ot England, Moonta, South Australia.
JONES, J. W., Conservator of Water, Adelaide.

(F) Kay, Rover, General Director and Secretary South Australian

Public Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, South Australia.
KerrsHaw, JAMES A., Entomologist National Museum, Melbourne.
*Kocu, Max, Mount Lyndhurst, Far North.
Lea, A. M. , Col. Entomologist, Perth, W.A.
LENDON, ae As. MLDs,) MOR see Honorary Physician Children’s.
Hospital, North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
Luoyp, J. S., Adelaide, South Australia.
*LoweErR, O. B., F. Ent. 8., Broken Hill, N.S. W.
*Lucas, R. B., Adelaide, South Australia.
Mayo, G. G., C.E,, Adelaide, South Australia.
Montnevx, A., F.L.S., Secretary Central Agricultural Bureau
South Australia, Kent Town, South Australia.
*Moraan, A. M., MB., Ch.B, Adelaide.
(L) Murray, Davip, Adelaide, South Australia.
MuntTon, H. ae Brighton, South Australia.
PARKER, THOMAS, C.E., F.G.S., Rockhampton, Queensland.
Perks, R. H., M.D.; F. R.C.S., ’ Adelaide, South Australia.
PHILLIes, W, Ey Adelaide, South Australia.
Poor, W. B., Adelaide, South Australia.
PRIESTLEY, Pp. in Of Unley Road, Parkside.
Purpigz, ALex., M.A., Lecturer on Metallurgy School of Mines,
Adelaide.

1895.

259

*Rennig, H. E., M.A., D.Sc., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry Uni-
versity of Adelaide.

*Rutt, WATER, C.E., Assistant Engineer-in-Chief, Adelaide,.
South Australia.

SeLtway, W. H., Jun., Adelaide, South Australia.

Stuson, Aucustus, Hobart, Tasmania.

SMEATON, Tuomas D., Blakiston, Littlehampton, South Australia.
SuirH, Ropert Barr, Adelaide, South Australia.

*STIRLING, Epwarp C., C.MG, M.A., M.D., F.RB.S., F.R.C.S.,
Lecturer on Physiology University of Adelaide, Director
South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia.

*Srreicu, Victor, F.G.S., Windanya, W.A.

*TaTE, RALPH, F.G.S., Professor of Natural Science, University of
Adelaide.

*TEpPER, J G.O., F.L.S., Entomologist South Australian Museum
(Corresponding Member, 1878), Adelaide, South Australia.
*Torr, W. G., LL.D., Way College.
*TURNER, A. JEFFERIS, M.D., Brisbane.
VARDON, JOSEPH, J.P, Adelaide, South Australia.

*VeERCO, JOSEPH C., M.D., F.R.C.S., Lecturer on Therapeutics.

University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
WarnweicutT, E. H., B.Sc., St. Peter’s College, South Australia.
Ware, W.L., Adelaide, South Australia.

Way, Rigut Hon. Samveu J., D.C.L.. Chief Justice and Lieu-
tenant-Governor South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.

*WuitTELL, Horatio, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S., President
Central Board of Health and City Coroner, Adelaide, South
Australia.

*ZieTz, A. H. C., F.L.S., Assistant Director South Australian
Museum, South Australia.

ASSOCIATE.
CLELAND, JoHN B, Parkside, South Australia.

260

AP PEN DPCrs,

FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION

OF THE

Koval Society of South Australia.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE,

BEING FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1898.

Evening Meetings.—EHight evening meetings have been held,
at which papers or lectures have been given as under :—

Oct. 19—‘“ Seven Hundred Miles through Western Australia,”
Mr. S. Smeaton, B.A.

Nov. 16—*“ The Sun as the Sole Support of all Terrestrial Life,”
Mr. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.

April 19—Meetings of the Science Congress at Sydney, held
January, 1898—Mr. M.S. Clark, Mr. S. Smeaton,
B.A., Mr. W. H Selway, jun.

May 17—Meetings of the Science Congress at Sydney, held
January, 1898—Mr. W. H. Selway, jun. ‘‘ The
Influence of Vegetation on Climate and the Rain-
fall,” Mr. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.

June 21—“ How Animals elude their Enemies,” Mr. S.
Smeaton, B.A.

July 19—“ An Appeal for Scientific Workers on the Coleo-
ptera,” Rev. T. Blackburn, B.A. .

Aug. 16—“The Origin, Growth, and Decline of Mountain
Ranges,” Mr. W. Howchin, F.G.S.

Sept. 20—“ Annual Meeting, Chairman’s Address, Mr. M.
Symonds Clark.

From this list it will be seen that the addresses have covered

perhaps a wider range even than usual. It is hoped that the

tev. T. Blackburn’s appeal for scientific workers in the Coleop-

tera will meet with some response, as there are so few engaged

in this important branch of Natural History in the Australian

261

‘Colonies. At another meeting it was mentioned that Major
Reinbold, of Germany, was anxious to secure from these shores
specimens of minute or parasitic algee, and would be glad of
-correspondents in this colony.

Exhibits have formed, as usual, a prominent and interesting
feature of the evening meetings. Amongst those shown during
the year were some rare shells, including Callochiton platessa, and
Ephippodonta Mc Dougalli, from Port Willunga (this being a new
locality for these shells). The egg of the Kiwi (Apterya Bullerz) ;
the fossil teeth of Diprotodon australis, found at Fulham, near
Adelaide. Many flowering plants from the Port Elliot district,
including Claytonia corriyiolacea (new locality), and the Alga,
Nitophyllum caulescens (new species in 1897); pressed plants
from Central Australia, besides scale-insects, birds, beetles, moths,
butterflies. and marine specimens were amongst the exhibits
shown at these meetings.

At the first evening meeting in 1898 the members
of the Section did Mr. W. H. Selway, jr. the
honour to present him with a handsome travelling bag as a
memento of his services as Honorary Secretary for some years.

Excursions.—To many members the out-door meetings form
the most attractive feature of the Section’s operations, and, as we
are essentially a Field Club, this is, perhaps, not to be wondered
at. The following is a list of the twelve excursions made during
the year :—

Date. Place.
1897.
‘Oct. 9—Montacute.
¥ 23—Aldgate.
Nov. 15—Port Noarlunga.
Dec. 11—National Park (Long Gully).
1898.
March 19—Dredging off Semaphore.
April 23—Dredging Port River.
May 14—Highbury, and Messrs. C. F. Newman & Sons’
Nursery, near Houghton.
June 20—(Whole day) Marino.
July 23—(Excursion to Athelstone arranged, but not held
owing to inclement weather).
Aug. 13—Anstey’s Hill and Messrs. Newman’s Nursery.
Sept. 1—(Whole day) Field’s River, via Reynella.
- 24-_Tea Tree Gully.
‘Of the above the trip to Port» Noarlunga was the longest, but
the weather then was too hot to render energetic investigations
at all agreeable, although geology and conchology received some
attention. A new locality was found in the walk down Field’s
River from Reynella, when a pleasant and instructive day was
pent in geological study. The largest attended exccursion

262

was that to Montacute, when geology was again in the ascendant
and the scene of the old gold mine at that place was viewed with
interest. For botanical results the visit to Aldgate was the most
successful, when quite a dozen distinct species of orchids were found,
including Thelymitra grandiflora, T. wrnalis, 7’. ixioides, and Calo-
chilus Robertsoni. Other flowersthen seen were Beckeadiffusaand a
white variety of Kennedya prostrata. Conospermum patens was
found at Highbury on May 14, and the orchid Diuris maculata,
was gathered in the same locality on August 13. On various
excursions bird-life received some attention, but no outing
especially for this purpose was made. Before going into summer
recess a picnic excursion was made in December last to the upper
portion of National Park, when the opportunity was taken of
explaining to present members the history of the successful efforts
made by this Section in past years to obtain Government Farm
vested in trustees for the public benefit. The experiment of
continuing the excursions right through the winter months was
again tried with success, only one engagement, that fixed for
July, falling through on account of inclement weather. The
attendance at both indoor meetings and excursions has been well
maintained during the year.

Protection of our Native Fauna and Flora.—A separate report
deals with this important branch of the Section’s work. It will
be seen therefrom that the consideration of the Bill for the Pro-
tection of Birds has been the chief feature of this year’s efforts.

Rules.—During the year a revised edition of the Rules of the
Section has been printed and distributed to the members.

Sydney Science Congress.—Several members of this Section
had the privilege of attending the meetings of the Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Sydney in
January last, and derived much protit and pleasure from their
visit.

Obituary.—Your Committee regret to have to record the death
since last annual meeting of Messrs. T. Fabian and T. Evans, who
were Foundation members of the Section, and who audited its
accounts for. many years past.

l’inancial.—The subscriptions, as in the two previous years,
have considerably exceeded the disbursements, and the Parent
Society, therefore, continues to benefit financially by the
Section’s existence,

Membership.—More new members have joined than in the
previous year, whilst more names have also been removed from
the roll, so that the membership continues stationary. The
number now on the list is 87.

M. Symonps Crark, Chairman

W. H. Setway, Jun., Hon. Secretary.
Adelaide, September 19, 1898.

263

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIVE FAUNA
AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE, TO BE
PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 20rn.
SEPTEMBER, 1898.

The Committee have met three times only in the past year ;
but a great deal of attention has been given by members to the
Birds and Other Animals Protection Bill. The late Minister of
Education had promised to take charge of the Bill, which was
printed by the Government, and the Committee had hoped that
it might be passed by the last session of Parliament. Dr.
Cockburn obtained leave for its introduction, but unfortunately
did not proceed further with it.

The Secretary had an opportunity of handing to Mr. A. J.
Campbell, of Melbourne, whose articles on ‘Australian Birds”
in the Australasian are well known, a copy of the Bill, and he
suggested alterations in some of the vernacular names in the first
schedule (which the Committee decided should be embodied
therein as alternative names), to make them agree with those
adopted by the Committee of the Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science.

Recently a legal gentleman occupying a high position in
Adelaide, who takes a very warm interest in the preservation of
our birds, recommended several alterations in the Bill, the chief
of which was the elimination of all reference to “ other animals,”
and the change of the title to “The Birds’ Protection Bill.”
The Bill was printed in its new form, and sent to the Secretary
of the Society for the Protection of Birds, who forwarded it to this
Committee. The phraseology had been altered, making it more
concise and otherwise improving the Bill. After carefully con-
sidering it, the Committee, though regretting the omission of the
protection to “other animals,” which would have been afforded
by their own Bill, decided to accept it, subject to a few altera-
tions. The Committee hope that this Bill will be speedily
introduced, so that it will become law this session.

In the opinion of the Committee this question becomes daily
of more importance, and recent action in Germany, France, and
America shows the imperative necessity for protective legislation
without which it is hopelesss to expect the preservation of many
invaluable birds, whose destruction of insect pests tends so much
to the successful cultivation of our vegetable products. But the
Committee feel that unless supported by public opinion the best
legislation is liable to be inoperative.

SAMUEL Drxon, Chairman.

Adelaide, September 19, 1898.

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265

mot RONOMICAL’ "SECTION

Koval Society of South Australia.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT.

In submitting this report, the Committee congratulate their
feliow-members on the continued success of the Section as a
society, the roll showing a slight increase in strength, notwith-
standing some having dropped out by reason of not paying their
subscriptions under Rule XI.

Five general meetings have been held during the past year,
one of which was devoted to viewing the stars by the aid of
the Equatorial in the dome of the Observatory ; another being
entirely given up to the discussion of the subject of a Bill then
before Parliament, by which it was proposed to make an
alteration in the standard time of the colony, and which, by a
resolution of the Legislative Council, had been referred to the
Astronomical Section for a report thereon. This meeting was
held on the 25th August, 1898, and was largely attended, and
the following resolution unanimously carried :—‘ That if in the
commercial interest of South Australia any change is desirable,
it should be in the alteration of the nominal hours of business.
rather than in the present standard time, which is part of an
almost universal system.”

This resolution was embodied in a report, and immediately
thereafter forwarded to the Honorable the Chief Secretary as
the report of the Section on the said Bill.

The Committee met five times during the past year.

Papers on the following subjects have been read :—

“The New Astronomy.” Lady Brown.

“Time and its Measurement.” Sir Charles Todd, F.R.S.

“Ts it probable there can be a Second Moon to the Earth.”
Capt. Lee.

These and other cognate subjects have been discussed at the
General Meetings.

266

The Astronomical Notes (which have been issued to members
monthly since July, 1895) have during the past year proved as
instructive as in former years, their publication being one of the
bulwarks of the Society.

Circulars have been sent to members, inviting them to forward
subjects for discussion, and the question-box is still open to those
desiring information on any subject.

Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Society, held at the
Adelaide Observatory, on the evening of Tuesday, 11th October,
1898. 7

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268

GENERAL INDEX.

[Generic or specific names printed in italics are described as new

Acacia papyrocarpa, 119.

Acanthochites cornutus, 217 ;-crocidilus, 216 ;
exilis, 218; Maughani, 218; Tatei, 219;
Verconis, 217.

Aglaodes chionoma, 205.

Amphiops (?) australicus, 226; duplopunctula-
tus, 226.

Anacanthopus inermis, 42.

Aneucomides coloratus, 34.

Anniversary Address, 243.

Aphalara tec/a, 6.

Aristida depressa, 237.

Ashby, E., New Species of Polyplacophorae,

YSIS

Aulacophora Palmerstoni, 233.

Berosus debilipennis, 224 3 queenslandicus, 225.

Berosus, tabulation of species of, 222.

Betche, E., and J. H. Maiden, on a new
Myoporum, 76.

Birds, List of, collected by the Calvert Expe-
dition, 125.

Blackburn, T. Further Notes on Australian
Coleoptera, 18, 221.

ao cardaminoides, 123; procumbens,
123.

ree J. H., use of Wedge by Aborigines,

4.
Calvert Expedition, list of birds collected by,
25

Cambrian Trilobite from Yorke Peninsula, 1.

Caulobius advena, 51; compactus, 53; dis-
cedens, 5235 evanescens, 54; punctulatus, 51.

Chalcophaps chrysochlora, 236.

‘Cheiragra, species of, 27.

Cheirrhamphica interstitialis, 26; pubescens, 25.
Chiton Verconis, 215.
Cleland, W. L., Anniversary Address, 243.

. Coesyra iodeta, 211.

Coleoptera, Australian, 18, 221.

Colpochila Roei, 35.

Colpochilodes raucipennis, 44.

an, H. B., Graphitic Slates at Kalgoorlie,
(2 '

Corchorus longipes, 119.

Cretaceous fossils, new species of, 77.

Crossophora nephelella, 212.

Croydon-bore, 194,

Crucifere, dimorphism in two S, Australian
species of, 122.

Cyclonotum Cowleyi, 229.

Cyclostremella Loddere, 239.

Cyperus levigatus, 237.

Dimorphism in 8. Australian Crucifers, 122.

Dusphanochila pilosipennis, 48.

Lnguops spectans, 43.

sss 9 Si fossils from Croydon and other bores,

94,

Epholeis longior, 29.

Etheridge, R., A further Cambrian Trilobite
from Yorke Peninsula, 1.

Kulechia candida, 206; chryseres, 2075 con-
color, 2065 diaphanes, 207 ; silvicola, 206.

Eulima augur, 80 ; commensalis, 82 ; indiscreta,

82; orthopleura, 80; Tenisoni, 81.
Eulimella moniliformis, 82; /ricincta, 83.
Eulimidae, Australian, 80.

Eupselia anommata, 204 ; beatella, 203.
Frenchella approrimans, 40; aspericollis, 41;
hirticollis, 40; hispida, 39; sparsiceps, 41.

Geococcus pusillus, 123.

Glacial Remains in South Australia, further
discoveries of, 12.

Glossocheilifer labialis, 36.

- Glyphipteryx atristriella, 204.

Graphitic slates at Kalgoorlie, 72.

Halticodes disparipes, 233.

Haplopsis debilis, lineoligera, Ollifi, 50.

Helipterum microglossum, 121.

Howchin, W., Further discoveries of Glacial
Remains in South Australia, 12.

Hydreena evanescens, 229.

Hydrochus diversiceps, 228; interioris, 228 ;
tabulation of species of, 227.

Hydrusa, tabulation of species of, 92.

Hydrusa annulata, 98 ; antitheta, 97 ; aperta,
95; ecliptis, 94; humeralis, 97; lampetis,
94; lencac:sa, 95; orphnaeca, 98; phepsa-
lotis, 99; pyrrhodera, 95; recedens, 99;
sphenophora, 94; trigonophora, 97 ; xantho-
soma, 93. ;

Hygotrophus De Visi, 225.

Hyponometa muriosema, 200.

Hypertropha ame/alla, 202.

Kalgoorlie, Graphitic Slates at, 72.

Keartland, G. A, field notes on birds of
N.W. Australia, 125.

Ki-ki bore, fossils from, 198.

Koch, Max, List of Mt. Lyndhurst plants
101. ;

Lepidoptera, Australian, 90, 200.

Linosticha poliochroa, 208.

Lucina? Bonythoni, 77.

Mechidius antennalis, 62 ; colla: is, 60 5 excisi-
collis, 62; gibbicollis, 59; «imitator,
modicus, 61; multistriatus, 61 ; ordensis, 60.

Mechidius, tabulation of species of, 57.

Maiden, J, H., and E. Betche, on a new
Myoporum, 76. - ,

Maskell, W. M., on some Australian Psyllid,
4

Melolonthini, subtribes of, 18.

Microlepidoptera, Australian, 200.

Mollusca, Australian, 80, 86, 215.

Monolepta alpina, 233.

Morgan, A. M., Nest and eggs of Porzona
fluminea, 193.

Mount Lyndhurst Run, List of plants on, 101.

Myoporum refractum, 75.

Neohudrobius burrundiensis, 221.

Neophyllotocus rostrata, 27.

Neso planicollis, 463 usta, 45; Yorkensis, 46.

Newer Pleistocene, deep-level deposits of, 65.

North, A. J., List of Birds of JN.W. Australia

125,

60.3

269

Nosphisthi parvicornis, 38.

Notecceryon dorsale, 230; ornatum, 230.

Ochthebius brisbanensis, 229.

Mar er ee anicata, 83 ; Jonesiana, 78,
83; Mayi

conhostise, Ditatralian, 20

Peltophora aureola, 211:
osteochroa, 210.

Petinopus aegrotus, 35.

Philobota cosmia, 209; melichrodes, 209 rho-
dopleura, 208 ; sororia, 210.

Philobrya Bernardi, 88; crenulatifera, 87;
adlbeecs 87 ; praenuntia, 88; trigonopsis,
87.

Phyllotocidium Macleayi, 24.

Plants of the Mt. Lyndhurst Run, 101.

Plants of South Australia, new or little known,
119.

Platopis (?) corrugata, 78.

Pleistocene, deep-level deposits of, 65 :species

gr 219;

of, 67.
Plutellidae, Australian, 200.
Polyplacophorae, Australian, 215.
Polypodium proliferum, 235,
Polynesa maculosa, 201.
Port Pirie bore, deep - level
deposits, 68.
Porzana fluminea, nest and eggs of, 193.
Psecadia heptasema, 213; hilarella, 213.
Pseudohydrobius , floricola, 231.
Pseudoliotia micans, 239; var. simplicior. 71.
Psylla Lidgetti, 5.
Ptychoparia Howchini, 2.
Pyramidellidae, Australian, 82.
Pyrgostylus varicifer, 85.
Pyrgulina Mayii, 84.

Pleistocene

Queensland Microlepidoptera, 200.

Rhopewa hirtuosa, 63; morbillosa, 64.

Saropla psammodes, 211.

Scitala, species of, 37.

Sciton paullus, 47.

Sericides, genera of, 20.

Sericoides, genera of, 29.

Simethis metallica, 202.

Sisymbrium cardaminoides, 123.

South Australia, further discoveries of Glacial
remains, 12.

Spathopterus alexandra, 130, 235.

Stenopetalum sphzerocarpum, 122.

Syntomis angustipenna, 92.

Syrnola infrasulcata, 83 ; Jonesiana, 70, 83.

Tate, R., Deep-level Deposits of Newer
Pleistocene in South Australia, 65 jon two
new Cretaceous bivalves, 77; on some Aus-
tralian species of Ewlimidz and Pyramidel-
lide, 80; on some recent and fossil Philo-
bry#, 86; dimorphism in two S. Australian
Crucifers, 122; on some newor little-known
South Australian Plants, 119; on deep-
seated Eocene strata in South Australia,
194,

Terillus micans, 232.

Tintinara bore deep-level Pleistocene deposits,
65 ; Eocene fossils from, 197.

a W.G., New Species of Polyplacophorae,

15.

Trilobite from Cambrian of Yorke Peninsula, 1.

Trioza multitudinea, 8.

Turbonilla Beddomei, 85;
varicifera, 85.

Turner, A. J., new Australian Lepidoptera,
90; new Microlepidoptera, 200.

erubescens, 84;

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA
506S0U C003
TRANSACTIONS.

20-22 1896-98

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