Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN
'
Creasurg of
RUDIMENTARY DICTIONARY
OF
UNIVERSAL PHILOLOGY.
DANIEL iii. 4.
HALL AND Co., 25, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
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Annex
X
ADVEETISEMENT.
THE following compilation presents the mere skeleton
outline of a great subject ; and, in submitting it to public
notice, acknowledgment is most justly due to Messrs.
BAGSTER AND SONS, for permission to use the literary
matter of their interesting and instructive volume, the
" Bible in Every Land ; " and to Messrs. LONGMANS & Co.,
for a like favour with regard to Dr. Latham's " Elements
of Comparative Philology," a laborious, learned, and useful
book, without which the present volume could not have
been produced.
The compiler readily apologises for any defects in
his matter and manner ; and takes this opportunity to
thank his respected contributors, hereby exonerating them
from any responsibility except for their own signed
articles.
A list of signatures and writers will be found in the
Appendix.
f j, PATERNOSTER Eow,
February 1th, 1873.
INTRODUCTION
ON
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES,
Chiefly from DK. LATHAM.
AFRICAN. — The best way to study the wide and complex philology of
Africa is to begin with the frontier of the Semitic languages, remember-
ing that the Ethiopia branch of them is, to all appearance, indigenous
to Africa ; then to bear in mind that the Arabic, by intrusion and
extension, is spread over a great part of Northern and Eastern Africa.
The Eastern frontier, however, of the Arabic and the Syriac is in Asia,
and in Asia it begins where the Persian and Turk areas end. For the
philological geography of Africa it will be found useful to divide the
continent into the following sections, regions, or areas : (1) The first
division as North-Eastern until it approaches the Equator, and the parts
between it and the Red Sea — in geography, Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia,
in philology the Coptic, Beja, Nubian, and (in its geographical sense)
the Abyssinian regions. (2) The Barbary States and Canary Islands.
(3) The Desert, divided into the Western or Great (the Sahara), and the
Eastern (or Libyan) Desert. (4) Senegambia, or the drainages of the
Senegal and Gambia. (5) Sudania. This gives us what we get nowhere
else in Africa, a continuous belt or zone of languages, with fairly deter-
mined boundaries from Senegambia to Abyssinia, i.e., across the whole
continent in its broadest part. Within the limits of this zone lie the
fundamental materials for the study of African philology and ethnology.
It is only, however, between the parallels of 10° and 16° N.L. that it is
continuous, and this only approximately. (6) The Coast line. This
means the sea-board of the Grain, Ivory, Gold, and Slave Coasts.
11 INTRODUCTION.
(7) The Delta (of the Niger). This brings us within the Equator, but
only on the side of the Atlantic. The Abyssinian extends to (there or
thereabouts) the same parallels on the side of the Indian Ocean. Neither)
however, carries us beyond a limited area inland. Where these two
limits, East and West, end, South Africa begins. It is, with the excep-
tion of the few degrees of latitude just indicated, either equatorial or
belonging to the Southern tropic ; it falls into two divisions. (8) The
Inter-Tropical, or Kaffir. (9) The Extra-Tropical, or Hottentot. All
these divisions are simply what their names imply, except only that
Senegambia is made to reach as far as Cape Mesurado, so as to include
the parts about Sierra Leone and Cape Mount.
AMERICAN. — The primary division is that between North and South.
(1) In North America the connection with Asia is decided. Through
the Aleutian dialect of the Eskimo and the Kamtschatkan it is direct ;
through the Yukahiri and other tongues it is indirect. The Eskimo is a
definite class ; the Athabascan is also a definite class when compared
with the Algonkin. The Chemmesyan, Hailtsa, Wakash, and Chinook
are connected. The Jakon and Kallapuiah lead to the languages of the
Sahaptin and Shoshoni class, among the congeners of which the sound
of " tl " appears. In the Mexican it becomes prominent. Between the
Rocky Mountains and the Pacific the Algonkin appears to have spread
from West to East, and the result has told most on the Iroquois family.
The Soiith Oregon languages graduate into the Californian, the Cali-
fornian into those of the Paduca class and those of Sonora, till we come
to two great divisions, the Mexican and the Maya. (2) In South
America there is a reappearance of the phenomena of the North : what
the Athabascan and Algonkin are in the one peninsula, the Quichua, the
Carib, and, above all, the Guarani are in the other. With any South
American vocabulary of adequate length, some North American root
presents itself ; some even from the extreme North, viz., the Eskimo
area, which, along with the phenomena of transition, is the chief argu-
ment in favour of the fundamental unity of the two classes. The
student from Peru finds Quichua words in every vocabulary he lights
upon, whilst the student from Brazil finds Guarani words.
ASIAN. — Asia and Europe, though different quarters of the globe, form
but a single continent, and as such have characteristics of their own.
One great class of languages is absolutely common to the two — the great
Ugrian or Fin family. We miss, no doubt, in Europe such districts as
those of Caucasus, and the parts to the North of the Burmese Empire,
where numerous mutually unintelligible languages are pressed together
within a small area. Again, the inflected languages have their seat in
Europe ; the monosyllabic in Asia. On the other hand, it is only in the
great central continent that Language can be studied in all its stages :
the Monosyllabic stage in the South-East of Asia, and the Inflectional in
INTRODUCTION. ill
Western and .Southern Europe. This makes Asia and Europe the only
region in which the whole (or nearly the whole) history of Language can
be studied. Besides this, in Europe and Asia we have a history. We
can see how languages like the English and Russian are extending them-
selves ; how the German has extended itself ; how the Latin had
previously extended itself. We can see how languages like the Keltic,
the Lithuania and the Fin recede. (1) The Western division is the one
with which we are most familiar ; it includes Great Britain. France,
Spain, Italy, Germany, the Valley of the Danube, and Greece ; allowance
being made for the Turk and Hungarian, which are intrusive. (2) The
great Northern area is in Russia conterminous with the Western, which
means, roughly speaking, Northern Asia with a large part of Europe ;
the chief displacements having been effected by the great spread of the
Turk language. ' (3) The South-Eastern area begins with the North
frontier of China, and includes Thibet, Nipal, the Transgangetic penin-
sula, Assam, Siam, Pegu, Cambogia, Cochin-China, and China. (4) The
South- Western area contains India, Persia, and the Caucasus ; here the
displacing languages are Indian, Persian, and Arabic, which last is
treated as African.
OCEANIC. — The first thing which commands attention is its thorough
insular or oceanic character ; subordinate to this is the remarkable
distribution of its members. In one great division, viz., the Polynesian,
the diffusion has been decidedly recent. The first primary division con-
tains the Malay ; the second has been called Micronesian ; the third
division is Polynesia proper. The second group is called Kelenonesian
or Melanesian, including Papuan, Australian, and Tasmanian (" Elements,"
p. 377). Australian languages are all upon the same general grammatical
construction. Mr. Moorhouse says that " not one-twentieth part of the
words agree in root, and yet there is evidence sufficient to satisfy any one
that they belong to the same family." All have suffixes to show relation ;
a dual in substantives, adjectives, and pronouns ; no sibilant sounds, no
auxiliary verb, no passive voice, no " h," they abound in the pleonastic,
and distinguish genders by postfixes. The only point of agreement is in
the first personal pronoun, " I " ; this is " nga-nga " on the Swan River ;
" nga-toa " in New South Wales ; " nga-ti," Adelaide ; " ngai-tyo," Mount
Barker; " gni," Murchison River; " nga-pe," Encounter Bay; "ngai,"
Port Lincoln; " nga-ppo,-" Murray River; "naddo," Murrumbidgee
River; "nga-pe," Lower Murray; "noga-toa," Hunter River. At the
same time, the Malayan is " nga-n " ; the Sumba, " nga-nga " ; the
Thibetian, " nga " ; the Corean, " nai " ; and the Burmese, " ngai." Yet
Dr. Latham finds no Australian dialects resemble those of the Asiatic
Isles. Mr. Norris first detected similarity of the grammar between the
Australian and the South Dravidian languages of India, spoken before
the Aryan migration to the Ganges. Mr. J. R. Logan, of Singapore?
thinks the Aiistvalian the most ancient of the Indo-Australian tongues.
IV INTRODUCTION.
He says they are " a remnant of the Proto-Scythic era of the harmonic
development, and between Chinese and American." He regards them,
with the other kindred dialects of South-Eastern Asia, as in existence
"before the expansion of the numerals one, two, and three into higher
binary and ternary terms." According to him, "the pronominal roots
are compounded with definitives, singular and plural, with the numeral
two to form duals, with masculine and feminine definitives in the third
person, and in all the three persons with each other ; thus producing
not only absolute and relative plurals of the first person, but several
other complex plurals. J. B.
October 3lsf, 1873.
DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES.
For Additions see Appendix.
A.
AACHEN.
\ * A sub-dialect of low German or PLATT-DEUTSCH, vernacular at Aix-
la-Chapelle, Lower Rhine. See Miiller and Weitz's " Idiomatikon,"
Leipsig, 1836.
ABABDEH or ABADEH.
SEMITIC : a different form of speech was formerly vernacular at
Sheikh Abade, in Upper Egypt ; the site of some ancient ruins on the
banks of the Nile. Since superseded by ABABIC. Adelung : " Mithri-
dates," iv., p. 502.
*** A division of the BEJA, BEJAWI, or BISHARI family ; they are
the most northerly members of this class, which occupies the desert
between the Nile and Eed Sea from Cosseir to Suakim. R. G. L.
ABADJA.
African : a sub-dialect of the OTAM.
ABAK.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands, closely allied to BISSAYAN and
TAGALA, See Jiilg's " Vater," p. 1.
ABANTES.
An extinct form of speech, classed as THBACO-ILLYRIAN, formerly
vernacular in the I. of Eubcea, now called Negropont or Egripos, in the
Grecian Archipelago. Adelung : " Mithridates," ii., p. 362.
ABASCI or ABASSIAN, see ABSNE.
ABBEVILLE.
A sub-dialect of FRENCH, vernacular in Picardy. See De Soilly's
" Idiome Picard," Abbeville, 1833.
B
ABBITIBBE.
American. Dialect of the Christines or Cree Indians ; classed as
ALGONKIN. See Jiilg's " Vater," p. 204.
ABENAKI or ABENAQUI.
A dialect of the ALGONKIN race of N. American Indians, spoken in
Lower Canada and the State of Maine. The tribe once occupied the
valley of the R. Kennebeck ; but the name also includes the Etchemins,
Micmacs, and others. See Rasles. Diet., 1833 ; Vocabulary in Amer.
Ethnol. Trans, ii., p. 109.
ABIPONIAN.
A name given by the early Spaniards to the language spoken on the
western bank of the Parana in 8. America ; although on the borders of
the Gran Chaco it differs considerably from the dialects spoken in that
district. See Dobrizhoffer's " Geschichte," 3 vols., 8vo, Vienna, 1784.
D. F.
ABOR.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, spoken by a hill tribe on the north-western
extremity of Assam. Logan, Jnl. Indian Archipelago, 1853, p. 190.
See AKA.
ABSNE Or ABKHAZIAN.
A name for the ancient ABASCI, now represented by Abascia or Abgah
(Abkasia), a country of Asiatic Russia, lying between the Caspian and
Black Seas. The modern word ABSNE is called Abkhazi by the Georgians ;
with the terminal " eti " for "land," it is Abkhazeti, and extends from
Soukum-kale to Jenikale. The affinities of the Absn6 language are very
uncertain ; a large number of its words are similar to Circassian, but a
larger proportion apparently not so. See Vocabularies in Giildenstadt's
" Reisen ;" Klaproth's " Reise ; " " Asia Polyglotta," &c. H. H. H.
ABYSSINIAN, see AGAU, AMHAEIC, GALLA, TIGEE, &c. fi^°
ACADIAN.
American : That division of the ALGONKIN family containing the
languages of Lower Canada and Nova Scotia.
ACAXE.
American : a doubtful name for a probable dialect of the TUBAR.
ACCAD.
The oldest known language before the Semitic population settled in
Mesopotamia. W. S. W. V. See AKKADIAN.
ACCAWAY.
A dialect of native S. American, belonging to the CAEIB, or Karib
group. Vernacular in the Highlands of British Guiana.
%* CARIB of Demerara, closely allied to the CAEABISI. See Hilhouse,
Schomburgk, &c.
ACCRA or ACCARAH.
A language of the MANDINGO branch of native African, spoken by a
small nation on the Gold-coast, about lat. 5° 35' N., long. 0° 12' W. ; it is
sometimes designated the GHAH or GA, and the people are supposed to
have been removed by emigration from the interior. Ghana or Gana is
a city, governed by a Sultaun, near the upper course of the Niger.
Rask's " Vejledning," 8vo, Copenhagen, 1828. See AQTJAPIM.
ACH^EMENIAN PERSIAN.
The name of that form of the Old PERSIAN language which is used in
the inscriptions of the Achasmenian kings, or the line of native monarchs
which commenced with Cyrus the Great and terminated with Darius
Codomannus, the antagonist of Alexander. The language is written in
an arrow-headed or cuneiform character of a simple kind, and is closely
akin to the Zend, Pazend, and the modern Persian. The best work on
the language is that of Spiegel, " Altpersische Keilinschriften." G. R.
ACHAGUA.
A dialect of native S. American, vernacular on the R. Casanare, a
tributary of the R. Orinoco ; and closely allied to MAIPUB. " Mithri-
dates," iii., p. 631.
ACHASTLI.
AMEBICAN : spoken on the coast of California between San Francisco
and St. Diego.
ACHINESE.
A language of the MALAYAN family, spoken in the kingdom of Ache
or Achin, the northernmost part of Sumatra. It is distinguished from
all other Malay languages by having the accent on the terminal instead
of the penultimate syllable, and by a good deal of monosyllables. It
is at present very little known, but its presumed affinity to the mono-
syllabic languages of Asia renders its study highly interesting for inves-
tigating the origin of the Malay race. P. J. V.
ACOMA.
A dialect of native AMEEICAN, vernacular in New Mexico. It is one
of the dialects spoken by the Pueblo Indians on the R. Grande. It is
also called LAGUNA.
ACROA-MERIM.
American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See
Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 144.
ADAIHE Or ADAIHI.
A very isolated language of N. American. Spoken in Louisiana,
in 1805, by forty individuals only. Vocabulary in " Archaeologia
Americana." It is also called ATAYO. Vocabulary Amer. Ethn. Trans.,
vol. ii., p. 95.
B 2
ADALI (pi. ADAIEL or ADAL.)
Largely SEMITIC. An Abyssinian dialect, spoken by the tribes between
the Highlands and the sea coast. See " Salt's Voyage ; " Appdx. i., p. 6.
C. T. B.
ADAMPI.
A native African dialect, closely resembling ACCRA and KREPEE,
vernacular on the Gold-coast, W. Africa.
ADAREB, see BEJA.
ADELAIDE.
A variety of native AUSTRALIAN, formerly vernacular at Adelaide,
S. Australia ; it differs but little from other dialects of the Gulf
St. Vincent.
ADIGE.
A name for the CIRCASSIAN proper, as opposed to the APKHAZ.
ADIYAH.
Otherwise FERNANDIAN : the language of Fernando Po, an island on
the W. coast of Africa, near the mouths of the Niger.
A dialect of ancient GREEK spoken in Boeotia, Thessaly, jEtolia, Elis,
Lesbos, Chios and the N.W. part of Asia Minor. Pindar, Sappho, and
Alcseus wrote in it. G. R.
^ETHIOPIC, under E.
AFER. .
Native name of the DANAKIL.
AFFADEH.
African : a dialect of the BORNU.
AFFAR, see ADALI.
AFGHAN, see PUSHTOO.
AFNU.
African : a dialect of the HAUSSA.
AFRICAN.
A name for all native dialects of Africa, not directly SEMITIC. Works
by Borth, Kblle, Bleek, Beke, Sir G. Grey, Clarke's " Dialects of Africa."
See INTRODUCTION.
AFUDU.
A native African dialect of the OTAM, vernacular on the coast of
W. Africa, about 4° N. L.
AGAU or AGAW.
A language of ABYSSINIA, spoken in three dialects ; 1. The HHAMABA,
or AGAU of Lasta, the Tcheratz Agows of Bruce ; 2. The AGAWI or
AGHAGHA of Agaumider, i.e. Agau-land ; 3. The F ALASKA spoken by
the Israelitish people scattered over the northern and western parts of
the country. " Salt's Voyage," Appdx. i., p. 6. C. T. B.
AGGLUTINATIVE.
A name applied to certain languages, when " two unaltered roots
combine to form words ;" and words brought into mutual relation by
syntax undergo a change of form, accent, or meaning ; the COPTIC, for
example, is considered as essentially agglutinative. The American
agglutinative languages are called polysynthetic or incorporating.
These languages have generally little or no literature.
AGOLELEGMUT.
The ESKIMO of N. America and Behring's Straits, especially the island
of Nunivok. The terminal "milt," which is common from Behring's
Straits to the parts about Mount St. Elias, is derived from the Eskimo.
See Chromtschenko's " Reise-Journal," 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1824.
B. G. L.
AHOM.
A nearly extinct language formerly spoken in Assam, a province of
British India ; it is a dialect of SIAMESE, monosyllabic in form, and
appears to have been transported by emigration from the borders of
China.
AHT, THE.
American : dialect of Van Couver Island ; spoken by all the W. coast
tribes, from S. of Quatseeno to Port San Juan on De Fucas Straits. See
Sproat : " Scenes of Savage Life." All the tribes speaking it end in
" aht." B. B.
AHTIAGO.
A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Ceram, closely allied to TELUTI
and ALFUROS.
%* The more correct form would be ATIAHU, the name of a village
on the S. coast, with a mixed population. The vocabulary quoted by
Mr. Wallace does not constitute a distinct dialect. P. J. V.
AlAWONG.
A dialect of native AUSTRALIAN, belonging to the W. coast,
AIMARA.
A dialect of the Indians of S. America, largely augmented by
Spanish. The natives were subject to the Incas of Peru, at the conquest,
and now inhabit the high ground ne Lake Titicaca or Chucuito,
They are closely allied to the Quichua or native Peruvians.
See AYMARA.
6
AIMAUK.
A dialect of MOGHOL, spoken by the Tshehar-Aimauk, N. W.
Afghanistan, in the neighbourhood of Herat.
AINO.
The native name for the language of the Curile Islands, meaning
"man." f?
AIRICA.
American : a dialect of the BETOI.
AlTUTAKIAN.
A mixed form of the TAHITIAN and the RAROTONGAN dialects. An
island in the Hervey group, S. Pacific. Example, " mau-tangata "=
"men." W. G.
AKA (1).
A dialect spoken by a hill-tribe to the N. of Assam. It is almost
identical with ABOE. See Brown's Table : " Transactions of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal," 1837.
AKA (2).
African: sometimes used for the YoKUBA, of which it is a sub-
dialect.
AKABI, see UKUAFI.
AKKADIAN.
A name sometimes given to the language used on the earliest Baby-
lonian bricks, especially those found at Mugheir (Ur), Warka (Erech),
Senkareh, Niffer, and other very ancient Mesopotamian cities. The
general character of the language is TUEANIAN ; but its vocabulary
connects it with the dialects of Southern Arabia and Abyssinia, more
especially with the Mahra, Galla, and Wolaitsa. The writing is a rude
and very complicated cuneiform. It is supposed that the language was
spoken in Babylonia from a very early age (B.C. 2500 ?) to the date of
the Assyrian conquest, about B.C. 1300. By that time it had become
the language of an extensive literature, and as such, continued to be
studied by the more learned Assyrians down to the close of the Empire,
B.C. 624. The later Assyrian tablets are to a great extent translations
from it. See Rawlinson's " Ancient Monarchies," vol. i., pp. 61 — 69,
2nd ed. G. R.
AKKIM.
African : a sub-dialect of PANTI.
AKO.
An African dialect, somewhat allied to AFUDU.
AKRA.
African. Language of the Gold-coast, for the parts about Cape Castle.
See AQUAPIM.
AKRIPON.
African : a sub-dialect of FANTI.
AKUSH.
A dialect of LESGIAN, spoken in Daghestan (the ancient Albania),
a district situated between the Caspian and the Black Sea.
AKWAMBU, see AQUAPIM.
ALABAMA.
AMERICAN. Derived from " Alibamon," the original occupants of the
modern State so called.
ALANI.
A people originally settled in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, very
powerful from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 461. They are now generally con-
sidered to have been of the FINNISH stock, akin to the Ostiaks, Samoeids,
and other races of Northern Asia. G. K.
ALARODII, see UBARDA.
ALATYAN.
A name used by Prof. Steinthal for the URAL-ALTAIC or TURANIAN
ALBANIAN.
The vernacular tongue of modern Albania, a maritime province of
European Turkey, which answers to the ancient Epirus ; the inhabitants
are a mixed race, including Arnauts, who are probably descended from
the ancient Illyrians, Greeks, and Turks. The ancient language, called
old ILLYRIAN, and closely allied to GREEK, has become mingled with
SLAVONIC, written in GREEK characters. The native name of the
Albanian dialect is SKIPETAR. Both terms mean " mountaineers." The
modern language is sub-divided into the GHEGH and the TOSKI. See
Hahn : " Albanische Studien," Jena, 1854.
ALEMANNIC or ALLEMANIAN.
The oldest form of TEUTONIC or HIGH GERMAN with which we are
acquainted ; it is the language attributed to the Suevi or Swabians,
who, emigrating to the S., formed with other tribes a great confederation
on the Rs. Maine, Khine, and Danube.
*** See Bosworth's "Diet, of the Anglo-Saxon Language," ed. 1838,
p. 120. W. W. S.
ALEUTIAN or ALIOUT-LISEYEFF.
The dialect of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the N. Pacific, between
Asia and America. The inhabitants resemble the MOGHOLS in physical
peculiarities, but their language is allied to the ESQUIMAUX. Vocab.
Amer. Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 130. t&T
8
ALFUROS.
Dialects of MALAY, spoken by uncivilized tribes of the Indian Ocean.
Adelung calls them " Harafora auch Alfurier"in the Moluccas. "Mithri-
dates," i., p. 585. Wallace calls them the true indigines of Gilolo, and
the predominant type of Ceram. " Malay Archipelago," ii., pp. 16, 19,
96. It is the same word as in the Arafura Seas, W. of N. Guinea. tjj§T
ALGIERIAN.
A form of ARABIC vernacular in N. Africa.
ALGONKIN or ALGONQUIN.
A very large class of native N. AMERICAN dialects, including the
Chippewas, Blackfoot, Ogibeway, Ottawa, Mohican, Shawnees, and other
principal eastern tribes of red Indians. Vocab. Amer. Ethn. Trans.,
vol. ii., pp. 78, 106.
ALIEH, see EYISH.
AUKHULIP.
A dialect of FUEGIAN, spoken in Terra del Fuego, S. America. De-
scribed in Darwin's " The Voyage of the Beagle."
See also TEKEENICA and TSONECA.
ALLEUTIAC, see MILCOCAYAC.
ALLOPHYLIAN.
A name for the AMERICAN and certain unclassified languages ; gene-
rally used for all languages which philologists have not yet denned.
ALLOR.
A dialect of insular MALAY, vernacular in the Indian Ocean. This
island belongs to the Timor group ; its inhabitants are of the dark
Papuan type. The language is said to differ but little from that of the
neighbouring island of Solor, P. J. V.
ALMEIDA.
A dialect of S. American, belonging to the TTJPI or GUAEINI family,
spoken in Brazil, and allied to CARIB. See OMAGUA.
ALPHABET.
The English name for the collection of letters or written characters in
our language, and derived from their Greek synonyms — viz., Alpha (A)
+ Beta (B), as in the line from Juvenal —
" Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta puellse." — Sat. xiv., 1. 209.
These letters or -characters are the representatives of certain sounds or
utterances ; and their numbers, forms, names, and equivalents differ very
materially in different countries and in different districts. Ballhorn's
" Alphabete or. und occ. Sprachen," Leipsig, 1853 ; 2nd ed., London.
See LETTERS.
ALPINE.
A collective name for several local dialects derived from old ITALIC,
but mingled with modern FRENCH.
ALSACIAN.
A sub-dialect of old HIGH GERMAN.
ALTAIC or URAL-ALTAIC.
Generic name for the MOGHOL, TUNGUS, TURK, SAMOYED, and
UGRIAN languages. See Castren's " Altaischer Volker."
AMAKOSA.
African. See KAFFIR.
AMAT,
A dialect of older DRAVIDIAN vernacular in Nepaul.
AMAZIG,
A name for the BERBER of N. Africa. It is called AQUEL AMARIGOR
AMAZIG, i.e. " Noble tongue ;" the native dialect of Berbers.
AMAZONS.
A class of native dialects spoken by tribes along the banks of the
R. Amazon, S. America ; more especially the Amazonas and Humanos,
formerly of the lower Putumayo. Wallace, p. 260.
AMBERBAKI.
A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in a village so named on the N. W.
coast of N. Guinea.
AMBLAU.
An island of the Amboyna group ; the language, belonging to the
ALFURU, or semi-ALFURU, dialects of the Moluccas, seems to differ very
considerably from that of the neighbouring islands ; judging from the
vocabulary given in Mr. Wallace's " Malay Archipelago." P. J. V.
AMBOYNA.
A dialect of the Molucca Islands, in the Indian Ocean ; known as
AMBOYNESE MALAY. The provincial dialect is termed BAHASA-TANAH,
the language of the Moluccan Alfuru. See Vocabularies by Wallace
and Liideking. P. J. V.
AMERICAN.
A name for all dialects of the aborigines throughout N. and S.
America. Triibner's " Bibliotheca Glottica," London, 1858.
See INTRODUCTION.
AMHARIC.
The Court tongue of Abyssinia for many centuries. Amhara proper
is that district lying between the Dender and Tacazze branches of the
Nile. It closely resembles the ETHIOPIC, with alphabets that are nearly
identical. The root word is probably identical with " Ham " or " Chem,"
the poetical name for Egypt in the Psalms of David.
*** A SEMITIC dialect sprung from the ancient ETHIOPIC, which has
gradually become the dominant language of Abyssinia. Its vocabulary
and grammar still closely resemble the Ethiopia, but it has adopted a
barbarous pronunciation, and the gutturals, which form so important a
part of the Semitic alphabet, are no longer pronounced. The best memoir
upon it is that by Gesenius in the Encyclopaedia of Ersch and Griiber,
under the heading " Amharische Sprache." Other Abyssinian dialects
are the ADARI, the AFAR, the SOMAULI, the SAHO, the languages of
Tigrg. Danakil, Ada'iel, and of Harar. R. P. S.
10
AMOUR or AMUR.
Dialects of TUNGUS, vernacular in B. Asia on the R. Amur. See
Latham, pp. 75, 76.
AMYRGII.
An ancient Scythic people, called " Humawarga," by the Achagmenian
Persians, and "Amyrgians" ('A/xu^yioi) by the Greeks. They seem to
have inhabited the high plateau between the Thian-Chan and the Hindu-
Kush ranges. Most probably they were TURANIANS. G. B.
ANADEER or ANADYR.
The upper and central parts of the E. Anadyr, on the north-eastern
extremity of Asia, are occupied by the Tshuktshi, an Asiatic tribe. On
the lower Anadyr, however, there is an Eskimo settlement. See NAMOLLO.
B. G. L.
ANAMITE or ANNAMITE.
A monosyllabic tongue, closely allied to CHINESE. It is the dialect of
Tonquin and Cochin- China, extensive tracts of land in S.E. Asia. Also
called ANNAMESE. See Dictionaries, A-Latin and Latin-A, by Taberd
and Pigneaux, 2 vols., 1838 ; Marshman, Serampore ; and Brown's
" Comparative Table," vol. vii., Trans. As. Soc. of Bengal.
ANDAMAN.
The dialect of the Mincopie or inhabitants of the Andaman Islands.
It is considered to be allied to the BUEMESE.
ANDAQUI.
AMERICAN. Dialect of New Grenada, vernacular on the eastern slope
of the Andes, and upper part of the E. Putumayo. See " Los Indios del
Andaqui," pp. 27-29. E. G. L.
ANDARCOS, see TEXAS.
ANDI.
A dialect of LESGHIAN, allied to AKUSH ; vernacular in the Caucasus.
ANDIAN or ANDO-PERUVIAN.
A collective name for certain native dialects of S. America, as AIM ARA.
ARAUCANIAN, QUICHUA, &c.
ANDOA.
AMERICAN. Spoken on the frontiers of New Grenada, and on the
head waters of the Es. Tigre and Pastazza. It is bounded by the
Shimigas and Zaparu. Small vocabulary by Spruce. E. G. L.
ANDREANOWSKI ISLANDS, see ALEUTIAN.
ANEITEUM or ANNATOM.
A Polynesian dialect, allied to PAPUAN, vernacular in Aneiteum, the
easternmost island of the New Hebrides group, S. Pacific Ocean. The
language began to be reduced to written form, by the use of Eoman
letters, by the London Missionary Society ; subsequently completed in
books, now used by natives, by the " U. P. E. C." Mission of Scotland.
W. G. ij^-
11
ANFUE.
A native dialect, allied to ADAMPI, from the Gold-coast, W. Africa.
ANGAMI.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, vernacular in central and lower Assam.
ANGLIAN.
A name sometimes given to that dialect of the oldest ENGLISH which
was spoken in the north and east of England. It has been sub-divided
into the NORTHUMBRIAN and EAST- ANGLIAN. It has also been called
DANO-SAXON. See Bosworth's " Diet, of the Anglo-Saxon Language,"
ed. 1838, p. 21. W. W. S.
ANGLIAN, EAST, under E.
ANGLO-SAXON.
A compound language formed by the union of several tribes of
Teutonic origin, who conquered and settled in Britain, about A.D. 449,
thence called England. The language is of cognate origin with the
ALEMANNIC and GOTHIC ; but with accretions from the SCANDINAVIAN
and Low DUTCH.
%* What is called ANGLO-SAXON is really the oldest form of ENGLISH.
The Anglo-Saxon of the first period extends from A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100 ;
that of the later period from A.D. 1100 to about A.D. 1250 ; after which
date we arrive at early Middle English. The specimens of the literature
are too numerous to require mention. See the dictionaries by Lye and
Manning, Bosworth, Grein, Ettmuller, and the list of MSS. in Hickes's
" Thesaurus," vol. iii. W. W. S.
ANGOANE.
A dialect of MOZAMBIQUE, vernacular on the E. coast of Africa.
ANGOLA.
A dialect of BANTU, vernacular in S.E. Africa ; classed by Bleek as
BUNDA.
ANGUS.
A dialect of the Lowlands of Scotland, frequently cited in Jamieson's
Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S.
ANKARAS.
An African dialect, almost identical with WUN.
ANNAMESE, see ANAMITE.
ANNATOM, see ANEITEUM.
ANSOES.
A PAPUAN dialect, spoken at Port Dorey, New Guinea.
ANTES or ANTIS.
A native dialect of S. American, vernacular in Peru on the eastern
slope of the Andes. The nearest affinities are to the Moxos. See
D'Orbigny's " L'homme Americain."
12
ANTONIO, SAN.
Dialect of a mission, so called, current in California, N. America.
ANTSHUKH.
A dialect of LESGHIAN, allied to ANDI.
ANU,
Dialect of a tribe so named, in N. Arracan, in which are many words
intelligible to the people of Munipoor. A. C.
APACHE or APATSH.
A dialect of ATHABASCAN, vernacular in New Mexico.
APAING,
The same language as AROKAE. W. G.
APATSH, see APACHE.
APIACA.
A dialect of Brazil, allied to GUARANI, vernacular on the R. Arias,
a tributary of the Upper Tapuyos. See Castelnau's " Expedition," &c.,
APINAGES,
American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See
Castelnau's " Expedition," &c., appdx. ; Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.
APKHAZ.
The Georgian name for the tribes between Jenikale and Soukum-
Kale, as distinguished from Circassians proper.
APOLONIA.
African : a sub-dialect of FANTI, vernacular at Point Apollonia, on
the frontier of the Gold and Ivory coasts. E. G. L.
APONEGICRANS.
American : a dialect of the GEZ class, vernacular in Brazil. See
Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 147.
APPA.
A dialect of S. Africa, allied to NTJFI.
AQUAPIM.
African : collective name for certain dialects of the Gold-coast near
Cape Castle ; 1. The AKRA. 2. The KREPEE. 3. The OTSHI. 4. The
ADAMPI. See Eiihs : " Elemente des Akwapim."
AQUITANIAN.
The dialect of Aquitania or Aquitaine, a division of ancient Gaul,
lying S.W., which included the provinces of Guyenne, Gascony, &c.
ARA.
A name for the ARINI.
13
ARABIC.
One of the three main branches of the SEMITIC family, spoken in the
peninsula of Arabia. Unknown till the century before Mahomet, it
suddenly then reached its highest perfection in the poems of the Moallakat.
It is the richest, the most flexible, and most exact of all the Semitic
tongues, and its grammar the most subtle and perfect, probably, of all
known languages. The dialect of the tribe of Koreisch, adopted by
Mahomet in the Koran, has been, since the seventh century, the classical
language of large parts of Asia and Africa, and has greatly influenced
the Turkish, Maltese, Persian, Hindi, and other tongues, owing to the
wide range of Arabian conquest. Classical Arabic must be distinguished
from Arabic as actually spoken. The "vulgar" Arabic makes scarcely
any distinction of vowel-sounds, has a grammar simple to rudeness, and
is destitute of the richness and versatility of the tongue as employed by
its most famous scholars. R. P. S.
ARAGO.
A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea.
ARAIACU.
American : a dialect of N. Brazil, to the W. of Fonteboa ; it is allied
to the BARRE, BANIWA, MANOA, &c. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 133,
who places it in his CREN or GUERENO class. B. G. L.
ARAKANESE or ARRACANESE.
A monosyllabic tongue closely allied to the BURMESE, otherwise
called the RECCAN or RUKHENG. The district in which it is spoken forms
a narrow strip of sea-coast, about 500 miles long, extending from Cape
Negrais in the S. towards Chittagong in the N., along the E. peninsula
of S. Asia.
ARAMAIC.
Generic name of the languages spoken in the region extending from
the Taurus and Lebanon to the R. Tigris, It is one of the main branches
of the SEMITIC stem, and is itself divided into two dialects, EAST
ARAMAIC, or CHALDEAN, and WEST ARAMAIC, or Syriac. The former
became the medium of Jewish thought, and is the language of the
Targums and the Talmud, and also of the Samaritan Pentateuch. The
latter is Christian. A sub-dialect spoken by the heathen is called
SABAEAN, or NABATHEAN. The oldest remains of the Aramaic are
found in the name given by Laban to the Hill of Witness between him
and Jacob. R. P. S.
The Aramaic alphabet was identical with, or derived from, the
PHOENICIAN.
ARAPAHO or ARRAPAHO.
The dialect of a native tribe of N. American Indians of the ALGONKIN
family, vernacular on the R. Platte ; originally on the Upper Saskat-
shewan. Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. iii., p. 446 ; Vocab. Amer.
Ethn. Trans., vol. ii., p. 96.
14
ARAQUAJU.
American : a dialect of the BRAZILIAN class, vernacular on the
Upper Amazons. See Von Martins, vol. ii., p. 17.
ARAUCANIAN.
Dialect spoken by the powerful independent Indian tribe inhabiting
the western slope of the Andes, south of Chili proper. D. F.
ARAWACK.
A dialect of CAEIB, spoken on the N. coast of S. America, in Surinam,
Venezuela, and the Guianas (Berbice); supposed to have been intro-
duced by aboriginal settlers from Hayti and other W. Indian islands.
ARAYAS, see TAINO.
ARCHAIC GREEK.
A name for the original CADMEAN alphabet of ancient Greece, it
consisted of seventeen letters only, and was derived from the PHOENICIAN .
ARDA.
Spoken, according to Alcedo, on the Upper Napo, on the boundaries of
New Grenada, Brazil, and Ecuador. A " Doctrina Christiana," Madrid,
1658, and a " Paternoster " are the only recorded specimens of the
ARDA. No philologist seems to have examined them. The fragmentary
languages with which they are the most likely to have been allied are
the ANDOA, the SHIMIGAES, and the ZAPARA. " Ludwig," p. 12.
R. G. L.
ARDRAH.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Slave-coast.
ARGOT.
French patois, applied to cant and slang dialects. See Jiilg's " Vater,"
pp. 132, 485.
ARGUBBA.
AFRICAN : a dialect of Abyssinia.
ARECUNA.
A dialect of the CARIB of Demerara, allied to MACITSI. See Schom-
burgk's " British Guiana."
ARFAK.
A PAPUAN dialect vernacular among the mountaineers inland of
Doreh, New Guinea. P. J. V.
ARINI or ARINZI.
A dialect of TENISEIAN, spoken in Siberia. See Castren's " Versuch
einer lenissei Ostiakinen Sprachlehre." H. H. H.
ARIPE.
AMERICAN : dialect of Lower California.
ARIS.
A dialect of TOUMBULU.
15
ARKIKO.
A dialect of ETHIOPIC allied to Adaiel ; otherwise classed as a sub-
dialect of AMHABIC.
ARMENIAN.
The vernacular speech of Armenia, a mountainous country of Asiatic
Turkey, bordering on the S.E. extremity of the Black Sea, including
Mt. Ararat. Armenian is written from left to right, and has an alphabet
peculiar to itself, which has been modernized from an older original,
attributed to Miesrob, A.D. 406.
*** The language is essentially an ARYAN dialect, akin to ACH^E-
MENIAN PERSIAN and ZEND, but still distinct from either : into which
have been absorbed a large number of TURANIAN roots. G. R.
ARMENIC.
A branch of the great Indo-European family of speech not yet clearly
denned. It is the parent of modern ARMENIAN, and of an older form of
the same language, called OLD ARMENIC, now extinct. It has, pro-
visionally, been classed with KURDISH, OSSETIC and PUSHTOO.
See ARYAN.
ARMENO-KURDISH.
A name for the KURDISH dialect, written in the characters of the
Armenian alphabet.
ARMORICAN.
A Celtic dialect, called also BRETON, anciently vernacular in Armorican
Gaul ; it was the national language of the independent Duchy of
Brittany, and is still spoken in the modern French departments of
Finisterre, Morbihan, and C6tes-du-Nord ; the language is closely allied
to WELSH, CORNISH, MANX, GAELIC, &c.
ARNAUT, see ALBANIAN.
ARNIYA.
A dialect of DARDU, allied to Kashkari.
ARO or ORO.
A dialect of W. Africa, allied to MBOFIA, vernacular in the locality of
Brass Town.
AROO or ARRU.
Dialects of PAPUAN, vernacular in a group of islands lying to the
S.W. of New Guinea, in the Asiatic Archipelago.
*** Herr Van Rosenberg distinguishes two chief dialects. 1. A voca-
bulary collected at Wammer, Watelei, and Traugan. 2. His " Wanumbae
Vocaby." Others are the Wokam Uju dialects, given by Herr Von
Eybergen. Mr. Wallace writes WAMMA, WOKAN and OUGIA. P. J. V.
AROPIN.
A PAPUAN dialect, vernacular in S. Pacific. See Latham, p. 332.
ARORAE.
An island of Kingsmill group, S. Pacific. The language is a mixed
dialect of Samoa and Sandwich groups. First reduced by missionaries
from Hawaii, 1858 ; now occupied by Samoan Christian teachers.
W. G.
16
ARROW-HEAD.
A term employed to designate writing of a particular kind. The
ancient inhabitants of Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, Persia, and other
adjacent regions used characters of which the ultimate element was the
wedge : |^- The resemblance of this form to the metallic point with
which arrows were anciently tipped caused our early Oriental travellers
to call all characters thus composed " arrow-headed." Recently, the
term " cuneiform," adopted from the French, has displaced " arrow-
headed," which is now seldom used. It is important to remember that
the two terms, whichever of them we employ, in no case properly desig-
nate a language, or an alphabet, but simply a manner of forming the
conventional signs of speech. There are at least five quite distinct
" arrow-headed " alphabets ; and in one case the same cuneiform alpha-
bet is used to give written expression to two quite different languages.
G. K.
ARYAN.
A name for the INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages, derived from
Ariana, a province of the ancient Persian empire. The word is widely
diffused throughout Eastern Asia : ex. gr., the small river Arius, now
Heri-Rud, on which stands the city of Herat ; also the river Arus, or
Araxes, near Mt. Ararat, in Armenia ; Iran, Irac, or Iron. The term
" Aryan," in Sanskrit, implies " noble," but the root is very widely
diffused in an agricultural sense ; as in the Greek fyou • Latin, " aro "
" to plough ; " English, " arable."
The Aryan family of languages is divided into the following branches :
— ARMENIC, CELTIC or KELTIC, HELLENIC, ILLYRIC, INDIC, IRANIC,
ITALIC, TEUTONIC, and WENDIC (or SLAVONIC-LETTIC). Each of these
groups or branches will be treated under its proper stem, with sub-
branches. See INTRODUCTION. &r
ASHANTEE or ASHANTI.
Sometimes called ODJII or OTSHI, the national language of the Guinea
coast, W. Africa ; it belongs to the MANDINGO branch, and is closely
allied to the FANTEE, spoken on the Gold-coast.
ASIAN or ASIATIC.
Klaproth's "Asia Polyglotta," Paris, 1823, 1832. See INTRODUCTION.
ASILULU, see AMBOYNA. .
ASSAMESE.
The modern language of Assam, an extensive province of British
India adjoining Bengal ; it extends along the course of the R. Brahma-
pootra, towards Thibet. The archaic dialect known as AHOM, being
extinct, has been superseded by a dialect of BENGALI ; Assamese is,
however, unintelligible to the natives of Bengal. It is written in the
Bengali character. See Brown's " Comparative Table of Dialects :
Asiatic Society of Bengal."
17
ASSAN.
A dialect of OSTIAK, or YENISEIAX, vernacular in Siberia. See
Castren's " Versuch."
ASSINEBOINE.
A N. American dialect, spoken by native tribes of the Saskatchewan
River line, between the Red River and Rocky Mountains
ASSINESE.
African ; a sub-dialect of the FASTI.
ASSYRIAN.
The language of the ancient Assyrians, or people of Assyria, a tract
lying upon the R. Tigris, between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh
parallels. This language has become known to us within the last twenty
years, through inscriptions disinterred from the buried cities of this
region. The form of speech is found to be SEMITIC, akin to Arabic,
Syriac, Chaldee, Phoenician, and especially to Hebrew. It is written,
however, unlike most Semitic tongue?, from left to right. The cha-
racters are very numerous and complicated ; they are of the class called
" cuneiform " or " arrow-headed," being formed out of combinations of
wedges. The best account of the Assyrian alphabet will be found in the
"Expedition Scientifique en Mesapotamie " of M. Oppert. The language
must be studied in the "Assyrian Dictionary" of Mr. Norris, and the
" Elemens de la Grammaire Assyrienne " of M. Oppert. G. R.
ASTEK, see AZTEC.
ASWAREK, see SERAWULLI.
ATACAMA.
AMERICAN : belongs to a desert, land between Chili and Peru.
ATAFU.
" DUKE OF YORK'S ISLAND." In Tokelau group ; when found it had
a mixture of Eastern Polynesian dialects ; but now, by use of SAMOAN
books, generally speak that language. W. G.
ATHABASCAN or ATHAPASCAN.
A collective name for certain native dialects of JT. America, lying to
the S. of the Esquimaux. Vocaby. American Ethn. Trans., vol. ii.
pp. 78-105. Buschmann : " Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm, Berlin,
1856-63. 1^-
ATIAGO, see AHTIAGO.
ATINAN.
Largely TAHITIAN, with some local peculiarities, but by the use of
books in the Rarotongan dialect, is fast becoming RAROTONGAN ;
example, " fenua-maitai "=" good land." W. G.
ATLAS (Mount.)
The Mount Atlas languages, more or less known, are : 1. The KABAIL
or SHOWIAH ; more definitely the ZOAVE. 2. The SHILHA or
Morocco BERBER. 3. The TOUARIK or TAMAZIGHT of the Great Desert.
4. The GHADAMSI or the WADREAGH. F. W. N.
0
18
ATNA.
A name for SELISH. It is derived from the native word for " man "
— "tinni" or "tnai." Vocaby. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Society, vol. ii.,
P. 118. «T
ATORAI.
A dialect of CAEIB, vernacular in Demerara.
ATSHIN.
A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Sumatra. See ACHINESE.
ATTAKAPA.
A nearly monosyllabic dialect, vernacular among the native Americans
of St. Bernard's Bay, Texas. See Archseol. Americana, ii., p. 307. i$g"
ATTIC GREEK.
A dialect of ancient GREEK, originally peculiar to Attica, but which
became the parent of the so-called " common dialect," or ordinary
language of Greek literature. The ATTIC had much in common with the
TONIC, but affected contractions and retained aspirates where the Ionic
discarded them. G. K.
ATTIGAE.
A tribe of the Chech in Caucasia. H. C.
ATURES.
According to Humboldt, the Atures were the original occupants of the
cataract on the R. Orinoco, which bears their name ; their language,
on the authority of Gilij, is a form of the SALIYI. 1$^
ATYE, see WHIDAH
AUGSBURG.
Germanic : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN spoken in Bavaria. See " Jnl.
Fur Deutschland," 1783.
AURAMOISET.
A dialect of KARELIAN, vernacular in the Government of St. Peters-
burgh. See " Memoirs of the St. Petersburgh Academy."
AUSTRAL.
A group of numerous islands east of Tahiti, and so far TAHITIAN as
to use books in the Tahitian language, though having some local
peculiarities by the introduction of letters not in Tahitian ; example,
" param-akoako "=" exhortation." W. G.
AUSTRALIAN.
The natives, now fast disappearing, had numerous dialects, all more
or less closely allied ; resemblances have been traced to the TAMUL and
ether languages of S. India ; the POLYNESIAN, and PAPUAN. See Grey's
" Vocabulary " (of S. Western A.) 2nd Edit., London, 1841 ; and others
by Ridley; Sidney, 1856, 1866 : Eyre's " Discoveries," vol. ii., p. 391.
19
AUVERGNE.
Dialect of Provencal ; glossaries in " Mem. : Soc. Ant." French
vols. ii., xii.
AVAN or AVANI.
American : a sub-dialect of MAIPTJR.
AVAR (1).
An extinct dialect, belonging to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D.
It was Turkish.
AVAR (2).
The most important dialect of LESGIAN. See Vocabulary in Giilden-
stadt's " Travels,' and " Asia Polyglotta."
AVARICOTO.
AMERICAN : Carib of Cumana, belonging to the Tamanack division.
AVEKVOM.
A dialect of the Ivory-coast, W. Africa.
AWAIYA.
A dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Ceram, an island of the Indian
Ocean ; quoted in Wallace's " Malay Archipelago."
See AHTIAGO and HAWAIIAN.
AYMARA.
The language of the Indians of the highlands around Lake Titicaca
in Peru and Bolivia ; by many regarded as the so-called secret language
of the Incas, as, according to their traditions, Manco Capac, the founder
of the Inca dynasty, came from that district ; and although ruder and
more primitive, it is closely allied to the QUECHUA, which, after the
Inca conquest, became the general language of Peru. The oldest pub-
lished works extant on Aymara are by Alcabica, 1585 ; Kicardo, 1686 :
Bertonio, 1603-12. D. F. flg-
AZTEC.
The language of the aborigines of Mexico ; extinct in its original
form, it has been fused with SPANISH, and is now the native language
of Mexican Indians.
ADDENDA.
ABERDEEN.
A local dialect of Scotland.
ABKHASS, see ABSNE.
ABUNDA.
AFRICAN: eame as BUNDA. See Vocaby. in "Douville's Voyage,"
Paris, 1832.
02
20
ACHAIAN.
A name for the ancient Greeks. tgjf3
ADAMAWA, see HAMARUA.
ADANG.
A DAYAK dialect of N. Borneo. P. J. V. See MUEUT.
ADIMA.
Name for the servile class of Malabar ; they_have a dialect peculiar
to themselves. W. E.
ADIYAR,
A sub-dialect of DRAVIDIAN origin, spoken by aborigines of
Malabar. W. E.
AKHWASH.
CAUCASIAN : like ANDI, but with peculiar numerals. H. C.
AMERICANISMS.
Name for Transatlantic idioms of ENGLISH. See Webster's Dicty.,
various editions : Bartlett's Glossary, London, 1859.
AMOY.
An important dialect of CHINESE ; see " Manual," by Macgowan ;
Hong Khong, 1869.
ANDALUSIAN.
Romance : a sub-dialect of SPANISH.
ANDHRA.
An ancient kingdom and powerful dynasty in the Pekhan, now merely
traditional : compare the Greek word avfyos.
ANSPACH.
TEUTONIC : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See " Jnl. Fur Deutschland,"
1789.
ANTILLES,
AMERICAN of the W. Indies. See " Histoire des lies Antilles," &c.
Eotterdam, 1681.
APPENZELL,
TEUTONIC : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Tobler : " A : Sprach-
schatz," Zurich, 1837.
ARAYANS, ARAANS.
Important hill tribe of Travancore, called Malai-arasar, " Hill kings;"
they speak a dialect of TAMUL or MALAYALIM. W. E.
ARRAGONESE.
A provincial dialect of SPANISH,
21
B.
BAB, see PORT DOEEH.
BABA.
A dialect allied to JAVANESE, vernacular in an island called Babber
by the Dutch ; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the
Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. . See KISSA.
BABUMA.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See smal
Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.
BABYLONIAN.
A SEMITIC dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of the
country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers of Mohammed.
It is closely allied to the ASSYRIAN (which see), but is somewhat simpler.
The language exists in numerous inscriptions found in the country
which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to B.C. 540, and also in the
trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenian Persian, where it is found
regularly in the third column. The best account of the language, which
is written in a cuneiform alphabet based on the ASSYRIAN, will be found
in Sir H. Kawlinson's "Analysis of the third column of the Behistun
Inscription " — Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1856. G. R.
BAG HAN, see BATCHIAN.
BACTRIAN.
The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly
supposed to be identical with the literary language called ZEND. It is
not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which Zend
was spoken. But there can be no doubt that BACTRIAN was a very ancient
form of ARYAN speech. G. R. See ZEND.
BAGBA.
An African dialect allied to the BAKELE of the R. Gaboon.
BAGBALAN.
A dialect of KoURl, vernacular in Central Africa. See small Vocabu-
lary in Latham, p. 584.
BAGHERME, see BEGHARMI.
BAGNON.
A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast, S.
of the R. Nunez ; Jong Vocabulary in " Memoires de la Societe Ethno-
logique," Paris, 1845.
22
BAGO.
The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa ; classed
as a sab-dialect of TIMMANI.
BAG WAN.
A native patoit of British India, derived from TAMIL.
BAHASA-TANAH, see AMBOYNA.
BAIKHA.
A dialect of OSTIAK of the YENISEIAN class, spoken in Asiatic Russia.
See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.
BAJAU or BAJOU.
Dialects of MALAY, spoken by the Sea- gipsies. See Vocabulary in
Wallace ; Appdx. to " Malay Archipelago."
%* " Fishmen of Borneo." BAJAU properly belongs to all Borneo. The
Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly speak
Bajau. BUG-IS is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of those seas,
their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay, S.W. of Mindanao,
one of the Philippines. E. B. See BIAJUK.
BAKELE.
A dialect of KAFFIK, somewhat allied to MPOKGWE, spoken on the
R. Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.
BALADEA.
The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to ANNATOM,
also called DUAUBA. Sec ANEITEUM.
BALI.
An insular dialect of JAVANESE, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago
See Craufurd's Dissertation in " Malay Grammar," p. 75. Jig"
BALU.
African : a dialect allied to the BAKELE, vernacular on the R. Gaboon
BAMBARRA.
African : a division of the MANA class, spoken on the Upper Xiger ;
including also the JALLUNKA, the SOKKO, and the Susu. It is bounded
on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.
BAMON.
African : a dialect of the N, W. division of KAFFIR, allied to RALU.
BANCA Or BANGKA.
Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native
population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of
Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and
other foreign elements. P. J. V.
23
BANFFSHIRE.
A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See " Remarks on the dialect
of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson's Scottish
Dictionary," by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866. W. W. S.
BANGA.
A dialect of BENGALI, vernacular in Arracan. See "Asiatic Re-
searches," vol. v., p. 238.
BANGBAY.
African : short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Earth to the
Geographical Society.
BANIWA.
A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to CHLMANOS, ver-
nacular between Brazil and Venezuela. 1^"
BANJAK.
Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects : —
(1) the primitive language called BATTA, and (2) the MALAY of
.Sumatra. See MABUWI.
BANTEK or BANTIK,
An ALFUEU dialect vernacular in N. Celebes.
BANTU.
African : Dr. Bleek's name for a very large class of languages, including
the KAYO, BUNDA, ZANGIAK, and MOZAMBIQUE branches.
BARABA Or BAHAMA.
A dialect of Asia ; in its Russian form called BABABINSKI.
BARABINSKI.
A dialect of the SIBERIAN TURKISH spoken in the steppe of Baraba,
or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic Russia.
See Klaproth's " Asia Polyglotta," p. 226. H. H. H.
BARAKI.
A dialect of PERSIAN, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at
Kaniguram. if^T
BARBARA, SANTA,
A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R. Geogl.
Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.
BARBARY, see BEEBEK.
BAREA.
African : a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier
Vocabulary in Salt's " Voyage to Abyssinia."
24
BARI or BARREE.
A dialect of Central Africa, Mitterrutzner: ' ' Die Sprache der Bari,''
Brixen, 1867. See BAKEA.
BARRE.
American : closely akin to the BANIWA, TARIANA, and UAINAMBEU ;
it is probably the same as the PARENI of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it
as a class-name. " Travels on the Amazon," &c., 8vo, 1853.
BASA or BHASA-KRAMA.
A form of JAVANESE. Literally " The polite language." See BHASA.
BASA, BASSA, Or BASSAH.
A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the GREBO family and allied to
MANDINGO, vernacular in parts of Liberia.
%* A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham's
" Specimens."
BAS-BRETON, see AEMORICAN.
BASHEE or BASHI.
A dialect of NEGRITIC, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa ;
a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby. : Belcher's " Voyage of the
Samarang," vol. ii.
BASHKIR.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.
%* The Baskir now speak TURKISH, but there are many reasons for
believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and
Miiller, " Ugrische Volkstamm." H. H. H.
BASHMURIC.
A dialect of COPTIC, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the
delta of the Nile ; it was largely infused with GREEK.
BASIAN.
A dialect of TURKISH spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with
NOGAY. See Klaproth, " Keise in den Kaukasus." H. H. H.
BASPA or BHASPA, S^MOGHOL.
BASQUE or ESCUARA.
A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and Biscay,
partially in Alava and Navarre ; in France, only in the arrondissemcnts
of Mauleon and Bayonne in the department of the Lower Pyrenees.
Five principal dialects, with several sub-dialects : — GUIPUZCOAN, BIS-
CAY AN (and the dialect of Llodia) in Spain ; and the BAS-NAVARRAIS,
SOULETIN and LABOURDIN, in France. Clearly agglutinative. Analogies
detected with the FINNISH, by Prince L. I,. Buonaparte and others ; and
N. American (ALGONKIN) by Pruner-Bey and Charency ; also with the
KHAMITIC by D'Abbadie, and ACCADIAN by Sayce. Fabre's "Diet.
Fransais-Basque," Bayonne, 1870, " Essai de Grammaire," par W. J.
Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867. W. W. See ESCUABA.
25
BASUNDO.
A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the
Kaffir group, vernacular in the E. Gaboon.
BATAK, or BATTA.
A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra ; it is allied to BUGIS,
with written characters imitated from the DEVANAGIRI alphabet of
SANSKRIT.
%* The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra ; BANJAK, PAKPAK,
ZINGKAL, TOBA, are all sub-dialects of BATTA in Sumatra. See Van der
Tunk's " Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and Translations," 4 vols.,
Amsterdam, 1860-62; " Bataksch Leesboek " ; and " Bataksch-Neder-
duitsch Woordenboek," Amsterdam, 1861. l^iT
BATAR, see BOB.
BAT AVIAN-MALAY.
What is called BATAVIAN-MALAY is perhaps rather a Sundanese than
a Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its
environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from almost
every part of the Archipelago ; yet the SUNDANESE element seems to
predominate. This language ought not to be confounded with the low-
Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in their ordinary
intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the introduction of
foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans the language
which the natives use among themselves is quite unintelligible. P. J. V
BATCHIAN.
A dialect of MALAY, somewhat allied to GILOLO.
%* This island is one of the Moluccas ; it has no indigenous popula-
tion, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race, and the
dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements. P. J, V.
BATEMDAKAIEE, see KULANAPO.
BATHURST.
A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.
BATTA (1), see BATAK.
BATTA (2).
A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.
*#* One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa. spoken under
9° N. L.
(« Red-rock" in MALAY).
A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Ambojna, closely allied to
LIANG. See MORELLA.
BAURE, see Moxos.
26
BAURO or SAN CRISTOVAL.
A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific
Ocean.
BAVARIAN (BAIERISCHE).
A dialect of TEUTONIC, typical High-German. See " Bayerisches
Worterbuch," by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37. W. W. S.
BAYANO.
A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala.
See DAEIEN and SAVANEKIC.
BAYEIYE.
African : a sub-dialect of BANTU, vernacular in the interior.
BAYON or BAYUNG.
A dialect of KAFFIR, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
*#* The name is important because it is the last of the languages on
the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.
BEAK.
A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea.
BEARNAIS.
The dialect of Beam, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot's
" Proverbes Bearnais, avecun Vocabulaire," 8vo, Paris, 1862. W. W. S.
BEAVER.
American : dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson's Bay
country ; sometimes classed as CHIPEWAYAN.
BECHUANA.
African : a dialect of KAFFIR. Moffat's " Spelling-book," London
1826 ; " Bukauiane A B C," Kapstadt, 1839. See SECHUANA.
BEDFORDSHIRE.
A dialect of England. See " An Analysis of English, with an Analysis
of the dialect of Bedfordshire," by T. Batchelor, London, 1809.
W. W. S.
BEGHARMI.
A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. ef Lake Tshad ; Dr.
Barth assigns it to the SHILUK class. Vocabulary in Klaproth's " Essai
sur la Langue du Bornou," Paris, 1826.
BEJA or BOJE.
A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient Apollono-
polis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called BISHABI. See Burckhardt's
•' Travels in Nubia," pp. 160-1.
BELANG or BILONG.
A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to LANGOWAN.
See BENTENANG.
27
BELGIC or BELGIAN.
• Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low- German, classed as a dialect of Frisian.
Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg's " Nouv.
Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique," " Echo du Monde Savant,"
1840.
BELONESE.
Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese
dominion ; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby.
by Mr. Heymering, in " Tyd. v. Ned. Ins." viii., 3. P. J. V.
BELOOCHI or BILUCH.
The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan
and the Indian Ocean, N. India ; it is allied to PERSIAN.
BELTIN.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken by a small tribe on the E. Abakan in
Siberia. "Asia P." p. 229. H. H. H.
BENGA gr BENGUELAN.
A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of BANTU,
N.W. branch. Mackey's " Grammar," N. York, 1855. See BlENGA.
BENGALI.
The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India ; it is
derived from SANSKRIT, and written in characters modified from the
Divanagari alphabet. See Carey's " Diet, of the Bengalee Language," &c.,
2 vols., Serampore, 1825 ; Yates's " Introd. to Bengali," Calcutta, 1847.
BENI, BENIN, or BINI.
A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight of
Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the MOKO. Other
dialects are the BONNY, the IBO, and ARO. See Clarke's " Dialects of
Africa," p. 35.
BENI MENASSER, see under M.
BENTENANG.
Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan, Ratahan,
and Ponasakan, sometimes called PASAN BANGKO. P. J. V.
BERBER.
A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants
of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians ; it somewhat resembles COPTIC
in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber is a
form of 01 f3ap3«poi, " people whose speech is not intelligible ; gibberish."
*** More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to
several widely spread languages of N. Africa. " Diet. Fransais-Berbere,
Paris, 1844. F. W. N. See LIBYAN.
BERBERINI.
A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the
BERBER, properly so called. F. W. N.
28
BERESOV.
The Ostiaks of Bereaov speak a dialect of OSTIACK. See Klaproth,
"Asia P." H. H. H.
BERGAMASCO.
A provincial dialect of ITALIAN.
BERKSHIRE.
A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol's " Bibliotheca Typo-
graphica Britannica," 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44 ; see also T. Hughes's
" Scouring of the White Horse." W. W. S.
BETHUCK.
The native dialect of Newfoundland ; it is allied to ALGONQUIN.
BETOI.
American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Ancles.
Sub-dialects are the AIBICO, ELE, GIRAKI, and SITUFA.
BHASA.
Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and
composition. 1. In BHASA-KRAMA, the ceremonial language of Java,
and in the BAHASA-TANAH of Amboyna, it precedes ; 2. In BRIJ-BHASA,
it follows the word. Compare SANSKRIT, 3T3T, vdchd, " speech."
See AMBOYNA.
BHATUI, or BHATORE.
A dialect of TAMUL.
%* One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India ; its basis is
MARATHI. Balfour's " Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India,"
BHIL or BHEEL.
A name for the BILUCH of Beloochistan. See BELOOCHI. &jf
BHOJEPOORA.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of
Benares, in the N. of British India.
BHOOTANESE.
A dialect of the BHOTIYA family, spoken in the modern Bhootan ;
it is allied to TAMUL. G. E.
BHOTIA.
The language of BHOT or BOOTAN. The people of all Thibet, from
Ladak to Lassa, are BHOTIAS, and inhabit the whole length of the
Himalaya, along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and
Sikim. Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the " Asiatic Society's Journal of
Bengal." A.C.
%* Bhot or Bhotiya : native name for Thibet or Tibet and the
Tibetans ; Butan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to
indicate the great spread of the Tibetan race. The Butanis call them-
selves Lhopa. K. G. L. See THIBETAN.
29
BHOTIYA.
A general name for the Sub- Himalayan languages. G. R.
BHRAMU.
A dialect of Nepaul, allied to DAHI. See BEAMHU.
BIAFADA.
A negro dialect, allied to PADSADE, vernacular in the Bissagos, or
Bijugas islands at the mouth of Eio, W. Africa.
BlAJUK or BIAJU.
A dialect of MALAY, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.
%* Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient
kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule. P. J. V. t&JT
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading
article ; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a collective
form, the following list of books is here supplied : —
Hervas : " Catalogo delle lingue conosciute," &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).
Empress Catherine and Pallas : " Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia
comparativa," 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.
Adelung and Vater : " Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,"
&c., 4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.
Vater and Jiilg : " Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und Wor-
tersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde," 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.
Balbi : " Atlas Ethnographique du Globe," &c., Paris, 1826.
Migne : " Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie compared,"
&c., Paris, 1864.
Latham : " Elements of Comparative Philology," London, 1862.
Tregelles and others : " The Bible of every Land : a History of the
Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens, alpha-
bets, maps," &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.
Miiller : " Lectures on the Science of Language," by Prof. Max Miiller,
London, 1862-64.
Farrar : " Families of Speech," by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London,
1870.
%* For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see
published catalogues of Messrs. Triibaer, Quaritch, and other dealers.
BlDDUMA, see BUDUMA.
BlENGA.
APEICAN : language of the I. of Corisco.
BIGHT-HEAD.
A native dialect of Australia.
BIJENELUMBO.
A native dialect of Australia.
30
BlKANIRA.
A dialect of HINDUWT, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India ; using
characters of the Divanagari alphabet.
BlLUCH, see BELOOCHI.
BlMA.
A dialect of MALAYAN, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E.
of Java. |gg°
BlMBPA, see CAMEROONS.
BlNI, see BENIN and MOKO.
BlSAYA or BISSAYAN.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd's " Malay Grammar,1'
dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. igg0
*»* Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the K. Limbang, N. Borneo.
Vocaby. in St. John's " Life in the Forests of the Far East ; " appdx.
p. 407. P. J. V.
BISCAY AN, see BASQUE.
BISHARI,
African ; a collective name for the DANAKIL, ILMORMO, and SOMAULI.
See BEJA.
BISSAGO.
AFRICAN : numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small
Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N. L. See BIAFADA.
BLACKFOOT.
A native dialect of N. America, classed as ALGONQUIN. It is now
spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler's
" Great Lone Land," London, 1873, p. 385 ; " Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,"
vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88 ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii.,
p. 494.
BLACKMOUTHS, see JURIPIXUNA.
BOBIA.
AFRICAN : a sub- dialect of OTAM.
BODE.
A dialect of BORNU. See Kolle's " Africa Pol."
BODEGA, see OLAMENTKE.
BODO,
A dialect of THIBETAN vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodg-
son (H. B.) " Aborigines of India." See MECH.
BOERO, see CAJELI.
31
BOHEMIAN.
Sometimes called CHEKHor TSCHEKH, spoken in Bohemia, a province
of the Austrian Empire ; it is of SLOVACK origin, and closely allied to
RUSSIAN. " Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky," by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to.
A Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary ; published by the Royal Academy
of Prague. W. W. S. See ROMANY.
BOKHARA or BOKAREE.
A dialect of PERSIAN, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth " Asia
Pol.," pp. 242-5-54. Pallas's " Vocab. Oath." p. 102.
BOKSA, see KUMAON.
BOLAANGO.
Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloong, Uki,
Bentaiina and Andagile of Kattingola. P. J. V.
BOLAR.
A negro dialect, allied to BULANDA.
BOLONG, BOLAANG, or BULONG.
A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to BUGIS ; and subdivided
into BOLONG-ITANG-OTA and BOLONG-MONGONDO. Respectively Upper
and Lower, the former is the BOLANG-ITAM or HITAM of Wallace's
App. " Malay Archipelago." Classed as sub-dialects of MENADU. ifg°
BONNY.
A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea.
See OBANY.
BOORO, tee CAJELI.
BOR.
A sub-TtTBANiAN dialect spoken by a broken tribe of NepauL,
BORABORA.
POLYNESIAN : A TAHITIAN language. Vernacular in one of the
Society's Is. "W. G. See TAHITI.
BORAIPER.
A dialect of Australia, allied to AIAWONG.
BORGIA, SAN.
A native dialect of California, N. America.
BORITSU.
A dialect of KAFFIR (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon
See Kolle : " Polyg. Afric."
BORMIO,
A dialect of ITALIAN, vernacular in Lombardy.
32
BORNEO.
The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks,
Biajiis or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects of
KAGAN or KAYAN, KUPUA, MALO, MERI, MILLANOW, MURUNG,
SAKARRON, SANGOUW, SIBNOW, Sow, SUNTAB. Works by Crawfurd,
Brooke (Sir J.), Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, <kc. ; for details see Latham,
pp. 305-7 ; Vater, p. 465. See DAJAK.
BORNU or BORNUI.
A large class of native African, allied to the HAXJSSA. Klaproth :
" Essai, &c,," 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke : " Dialects of Africa," p. 35.
Kolle : " Grammar of the Bornu language." See KANURI.
BORO.
A dialect of THIBETAN, allied to BODO.
BORORO.
An unclassed dialect of S. AMERICAN, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.
BOSJESMAN.
Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.
BOSNIAN.
SLAVIC, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.
BOTANGO.
A sub-dialect of MENADU. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309.
See BOLONG.
BOTIA or BOTYA, see BHOT.
BOTOCUDO.
A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America,
*** The dialect is quite distinct from the GuARANl. D. F. Qjj"
BOUSTROPHEDON.
"To turn," as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek
writing, which went alternately in different directions ; Solon's laws
were thus written. It comes intermediate between the SEMITIC order
of writing, viz., from right to left, and the EUROPEAN form from left to
right.
BOUTON,
BOWDITCH ISLAND.
The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman
Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had no written language before
visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles the SAMOAN that its
books are easily read and understood by the people. W. G.
BOWRI.
A dialect of TAMUL.
33
BRAHMINIC.
A name for SANSKRIT.
BRAHOOI or BRAHUI.
A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied to TAMIL. See Cald-
well's " Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages," 1861 ;
Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.
*** Interesting as showing affinities to JAPANESE, LOOCHOO, KOREAN,
and BASQUE. H. C. See BELOOCHI.
BRAI.
A dialect of France ; Cambrai (Nord) ? See " Dictionnaire du Patoia
du Pays de Brai," 1852. W. W. S.
BRAJ-BHAKA, see BRUJ.
BRAMHU or BHRAMU.
A dialect of THIBETAN, vernacular in Nepaul.
BRASIL.IAN, gee BRAZILIAN.
BRASS-TOWN.
A class of negro dialects allied to ARO. See ORU.
BRAZILIAN.
A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of
Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay ; it is largely
infused with PORTUGUESE, and much used by residents. In Portuguese
the " lingua Brasilica " means the " lingua geral." See Da Silva :
" Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil," &c., Bahia, 1854.
BREMISCH.
A name for the LOW-GERMAN dialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See
" Bremisch - Niedersachsisches Worterbuch," Bremen, 1767-71, with
Supplement, 1869. W. W. S.
BRESCIAN.
An ITALIAN patois, vernacular in Lombardy.
BRETON.
See " Dictionnaire Breton-Frangais et Frangais- Breton," par Ville-
marque, 2 vols., 1847-50 ; and " Diet. Celto-Breton and Breton-Fran-
gais," par Legonidec, 1807-21. $0*
BRISSI.
A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied to TETO. Vocaby. in
Wallace : Appdx. See KUPANG.
BRITISH.
A name for the PRE-RoMAN dialects of England.
See CELTIC or KELTIC.
34
BRUJ.
A dialect of HINDUWI, otherwise called BEIJ-BHAKA, spoken in the
province of Agra, Hindustan.
BUBONKO.
Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toiihia Islands, in the Gulf of Tomini,
N. Celebes. P. J. V.
BUCHAN.
A dialect of Scotland.
BUDUGUR.
A dialect of CANARESE, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.
BUDUMA.
A native dialect of Africa, allied to KANURI. Spoken by the
islanders of Lake Tshad.
BUGHELCUNDI.
A corrupted HINDUWI, otherwise called BAGHELCUNDI, vernacular
in Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.
BUGIS or BUJI.
A dialect of the MALAYAN family spoken ia the Island of Celebes or
Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a different cha-
racter from OLD MACASSAR. See Crawfurd's " Malay Grammar," Disser-
tation p. 88. "Vocabulary," Mission Press, 1833; " Chrestomathies
Paris. See MANGKASAK.
BUJI.
African : a sub-dialect of KABYLE.
BULANDA.
A dialect of W. Africa, allied to BAGO.
BULGARIAN,
Also called CYRILLIC ; a dialect of SLOVACK origin, brought into
Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient
Mcesia, S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them,
is a province of European Turkey, Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c.,
Constantinople, 1859-60. l§^
BULGARIAN, OLD, see SCLAVONIC.
BULLOM.
A dialect of MANDINGO, vernacular near Sierra Leone, "W. Africa.
%* It is in contact with TIMMANI, but totally different therefrom.
BULOCHI, see BELOOCHI.
BUMBETE.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the E. Gaboon. It is classed
as a N.W. form of KAFFIR.
35
BUNDA.
The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a sub-genus
of BANTU, including also ANGOLA, NANO, OTZIHERERO, and SINDONGA.
See Canuecattim's Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.
BUNDELCOONDI.
A dialect of HiNDUWT, spoken in the district of Bundelcund, Alla-
habad, British India.
or BUOOL.
ALFURU dialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied to BTTGIS.
BURGUNDIAN.
The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal dialects
of the old LANGUE D'OIL ; the others being the PICARD, the NOEMAN,
and the FRENCH of the I. de France. W. W. S.
BURIAT.
A Mongolian dialect of the TURANIAN family of languages, vernacular
near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia in
Asia. Castren: " Versuch-einer Burjatischen Sprachlehre," by Schiefner,
8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857. See KALKA. 1^
BURMESE.
A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia ;
originally conformable to CHINESE, it has been modified by the fusion
with PALI, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd : " Embassy
to Ava," Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries : Hough (Maulmein,
1845) ; Judson (Rangoon, 1866).
BUSHMAN.
A dialect of African, remotely related to the HOTTENTOT ; it is also
called SAAB.
BUTAN.
A dialect of THIBETAN, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan.
See BHOOTANESE and BHOT.
BUTON or BOUTANG.
A dialect allied to BUGIS, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to the
S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace's " Malay Arch."
BUTTANIR.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana,
N.W. India ; it is sometimes called VlRAT.
BYZANTINE.
A name for the GREEK of the Eastern Empire. Sophocles : Lex.,
Boston, U.S., 1870.
36
ADDENDA,
BADAGRY.
A language of W. Africa.
BADAKSHAN, see SHIGHNIS.
BANGSA.
African : a tribe of KOTJRi.
BARABRA, BERABRA.
African : names for the NUBIANS.
BARBA.
African : a dialect of the W., like MOSE and FANTI. H. C.
BEHISTUN.
Trilingual inscription.
BELAKAN.
A tribe of MAKULAT in Caucasia. H. C.
BENUA.
Orang Benua : people of Malacca. See JAKUN.
BERNE.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
BERRY or BERRICHON.
Apatoisof. FRENCH ; " Vocabulaire," by Jaubert, Paris, 1839.
BESLEYEUTSI.
A sub-dialect of CIRCASSIAN.
BHUMIJ.
A Kol tribe of India, allied to Sontal. H. C.
BOHMEN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See " Geschichte," by Pelzel, Vienna
and Prague, 1788-91.
BOJE or BOYE.
African : a name for the TAKA or TAKTJE.
BOKO.
African : a dialect like BANGBAY. H. C.
BOLA.
African : allied to PEPEL. H. C.
37
BOLOGNESE.
ITALIAN : dialect of Bologna. See Vocabulary by Verrari, Bologna, 1835.
BORA, see MABANG.
BORTLYKH.
A tribe of KASi-KuMUK, in Caucasia. H. C.
BOTLIK.
Caucasian : a dialect of ANDI, allied to Akhwash. H. C.
BOURGES, see CHEE.
BOURGOGNE.
FRENCH : dialect of Burgundy. Glossary by Barozai and Monnoye,
Chatillon, 1825.
BRABANT.
Provincial dialects of Holland ; sub-dialects of N. Brabant are BOSCH
and BEEDAASCH.
BRANDENBURG.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Moritz : " Markischer Dialekt,"
Berlin, 1781.
BREDAASCH.
LOW-GERMAN : dialect of the Netherlands. See Hoeufft : " Proeve
van B. taal-eigen," Breda, 1837.
BREGENTZISH.
Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Bergmann : " Ueber die
Volkssprache-Bregenzerwalde," Innspruch, 1827.
BRESCIAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocabulary by Melchiori, Brescia, 1817-20.
BRINNI.
African : name of a KOURI tribe.
BURRAH-BARRCH.
AUSTRALIAN. See King's " Narrative," London, 1827.
BURTUNA.
Caucasian ; a tribe of Marulat. H. C.
BUTE.
African : allied to BANGBAY.
BZUB.
Caucasian : the best known dialect of the UDE. See Schiefner's
Grammar. H. C.
38
C.
CABAROS.
AMERICAN ; aborigines on the K. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau :
" Expedition," vol. v., pp. 273-4.
CABOOL, see CAUBUL.
CACHARESE.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal ;
more generally spelt with a K. See KOOKIE.
CACHIQUEL, under K.
CADDO.
A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in
N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin's
Synopsis in " Archaeol. Amer." vol. ii., and " Tr. Amer. Ethnol."
CADIAK, under K.
CADMEAN.
Name for the earliest form of the archaic GREEK alphabet, consisting
originally of seventeen letters, derived from the SEMITIC ; eight letters
being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from Pliny.
CAFFRE Or KAFFIR.
One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in
Caffraria, S. Africa ; remotely derived from COPTIC, and mingled with
native African.
CAGATAIC, under K,
CAGAYAN.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Philippine Islands.
CAGLIARI.
A dialect of SARDINIAN.
GAG-MAG.
Coarse speech.
CAHITA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See vocaby. in " Nou-
velles Annales," Paris, 1841.
39
CAHUILLO.
AMERICAN : dialect of U. California. See " Pacific R. Reports,"
vol. ii.
•
CAIRNOS.
AMERICAN ; see " Catechismo," by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.
CAJELI.
A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua.
See Wallace's " Malay Archipelago."
CALABAR, NEW, see EFIK.
CALABAR, OLD.
A dialect of KAFFIR, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa.
See OTAM.
CALABRIAN.
Somance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN.
CALGHAQUI.
AMERICAN ; name for the INCA, QUICHUA, KECHTJA, or PERUVIAN,
dialects of TXJCUMAN.
CALD ANI, see under K.
CALEDON BAY.
AUSTRALIAN ; tribe of natives. See Bang's " Narrative," London, 1827.
CALEDONIA, NEW, see BALADEA.
CALIFORNIA!*.
American : numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the
chief being the JUMA or YUMA, COCHIMI, PERICU, KECHI or KIZH,
NETELA and WAIKURU. See " Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.," vol. vi.,
London, 1850 ; Schoolcraft : " Indian Tribes," iv., 406.
CALLILEHET.
AMERICAN : mountaineers of Patagonia.
CALMUC or KALMUK.
A dialect of MOGHOL, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes
of the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on
the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.
CAMACAN.
American : a dialect of BOTOCUDO. Da Silva : " Diccionaria . . .
Lingoa Geral." See MONGOYOZ. l§g"
CAMARIAN.
A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied to AMBOYNA. See Wallace's
" Malay Archipelago."
40
CAMBA, «ee KAMBALI.
CAMBOJAN.
A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of
S. Asia.
CAMBRAI.
A.patoia of France; Dept. du Nord.
CAMBRIAN.
A name for WELSH.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of
Norfolk. See Forby's "Vocabulary of East Anglia." W. W. S.
CAMEROONS.
African : a geographical term for some dialects of BANTU, ex. gr. the
BlMBEA, DUALLA, and ISUBU.
GAMES.
American : Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect of GUABANI.
CAMPASPEE.
Australian : name for the GNURELLEAN.
CANAANITE or CANAANITISH.
The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the
Jordan, closely allied to HEBREW. As the Canaanites were descended
from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their languages
has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald, Winer,
Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had a common
origin. But since the publication of Knobel's work on the ethnology
of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and critics hold
with Gesenius and J. G. Miiller that the Hebrews adopted the language
of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic dialect, while
Jacob uses Hebrew. E. P. S.
CANAANITIC.
Semitic : a name for the central branch, comprising HEBREW, PUNIC
PHOENICIAN, and SAMARITAN.
CANAMERIM.
AMERICAN: dialect of the E. Purus. See "Trans. E Geog. Socy,"
London, 1870.
CANARESE.
A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore,
a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the
Presidency of Madras ; it is allied to TAMIL and CINGALESE, with
a cursive alphabet very similar to TELINGA, called also KARNATIKA
and KANNADA. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864 ; Dicty. by
Eeeve (E. & C.), Madras, 1832 ; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.
41
CANARY, ,«
CANAWAY.
American : name for the KEXAY.
CANCHI, CASNAS, see under K.
CANICHANA.
American : a dialect of the Moxos missions.
CANISTOGA.
AMERICAN : spoken on the R. Susquehanna.
CANOJ.
An ancient dialect of HiNDtrwr, closely allied to BEUG, localised at
Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India ; spoken also in
the Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges,
and sometimes called CANYACUBYA.
CANOPUS.
Inscription : bilingual Egyptian : known as the decree of Canopus.
CANT.
Slang or vulgar speech, derived from ftie Latin "canto," "I sing."
See dicty. in "Life .... of Bamfylde Moore Carew," London, 1789.
CANTABRIAN.
A name for a pre- Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or
Hispania.
%* Also sometimes used as a synonym for BASQUE. W. W. S.
CANTONESE.
A local dialect of CHINESE, called KONG ; spoken in the province of
Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.
CARAHO, see CARAJA.
CARAIB or CARIB.
A native AMERICAN dialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras
in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America ; the natives, called Karifs, have
peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For vocaby. see Davies'
" History of the Carriby Is.," London, 1866. Ifgf
CARAJA or CARAYA.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.
CARANCA.
American ; dialect of the QuiCHTJA.
42
CARIAN.
An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found
only in inscriptions, written in a modified ARCHAIC GREEK character.
The language has not yet been explained; see " Revue Archeologique,"
March, 1870.
CARIBISI.
A sub-dialect of CARIB.
CARIPUNA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil.
CARIRI, see KIRIRI.
CARNATACA, see CANARESE.
CARNICOBAR.
A sub-dialect of MALAY, allied to MON, vernacular in the Nicobar
Islands.
CARNIOLAN.
A dialect of SLOVAdK, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout
the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.
CAROLINES.
A dialect of POLYNESIAN, vernacular in the N. Pacific ; see disserta-
tion in Crawfurd's " Malay Gr."
CARPENTARIA!*.
A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.
CARPENTRAS.
Egyptian : bilingual inscription in so-called ARAMAIC and hiero-
glyphics, called the Carpentras stone.
CARRIERS.
AMERICAN : Mackenzie's name for the Tacullies.
CARSHUN.
A name for ARABIC, written in the characters of the SYRIAC alphabet
as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.
%* Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom
consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, '' Bibl.
Med. Laur. Catal.," p. 61. R. P. S.
CARTHAGINIAN, see PUNIC.
CARTOUCH.
An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an
inscription, device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian
hieroglyphics. See cut : Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., j
(Cheops). ^ ^
CASHGAR, same as KASHKAKI.
CASHMERIAN Or CASHMEREE.
A dialect of SANSKRIT, largely influenced by PERSIAN ; vernacular in
Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India, It is written
in the DIVANAGAHI characters.
CASSIA, see KHASSEE.
CASTELMAGNO.
A dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Alps.
CASTILIAN.
Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of " Galligo Castellano,"
by Eodriguez, Coruna, 1863.
*** In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana) prevailed
exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the proper name
for modern Spanish. W. W. S.
CATALAN, CATALONIAN.
A dialect of SPANISH, vernacular in the province of Catalonia ; it
consists of a mixture of corrupted LATIN and GOTHIC.
%* The old Catalonian strongly resembled PROVENCAL, and was spoken
in Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. W. W. S.
See " Diccionario,".by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.
CATAWBAS or KUTAHBAS.
American : dialect of the CATAWHAYS, formerly vernacular in N.
and S. Carolina. Gallatin's " Synopsis," Camb., U. S. 1836.
See WACCOA.
CATHLASCON.
American : a mixed language of L. Columbia, also called WASCO, and
sometimes classed as CHINUK ; sometimes as TSCHAILI-SELISH.
CATOQUINA.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Brazil. K. G. L.
CAUBUL, under K.
CAUBULEE.
Modern dialect of Kabulistan.
CAUCASIAN.
A term for GEORGIAN..
*„,* Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the
Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them ; but more
properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial,
and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the
Circassians, &c. See Max Miiller: " Languages of the Seat of War,"
p. 113. G. E.
44
CAUIXANA.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Brazil.
CAUKE.
American: a dialect of the QUICHUA.
CAVERI.
American ; a spelling of CARIB.
CAYAGAU.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied to BlSATA.
CAYAPO.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl's " Keise,
Weimar, 1832.
CAYENNE.
American : dialects of French Guiana. Those known are the
EMERILLONS or ROCOUYENNE, the OAMPI, and OYAPOK.
CAYOWA.
American : a native dialect of Brazil, classed as GUARANI. See
Castelnau's " Expedition."
CAYUBABA, Or CAYUVAVA.
The dialect of the Cahans or Woodmen of S. America ; it is allied to
GUANA ; spoken on the R. Mamor6.
CAYUGA.
AMERICAN : a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York.
Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," ii., 482.
CAYUS.
The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.
CELDALES Or TZENDALES.
American : dialect of the MAYA spoken in Guatemala.
CELEBESE.
The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the
Eastern Sea ; all are allied to BATTA.
*#* Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of
Celebes. P. J. V. ij^T
CELT-IBERIAN.
A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the
Roman era, with characters framed on the OLD ITALIC. See BASQUE.
45
CELTIC or KELTIC.
A branch of the ARYAN or INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages.
See Ebel. : " Celtic Studies by Sullivan," London, 1863 ; Zeuss :
" Grammatica Celtica," Berlin, 1868-71.
%* It contains two classes : 1, the CYMRIC, which includes WELSH,
CORNISH (now extinct), and BAS-BRETON ; 2, the GADHELIC, which
includes ERSE, or IRISH, GAELIC (spoken in the Highlands of Scotland),
and MANX (spoken in the Isle of Man). W. W. S.
CELTO-BRITISH,
A name for WELSH.
CERAM.
A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied to BUTON.
%* Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies of CAMARIOS,
HATUSUA, KAIBOLU, PERU, KUMAHKAI, TEHULATE, and WAISAMU.
P. J. V.
CERIS.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett's
" Personal Narrative."
CEYLON, see CINGALESE.
CHACO.
The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of
S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.
CHAGOS.
American : dialect of AuRAUCANiAN, vernacular in a small archi-
pelago off Chili.
CHALDEE or CHALDAIC.
An extinct language of SEMITIC origin, generally supposed to be
HEBREW, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name
given to a dialect of ARAMAIC written in characters of square Hebrew,
as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and
Levy.
%* Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of
their empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among
later Jews. G. R. 1^
CHAMORI.
A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.
CHAMPENOIS.
ROMANCE : French patois of Champagne.
CHANDOR.
Tartar tribe of Central Asia.
CHANDRAGUPTA, see GUPTA.
46
CHANGLO.
A dialect of BUTAN, allied to BURMESE.
CHANGOS.
AMERICAN : independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about
24° S.L. ; dialect unknown.
CHANTA.
A dialect of YENISEIAN, spoken by Ostiaks.
CHAOUIA.
African ; French form of the SHOWIAH.
CHAPA, under CHIAPANECA.
CHAPACURA.
American : dialect of the Moxos Missions ; also called HUACHI. ftee
D'Orbigny, " L'Homme Americain," Paris, 1839.
CHARCA.
American : dialect of the AYMARA.
CHARLOTTE, QUEEN, CAPE, see BALADEA.
CHASDIM.
In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees
are called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is
supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.
CHAVANTE.
AMERICAN : a dialect of the E. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil.
See CHERENTE.
CHAW.
A dialect of N. Arracan.
CHAYMA.
American : a dialect of Venezuelan CARIB spoken along the watershed
of the Ks. Orinoco and Amazon.
CHECK, CHEKHE, see BOHEMIAN.
CHEECHEELEE.
American : one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head
Indians. The more correct form would be TSIHAILI.
CHEMEHUEVI.
American : dialect of U. California, allied to PA DUG A.
CHEMMESYAN.
A dialect of ATNA or SELISH, vernacular in N. America.
47
CHEPANG.
A dialect of NEPAULESE, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian
origin.
CHEPEWYAN.
American ; dialect of ATHABASCAN about Hudson's Bay. It is the
"Northern Indian" of early explorers.
CHER.
ROMANCE : a patois of France ; see de Gembloux : " Notices sur
Bourges et la Dept. du Cher;" Bourges, 1840.
CHEREMISS, see TSCHEREMISSIAN.
CHERENTE.
American : a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied to CHAVANTE.
CHEROKEE.
A large family of native N. American dialects, classed as APPALA-
CHIAN or FLOBIDIAN, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R.
Tennessee was formerly called Cherokee.
CHESHIRE.
A dialect of England. See Wilbraham's "Glossary of Words used in
Cheshire," 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826. W. W. S.
CHETIMACHA.
A dialect of N. American, allied to the MTJSKOGULGE or CHEEK.
CHEYENNE, see SHYENNE.
CHIAPANECA.
American : dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See " Artes,
by Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
CHIBCHA.
Otherwise MtTYSCA, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at
Santa-Fe de Bogota, New Grenada.
CHIGHUA.
American : same as QuiCHUA.
CHIKKASAH.
American : a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas ; also
called CHICACHAS ; classed as MOBILIAN.
CHILIAN or CHILENO.
AMERICAN : name for the dominant language of the original Indians
of Chili ; also called ABAUCANLAN. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres
Santiago, 1846. See MOLUCHE.
48
CHIMANOS.
A dialect of S. America, allied to BANIWA, vernacular on the R.
Orinoco. See TICUNAS.
CHIN.
(1.) AMERICAN : a form of the Chinese word for " men ; " it appears
in ATNA, as-applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word " Tshin "
or " Chinook." See NAGAILER. lggp°
(2.) ASIATIC : a dialect of N. Arracan.
CHINANTECA.
American : a dialect of MAYA, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. " Artes,"
by Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
CHINCH AISUYU.
American : QUICHUA, dialect of Lima.
CHINESE.
(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages, ver-
nacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects, and
resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is con-
sidered to have originated from drawings of actual objects, somewhat
analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture writing of
Mexico. The word " chin," in Chinese, means " man," " men," i.e. the
inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F. Davis, Bart ,
" Chinese Miscellanies," London, 1865 ; " Moral Maxims," Macao, 1823 ;
" Poetry of the Chinese," London, 1870. Dicty. by Lobschied, Hong-
Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.
(2.) Dialects are AMOY, CANTONESE, FOOCHOW, MANDARIN, MIAU,
PUNTI, SHANGHAI.
CHINOOK.
(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects are CLATSOP, CATHLAS-
CON or WASCO, and WAKAIKAM. Vocaby. in "Hale's Exploring
Expedition," Philadelphia, 1840.
(2. ) A mingled patois, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N. America,
and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes."
See JARGON.
CHIPPEWAYAN.
A native dialect of N. America, sometimes called OJIBWAY, belonging
to the ALGONQUIN family of languages, spoken by races spread through
Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg.
They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to the CUBE.
See " Cree Grammar," by Howse, London, 1805 ; Schoolcraft's " Indian
Tribes," vol. ii., 4.
CHIQUITO.
A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguinaneis, in Bolivia,
S. America. Used also for the Missions. fc^ "
CHIRIGUANO.
American : Bolivian dialect of the TUPI or GuARANl. See D'Orbigny :
" L'Homme Americain," Paris, 1839.
49
CHOCHA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Mexico. See De Souza : " Biblioteca
Megico," 3 vols., 1816-19.
CHOCKTAW or CHAHTAH.
A native dialect of N. America, belonging to the APPALACHIAN or
FLORIDIAN group ; the tribes, originally settled E. of the Mississippi,
have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington, Philadelphia, 1870.
CHOCO or CHOLO.
AMERICAN : dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.
CHOMANO.
A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied to CHIMANOS.
CHONDAL or CHONTAL.
American : Squire's class-name for the WOOLWA. • See WUT/WA.
CHOROTEGAN.
AMERICAN : language of Nicaragua. See Squier : " History of
Nicaragua," 2 vols., 1861.
CHORTI.
American : dialect of MAYA, spoken in Guatemala. "Amer. Ethnol.,"
N. Y., 1845.
CHOUAN.
French term ; bucolic ; speech of peasantry.
CHOWESHAK.
AMERICAN : language of Upper California. See Schoolcraf t's " Indian
Tribes," Philadelphia, 1855.
CHOWIAH, see CHAOUIA.
CHRESTOMATHY.
Greek word, from "Xpanr" " to import, to use ;" a selection of useful
passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with vocabu-
laries, &c.
CHUDIC, see under T.
CHUNIPI.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Chaco district. See CHUNUPIES.
CHUNTAQUIRO.
American : a dialect of the E. Tocatins, allied to CARAJA. Also
called SIMISENCHIS.
CHURCH-SLAVIC.
A synonym for the OLD BULGARIAN of the eleventh century. See
Sle'.cher's " F^rmenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache," Bonn, 1852.
W. W. S.
E
50
CHURWELSCHE.
A sub-dialect of ROHANESE or ROMANIC, spoken in the Engadine or
Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also called
EHCETO- ROM ANIC.
%* It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, " Welsche," i.e. " foreign."
W. S. W. V.
CHUTIA.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to SINGHPO.
ClAMPA, see TSIIAMPA.
CIGANIS.
A name for GIPSEY. See ZIGANI.
CINGALESE.
The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based upon SANSKRIT ; and
apparently formed "by the admixture of PALI, a Sanskritic dialect,
with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis,
Colombo, 1852.
CIRCASSIAN.
A dialect of the Caucasus, divided into ADIG£ and ABSN£. The native
term is TSCHEBKESS. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.
CLALLAM.
A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.
CLAMETS, see LUTUAMI.
CLASSIFICATION.
A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and
arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or
supposed affinities.
%* The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.
LANGUAGES.
UNCULTIVATED. CULTIVATED.
I _ I
I I I I
Isolating. Inflectional. Isolating. Inflectional.
I
I I
I I
i. ii. in. iv. v. vi. vii. vin.
The Trans- Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan.
gangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By incor- (By loose (By in- (by
languages, the modifi- (By the at- poration.) annex- ternal proper
cations of tachment ation of vowel- suf-
meaning of suffixes the gram- changes.) fixes.)
byrednpli- to the matical
cations and root.) elements.)
prefixes.)
Farrar : Families of speech," p. 173.
51
CLEVE.
Sub-dialect of Low GERMAN. See Geerling : " Ueber die Clevische
V.," Wesel, 1841.
CLEVELAND.
A dialect of England, spoken in the district of Cleveland, situate in
the North Eiding of Yorkshire. See Atkinson's " Glossary of the
Cleveland Dialect," London, 1868. W. W. S.
CLYDESDALE.
A LOWLAND SCOTTISH dialect, from which numerous words are cited
in Jarnieson's Scottish Dictionary. W. W. S.
COBEU.
American : language of the R. Negro. Allied to UAINAMBEU, and
described by Wallace : " Travels on the Amazon," London, 1853.
COBLENTZ.
Teutonic : a sub- dialect of Low-GEEMAK.
COCAMA.
AMERICAN : spoken on the R. Ucayale.
COGHETIMI.
A N. American dialect, allied to ACOMA.
COCHIMI.
A N. American dialect, vernacular in Old California.
COCHIN-CHINESE.
Monosyllabic : also called ANAMITE. Dissertation by Du Ponceau, 8vo,
Philadelphia, 1838.
COCHNEWAGOES.
American : described as iROQUOis ; either extinct or another form of
CAYUGA. R. G. L.
COCKNEY.
Cant term for idiomatic speech of London, metropolis of the United
Kingdom.
COCOMARICOPA.
American : a dialect of SONORA, allied to CUCHAN.
COCONOONS.
American : a dialect of U. California, allied to TULARENA. Spoken
in the R. Mercede.
COCONUCO. '
American : dialect of New Grenada. See " Memoria," by Mosquera,
N. York, 1852.
E2
52
COCOS.
A dialect of Polynesian, allied to SAMOAN.
COERUNA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil.
COHISTAN I., see under K.
COLACK.
A native dialect of Australia.
COLLAGUA.
American : a dialect of the AYMARA.
COMANCH.
A dialect of Texas in America, classed as PADUCAN. Schoolcraft'j
" Indian Tribes," ii., 494. &JT
COMASQUE.
ROMANCE : dialect of Lake Como.
COMEYA.
AMERICAN: a language of California; spoken by Indians of the San
Diego Mission (Bartlett); a tribe of the Yumas, according to Whipple.
See " Pacific R. II.," vol. ii., Washington, 1855.
COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY.
That branch of philology which treats of a comparison of languages
by their grammatical structure, or the similarity of radical words.
CONCHO.
American : a dialect of OLD MEXICAN. See Triibner's " Ludewig,"
p. 52.
CONGO or KONGO.
A large genus of native AFRICAN languages, vernacular on the
W. coast. Classed by Dr. Bleek as BANTU.
CONIBOS.
AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, on the U. Ucayale. "Bulletin de la
Soc. Geo.," Paris, 1853.
COOLIE.
Indian word for "porter" or "bearer."
COORG, or CURG.
The dialect of Coorg, a mountainous district of Madras, S. India
Grammar by Cole, Bangalore, 1867.
COOTANI, see KITUNAHA.
53
COPEH.
American : dialect of U. California, vernacular on the R. Sacramento.
COPTIC.
A language supposed to be derived from the ancient EGYPTIAN, but
mingled with ARCHAIC GREEK ; it was spoken in the valley of the
Lower Nile until the seventeenth century, but is now extinct. The
alphabetical system greatly resembles Greek, with six letters adopted
from the hieroglyphics.
%* The upper dialect is called the SAHIDIC or THEBAN ; the middle
dialect is the MEMPHITIC, and the language of the Delta the BASH-
MURIC. Greek words abound in all those, but most in the last. Vocaby.
hy Parthey. Coptic and Latin, L. &. C., Berlin, 1844 ; Grammar by
Schwartze, Berlin, 1850.
CORA.
A'dialect of Central America, allied to PiMA.
CORDOFAN.
African : dialect of the Capital, Obeyd.
COREAN.
A dialect vernacular in the Corea, a peninsula of N. E. Asia, inter-
mediate between China and Japan ; it is a compound of JAPANESE
with the TATAR. See GILIAK.
CORETU.
A dialect of S. America, allied to TUCANO.
Vocabularies are given by Wallace (Travels on the Amazon), and by
Balbi ("Atlas Ethnog.")
CORIO (1).
A native dialect of Australia.
CORIO (2) or CUREO.
A dialect of ITALIAN, denned as ALPINE.
CORNEILLES.
AMERICAN : French name for the Upsaroka or Crow Indians.
CORNISH.
An extinct dialect of CELTIC, closely allied to WELSH and BRETON ;
formerly vernacular in Cornwall.
%* See " Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum," by R. Williams, 4to, Llan-
dovery, 1862-65 ; and Norris's "Ancient Cornish Drama." W. W. S.
CORNISH, MODERN.
The Modern Cornish is an ENGLISH, not a Celtic dialect ; see
" Specimens of Cornish Dialect,'' by Treenoodle, Svo, 1846. Another
list has been given by Polwhele, Truro, 1808. W. W. S.
54
CORNOUAILLERE.
Keltic : sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON spoken in the diocese of Quimper
Corentin.
COROADO.
A dialect of S. American, allied to PURUS, spoken in Brazil ; a similar
vocabulary is called COROPOS.
COROPO.
A dialect of S. American, vernacular in Rio Janeiro.
CORREGUAJE.
AMERICAN : language of New Grenada, spoken on the eastern slope of
the Andes. See " Los Indies del Andaqui," Popayan, 1855.
CORSICAN (1).
A dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Isle of Corsica. See Robert's
" Sketches of Corsica," London, 1825.
CORSICAN (2).
A dialect of modern GREEK, allied to MAIKOT.
COSTANO.
A dialect of N. American classed as TALATUI, spoken by the Olhones
and Romonans, or Coast-men, in U. California. See Schoolcraft's
" Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 494.
COSTA RICA, see TULARENA.
COTSWOLD.
A dialect of Gloucestershire. See Huntley's " Glossary of the Cots-
wold Dialect." W. W. S.
COURLAND, see CURISH.
COVARECA.
American : a tribe of CHIQUITOS missions ; see D'Orbigny, "L'Homme
AmSricaine."
COWELITS, under K.
COWICHAN.
Language of Van Couver Is. ; spoken in several dialects on the S.E.
Coast, also on the mainland, up Fraser R. to Yale. R. B.
CRAVEN.
A dialect of Yorkshire. See "The Dialect of Craven, with a copious
Glossary " by a Native (the Rev. W. Carr) ; 2nd ed., 2 vols., 1828.
W. W. S.
55
CREE.
A dialect of ALGONQUIN spoken by the Kristeneaux or Nehetho-
wuck race of N. American Indians, widely spread along the tributaries
of the B. Hudson in Canada. They use a system of characters greatly
resembling our own stenographs. They are also found between the Red
River and Rocky Mountains. See Butler's " Great Lone Land : "
London, 1873, p. 385. Grammar by Howse, London, 1805.
CREEK.
The dialect of the MTJSKOGTJLGE race of N. American Indians, allied
to CHOCKTAW. Spoken in Florida.
CREMONESE.
ROMANCE : dialect of Cremona, in Italy.
CREOLE.
Spanish word " criollo," from " crear " " to nourish " ; it is a diminu-
tive of "cria," a "brood" or " suckling," i.e. "a native." A true
Spaniard, one of the same breed ; but brought up in America or the
W. Indies ; but applied also to any W. Indians of European extraction.
In Creole forms of speech the basis is EUEOPEAN ; in Jargon it is
AMERICAN. Grammar by Thomas, Port of Spain, 1869.
See JABGON.
CREOLESE.
A name given to the corrupted dialects of European languages spoken
by negroes in S. America and the W. Indies.
%* (1.) English and Negro in Surinam. See Grammar (Neger-
Englische) Bautzen, 1851 ; Dicty. (Dutch and Neger-Englische) Lbbati,
1856.
(2.) Portuguese and Negro in Surinam. See SARAMACCA.
(3.) Dutch and Negro in St. Thomas (Danish.) Grammar by Magens,
Kjobenhavn, 1770.
(4.) Spanish and Negro. Putman, Gemeenzame Lamenspraken, Santa
Eosa, 1853.
(5.) French and Negro in Trinidad. Vocaby. by Joly, Paris, 1802.
CRETAN.
Hellenic : a sub-dialect of GREEK ; see under K..
CRISTENEUX, under K.
CRIVINGIAN or CRIVONIAN.
Mixed dialect of LETT and FIN. It is sometimes called CRIVONO-
LITHUANIC. See LIEF.
CROATIAN.
SLAVONIC : a dialect of SERVIAN spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia,
Austrian provinces bordering on the Adriatic. It is closely allied to
ILLYRIAN, and is written with LATIN and also with GLAGOLITIC
characters. See Dicty. by Sulek, " Deutsch-Kroatische," Agram,
1854-60.
,56
CROW.
A dialect of the Sioux class of native N. American dialects. The
native name is UPSAEOKA.
CUBA, see W. Indies.
CUCHAN.
The dialect of the Yuma Indians, in N. America, vernacular on the
R. Colorado.
CUCIQUIA.
American : same as CHIQUITOS.
CUFIC.
The most ancient mode of writing ARABIC, so named from Kufah,
in Irak, originally a province of Persia ; the alphabet is modified from
the SYRIAC, and is found in the earliest copies of the Koran and on
coins of the first three centuries after Mohammed's flight from Mecca,
A.D. 622; now superseded by the NISHKI, since adopted by Turks and
Persians. W. S. W. V. ^°
CULINO,
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil.
CUMANA, CUMANAGOTA.
American : dialects of CARIB, closely allied to CHAYMA.
See TAMANAQUE.
CUMANCH.
A dialect of N. American, allied to the SHOSHONE, vernacular in
Texas. See COMAKCH.
CUMANIAN.
An extinct dialect of TURKISH.
CUMBERLAND or CUMBRIAN.
A dialect of England. See Ballads and Poems by J. Relph, T. San-
derson, Rev. R. Nelson, E. Clarke, J. Stagg, Miss Blamire, A. C. Gibson,
&c., ; especially Cumberland Ballads, by R. Sanderson, with a Glossary
by S. Gilpin. W. W. S.
CUNACUNA.
A dialect of central American, allied to DARIEN.
CUNEIFORM, see ARROW-HEAD.
CUNEO, see CORIO.
CUNIPUSANA.
American : dialect of the BARRE or BANIWA class.
CURACOA.
A compounded NEGRO-DUTCH, spoken in the Carribean Is., W. Indies.
57
CURAVES.
AMERICAN : a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D'Orbigny :
" L'Homme Americaine."
CURDISH, under K.
CURGI.
A dialect of MALAYALIM, called KODUGU, and allied to TULU.
CURISH, CURLANDISH.
LITHUANIC : dialect of Courland or Kurland. See LEIF.
CURSIVE.
So-called running hand ; applied to alphabets of small, rounded or
connected letters, that may be rapidly formed ; from the Latin, " curro,"
" I run."
It is generally contrasted with (1) monumental or lapidary ; (2) printing.
CURUMINACA.
AMERICAN : a tribe of the Chiquitos missions. See D'Orbigny :
"L'Homme Americaine."
CUSHNA.
AMERICAN : dialect of U. California. See Schoolcraft's " Indian
Tribes," voL ii.
CUTCHI.
A dialect of Hinduwi, spoken over the district known as the Runn
of Cutch, N. W. India.
CUZCO, CUZCUCANO.
American : dialect of QUICK u A.
CYMRAIG, see WELSH.
CYNURIAN.
A name for certain forms of ancient GREEK.
CYPRIAN or CYPRIOTE.
An extinct dialect, formerly vernacular in the Isle of Cyprus, not
fully understood, but perhaps allied to ancient GREEK, and expressed by
a peculiar alphabet having some analogies with the LYCIAN. Inscrip-
tions found at Citium, &c. ; " Jl. of Biblical Archaeology," January, 1873.
CYRILLIC.
A name applied to the written characters of SLAVONIAN and
WALLACHIAN, ascribed to Constantine the philosopher, known as
St. Cyril, the apostle of the Slaves, circa 850 A.D.
%* These characters are chiefly taken from the Greek, with many
additions, and the number of distinct characters exceeds forty. The
RUSSIAN alphabet is derived from it, but is simpler. G. R.
The name is also used for OLD BULGARIAN, the ecclesiastical dialect
of OLD SLAVONIC. See CHURCH SLAVIC.
CZECH, see BOHEMIAN.
58
ADDENDA.
CABALA, see under K.
CAIPOTORADE.
American : sub-dialect of ZAMUCA.
CAMSHAVA, CUMSHEWAN.
AMERICAN : tribe of Haidah in Q. Charlotte's Is.
CATHAY, see MUNIPOORA.
CAURASENI.
Indie : dialect of PRAKRIT.
CHACAHUAXTI.
American : sub-dialect of TOTONAKA.
CHAHTAH, see CHOCKTA-W.
CHALCHESI.
American : sub-dialect of NAHUATL.
CHAMER.
AMERICAN : Osage tribe of Arkansas.
CHAMI, CHUMI.
Illyric : sub-dialect of ALBANIAN.
CHAMPHUNG.
Indo-Chinese : a NAGA dialect.
CHANOS, CHONOS, CHUNGS.
AMERICAN : tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.
CHASOWO.
Ugrian : dialect of SAMOYED.
CHEGHEHET.
AMERICAN : tribe of Puelche.
CHELAKE, CHILAKE, see CHIRAKE.
CHELLOUH.
African : same as SHILLUK.
CHICHIMEK.
AMERICAN : ancient dynasty of Mexico.
CHILCART.
AMERICAN : leading tribe of Sitka.
59
CHILICOTHE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Shawnees.
CHIMMESYAN, see CHEMMESYAN.
CHIN-CHEO. t
Chinese : name for the dialect of Fu-KlAN.
CHIRAKE.
American : same as CHEROKEE.
CHIRUPA.
American : dialect of MAYPUR.
CHOLA.
American : mestizo race of Peru.
CHONOS, see CHANGS.
CHOPUNISH.
American : name for SAHAPTixs.
CHOSCOT.
Moghol : dialect of KALMUK.
CHOWHONE.
Dravidian : sub-dialect of BOWEI.
CHUCHU.
AMERICAN : dialect of the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia.
CHUMI, see CHAMI.
CHUNO, see CHANO.
CHUNUPIES.
AMERICAN : tribe of Vilela.
COLE, see KOL.
CONCHA.
American : CHIKKASAH dialect of W. Florida.
CRIMEAN.
Turkee : called KRIM-TARTAR ; dialect of the Crimea. Vocaby. in
Montandon's " Guide," Odessa, 1834.
CRNOGORGI.
Servian : same as MONTENEGRINS.
CULILAN-CUNNY.
AMERICAN : tribe of Tehuelhets. Cunny : a tribal designation of
that people.
CUMSHEWAN, see CAMSHAVA.
60
D.
DABANTSHI.
AFRICAN : dialect of the district of Hamarua and Adamawa ; Earth's
Collection ; Gotha, 1862-6. See BATTA.
DACIAN or DACO-WALLACHIAN, tee under w.
DACOTAH.
AMERICAN : chief dialect of the Sioux ; Pond : " Dakota' Reading-
hook," Boston, 1842. See Sioux.
DAGAMBA or DAGWUMBA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Kouri. See INGWA.
DAHI or DARAHI.
Indie : a dialect of Nepaul allied to KUSWAR ; it is also called
DEN WAR.
DAHOMY.
AFRICAN : a large group of languages vernacular on the Guinea
Coast. McLeod's " Voyage," London, 1820. See WIDAH.
DAIRI.
The dialect of Western Battas, in Sumatra. P. J. V.
DAJAK or DYAK.
The native dialect of Borneo, a large island in the Indian Archi-
pelago : spoken by Polynesian aborigines as distinct from Malay.
Keppel : "Expedition," London, 1846; Hardeland's Dicty., Dajacksch-
Deutsches, Amsterdam, 1859.
DAKHANI or DUKHANI.
Indie : a dialect of HINDOSTANI vernacular among the Mohammedans
of the Madras Presidency, in the Deccan or S. Peninsula of India.
DALECARLIAN.
Sub-dialect of SWEDISH ; see Arborelius Conspectus: " Lexici."
Upsala, 1813; "Grammatices," 1818 ; Hire's Swenskt Dialect-Lexicon,
Upsala, 1766. W. W. S.
DALLA.
AFRICAN : a negro dialect spoken on the Abyssinian frontier.
See SHANGALLA.
61
DALMATIAN.
Slavonic : a sub-dialect of SERVIAN. See Frolich " Der Kleiiie
Illirier," Vienna, 1840.
DALRYMPLE, PORT.
TASMANIAN ; native dialect of district so-called.
DAMANTSHI.
AFRICAN ; assigned by Barth to a district of Hamaroa.
DAMMARA.
African ; sub-dialect of HOTTENTOT.
DAMOT.
African : sub-dialect of AGAW.
DAMULIC.
Dravidian : same word as TAMULIC.
DANISH.
TEUTONIC : a language of the SCANDINAVIAN branch. It is the
vernacular tongue of modern Denmark and its dependencies, and closely
allied to SWEDISH and NORWEGIAN. See the Dictionaries by Molbech.
Copenhagen, 1841-59 ; Ferrall and Repp, 18G1 ; and the Society's great
" Danske Ordbog," in 8 or 9 vols., still unfinished.
DAN KALI (pi. DANAKIL).
A sub-dialect or division of GALLA, spoken by the Danakil or Afers,
an intrusive tribe located between the Red Sea and Abyssinia ; the word
'• Afer " has been plausibly referred to as containing the lost root 'of the
word " Africa ; " most probably a variant of Kaffir ; and " Dana," taken
speculatively, may be connected with the Greek legend of the alleged
Danaan migration from Egypt, in pre-historic times. See Isenberg :
" Vocabulary," London, 1840.
DANO-SAXON, see ANGLIAN.
DARAHI, see DAHI.
DARD or DARDU.
A group of languages vernacular in Caubul, more especially on the
mountainous tracts of the Paropamisan range ; known also as SHINA.
Vocaby., &c., by Leitner. l|^
DARFUR.
AFRICAN ; Konig : " Vocabulaire," Paris, 1839 ; Perron : " Sheikh
Mohammed's Voyage," Paris, 1845. See FURIAN.
DARIEN.
AMERICAN : spoken by aborigines in the Isthmus, so-called. igg0
DARLING.
Australian : dialect of YAK KUMBAN. See Eyre's Journals, London,
1845.
62
DAR-MITCHEGUA, see DIZZELA.
DARNLEY (1).
AUSTRALIAN : native dialect of an island so named.
DARNLEY (2), see ERROOB and MAER.
DAR-RUNGA.
African : allied to MOBBA. Browne's " Travels," London, 1799.
DARSALEH WADY or BERGU.
Large district of Central Africa between Bornu and Darfur. The
following languages are said to be spoken in it : — (1) ABUE GEDAM ;
(2) AIN GAMARA; (3) BILI; (4) BILTING; (5) GIRRI; (6) KAJANGA ;
(7) KAWAK ; (8) KELINGEN ; (9) KODOYI : (10) KOROMBOY ; (11)
KUMO ; (12) MADABA; (13) MADALA ; (14) MALANGA ; (15) OGO-
DONGDA ; (16) SHEFERI, Of these the MOBBA is the only one known
by printed specimens. The unpublished papers of Dr. Barth contain
much new material for the investigation of this large and obscure region.
E. G. L.
DASEN.
PAPUAN ; dialect of the district about Port Doreh, New Guinea.
DAUPHIGNESE.
Patois of OLD FRENCH : a sub-dialect of PROVENCAL, formerly ver-
nacular in the Dauphine, S. France. See " Essai " by Jules, Paris, 1840.
DAURA.
African : sub-dialect of HAUSSA.
DAURAI.
American : CARIB of Demerara ; closely allied to ATORIA.
DAUTGART.
AUSTRALIAN : native dialect of W. Colack.
DEER.
Indian : a dialect of SWAUTI, closely allied to SHINA. See " Jnl. A. S.
of Bengal," 1838.
DEGOMBAH, see DAGAMBA.
DEHWAR, seen^m.
DELAGOA BAY, see LAGOA and TEKEZA.
DELAWARE.
American : a dialect of ALGONKIN spoken by the true Beaver Tribe of
the Lenni-Lenape race, originally located in the State of Delaware, but
now removed to the frontier. The modern tribes are said to represent
those with whom William Penn first treated in 1682. Pickering : " Vo-
cabulary," Boston, U. S., 1823. See LENNI LENAPE.
63
DELGADO, CAPE.
AFBICAN : dialect of the Mozambique.
DEMBEA.
Semitic : sub-dialect of AMHARIC.
D EMOTIC. (" Of the people.")
A name for the most cursive writing of ancient Egypt ; also called
ENCHORIAL.
%* It is written invariably from right to left, and has been derived
from the primitive hieroglyphic. The earliest known employment of it
was in the 7th century before Christ. See Brugsch : " Grammaire
Demotique," Berlin, 1855. G. R.
DENKA (1).
TURANIAN ; a name for the Odh or Sable Ostiaks.
DENKA (2).
African : called also DINKA ; it is spoken in Kordofan, and is allied
to SHILLUK. See vocabulary in Riippel : " Eeise in Abyssinien," 2 vols.,
Frankfort, 1838-40.
DENWAR.
Indie : very much like DAHI. H. C.
DEORIA-CHUTIA, under C.
DE-PEYSTER, see FAKAOFO.
DERBYSHIRE.
A provincial dialect of England ; see " Glossaries," by Mawe, 1802 ;
Mander, 1821 ; also " The Reliquary," ed. by LI. Jewitt, F.S.A., a
periodical. W. W, S.
DERI.
Persic : a sub-dialect of the PARSI, the descendant of the ancient
Persian language, spoken in Persia from about A.D. 800. G. R.
DESYA.
DRAVIDIAN : a term for provincial MALAYALIM.
DEUTSCH, see GERMAN.
DEVONSHIRE.
A provincial dialect of England : Dialogues and Glossaries by Palmer.
1837 ; Phillips and Gwatkin, 1839.
DEWALLA, see DUALLA.
DEWANAGARI, see DIVANAGARI.
DEWA-NTSHI.
AFRICAN : assigned by Earth to Hamarua.
64
DEWOI.
AFRICAN : a dialect spoken in Dahomey, and allied to BASSA, GEEBO,
KRU, &c. H. CT.
DEY.
AFRICAN : a sub-dialect of GEEBO, formerly spoken at Cape Mesurado,
on the W. Coast.
DHAMUK.
A sub-dialect of TURANIAN, spoken by a broken tribe of the Himalayas.
DHANGUR.
A dialect of the KOL language. The Dhangres of Chota-Nagpoor are
the principal emigrants (as Coolies) to Mauritius and the W. Indies.
A. C.
DHENWAS, see DAHI.
DHIMAL.
The same language as the MECH ; the Dhimals, like the former, live
and thrive in the malarious tracts of Nipal, along the base of the
Himalaya. A. C.
DIALECT.
The division of a language. Term used for the local variation of a
language that is habitually used by, or usually intelligible among, the
speakers (applied to provinces or large districts).
DIALECT, SUB.
A further division of dialects (applied to townships or small tribes).
DlBON, see MOAB.
DIDO.
LESGIAN, same as UNSO. igg"
DIEBES-SPRACHE.
German term for "cant or slang speech"; also called GAUNEB-
SPRACHE ; See Jiilg's '• Vater," pp. 310-12.
DlEBS IS.
German name for the Ladrones. See CHAMORI.
DlEGUNO.
AMERICAN : language of the mission of S. Diego, vernacular in
California. JgO'
DlEPHOLZ.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN, vernacular in Westphalia. See Miiller :
" Westphalisches Idiotikon," Churlande, 1794.
DlKELE.
African : classed by Bleek in the N. W. branch of BANTU.
65
DlMAL.
Same as DHIMAL. See MECH.
DlNKA.
African : same as DENKA. See Mitterrutzner's " Die Dinka-Sprache,"
Brixen, 1866-7.
DlOSCURIAN.
A name for the various languages vernacular in the Caucasus ; used
collectively.
%* The word is derived from Dioscurias, a Greek colony on the coast
of Mingrelia. G. K.
DlPPIL.
A native dialect of the Australian aborigines. Vocaby. by Ridley,
Sydney, 1866.
DlVANAGARI.
A name for the alphabet adopted in SANSKRIT, and transferred to
HINDOSTANI and many sub-dialects ; the word is compounded of
"Diva,"" God," "nagara," "a city," i.e., "the sacred city"; soil.
Benares. It is apparently derived from the CUFIC, and quite distinct
from old Sanskrit, a name for Bactrian or Zend.
DlVIHET.
American : same as PUELCHE.
DlZZELA.
African : spoken on the frontiers of Abyssinia ; also called DAR-
MITCHEGUA. It belongs to the AGAW group. Salt's " Voyage," London,
1814. See SHANGALLA.
DJABU.
African : name for EYO or AKU.
DJEBALY.
African : same as KABYLE.
DJOE-TONG, see SARAMECCA.
DOBA.
A NEGEO dialect of Abyssinia. See SHANGALLA.
DODI.
African : a dialect of BORNTT, allied to BODE and NGODZEN.
DOFLA.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to ABOB.
DOG-RIB.
American : a dialect of ATHABASCAN, allied to SLAVE.
66
DOGURA or DOGRA.
Indie : a dialect of SANSKRIT, otherwise called JUMBOO or MOUNTAIN
PUNJABI, spoken in the Punjaub, N. W. India.
DOING-NUK or NAK.
Monosyllabic : a sub-dialect of AEAKANESB.
DOLGANEN.
TATAR : the most westerly dialect of the YAKUT spoken between
the Yenisey and the Chatunga by three small tribes : 1, the Dongot ;
2, the Adean ; 3, the Dolgan. The Samoeids call them " younger
brothers," Dolgan being the Russian term. Latham's "Nationalities,"
vol. i., p. 262, London, 1863.
DOLKHALI.
A dialect of OLDER DRAVIDIAN, vernacular in Nepal.
DOMANTSHI.
AFRICAN : the same as DAMANTSHI and DUMANTSHI.
DONGOLAWY.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Nubian Group, spoken on the Nile in 12° N.L.
R. G. L.
DOR.
AFRICAN : spoken on the Nile, about 3° N.L. See vocabulary by
Petherick : " Egypt, the Soudan, &c," 8vo, 1861.
DORBOT or DURBET.
A dialect of MOGHOL.
DOREH or DOREY, PORT.
PAPUAN : dialects of N. Coast of New Guinea ; Wallace : " Malay
Archip."
DORIC or DORIAN.
Hellenic : a dialect of ANCIENT GREEK, spoken in Laconia, Argolis,
Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, and several cities of Asia Minor, known to us
both through books and inscriptions. It is of a broader character than
common Greek. See Portus : " Diet. Doricum," &c., 1603. G. R.
DORPAT.
Sub-dialect of ESTHONIAN, vernacular at Dorpat in Esthonia, a Russian
province on the Baltic. It belongs to the Turanian family of languages,
and closely resembles FINNISH. Masing : " Vorschlage," 8vo, Dorpat,
1820 ; Faehlmann, " Versuch," Dorpat, 1842.
DORSETSHIRE.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Barnes : " Poems in Dorset
Dialect," 3 vols, 1847-62 ; also Grammar and Glossary in " Trans, of
Phil. Society," 1863. W. W. S.
67
DRAVIDIAN, DRAVIRIAN, or TAMULIC.
A family of languages, agglutinative in character, vernacular in the
S. Peninsula of British India, and classed as Sub-Turanian. It includes
CANABESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU, and TULU. The term is
derived from " Dravira," a Sanskrit name for the Coromandel Coast. It
is also called NISHADA. See Caldwell : "Comparative Grammar of the
Dravidian Languages," 8vo, 1861. Clif
DREWIN.
African : a dialect of GEEBO, allied to BASSA, spoken at Cape
Palmas, Ivory Coast, Guinea, W. Africa.
DSUKU.
African : allied to NUFI.
DUALLA.
African : spoken at Fernando Po, W. Coast ; classed by Bleek as
BANTU. It is also spelled DEWALLA.
DUAURA, see BALADEA.
DUGORIAN.
A sub-dialect of OSSETINIAN.
DUMAGAT.
A dialect of NEGRITO ; vernacular in the Philippine Islands.
DUMAN.
A GIPSEY dialect of Persia. See Latham's " Elements," &c., London,
1862, p. 248.
DUMANTSHI.
African : dialect of HAMARUA. A form of DAMANTSHI.
See DOMANTSHI.
DURBET, see DORBOT.
DURHAM.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Glossary in " Surtees' Society
Publications," 1837. See TEESDALE.
DUTCH.
The modern typical language of LOW-GERMAN, called NIEDER, or
PLATT-DEUTSCH ; it is the name formerly given to High-Dutch or
German and Low-Dutch or Flemish, but now narrowed to the NETHER-
LANDISH of Holland. It includes the dialects of Holland or LOW-DUTCH,
and of Flanders, or FLEMISH, with their sub-dialects, and is allied to
PLATT-DEUTSCH, being one of the great classes of the TEUTONIC. The
Dutch of Holland has a copious literature, and is spoken in Holland,
parts of the West Indies, South Africa, and Australasia or Netherland-
India. Provincial dialects are numerous. See " Jiilg's Vater," pp. 93-98 ;
De Vries and Te Winkel " Woordenboek," 1864-70, still unfinished ;
Hermansz's " Aenleiding," Amsterdam, 1723; Tninman's "Fakkel,"
Leyden, 1722-31. H. C.
F2
68
DWAMA.
African : dialect of the MAN A.
DYAK, see DAJAK.
DZEKIRE.
African : dialect of the YOEUBA.
DZELANA.
African : classed as KOURI, but allied to MOSE, GURESA, and GURMA.
H. C.
DZHELLABA.
African : dialect of BORNU.
DZUKAGHIR, or JUGAGHIR.
Ugrian : a sub-dialect of FIN.
ADDENDA.
DAGO-ROMAN, see WALLACHIAN.
DAKOTA, see DACOTAH.
DANGER Is.
POLYNESIAN : language of the S. Pacific ; a mixed dialect of SAMOAN
and TAHITIAN. W. G.
DATE,
African : a dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.
DAURIA,
Alatyan : a class of TUNGUS. H. C.
DAYAK.
Correct form : the word is not " DYAK," and " DAJAK " is only a
foreigner's form of " DAYAK." H. C.
DEMBO.
African : a branch of SHILLTJK. H. C.
DERBENDIAN.
Sub-dialect of TURKISH, spoken by certain tribes near the centre of
the Caucasus. G. K.
DEVANAGARI, DEWANAGARI, see under Di.
DHANGAR.
HINDI : applied generally to the people of hill tracts, who come to
the plains and engage as labourers ; they are also shepherds, and closely
allied to the Kurubars of S. India. They have a dialect peculiar to them-
selves. See Wilson's " Glossary," London, 1855. W. E.
69
DHER.
The lowest race in India, now generally reduced to a state of slavery,
but retaining many household words, indicative of their origin, and well
worth attention. W. E. See PARIAH.
DHURANI.
A dialect of AFFGHAN.
DJAGATAIC, see under J.
DJETKI.
SANSKRITIC : a dialect of PUNJABI, spoken by the Djets or Djats, a
people of the Punjab and Scinde. G. R.
DJOE-TONGO, see SARAMACCA.
DOFAR, see HIMYARITIC.
DOM, DOMBAR.
Kemnants of an aboriginal race in India, once a powerful people, now
scattered as nomades, sometimes as predial slaves, or as acrobats,
speaking all dialects, but having a domestic jargon peculiar to them-
selves. See " Supplementary Glossary, N. W. P." W. E.
DOMINGO, ST., see W. INDIES.
DONKI, see TUNGUS.
DOUBLE-DUTCH.
Gibberish : anything perfectly unintelligible.
DSEBU, DSEKIRI, DSUMA.
African : AKU dialects. Vocaby. in Kolle's " Af . Pol." H. C.
DSUNGAR, DZUNGARIAN.
Moghol : sub-dialect of TATAR.
DUKHANI, see DAKHANI.
DUMHOETA.
A dialect of DANAKIL.
DUZEN.
GERMAN term : familiar speech.
DYNKE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the U. Nile.
DYUR or LUOH.
African : name for the SHILLUK, including BELLANDA and DEMBO.
See Schweicfurth's Grammar and Vocaby., Berlin, 1873. H. C.
DZUNGARIAN, see. DSUNGAR.
70
E.
EAFEN.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Otam.
EAP, see YAP.
EAST ANGLIAN.
A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk,
Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northampton-
shire. See Forby's "Glossary of the East- Anglian Dialect"; Moor's
" Suffolk Words" ; and the glossary appended to Nail's " Great Yar-
mouth and Lowestoft." W. W. S.
EASTER IS., see TEAPY.
EBE.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Nufi.
EBO, see IBO.
ECGLEMACHS.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few
words. See " Mithridates," iii., 3.
ECUADOR.
AMERICAN : general name for a group of languages vernacular in
State so called.
EDO, see SHIHO.
EFIK.
AFRICAN : language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to AVEKVOM.
H. C.
EGARRA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Yoruba.
EGBA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Yoruba. See vocaby. in Kolle's " Af. Pol.,"
H. C.
EGBELE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Ibo, allied to OKULOMA, UAGO, SOBO, BINI,
and OLOMO. H. C.
EGBIRA-HIMA and EGBIRA-PANDA.
AFRICAN : dialects of the Nufi.
71
EGYPTIAN.
A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in
Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri: Works by Champollion,
Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of
" England's Place in Universal History " contains a most copious
dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.
*»* By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic ; by others as
undeveloped SEMITIC ; by others it is called HAMITIC, and thought to
be allied to TURANIAN. G. R. See COPTIC.
EHNEK.
AMEBICAN : vernacular in N. California.
EKAMTULUFU.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Otam.
EKE.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the AKU. Vocaby. in Kolle's " Af. Pol." H. C.
EKHKILI.
A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in
S. Arabia ; it is allied to TlGRE and other dialects of Abyssinia, and
classed with the OLD EGYPTIAN. G. R.
ELE.
AMERICAN : a dialect of the Betoi.
ELEUTH.
A dialect of CALMUC, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.
ELMINAH.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold- coast.
ELOIKOB, see UKUAFI.
ELU.
A name for the written and most ancient dialect of CINGALESE.
ELUGU.
African : akin to the ISOAMA and IffWANl. See Clarke's " Vocabulary."
EMDEN.
A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Kriiger : " Uebersicht," Emden,
1843.
EMERILLON.
AMERICAN : name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French
Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok.
See OYAPOK.
EMILIAN.
A patois of native ITALIAN, vernacular along tho upper course of the
ancient Via ^Emilia.
ENAREAN.
PORTUGUESE name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the
extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted
that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke ; if so, the word for
"water," which is "maidy," is Kaffir ; and the Enarean is a language of
the KAFFIR class, of which it is the most central representative.
R. G. L.
ENCHORIAL (" Of the Country").
The same thing as DEMOTIC.
ENDE.
A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archi-
pelago, closely allied to BIMA. See FLORES.
ENDKEK or ENEDKEK.
A dialect of SANSKRIT, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.
ENGADINO or ENGHADINE.
A variety of the Komanese or Romance family, derived from LATIN :
it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubiinden of Switzerland, vernacular
on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn ; it is subdivided
into two dialects, the upper and lower.
ENGANO or ENGANHO.
A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of
Sumatra, spoken in an island so named. R. G. L. See TILAN JANG.
ENGEREKMUNG.
American : native name for the BOTOCUDOS of Brazil. See Triibner's
" Bibliotheca Glottica," pp. 67-8.
ENGLAND, NEW, under N.
ENGLISH.
The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England ;
it is au offshoot from the TEUTONIC, formed directly from the ANGLO-
SAXON, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to
FRISIAN and other dialects of PLATT or Low- GERMAN. Mr. Skeat
proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz. : 1, Old English
(old and late old) ; 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle) ;
3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern) ; or, 1, to A.D. 1100 ; 2, to
about A.D. 1240 ; 3, to A.D. 1327 ; 4, to A.D. 1484 ; 5, to A.D. 1603 ; 6, to
present time. See Latham: "English Language," and others; Strat-
mann's and Wedgwood's Dictionaries ; Halliwell and Wright : " Archaic
and Provincial " : Ellis : " Pronunciation " ; publications of the E. E.
Text Society ; Morris : " Outlines of English Accidence " ; Matzner :
" Englische Grammatik," Berlin, 1860 ; Koch's " Historische Grammatik,"
Weimar, 1863-9. t&*
73
ENISHI.
African : akin to the UMOWO. See Clarke's " Vocabularies."
EREGBA,
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Nufi.
ERROMANGO.
A class of WESTEEN POLYNESIAN, allied to ANNATOM or ANEITEUM,
the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group. W. G.
ERROOB.
A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes :
" Voyage of the Fly," vol. ii., p. 274.
ERSE, see IRISH.
ESCUARA or EUSKARIAN.
Native name for the BASQUE language. The word is of doubtful
etymology ; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the
B, V. and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative,
but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have
been detected. The people call themselves " Escualdun." Bee De
Larramendi : " Diccionario trilingiie del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,"
St. Sebastian, 1853 ; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to " Mithri-
dates"), 8vo, Berlin, 1817 ; D'Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836. J. V.
See BASQUE.
ESITAKO.
African : a dialect of NUFI.
ESKELEN or ESLENES.
AMERICAN : vernacular in U. California. See vocaby. in " Tr. Am.
Ethnol. Soc.," vol. ii., p. 127.
ESQUIMAUX or ESKIMO.
The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions
of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; it is allied to many
other native AMERICAN dialects, but with decided affinities to the lan-
guages of N.E. America. This people call themselves " Innuit," i.e., "the
people " ; ESKIMO is the Danish, ESQUIMAUX the French form of the
same word. See Kleinschmidt : " Grammatik," Berlin, 1851 ; Vocaby.,
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 78. l^"
ESSEX.
A sub-dialect of ENGLISH. See " John Noakes and Mary Styles,"
London, 1839.
ESTHONIAN.
The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe ; it
is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and
Riga (DORPAT). It belongs to the TURANIAN family of languages, and
closely resembles FINNISH. See Wiedemann : " Esthnisch-D.Worterbuch,"
St. Petersburg, 1869.
ESTRANGELO.
The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modifi-
cation of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the
reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies " the
gospel character," it having been retained by the scribes for the copying
of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more
cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land's " Anecdota
Syriaca," vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the
most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palseographical
introduction. R. P. S.
ETCHEMIN.
American : a dialect of New England, belonging to the ABENAKI
division of the ALGONKIN class. The name tells us that it was spoken
in the State of Maine.
*»* See Barratt : " The Indian, &c.," Middletown, Conn., 1851 ;
Vocaby., " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 109.
ETHIOPIC.
Semitic : An extinct dialect of ARABIC, closely resembling AMHAEIC,
and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic ; it was
spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the
natives as " Lisana Ghee'z." See Ludolph ; Schrader : " De Lingua
^thiopica," Gottingen, 1860 ; Dillman : " Lexicon, Grammar, and
Chrestomathy," Leipsig, 1857-66.
ETHNOLOGY.
The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations ; treating of all
that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners,
customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word ANTHROPOLOGY.
See Latham : " Descriptive Ethnology," and others ; Prichard :
" Physical History of Mankind," and others.
ETRURIAN or ETRUSCAN.
An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions ; it is
classed by some as THRACO-PELASGIC or GRECO-LATIN. The Etruscans
were the most dominant power of Italy in pre- Roman times ; their native
appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the
Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abb6 Migne has discussed the
whole question. See " Diet, de Linguistique," &c., folios 554-600, where
the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray,
Lord Crawfurd, Doderlein, Muller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub.
See PAL^IO-GEORGIAN.
ETYMOLOGY.
The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of
words.
EUDEVE, see HEVE.
EUROPEAN, tee INDO-EUROPEAN.
EUSKARIAN, see ESCUARA.
75
EWOI.
AFRICAN : a dialect of the Slave-coast.
EXMOOR.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH, spoken in Devonshire. See " Exmoor
Courtship and Scolding," London, 1839.
EYO or EYISH.
African : the same as ALIKH, a sub-dialect of the YARBIBA or YOEUBA.
ADDENDA.
EDIYA, see ADIYAH.
EDJO.
AFRICAN : tribes encroaching on Abyssinia. H. C.
EELIKINOO.
American : SITKA dialect of Chatham's Strait.
EHATSAR.
American : name for MINETAEE.
ElJIQUAIJEGI.
American : native name for GUAYKUBU of Cujaba.
EJO.
African : same as OETJ.
EK-AFIR.
African : a form of the word KAFFIR.
EKKLEMACHE.
American : tribe of ESKELEN in California.
ELLIKPUR.
Indian : dialect of GOND.
EMPUNGWA, see MPONGWEE.
ENAGUA.
American : extinct tribe of OMAGUA in Venezuela.
ENAKAGA.
American : dialect of GUAYKURU.
ENCOUNTER BAY.
AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre's " Journal," London, 1845.
76
ENDEAVOUR RIVER.
AUSTRALIAN. See King's " Narrative," London, 1827.
ENGLISH, OLD.
A name for ANGLO-SAXON, sometimes applied to early English. See
Matzner's " Altenglische Sprachproben " ; Rask's Grammar, by Thorpe,
London, 1865 ; Hyde Clarke's " Comparative Philology of the English,"
&c., London, 1859.
ENIMAGA.
American : name for the Kochaboth tribe of GUAYKURIT.
ENUA, under F.
EPIC GREEK.
That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See
Pinzger's " Formenlehre des Epischen," Breslau, 1829.
EPIGRAPHIC, see INSCRIPTIONS.
ERIGAS.
American : quoted in Jiilg's " Vater " as IROKESE.
ESCOPIE, see SKOPPIE.
EURASIAN.
The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of
Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese
and Hindustani : the English ones English and Hindustani and Ben-
gali. A. C.
F.
FAKAOFO or BOWDITCH Is.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of De Peyster's Is.
FALA, FALANTSHI, Or FALANJI.
AFRICAN : assigned by Earth to Hamarua.
%* Judging from Earth's account, the termination " anji " would
seem to mean " tongue " ; he gives us instances of similar forms so
applied. W. S. W. V. See BATTA.
FALASHA.
A dialect of AGAW, spoken by a people, called " Black Jews, "-scattered
throughout Abyssinia. See D'Abbadie, in " Bulletin de la Soc. de Geog.,"
Paris, 1845, and a modern book by Flad.
%* Derived from the Hebrew " fallasi " (root ip^S ) a " wanderer "
or " stranger," A. H. B.
FALL-INDIANS.
AMERICAN : a name for tribes of the Alasar. See MINNETARI.
FALLERSLEBEN.
A sub-dialect of Low-GEBMAN. See Hoffmann's " Mundartliche," in
Spiel's " Archives," 1821.
FAMILIES OF SPEECH.
A name for primary divisions of languages, classed genealogically.
See Dr. Farrar's book, so called, London, 1870.
FAN.
Dialect of SANSKRIT, used by Chinese Buddhists.
%* The full term is " Fan-lan-mo,'' equivalent for " Brahma'' in Chinese.
See "Families of Speech," p. 14.
FANINTSHI.
AFRICAN : assigned by Barth to Hamarua. ,See BATTA.
FANT or FANTE (1).
A name for the GIPSEY dialect of Norway.
FANTEE or FANTI (2).
African : dialect of the Gold-coast, closely resembling AVKKVOM,
ASHANTEE, &c. See Kilham's "-Specimens." Same as the INTA of
Bowditch.
FAROER Or FAROESE.
TEUTONIC : a sub-dialect of SCANDINAVIAN, spoken in the Faroe Is.,
and closely resembling ICELANDIC. See FERROB.
FARSI or PARSI.
A name for OLD PERSIC, now extinct, but from which modern
PERSIAN has been derived.
%* It is that stage of the Persian language which followed on the
Pehlevi, and prevailed from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000. G. R.
FASCHETRU.
AFRICAN : a negro dialect of Nubia! See Rifatid : " Tableau de
1'Egypte," Paris, 1830.
FASSA.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Tyrol.
78
FATE.
POLYNESIAN : a dialect of the New Hebrides.
FAVORLANG.
A dialect of MALAY, spoken in Formosa. See Happart : " Diet.,"
Batavia, 1840.
FAZOGLO.
African : spoken in Kordofan ; also called QAMAMYL, and somewhat
allied to DENKA and SHILLTJK. See Riippell : " Eeisen," &c.
FEEJEEAN or FIJI.
Language of the Viti, Figi, Fidjee, or Viji Is. in the S. Pacific ; the.
largest island is called Viti Lebu. See Hazlewood : " Grammar and
Diet.," 1850-2.
%* Classed as MALAYAN ; it. has sub-dialects, and has been reduced
to writing by missionaries. H. C.
FEIS.
Dialect of the Carolines. See ULEA.
FELLA, FELLATAH, see FULA.
FELUP or FLUP.
AFRICAN : spoken on the R. Gambia. See Park's " Travels.'' Allied
to BAGNON, &c.
FENUA.
A dialect of PAPUAN. In eastern islands, ENNUA. W. G.
FERNANDIAN.
African : dialects of Fernando Po, classed by Bleek in the N.W.
branch of BANTU. See ADIYAH.
FERRARA.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocabulary by Mannini, 1805.
FERTIT (GOLD).
African : spoken in Kordofan, about 9° or 10° N.L. ; it is somewhat
allied to SHABUN. See Ruppell : " Reisen in Nubien." See KREEDY.
FETU.
African : said to be a dialect of FANTI or INTA. H. C. See AFUDU.
FIAKA.
Sub-dialect of AlNO or KURILIAN.
FlCO, see CALIFORNIA, LOWER.
FlDAH, seeWiDAH.
FIJI, see FEEJEEAN.
79
FlLANI.
African : Haussa name for FtTLA.
FINNIC, FINNISH, Or FINLANDISH.
Agglutinative ; the typical language of the CHUDIC, or TSCHOUDIC
family of TURANIAN ; it is the native dialect of Finland, a grand duchy
of European Russia, N. of the Baltic ; it is, like TUKKISH, TATAR, and
MOGHOL, classed as ALATYAN, but largely influenced by SWEDISH and
RUSSIAN. See Kellgren : " Die Grundziige der Finnischen Sprache,"
Berlin, 1847.
%* Dialects are (1) Province of ABO, (2) TAVASTRIAN, (3) KARELIAN,
(4) OLOXETSIAN, (5) VADIALAISET. See STJOMELAISET.
FlROKANA.
The name of an alphabetic character used by the Japanese.
FLASH.
A name for CANT or SLANG, derived, it is said, from a village so
named in Staffordshire, but see the Swiss " flatschen," " flatzgen."
Vocabularies in " The Scoundrel's Dictionary " and " Life of James
Hardy Vaux."
FLAT-BOW.
A name for the Kiitani tribes of N. American Indians. See Vocaby.,
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 97.
FLAT-HEAD, see SELISH.
FLEMISH.
A dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN, spoken in Flanders
and other provinces of Belgium ; it is closely allied to DUTCH, and of
cognate origin with ANGLO-SAXON. See Van de Velde et Sleeckx :
" Diet. Fr.-Flamand et Fl.-Fr.," 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1848-51.
%* Classed as NETHERLANDISH, and closely allied to HOLLAND. Its
chief variations consist in the introduction of French roots (Walloon or
Welsh). It has an ancient and a modern literature. H. C.
FLORES.
Sub-dialects of MALAY, vernacular in the I. of Flores or Mangeylo,
and closely allied to BIMA. It is also called ENDE.
FLUP, see FELUP.
FOBI.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Soudan, lying N. of the Dagwamba.
FOKIEN.
A provincial dialect of CHINESE.
FONOFO.
A sub-dialect of PAPUAN.
80
FOO-CHOW.
A local dialect of CHINESE. Diet, by Maclay and Baldwin.
FORMOSAN.
Dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Tae-wan or Taiouan, called Formosa,
an island near the E. coast of China.
FOT.
AFRICAN : dialect of the W. See Kilham's " Specimens."
FOTUNA.
POLYNESIAN : mixed dialect vernacular in the New Hebrides. W. G.
Fox INDIANS.
AMERICAN : name for the Kikkapu Indians.
FOX IS., see UNALASKHA.
FRANCHE-COMTE.
A patois of FRENCH. " Essai " par de Brun et Petit-Benoist,
Besancon, 1755.
FRANCONIAN.
Teutonic : a sub-dialect of OLD HIGH-GERMAN.
FRANGI.
Lesgian : sub-dialect of KASI-KAMUK.
%* A Caucasian dialect along the R. Terek. W. S. W. V.
FRANK or FRANKISCH.
Teutonic : a dialect of GERMANIC, classed as MIDDLE-HIGH-GERMAN,
spoken by tribes of Franks who were the founders of the French
Monarchy. See FRENCH.
FRENCH.
A language derived directly from the Latin, as adopted by the
Romanised Celts of ancient Gaul, and subsequently intermingled with
the Teutonic dialects of Frankish and other Allemanic invaders, whence
the name. It is the vernacular tongue of the modern European state
known as France, and one of the most polished languages of the Uni-
verse. Migne:"Dict. de Linguistique," folios 1018-21, quotes eighty-
seven specimens from sub-dialects, called patois. " Diet, de 1' Academic,"
2 vols., Paris ; Fleming and Tibbins : " Royal Diet.," 2 vols., Paris,
1866-7 ; Littr6 : " Histoire, Etudes, Dictionnaire," &c. $jjT
FRENCH, OLD.
A sub-dialect of LANGUE D'OIL, formerly vernacular in the I. de
France. See Orelli : " Altfranzosische Grammatik," &c., Zurich, 1848.
81
FRIBOURG.
A patois or sub-dialect of the French Rhenish provinces. Gaudy-
Lefort : " Notice," &c., in " Jnl. de Geneve," 1826.
FRIENDLY VILL.
American : dialect of BlLLECHOOLA, Salmon R.
FRISCO BAY.
African : a KRU and GrREBO dialect of the W.
FRISIAN (FRIESISCH).
TEUTONIC : the ancient dialect of Friesland, on the German Ocean,
now partly submerged, or annexed by Holland and Prussia ; it belongs
to the LOW-GERMAN branch, and is closely allied to ANGLO-SAXON. It
still survives as one of the local dialects of the Netherlands.
%* It is divided into three branches, viz.: 1, BATAViAN-FRisic, the
most resembling Anglo-Saxon ; 2, WESTPHALIAI.-FRISIC ; 3, N. FRISIC,
the dialects of Heligoland, Schleswig, &c. See Richthofen : " Alt-F.
Wb'rterbuch," Gottingen. 1840 : Rask : " Friesische Sprachlehre," Freiburg,
1834. l^
FUCA STRAIT.
AMERICAN : dialect of the N.W. coast. See " Archseol. Am.," vol. ii.,
p. 378.
%* Straits of S. Juan de Fuca, probably OREOONES. W. S. W. V.
FUEGIAN.
Language of Tierra-del-Fuego, S. America.
*,* Classed as PYGMEAN ; it has two dialects, the ALIKULIP and
TEKEENICA. H. C. See PESCHERAI.
FULA, FULAH, or FULFELDE.
African : the chief language on the W. ; it is allied to MANDINGO.
See Macbrair and Norris : " Grammar," London, 1854 ; Clarke's
" Dialects," p. 6.
*** This word is also glossed as " FELLA " ; it is probably a variant of
the Greek word " iriMot," " dark," " swarthy," " black." See PEUL.
FUNGI.
African : name for the SHILLUK.
FURIAN.
African : dialect of DAR-FooR or DAR-FUR. See Riippell's " Reisen."
%* Allied to the AKUSH of the Caucasus. H. C.
FUTHORC.
Name for the RUNIC alphabets, taken from the first six letters, viz. :
" Fe," " Ur," " Thura." " Os," " Reid," " Kaun."
O
82
ADDENDA.
FELIPE, SAN, see PUEBLOS.
FELLAHIN.
AEABIC : plural of "fallah," "a farmer," or properly " a ploughman " ;
from the root " falh," " ploughing or cleaving." A. H. B.
FENIC, see IRISH.
FERINGEE, FERHENGI.
ASIATIC term for Europeans of doubtful etymology. Cf . Frank, Varan-
gian, and Frangi.
FERROE.
Same as FAEOEE. See Bosworth's A. S. Dicty., ed. 1838, p. 161.
W. W. S.
FLORENTINE.
ROMANCE : dialect of Florence in Italy.
FREIBURG.
Teutonic : HiGH-GEEMAN of Switzerland. See Schreiber's " Freiburg
im Breisgau," 1825.
FRIENDLY Is., iee TONGA.
FUKIEN, see FOKIEN.
FUNGE.
AFRICAN : name for a population of Sennaar. H. C.
FURBESCO.
ITALIAN : term for cant or slang. " Trattato," &c., Pisa, 1828.
G.
GA.
African : a name for ACCEA or AKRA. Zimmermann : " Grammatical
Sketch," 4to, Stuttgart, 1858. See AQUAPIM.
GABOON or GABUN.
A large class of native AFRICAN. See MPONRWE.
GADABA.
NON-ARYAN : a language vernacular in the highlands of Gaddapur
in Goomsiir or Gumsur, Circar of Ganjam.
GADHELIC or GAELIC.
A dialect of CELTIC, closely allied to IRISH and MANX ; it is spoken iii
parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the neighbouring
islands. Dictys. by Armstrong, McAlpine, Shaw, Macleod, and Dewar,
&c., the best being that published by the Highland Society. Grammars
by Forbes and Stewart.
GADI.
A dialect of the Punjab, allied to HINDI.
GAFAT.
A sub-dialect of AMHARIC, spoken in S. Abyssinia. See " Mitliridates."
Dr. Beke, &c.
GAH.
A dialect of MALAY, spoken by wild Alfuru of E. Ceram. See
Wallace : " Malay A.," Appendix.
GALAIO.
A sub-dialect of PAPUAN.
GALEGO or GALLEGO.
A sub-dialect of PORTUGUESE, allied to the GALLICIAN of Spain, the
same name being applied indifferently to both.
GALELA.
A language anterior to MALAY, vernacular in Gilolo. Wallace :
" Malay A.," appendix. H. C.
GALGAI.
A sub-dialect of the Caucasus, same as INGUSH.
GALIBI.
American : a form of the word CARIB, belonging more especially to
French Guiana.
GALILEAN.
A dialect of ARAMAIC. See Matth. xxvi., 73.
GALLA.
AFRICAN : spoken by the Gallas, i.e. " mountaineers," a numerous
people in Abyssinia and over a wide extent from the E. coast inwards,
and S. till it reaches the Kaffir. See Tutschek : " Dictionary and
Grammar," Munich, 1844-5.
GALLIC.
A name for the pre-Roman dialects of France, anciently divided into
Gallia Belgica, Celtica or Lugdunensis (i.e. Armorica), Aquitania.
and Narbonensis. See GAULISH.
G 2
84
GALLICIAN.
Language of Gallicia, in N.W. Spain, classed as a sub-dialect of
SPANISH. Eodriguez : "Diet. Galligo-Castellano," Coruna, 1863.
See GALEGO.
GALLOIS.
French name for WELSH.
GALZANEN.
American : same as KOLTSCHANEN.
GAMAMYL, see QAMAMYL.
GAMAN.
African : same as BUNTUKU ; a dialect of ASHANTEE.
GANI.
Native dialect of So. Gilolo, an island of the Indian Archipelago. See
Wallace : Appdx.
GARANGI.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich : " Mission to
Ashantee."
GARO.
(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.
(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to BORRO. See Robinson's " Assam,"
Calcutta, 1841.
GARU.
A dialect of BHOT or THIBETAN, also called GARTOP. See Gerard's
Vocaby., " Jnl. A. S.," Calcutta, 1842.
GASCON.
Sub-dialect of PROVENQAL.
GASCONADE.
Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the
Gascons, a people in the S. of France supposed to be given to
boasting. R. P. S.
GAUNER.
German term for "cant," "flash," or "slang"; " Zigeuner," i.e.,
" Gipsey."
GAUR.
African : same as GEBER. " Gaiour," " Kaffir," i.e. " infidel."
GAURA.
A name for BENOALI and other languages of N. India. See PANCH.
8.5
GAWILGHURI.
Name for GOND, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.
QBE.
African : a dialect of the MANU class, allied to BASSA, DEWOI, and
KKU. See Koelle : " Afr. Pol." H. C.
GE, GEIKO.
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius : " Keise in
Brasilien," 3 vols., Munchen, 1823-31. See GEZ.
GEBER.
African : a term for KAFFIR. See GUEBRE.
GEEZ or GHEEZ.
SUB- SEMITIC or HEBR^O- AFRICAN, the modern language of Tigre, a
province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the ETHIOPIC. See
" Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez."
GENEVESE.
Sub-dialect of FRENCH, spoken in Switzerland. " Glossaire," Geneve,
1819.
GENS DE PlTIE.
AMERICAN : name for the Shoshones (" root diggers ").
GENTOO.
Name for TELINGA, TELUGU, in the Madras Presidency.
%* Introduced by the Portuguese from " Gentile." W. E.
GENUA, GENOVESE.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842.
See LIGURIAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES.
See INTRODUCTION.
GEORGE'S SOUND, KING.
District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.
GEORGIAN.
CAUCASIAN : a family of languages spoken in several dialects, generally
classed as TURANIAN, but mingled with ARYAN. The main language
is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province lying between
the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the ancient Iberia.
The characters of its written alphabet are altered from the ARMENIAN,
which people still call the Georgians by the name of "Virb." See
Tschoubinof : " Diet. Georg.-Euss.-Fr.," St. Petersburg, 1840 ; Vocaby. in
Klaproth : "Asia P." ; Grammar by Brosset, Paris, 1837. Igg"
GERAL.
American, i.e. " lingua-geral " : a name for the GUABANI, or native
vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with PORTUGUESE.
86
GERMAN.
A word of very doubtful etymology, used for : —
(1) GERMAN : the typical language of modern HIGH-DUTCH, which
is naturally derived from the ancient ALEMANNIC, and allied to GOTHIC,
which, however, is classed as Low-GERMAN. It is, in many dialects, the
vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria,
&c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called Gothic, and
both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the use of Roman
letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert, Sanders, Fliigel,
Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.
(2) OLD HIGH-GERMAN. See Massmann : " Gedrangtes althoch-
deutsches Worterb.," Berlin, 1846. See GERMANIC.
(3) MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN. See Benecke : "Worterb.," 4 vols.,
Leipsig, 1854-60 ; Ziemann, 1838. See GERMANIC.
(4) NEW HIGH-GERMAN. See LUTHERAN.
(5) Dialects. See Jiilg's " Vater," pp. 84-93 ; Works by Hoefer.
Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.
(6) NIEDER PLATT-DEUTSCH, or LOW-GERMAN. See DUTCH.
GERMANIC.
The main stem of TEUTONIC : divided -into (1) HIGH-GERMAN, (2)
Low- GERM AN.
Under (1) we class the sub-branches called OLD HIGH-GERMAN and
MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN ; from which again issue the modern dialects
of HIGH-GERMAN. Under (2) we class M^ESO-GOTHIC, ANGLO-SAXON,
OLD DUTCH, OLD FRISIAN, and OLD SAXON, from which again issue
the modern dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (PLATT-
DEUTSCH), Holland, and Flanders.
Eccardus : " Historia," Hanover, 1711 ; Julius : " Bibliotheca," Ham-
burg, 1817 : Meidinger : " Vergleich. Worterb.," Frankfort, 1836 :
Hickea : '• Thesaurus," London, 1708. See SCANDINAVIAN.
GERRI.
AFRICAN : a language of the Darsaleh.
GEZ or GHEZ.
PORTUGUESE of S. America. See JAHYCO.
GHA or GHA, see GA.
GHADAMSI.
One of the African languages called BERBER, known to us as spoken
in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly in
latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very imperfectly
known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent ; yet, in spite of the
geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the Tamazight. Dr.
Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and a translation
of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were partly lithographed,
and partly printed by Ihe Foreign Office. F. W. N. ,sV LTJ;YAX.
87
GHAGAR.
A GIPSEY dialect of Egypt ; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.
GHANDI.
African : dialect of the MANA class, in the W. See Koe'lle : " Pol. A."
GHEGH.
An unwritten dialect of ALBANIAN. It is spoken in the more N. dis-
tricts. See Hahn's " Albanisch. Studien," Vienna, 1853. G. R.
GHINDZHAR or GINDZHAR.
ABYSSINIAN : dialect of ADALI.
GHOND, see GUNDI.
GHURBAT, see KHUEBAT.
GIBBERISH.
A name for nonsensical speech : it is a word peculiar to English,
derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but,
compare the words " gabble " and " jabber," with the OLD NOBSE
" gifra." (Wedgwood.)
GlDANTSHI or GlDA.
African : assigned by Earth to HAMABUA. See BATTA.
GlEN.
AFRICAN : dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.
GlESSEN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GEEMAN.
GlLIAK.
A dialect of MANTSHU, very probably a form of the word " Koriak " ;
it is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk, in
the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the
Amur. See Middersdorp. R. G. L.
GlLOLO.
In this island are languages of the GALELA and MALAYAN
families. H. C. See GANI.
GIPSEY, under GY.
GIZAGANTSHI or GlZAGA.
African : assigned by Earth to HAMAEUA. See BATTA.
GLAGOLITISH.
A name for the OLD SLAVONIC alphabet, derived from their word for
the letter " G,'' sell. " glagol." See HIEEONYMIC.
88
GLOSSOTYPE.
A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible
varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis :
" Early English Pronunciation," London, 1867-71.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by
the Rev. R. W. Huntley. W. W. S.
GNURELLEAN.
A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See
Eyre : " Journals, &c.," London, 1845.
GO ALL
African : dialect of the NUFI.
GOHURI.
A dialect of TAMUL, allied to BOWBI.
GOLD-COAST, see OTSHI.
GOND, see GUNDI.
GONGA.
Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia.
They probably lie between the SEMITIC and AMHAKIC of the North and
KAFPIK forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies.
Beke, &c. R. G. L. See WOLAITSA, WORATTA* WORAITSA.
GOOPTA or GUPTA.
NUMISMATIC: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandra-
cottus) reigned in the Punjab, circa B.C. 300, and the coinage of his
successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very earliest
form of that language confirmed by an authentic date. The character of
the letters is the same as that of the Aryan inscriptions on BACTRIAN coins.
See SASSANIAN.
GOORUNG or GURUNG.
A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as DRAVIDIAN or SUB-
TURANIAN.
GORAM.
Dialects of MALAY. Wallace : ii., 296-7.
GORGOTOQUIENSES.
AMERICAN : dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice :
" P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en
el Peru." Mentioned in Barcia's edition of Pinelo, but not known to be
printed. Ludwig : Appendix, p. 221. R. G. L.
GOROPISER.
A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from " Goropius," i.e.
'•Van Gorp," appellation borne by Jan Becan, or Becanus (1518-1572),
author of some speculative works.
99
GOTHIC.
An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as Low-GEEMAN. The Goths
formed that large body of people who, under the names of " ostro," i.e.
Eastern, and " visi," i.e. Western Goths, harassed the latter centuries of
imperial Rome. The most permanent record of their tongue is found in
the " Codex Argenteus," or " Silver Book," an imperfect version of the four
Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in Sweden ; it has frequently been
printed, and represents the dialect of the Moeso-Goths, who were settled
in ancient Mcesia, S. of the Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This
version is attributed to Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated
the Scriptures into Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself
and adapted to their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D.
318-378. See Diefenbach : " Wb'rterb," 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51 ;
Meyer : " Die Gothische Sprache," Berlin, 1869. See ALsso-GoTHlG.
GOTTINGEN.
A sub-dialect of PLATT or Low-DuTCH. See Quentin : " Annalen
der Braunschweig," &c., Hanover. 1789.
GOULBURN.
District of Australia. See Eyre : " Journals," &c., 2 vols., London,
1845.
GOULD Is.
District of S. Australia.
GRAMMAR.
A word derived from the Greek " 7jja/«.^.«," " a written character or
letter," used to signify the science that treats of the elements of any
language ; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it cor-
rectly. See COMPARATIVE.
GRAMMATOGRAPHY.
A study of LETTERS ; any work that describes or illustrates and
treats of the alphabets of various languages.
GRANADA, NEW.
The name for a class of native S. AMERICAN, superseded by
Columbia.
GREBO.
African : dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to
KRU. " Vocaby," Cape Palmas, 1837. See KREPI.
GRECO-LATIN.
A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects
included in, or formed from, the languages so named. G. R.
GRECO-TURKISH.
A name for TURKISH, when expressed in the GREEK character, for
newspapers, correspondence. &c. H. C.
00
GREEK.
The typical language of the HELLENIC branch of the great Indo-
European family of languages.
(1) An extinct language, called ARCHAIC-GREEK, spoken in numerous
dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt
under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the most
polished race of antiquity ; and is the language of Plato, of Demosthenes,
of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape, Liddell, and
Scott. Grammars by Jelf , Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.
(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also ROMAIC and NEO-
HELLENIC, derived directly from ancient GREEK. Lex. by Contopoulos,
" Eng. and Mod. Greek," 2 vols., Smyrna and London, 1868-70 ;
Sophocles : " Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar," London, 1866.
(3) Dialects of CLASSICAL GREEK : JSoLic, ATTIC, DORIC, IONIC.
See Stephanus : " Thesaurus," Salmasius, Hermann.
(4) LATER GREEK : " xoivn," " the common language " ; BYZANTINE ;
ALEXANDRIAN (of the Septuagint) ; Scriptural (of the N. Test.) ;
Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. See HELLENIC.
GREENLANDISH.
A dialect of ESKIMO, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of
Arctic America. See Kleiuschmidt : " Grammatik," 8vo., Berlin, 1851 ;
" Efterretninger om Gronland," by Paul Egede.
GRIMM'S LAW.
A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob
Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve as
equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in languages
derived from a common original. igiT
GRONINGEN.
A sub-dialect of FRISIAN in Holland. See Swaagmann : " Annales
Acad. : Groningen," 1825.
GUACHI.
AMERICAN : spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See
Spix and Von Martius : " Reise in Brasilien," Miinchen, 1823-31.
GUADALCANAR.
POLYNESIAN : the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to
BAURO.
GUAHAM.
A dialect of LESSER-POLYNESIAN, closely allied to CHAMORI. See
Crawfurd : " Dissert.," p. 262.
GUAJIQUIRO.
American : a dialect of LENCA, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier :
" Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc."
GUANA.
American : an isolated BRAZILIAN dialect of the province of Matto-
Grosso. See short vocaby. in Casteliiau. vol. v.. appendix.
91
GUANCHE.
A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is. ; the few glosses extant
of their original language are BERBER The modern dialect is allied to
SHELLUH. See Glas : " Histy. of the Canary Is.," London, 1764.
GUAQUE.
AMERICAN : a dialect of New Granada. See vocaby. by M. M. Albis :
" Los Indies del Andaque," Popayan, 1855.
GUARANI, see TUPI.
GUARPES, see MILCOKAYAC.
GUASAVA.
American : a MEXICAN dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan.
See " Arte," por P. F. Villafana ; M. S. " Ludewig," by Trvibner.
London, 1858.
GUATIMALA.
A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.
GUATO.
American : a BRAZILIAN dialeet of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied
to PURUS and COHOATO. See Castelnau, vol. v. H. C. See QUADO.
GUATUSOS.
American : a dialect of NICARAGUA. See " Nouvelles Annales des
Voyages," Squier in " Ath. FranQais." Dec. 25, 1852. K. G. L.
GUAVAPUAYA.
Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Games, Votoroes,
Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima : " Memoria sobre o
Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Kevista Trimensal." Tom.
iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix. R. G. L.
GUAYACURU.
AMERICAN : the most E. language of the Chaco district.
See MB AY A.
GUBERI.
African : a dialect of the HAUSSA.
GUDA, GUDANTSHI.
AFRICAN : assigned by Barth to Hamarua ; spoken by the Guda, " a
very learned people." R. G. L.
GUDANG.
An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See " Voyage of the Rattle-
snake," ii., 279.
GUEBE.
A cliaPect of PAPUAN.
92
GUENOA.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas' " Saggio,"
pp. 228-9 ; Catalogo, p. 46. R. G. L.
GUHARIBO.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Venezuela ; short vocabulary by Spruce.
GUIANA or GUYANA.
American : a group of dialects allied to CARIB. Also called GTJINAU.
See Schomburgk : " Report of B. Asset.," 1848. See TALKEE-TALKEE.
GUILDFORD.
District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.
GUINEA, NEW, see PAPUAN.
GUIPUSCOAN.
A dialect of Spanish BASQUE.
GUJARATI or GUZERATI.
The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W.
India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to HINDI, but has
a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the
DEVANAGARI. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas
and Shapurji.
GUNDI.
The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsur or Giimsur,
and generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to
TAMIL and TELUGU. See Caldwell " Dravid : Comp : Gram.," London,
1861. See KHOND.
GUNUNGTELLU.
Papuan : a dialect of CELEBES or MACASSAR ; allied to BUGIS.
GUPTA, see GOOPTA.
GURESA or GURSEA.
African : a dialect of the KOURI, closely allied to DZELANA.
See GUBEN.
GURMUKHI.
The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.
GURUNG, see GOOHUNG.
GURWHAL, GURHWAL.
A dialect of HINDI, also called SHREENAGUR ; it is the vernacular
speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of
the R. Sutlej.
GUZERATHI, set GUJARATI.
93
GYAMI.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.
GYARUNG.
A dialect of BHOT, vernacular in N. and S.E. THIBET.
GYPSY.
(1) The patois of English gipsies, also called ROMANY. The prefix
" gip '' may be compared with the word " Egypt." These people are also
known as " Gitano," " Zincali," " Zingari," " Zigeuner," and by many
other names in different countries. The prefix " Zin " may be compared
with the word " Sindh," or " Indian," meaning " dark."
(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia ; they are very ancient,
and classed as INDIAN, but with later additions from the country in
which they reside, the principal being Egyptian, Hungarian, Spanish,
and Turkish. See Grellmann : " Dissertation," London, 1807 ; Paspati :
" Etudes sur les Tchinghianes," Constantinople, 1870 ; translation,
Newhaven. Conn. ; Bovrow : " Lavengro,'' " Romany Rye " ; Roberts :
" Gypsies," London, 1842 ; Glossary by Smart : " Phil. S." Trans.," 1862.
ADDENDA.
GABRIEL, SAN.
American : Kizh Indians of California ; classed as DIEGUNOS.
GAIOUR.
TURKISH form of " Guebre,'' " an unbeliever," applied to Christians by
Mohammedans.
GALCHAS.
PERSIAN tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.
GALGAI.
Caucasian : native name of the TSHETSH. Same as HALHAI.
GALIK.
MOGHOL : form of written character.
GANGETIC.
Class name for the BHOTIYA or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges.
G. R.
GAULISH.
Name for the OLD CELTIC, spoken in Gaul. See " Notes on Endlicher's
Glossary " in " Phil. Soc. Trans.," 1868, p. 251. W. W. S.
G A YET I.
NON-ARYAN dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
94
GBANDI.
African : allied to DAHOMEY and WHYDAH. See " Pol. Afr." II. C.
GBESE.
African : classed as MANDINGO. See " Pol. Afr." H. C.
GELDERIC.
Germanic : dialect of DUTCH, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen
of the Geldersche Taal in Bosworth's " A. S. Dicty.," p. 111. W. W. S.
GERGO.
ITALIAN word for " cant " or " slang." See ZERGA.
GHERIN.
AMERICAN : tribe of Engerekmung. The BOTOCUDOS of Almada sur la
Taipe, Brazil.
GHILANI.
IEANIC : sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.
GHILGHITI.
Paropamisan : a dialect of DARD, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby.
by Dr. Leitner. H. C.
GHISSARI.
Same as the LOHARS. See TAREMUKI.
GlAGA.
African : same as AGAG. See ANGOLA.
GlLI, JlLI.
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of Singpho.
GiO.
African : classed by Koelle as MANDINGO. See " Afr. Pol." H. C.
GlSAN.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia.
GLATZ.
Germanic : dialect of Silesia, classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
GLOSSARY.
A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in being,
in general, partial or limited ; as, a glossary of the difficult words in an
old author, or of a dialect. W. W. S.
GOGOYAN.
AMERICAN : same as CAYUGA.
GOJAM.
Sub-Semitic : a local dialect of AMHARIC.
93
GOLD.
African : a language formerly called FEETIT ; it is allied to AGAW,
FALASHA, &c. Vocaby. in Riippell ; " Ecisen in Nubien," Frankfurt,
1829 ; and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.
GOMERA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Canary Is.
GONAAQUA.
African : mingled dialect of HOTTENTOT and KAPPIB.
GONDAR.
Sub- Semitic ; dialect of AMHAEIC.
GOOSE-OSTIAK.
Ugrian : same as LAKE-OSTIAK ; classed as SAMOIED.
GOTHLANDIC.
SCANDINAVIAN : dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre's
" Svenskt Dialect-Lex.," Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
GOTHUNGIC.
SCANDINAVIAN : dialect of Sweden (Gonge district). Cited in Ihre's
" Svenskt Dialect-Lex.," Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
GRIGUAS.
Mixed race of Hottentots ; half-breed.
GRISONS.
Teutonic : classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See Lehmann's " Republik
Graubiinden," Brandenburg, 1799. See CHTJBWELSCHE.
GROS-VENTRE.
AMERICAN : French name for the MINETARE.
GRUSIAN, GRUSINIAN.
A name for the GEORGIAN, most used by Russians.
GRUTUNG.
Tribe of Gothones or Guttones ; so called Goths.
GUACHIRE, GUAIQUERI.
AMERICAN : Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.
GUAICUR, see WAIKUR.
GUDSHRI.
INDIC : same as DAKHANI.
GUEBRE.
PERSIAN form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. See GAIOUR.
96
GUEGE.
Dialect of ALBANIAN.
GUELDRES, see GELDERIC.
GUENTUSE.
American : dialect of Paraguay, classed as GUAYCURU.
GUMEDDO.
Abyssinian : dialect of DANAKIL.
GURANI.
Dialect of KURDISH (Niebuhr).
GUREN, GURMA.
African : allied to GURESA, BARBA, ASHANTEE, &c. See Koelle's
" Pol. Afr." H. C.
GURGAVA.
A name for the GUJARATHI or GUZERATTI.
GUYPUNAVI.
American : dialect of MAIPUR.
H.
HAIDAH.
American : an insular dialect of ATNA or SELISH, spoken in
Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler :
" Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.," vol. xi., London, 1841.
%* The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak
HAIDAH, are a remarkable people. H. C.
HAILHA.
Caucasian : a sub-dialect of INGUSH.
HAILTSA or HAEELTZUK.
AMERICAN : spoken on the coast of the Pacific, betweon 50° and 53°
N.L. See Vocaby., " Trans. Amer. Ethnol.," ii., 103.
HAINAMBEU, under U.
97
HAIOO.
DRAVIDIAN : dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal.
A. C.
HAITI, see TAINO.
HAJONG.
A dialect of older DRAVIDIAN, vernacular in Nipal.
HAKKA, HAKARI.
A dialect of KURDISH, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on
the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in
the Persian province of Azerbaijan.
HALIFAX, HALLAMSHIRE.
Dialects of England, spokea in Yorkshire. See Hunter's " Hallam-
shire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax," new
edition by Gatty, 1869.
HAM.
African : dialect of the OTAM. See Koelle : " Pol. Af."
HAMAH or HAMATH.
Inscription : interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria,
probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites They occupy an intermediate
p 'sition between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
early SEMITIC characters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton :
" Unexplored Syria," Burckhardt's " Travels." ijg°
HAMALAISET, see TAVASTRIAN.
HAMARUA, ADAMOWA.
Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° NL. Dr. Barth, with
his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages lor these
parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and
all names ending in " ntshi," " nji," or " nchi."
HAMBURG.
A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Richey : " Idioticon," Hamburgh,
1755.
HAMIAR.
A primitive dialect of ARABIC.
HAMITIC.
A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia,
including the EGYPTIAN, ETHIOPIC, S. ARABIAN. AKKADIAN, or early
BABYLONIAN, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive
in AMHARIC and AMAZIG, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects ;
" Ham " or " Cham," quasi " dark." See HEBBJ3O-AFRICAK.
H
98
HAMPSHIRE, HANTS.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. Vocaby. in " Warner's Collec.,:>
1795.
HANAU.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
HANDURI.
A dialect of PUNJABI.
HANOVER.
A dialect of Low-GEBMAW.
HARAFORA, see ALFURU.
HARAYA.
MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippine la. Dicty. by Mentrida,
Manila, 1841.
HARPA.
BHOT : a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.
HARROTI.
A dialect of HINDI, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana,
N.W. India.
HARZ or HARTZ.
A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Schulze : " Harzgedichte," Clausthal,
1833.
HATIGOR.
A dialect of Assamese, classed as SINGHPO.
HATUSUA.
MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram.
HAUSSA, HOUSSA, or HAWSA.
A native dialect of African, largely infused with ARABIC, vernacular
along the R. Chadda. a tributary of tlie Niger. Se2 Schon : " Grammar,"
London, 1862 ; " Vocaby.," London, 1843 ; " Primer," Berlin, 1857.
%* BODO, &c., are related to HAUSSA ; this language has vocalic
euphony. H. C.
HAVAIIAN, HAWAIAN.
A dialect of E. POLYNESIAN, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and
otho.r of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean ; it is similar in form
and construction to TAHITIAN, and the MAORI of New Zealand. It is
now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865.
R. G. L. (2.)
HATU, SOP. VAYT-.
99
HEBRvEO-AFRICAN.
An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-
European, to include a group of African languages which have definite
relations to the HEBREW. These are especially the Abyssinian languages,
the GALLA, the COPTIC, and the LIBYAN. Within the limits of an
article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note
the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of
conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming deri-
vative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish
have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even
to prefix preposicions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest
to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approxi-
mation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of
nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.
HEBREW.
SEMITIC : closely allied to ARAMAIC and PHOENICIAN. It is an
extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to
us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The
old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to
Phoenician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been
traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded
by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a
more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used
running hands of somewhat differing forms. For LATER HEBREW, see
TALMUDIC, and for MODERN HEBREW, see JEWEY. Lexicons by Fiirst ;
Gesenius : Grammar, Lex. ; Thesaurus, &c.
HEBRIDES, NEW, see MALLICOLLO.
HEILBRONN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
HELEBI.
A name for the Gipsies of Egypt ; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the
ARABIC form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E.
HELIGOLAND.
A sub-dialect of FRISIAN. See Oelrich's " Kleines Worterb." 1846.
HELLENIC.
INDO-EUROPEAN : class name for the Greek language and its dialects.
HELSINGA.
A sub-dialect of SWEDISH. See Lenstrom : " Ordbok," Upsala, 1841.
See HELSINGIC.
HENNEBERG.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Briicker : " Beitrag," Meiningen,
1843.
HEREFORDSHIRE.
A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. " Glossary " by Sir G. C. Lewis,
London. 1839. W. W. S.
H 2
100
HERERO.
African : classed by Earth and Bleek as S.W. BANTU, with BENGA,
BENGUELA, and BUNDA. The name of the language is " 0 Tyi-herer6,'"
that of the speakers is " 0 Va-herer6 " : it is now nearly extinct. See
Hahn : "Grammatik," Berlin, 1857 ; Kolbe: " Vowels," 1868: specimens
collected by Dr. Rath.
HERE vi, HETZVI.
An extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, formerly vernacular at Herat.
HERZEGOVINIC.
SLAVONIC : a sub-dialect of SEBVIAN.
HESSIAN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH- GERMAN.
HEUMA, see SHENDTJ.
HEVE.
A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in
Mexico ; it is also called EUDEVE, and closely allied to PIHA. See
Smith's " Grammatical Sketch," 1862.
HHAMARA, see WAAG.
HIANG-YAN.
A name for the common colloquial language of CHINESE.
HlAQUI.
AMERICAN : spoken in Sonora 'and Sinaloa ; also called IBEQUI and
YAQUI.
HIERATIC.
GREEK name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly
caste of Egypt ; it is from the word " hieros," " sacred." l|gp
HIEROGLYPHIC.
Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which con-
stituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from " hieros "
and '' grapho." The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic
writing. Brugsch : " Hierog. Demot. Worterb.," 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8.
.See NAHUATL.
HlERONYMIC.
SLAVONIC : name for the Glagolitic characters.
HIGHLAND.
HIGHLAND- SCOTTISH : name sometimes used for GAELIC.
HlLDESHEIM.
A =nb dinleot of T.o\v-OKinf AN.
101
HILIGUEINA.
MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippine Is. See LLOCANA.
HIMALAYAN.
Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, com-
prising KOOCH, DHIMAL, BODO, all closely allied to NlPALESE and
BHOT. See " Essays by Hodgson," Calcutta, 1847.
HlMYARITIG or HlMJARITE.
Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a
dialect allied to the MAHABI of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, " Central and
E. Arabia," vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Hirayarites, who speak
a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the " reds " : " ahmar " in Arabic ;
but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari : " Hy "
being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail,
the Hy-Many, or O'Kelly people ; the Hy-Fiachrach or O'Dowdy people.
The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or
Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala ; cf. the Heb. fl; fJ; which gives the transition
from " h " to " ch " or " k " ; thus also we may have Ki- Afer for the
people of Africa, the original Kaffirs : indeed we have the mature word
in Ke-Kuafi, see under U. Hy-mahari would mean " the shore-people."
See EKHKILI.
HlNANTSHI or HlNA.
African : assigned by Earth to HAMARUA.
HINDI or HlNDUWI.
The vernacular language of native Hindoos ; it is derived from
SANSKRIT, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was
probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj. a chief city of
Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated
Porus, B.C. 327. Tae language has many branches or sub-dialects, and
is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas ; also
in Kyt'hi, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne : " Elements," London,
1869 ; " Chrestomathie," Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.
HINDOO.
Class name for the INDIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages,
derived, according to 'some, from " Hapta Hendu," " Seven Rivers," old
name for the Punjaub.
HlNDOSTANI or URDU.
The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen ; first
originated by the Muhammadan invaders, circa A.D. 1004. It is a com-
pound of ARABIC and PERSIAN with SANSKRIT, called URDU ZABAN,
or '*camp lingo," and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik,
derived from Arabic ; also in uncial letters foriried from Sanskrit.
N.B. — Hindu-stan means the "land of the Hindoos." Forbes : " Dicty
H. and Eng.," 1859 ; " Grammar," 1849.
HlNZUAN.
African : a KAFFIB form of speech ; language of the Comorn Is., off
the E. coast.
102
HlTCHITTEE.
AMERICAN : spoken by a division of the Creeks. " Arch. Amer.,"
vol. ii., p. 377.
, see GERMAN.
HOCHELAGA.
American : sub-dialect of MOHAWK, formerly spoken in the locality
now known as Montreal, Canada.
HOCHUNGORAH.
AMERICAN : native name for the Winnebagos.
HOHEN-LOHE, HOHEN-SCHWANGAU, HOHEN-
STEIN.
Sub-dialects of HIGH-GERMAN.
HOK-KEEN.
Dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.
HOLLAND or HOLLANDISH.
(1) A name for the NETHERLANDISH, a dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH.
(2) For provincial Dialects. SeeLatham's" Opuscula," London, 1860.
HOLOPHRASIS.
Grammatical term ;* mode of analysis ; reducing whole sentences into
words. See POLYSYNTHETIC.
HOLSTEIN.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Schiitze : " Holsteinisches Idio-
tikon," Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S.
HONDURAS.
American : geographical term for the LENCA class.
%* The languages are allied to the KOUMA, LEGBA, &c.. of W. Africa.
H. 0.
HOOPAH.
American : a variety of ATHABASKAN, spoken so far S. as U. Cali-
fornia.
HOR or HORPA.
THIBETAN : a local dialect of BHOT, called also (1) KHACHE :
Chinese KOATSE ; (2) IGUR, the native name, which appears to be the
same as UIGHUR, a Turkish dialect. The affix " pa " in " Horpa " is
Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzun-
garia and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken.
R. G. L.
HOTONTALO.
Polynesian ; a sub-dialect of MKNADU.
103
HOTTENTOT.
African : name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the
Quaiquai or K'hoe Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in
utterance, known as the Hottentot " click."
*** According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the
KAFFIE. R. G. L.
HOVA.
Native term "ank'ova"; used for the central tribes of Madagascar,
said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under
HEEEBO. See MALAGASSY.
HOYA.
Malayan : a dialect of CEEAM, allied to TELUTI.
HUACHI, HUANCAS.
AMERICAN : Indians of Bolivia.
HUASTECA.
American : dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as
" Aztec " It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language
of the MAYA class. See De Olmoz : " Grammatica," &c., Mexico, 1560.
HUECO or WACO.
American : name for the TALLEWITSUS. It is vernacular in Texas,
and allied to KECHAI, PAWNEE, &c.
HUILLICHE.
AMERICAN : name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili.
The " che " here means " men." being a Chileno word, so we have
" men of the south." It is applied also to the Patagonians. R. G. L.
See VUTA.
HUMMING-BIRD INDIANS.
AMERICAN : name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio
Negro, BrasiL
HUNGARIAN or MAGYAR.
UGRIAN : dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the OSTIAK of the
R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to FINNISH. The Magyars
are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which
they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See
Ballagi: " Worterbuk," Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff : "Newe Methode,"
Pesth, 1869. See UNGARN.
HUNGARIAN-WENDISH.
Slavonic : a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the WENDISH of
Lusatia.
HUNZA, see KHAJUNA.
104
HURON.
American : classed as IROQUOIS ; language of the Huron Indians,
spoken on the shores of the lake so named.
HURRIANA.
A dialect of HINDI spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis
on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word " Hurya " signifies " green."
HURUR.
Abyssinian, dialect of AMHARIC. See " Salt's Voyage," appendix,
vol. i., p. 6.
HUZVARESH.
IRANIC : same as PEHLEVI. See Spiegel: " Grammatik," Wien, 1856.
HYMIARITIC, see under Hi.
HYPERBOREAN.
Dr. Latham's class-name at one time proposed for the DZHUKAGHIR,
SAMOYED, and YENISEIAN group of languages.
ADDENDA.
HADAREB, HADAREM, under A.
HADENDOA.
AFRICAN : a dialect of Nubia.
HALHA.
Same as HAILHA, also written GALGAI.
HALLANDIC, HELSINGIC.
SCANDINAVIAN : dialects of Sweden, cited in Hire's " Svenskt Dialect-
Lex.," Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.
HALLE.
Germanic : sub-dialect of SwABiAN. See " Mundartliche Sprache,"
1814.
HALLENGA,
AFRICAN : a dialect of Nubia.
HAMBURG-INDIANS.
AMERICAN : ENGLISH name for the T-ka's of Scott's River ; they speak
a dialect of SHASTA.
HARAR, HARRER, HARRARGIE, see HURUR,
HATTAQUAHE.
Caucasian : a dialect of ADIGE or CHERKESS. H. C.
HAWSTEAD (HALSTEAD).
Suffolk dialect of ENGLISH. See Gullum's " History," &c., 1784.
HAZORTA.
African : same as SHIHO, a dialect of DANAKIL.
HELSINGIC, see HALLANDIC.
HENNEGA.
American : KOLTJSCH dialect of P. Wales's Is.
HERVEY ARCH., see RAROTONGAN.
HIGH-GERMAN.
English form of HocH-DEUTSCHEN.
HlLLUNA, see ILLOCANO.
HlNDELOPIAN.
Germanic : a sub-dialect of FBIESIC. See specimen in Bosworth'a
" A. S. Dicty.," p. 74. W. W. S.
HINDMARSH LAKE.
Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845.
HlO, see EYO.
HlONG~NU.
Alatyan : dialect of TURKISH. It is the name used by Chinese, and
by them applied to the mediaeval Huns.
H LASS A, under L.
HO.
(1) African : BOMBA dialect of Guinea. See SALA.
(2) INDIAN : native name for the KOL of Kolehan. It means " man."
See SINGHBHUM.
HOLLAND (NEW), see AUSTRALIAN.
HONIMOA.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to SABAPUA.
HONIN.
Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN.
HOOD-SUNHOO.
American : KOLUSCH dialect of Hood's Bay.
106
HORDE.
That is " herd," a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade
Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, " a camp," in URDU ZABAN.
See HINDOSTANI.
HORN is.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly group.
HOROJE.
AMERICAN : a name for the Winnebags.
HO-TE-DAY.
AMERICAN : native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of
California.
HOUSSA.
African : German form of HAUSSA.
HUAHINE.
EASTERN POLYNESIAN : same as TAHITIAN. W. G.
HUDSON'S-BAY INDIANS.
AMERICAN : tribes of Chepewyans.
HUME R., see MURRUMBIDGEE.
HURN-PARDEE.
INDIAN : also called BAORI ; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching
antelope and the hunting-cheetah ; they speak a peculiar dialect of
HINDI. W. E. See BOWRI.
HUZZAW, see OSA&E.
I.
IAIAN.
A Polynesian dialect, allied to LIFU.
IAKON, under J.
IAPYGIAN.
A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy ; it was allied to OscAN,
but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen :
" Unteritalischen Dialekte," Leipsig, 1851. G. R.
107
IBAREKAB.
African ; a dialect of BEJA. See Salt's " Voyage."
IBBIBBY.
African : a name for the QUA or CALEBAE.
IBEQUI, see HIAQUI.
IBERIAN or IBERIC.
A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a
synonym for BASQUE, which is supposed to have been derived from it.
See CELT-IBEBIAN.
ISO or EBOE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger.
ICELANDIC.
Old Icelandic is the same as OLD NORSE, and the modern dialect
differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to
the SCANDINAVIAN branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers,
circa A.D. 874. Rask's Grammar, translated by Dasent, Loi;don, 1843 ;
Mobius : "Altnordisches Glossar," Leipsig, 1866 ; Egilsson : "Dicty. of the
Poetical Language," Copenhagen, 1860 ; Cleasby and Vigfusson : " Dicty.
of the Prose Language," Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as " R."
W. W. S.
IDEOGRAPHIC.
Name for writing in which single characters express ideas ; the hiero-
glyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient
Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic. G. R. See IGALA.
IDIOM.
A native peculiarity of speech.
IGARRA.
African : dialect of the YOEUBA.
IGBIRA.
African : a dialect of the YOEUBA.
IGBIRA-HIMA, IGBIRA-PANDA.
African : dialects of the NUPI.
IGHUR, tee UIGUE.
IKA.
AMEEICAN : dialect of L. California.
ILLINOIS.
American : the ALGONKIN of the State so named after the original
tribes, " Illeni," li the men." Vocab., " Trans. Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.t
p. 112.
108
ILLYRIAN.
Slavonic : a written dialect of SERVIAN, closely allied to WENDISH.
See " Grammatik.," by Babukic, Wien, 1839 ; Dicty. by Frbhlich, " Ill-
Dutch," Wien, 1853-4.
ILLYRIC or THRACO-lLLYRIC.
Name for a class of AKYAN languages, of which the SKIPETAE or
ALBANIAN is the only modern representative. See PELASGIC.
ILMORMO.
African : a dialect of GALLA.
%* It is a name for the GALLA proper, by some alleged to be
Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote. H. C.
ILOCANA or lLOCO.
MALAYAN : a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila,
1849.
INBASK or INBAZK.
Moghol : a dialect of YENISEIAN or OSTIAK, somewhat allied to
ARINI. Klaproth : "Asia Pol.," p. 171.
INCA.
American : a name given to the QuiCHUA language, after a dynasty of
Peru. See QUICHUA.
INCORPORATING.
A name for the agglutinative languages of America.
See POLYSYNTHETIC.
INDENI.
A dialect of PAPUAN, also called NITENDI.
INDIA.
Name for HiNDOSTAN : land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who
inhabit it.
%* For aboriginal languages see Hunter's " Comparative Vocabulary
of the Non-Aryan Languages of India " ; Caldwell's " Comp. Gr." ;
Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. See WEST INDIES.
INDIAN.
A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and
other parts of America. tgjjr
INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.
Languages POLYNESIAN : classed as Malayan and Negritic.
INDIAN, OLD.
A name for SANSKRIT.
109
INDIANS.
N. AMEBICAN : The Nova Scotia Indiana have all decayed away.
They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea-
coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c. ; the mountaineer is the country Indian,
solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The
E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to
leave but a slight trace of tne old N. American sons of the forest. The
Eed Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is
utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between
the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-Mac tribes, but frequently
children of English and Esquimaux. J. T.
INDIC.
A name for the HINDOO branch of the great ARYAN family of lan-
guages, comprising SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, PALI, MAHRATTA, HINDI,
BENGALI, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-avarta,
" abode of the Aryas."
%* A S.W. branch of the great ARYAN family, who in pre-historic
times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kabul, became in the end the
Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia).
There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S. W.,
crossing first, and s ;ttling in the Land of the Seven Rivers — the Indus,
Punjab (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvati — and that they proceeded
thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the i?ay
of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindus (whence Hindustan),
they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great
river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who
still inhabit the S. A. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the
right hand — dexter — of the invading Hindu race), and who are allied to
the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the exist-
ing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin.
The principal Aryan dialects at present are BENGALI, HINDI, and MAH-
RATTA, all of them lineal descendants of the Uevanagari or Sanskrit,
which is no longer a spoken language. HINDUSTANI, though mainly
Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the
language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See " Com-
parative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India," by Beames.
W. S.W.V. See DRAVIDIAN.
INDO-CHINESE.
A collective term for a class of languages embracing ANAMITE,
SIAMESE, and allied dialects. See Leyden in " Asiatic Researches,"
vol. x. ; Browu's ' Comparative Table'' in the "Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal," 1837.
INDO-EUROPEAN, see ARYAN.
Bopp's "Comparative Grammar"; " Vergleichende Grammatik des
Sansk., Zend., Griech , Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen and Deutsche,"
4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42 ; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols.,
London, 1862.
INDO-GERMANIC.
Same as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Schleicher : " Indo-Germanische
Chrestomathie," Weimar, 1869 ; Fick : " Worterbuch der Indogerma-
nischen Sprachen," Gottingen, 1871. "W. W. S.
110
INDO- PARTHIAN.
Name for an early dynasty of Kabulistan, then probably of much
greater extent ; their coins are found over the whole of the Punjab and
into India. W. S. W. V.
INDO-PORTUGUESE.
Mixel dialect used at the seaports of Ceylon, formed by a combina-
tion of PORTUGUESE with DUTCH and SANSKRIT.
INDO-SCYTHIAN, INDO-SCYTHIC.
An early dynasty of Kabulistan founded about B.C. 80, by a nomadic
people called Yue-tchi by the Thibetans.
%* The language used by these monarchs on their coins is two fold ;
Aryan and Greek. See Wilson's " Ariana Antiqua," pp. 347-381. G.R.
INFLECTIONAL.
Same as polysyllabic ; name for the highest class of speech yet known
to man. It is specially applied to the Aryan family of languages,
which express the '' moods, tenses, cases, and all other modifications of
meaning in verbs and nouns by means of suffixes mutilated
fragments of words." — Farrar.
INGANOS.
AMERICAN : Indians of N. Granada. See " Vocabulario," " Los Indios
del Andaqui," pp. 20-21.
INGUSH.
Lesgian : a dialect of TSHETSH, spoken by the Lamur, hill-men of
Georgia and Circassia.
INHAMBANE.
African : a dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.
INKALAIT, INKILIK, INKULUKHLUAIT, INGEL-
MUT.
American : dialects of ATHABASCAN, spoken at the Eskimo frontier
in the N.W. ; belonging to the KENAI stock. Iggp
INKRA, see ACCRA.
INNIUT or INNUIT.
Native name for the ESKIMO. It means " the people."
INONGO.
African : dialect of YARRIBA, vernacular on the W. Coast.
INSAM.
A PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
Ill
INSCRIPTIONS.
The most durable means of preserving individual records of written
speech. They are termed, variously, " incised," " impressed," "lapidary,"
"monumental," "numismatic," "painted." The famous Rosetta and
Carpentras stones, and the decree of Canopus from Egypt, and theBehis-
tun rock inscriptions, are examples of bilingual records, that serve, by
means of comparison, to facilitate decipherment. The Assyrian cunei-
form writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs have thus been explained,
and the Chinese have in use extensive libraries of stone inscriptions at
the present day. See Gesenius : " Scripturse Linguaeque Phoenicia
Monumenta," 2 vols., Leipsig, 1837.
INTIBUCA.
American : one of the four native languages of HONDURAS.
IONIC or IONIAN.
A sub-dialect of classical GREEK ; the original lonians are said to
have been PELASGOI. It was largely cultivated in Asia Minor, and is
the dialect of Homer and Herodotus. For some time before the rise
of the Attic school, circa B.C. 400, it was the established language of
prose literature. See Portus : " Diet. : lonicum-Graec.-Lat." London, 1825.
IOWA.
American : a dialect of DACOTA or Sioux. Iowa, a State admitted
in 1846. is derived from the PAHOJA, or "Grey-snow," Indians, who
now reside N. of the R. Des-Moines. Schoolcraft : " Historj . . .
of the I. Tribes," Philadelphia, vol. iv., p. 307.
IQUITO.
American : a dialect of CARIB.
IRANIC or IRANIAN.
Class name for the PERSIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages.
It includes BACTRIAN or ZEND, ancient PERSIAN, PEHLEVI, PAZEND,
and modern PERSIAN. The word " Iranian " is from " Arya."
See under ARYAN.
IRELAND, NEW, under N.
IRISH or ERSE (FENTC).
CELTIC : the native dialect of Ireland, and closely allied to GAELIC.
In writing it an alphabet is still in use, formed from the Latin, and
closely resembling the old Anglo-Saxon characters, which were in fact
borrowed from it. See Dicty. by O'Reilly, Dublin, 1864 ; " Old Irish
Glosses," by Stokes and others. W. W. S.
IROFA.
JAPANESE alphabet, taken from the first three letters.
IRON, IRUN, IRAN.
A dialect of the Caucasus. See OSSET,
112
IROQUOIS, IROKESE.
AMERICAN : it has a double import — 1. As the special name of a
tribe or nation, of the State of New York. 2. As a general name for the
class, the most important members of which, the Iroquois themselves,
the Onondagas, the Senecas, the formidable Mohawks, and others are,
probably, the most familiar representatives of the traditional Red
Indian, especially in his capacity of hero and warrior. E. G. L.
See Schoolcraft : " Comparative Vocaby.," Albany, 1847 ; Vocaby. by
Howse, " Proceed. Philol. Socy.," vol. iv., London, 1856.
IRULA, IRULAR.
Dravidian : a dialect of CANARESE, vernacular in theNilgherry Hills ;
it is allied to BUDUGUR. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
ISANNA.
American : a dialect of BANIWA ; others are the TOMO-MAROA and
the JAVITA.
ISERE.
A sub-dialect of PROVENQAL. Ducoin: Notice in " Courrier de 1'Isere,"
1834.
ISIELE.
African : a dialect of the YORUBA, allied to ARO, MBOFIA, and
ISOAMA. H. C.
ISMAELITE, ISHMAELITE.
ARABIC : dialect of N. Arabia.
ISOAMA or ISWAMA.
African : a dialect of the YORUBA, with the same affinities as the
ISIELE. H. C.
ISOLATING.
A term for monosyllabic forms of speech.
ISSEL.
OvER-YssEL : provincial dialect of Holland.
ISUBU.
AFRICAN : spoken near the Cameroon, W. Africa ; it is classed by
Bleek as BANTU.
*«.* One of the three best known languages of the coast belonging
to the N.W. branch of the Kaffir ; the BENGA and DUALLA being the
other two. In all three there is a large and laudable amount of
missionary literature : the most in the Dualla, the least in the Benga.
B. G. L.
113
ITALIAN.
(1) The native tongue of Italy, spoken in many dialects. It is formed
directly from the LATIN or OLD ITALIC, by union with the TEUTONIC
forms of GOTHIC and Longobardic settlers. Called the " vulgar tongue "
by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacio, it has since been much polished in
Tuscany, and now forms one of the most refined languages of modern
society, lending itself specially to the requirements of vocal melody.
See Manuzzi : " Vocab. della Crusca," 4 vols., Florence, 1868.
(2) Dialects are divided into classes : 1, the LOMBAEDIC, or dialects
of Upper Italy ; 2, the ROMANIC, or dialects of Middle Italy ; 3, the
NEAPOLITAN, or dialects of S. Italy ; 4, Cant or slang, called FUKBESCO
and ZERGA or GEBGO.
ITALIC or OLD ITALIAN.
A collective name for that branch of the AEYAN family of languages
which includes classical Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian or lapygian,
and perhaps Tosk, Tuscan, or Etruscan, all with alphabets allied to the
early Eoman. Fabbretti : " Glossarium," Turin, 1838, &c.
See ROMANCE.
ITAM.
Term in MALAY. See BOLONO.
ITE or ITENAZ, and ITONOMA.
American : dialects of BOLIVIA, spoken in the missions of Moxos, and
allied to CHAPACUEA. H. C.
ADDENDA.
IBBODAH.
AFEICAN : native name of the Kacunda, who speak SHABUN.
ID-DO-A.
AMEBICAN : native name of the Scott's Valley Indians ; they speak a
dialect of SHASTA.
IDIBAE.
AMEBICAN : aborigines of Darien.
IGALA.
AFBICAN : a separate language from IGARBA, spoken in the Yoruba
district. See Kolle's " Pol. Afr." H. C.
IHONGWORONG, under J.
ILDEFENSO.
AMERICAN : saoie as ALDEFKNSO. Sen PUEBLO.
ILLANO, ILYANO.
Same as HILLUNA. Set LLOCANA.
I
114
INABAK, INAGATA.
Malayan : sub-dialects of ABAK.
INGRIAN.
UGBIAN : a branch of FIN, government of St. Petersburg. They are
called INGBICOT or IZHOB. H. C.
INGWA.
African : NIGBITIAN dialect of DAGAMBA.
INIES (TACHIKS).
AMEBICAN : tribe of Caddoes.
INTA.
AFBICAN : Bowdich's name for the FANTEE. H. C.
IONIAN IS., see ROMAIC.
I PAS.
AMERICAN : tribe of Vilelas.
ISFOR.
Same as DOPAB ; local dialect of HIMYARITE.
ISISTINE.
AMEBICAN : tribe of Lule.
ISI-ZULU, under Z.
ISLANDISCH.
Same as NOBSE ; German form of ICELANDIC.
ISTY-SEMOLE.
AMERICAN : i.e. "Wild men," Creek Indians of Florida.
See SEMINOLE.
ITELMAN, ITULMEN.
Native name of the KAMTSHATDALES.
IZHOR, see INGBIAN.
J.
JACKSON, wider PORT.
JACONAIGA, JAKONAIGA.
American . a tribe of ABIPONES.
115
JACTUNG.
A dialect of ASSAMESE.
JAGATAIG or CAGATAIC.
ALATYAN : a dialect of E. TURKISH spoken in Bokharia. It is a written
language with a literature. See Vambery : " Cagataische Sprachstudien,"
Leipsig, 1867.
JAGON or JAKON.
American : dialect of LOWER KILLAMUKS, spoken on the frontier of
Oregon and U. California. Hale : " U. S. Expedition," Philadelphia,
1846. See NSIETSHAWUS.
JAGY.
A dialect of ALBANIAN.
JAHYCO.
AMERICAN : shore tribes of Brazil.
*** These people are the GE, GES, or GEIKO, the tribal name being
post-fixed as in Ao-ge, Cran-ge, Canacata-ge, Poncata-ge, Paykob-ge.
See V. Spix and V, Martius: "Reise in Brasilien," Munich, 1823-31.
JAJUORONG.
A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN. Eyre's "Journals," London, 1845.
JAKON, under JAGON.
JAKUN.
MALAYAN : dialect of the S. Peninsula of Malacca.
JAKUT, JAKUTI, or YAKUT.
ALATYAN: dialect of the parts between Lake Baikal and the Arctic
Sea, which nearly coincides with the Russian Government of JAKUTSK
(Irkutsk). Boehtlingk : " Ueber die Sprache der Jakuten," St. Peters-
burg, 1851. See YAK.
JALLONKA.
African : a dialect of MAXDINGO, allied to FANTEE.
JALLOOF.
African. : a branch of MANDINGO, much mingled with French and
Arabic ; it is spoken by a numerous people between the R. Gambia and
Senegal on the W. coast. Called also GUILOPFS, JOLOFS, OUALOOFS,
and WOLOFFS. Clarke : " Dialects of Africa," p. 6.
JAMAICA, see W. INDIES.
JAN.
A dialect of MALAY. See SAMANG.
I 2
116
JAOI, JAOIA.
American : CAEIB of Trinidad ; it is closely allied to TAMANAK. See
De Laet : " Orbis Novus," &c., Leiden, 1633.
JAPANESE.
POLYSYLLABIC : the vernacular tongue of Nipon, Jesso, and the
Kurile Is. ; in its root words it is allied to the MOGHOL family, but its
written characters are derived from CHINESE ; it has a syllabic alphabet,
containing vowels and consonants in one sign, and is written in vertical
columns from top to bottom. The language has no gender or article,
but many pronouns, and the designations applied to various objects
frequently change with the sex of the speaker. Dicty. by Hepburn,
1867 ; Grammar, 1861 ; " Dialogues " by Alcock, 1863 ; "Anthologie," by
Eosny, Paris, 1871. See Loo-CHOO.
JAPHETAN.
A name for the ARYAN or INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages.
JARGON.
(1) French word for GIBBERISH.
(2) AMERICAN : a mixed patois of L. Columbia and Vancouver's I.,
combined chiefly of French, English, Chihaile, Nutka, and Chinuk, the
last greatly preponderating. It is the trade language of Oregon, also
called " Tshinuk- jargon." Vocabularies in Hale : " Amer. Expedition " :
Schoolcraft : " Indian Tribes." See MENIENG and MOORS.
JAVANESE.
MALAYAN : the language of the greater part of Java. In the Western
districts of the island the Sundanese language is spoken, though Javanese
has been partly introduced into Bantam and Cheribon, probably by its
being the language of the court in these otherwise Sandanese provinces.
In the eastern districts of Java the Madurese prevails. Javanese is
written with a peculiar native alphabet, derived and simplified from the
Devanagari. Dicty. by Gericke and Roorda, Amsterdam, 1847-62 ;
Grammar by Roorda, Amsterdam, 1855. P. J. V. See KAWI. l^°
JAVITA.
American : a dialect of BANIWA. Wallace : " Travels on the Amazon,"
London, 1853. See ISANNA.
JAZYGES.
A people anciently settled in the tract between the Danube and the
Theiss ; it means " Bowmen " : a MAGYAR word.
JEBU.
African : a dialect of YORUBA. spoken on the Atlantic coast at the
outlet of the R. Formosa.
JECORILLA, JICORILLA.
American : a dialect of ATHABASCAN, allied to NAVAJfo.
117
JELLIBA, under DZHELLABA.
JERVIS BAY.
A district of Australia. See " Voyage de 1'Astrolabe," Paris, 1834.
JESSO.
KUBILIAN : dialect of Aino. See Broughton : " Voyage N. Pacific,"
London, 1804.
*»* There is also a jargon of Japanese and Aino employed for inter-
communication. H. C.
JEWEY, JEWISH, or JUD^EAN.
Names for modern HEBEEW, as spoken by Jews in combination with
many local idioms. lijig"
JHONGWORONG.
A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN, closely allied to GNUBELLEAN. bee
Eyre : "Journals,'" London, 1845.
JlLI.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to SINGPO.
JILIAKE.
A dialect of MANTSCHU ; the same as GILIAK. It is the Chinese
name for the Koreans.
JlTANO.
A name for GiPSEY. See GIT AND.
JOBOCA.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to NAMSANG.
JOLIBA, see DZHELLABA.
JOLOF, see JALLOOF.
JOOROO, JURU.
MALAYAN : sub-dialect of Malacca. See SAAIANG.
JOWER.
PAPUAN : a dialect of N. Guinea, allied to SEBOCI.
JUDA.
AFEICAN : dialect of Upper Guinea. " Grammaire abregee " in " DCS
Marchais. Voyage," Paris, 1730.
JUD^EO-ARABIC.
Name for ARABIC written in characters of Square Hebrew.
JUDAH, see HEBREW,
118
JUDEN-DEUTSCH.
Name for GERMAN written in Hebrew, Square, Rabbinic, or current-
hand. Stern : Lex., Munich, 1833 ; " Heb.-Deutsche Druck- und Current-
schrift," Prague, 1817.
JUGAGHIR.
Ugrian : a dialect of FIN. It is the same as DZUKAGHIN.
JUIADGE.
AMERICAN ; called LENGUAS by the Spaniards. See " L'Homme
Americaine," vol. ii.
JUMBOO, JAMOO or JUMOO.
Dialect of PUNJABI. See DOGUBA.
JUPUROCA.
American : a dialect of the BOTOCUDO. Da Silva : Dice, in Castelnau :
" Exped.," vol T., p. 249.
JUKI, JURIS, YURIS.
AMERICAN : belonging to the R. Negro ; an allied dialect is the
UAINAMBEU. See Wallace : " Amazons," &c., 1853.
JURIBA, see YORUBA.
JURIPIXUNHA.
AMERICAN : name for the Bocaprietos or Blackmouth Indians. Same
as the JURI. It is vernacular in Brasil.
JURU.
Same as JooROO. See SAMANG.
JUTISH.
TEUTONIC : an extinct dialect, allied to OLD FRIESIC, ANGLO-S., &c.
JUTLANDISH.
Scandinavian : a sub-dialect of DANISH.
JUYAPOORA (JAYAPOORI or JEYAPOORI).
Indie : a dialect of HINDI, spoken at Jyanagur or Jeypoor, a province
of Rajpootana, N.W. India. The dynasty of Jeypoor is next to Oodey-
poor in antiquity.
ADDENDA.
JAMOO, see JUMBOO.
JAPURIN.
AMERICAN : native name of the Yarura Indians of New Granada.
JAR.
Caucasian : a branch of the AKUSH. Also written DZHAR. H. 0.
119
JAYAPOORI, under JU.
JEBERO, see XEBERO.
JEMTLANDIC.
A dialect of Sweden, cited in Ihre's " Svenskt Dialekt-Lex." W.W. S.
JENISCH.
GERMAN word for Low-speech.
JENISEI, under Y.
JEYAPOORI, under JU.
JEZIDI, under Y.
JIG.
Caucasian : a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. It is
also written DJIO. H. C.
JOAKEMA, see YAKAMA.
JOHN'S, ST., see PASSAMAQUODS.
JOKONG, see JAKUN.
JOMAY.
African : dialect of SHI KAN.
JOWAY, see low A.
JUAN, SAN, see PUEBLO.
JUAN, SAN, BAUTISTA.
AMERICAN : Mutsun Indians of Monterey County, California.
JUAN, SAN, CAPISTRANO.
AMERICAN : Californian Indians of the Acagchemem nation, classed
as DIEGUNOS, and also called NETELAS.
JUANGA, tee PUTTOOS.
JURA.
Patois of France. Vocaby. in " Mem. de la Soc. des Antiq.," vol. v., vi.
JURAZEN.
Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of the N. group (Klaproth).
JUTES.
TEUTONIC : tribes of ancient Germans, called GOTHS.
120
K.
KA.
Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON of Pegu.
KABAIL or KABYLE.
African : an ARABIC word ; " Kabllah," singular ; " Kabayil,"
plural, signifying "species," "tribe," "family," or "kind." It is
applied to the people called Berbers. Dialects are BUJI, SHILHA,
TAMAZIHT, BENI-MENASAR, GADAMSI. Hanoteau : " Essai de Gram-
maire Kabyle," Alger., 1858. See SHOWIAH.
%* It is unwritten, but has remarkable alphabets of ancient type, and
is supposed to represent the ancient Lybian. H. C.
KABALA.
HEBREW word : " mysticism," superstition of Cabalistic Jews.
%* An alphabet used by the Rabbis and Freemasons ; is supposed to
be a type of cuneiform and square Hebrew. H. C.
KABUL.
NUMISMATIC : early Indian coinage of Kabulistan, often bilingual ;
GREEK and old INDIAN, or early SANSKRIT, as represented under its
Pali modification.
KACHARI.
NON-ARYAN ; language of N.B. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty." See CACHARESE.
KACHIQUEL Or KICHEQUEL.
American : a dialect of the MAYA class, spoken in the province of
Solola, Guatemala. See Flores : " Arte de la Lengua Kakchiquel,"
Antigua, 1753.
KACUNDA, KAKANDA.
. African : a name for the SHABUN.
KADIAK, KADJAK.
Eskimo : a dialect of the ALEUTIAN class, vernacular in the island so
named. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 104. See KONAGI.
KAFFA.
African : a dialect of GONGA, allied to WORATTA and YANGARO.
121
KAFIR.
AEABIC word for " pagan " or " infidel " from the Moslem point of view.
We have " Kafir," singular ; " Kuffar," plural.
(1) Asiatic : Kafir of Kafristan. A dialect spoken by the Shiah-
poosh, allied to SANSKRIT ; it is the vernacular speech of Hindu-Kush.
Tribes of Kafristan are Ashkin, Ashpin, Kamoz, Pashai.
(2) Kafiri, the Caffres of S. Africa, the most widely extended
family of speech found there. See Bleek's " Comparative Grammar,"
2 vols., London, 1869 ; Boyce's Grammar by Davis, London, 1863.
KAGAN or KAYAN.
Borneo : sub-dialect of DAYAK. See Crawfurd : "Dissertation," p. 205.
KAGATAIC, see JAGATAIC.
KAHETAN.
American : sub-dialect of N. GUARANI ; called TUPIS OP BRAZIL.
KAHNA.
AMERICAN : name for Blood Indians.
KAIBOLU.
Malayan : dialect of CERAM.
KAIDIPANG.
Malayan : a sub-dialect of MEN AD u.
KAILI.
African : dialect of the GABOON. See Bowdich's " Mission to
Ashantee."
KAINULAISET.
FIN : a name for the QUAINS.
KAIOA.
Malayan : a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace, vol. ii., p. 296-7.
KAITHI.
HINDI : dialect of the N.W. provinces. A. C. See KYT'HI.
KAJUNAH.
INDIAN : dialect of the Kanjiitis of Hunza in Dardistan. See
Cunningham's " Ladak," London, 1854.
%* This language has been erroneously represented as DARD. See
Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, 1870. H. C.
KAKAS, KAKASING.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
KAKE.
American : a tribe of SITKA, See KOLUSH.
122
KAKHYEN.
Assamese : a dialect of BHOT. Classed as SINGPHO.
KAKONGO.
AFRICAN : " Ka," tribal prefix. See under KONGO.
KALANNA.
African : dialect of the SOUDAN. See Bowdich's " Mission."
KALBRA.
AFRICAN : dialect of W. Coast. Same word as CALABAK.
KALCHAQUI.
American : dialect of QUICHUA. Spoken in Tucuman.
KALDANI.
(1) A tribe or people of Chaldsea, mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions.
(2) A name for CHALDEE, still used, in a much corrupted form, in
the mountains of Kurdistan and by some tribes of Nestorian Christians.
W. S. W. V. See SYRO-CHALDEE.
KALKA.
Dialect of MOGHOL, belonging to Chinese Tartary.
KALLAPUIAH.
American : dialect of OREGON. Vocaby. " Jl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,"
London, 1841.
KALMUK.
MOGHOL : same as Calmuk. The Kalmuks of the Volga are also
called Eleuts, Olot, or Ulut ; the dialect is called WEST- MONGOLIAN.
See Zwich's " Grammatik . . Kalmiikischen," Donaueschingen, 1852.
KAMAS, KAMASSINTZI.
Ugrian : nearly extinct dialects spoken by Ostiaks, on the S.W.
boundary of the Samoied area.
KAMBALI.
African : a dialect classed as KOURI, but presenting many diver-
gences ; there is a vocaby. by Kolle. H. C.
KAMBOJAN.
PEGUESE : same as Cambojan.
KAMBOJAS.
Primeval tribes of India.
KAMI.
MONOSYLLABIC : a dialect of Burmese. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
123
KAMILAROI.
Native dialect of Australia. See Ridley : '' Gurre Kamilaroi," Sydney,
1856.
KAMOZ, see KAFIR.
KAMSKADAL, KAMSKATKAN, &r KAMCHATDAL.
A class of dialects belonging to the N.E. of Asia, allied to the native
dialects of Arctic America.
KAN AD A.
A name for CANARESE.
KANAKA.
Native name for " man " in New Zealand, and applied to natives of
the Sandwich Is. ; but Tangata is the word more general in all other
islands. Compare the African word " Kanyika," and the American
"Kenneka." The language of the Sandwich Is. is closely allied to the
MAOEI. See HAW A JAN.
KANAM, KANEM.
African : a district of Bornui, having the KANURI and TIBBU in its
area.
KANAWARI, see KUNAWAR.
KANCHI, KASNAS.
American : sub-dialects of the AYMARA.
KANDOKOV, KONDAKOV.
Turkish, classed as a sub-dialect of KOIBAL.
KANGULIT, KANGJULIT.
American : dialect of ESKIMO, belonging to the N.W.
KANJUTI, see KAJUNAH.
KANUJ, see CANOJ.
KANURI.
AFRICAN : the typical dialect of BORNUI, spoken in Kanem. Koelle's
Grammar, London, 1854.
KANYIKA.
African : a dialect of KAFIR. See KANAKA.
KANYOP.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Bissagos or Bijugos Is.
*„.* It is allied to FELUP, BAGNON, "SARAH. BOLAR, PADSADE,
BIAFADA, and PAPEL. H. C.
KANZA, *«> under KO.
124
KAOTSE.
Thibetan : CHINESE name for the HOB.
KAPCHAK.
ALATYAN : Tatar dialect of the lower Volga and the Ural.
KAPIR.
TATAR form of " Kafir," " infidel."
KAPUA.
Dayak : sub-dialect of BiAJU, vernacular in Borneo.
KAPWI.
Monosyllabic : a dialect spoken to the N.W. of the BURMESE
Empire.
KARAGA.
Dialects of KAMSKADAL, vernacular in E. Asia.
KARAGAS.
ALATYAN : Tatar dialect of Siberia, allied to KOIBAL ; Vocaby. by
Castren.
KARAITE.
Dialect of Heretical, or reformed, Jews who reject the Talmud, and
adhere closely to the literal text of the Old Testament. It is derived
from the Hebrew root '• kara," " to read," and they call themselves " sons
of the reading," or of " the text." Compare Luke x., 26. See " History,"
by Rule, London, 1870.
%* They are numerous in the Crimaea, but a few communities of them
are to be found in Poland, Galicia, and at Constantinople. The Kara-
ites use Hebrew, but also the dialect of the country where they dwell ;
thus in the Crimsea it may be TATAR, but at Wilna it is POLISH. R. P. S.
KARA-KALPAC.
TURKISH : spoken by a Tatar tribe of Khiva, called " Black Caps."
H. C.
KARA-KIRGHIS.
ALATYAN : TATAR dialect of Siberia, spoken by the black Kirghis.
H. C.
KARASS.
Ugrian dialect of SAMOIED, spoken on the Caspian Sea and by Nogais
in Taurica.
KARATSHAI, KARACHAI.
Dialect of TURKISH, spoken in the Caucasus.
*** It is like ORIM-TATAR, and is spoken on the Black River. H. C.
KARAULA.
A native dialect of Australia.
KARAWI.
SUB-SEMITIC. Same as MAHAEI.
KAREKARE, see PIKA.
KARELIAN, KIRIALAISET.
Ugrian : a division of FINNISH. It is the dialect of Russian Finland,
and is written in Russian characters, comprising Auramoiset, Olonetz,
Savakot, Izhor, and Viborg. See TAVASTRIAN.
KAREN or KORENG.
Monosyllabic : numerous dialects of BURMESE. See Grammar by
Wade, Maulmein, 1861.
Mr. Hunter distinguishes them as SGAU and Pwo ; vocabys. in his
" Comp. Dicty." See PLAY.
KARIF, see CARIB.
KARITI.
AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil. Known only by a catechism printed
by a Capuchin monk in 1709.
KARNATIKA, see CANARESE.
KARON.
PAPUAN : dialect of New Guinea.
KASAN or KAZAN.
(1) UGRIAN : dialect of Bulgarian tribes settled in the district ; now
called Kazan, in European Russia; also called TURKISH-TARTAR, or
TURKO-TATAR, but more like OSMANLI. See Grammar by Kasem-Bek,
Kasan, 1839.
(2) CAUCASIAN : a tribe of the Akush. H. C.
KASANGE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. Vocaby. in Kolle's Polyglot. H. C.
KASHKARI.
Nearly allied to or identically the same with ARNIYA. Vocaby. by
Dr. Leitner, also in " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," 1838.
KASHPURA, see KUSWAR.
KASI, see Kusi-KuMUK.
KASM.
African : a dialect sometimes classed as KOURI. It is related to
YULA, KRU, SERAWULLI, &c. H. C.
KASSUB or KASHUB.
SLAVONIC : dialect of POLISH, spoken in parts of Pomerania.
126
KATA-KANA.
JAPANESE : name for their system of alphabetic characters.
KATCHI, see CUTCHI.
KATHE, see MUNIPOOEA.
KATODI.
DRAVIDIAN : a dialect spoken by a hill-tribe of Guzarat ; they have
been described by Dr. Wilson, who states that their language resembles
the MALAYALIM. W. E.
KATSHA.
TURKISH : dialect of the Katshalar or Katshintsi in Siberia.
KAUBUL, see KABUL.
KAUKASIAN, under C. inr
KAURE.
African : a dialect of the KOURI. It is allied to LEGBA. KEAMBA,
TEMBA, &c. ; Vocaby. Kolle's Polyglot. H. C.
KAWANG-KOAN.
Malayan : a sub-dialect of MENADU.
KAWELITSK, iee under Ko.
KAWI.
. Javanese : name for the early dialect called OLD JAVANESE. It is
used in literary compositions. See Humboldt : " Kawi-Sprache," 3 vols.,
Berlin, 1836-9. ^-
KAWITSH.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Vancouver Is., and of neighbouring parts
of the continent. B. G. L.
KAY AN.
DAYAK ; same as KAGAN.
KAZAK-KIRGHIS or KAZAN.
TATAR : same as KASAN.
KE.
PAPUAN : dialect of the Malay Archipelago. See Wallace, vol ii
pp. 296-7.
KEAMBA or KIAMBA.
African : dialect of KOURI. It has the same affinities as KAURE.
H. C.
127
KEGHUA.
AMERICAN. Same as QUICHUA. See Tschudi : " Die Kechua Sprache."
2 vols., Wien, 1853.
KEDAH.
MALAYAN : closely allied to JTJBU-SAMANG.
KEH-DOULAN.
MALAYAN : somewhat allied to BIMA.
KEILINSCHRIFT.
GEBMAN name for inscriptions in cuneiform or wedge-shaped
characters.
KEKUAFI.
AFRICAN. See under UKUAPI.
KELENONESIAN or KEJL^ENONESIAN.
POLYNESIAN : term for the Negritos or dark-skinned natives. Also
called MELANESIAN.
KELTIC.
Same as CELTIC. A division of the ARYAN family of languages,
represented by ARMORICAN, GAELIC, IRISH, MANX, the now extinct
CORNISH, and WELSH (pre-Koman dialect of Britain). «^-
KEMA.
MALAYAN : a dialect of Celebes. Vocaby. by Wallace.
KENAY Or KINAI.
American : spoken in sevrral dialects, and classed as ATHABASCAN.
Vocaby. in Buschmann : " Der Athapask. Sprachstamm," Berlin, 1856.
See INKALAIT.
KENNEKAS.
American : a dialect of the FuEGiAN, called TEKEENIKA.
See YAKANAKU.
KENTISH.
Provincial dialect of England. See the Ayenbite of Inwyt, in the
Kentish dialect, ab. A.D. 1340: ed. Dr. Morris, E.E.T.S. 1866. W.W.S.
KERES or QUIRES.
AMERICAN : the most S. dialect of the Pueblos, in New Mexico.
See KIWOMI.
KHACHE.
THIBETAN : a name for the HOR.
KHAJUNA, see KAJUNAII.
KHAMTI.
Monosyllabic : a dialect of SIAMESE, closely allied to AHOM. Vocaby.
in Hunter's " Comp, Dicty.'"
128
KHAMTSKATKAN, see under K.A.
KHARI.
ASSAMESE : a dialect of the Naga tribes. Vocaby in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
KHASPURA.
INDIC : the native dialect of Nipal ; it is a mingled tongue, formed
from HINDI and BHOT, using the Devanagri character.
KHASSEE, KHASSI, or KHASIA.
MONOSYLLABIC : language of the Cossyahs who inhabit the moun-
tainous region that separates E. Bengal from Assam ; they are of Chinese
or Tatar origin, and use the Bengali character. Pamphlet by Schott,
Berlin, 1859.
%* Major Godwin Austin considers the Khassias more nearly allied to
the Burmese than to the Chinese. H. C.
KHIVESE.
USBEG tribes of Turkestan. The Khanat of Khiva is inhabited by a
mixed race of Iranian and Turanian origin ; the Usbegs predominate.
See KAKA-KALPAC.
KHO.
Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN. It is allied to the MON.
KHOIBU.
Monosyllabic : a dialect of Burmese, classed as KORENG.
KHOND.
INDIAN : a dialect of aborigines in Orissa. Quite distinct from the
GUNDI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
KHONG.
Indo-Chinese : a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON.
KHORIN.
MOGHOL ; closely allied to SELENGA.
KHOTOVZI.
Ugrian : dialect of the Kanskoi Ostiaks, classed as YENISEIAN.
%* Also known as KOTTEN, KOTOWZI, KANSKI ; small vocaby. in
Latham's " Elements," p. 96.
KHUM.
CHINESE : a name for the court dialect used at Pekin. " Lessons and
Vocabulary, Pekin Dialect," by Edkins, 1869.
KHUMIA.
A dialect of BURMESE ; also called KAMI and KUMI.
KHURBAT.
A gipsey dialect of Persia ; also called GHURBAT.
129
KHUS, see PABBUTTA.
KHWAKHLAMAYU.
American : dialect of Upper California ; it ia allied to KULANAPO.
%* Also to YUMA, SHASTI, OBEGONES, &c. H. C.
KHYEN, KIAYN.
Monosyllabic : also called KOLUN, and allied to KABEN. See SHO.
KlAMBA, see KEAMBA.
KIANG-NAN.
CHINESE : name for the local speech of Nankin.
KlAYN, see KHYEN.
KlCHAI.
AMEBICAN : a Pawnee language vernacular on the Canadian R. and
in Texas, and allied to HUECO, CADDO, WITCHITO, &c. See " Pacific
R. Report," vol. ii., Washington, 1855.
KlCHAK.
SUB-TUBANIAN : a dialect of the Himalayas.
KlCHE.
American : dialect of MAYA. Same as QUICHE. See KACHIQUEL.
Kl-GALLA.
AFBICAN : " Ki," tribal prefix. Kaffir name for the GALLA. Vocaby.
by Krapf, Tubingen, 1850.
KlHANY.
Name for the written characters of the PEBSIAN alphabet.
See NISHKI.
KlHIAU.
AFBICAN : dialect of the Mozambique. See Krapf s Vocaby.
KlJ or KlZH.
AMERICAN : dialect of California.
KlKAMBA.
AFBICAN : classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. It is the language of the
Wakambas of the R. Mombas or Mombaza, N. of Zanzibar, and is allied
to some dialects of the Nile. "Amba" means "the people." See Krapf 'a
Vocaby.
KIKKAPU.
American : dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by a division of the
Shawanoe.
KlLLAMUCK.
AMERICAN : tribe* of Flatheads, See JAKOK.
K
130
KINIKA.
African: a dialect of SUAHELI. "Nika" means "the language." See
Krapf s " Outline of Ki-Suaheli, with especial reference to Kinika."
KlO.
MALAYAN : a dialect of Flores or Mangeyle. an island of the Indian
Archipelago.
KlOWAY.
AMER CAN : Indians of Texas. See " Pacific R. Reports," vol. ii.
*** It has affinities to SHOSHONE, and there is some resemblance to
ATHABASCAN. H. C.
KlPOKOMO.
AFRICAN : a N.E. dialect of the KAFFIR. See Krapf 's Vocaby.
K.IPTCHAK, see KAPCHAK.
KIRATA or KlRANTI.
Language of the Limboo or Ekthoomba, and other tribes in E. Nipal
and Sikkim.
%* According to Mr. Hodgson, it has fifteen dialects. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." H. C.
KIRGHIS-KASAK (KHIRGHESE).
TURKISH : spoken in the Khanat of Khiva, and closely allied to
UZBEK. " Opisanie" by Lewschin, Fr. translation, Paris, 1840.
KlRIALAISET.
FINNISH ; same as KARELIAN.
KlRIRI.
AMERICAN: a language of Bahia in Brazil, also classed as SABUJA.
See Gabelentz : " Grammatik," Leipsig, 1852.
KlSAMA or KlSAMBALA.
African : a dialect of Kafir, classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. Vocaby.
in Kolle's "Polyglot."
KISI.
TATAR : dialect of Tungusian, closely allied to MANTSHU. Also called
TUNGUS of the Amoor.
KISSA, KISSER.
Malayan : a dialect of JAVANESE, closely allied to BABA.
Kl-SUAHELI.
African : a dialect of KAFIR, mingled with SEMITIC, spoken by the
Suahelis, N. of the Mozambique. Krapf's " Outline." Tubingen, 1850.
131
KlTUNAHA or KUTANI.
AMERICAN : unclassed dialects of the Cootani or Flat-bow Indians,
spoken along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains in New Caledonia and
Oregon. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 97.
KlWOMI, KIOAME.
AMERICAN : sub-dialects of the Keres, Pueblo Indians of New Mexico,
on Canadian R. ; Vocaby. by Whipple, Washington, 1855. H. C.
See
KlZH.
AMERICAN : dialect of New California. See Buschmann : " Die
Sprachen Kizh," &c., Berlin, 1856.
KlZZILBASH, tee under KU.
KLABAT.
Malayan : dialects of MENADU, subdivided into KLABAT-ATAS and
KLABAT-BAWA.
KLAMATH.
AMERICAN : Klamath-lake Indians is the English name for the
Okshees, who are allied to the Modocs. See LTTTUAMI.
KLIKETAT.
American : sub-dialect of SHAHAPTAN, spoken in Oregon. They are
the nez percees of Canada.
KNISTENAUX.
AMERICAN : name for the Crees. See KRISTENAUX.
KOAMA.
African : dialect of the KOURI, allied to BAGBALA, LEGBA, &c. ;
Vocaby. by Kolle. H. C.
KOGEH, KOCH, KOCGH.
SUB-TURANIAN : a dialect of the Sub- Himalayas, and Cooch Behar.
E. Bengal.
KODAK.
DRAVIDIAN : same as KOTA. See Caldwell's " Comparative Grammar ;"
and Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
KODUGU.
Same as CURGI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty.''
KODUN.
DRAVIDIAN : common dialect, known as Low TAMUL, in distinction
from the SHEN.
KOHATAR.
CANARE8E : a dialect of the Nilgherry Hills.
K2
132
KOHISTANEE.
Dialect of Kohistan, i.e.,- " mountain country " — the highlands of
Kabulistan ; it is allied to SHINA. W. S. W. V.
KOIBAL.
Alatyan : closely allied to KARAGAS, but slightly mixed with
TCHUDIC, the population being Samoied in blood ; it has dialects.
Klaproth : " Asia Pol.," p. 155 ; Castren, &c. H. C.
KOINE.
HELLENIC : n XOIVTI Stdxtxros, the general language of Greece under the
Macedonians, and subsequently.
KOL (COLE).
(1) OLDER DRAVIDIAN : language of the Kols, a wide-spread race of
Chota Nagpoor, Central India. A. C. See DHANGUR.
*** Mr. W. W. Hunter distinguishes two dialects, the Ho and
SINGHBHUM ; see Vocabys. in his " Comp. Dicty."
(2) KOLI, KOOLI : Mahratta word, applied to a tribe of aborigines,
and also to a caste of water-bearers, hence KULI, i.e., " Coolee," in
Tamil, a common labourer.
KOLADYN.
BURMESE : a dialect of Aracan.
KOLDAGI.
African : dialect of KORDOFAN. It is allied to the FURIAN. H. C.
KOLIGON.
AUSTRALIAN : the Colack natives. See Eyre's Journals, London, 1845.
KOLUN, see KHYEN.
KOLUSH.
American : dialect of SITKA. Vocaby., "Amer. Ethnol."vol. ii.,p. 102.
*»* These are a remarkable people, and the language is allied to
Chepewayan and Kenai. H. C.
KOLYMA.
Eskimo : a dialect of KAMSKADAL spoken in Asia.
KONAGI.
American : native language of the I. of Kadiak ; its structure is
ESKIMO, but the vocabulary is ATHABASCAN of the KENAI group.
KONDIN.
A dialect of SAMOIED, allied to YURAK.
KONG (1).
AFRICAN : dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich's " Mission."
133
KONG (2).
CHINESE : name for the dialect of Canton.
KONGA.
(1) MALAYAN : dialect of the Is. of Flores or Ende.
(2) INDIAN : name applied by the Mahrattas to the Dravidian people
and tongues. "W. E.
KONGO or CONGO.
African : spoken in the Portuguese dominion and classed by Bleek as
BANTU-KAFIR. Grammar by Brusciottus a Vetralla, Kome, 1659.
KONGUAN.
AFBICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. Small vocaby. in Latham's
" Elements," p. 564.
KONKANI.
Indie : a dialect of the MAHRATTI.
KONZA or KANZA.
American : a dialect of Sioux.
KOOCH, see CUTCHI.
KOOKIE or KOONKIE.
Monosyllabic : the same as LOOSHAI ; Aracanese and Bengali words,
with others not referable to either of those languages, are found in it.
Spoken by the Howlong, Panjas, Kuttun and Syloo. A. C.
%* The name is sometimes applied to the NAGAS.
KOOMIS, see Ktnai.
KORANA.
African : a dialect of HOTTENTOT.
KORAWI.
Dravidian : a dialect of TAMUL. Small vocaby. in Latham's
" Elements," p. 246. See TBLINO.
KORGH.
INDIAN : tribe of the Himalayas. Essay by Hodgson, London, 1860.
KOREAN.
A geographical term for some dialects of Siberia. See COREAN.
KOREISH.
Semitic : the leading dialect of ARABIC.
Although the literary importance of the tribe of Koreish does not
seem to have been very great before the age of Mahomet, it was never-
theless the dialect which he adopted for the Koran, and it has from
that day been the classical language of Arabia. See Renan, " Hist.
Gen. des Langues Semitiques," p. 328. R. P. S. See CUFIC.
134
KORENG, gee KAREN.
KORIAK.
A KOREAN dialect of Okhotsk in Siberia, closely allied to KAM-
CHATKAN.
KORINCHI.
MALAYAN : dialect of interior of Sumatra, written with a peculiar
native character. P. J. V.
KOSKEEMO.
A dialect of Vancouver L, belonging to its W. side, spoken by nearly
extinct tribes of Koskeemos and Quatsinos ; it is much mingled with
QUAKWOLTH. E. B.
KOT.
UGRIAN : dialect of the Yeniseian Ostiaks in Siberia, also called
KANSKI ; Khotowzi is the Russian form of Kot. Grammar by Castren.
KOTA, see KODAK.
KOTOFANTSHI.
African : dialect of the HAMARXTA.
KOU-OUEN.
Chinese : name for OLD CHINESE, the ancient Archaic dialect, now
extinct.
KOUSULU.
Indie : dialect of HINDI, vernacular in Oude.
KOWELITSK.
AMERICAN : western branch of the Flatheads.
*#* Their dialect is allied to the ATNA or SELISH, and has affinities
with SEKUMNE, &c. H. C.
KOWRAREGA.
AUSTRALIAN. See Macgillivray : " Voyage of the Rattlesnake,"
vol. ii., p. 279.
KOWRI.
African : Dr. Latham's name for a variety of native dialects, arranged
by Kolle as N.E. HIGH SOUDANIAN. $&
KRAIN, tee CARNIOLAN.
KRAMA.
" Krama " in JAVANESE means " politeness " or " courteousness " ;
hence the High Javanese (on the use of which see the article JAVANESE)
is called " Basa Krama," or the polite language. A few words equally
used in High and Low Javanese, but only in speaking of persons of
the very highest rank and consideration, are designated by the name of
" Krama inggil " or " High Krama." P. J. V.
135
KREDY.
A language sometimes called FERTIT, but there is another language
in FERTIT allied to AGAW. The people are S. of Darfur, between 7° and
8° N. Lat. There is a vocabulary by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873.
H. C.
KREEPEE or KREPI.
African : names for the GREBO, closely allied to ADAMPI, ANFUE,
and the WHYDAH group. H. C.
KRETAN.
Same as CRETAN ; a sub-dialect of GREEK. See vocaby. iu Hock's
•' Kreta," Gb'ttingen, 1823.
KRIM-TARTAR, under c.
KRISTENAUX.
ALGONKIN : name for the Crees.
KROATIAN, under c.
KRU.
African : dialect of Grebo and Gbe, belonging to the Ivory-coast, and
classed by some as MANA or MANDINGO. It has resemblances to ARO,
KASM, SERAWULLI, YALA, &c. H. C.
KU.
A dialect of DRAVIDIAN. See Caldwell's Grammar.
KUAN-HOA.
Chinese : name for MANDARIN form of speech.
KUBITSHI.
Lesghian : name for the FERINGHEE.
%* It is a dialect of the Caucasus, like AKUSH, between the Koi Su
and Buam. H. C.
KUDI.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialect of the Himalayas.
KUFIC, under C.
KUKI.
Burmese : closely allied to KHUMIA.
KULANAPO.
AMERICAN : Indians of N.W. California.
*** The language is allied to KHWAKHLAMAYO, OBEGONES, SHASTI,
and YUM A. H. C.
KUM.
African : dialect (if KAFIR.
136
KUMAON.
HINDI : local dialect spoken near the sources of E. Ramgunga, in
Kumaon, a province of N.W. India.
KUMHA.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialect of Nipal.
KUMI.
BURMKSE : almost identical with KAMI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
K.UMUK.
TURKISH : dialect of the Caucasus. Klaproth : " Reise in den Kaukasus."
%* It resembles KRIM-TATAR, and is not to be confounded with
KAZI-KUMUK. H. C.
KUNAWARI.
Mixed language of India : BHOT, KANET, MILCHAN, SUGNUM, &c.
*,* Kunawar is a Trans- Himalayan province, N. of Simla. A. C.
KUNKUNA.
INDIC : old dialect of the Concan. See KONKANI.
KUPANG.
MALAYAN : dialect of W. Timor,
KUPUAS.
MALAYAN : dialect of Borneo.
KURD or KURDISH.
(1) ARMENIC : the dialect of Kurdistan, the mountain country
dividing Mesopotamia from Persia, halfway between the Black Sea and
the Persian Gulf, now divided between Persia and Turkey. It is closely
allied to OSSETIC and PUSHTOO, and has been classed as IRANIC ; it is
written with Arabic characters. Klaproth : " Asia Pol.," p. 76.
%* It is not used as a written language, Persian being substituted.
There is a Grammar in Italian by Garzoni, Rome, 1787. H. C.
(2) OLD KURDISH has been regarded as a dialect of CHALDEE. See
" Forschungen," by Lerch, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1857.
KURG, see under C.
KURILIAN.
Also called AlNO, the native language of the Kurile Is., also spoken by
the aborigines of Yesso or Yezo, one of the Japanese group, and
allied to KAMSKADAL and KORIAK. The Ainos are a hairy race, easily
distinguished from the smoother Mongols.
KURING.
"Kuring" in Sundanese means a "serf," a person of low origin.
Hence the Low Sundanese is called " Basa Kuring." P. J. V.
See SUNDANESE.
137
KURLAND, see CTJRISH.
KURUMBA.
NON- ARYAN : language of S. India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty." See DHANGAR.
KUSI-KUMUK.
Caucasian: language of KARA-KAITAK and TABASSERAN. It is
allied to the LESGHIAN group. H. C.
KUSKOKWIM, KUSKUTSHEWAK.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Labrador Eskimos on the R. Kuskuk-
wim. See Richardson's " Arctic Expedition," 2 vols., London, 1861.
KUSUNDA, KUSWAR.
OLDER DRAVIDIAN : dialects of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
KUTANI, see KITUNAHA.
KUTCHI, under C.
KUTSHIN.
American : dialect of ATHABASCAN, spoken by Loucheux Indians, on
the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
KUTZO-WAL.L.ACHIAN.
Italic : dialect of RUMANIAN, spoken to the S. of the Daco-Wallachian
or Rouman area about Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.
KUZNETSK.
Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Siberia, classed by Dr.
Latham as Turks of the Upper Tom; small Vocaby. in his " Elements,"
p. 107.
KUZZILBASH.
Alatyan : a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Persia ; also called
KlZILBASH.
%* "Kizilbash" means "red-head;" it is a term applied to the
Yurukhs and other mountain tribes, who are regarded as non-orthodox
Mussalmans. H. C.
KWALIOKWA.
American: a dialect allied to the Tahkali or Carrier Indians, classed
as ATHABASCAN.
KYRILLIG, under C.
KYT'HI, KAITHI.
A cursive handwriting used by Hindoos of the N.W. provinces in
B. India.
138
ADDENDA.
KABARDINIAN.
Caucasian : a dialect of CiECASSiAN. H. C.
KABKA.
AFRICAN : a language of Bornu.
KABUCH.
Caucasian : a member of the LESGHIAN group. H. C.
KACHA, see KATSHA.
KADIR.
A semi-nomade race, inhabiting some forests of S.W. India. W. E.
KAJENJAH.
AFRICAN : a language of Bornu.
KAKANDA.
African : a dialect classed as NUFI. H. C.
KALALAT.
Caucasian : seemingly LESGHIAN ; referred to in the Mithridates.
KALASHA.
PAEOPAMISAN or DAED : a dialect of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by
Leitner and Mander. H. C.
KALBUNGA.
African : a dialect allied to MANDINGO. See Kolle's " Polyg." H. C.
KALE.
Romany : a name for GIPSY.
KALHURI.
ARMENIC : dialect of S. Kurds.
KALINA, KALINAGO, KARINA.
American : native terms for CAEIB. See GALIBI.
KALINGA.
Dravidian : a form of TELINGA.
KALLAGI.
African : NlGRiTiAN dialect of the Soudan.
KALOSCHEN.
GERMAN form of "Canf or "Slang.''
139
KAMAKAN.
AMERICAN : (1) Camacan civilisada ; Brasilian Indians of Espiritu.
The same as MENIENG.
(2) Camacaes Mongoyos or Monxocos ; Indians of Bahia.
KAMAKON.
African : classed with KALBRA.
KAMBA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Congo.
KAMENTES, KARAIKAS.
AMERICAN : tribes of Pescherai.
KANACATA-GES.
AMERICAN : Jahyco Indians of Brasil.
KANAI, KANHAWA, see CANAWAY.
KANAM, see KANEM.
KAN AS, see KANCHI.
KANDO.
African : dialect of the Congo, classed as MANDONGO.
KANDY (CANDY).
SINHALESE : local dialect of Ceylon ; also called MAXGALA.
KANGA.
African : dialect of NIGRITIAN.
KANKAM, KANKAMTSHI.
AFRICAN : language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.
KANKANKA.
African : allied to MANDINGO. See " Polyg. Afr." H. C.
KANNADJ.
Correct designation of CANARESE.
KANSKI, KANSKOI, see KOT.
KANYAKUBJA.
Indian term " of or relating to CANOUG or KANAUJ," applied to any
caste.
KAPUL.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. See INABAK.
140
KARABA, KARABARI.
African : a language allied to EBO, quoted from Kilham's
" Specimens."
KARABULAKISH.
Caucasian : dialect of MIZDEGHEN.
KARAKAITAK.
Caucasian : sub-dialect of KAZIKUMUK. H. C.
KARALI.
American : native name for the ESKIMO of Greenland.
KARANKA.
American : classed as AYMAEA (Ludewig).
KARANKUA, KARANKOWAY.
American : classed as ATHABASCAN (Balbi).
KARINA, see KALINGA.
KARNTEN.
Wendic : GERMAN form of CAEINTHIAN, classed as SLOVENIAN.
KARUB.
African : tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES.
KASHMIRI, under C.
KASHNA.
AFRICAN : a language of Bornu. H. C.
KASIA.
Indian tribe near the Garo hills, remarkable as the builders of stone
monuments ; their language is allied to GARO, NAGA, SHAN, &c. H. C.
KASSENTEE.
AFRICAN : language of central district.
KASSIANTHES.
African : aame as TIEMBA.
KATAHBA, under C.
KATTANAHAWS.
AMERICAN : tribe of Minetare.
KAUDARD.
AFRICAN : unclassed language of the N.E.
141
KAVASUMSENK.
AMEBICAN : tribe of Narragansets.
KAVERE.
AMERICAN : Maipure Indians. See CAVEBI.
KAZI-KUMUK or KATHI-KUMUK, under Ku.
KEESARN, KIGARNEE, KYGANIES.
AMERICAN : Haidah Indians of Q. Charlotte's Is.
KEIKADI.
NON- ARYAN : a language of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
KEMENTES, under KA.
KENSY (KENU).
African : a dialect of the NUBIAN ; same as BARABHA.
KERAT.
Moghol : same as TORQOT, and classed as KALMUCK.
KERMANS.
Armenic : classed as KURDISH (Niebuhr).
KERRAPAY, KERRAPONG.
African : one or more sub-dialects of AKWAPIM. H. C,
KERRAPI, see KREEPEE.
KET.
Ugrian : a dialect of the SAMOIED (Klaproth).
KEYES.
American : (1) same as KICHAI.
(2) Same as KEYUS, a tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.
KHALING.
Indo-Chinese ; a sub-dialect of the KIBATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
KHARI-BOLI.
HINDI : local dialect of Delhi and Agra.
KHENAR.
Caucasian : a branch of the KISTI or THUSH. H. C.
KHENG, see KHTBN.
KHIRGHESE, see KIRGHIS.
142
KHISTI, see KIBTI.
KHOAZI.
Iranic : PERSIAN dialect of Kuseistan.
KHUNZAG.
Caucasian : a dialect allied to the AVAR. H. C.
KlAORANA.
POLYNESIAN : a form of salutation, " May you live." W. G.
KlGARNEE, see KEESARN.
KlGINDO.
African : a dialect of KAFFIR.
KlKATSA.
AMERICAN : name for the Crow Indians.
KILBA, KILBANTSHI.
AFRICAN : a language of the HAMARUA, described by Dr. Earth.
H. C.
KILLISTENO, see CREE.
KlNALUG.
Caucasian : a sub -dialect of LESGHIAN.
KING GEORGE, under G,
KING GEORGE'S ARCHIPELAGO.
AMERICAN : tribes of Kolusches. See SITKA.
KING'S R. INDIANS.
AMERICAN : a tribe of California.
KlSILBEK.
Caucasian : a dialect of ABSNE. See KUZZILBASH.
KlSKAPOCOKE.
American : tribe of Shawnees.
KlSSI.
African : a dialect of Sierra Leone, supposed to be Susu. See
Kilham's " Specimens."
KlSTI, KlSTIAN, KlSTIC.
Caucasian : GEORGIAN term, from " Kisteti," the country of the Kists,
also called KISTINZES. A name for the MIZDEGHEN.
%* It is the same as the TUSH or THUSCH language, is largely mixed
with LESGHIAN, and sometimes called CHECH or TSCHETSCH. Grammar
by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856. H. C.
143
KlTZBUHEL.
Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN dialect of the Tyrol.
KlZARAMO.
African : a dialect of KAFFIR, like KIGINDO. H. C.
KLING.
BURMESE : designation of the people on the Coromandel Coast em-
ployed in Burma. W. E.
KNENKORENWURRO.
AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre's " Journals," London, 1845.
KO.
MALAYAN : prefix to all proper names in E. Polynesia. W. G.
KOBROOR.
Malayan : WOKKHA, dialect of the Arroo Is.
KOCHABOTH.
American : dialect of GUAYKUKU.
KOCHEMER-SPRACHE.
GERMAN form of " Cockney."
KODIARA, KORBIAR.
Dravidian : dialects of BOWRI.
KOKAMA.
American : same as COCAMA, a tribe of Omaguas.
KOLAMBO.
African : dialect of MANDONGO.
KOLAMI.
NON-ARYAN : a language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
KOLHUI.
American : NAHUATLAC tribe of Mexico.
KOLLA.
Dravidian : dialect of KORAWI. See KOL.
KOLLAGUA, under C.
KOLTSCHANES.
American : same as GALZANES, a tribe of Atna.
ROMANIAN.
Alatyan : dialect of TATAR, allied to UIGUR and UZBEG. G. R,
144
KOMI.
TCHUDIC : native appellation of the SIBERIANS.
KONDAKOV, see KANDOKOV.
KONO.
African : allied to MANDINGO. See " Polyg. Afr." H. C.
KONTSHABA.
A name for the KAMTSHATKAN, applied by Koriaks.
KONUNGZI.
American : a native appellation of the IEOKESE. See ONEGA.
KOOKAS.
A modern sect among Hindoos ; they are fanatical, and practise
cow-worship.
KOOYEN, KOOYON.
American : KOLTJSCH dialect of Cape Decision.
KORA.
AMEBICAN : Mexican Indians of Najarit. See COBA.
KORAVAR.
DBAVIDIAN : dialect of a wandering race of basket-makers in the
Carnatic. Same as KOBAWI. W. E.
KORBIAN.
Dravidian : a dialect of BOWBI.
KORINGA.
African : spoken about 170 deg. N.L. H. C.
KORUBOIH.
AFBICAN : a language of Bornu.
KOSSA, KOSSOO.
AFBICAN : dialect of Sierra Leone, described from Kilham's
Specimens.
KOTORA.
African : also KOTO FANTSHI, language of the KOBOFO ; described by
Dr. Earth. H. C.
KOYA.
INDIAN : a tribe of Goands. W. E. See GUNDI.
KRAN, GRAN.
AMERICAN : (1) a name for the Timbiras of Goyaz in Brasil.
(2) Tribe of Jahyco, called CRAN-GEB.
145
KRANGO.
African : sub-dialect of TIMMANI.
KUBEASE.
African : unclassified sub-dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.
KUDAGU, tee CURQI.
KUDIC, tee TCHUDIC.
KUI.
That is " Kui-jataln " : native name of the Khonds. W. E.
KULAW.
Indo-Chinese : ARRAKANESE name for Hindoos.
KULI, see KOL.
KULINO, wider C.
KULLESPELM.
AMERICAN : native name of 'the Ponderays.
KULUNG, KULUNGYA.
Non- Aryan language of India, belonging to the KlRANTl group ;
classed as a sub-dialect of KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
KUMBAR, see TAREMUKI.
KUMIAN.
Alatyan : TATAR dialect, allied to KlRGHls and No&Ai. G. K.
KUMSHALLAHU.
African : a dialect of Mosi.
KUNAGUARA.
AMERICAN : Cariba of the lower Orinoco K.
KUNGRAT.
Name of the UZBEG dynasty at Khiva, from the KUNORADE stock.
KURA, KURALI, KURIAN.
Caucasian : a division of the LESGHIAN, on the River Kurachai ; the
dialects include ANZUO and DZHAR or JAR.
KURNATA, see CANARESE.
KWE-MI.
Indo-Chinese : true form of KOOMI or KUMI.
146
KWOMBI.
Indo-Chinese : a dialect of the KlRATA.
KYEN.
Indo-Chinese : same as KHENO, KOLUN, KIAYN.
KYGANIES, see KEESARN.
KTMRU.
Keltic : a form of CYMRU. See WELSH.
KYO.
Indo-Chinese : a division of the ARRAKANESE.
KYRA.
Caucasian : a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. H. C.
L.
LABOURDIN.
Sub-dialect of French BASQUE.
LABRADOR.
American : dialect of ESKIMO.
LABRUNG.
INDO-CHINESE : tribe of Singpho.
LACHLAN.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Eegent Lake.
LACONIAN.
Hellenic : a dialect of modern GREEK ; also called T/AKONIAN.
See SPARTAN.
LACONIC.
Short, pithy, terse forms of expression, derived from the mode of
speech adopted in Laconia.
LADAKHI.
Sub-dialect of BHOT, vernacular at Ladakh in Thibet.
147
LADINICHE, LADING.
ROMANCE : called also Upper and Lower ENGHADINE. It is a
corruption of LATIN, spoken in the valley of the Inn, on the confines of
Switzerland with the Tyrol and Italy.
LADRONES.
MICRONESIAN : dialect of the Marianne Is. Also called CHAMORI.
LAGHMAN, see LUGHMAN.
LAGOA.
AFRICAN : Kafir of Delagoa Bay. Vocaby. in White's Journal,
London, 1800.
LAKE, tee OSTIAK.
LAMANO or LAMISSA.
American : dialect of QUICHUA, belonging to the district of Truxillo.
LAMBIGH-HONG.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's Comp. Dicty.
LAMPONG.
MALAYAN, with JAVANESE elements.
*#* Dialect of the Lampong district in S. Sumatra, and written with
a peculiar native character. See " Dissertation," Crawfurd's Malay
Grammar. P. J. V.
LAMUR.
CAUCASIAN : a name for INGUSH.
LAMUT.
Dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUTSK.
LANARKSHIRE.
Dialect of that district in Scotland.
LANCASHIRE.
Provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Tim Bobbin : " Lancashire
Dialect, with Glossary " ; Bamforda's " Dialects of So. Lancashire,"
London, 1854.
LANDOMA.
AFRICAN : closely allied to BAGO, TIMMANI, and BULLOM, H. C.
LANGOBARDIC.
(1) TEUTONIC : unclassed. See Tiirk : " Die Langobarden," &c.,
Rostock, 1835.
(2) Provincial ITALIAN. See Margharini : " Diet. Longobardicum,"
Tuderti, 1670.
LJ
148
LANGOWAN.
Polynesian : a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace : " Malay Arch."
LANGRES.
Patois of FRENCH. " Vocaby.," Langres, 1822.
LANGUAGE.
Speech : the expression or communication of ideas by means of articu-
late sounds, divided into written and spoken language. ; the form of
speech peculiar to a nation. See CLASSIFICATION.
LANGUE DE si.
Mediaeval name for ITALIAN. More properly " Lingua de Si." (" Si "
means " yes.")
LANGUE D'JO or JA.
Mediaeval name for GERMAN. Farrar. ' (" Ja " means " yes.")
LANGUE-D'OC.
(1) Name for the ancient PROVENCAL or ROMANCE dialect of S. France,
derived from their use of the word " oc," for " yes," instead of " oil" ;
it was in especial the language of the early poets, called Troubadours,
who cultivated the " gai-science."
(2) Patois of FRENCH, the dialect of Toulouse. Dicty., Montpellier,
1820.
LANGUE-D'OIL.
Old name for the northern dialect of France, derived from using the
word " oil " for " yes," since superseded by " oui " ; it was especially
used by that class of poets called " Trouveres." Grammar by Burguy,
3 vols., second edit., Berlin and Paris, 1870.
LANKA-BHASA.
Ancient SINHALESE ; Ceylon being called Lanka or Lenka in Sanskrit.
See PALI.
LANZEROTA.
A dialect of the Canary Is.
LAOS or LAW.
INDO-CHINESE : a northern and central dialect of Siam, spoken along
the R. Menam. See " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," 1837, and Hunter's
" Uomp. Dicty."
LAP, LAPPONESE, or LAPPONIG.
Tchudic : dialect of the URAL-ALTAIC family of languages ; it is
agglutinative, closely allied to FIN, and spoken in Swedish and Russian
Lapland, N. Europe. See Friis : " Lappisk Grammatik," Christiania,
1856.
LAPANAS, see
149
LAR.
HINDI : dialect of Lower Scinde. Small vocaby. in Latham's
" Elements," p. 229.
LARIKI.
MALAYAN : dialect of W. Amboyna. See Wallace : " Malay Arch."
LASEN or LAZEN.
Sub-dialect of GEORGIAN. Rosen : " Die Sprache der Lazen," Lemgo,
1844. See LAZIC.
LASSA.
BHOT. Lassa, capital of Thibet, is the head-quarters of the Moghol-
Buddhists.
LAST A, tee AGAU.
LATIN.
Head of the Italic branch of the ARYAN family of languages, and
closely allied to OSCAN, SAMNITE, and UMBRIAN ; originally the ver-
nacular speech or idiom of old Italic, spoken in Latium, a small state
S. of the basin of the E. Tiber. It originated the six so-called ROMANCE
languages, viz. : (1) Italian, (2) Spanish, (3) Portuguese, (4) Wallachian,
(5) Romansch, of the canton Orisons, and (6) French, the latter being
further subdivided into two principal divisions, viz., Northern-French
and Provengal. The Northern-French was called by Roquefort " La
Langue Romaine " ; the Provencal was called by Raynouard " La Langue
Roman," — both titles are misnomers. W. W. S.
LAUSITZ.
Sub-dialect of HiQH-GERMAN. See Vocaby., Anton : " Oberlausitz
iiblichen," Gorlitz, 1825-39. See LUSATIAN.
LAW, see LAOS.
LAYAMON.
AMERICAN : dialect of Lower California. See " Nachrichten," by Von
Murr, Halle, 1809.
LAZIC.
Lesghian : GEORGIAN dialect of Lazistan, in Asia Minor ; same a§
LASEN.
%* It is unwritten, and differs much from Georgian and Swan. H. C.
LEBU, see FEEJEEAN, &c.
LEGBA.
African: dialect of KOUBI, closely allied to TEMBU, KA.UBE, and
KEAMBA. H. C.
LEGHI.
Old name for LESGHIAN,
150
LEKAMTSHI.
African : assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA.
LEKHI.
Name for the LESGHIAN of Daghestan.
LEKI.
A dialect of KUBDISH.
LEMBA.
MALAYAN : dialect of Sumatra.
LEMOZI.
That is, LIMOUSIN, one of the sub-dialects of PROVENCAL.
LENCA.
AMERICAN : vernacular in Honduras ; dialects are GUAJIQUERO,
INTIBUCA, OPATORO, SIMILATON. See Squier : " Notes on Central
America," Spanish ed. ; " Apuntamientos," &c., by Alvarado, Paris, 1856.
*„,* These languages are allied to the KOUEI dialects of Africa. H. C.
LENGUAS, see JUIADGE.
LENNI-LENNAPE.
AMERICAN : original Indians of Delaware State, since in Delaware
county, Indiana. Tribes were (1) Minsi, "the wolves," (2) Unalachtgo.
"the turkeys," (3) Unami, "the turtles." . Grammar by Duponceau,
Philadelphia, 1827. See DELAWARE.
LEONARDS.
Keltic : a sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken in the former diocese of
St. Paul de L6on.
LEPCHA or LEPSHA.
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Lepchas, a tribe of Sikim, in Trans-
Himalaya. See " Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," vol. ix., and Hunter's
Comp. Dicty., London, 1868. A. C.
*** It has a written character of its own, and is closely allied to
NOWGONG and ABOR. H. C.
LESBIAN.
Provincial dialect of ancient GREEK, spoken in the I. of Lesbos
(Mytilene). It belonged to the form of Greek known as AEOLIC. G. R.
LESGHIAN.
CAUCASIAN ; native speech of Lesghistan, a province of Georgia, the
ancient Albania.
%* Used as a class-name for several languages, including (1) AVAR,
ANDI, DIDO, &c. ; (2) KASI-KUMUK, AKHWASH, dec. ; (3) KYRA, &c.
The UDE also has sometimes been placed in this group. H. C.
151
LETT, LETTIC, or LITHUANIC.
Class name for a division of the WENDIC or SLAVONIC branch of the
ARYAN family of languages, represented by (1) the OLD PRUSSIAN,
extinct ; (2) LITHUANIAN, the Lettish of Lithuania ; (3) LIVONIAN, the
Lettish of Livonia.
%* Dr. Latham considers that the LETT or LITHUANIAN should form
a class by itself, but Prof. Max Miiller combines them with the SLAVONIC
as a branch of WENDIC.
LETTERS.
The constituent parts of an alphabet, distinguished by form, name,
and sound. The primitive forms of early letters have been traced by
some to picture writing, and the objects so represented are said to have
originated the early names : thus, the ox — " aleph," used as a symbol,
has become letter A ; "beth" — a house, has become B ; "ghimel" — a
camel, has become G, or C, and so on. See PHONOLOGY.
LETTI.
Malayan ; a dialect of the Serwatty Is., allied to TIMOKESE.
LETTISH.
The special language of Livonia and Kurland ; it is, like the Lithuanic,
a form of, or allied to the SLAVONIC language. Bielenstein : " Gram-
matik," Mitau, 1863. See LIEF.
LHOPA.
Native name for the people of Bhotan or Biitan. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty." See BHOT.
LIANG.
Malayan : dialect of AMBOYNESE. Wallace : " Malay Arch."
LIBYAN.
Languages often called by the vague term BERBER. These languages
must now be reckoned as at least five in number : the SHOWIAH, or
Algerine Berber ; the SHILHA, or Morocco Berber ; the TAMASHIGHT,
or Berber south of Mount Atlas. The last is the purest and most widely
extended. Besides these there are two others of very limited extent, that
of the town of Ghadames and that of the Bent Menasser. These lan-
guages were formerly all one, as Augustine says : " In Africa barbaras
gentes in una lingua plurimas novimus." Hanoteau has made the very
interesting remark that to translate from the Tamashight into Arabic,
and reciprocally, though the vocabulary is widely different, is peculiarly
easy, yet this proves common cultivation rather than a common origin.
In a preface to the 4th appendix to Earth's fifth volume of " Travels in
Africa," a summary is given by Professor F. W. Newman of the gram-
matical relations of the three chief languages to one another, but it was
written without the advantage of Hanoteau's Tamashight Grammar.
We can now judge pretty accurately how they are all related to
Hebrew. F. W. N, See HEBR^O- AFRICAN.
*** Many inscriptions in the ancient written languages remain, some
bilingual, Phoenician, and Lybian. H. C.
152
LIEF.
Ugrian : dialect of FIN, spoken in Kurland.
%* This name is the root word of Livonia or Lief -land, a Russian
government on the Baltic, but the native name for the original popula-
tion is " Rahwa," and these forms of speech are separated. The Liefs of
Kurland call themselves " Sea-shore men " ; the true Kurlanders speak
Lithuania See CUBBISH.
LlEFLANDIC.
A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hupel : " Livlandisches Idiot.,"
Eiga, 1795.
LlEGEOISE.
French : WALLON dialect of Lidge in Belgium, full of KELTIC words.
Grammar by Michiels, Liege, 1863.
LIFU.
NEGRITO : dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. See UEA.
LIGURIAN.
Ancient dialect of the country round Genoa, classed by some as KELTIC,
but really not sufficiently known to admit of exact classification. G. R.
*** The Ligurians appear to have accompanied the Iberians, and may
represent the Kol. H. C.
LlKUPANG.
MALAYAN : dialect of Celebes.
LIMBA-KARAJIA, LIMBA-PYU.
Dialects of Australia.
LlMBA-ROMANESCA.
A name for WALLACHIAN.
LIMBOS or LlMBU.
Tribe of NIPAL and SIKIM, Trans-Himalaya. Vocaby. in Hunter's
Comp. Dicty. A. C.
%* They are also called Ekthoomba, and have an alphabetic charac-
ter. H. C.
LIMESTONE-CREEK.
Dialect of Australia. See King's Survey, London, 1827.
LIMOSIN.
(1) Romance: dialect of SPANISH. See CATALONIAN.
(2) Dialect of PROVENgAL. " Diet, du patois du Bas-Limousin," by
B6ronie and Vialle.
LINCOLN PORT, tee PARNKALLA.
LINGAYIT.
Siva-sectaries of India. It is a phallic or Priapean worship.
153
LINGOA-GERAL.
American : name for the corrupt GUARANI or TTTPI, mingled with
PORTUGUESE, current in Brazil. " Diccionario," <kc., Bahia, 1854.
LlNGUA-RUSTIGA.
Italic : (1) Provincial or rustic dialect of classical LiNGUA-LATiNA-
VULGAEIS. (2) Common dialect of mediaeval Italy.
LlNONIAN.
Wendic : a dialect of SLAVONIC, same as POLABIAN ; formerly ver-
nacular in Luneberg.
LIPAN.
American : spoken by tribes of Apache in Texas, classed as ATHA-
BASCAN, and also called LAP ANAS. See " Jnl. Ethaol. Soc.," London,
1850.
LITHUANIAN.
(1) A language classed as WENDIC, and closely allied to LETTISH. It
is the vernacular language of old Lithuania, as now spoken in the
Russian governments of Kovno, Wilna Grodno, and in E. Prussia.
Kurschat : '' Lithauischen Worterbuch," Halle, 1870.
(2) Dialects are called Polish-Lithuanian or SAMOGETIC. See Gram-
mar by Staniewicz, Wilna, 1829. Prussian-Lithuanian ; Pott : " De
Borusso-Lithuanicae," Halle, 1837. See CRIVINGIAN.
LITHUANIG.
Class name for the LETTIC division of the WENDIC family of lan-
guages.
LlUDIN-KlELE.
Name for the CHUD, TSHLD or VESP. See TAVASTRIAN.
LlVONIAN.
WENDIC : a name for the LETTIC of Livonia. Sjoegren : " Livische
Grammatik," St. Petersburg, 1861. See LETTISH.
LOANGO.
African : dialect of Kongo, classed as KAFFIR.
LOBO.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea, and closely
allied to that of Triton Bay. H. C.
LOGONE.
African : dialect of KANURI, classed as BOKNU, spoken S. of Lake
Tshad.
LOGOS.
African : sub-dialect of TIMMANI.
154
LOGUDORE.
ITALIAN : dialect of Sardinia.
LOHAR.
INDIC : Mahratta name for the TAREMUKI.
LOHORONG.
Non- Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's Gomp. Dicty.
LOK-TAI.
Tribe of Laos in Siam. See PE-Y.
LOLOS.
Local dialect of CHINESE.
LOMBARDIAN.
Eomance : provincial dialects of ITALIAN. See LANGOBARDIC.
LOMBOK.
The island of Lombok or Salaparang, lying to the east of Bali, has a
two-fold population ; the original inhabitants of the island, called
Sasaks, and forming the great majority, and the Balinese, who have
conquered it but are greatly in the minority. The language of the
Balinese is the same as in Bali ; that of the Sasaks does not belong to
the Java group, but seems to be nearly allied to that of the adjacent
island Sumbawa. P. J. V.
LONDO.
African : a dialect of BANTU.
LONDON.
City dialect of ENGLISH, sometimes called COCKNEY. " Pegge's
Anecdotes," by Grose, London, 1818.
LOOCHOOAN or LUCHU.
JAPANESE : dialect of the Loo-choo Is., off the E. coast of China.
LOOSHAI.
Indian tribes inhabiting the hills of Cachar and Chittagong, Bengal.
A. C.
LORD NORTH'S Is.
" Memoir" by Pickering, Cambridge, 1845.
LORETTO, see LAYAMON.
LORI or LURI.
Dialect of KURDISH.
LORRAINE or LOTHRINGIAN.
ROMANCE : patois of France. " Essai " by Oberlin, Strasburg, 1775.
155
LOT.
Sub-dialect of PROVENCAL : patois of the French department of Lot
and Garonne.
LOTHIAN.
Dialect of Scotland.
LOTHRINGIAN, see LORRAINE.
LOUCHEUX, see KUTSHIN.
LOUISIADE.
MALAYAN : dialects of the Coral Seas. Macgillivray's " Voyage of the
Rattlesnake," London, 1851.
LOURENZO-MARQUES.
AFRICAN : dialect of Delagoa Bay.
%» There are considerable diversities, showing the survival of other
elements. H. C. See TEKEZA.
LOW-GERMAN, see DUTCH.
LOW-LATIN.
Name for the corrupted forms of LATIN that survived the general use
of the classical language of ancient Rome, chiefly used in many countries
of Europe for legal, medical, and ecclesiastical purposes, and largely
augmented from other languages, thence called MONKISH and DOG-
LATIN. See Ducange's Glossary by Henschel.
LOW-SAXON.
Teutonic : branch of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN.
LOYALTY ISLANDS.
MELANESIA^ : dialects are known as LIFU, MARE or NENGONE, and
UEA, forming a small group E. of New Caledonia. Se€ WALLIS'S Is.
LOYES.
Dialect of ANNAMESE.
LUBALO.
African : dialect of Kaffir, allied to SONGO and KASANGE. H. C.
LUBU.
MALAYAN : dialect of Sumatra.
LUCERNE.
Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN, spoken in Switzerland. See Glossary
by Haffliger, Lucerne, 1815.
LUGHMAN.
Dialect of KOHISTANI, spoken in Kabul. Vocaby. in " Jnl. Asiatic Soc.
of Bengal," 1838.
156
LUGUNOR.
POLYNESIAN : a dialect of the Carolines.
LUHUPPA.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of Burmah, closely allied to KOBENO. See " Jnl.
Asiatic Soc. of Bengal," 1837.
Luis, SAN, OBISPO; Luis, SAN, REY.
American : Kechi Indians of California, classed as DIEQUNOS.
LUITIZIAN.
Slavonic : a dialect of POLABIAN, also called WILTZIAN, allied to
LINONIAN.
LULE.
AMEKICAN : dialect of the Chaco district, considered to resemble
VlLELA. Vocaby. by Machoni, Madrid, 1732.
%* Spoken on the R. Verrnejo, on the drainage of R. de la Plata. The
Isiftene, Tokistine, and Oristine are considered to be dialects of LTJLB,
but no specimens are known. See TONOCOTE.
LUMBARI.
Name for the Gohurs or Benjari of Rajputana and Gujerat.
LUMMI.
A dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.
LUNG-KHE.
A dialect of ARRAKAN.
LUOH, see DYUE.
LUPAKA.
American : a dialect of the ATMAEA.
LUSATIAN.
A sub-dialect of WENDISH, allied to LIVONIAN and POLABIAN. It is
a name for the SERB, SORB, or SORABIAN dialect of SCLAVONIC, ver-
nacular in the German province of Lausitz, belonging in part to Prussia
and in part to Saxony, and subdivided into Upper and Lower SORBIAN.
See WENDIC.
LUSITANIAN.
Classical name for the language spoken in the country now known as
Portugal. G. R.
LUTHERAN.
Teutonic : a name for modern HIGH-GERMAN : it is the Saxon of
Meissen or Misnia, an ancient province, now parted by Prussia and
Saxony. This dialect represents the old standard of HIGH-GERMAN, as
popularised by Martin Luther in his magnificent version of the Scrip-
tures. See SAXON.
157
LUTUAMI.
American : spoken at Lake Clamefc, or Klamath, on the boundary of
Oregon and California ; also called CLAMETB and TLAMATL, and allied
to PALAIK, SHASTI, and SAHAPTIN. See " Araer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
%* Gallatin treats this as distinct ; it has affinities with the AINO.
jj rt
LYBIAN.
African : same as LIBYAN. See THUGOA.
LYCAONIAN.
Ancient dialect of Lycaonia in Asia Minor. See " Disquisition," by
Jablonski, Berlin, 1714 : frequently reprinted.
LYCIAN.
Extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions. See
Fellow's " Lycia," London, 1841 ; "Asiatic Kesearches," vol. xii.
%* It is Aryan in character, and more like the ZEND than any other
Aryan form of speech. G. R.
LYDIAN.
An extinct dialect of Asia Minor, known very imperfectly ; classed
by some as SEMITIC (Lassen, Bunsen, Botticher), by othera as INDO-
EUEOPEAN. G. R.
*»* Dr. Hyde Clarke classes both Lycian and Lydian as
GEORGIAN.
ADDENDA.
LACONDONA.
AMERICAN : a language of Verapaz. H. C.
LAKTHO.
Indo-Chinese : a dialect of ANNAMITIC.
LAMUREK.
MALAYAN : a dialect of Ulea, grouped with the Carolines.
LANDORO.
African : a language said to be MANDINGO. Vocaby. in " Polyglotta
Africana." H. C.
LEICESTERSHIRE.
A dialect of England. Glossary by Dr. Evans. W. W. S.
LEKHIAN.
SLAVONIC : a name for the old language of Poland. G. R.
LEUVUCHE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Puelche, on the boundary of Chili.
158
LINCOLNSHIRE.
A dialect of England. Glossary by Brogden. W. W. S.
LINGUA FRANCA.
Mixed dialect, said to be used in the Levant, but where I never met
with it. H. C.
LINGUA DE Si.
A name for ITALIAN. (" Si " = "yes.")
LOHITIC.
A class name for the languages spoken in the valley of the Lohita or
Brahmaputra, east of the peninsula of Hindustan. See Bunsen :
" Philosophy of History," vol. in., pp. 371-386. G. R.
LONSDALE.
A sub-dialect of Lancashire. See " Glossary of the Hundred of
Lonsdale," by R. B. Peacock (Phil. Soc.), London, 1869. W. W. S.
LOWER CALIFORNIA.
AMERICAN : the Fico appear to be the same as the Peco or Pico, who
are Yemes, and are classed as Pueblo Indians. Dr. Latham suggests
that they are identical with the Ika. Vocaby. by Simpson Washington,
1850.
LURI, see LOEI.
M.
MA AS, see MOSEL.
MABA, MABANG, under MOBBA.
MACAHUA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Mexico. See De Nagera : " Doctrina y
Ensenan9a," &c., Mexico, 1637.
MACARONIC.
Species of burlesque or comic speech. See " Lexicon-Macaronicum,
&c.," by Bee, London, 1825. Macaronic verse is semi-polyglot, or full of
philological absurdities.
1.59
MACASSAR.
Polynesian, of MALAY character ; dialect of S. Celebes, a large island
adjoining Borneo. It is written in a peculiar native character.
See BUGIS.
MAGCABEAN.
OLD HEBREW : name for the numismatic alphabet found on Jewish
coins of the Maccabee period, and closely allied to the PHOENICIAN
characters.
MACEDO-WALLACHIAN.
Sub-dialect of ROUMANIAN ; same as KUTZO-WALLACHIAN.
MACEDONIAN.
(1) Hellenic : sub-dialect of ancient GREEK, allied to the ALEXAN-
DRIAN. See Sturz : " De Dialecto Macedonica, &c.," Leipsig, 1808.
(2) Sub-dialect of ROMAIC or NEC-HELLENIC, much corrupted by
TURKISH.
MACHAKALI.
American : dialect of BoTOCUDO, classed as CAMACAN, and allied to
MACONI._ H. C.
MACONI.
American : dialect of Brazil, allied to CAMACAN. See vocaby. in " Da
Silva's Dicty."
%* It is BOTOCUDO, and perhaps allied to NATCHEZ. H. C.
MACOS.
American : sub-dialect of SALIVA.
MACQUARIE.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Port Macquarie. See " King's Narrative,"
London, 1827.
MACUSI, MACOUSSIE.
American : sub-dialect of CARIB, belonging to Guiana, classed by
Schomburgk as CARIBI-TAMANAQUE.
MADAGASSE, see MALAQASSE.
MADI, MADIA.
NON-ARYAN dialects of Central India, allied to GONDI and GAYETI.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." H. C.
MADJAR, see HUNGARIAN.
MADLIJA.
JAVANESE ; same as MADTA,
160
MADURESE.
JAVANESE : dialect of Madura and of the Madurese colonists in Java,
very numerous in the districts east of Surabaya and Kediri. It is mixed
up with BALINESE, MALAY, and other foreign elements, but is written with
the Javanese characters ; it has two sub-dialects, those of W. Madura and
of Sumanap in the E. See Diss. in " Crawfurd's Malay Grammar."
P. J. V.
MADYA.
JAVANESE term for " middle," hence " basa-madya " for the middle
dialect of Java ; it comes intermediate between " basa-krama," or high,
and " basa-ngoko," or low speech. P. J. V.
MAER.
Polynesian : a dialect of MIRIAM, spoken in Darnley Islands.
M^ESO-GOTHIC, under MCE,
MAG-READING.
AMERICAN : Indians of California. See Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes,"
vol. iv. It is allied to COPEH.
MAGADHI.
Indie : corrupt BENGALI, some say derived from PRAKRIT, spoken in
the province of Bahar, S. of the Ganges. It is rather the old PALI
dialect of S. India.
MAGAR.
Dialect of Nipal, spoken by a military tribe ; has THIBETAN affinities
with admixture of HINDI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C.
MAGINDANAO.
MALAYAN : language of the Philippines, closely allied to BiSBAYAN,
»nd spoken in several dialects.
MAGYAR (MADJARIC).
Ugrian : native name for the dominant race of Hungary, classed as
FIN.
The Ugrians settled in Hungary about 894 A.D., and have had a
literature since the days of St. Stephen, the " Apostolic King," about
A.D. 997-1000. tj@>
MAHA, see OMAHA.
MAHARI, MAHRI.
Sub- Semitic : dialect of AMHARIC, also called KARAWI.
See HIMYARITB.
MAHI.
AFRICAN : a dialect of Dahomey.
MAHIKAN, *«e MOHEGAN.
161
MAHRATTI, MARATHI, MURATHEE.
INDIC : dialect of an extensive district, spoken chiefly in the Bombay
Presidency. It is derived from SANSKRIT, but largely compounded with
TAMIL, TELOOG-OO, and others, and is written in the Devanagari charac-
ters. The word " Mahratta " is said to meau " Pariah " or " outcast."
Dicty. by Molesworth and Candy, Bombay, 1857 ; Grammar by
Stevenson, 1868.
MAHREN, see MORAVIAN.
MAHUNGA.
African : dialect of ANGOLA, allied to BUNDA.
MAIA, MAIJA, tee MAYA.
MAIHA.
AFRICAN : dialect of Bornu.
MAINAS.
AMERICAN : dialect of Peru, allied to QUICHUA.
MAINOT.
Romaic ; local dialect of NEO-HELENIC, allied to MESSENIAN.
MAIONGKONG.
American ; dialect of CARIB, closely allied to GUINAU.
MAIPUR, see MAYPUR.
MAIRASSIS.
Negritic ; a sub-dialect of PAPUAN.
MAITHILI, MITHILI.
HINDI ; dialect of Tirhoot, district of Bahar. See TIRHAI.
MAKOBY.
AMERICAN, Indians of the Gran Chaco ; allied to ABIPONIAN.
MAKOLOLO.
African ; a sub-dialect of KAFFIR.
MAKUA, MAKOA.
African ; dialect of KAFFIR, belonging to the Mozambique ; also
called MONJU and MUNTU. H. C.
MALABARI.
DRAVIDIAN : the same language as MALAYALIM ; but there are local
variations. See vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
M
162
MALAGASY.
The native language of Madagascar, a large island off the S.E. coast
of Africa ; it is a POLYNESIAN compound, comprising elements from the
BALI, JAVANESE, NIAS, and TOBA ; the language and people are called
MALAGASH ; the native term for the island is Nosindambo, " wild-boar
island." The Hovas are the dominant race. See early Catechism, 1658 ;
Flacourf s " Dicty.," 1658 ; works by Freeman and Ellis ; Introduction
by Kessler, London, 1870 ; Grammar by Van der Tuuk.
%* The history of the Hovas is still very obscure, but Mr. Van der
Tuuk has sufficiently proved that their language is a peculiar branch of
MALAYAN, showing affinities to JAVANESE, BATAK, DAYAK, &c. P. J. V.
MALALI.
American ; a dialect of Botocudo classed as CAMACAN, and allied to
MACONI. See vocaby. in Da Silva's " Dicty." H. (J.
MALAY.
(1) HIGH-MALAY : typical Polynesian ; language of the peninsula of
Malacca. See " Grammar and Dicty." of Crawfurd, London, 1852 ; by
Marsden, London, 1812 ; by Pynappel, by Hollander, Breda, 1864.
(2) BATAVIAN or LOW-MALAY. See " Handleiding," by Homan and
Van der Tuuk. Zalt-Bommel, 1868.
%* Low-Malay is merely corrupt Malay, as introduced by Europeans.
The best vocabulary is by Badiugs, Dutch-Malay and Malay-Dutch,
Schoonhoven, 1872. Batavian Malay is a dialect of SUNDANESE, with
an admixture of BALINESE and other foreign words. P. J. V.
(3) Dialects are known as AMBOYNESE MALAY, MENANG KABAW, or
SUMATBAN MALAY, ACHINESE and other Polynesian forms.
*#* All languages spoken in the Indian or Malay Archipelago
[except those of the Galela group], and not directly Papuan, are called
" Malay languages," and considered to belong to the one great Malayan
family.
More particularly Malay is the language of a nation spread over a
great part of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the
archipelago of Rhio-Lingga, and which has founded many colonies on
the coasts of Borneo and the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago.
Besides the common or so called cosmopolitan Malay, it is spoken in a
peculiar dialect, called the Menangkabau Malay, in the interior of
Sumatra.
Malay in a very corrupt form, disfigured by ignorance of the character
of the language, and the arbitrary intermixture of foreign words, has
become the ordinary means of intercourse between Europeans and the
natives of the Indian Archipelago. This is called Low-Malay, and differs
in almost every locality.
Malay is written with the Arabic character. Through the contact with
Europeans the use of the Roman alphabet is gaining ground.
The affinities of Achinese are still very obscure, and we have no
vocabulary of the native language except that in Marsden's miscel-
laneous works ; therefore Mr. Crawfurd errs when he calls Achinese (p. lix.)
" a cultivated and written language," for the literary language of the
Achinese is genuine Malay. P. J. V.
163
MALAYALIM, MALAYALMA.
DRAVIDIAN : vernacular speech of Malabar, and other provinces
of the Madras presidency ; it is closely allied to TAMUL, using an
alphabet of somewhat similar character. It has stages ; anct. and mod.
Grammar by Peet, Cottayam, 1860 ; School Dicty., Mangalore, 1870.
MALAYAN.
Class name for all dialect a of the MALAY family.
MALA YO- POLYNESIAN.
Crawfurd's term. See MALAGASY.
MALDIVIAN.
DBAVIDIAN ; mixed dialect of the Maldives, a chain of coral islands
off the coast of Malabar, B. India. Vocaby. in Jnl. Asia*. Socy. of
Bengal, 1841.
%* This is a spoken and written language with some resemblance to
the AGAW group. H. C.
MALLICOLLO.
Negritic : PAPUAN dialect of New Hebrides.
MALO.
(1) Sub-dialect of UKIYA, spoken by highland tribes of Orissa,
B. India.
(2) Sub-dialect of DAYAK, Borneo.
MALTESE.
Mixed dialect of Malta ; it is of SEMITIC origin, closely allied to
ARABIC, but much infused with ITALIAN. Dicty. by Vella : Maltese,
Italian, and English, Livorno [Leghorn], 1863.
MAMALLA.
MALAYAN : dialect of N.W. Amboyna.
MAME or MAM.
American : dialect of the MAYA class : same as POKO-MAM ; allied to
KACHIQUEL, and spoken in Guatemala. " Arte, &c.," by Larios ;
Mexico, 1697.
MAMI.
Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN. It has some affinities with FORMO-
SAN, MANGAREI, and GUEBE. H. C.
MANA.
African ; class name for MANDINGO, including the KRU group ; its
area extends as far inland as the Niger and as far south as the Ashantee
frontier ; the Mandingo of Senegambia is the most N. Eastern of the
MANA class. See Kolle's " Polyglotta Africana." B. G. L.
M 8
164
MANATOTO.
Dialect of POLYNESIAN with AUSTRALIAN affinities. Dissertation,
Crawfurd's " Malay Gr."
MANCHUj under MANTSHU.
MANDAHAR, see MANDHAR.
MANDAILING.
BATTA : dialects of Angkola and Mandailing in So. Sumatra.
P. J. V.
MANDAN.
American : dialect of Sioux ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. iii.,
p. 446.
MANDARA.
AFRICAN : dialect of Lake Tschad. Denham's " Vocaby. of Central
Africa," collected from between 10° and 9° N.L.
MANDARANTSHI.
African : assigned by Earth to HAMARUA.
MANDARIN.
CHINESE : the most refined dialect, also called KUAN-HoA ; used in
classical literature, at Court, and in commerce. Dicty. by Perny,
" Fr., Lat., Ch. (Mandarine)," Paris, 1869 ; Grammar by Edkins, 1864.
MANDE.
A NEGRO speech ; Treatise by Steinthal, Berlin, 1867.
MANDHAR.
District of Celebese or Macassar ; the language is allied to BUGIS. It
is little known, but has a large admixture of MALAY and JAVANESE.
P. J. V. See MENADO.
MANDINGO.
AFRICAN : classjname for several languages of the W., much influenced
by ARABIC ; it is more especially the native dialect of Senegambia.
Grammar and Dicty. by Macbrair, London, 1837. See MANA.
MANDONGO.
African : dialect of KAFFIR.
MANDSCHU, under MANTSCHU.
MANDURESE, see MADURESE.
MANG.
Dravidian ; a local dialect of TAMUL spoken in the Mahratta territory.
MANGALA.
Sinhalese : dialect of KANDY.
165
MANGAREI (MANGUREO).
Polynesian : dialect of FLORES or MANGEYLE, with AUSTRALIAN
affinities. It is spoken on the W. coast ; the people are subject to the
Sultan of Bima.
MANGASEIA.
Ugrian : dialect of SAMOIED, closely allied to TUNGUS. Small voca-
bulary in Latham's •' Elements," p. 77.
MANGEEA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly Is., situated 158° 16' W. long. ;
21° 27' S. lat.
MANGKASAR.
Proper spelling of MACASSAR. This Malayan language is spoken in
the S. peninsula, viz., in the capital of Celebes and its environs ; in Tallo,
Gowa, Saurabone, Takalar, Turuteya, Bouthain, and part of Bulecomba.
It is nearly allied to BUGIS, which is spoken in Maros, Pangkajene,
Segeri, Tanette, Barru, the Aja Tapparang, the remaining part of Bule-
comba, Boui, Soppeng, Waju, and Luwu.
*#* The grammatical structure and syntax are alike in Bugis and
Mangkasar, though the difference of words is considerable, and the
alphabet is the same in the main, with slight modifications, but not
sufficient to justify the assertion of Mr. Wallace (" Malay. Archip.,"
vol. ii., p. 472) that Bugis is written in a native character distinct from
that of Macassar. There still exist some ancient MSS., written in an
older alphabet, now quite obsolete. See " Makassaarche Spraak-Kunst,"
by Matthes, Amsterdam, 1858 ; " Woordenbock," 1859 : " Chrestomathie,"
1860. P. J. V.
MANGRI.
AFRICAN : spoken S. of the Gambia.
MAN1KOLO, see MALLICOLLO.
MANIPOORA, see MUNEEPOOB.
MANKS or MANX.
Keltic : the GAELIC or GADHELIC of the I. of Man. It is a written
language, and is closely allied to the ERSE and the GAELIC of Scotland.
Dicty. by Cregan, Douglas, 1835.
MANOA.
American : dialect of the Eio Negro, allied to BARREE.
MANONA, MANONO.
POLYNESIAN : dialects of the Navigator's Is., S. Pacific. It is the
same as SAMOAN. W. G.
MANSURMUR.
Bhotya ; sub-dialect of THIBETAN.
166
MANTAWAI, MANTAWEI.
MALAYAN : language of Mantawai and Pagai or Poggy, islands to W.
of Sumatra. P. J. V.
MANTSHU, MANCHU.
Moghol : typical language of TURANIAN, vernacular with the Mantshu
Tatars, now the reiening dynasty of China, but originally from the
R. Amur, Chinese Tartary. The characters are written in vertical
columns and read from left to right. Vocaby. by Gabelentz, Leipsig,
1864 ; " Sketch " by Castren, St. Petersburg, 1856.
MANTUAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN ; vocaby. by Cherubini, Milan, 1827.
MANUA.
Polynesian : it is the SAMOAN with a few words of the E. Islands.
W. G.
MANYAK.
BHOTYA : tribe of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
MANYUNYA, see SANDEH.
MAORI.
POLYNESIAN : native name of the New Zealanders, closely allied to
KANAKA and TAHITI AN. The word " Maori," pronounced " Mowry,"
means "natural," "native," "indigenous." " Dictionary and Grammar,"
by Williams. London, 1862.
MAPLU.
Dialect of PEGTJESE, classed as KAREN.
MAPOJE.
American : dialect of SALIVA, in New Granada ; same as QUAQUAS.
MAQUA.
American : same as MOHAWK ; extinct language of the IROQUOIS
family ; closely allied to ONONDAGA. The name was applied by the
Dutch. See vocabulary in " Bulletin Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania," 1 848.
See MlNQO.
MARA,
Dialect of ADALI.
MARADICOS.
AMERICAN : Spanish name for SHOSHONES.
MARAHA.
Older DRAVIDIAN : dialect of Nipal.
MARAM,
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Nagas or Rookies. See " Jnl. Asiatic
S. of Bengal," 1837.
167
MARAMOMISIOS.
AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil. See Pinelo's " Epitome, &c.,"
Madrid, 1737-8.
MARATHI, see MAHEATTI.
MARAUHA, see MABOA.
MARAVI.
African : dialect of N.E. Kaffir, spoken on the Mozambique coast.
Vocaby. in Kolle's " Polyglot." H. C.
MARE.
Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, spoken in the Loyalty Islands.
See NENOONE.
MARGANTSHI.
African : assigned by Earth to the HAMAEUA.
MARIANNE.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Ladrone Islands.
MARIATE.
AMERICAN : spoken near the junction of the Lja with the Amazons,
and allied to BARREE and MANOA. See Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 266.
MARING.
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of the Nagas.
MARKISH.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of Low-GEBMAN. Vocaby. in " Weddigen's
Magazine," Lemgo, 1790.
MAROA, MARAUHA.
American : dialect of BANIWA or CARIB. Vocaby. by Wallace.
H. C.
MAROCGO, see MOEOCCO.
MARONITE.
(1) Semitic : sub-dialect of ABABIC. Grammar by Sionita, Paris,
1616.
(2) An alphabetic character of SYEIAC.
MAROS.
(1) MALAYAN : district of Nias, a small island near Sumatra.
(2) BTJGIS : district of Celebes.
MARQUEES (LOURENZO), see TEKBZA.
168
MARQUESAN.
POLYNESIAN : a dialect of Eastern Polynesia, closely allied to
TAHITIAN, vernacular in the Marquesas Islands, H. Pacific, situated in
7°— 10° S. Lat., 139°— 141° W. Lon. De Gembloux ; "Idiomologie des
lies Marquises," Bourges, 1843. W. G. L.
MARRANE, MARRON.
FRENCH : people of Moorish extraction ; " a renegade."
MARU.
JAPANESE : hard accent on consonants.
MARUVI, MARUWI.
MALAYAN : language of the Banyak islands, and of Si-Malu, W.
Sumatra ; it is said to bear great affinity to the BATTA and NIAS.
P. J .V.
MARWARI.
HINDI : dialect of Jondpoor or Jodpur in Eajpootana.
MASACARA.
American : dialect of GES spoken in Brasil. Von Martius, vol. ii.,
p. 144.
MASAYA or MASYA.
American : dialect of NICARAGUA, but allied to the Sioux. H. C.
MASORETIC.
HEBREW : " Masora," i.e. " traditional " ; applied to the received Jewish
version of the O. T. It owes its value to the system of points intro-
duced to supply the want of vowels.
MASSACHUSETTS
American : extinct dialect of ALGONKIN. Vocaby. : "Amer. Ethnol.,"
vol. ii., p. 110.
%* The name carries with it its own geographical position. The
town of Boston, U.S., now stands on the land of the Massachuset
Indians. I find that NATIK or NADICK is rather a synonym for MAS-
SACHUSETS than the name of a separate form of speech, whether
language or dialect ; on the coast, the name changed, and the language
also, which is NARRAGANSET. The two forms are closely allied, but
MASSACHUSETS means the parts about Boston, NARRAGANSET the
language of Connecticut and Rhode Island. The greatest work in any
American language is, undoubtedly, the translation of the Bible by
Eliot ; but no one knows whether the language is to be called NATICK or
MASSACHUSET. Eliot also wrote a Grammar, dated A.D. 1666 ; the
author merely calls it INDIAN ; reprinted at Boston in 1832. B. G. L.
MASSARATTY.
Malayan : dialect of BooROO, closely allied to CAJELI. See Wallace :
"Malay Archip."
%* The language of Booroo is a dialect of the Moluccan ALFURU.
P. J. V.
169
MASSIED.
Dialect of Australian, allied to GUDUNG.
MASSINA.
African : dialect of the FULAH.
MASSIT.
AMERICAN : Indians of Q. Charlotte's Is.
MASURIC.
Slavonian : sub-dialect of POLISH.
MATABELLO.
Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN. Wallace : Appx. (Malay Archip.).
%* According to the best authorities it should be written WATUBELLO.
P. J. V.
MATABILI.
African : sub-dialect of BECHUANA.
MATAGUAYA.
American : dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed as PATA-
GONIAN, and related to the ABIPONIAN. H. C.
MATARA.
American : Indians of Paraguay, closely allied to VILELA.
MATHEO, SAN.
NEGRITIC : dialect of the Philippines.
MATLAZINGA.
American : Archaic dialect of Mexico. See Pinelo's " Epitome,"
Madrid, 1737-8.
MATURNANTSHI.
African : assigned by Earth to the HAMARUA.
MAU.
Polynesian : dialect of MAORI, vernacular in the New Hebrides.
MAU HE, see UAENAMBEU.
MAUKOR (MAIKOR).
Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, belonging to the Aroo Islands.
MAURISH, see MOORISH.
MAWAKWA.
American : dialect of CARIB spoken in Guiana, most closely allied to
SOERIKONG.
MAWI, see MAORI.
170
MAYA Or MAYAN.
AMERICAN : Class name for many languages of Central America,
especially those of Yucatan and Guatemala. In the former it rules
exclusively ; in the latter it is a closely allied form of speech. The
POCONCHI (with the exception of certain rude dialects belonging to the
same class) is the representative language. The KACHIQUEL is a third
language of equal importance. In Vera Cruz, for the parts about
Tampico, an allied language, the HUASTECA, separated from its con-
geners, is (or was) the original vernacular. Grammatical sketches,
" artes," as they are called by early missionaries are as early and fully
as numerous for the Maya languages and dialects as for any in America,
dating from the seventeenth century. A short but valuable work by
Squier is the chief authority for them. " States of Cential America,"
by T. G. Squier, N. York, 1858 ; " Etudes," by Brassier De Bourbourg,
Paris, 1869-70 ; " Silabario," by Ruz, Merida, 1845 ; " Phonetic Alphabet,"
described by Brinton. E. G. L. See VEY.
MAYORGA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Friendly Islands.
MAYORUNA.
AMERICAN : Indians of the Eio Yavari, in the province of Rio Negro,
Brasil.
*»* This language has affinities with the SUNTAHA Sow languages of
Borneo, and belongs to the PYGMEAN or MINCOPIE class of Colebrook.
H. C.
MAYPUR.
American : dialect of the ORINOCO, closely allied to Moxos, also to
BANIWA, CORETU, SABAVICA, &c. H. 0. i^
MAZENDERAN.
Sub-dialect of PERSIAN, spoken on the S. shores of the Caspian.
Klaproth : " Beschreibung," Berlin, 1814.
MBAMBA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon. It is allied to KANYOKA, MUSEN-
TANDO, NETEHE, &c. H. C.
MB AY A.
American : same as GUAYKTJRU. They are called CAVALLEROB by the
Spaniards ; Paraguay Indians of Cujaba. and allied to MBOKOBI. H. C.
MBOFIA.
AFRICAN : dialect of Brass-town, allied to ARO, ISOAMA, and ISIOLI.
H. C.
MBOKOBI.
American : dialect of the district of Gran Chaco, classed with ABI-
PONIAN and TOBA, MATAGUAYA and MBAYA.
MECH.
TRANS-HIMALAYAN : language of the Meches, a lowland tribe of the
Terai, at base of Himalaya in Nipal, noted for enjoying immunity from
malarious fever. No written character. " Jnl. A. S. of Bengal," 1840.
A. C. See DHIMAL.
171
MEGH-CHAOOH.
American : same as MOHEGAN. See MEKO.
MECKLENBURG.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of Low-GERMAN. Grammar by Ritter,
Eostock, 1832.
MECKLEY, see MOITAY.
MEDIAN.
Properly the language of the ancient Medes, a people of the high
country between Mesopotamia and the Persian desert, only known
through names and a few words, which show it to have been ARYAN,
and closely allied to ancient PERSIAN. The term " Median " was at one
time applied to the language of the third column of Achsemenian cunei-
form inscriptions, but it is now admitted that this was a misnomer. On
the real Median language, see Rawlinson : " Ancient Monarchies,"
Media, vol. iii., pp. 137-156. G. R.
MEDO-PERSIAN.
Class name for the branch of ARYAN speech, with slight differences,
common to the ancient Medes and Persians. G. R.
MEDO-SGYTHIAN.
Dr. Hincks' name for the language of Scythic tribes dwelling in
Media and Persia, known to us by a peculiar form of inscriptions in
cuneiform.
%* The best account of the language, which is decidedly TURANIAN,
will be found in Norris's " Scythic Inscriptions of Behistun," " Jnl. of
R. As. Soc.," vol. xv. G. R.
MEFUR.
Negritic : dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea.
MEHERRIN.
AMERICAN : name for the Tuteloes.
MEISTERSANGEREN, see MINNESINGERS.
MEKO.
AMERICAN : old race of Mexico, prior to the Nahuatl. Same as
CICI-MECH.
MEKRI.
Dialect of KURDISH.
MELANESIAN.
Same as KELENONESIAN ; it represents the S.W. Islands of the Pacific,
consisting of the Loyalty group, Bank's Santa Cruz, the Solomon Archi-
pelago extending W. by N., to include New Guinea.
172
MELLELE.
Class of GIPSEY.
MELON.
African : allied to NHOTEN and NHALEMOE. H. C.
MEMPHITIC.
Egyptian : an extinct dialect of COPTIC ; it was spoken over the
district about Memphis, and represented the language of middle rather
than upper or lower Egypt. K. G. L.
MENADO or MENADU.
A large class of dialects spoken in Celebes or Macassar, classed as
ALFUEU, and somewhat allied to BUGIS. (Wallace.) See MINAHASSA.
MENAK.
Javanese : in the SUNDANESE dialect " Menak " means " a noble, one
of high birth ;" hence high-Sundanese is called BASA-MENAK. P. J. V.
MENANGKABAW.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Dutch residency in the highlands of
Padang, Sumatra, which was anciently an independent monarchy called
MENANG KABAW. It differs considerably from ordinary Malay. Voca-
bulary, &c., edited by Pynappel (Dialogues : Menangkabaw and Malay).
P. J. V.
MENASSER (BENI).
Language of the BENI MENASSER, a branch of the BERBEB. See
LIBYAN. Baron de Slane first published the pronouns of this language,
which differ so much from the other Libyan languages that it must be
unintelligible to those who know only the others ; yet it is small and
unimportant. H. Duveyrier (1857) places the tribes near to the Hhal-
lula Lake, and says that they have adopted Arab manners, an Arabic
name, and an immensity of the Arabic language. He gives an extremely
limited vocabulary. He thinks that it and the dialect called that of
the Benl Mezab, is a branch of the ZENATIA dialect, and is connected
with that spoken in the oasia of Touat. But the last is supposed to be
TAMASHIGHT. F. W. N.
MENDE, see TSCHUR.
MENDI.
AFRICAN : quoted from " Outline of a Vocabulary," London, 1841.
MENEMONI, see. MENOMENI.
MENERO-DOWNS.
Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. Vocaby. " Jnl. R. Geog. Soc.," 1839.
MENGWE, see MAQUA.
MENIENG.
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil, mixed with NEGRO-PORTUGUESE, and
sometimes called S. American JARGON. See KAMAKAN.
173
MENOMENI.
American : dialect of ALGONKIN spoken to the S. of L. Superior.
" Amer. Ethnol," vol. ii., p. 113 ; Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii.,
p. 470.
MENYAMNYAM, see SANDEH.
MEQUACHAKE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Shawnees.
MERI.
Sub-dialect of DYAK in Borneo.
MERUSY.
PERSIC : sub-dialect of Khorassan.
MESHTSHERIAK.
TURKEE : tribes of Ugrians speaking Turkish.
MESO-GOTHIC, under MCE.
MESSENIAN.
Hellenic : a provincial dialect of Modern GREEK.
MESSISSAUGI.
American : ALGONKIN tribes S. of Lake Superior and N.E. of the
Huron.
MESTIZO.
Ethnological : issue of whites and native Americans. In Spanish the
word " Mestizo " means " a mongrel."
METZ, MEURTHE, MEUSE.
Romance : sub-dialects of FRENCH. (1) Vocaby. by Francois, Metz,
1773 ; (2) Vocaby., " Fr. Socy. Antiq.," vol. ix. ; (3) " Dissertation " by
Cordier, Bar-le-Duc, 1843.
MEWARA.
Same as EHATORE, sub-dialect of BOWRI.
MEXICAN.
It is of some importance to remember that MEXICAN is not a philo-
logical but a geographical term, and that the indigenous name of the
occupants of the parts about the present city of Mexico was Nahuatl,
akin to whom were the Tlaskala. The Asteks were conquerors and
intruders — the Chetimacha probably the same. This is important when we
remember that the three names, Nahuatl, Huasteca, and Tlaskala are to
be found in three different districts far away from Mexico. At present
MEXICAN and ASTEK are nearly synonymous ; just like Quichua and
Peruvian. See " Dialogues," by Arenas, Paris, 1862 ; Glossary by
Biondelli, Milan, 1869 ; " Cuadro Descriptive," by Pimentel, 1862-5.
For Picture Character, see Humboldt's " Atlas Pittoresque." E. G. L.
See AZTEC.
174
MFUT.
AFRICAN : language of the Gaboon, closely allied to AFUDU.
MIAMI.
American : tribes of ALGONKIN, W. of the Mississippi. Vocaby. in
Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes," vol. ii.
MlAOS, MlAU.
Sub-dialect of CHINESE ; MIAUTSZE means " children of the soil,"
i.e., Aborigines. Vocaby. by Edkins, Foochow.
MlC-MAC.
American : FRENCH name for the native Indians of Nova Scotia, &c.
*#* (1) As a special name it means the ALGONKIN of New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward's Island. The still
more special name for the present dialect is MIRAMICHI.
(2) As a class name it may conveniently be made to include (i.) on
the North the Skoffi and Sheshatapoosh of Labrador ; (ii.) the MlCMAC
proper of the South ; (iii.) the New England forms of speech, as the
ABENAKI, PENOBSCOT, and ETCHEMIN, whence we derived the present
name for the State of Mayne. It corresponds thus with the ACADIAN
and GASPESIAN of the French, including the French denominations
Souriquois, Montagnard, and others. Grammar by Maillard, New
York, 1864. E. G. L.
MlCRONESIAN.
LESSER-POLYNESIAN : class of oceanic dialects in the lesser islands of
the Pacific.
MIDDLE-HIGH-GERMAN.
TEUTONIC : period of language from 12th century until Luther.
Dicty. by Benecke, Leipsig, 1854-60.
MIDDLESEX.
Local dialect of ENGLISH ; sometimes called Language of the
Metropolis, sometimes COCKNEY. See LONDON.
MIEN-TING.
Local dialect of CHINESE.
MIGUEL, ST.
NEGRITO : a dialect of the Philippines.
MIGUEL, SAN.
American : dialect of California!! Mission, allied to SAN ANTONIO,
and classed as DIEGUNOS.
MlKTLANTONGO.
American : same as MITLANTONGO.
MILANESE.
ITALIC : sub-dialect of Milan. Vocaby. by Cherubini, Milano. 1814 ;
by Cappeletti, Milano, 1848.
175
MILCHAN.
INDO-CHINESE : vernacular dialect of Kampoor, B. India.
MlLCOCAYAC.
American : dialect of the Guarpes, Indians of Chili, almost identical
with ALLEUTIAC.
i
MlLICITE.
American : Indians of New Brunswick, using IROQUOIS numerals.
MILLANOW.
Sub-dialect of DYAK in Borneo.
MlLLE.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Ladrones or Marianne Islands.
MlNCOPIE.
Dialect of the Andaman Islands.
%* In the Great Andaman island of the Indian Seas at least two
distinct languages are known, viz., that of Colebrooke's Vocabulary, and
that of Tickell's. These people are Negritos of small stature and with
glossy skins. Their affinities are with those of the short races in other
parts of the world, and they have probably the most ancient languages
yet known. See " Asiatic Researches," vol. iv., p. 393 ; x., 218. H.C.
See PYGMEAN.
MINDANAO, see MAGINDANAO.
MINETARI.
American : dialect of Sioux, N. division, called " Grosventre," i.e.
" big-bellies," EHATSAR ; other dialects are ALASAE, or Fall-Indians,
and KATTANAHAWS. Ludewig, London, 1858, p. 119.
%* Dr. Latham objects to the word " Alasar." According to that
great authority it is a misnomer, arising from some confusion between
the words " Ahnenin " and " Atsina." The former are classed by Gallatin as
ARBAPAHOES. See " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., where the same vocabulary
is printed as ATSINA. We have no original authority for the word
" Alasar," but it appears in Jiilg's " Vater," p. 253. See Trubner's
" Ludewig," p. 12 ; also Latham's " Elements," p. 457, where it is shown
that there are two different tribes called Fall Indians, one ALGONKIN
and one Sioux.
MlNGO.
AMERICAN : tribes of Iroquois, now extinct. Sometimes called
MAQUA, MENGWE.
MlNGRELIAN.
Caucasian : sub-dialect of GEORGIAN, closely allied to LAZIC. Klap-
roth : " Jnl. Asiatique," 1829.
MINNESINGERS.
Early minstrels of Germany, using the SWABIAN andother dialects. See
" Manessische Handschrift," by Vander Hagen, 1838 ; " Die Deutschen
Minnesanger," 4 vols. 4to. The MEISTEBSANGERS are of a later date.
176
MlNSI.
American : classed as ALGONKIN. Also called MINISTI or MUNSEYI,
meaning " Wolf-tribe."
%* A tribe of the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware Indians ; of the others,
the Unalachtgo speak a similar dialect, but the Unami is different.
MlRAMICHI.
American : Mic-MAC of New Brunswick.
MlRANHA.
AMERICAN : dialect of the U. Japura, allied to BARREE. See vocaby.
in Von Martius, vol. ii., p. 279.
MIRBAT.
Extinct dialect of ARABIC.
MlRDITES.
A local dialect of SKIPETAR, spoken in a political division of Albania.
MlRI.
Dialect of ASSAMESE, closely allied to ABOR. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty." See SIBSAYA.
MIRIAM.
Negritic : collective term for insular dialects of PAPUAN, belonging to
the Torres Straits.
MlRUPS.
BURMESE : dialect of Singpo.
MlSHIMI.
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of Assam. " Jnl. Asiat. Socy. of Bengal,"
1837.
MlSNIAN.
Teutonic : old HIGH-GERMAN of Meissen, Saxony, but best known by
the later modern or NEW HIGH-GERMAN, found in the writings of
Martin Luther. See LUTHERAN.
•
MISSIONS, under SAN.
MlSSKITO, see MOSQUITO.
MlSTECO, see MIXE.
MlTHAN.
ASSAMESE : dialect of the Naga tribes, allied to TABLUNG. Vocaby.
in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
MlTHILI.
BENGALI : vernacular in Behar, Hindostan. It is allied to MAGADHA,
and sometimes called TIRHUTYA.
177
MlTLANTONGO.
American : dialect of MISTECO.
MlTTEL, see MIDDLE.
MlXE, MlXTECA.
AMERICAN : tribes of Oaxaca in Mexico, speaking several dialects
See " Catechismo," Puebla, 1837.
MlYUNG.
Burmese : dialect of SINGPHO.
MlZDZHEDZHI.
CAUCASIAN : Klaproth's name for the central group of languages
which the Russians call TSHETSH or CHECH. Various spellings are
MlTSJEGHI, MlZJEJI. MlZDEGHIC.
MJAMMAW.
Native name for BURMESE. It is a mutation of M into B.
MKUAFI, see UKUAFI.
MOA.
Negritic : sub-dialect of PAPUAN, belonging to the Letti group of the
Serwatty Islands. Vocaby. by Heymering : " Tydschrift voor Ned.
Ind.," 1846. P. J. V.
MOAB, MOABITE.
Name for a supposed variety of HEBREW ; pre-historic dialect of
Wady Mujib, the valley of the river Arnon. Known only by the frag-
ments of an inscription brought from ancient Dibon, now Dibhan, with
characters resembling those of the PHCEXICIAN alphabet. Treatise by
Dr. Ginsburg, London, 1870.
MOAN, see MON.
MOBBA, MABA, MABANG.
AFRICAN : dialect of Dar-Saleh, E. of Lake Tschad. See Burckhardt's
" Travels in Nubia," London, 1819.
MOBILIAN.
American : name for the CHIKKASA of the K. Mobile, spoken in
Alabama and Arkansas.
MOBIMA, see MOVIMA.
MOCHIKA, see YUKGA.
MOCHONO, MUCHOJEONE, MOCOROSI.
AMERICAN : Indians of Moxos in Bolivia, allied to MAIPUB.
MODENESE.
Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN.
N
178
MODOC or MOADOC.
AMERICAN : small tribe of warlike Indians at Lake Clamet or
Klamath, on the boundaries of California and Oregon. See OKKOUHISH.
MCESO-GOTHIC.
Teutonic : the GOTHIC of ancient Moesia. See Gabelentz and Lobe :
"Ulphilas," Leipsic, 1836-1843: also Skeat's " Moeso-Gothic Glossary"
(Phil. Soc. 1868), in the preface to which is a list of all the editions of
" Ulphilas" and an account of all MSS. written in Moeso-Gothic, the
most famous of the MSS. being the " Codex Argenteus " at Upsal.
%* Prof. Max Muller thinks that the era of Ulphilas should be stated
as 311-381 A.D. The Mceso-Gothic is LOW-GERMAN, and varies widely in
spelling from high-German. This important fact is often passed over in
the text-books, which copy from each other. W. W. S.
See Suio-GoTHic.
MOGHOL, see MONGOL.
MOGHRIL-EL-AKSA, see MONGREBIN.
MOGIALUA.
African : Douville's class name for BUNDA and KONGO. See "Voyage
au Congo," Paris, 1832.
MOH AVE. '
American : dialect of U. California, belonging to the YUMA class.
MOHAWK.
American : same as Maqua, a dialect of IROQUOIS formerly spoken on
the R. Mohawk, a tributary of the Hudson, and still spoken to the E. of
N. York State ; but these tribes are principally settled in Canada.
Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 482.
MOHEGAN, MOHICAN.
American : tribes of ALGONKIN formerly settled on the Hudson,
sometimes called PEQUOTS. Sub-divisions were MECH-CHAOOH, or
"Wolf-tribe;" MUCHQUANH, or "Bear-tribe;'' and TOON-PAOOH, or
" Turtle-tribe." Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii,, p. 110.
MOHILIAN.
Dialect of the Commorro Is., E. Africa, classed as KAFFIR. H. C.
MOITAY.
Indian tribe on boundaries of Assam and Bengal ; also called MECK-
LEY and MUGGALU.
MOKO or MOKKO.
African : dialect of BENNI or BlNI.
MOKOBY, see MBOKOBI.
MOKOROSI, see MOCHONO.
179
MOKSCHA, MOKSCHANISCHEN.
UGRIAN : dialects of Orenburg, allied to MORDVINIAN and TCHEBE-
MISS, both classed as sub-dialects of MOKDOWSKAJA. Grammar by
Ornatow, Moskwa, 1838 (Moscow).
MOLDAVIAN.
Romance : dialect of ROUMAN, closely allied to WALLACHIAN.
MOLONGLO.
AUSTRALIAN : See Eyre's Journals, London, 1845.
MOLUA.
AFRICAN : tribes of Guinea. See MOGIALUA.
MOLUCCAS,
MALAYAN : languages of the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago.
MOLUCHE,
American : name for ARAUCANIANS. It means " men of the West."
Indians of Chili.
%* In Chileno ethnography the terminal " che " is important : it
means " man " ; so the compounds Moluche, Pnelche, Huilliche, &c., are
all Chileno names. R. G. L.
MOMENTA.
African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR*
MOMOYEENTSHI.
African : assigned by Earth to the HAMARUA.
MON.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of PEGU, same as TALAIN. Vocaby. in Hunter's
"Comp. Dicty."
MONG-JUNG.
INDO-CHINESE : tribes of Laos, speaking a dialect of SIAMESE.
MONGOL or MONGOLIAN.
Correctly MOGHOL, the typical dialect of a large family of Turanian
languages, allied to MANTSHU and TTJRKEE ; it is spoken in Central
Asia, and written in perpendicular lines, reading from left to right.
An old form of character is called BASPA-MOGHOL, and a modern varia-
tion is known as GALIK. Dicty. (1855), Grammar (1831), by Schmidt,
St. Petersburg. See KALMUCK.
MONGOYO.
American : a sub-division of CAMACAN spoken in the province of Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, classed as BOTOCUDO, See KAMAKAN.
Nl
180
MONGREBIN, MOGREBIN.
Semitic : a dialect of ARABIC spoken in Africa ; it is the vernacular
speech of the Moors (anciently of Mauritania) and vernacular in Algiers,
Barbaryyand Marocco. It is called MOORISH or MOGHRIB-EL-AKSA.
Grammar and Vocaby. by De Bombay, Vienne, 1800 ; see also " Asiatic
Jl.," 1828.
MONOGRAM.
Single letter, one letter duplicated, any combination of initials
into one device ; a single character used for an entire word, as the
Arabic numerals.
MONOSYLLABIC.
A name for certain primitive forms of speech, including CHINESE,
wherein each letter or character represents an entire word, and poly-
syllables are recognised by the speaker as compounds. In such languages
" roots are used as words, without change of form." Also called
ISOLATING.
MONQUI.
American : Hervas' name for the WAIKUR.
MONSONIK.
American : dialect of CREE.
MONTAGNARDS.
American : French name for the SHESHATAPOOSH.
MONTAK, MONTAUK.
American ; Indians of Long Is. " Arch. Amer.," vol. ii.
MONTE-NEGRO.
Slavonic : sub-dialect of SERVIAN.
MONTESE.
Romance : sub-dialect of WALLOON. See Sigart : " Glossaire Ety-
mologique."
MOOR (1).
PAPUAN : dialect of Moor or Mohr, an island in Geelvink Bay, on the
north of N. Guinea.
MOOR (2) or MOORISH, see MONGREBIN.
MOORMI, MURMI.
Tribe of E. and Central Nipal, closely allied to GYARUNG. Vocaby.
in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C.
MOORS.
Hindostani : a jargon or corrupt dialect of BOMBAY and CALCUTTA,
much compounded with ENGLISH and PORTUGUESE.
MOORUNDE.
AUSTRALIAN : same as AIAWONG. " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845.
181
MOQUELUMNE.
American : allied to TALATUI.
MORAVIAN.
Slavonic : same as MAHREN, sub-dialect of CHECK or BOHEMIAN.
MORDOWSKAJA.
UGRIAN : dialect of Orenburg. See MOKSCHA.
MORDVINIAN.
Ugrian : dialect of FINNISH, spoken near the confluence of the Russian
rivers Oka and Volga. Sub-dialects are ERSA and MOKSCHA. Tribes
anciently called Bulghars. Grammar by Wiedemann, St. Petersburg,
1865.
MORELLA.
Batu-Morella : dialect of Amboyna, closely allied to LIANG. Wallace :
" Malay A." See BATU-MKRAH.
MORETON.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Moreton I. and Bay.
MOROCCO, MAROCCO.
ARABIC of N. Africa ; same as MOORISH. Norberg : " Disputatio, <fcc.,"
1787. See MONGREBIN.
MOROTOCO.
American : sub-dialect of ZAMUCA.
MORPHOLOGY.
Botanical term : adopted in philology in relation to the general laws
or grammatical structure of a language.
MOSE, MOSI.
African : dialect of KOURI, allied to GURESA and BARBA. H. C.
MOSEL.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. Becker's " Idiotikon,"
Berlin, 1799.
MOSES ISLANDS.
POLYNESIAN. Vocaby. in Dalrymple's Collection, London, 1771.
MOSKA, MOZKA.
American : same as CHIBCHA. Grammar by De Lugo, Madrid, 1619 ;
Comparative Vocabularies by Paravey, Paris, 1835. Grammar and
Vocaby. by Uricoechea, Paris, 1871.
MOSKITO, MOSQUITO.
American : same as MISKITO ; Samboes or mixed tribes of the Moskito
coast, Central America, largely infused with African blood. Grammar
by Cotheal, N. York, 1848.
182
MOSOTIE.
American : sub-dialect of MOXA.
MOSSA, see MoiA.
MOTORIAN.
Ugrian : an extinct dialect of SAMOYED, closely allied to KoiBAL, and
classed as OSTIAK of the Lakes.
MOULTANI.
Dialect of SINDHI, spoken in the Punjab. Also called WUCH.
MOUNTAINEERS.
American : name of the SHESHATAPO08H.
MOVIMA or MOBIMA.
American : dialect of the Moxos missions, related to APIACA, SAPI-
BOCONI, and GUARANI. H. C.
MOXA, MOXOS.
AMERICAN : Indians of province and mission of Moxos in Bolivia.
All are dialects of MAIPUB. " Arte," by Marban, Lima, 1701.
MOZABY.
African : i.e., BENI-MOZAH, sub-dialect of TOUABIK.
MOZAMBIQUE.
African : large class of KAFFIR dialects belonging to the E. Coast.
Vocabularies by Dr. Bleek, London, 1856.
MOZKA, see MOSKA.
MPONGWE (EMPUNGWA).
African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR spoken on the lower Gaboon. It is
spoken by the Pongos, and is classed by Bleek as BANTU. Grammar,
with vocabularies, N. York, 1847.
MRAMMA.
Name for the BURMESE. See MJAMMAW.
MRU, MRUNG.
BURMESE of Arrakan ; also called TOUNG. Vocaby. in Hunter'i
" Comp. Dicty."
MSAMBARA.
African : dialect of KAFFIB.
MSEGUA,
African : KAFFIR tribes of Suaheli.
MUGH-QUANH.
American : Bear-tribe of MOHICANS.
183
MUCURY.
American : tribe of Brasil, allied to BOTOCUDO. See Da Silva's
Dicty. : " Lingua. Geral."
MUDSAN.
African : KAFFIR of the Mozambique.
MUG, MUGS.
Names for the natives and dialect of Arracan and Chattagong, who
are probably Malays. A. C.
MUGGALU, see MOITAY.
MUHHEEKANEW, see MOHICAN.
MUKABI, tee UKUAFI.
MULATTO.
Ethnological : issue of white and African.
MUNDALA.
Non-Aryan dialect of Central India, classed as KOL. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
MUNDRUCU.
American : sub-dialect of GUABANI, tribes of utter barbarians, allied
to BOTOCUDO. H. C.
MUNDY.
Australian : natives at Lake Mundy. Eyre's Journals, London, 1846.
MUNICH, see XEBEBO.
MUNIO.
African : dialect of BOBNUI, allied to KANUBI and NGURIO. H. C.
MUNIPOORI, MUNIPURI.
Monosyllabic ; dialect of Assam, closely allied to KHASSEE, and classed
as Indo-Chinese. These people are called Kathe, no doubt the same
word as Cathay, anciently applied to China. See Vocaby. in liunter'i
" Comp. Dicty."
MUNSEYI, under MlNSI.
MURA.
American : dialect of the Amazons, classed by Von Martiue as
Brasilian.
MURATHEE, tee MAHRATTA,
MURMI, tinder MooBMi.
184
MURRAY R.
District S.W. Australia. Vocaby. Cap. Grey, 1841.
MURRUMBIDGE.
Australian : dialect of Hume E. Vocaby. in Eyre's Journals, Lon-
don, 1845.
MURUNDO.
African : dialect of the Gaboon, allied to NKELE, &c. H. C.
MURUNG.
Sub-dialect of DYAK in Borneo.
MUSENTANDO.
African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR, allied to MBAMBA, KANYIKA,
NTEBE, &c. H. C.
MUSGANTSHI.
African : assigned by Barth to Hamarua.
MUSKOGHI, MUSKOGULGE.
AMERICAN : native name of the Creek Indians. See Schoolcraft's
" Indian Tribes," vol. iv. p. 416 ; " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 82. ijgT
MUSNAD.
Semitic : form of HIMYAEJTIO inscriptions.
MUTSAYA.
African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR, with the same affinities as MUSEN-
TANDO.
MUTSCHUANA.
AFRICAK : Salt's name for tribe of Sechuana.
MUTSUN.
•AMERICAN : same as Mission of San Juan Bautista, County Monterey,
Upper California. Vocaby. by Cuesta, London, 1862.
MUYSCA, see MOSKA.
MYNCQUESAR.
AMERICAN : a dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken on E. Delaware, formerly
known as Swedish America or New Sweden. See Holms : " Kort Beskrif-
ning," <fcc., English ed. by Duponceau, Philadelphia, 1834.
See SANKIKANI.
MYSOL.
MALAYAN : dialect of N. Ceram. Wallace : " Malay A."
%* Mysol is an island north of Ceram, belonging to the Waigiou-
Mysol Archipelago, and inhabited by true Papuans, who on the coast
are mixed with Moluccan Malays. Hence there is a difference of
language between the coast and the interior. Mr. Wallace has given a
vocabulary of both.
185
ADDENDA.
MACAO.
CHINESE : commercial dialect of Macao and Canton. Vocaby. 1824.
MAHABHRATA, MAHABHARATAM. :
SANSKRIT : name of the great Indian epic, treating of early
mythology.
MANCHE.
American : a dialect of the MAYA class. H. C.
MANGASEJAN.
Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of the northern stem (Klaproth).
MANO.
African : dialect of the MANDINGO class. See " Polyg. Afr." H. C.
MARAHUAS.
AMERICAN : Tupi Indians of Brazil.
MARARIT.
African : a dialect allied to TAMA. H. C.
MAROON.
SPANISH word: cimarcm, simaron (" sima," " a cavern "; "cimarron,"
" wild "), applied to runaway slaves or escaped negroes.
MARSIAN.
An early Italic dialect, closely allied to the VOLSCIAN, known only
from inscriptions. Mommsen : " Unteritalische Dialekte," Leipzig, 1851.
G. R.
MASSOWA.
African : dialect of GAFAT. Mithridates, v. 432. H. C.
MBARIKE, MBE, MBOFON.
AFRICAN : dialects of the Gaboon.
MENAGON.
African : a dialect allied to MARAEIT. H. C.
MESSAPIAN.
A dialect of ancient Italy, spoken in the Calabrian peninsula. It is
known to us only by inscriptions and a few glosses, which show it to
be IN DO- EUROPE AN, and not very unlike GREEK. See Mommsen :
" Unteritalische Dialekte," Leipzig, 1851, G. E.
MlKIR, MUHU.
Assamese : allied dialects of CACHAK. H. C.
186
MlMI.
AFRICAN : spoken about 17° N. Lat. H. C.
MINAHASSA.
Alfuru dialects of MENADp in Celebes.
%* Mr. De Clercq distinguishes eight dialects, viz. : BANTIK,
BENTENAN, PONOSAKAN, TOUMBULU, TOUMPAKEWA, TOUNDANO,
TOUNSAWANG, and TOUNSEA, all of which differ so considerably that
some scholars hold them to be distinct languages. They are spoken by
about one hundred and twenty thousand people in the aggregate.
P. J. V.
MOMUNDS.
Tribe of Pathans, between the Swat and Cabul rivers.
MONJU, see MAKUA.
MORLEY.
Proyincial dialect of ENGLISH, spoken in Yorkshire. Vocaby. in
"Scatcherd's History," London, 1830.
MUHU, see MIKIB.
MUNTU, see MAKUA.
MURUT.
DTAK tribe of N. Borneo, on the river Lembong. See St. John's
" Life in the Forests of the Far East," vol. ii., ch. 1. ; Vocaby. of Adang,
a settlement of the Muruts, appx., p. 407. P. J. V.
MUSKONONG.
American : Indians of the ALGONKIN-CHIPPEWAY stem. See Julg's
" Vater," p. 13.
N.
NAAS or NOOSDALUM.
AMERICAN : tribes of the W. coast, spoken about N.L. 53°.
NABADACHE.
AMERICAN : tribes of Caddos.
NABATKUEAN,
Semitic : a form of SYRIAC ; name for character of early BKDAWEEN
inscriptions.
187
NACHHERENG.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KlRANTl group, E.
Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
NADIC, see NATIC.
NADOWESSIER.
AMERICAN : tribes of Dacotah or Sioux.
NAGA.
INDO-CHINESE : aboriginal tribes of snake worshippers ; same as
KOOKIE. The word " Naga" means " snake " or " serpent " in Sanskrit ;
compare the Latin " a-nguis." Panchala, the ancient dominion of the
Nagas, is now Rohilcund ; they were also in the Deccan. Mr. Hunter
distinguishes the following dialects, viz. : ANGAMI, KHAKI, MITHAN,
NAMSANG, NOWGONG, TABLTJNG, TENGSA. See vocabys. in " Comp.
Dicty."
%* It is also used as a general term applied to mountaineers of the
N.E. frontier of Bengal. W. E.
NAGAILER.
AMERICAN : tribe of Tacullies or Carriers ; also called Chin-Indians.
NAGOE, NAGOO.
African : sub-dialect of PAPAA, i.e., Popo or Dahomey, spoken on the
Slave-coast.
NAGRANDA.
AMERICAN : tribes of Chorotegans in the plains of Leon. See Squier'a
"Nicaragua," New York, 1852.
NAGUEGTGAQUEHI.
AMERICAN : tribes of Abipones.
NAHUATL.
AMERICAN : primitive language of Anahuac, or Mexico, before the
Aztec. See NIQUIRAN.
NAIKUDE.
NON-ARYAN language of Central India, allied to KOLAMI and GONDI.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." H. C. See NAIK.
NAKHCHUO.
Native name for the CHECH or TSCHETSCH, language of the Caucasus,
H. C.
NAKNANUK.
American : dialect of BOTOCUDO, spoken by mountaineers of Brasil.
See " Castelnau's Exped.," vol. v., p. 249.
NALU.
African : somewhat allied to FELUP. Small vocaby. in Latham's
" Elements," p. 596.
188
NAMAQUA.
African : HOTTENTOT of the W. coast. Grammar and Vocaby. by
Tindall.
NAMOLLO.
TSCHUKTSHI : ESKIMO of N.E. Asia.
NAMSANG, NAMSENG.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of SINGPHO. See NAOA.
NANCOWRY.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Nicobar Is.
NANDAKO.
AMERICAN : tribes of Caddos.
NANKINESE, see KIANG-NAN.
NANO.
African : classed by Bleek as BUNDA.
NANTICOK.
American: ALGONKIN of the Susquehanna. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.,
p. 111.
NAPOLI, see NEAPOLITAN.
NAREA.
Sub- Semitic : dialect of AMHAEIC.
NARRAGANSETTS.
American : ALGONKIN of the Massachusetts coast-line. " Amer.
Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 110. See also vocaby. in Wood's "New England's
Prospect,"&c., Boston, 1764 ; "A Key into the Language of America," &c.,
by Roger Williams, Boston, 1810.
NARYMSHEN.
Ugrian : tribe of SAMOYED.
NA- SQUALLY, under S.
NASSAU, see FOGGY.
NATCHEZ.
AMERICAN : tribe of Creek Indians ; it is spoken in Louisiana.
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii, p. 94.
* »* It appears to be related to the language of Terra del Fuego.
H. C.
NATIC.
AMERICAN : tribes of Massachusetts. "Amer. Ethnol.,'' vol. i., p. 288.
189
NAVAHO.
American : ATHABASCAN of U. California aiid New Mexico, allied to
CHEPEWYAN and APACHE. Schoolcraft's " Ind. Tribes," vol. iv., p. 416.
NAVARRESE.
A name for BASQUE. Prince Louis L. Bonaparte distinguishes four
spoken dialects, viz. : N. and S. HlGH-NAVARRESE, E. and W. Low-
NAVARRESE.
NAVIGATORS, see SAMOAN.
NAWER.
GIPSEY dialect of Egypt.
NDOB.
African : dialect of the GABOON, allied to TUMU and NFUT. H. C.
NEAPOLITAN.
Komance : the patois of Naples ; a sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby.
by Galiani, Naples, 1789.
NEGER-ENGLISCHE, see CREOLESE.
NEGRIJ-BARU.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
NEGRITIC, NEGRITO.
Class name for dialects of POLYNESIAN, spoken by dark-skinned races
of the Indian Archipelago, applied primarily to New Guinea, Australia, &c.
%* The true Negritos are the black population of the Philippine
Islands and the Malay peninsula, and, according to Mr. Wallace, " Malay
Archipelago," vol. ii., pp. 451-3, are quite distinct from the Papuans, as
well as from the Malays, and rather of Asiatic than of Polynesian origin.
P. J. V. See PYGMEAN.
NEGRO.
(1) AFRICAN, see NIGRITIAN.
(2) AMERICAN, see CREOLE.
NEHETHOWUCK, NENAWEHK.
AMERICAN : tribes of Crees.
NENETSGH.
UGRIAN : tribes of Samoyeds.
NENGONE.
PAPUAN : dialect of the Loyalty Is., S. Pacific. Also called MARK.
NEO-HELLENIC.
Later GREEK. See under ROMAIC.
NEPAULESE, see NIPAL.
190
NEPESANG, »ee NIPISSING.
NERTSHINSK, NERCHINSK.
Moghol : dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUTSK.
N ESTORIAN.
Semitic : a name for ESTRANGELO, an aacient form of STRIAC.
See SYRO-CHALDEE.
NETELA.
AMERICAN : dialect of New California, allied to the Ku, PADUCA,
UTA, and COMANCHE. See Buschmann : "Die Sprachen Netela,"
Berlin, 1856. H. C.
NETHERLANDISH.
Germanic : classed as LOW-DUTCH. See FLEMISH.
NEUFCHATEL.
Romance : FRENCH dialect of Switzerland. " Dialogue," &c., Neuf •
chatel, 1825.
NEU HOCH-DEUTSGH.
Teutonic : literary HIGH-GERMAN, dating from Luther. See MISNIAN.
NEVOME.
American : same as PIMA.
NEW CALEDONIA, see BALADEA.
NEW ENGLAND INDIAN.
American : dialects of ALGONKIN.
NEWrFOUNDLAND.
American : classed in E. branch of ALGONKIN. Dialects are BELHUCK
(extinct), MIKMAK, and MILLICITE.
NEW GUINEA.
NEGRITIC of the Indian Archipelago. Native Christian teachers
landed there in 1871. W. G.
%* I believe that Mr. Wallace is right in his distinction between
Negritos and Papuans, and that the name of Negrito, given by the
Spaniards to the black population of the Philippines, should not be
applied to the inhabitants of New Guinea. P. J. V. See PAPUAN.
NEW HEBRIDES.
(1) NEGRITIC. The principal islands of this archipelago are Tana,
Aneitum, Erromango, Mallicolo, and L'Espirito Santo ; for the first four
we have vocabularies and grammatical sketches, of which Tana and
Mallicolo date from Cook's voyage in 1772-5.
(2) POLYNESIAN. In Futuma, Nina, and some parts of the Fate or
Sandwich Is., the language ia not Papuan but Polynesian, and allied to
the RAROTONGAN and SAMOAN. See " Cook's Voyage to the S. Pole,"
London, 1777.
191
NEW HOLLAND, see AUSTRALIAN.
NEW IRELAND.
Negrito : a dialect of POLYNESIAN. See Crawfurd's Dissert., " Malay
Grammar."
NEW S. WALES.
Province of Australia. Specimens by Threlkeld, Sydney.
NEW SWEDEN, see MYNCQUESAB.
NEW ZEALAND, see MAOBI.
NEWARI.
Language of the valley of Nipal ; it is allied to PAHRI. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C.
NEZ-PERCEES.
American : FRENCH name for the Sahaptin Indians.
NGOALA.
African : dialect of the GABOON. See ANGOLA.
NGODZEN.
African : dialect of BORNUI, allied to BODE, DODI, HOUSSA, and
perhaps to PUELCHK. H. C.
NGOKO.
JAVANESE. A verbal form derived from " Ko," the pronoun of the
second person, by which common people are addressed. Hence the low
or common Javanese is called •' Basa-Ngoko." The term " Ngoko " may
be compared to the French " tutoyer," or the German " duzen." A few
words peculiarly used in contemptuous language are designated by the
name of " Ngoko andap," " Low Ngoko." P. J. V.
NGOTEN.
African : dialect of the GABOON, allied to MELON and NHALEMOE.
H. C.
NGURU.
African : dialect of BORNUI, allied to KANURI and MUNIO. H. C.
NHALEMOE.
African : dialect of the GABOON. It has the same affinities as NGOTEN.
H. C.
NlAM-NlAM, see SANDEH.
NlAS.
MALAYAN : the language of the I. of Nias on the W. coast of Sumatra.
The dialects of the N. and S. parts of the island differ considerably, but
both are akin to the BATTA language of Sumatra. P. J. V.
192
NlBALTJ.
African : sub-dialect of KOURI ; said to be spoken in the Chamba
country. H. C.
NICARAGUA!*, see NIQUIBAN.
NICE, see NISSAEDA.
NlCOBAR.
MALAYAN : islands in the Bay of Bengal. Language of mixed
character. H. C.
NlEBELUNGEN-LlED.
Great GERMAN mythological poem, attributed to Herr von Ofterdin-
gen ; Eng. by Lettsom.
NIEDER-DEUTSCH, see DUTCH.
NIEDER-SACHSISCH, see LOW SAXON.
NlEUE, NlUEN.
POLYNESIAN of the Savage Islands, S. Pacific, 19° S.L., 169° W.L. ;
closely allied to TONGAN, and also to RAROTONGAN. W. G. L.
NlGORI.
JAPANESE : accent word.
NlGRITIAN.
African : pure NEGRO of Negro-land ; dialects of the Soudan, situated
along the course of the K. Niger.
NlHALOITIH.
AMERICAN : Watlala tribe of Chinuks ; also called Echeloots.
See NIHAL.
NiJ.
Caucasian : a sub-dialect of the UDE. H. C.
NlLGHERRIES, NlLGIRI, see TUDA.
NlNG-PO.
Colloquial CHINESE.
NlPAL.
Mixed forms of speech : INDO-CHINESE, INDIC, SUB-DRAVIDIAN ;
many aboriginal tribes of the Himalayas. DENWARJ, NEWARI, KHA&-
POORA. They use the Devanagri character. Papers by Hodgson in
" Jnl. As. Socy. of Bengal," 1830. See PAEBUTTIA.
NlPISSING.
American : ALGONKIN of Montreal, L. Canada.
193
NlPPEGON.
AMERICAN : name for the Winnebagos,
NlQUIRAN.
American : NAHUATL dialect of MEXICAN, Bpoken in Nicaragua.
See TLASCALTEK.
NlSHADA.
SANSKRIT word for " outcast," applied as a name for Dravidian, and
to all aboriginal races.
*** It is the best and most comprehensive name, dating at least from
as early as the fourth century B.C. W. S. W. V, See PARIAH.
NlSHI or NlSKI (NESHKI).
Semitic : modern alphabetic character ; name applied to the " nice "
or finished writing of ARABIC ; also adopted in writing TURKISH, URDTT,
MALAY, &c. ; used also in printed PERSIAN. See TAALIK.
NlSSARDA.
Eomance : ITALIAN dialect of Nice. Grammar by Micen, Nizza.
1841 (Nice).
NlTENDI, see INDENI.
NlUEN, under NIEUE.
NIZHNI.
Moghol : closely allied to SELENGA ; also called NlZNlAH-UDA.
NlZZA, see NISSADA.
NJENEZj see NENETSOH.
NJOKO, see NGOKO.
NKELE.
African : dialect of the GABOON.
NOGAY.
TURKEE : closely allied to BASHKIR.
NOGOTEN, see NGOTEN.
NORFOLK.
Provincial dialect of English, classed as E. ANGLIAN. See " Promp-
torium Parmlorum," Edit. Way (Camden Soc.) ; Forby's Vocaby.,
London, 1830 ; Nail's " Guide to Great Yarmouth," London, 1866.
W. W. S.
NORFOLK-SOUND.
American : KOLUSH of Sitka.
0
194
NORMAN.
ROMANCE : patois of France, sometimes called NORMAN-FRENCH.
Old Norman was a dialect of the Langue d'oil. See Kelham's Dictionary,
London, 1779.
NORSE, NORSK.
Same as ICELANDIC or SCANDINAVIAN. See " Old nordisk Formlaere,"
by Wimmer, Steen, 1870.
NORTH AMERICAN, under INDIAN.
NORTHUMBRIAN.
Provincial dialect of England, to which LOWLAND SCOTTISH ia closely
allied. Glossary in Ray's Collection ; Brockett's " Glossary of North-
Country Words," London, 1846; -also "Proceedings of Ethnol. Soc.,"
vol. i., pp. 123-39.
%* The best examples of Old Northumbrian are exhibited in the
glosses to the Latin Gospels in the celebrated Durham Book, and the
Rushworth MSS. W. W. S.
NORTON-SOUND.
American : dialects of ESKIMO.
\
NORWEGIAN.
(1) SCANDINAVIAN : Old Norwegian is the NORSE of Iceland ; Modern
Norwegian is a form of DANISH. Grammar by Foss, Christiania, 1858 ;
Practical Introduction by Fraedersdorff, London, 1860.
*#* Twenty sub-dialects are enumerated by Aasen : " Ordbog,'
Christiania, 1850.
(2) UGRIAN : see QUANIAN.
NOSINDAMBO.
Native appellation for the I. of Madagascar.
NOTARGEKON.
HEBREW anagrams : superstition of Cabalistic Jews.
NOTTOWAY.
American : S. dialect of IROQUOIS, spoken in N. Carolina, and
closely allied to TUSCARORA. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 115.
NOUB, see NUBIAN.
NOVA-SCOTIA.
American : Mikmak dialect of ALOONKIN.
NOWGONG.
Indo-Chinese : Singpo dialect of ASSAM. See NAQA.
NSIETSHAWUS.
American : Upper Killamuks ; dialect of ATNA or SELISH, spoken in
the Oregon district. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 120. See JAGON.
195
NSO.
African : dialect of the GABOON.
NTERE,
African : dialect of KAFFIR, allied to MBAMBA, KANYIKA, MtJSEN-
TANDO, &c. H. C.
NUBIAN.
African of the Valley of the Nile, from the frontier of Egypt (i.e., the
Tropic of Cancer) to the boundary of Abyssinia. Its three known
dialects are (1) the KENUZ, that of the most northern portion : the
DODEKA SKOINOS of the classical geographers, the most northern
division of the Roman province of Egypt — of this the word " Kenuz "
is a corruption ; (2) the Nous, or Nubian proper ; (3) the DONGOLAWY
of Dongola on the south. The Arabic has greatly encroached upon the
languages or dialects of this class. E. G. L.
NUFI.
African : dialects of NIGRITIAN ; also called TAPPA or TAPUA.
%* The following vocabularies are Nufi : — APPA, BASA, BUJANNE,
DSUKU, EBE, EGBIRA-HIMI, EREGBA, ESITAKO. GOALI, KAKANDA,
KUPU, Musu, NTTPAYSE, OPANDA, SHABBIE, YALA. See Clarke's
" Dialects," p. 35. R. G. L.
NUKAHIVA.
POLYNESIAN of the Marquesas Is. See MARQUESAN.
NUMELAHA.
KORIAK name for the Kamtshatlans.
NUMIDIAN.
AFRICAN : from " Numidse," a Latinized form of nomades ; Greek
" nomos," " a pasture." Known by inscriptions in the form of dedication
stones from N. Africa, and consisting of picture-writing and variants
of the early SEMITIC alphabet.
NUMISMATIC.
Many archaic forms of ancient alphabetic characters, known by
inscriptions on coins. See Akerman's " Numismatic Manual."
NURNBERG, NUREMBERG.
Teutonic : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. Dicty. by Gerischer, Leipzig,
1835.
NUSDALUM, under NAAS.
NUT (BAZEEGUR).
HINDOSTANI : dialects of Bazighurs in Bengal. • See NAT.
NUTKA.
American : tribes of Van Couver's Is. Same as WAKABH and
YUCUATL.
03
NYAMNYAM.
AFRICAN : spoken on the Nile about 5° N.L. Known only from a
short vocabulary by Petherick. E. G. L. See SANDEH.
NYANGEYARENTSHI, NYEGANTSHI.
African : both assigned by Barth to the HAMARUA.
NYFFE, see NUFJ.
NYOMBE.
African : dialect of KAFFIR, allied to LTJBALO, SONGO, BUNDA, &c.
H. C.
ADDENDA.
NAIK, NAYAK, NAIKARA.
A predatory tribe of Guzarat, N.E. of Baroda. W. B. See NAIKUDE.
NAT, NATA, NATWA.
A gipsey tribe of U. India. W. E. See NUT.
NAYADI.
Outcast race of Malabar, inhabiting the forests N. of Cochin. They
wear a covering of leaves, and their language is not intelligible to the
people of the plains. Corruptly NAIADIS. W. E.
NESAKULA, NESABIDARU.
A class of bird-catchers in the Carnatic, speaking a corrupt dialect.
W. E.
NEW CALEDONIA, see TAKULLI.
NlHAL.
An aboriginal race of Central India, said to be older than the Gonds.
W. E.
NISOVI.
Ugrian : local dialect of SAMOIED, spoken N. of the Beresov.
NOMADIC.
A term applied to the TURANIAN dialects, as the languages of nomads
Or wandering tribes, in contradistinction to the ARYAN and SEMITIC
dialects, which have been called " state or political languages." G. B.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
A dialect of England. See the Glossaries by Mies Baker and
Sternberg. W. W. S.
NUKONONO.
Polynesian : mixed dialect of TAHITIAN and RABOTONGAN. One of
the Maniiki group. W. G.
197
O.
OAMPI, see OYAPOK.
OB, OBI, OBDORSKER.
Ugrian : dialects of SAMOYED : true OSTIAK. Small Vocaby. in
Latham's " Elements," p. 134. See ODH.
OBANE or OB ANT.
African : a form of the word BONNY. The class includes OKTTLOMA
and UDSO, and is allied to SOBO, EGBELE, BINI, and OLOMO. Vocaby.
by Koler in the " Geographical Journal of Berlin," 1843. H. C.
OBERLAND.
Eomance : name for UPPEB ENGADINE. See KOHAKJL
OBER SACHSEN.
GERMAN of Switzerland.
OBISPO, under Luis.
OBOTRITIAN.
SLAVONIC : Spoken in Mecklenburg. See LumziAJf.
OCCITANIAN.
Romance : name for PROVENgAL or LANGUE D'oo. See OSSET.
OCEANIC.
General name for all classes of POLYNESIAN, taken collectively.
See INTRODUCTION.
OCOLES.
AMERICAN : tribe of Vilela.
ODH.
Ugrian : in full, ODH-SHOSH ; name for the DENKA or Sable Ostiaka,
ODJII, see ASHANTEE.
OEZBEG, under U.
OGHAM (TREE ALPHABET).
Name of ancient linear characters found in some IRISH lapidary
inscriptions. See Prospectus of Vallancey's Dicty. Dublin, 1802.
OJE.
American : tribe of TAMANAQUE.
198
OJIBWA, OJIBWAY.
American ; name for CHIPPEWAYAN.
Chief dialect of ALGONKIN : tribes with dialectical variations are
distinguished at St. Mary's, Grand Traverne Bay, Saganaw, Michili-
mackmac, Chegoimegon ; the name is also written OTCHIPWE.
See OGIBOIS.
OKANAGAN.
American : (1) Tribe of ATNAH : " chin " or " flat heads."
(2) Tribe of SAHAPTIN, or " nez-perc6es," on the upper part of Frazer's
river.
OK-KOW-ISH.
AMERICAN : native name of the Moadocs ; the latter word means
" alien " in the SHASTA language.
OKSHEE.
American : name applied to the Klamath Lake Indians ; they are
allied to the MODOCS.
OKTOLAKTO.
AMERICAN : a name for the Oto Indians of Platte river.
OKULOMA.
African : dialects of BONNY, allied to EGBELE, UDSO, ZOBO, BINI,
and OLOMO. H. C.
OLAMENTKE.
AMERICAN : native name for the Bodega Indians of California.
See TCHOKOYEM.
OLD BACTRIAN, see ZEND.
OLD ENGLISH, see ANGLO-SAXON.
OLD HIGH-GERMAN.
TEUTONIC : period of language till 12th century.
OLD NORSE, see ICELANDIC.
OLD PERSIAN, under P.
OLD PRUSSIAN, under P.
OLD SAXON.
Teutonic : extinct dialect of LOW-GERMAN ; allied to FRISIAN and
ANGLO-SAXON. See Heyne's edition of the " Heliand."
OLD SLAVONIC, see CYRILLIC.
OLDENBURG.
Teutonic : dialect of LOW-GERMAN or DUTCH. See Work by Wolke,
Leipzig, 1804.
199
OLHONES.
AMERICAN : Costanos ; Indians of the coast in N. California.
OLOMO.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities as OKULOMA.
H. C.
OLONETS Or OLONETZIAN.
(1) Finnish : a sub-dialect of KARELIAN.
(2) Slavonic : provincial dialect of RUSSIAN.
OLOT, see ULUT.
OMAGUA.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Amazons ; allied to the GUARANI and the
TUPI.
OMAHA.
American: dialect of Sioux. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol.. ii., p. 117.
Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden. H. C.
OMAR.
PAPUAN : dialect of New Guinea.
OMBAY.
Negrito : insular dialect of POLYNESIAN.
ONEGA, ONIGA.
AMERICAN : a form of " Ongwe," speech of the Irokese ; it became
MAQTJA with the Dutch, MINGO with the French.
ONEIDA.
American: a dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK, and
spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft's " Ind. Tribes,"
vol. ii., p. 482.
ONIM.
PAPUAN : dialect of New Guinea.
ONOLASCHA, under U.
ONOMATOPCEIA.
MIMETIC speech ; treats of the formation of words in imitation of
natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and,
when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called
" the bow-wow theory."
ONONDAGA.
American : dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK and
ONEIDA. Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. ii., p. 482 ; Dicty. by Shea'
London, 1860.
•200
ONTHAGAMIES, OTTOGAMI.
AMERICAN : a name for the Fox-Indians. See SAC.
ONTOAMPA.
AMERICAN : tribe of Vilela.
OODEYPOORA.
HINDI of Mewar or Chitore in Kajpootana. The Kajah of Oodeypoor
is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.
OOJEINI.
HINDI of Malwa.
OORDU.
Same as URDU. See HINDITSTANEB.
OPATA.
American : dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with PIMA and
ETTDEVE.
OPATORO.
AMERICAN : dialect of Honduras.
OPULU.
Polynesian : dialect of SAMOAN.
ORANG.
MALAY word for man ; hence " orang-benua," " orang-laut," " orang-
utan," &c.
OREGONES, OREJONES.
(1) AMERICAN : dialects of large-eared tribes on the K. Amazon and
the I<ja or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.
(2) Indians of Texas.
%* The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named
from the abundance of labiatce, called " Oregano" or " Wild marjoram,"
i.e., "mountain-joy." See ORELHUDOS.
ORENBURG-TATAR.
Dialect of KIRGHIS : closely allied to KARAGAS ; it is spoken in
the Ural provinces of Bussia.
ORINOKO.
AMERICAN : geographical class name for a group of languages
including BETOI, OTOMAKA, YARURA, &c.
ORISTINE.
American : dialect of LULE ; it is closely allied to VILELA.
ORIYA, ORISSA, URIYA.
Indie : closely allied to BENGALI ; spoken in the sacred city of
Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the
DEVANAGARI. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.
ORKNEY Is.
Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of
ICELANDIC or OLD NORSE ; also called ORCADIAN.
ORNE.
Eomance : French patois, Dept. de 1'Orne.
ORO, see ORU.
OROSZ.
SLAVONIC : dialect of the Carpathians ; a form of Buss. See RUSSNIAK
OROTONG or OROTSHONG.
Turanian : dialects of TUNGUS.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various
spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always
be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages;
modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter
of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established
usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar ; but an attempt has been
made to give the most recent forms in addition.
ORU (EJO).
AFRICAN : native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee
group, and as a class name, includes ARO, EBO, and MBOFIA, and is
allied to ISOAMA and ISIELE. H. C.
OSAGE, OSAWSES, OUS.
AMERICAN : Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the E. Osage. It is also
written HUZZAW and WASHAS. Schoolcraft's " Indian Tribes," vol. iv.,
p. 275; " Bradbury's Travels," London, 1817.
OSCAN.
Italic : early dialect of Italy, allied to LATIN, UMBRIAN, &c. ; bnt
belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic
inscriptions. See Mommsen's " Unteritalischen Dialekte," Leipzig, 1851 ;
" Vera«ch," &c., by Enderis, Zurich, 1871.
OSMANLI.
ALATYAN : dialect of WESTERN TURKISH ; it is the typical literary
language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks ; it is
closely allied to TSHTJVASH, KIRGHIZ, TURCOMAN, and IGUR or UIGUR
and JAGATAI, but very much softened.
202
OSNABRUCK, OSNABURG.
Teutonic; dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Strodtmann: "Idioticon,"
Leipzig, 1756.
OSSET, OSSETIAN, or OSSITINIAN.
Caucasian : modern dialect of Abascia, classed as ARMENIC. Also
called IRON (i.e., Iran), from the name of the Caucasian people who
speak it. See Klaproth : " Asia P.," p. 89 ; Dicty. by Sjb'gren, St.
Petersburg, 1844 ; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.
OSTIAK.
Ugrian : dialect of FINNISH spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and
between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and
Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castren and Schiefner, St.
Petersburg, 1858. See DENKA.
OTAHEITE.
POLYNESIAN : an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L.
See TAHITIAN.
OTAKAPA, under A.
OTAM.
African : dialect of KAFFIR, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also
as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written
UDOM. R. G. L.
OTCHAGRAS.
American : same as WINNEBAGO. French spelling of HOCHUNGORAH.
OTHOMI or OTOMI.
AMERICAN : monosyllabic dialect spoken in Souora. to the frontier of
Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863 .
*»* Much has been written of this language on the strength of its
real or supposed monosyllabic structure — indeed, it has been compared
with the CHINESE. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as
it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination
being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies.
See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.
OTO, OTOUEZ.
American : Sioux dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long's " Expe-
dition," &c., Philadelphia, 1822.
OTSHI.
African : name for ASHANTEE, the dialect of the Gold Coast ; other-
wise called ODJII, Oji, or OCHI. See Riis : " Elemente . . . der
Odschi-sprache," Basel, 1853.
*»* ASHANTEE is much like FANTEE, and is allied to WHYDAH,
DAHOMEY, ORO, EBO, DZKLANA, &c. H. C.
203
OTTARE.
AMERICAN : Mountain Cherokees.
OTTAWA, OTTOWAY.
American : dialects of ALGONKIN, closely allied to CHIPPEWAYAN,
spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly
belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See
" Tanner's Narrative," N. York, 1830 ; "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.,
p. 107.
OTTOGAMI, see ONTHOGAMI.
OTTOMAGA.
AMERICAN : spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and
Orinoco. See TAPARITA.
OTUK.EJ OTUGUE.
AMERICAN : a tribe of Chiquitos missions.
OTYIHERERO.
African : allied to NANO. See HEREKO.
OUGIA, see AROO.
OUIGOUR.
Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks ;
it is still used in a modified form in MOGHOL and MANCHU, which
are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older
OUIGOUR. See UIGUR.
OULOFF (OUOLOFE).
African : French spelling of WOLOFT. Vocaby. by Faidherbe,
St. Louis (Africa), 1860. See JALLOOP.
OULX.
Romance : intermediate between FRENCH and the ITALIAN.
OUS, gee OSAGE.
OWYHEE.
POLYNESIAN : properly spelled HAWAII.
OYAMPIS, OYAPOK.
AMERICAN : Carib of French Guiana ; also called OAMPL. See
" Bulletin de la Soc. de Geographic," Paris, 1834. R. G. L.
See BMEHILLON.
OZBEG, under U.
204
ADDENDA.
OGIBOIS, OJIBOIS.
AMERICAN : name of the E. CMppeways ; alto called SACTTETT,
SALTEUX. See OJIBWA.
§
OJI, see OTSHI.
OLOSENGA.
Polynesian of the SAMOAN family, with a few words and letters of the
more easterly islands. W. G.
ONDO, OTA, OWORO.
African : AKU languages. Vocaby. by Kb'lle. H. 0.
OORIAH.
INDIAN : the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter's
" Orissa," &c. A. C.
ORAON, see URAON.
ORELHUDOS.
PORTUGUESE word — "large-eared" — applied to the Oregones or
Orejones, and also to the Aroaquia.
OTA, see ONDO.
OTCHIPWE, 1ST OJIBWA.
OWORO, see ONDO.
P.
PACAGUARA.
AMERICAN : language of Bolivia, belonging to the mission! of Moxos
Allied to QUICHUA and PANOS. H. C.
PACASAS, tee PAKASAS.
PADA or PODO.
JAVANESE : marks of punctuation and modes of address used in
composition.
205
PADERBORN.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.
PADOVANI, PADUESE.
ITALIC : dialect of Padua. " Tratta," by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.
PADSADE.
African : somewhat allied to BlAFADA.
PADUGA.
American : Dr. Latham's class name for the COMANCHE SHOSHONI,
UTAH, and other allied languages, including the NETELA and KIJ.
PAEGAN.
American : same as PIEDS-NOIR3.
PAHI or PAHRI.
Dialect of NEWARI. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
PAHLAVI, see PEHLEVI.
PAHOJA.
American : sub-dialect of OTO.
PAIGOTSCHI.
Indie : a dialect of PRAKRIT.
PAIOCONECA.
AMERICAN : language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of
Chiquitos. . See PAUNACA.
PAIURE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Tamanaque.
PAKASA.
American : sub-dialect of AYMABA.
PAKHYA,
Non- Aryan : a dialect of Nipal, allied to THARU Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
PAKPAK.
Malayan : sub-dialect of BATTA.
PAL^EO-GEORGIAN.
Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others
resembling them, including AMAZON and ETRUSCAN. H. C.
PALAEOGRAPHY.
The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions,
MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing them-
selves. G. E.
206
PAL^EO-SLAVIC, see CYRILLIC.
PAL.<EOTYPE, see GLOSSOTYPE.
PALAIK.
American : dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to
LUTUAMI, SHASTI, and more remotely to SAHAPTIN. " Amer. Ethnol.,"
vol. ii., p. 98.
PALAONG.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of Siam, allied to AHOM.
PALAOS, see PELEW.
PALEMBANG.
The MALAY language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern
coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of JAVANESE, in
consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country.
Tt is written partly with the ARABIC, partly with an indigenous
alphabet ; also used for the REJANG and PASSUMAH dialects, and called
" Satra renchong." P. J. V.
PALENCA.
American : dialect of the R. Orinoco, 'allied to TAHANAQUE.
PALI.
Indie : an extinct dialect of SANSKRIT, derived through PRACRIT,
forming the sacred language of the Buddhists ; it has a peculiar
alphabetic character of its own. BALI and LANKA-BHASA (ancient
SINHALESE) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced
modern ClNGHALESE. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865 ;
and one now in progress by R. C. Childers ; " Kachchayana's Grammar,"
by Mason, London, 1870.
PALIMPSEST.
PAL^EOGRAPHIC : "written-over"; used of MSS. having a second
inscription laid over a previous one.
*»* A term signifying " twice-rubbed." or " scratched," and applied
properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been
prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the
middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable
MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one
infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been
recovered by careful examination, e. gr.,the text of Cicero's treatise, " De
Republica." G. R.
PALLA.
SUB-TURANIAN : tribe of Awalias in Nipal.
PALMYRENE.
Semitic : the SYRIAC of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very
ornamental character derived from OL0 ARAMAIC, but not earlier than
the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary SASSANIAN.
W.S. W. V.
207
PALPA.
Indie : SANSKRIT of Nipal.
PAMPANGA.
MALAYAN of the Philippine Islands: classed with BISSAYAN and
TAGALA.
PAMPAS.
American : QUICHUA word for " field " or " plain," applied to the district
of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and
Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the DIVIHET and TALUHET.
See PUELCHE.
PAMPTICOUGH.
American : ALGONKIN dialect of N. Carolina.
PANGH.
Indian term signifying " five " : (1) PANCH GAURA, used for the five
northern languages of India, taken collectively, including BENGALI,
GUZARATI, HINDI, SCINDI, and URYA. (2) PANCH DRAVIDA, used for
the five southern dialects, including CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL,
TELUGU, and TULU. W. E.
PANI, see PAWNEE.
PANJABI Or PUNJABI, see SIKH.
PANOS.
American : dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Some-
what allied to the BAURE of Moxos, to the PACAGUARA and QTJICHUA.
H. C.
PAN T'HAI.
Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China ; also written PANTHAY.
PAPAA.
African : same as POPO. A NIGRITIAN dialect of the Slave-coast.
See NAGOE.
PAPE.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of the MONG-JUNG in Assam.
PAPEL.
African : dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is. ; it is allied to KANYOP,
to FELUP, BAGNON, SARAR, BOLAR, &c., and spoken also on the coast S.
of the Cacheo. H. C.
PAPIAH.
African : dialect of KAFFIR.
PAPOLOKA.
American : the POKOMAN of Oajaca. A dialect of the MAYA class.
208
PAPUAN.
NEGRITIC : typical language of dark-skinned jPolynesians. It is the
vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller
islands. " Papua " is said to be a Malay word for " frizzled hair," but
see the Greek itonriros (lanugo carduorum), and our own " pappous "=
" woolly." See Wallace's " Malay Archipelago," and Dissertation :
Crawfurd's Malay Grammar. See ALFURU.
PARAM.
African : a dialect of KAFFIK.
PARANAPURA, see XEBEEO.
PARAUANA, see WAPISIAN.
PARBUTTIA.
This word means " the language of the hills " — " purbut " " a hill." It
is a dialect of HINDI, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken
generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all
the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.
PARECHI.
AMERICAN : tribe of Tamanaque.
PARENT.
AMERICAN : spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni
in Venezuela. See BARRE.
PARIA, PARIAGOTO.
American : classed with TAMANAQUE.
PARIAH.
Indian term : " an outcast," lower than a Sudra ; from a word in the
TAMUL language, signifying " mountaineer." See NISHADA.
PARIGI.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
PARITA, see PIECE.
PARMA, PARMESAN, PARMIGIANO.
Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.
PARNKALLA.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Spencer's-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby.
by Schiirmann, Adelaide, 1844 ; Eyre's " Journals," London, 1845.
PAROPAMISAN.
Dr. Latham's class name for the HINDU-KUSH dialects, as DAHD,
SHIN A, &c.
209
PARSEE.
(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers
speak GUJEKATTEE.
(2) Fire worshippers of Persia. See GUEBRE.
PARSI.
Iranic : extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the province of
Farsistan ; it is the same as PAZEND, and is derived from PEHLEVI,
being the third stage of OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND, and was the dialect
used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar : " Families of Speech," p. 104). See
Spiegel : " Grammatik der Parsi sprache."
PARTHIAN.
The Parthians have been classed as MEDO-SCYTHIC, but few words
remain of their original language ; the later dialect on their coins
is akin to the PEHLEVI. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as TURANIAN.
See " The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy," London, 1873.
PASAINE.
AMERICAN : tribes of Vilela.
PASANBANGKO, see BENTENANG.
PASCHAI, PASHAI.
Kafirs of Kohistan ; the dialect is allied to LUGHMAN. See "Jnl.
A. S. of Bengal," 1838.
PASSAMAQUODDS,
American : Indians of St. John's, N. Brunswick, classed as ABENAKI.
PASSANG.
Malayan : a sub-dialect of MENADU.
PASSUMAH, see SARAWI.
PASUKU.
Monosyllabic : dialect of PEGUESE, classed as KAREN.
PASUMMAH.
Malayan : same as LEMBA.
PATAGHO.
American : dialect of Brasil, classed as CAMACAN.
PATAGONIAN, see TEHUELET.
PATANI (PATHAN).
The language of Afghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were
called Patans. W. S. W. V. See PUSHTOO
P
210
PATERNOSTERS,
Derived from the LATIN for " Our Father * ; versions of the Lord's
Prayer in polyglot. See " Linguarum duodecim introductio," by Postel,
1538 ; De Mofra's " Exploration," Paris, 1840-2 ; " The Lord's Prayer
in 100 Languages," by Apostolides ; and the large works by Pallas and
Adelung. See BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PATI.
African : a dialect of KAFFIB.
PATOIS.
FRENCH word for local or provincial dialects.
PATOS.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
PAUMOTU.
Polynesian : somewhat allied to KANAKA.
PAUNACA.
American : sub-dialect of PAIOCONECA.
PAUNCH INDIANS (VENTRUS).
AMERICAN : name for the Allakaweah ; Crow Indians of Snake B.
For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). Set MINETARI.
PA-UTA, see PADUCAN.
PAYIA.
Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN. " Dizionario Domestico," Pavia,
1829.
PAWNEE.
American : typical dialect of the Biccaree Indians, spoken between
the B. Quicourre or Bunning Water and B. Platte or Shallow, W. of the
Missouri. Both PAWNEE and BICAREE are classed together by Dr.
Latham as allied sub-dialects of CADDO. " Amer. Ethnol.," ii. 96.
PAYA.
MALAYAN : dialect of Malacca. See SEMANO.
PAYAGUA.
American : dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small
remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat
allied to BORORO.
PAYGOBGE, PAYKOGE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.
PAYS DE VAUD, imder V,
211
PAZAND, PAZEND.
Iranic : same aa PABSI. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 187Q.
PEAGANS.
American : same aa PlBDS-KOIBS.
PEBA.
American : dialect of the Amazons, pppken in N.W. Brasil, and
probably allied to OBEGONES.
PEDRO, SAN.
American : missions of Brasil of the ALMEIDA class. See Da Silva's
Dicty., Bahia, 1854.
%* It is allied to GUABANI and AGAW. H. 0.
PEGUESE.
Indo-Chinese : a monosyllabic dialect, called T ALAIN or MON, allied
to BUBMESE, and spoken in Pegu.
PEHLVI or PEHLEVI,
IBANIC : extinct dialect of OLD PEBSIAN, belonging to the Pahlav
district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It
is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early
Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely
allied to the ZEND and OLD PEBSIC ; it is also called HUZVABESH, a
suggestion of Spiegel's. See Spiegel's " Grammatik der Huzvareschen
Sprache ;" Haug's Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.
PEHUENCHE.
AMEBICAN : tribes of Araucans.
PEKINESE, gee KHUM.
PELASGIAN.
An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech
was " barbarous " — i. e., distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes ;
but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classical
GBEEK. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of
Greece with the ILLYBIAN.
PELASGIC.
Class name for combined GBEEK and LATIN stems, sometimes called
GB^BCO-ITALIC, otherwise ILLYBIAN or THBACO-ILLYBIAN.
PELEW, PELU.
Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is , allied to TOBI, and classed as
MICBONESIAN.
PELU.
MOGHOL : dialect of N. W. tribes.
PEND D'OREILLES.
American : FKEKCH name for the KULLESPELM.
P«
212
PENDSCHABI.
Same as PUNJABI ; German form. See SIKH.
PENNSYLVANIA!*.
American : State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by
Algonkin and Iroquois. See " Thomas' Account," N. York, 1848.
PENOBSCOT.
American : language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Bruns-
wick ; classed as a dialect of ABENAKI.
PEQUOD or PEQUOT.
American : dialect of ALGONKIN spoken in Connecticut.
PERIODS OF LANGUAGE.
Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying
a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth,
sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.
PERMIAN or PERMIG.
Tchudic : TJGRIAN dialect of Perm in Eussia, closely allied to
WOTIAK and ZIRIANIAN. Also called BIARMIAN. The Permians were
the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic
King of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A,D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.
PERSIAN.
Iranic : modern dialect of Persia, derived from Old PERSIAN, but with
a large infusion of ARABIC words, and written in a modification of the
Nishki-Arabic characters, called TAALIC, and in a running hand called
SHIKESTAH. Grammar by Vullers, Gissse, 1870 ; Dictys. by Johnson
and Richardson. Dialects are MAZENDERAN ; see Klaproth's " Be-
schreibung," Berlin, 1814. TATT, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan ; see
Eichwald's " Reise," Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von
Hammer, " Asiatic Jl.," 1833. See TAJIK.
PERSIC.
Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian
language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is
known to us in three stages : —
(1) The language of the Achsemenian dynasty, recovered from the
cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See
Spiegel : " Die Altpersischeii Keilinschriften," Leipzig, 1862.
(2) The PEHLEVI or HUZVARESCH, the language of the Sassanian
period (A.D. 226-650). IRANIC, with considerable SEMITIC infusion ;
known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.
(3) PARSI or PAZEND ; the language as it reappears subsequently to
the Arab conquest ; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients,
and once more thoroughly IRANIC. Known from translations of the
Avesta, &c.
The PERSIC, in its earliest form, is closely allied to OLD BACTRIAN or
ZEND. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the DERI, the
HEREVI, the PARSI, or PAZEND, the SBGZI or dialect of Seistan, the
SOGDI of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the ZAVULI of Zabulistan. G. R
213
PERTH.
Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.
PERUVIAN.
This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian
area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along
the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and
New Grenada, to Chili, i.e. from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern
extension is in Tucuman ; its general run, however, is from north to
south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it
are the QUICHTJA and ATMARA. Notices of ruder tribes within the
same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies.
JUEACARES, MAYORUNA, and CALCHAQUI, ATACAMA, CHANGOS.
Lopez : " Les races Aryenne de Peru," 1872. B. G. L.
PESCHERAI.
American : language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the PYGMEAN
or MINCOPIE of Tickell. H. C. See YAKANAKU.
PESHITO.
Semitic : " faithful or exact " ; used of a so-called literal version of
the scriptures in SYEIAC.
PESSA.
African : dialect of the MANA class.
PETIGUAREN.
AMERICAN : anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.
PEUL, «e« PULAH.
PEY.
INDO-CHINESE : language of the Lok-tai in Siam.
PEYES, gee POYUS.
PFALZ.
HIGH- GERMAN : dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.
P'HANSIGARS.
Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.
PHARSMANIC.
Caucasian : dialect of the MIZDEGHEN or TSHETSH.
PHELLATA.
African : same as FULAH.
PHILIP (PORT),
A native Australian dialect, allied to MBNA.
214
PHILIPPINE.
Polynesian : dialects of the Philippine Manda. BISSAYAN, HAEAYA,
HILIGUEINA or ILOCAKA, all classed as MALAYAN. Dicty. by Mentrida,
Manila, 1841. See NEGBITIC.
PHILOLOGY.
Science of words and language. See COMPAEATIVE.
PHOENICIAN.
Semitic : extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient
times, and closely allied to Biblical HEBREW ; the alphabetic characters
are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted
in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe.
Gesenius : " Scriptures Phoenicia Monumenta," 4to, 1837 ; " Die
Phonizische Sprache," by Schroder, Halle, 1869 : Levy : " Phoniz.
Lexicon," 8vo, 1866. See PUNIC.
PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY.
Writing by sound. See " Early English Pronunciation," by Ellis,
containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London,
1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes,"
vol. v. See MAYA.
PHRISONES under F.
PHRYGIAN.
Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia
Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as INDO-EUKOPEAN.
See Kawlinson's "Herodotus," vol. i., p. 666 ; "Asiatic Keview," vol. 12.
PIACENTINO, PlAGENZA.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.
PlANKESHAW.
American : ALGONKIN dialect of Illinois.
PlANOGHOTTO.
American : CARIB dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.
PlAROAS.
American : name for MACOSj
PlCANEUX.
American : same as PIEDS-KOIRS.
PlCARD.
Komance : (1) OLD PiCAED is a sub-dialect of LANGUE D'OIL.
Dicty., Eouen, 1500.
(2) Patois of modern FRENCH. De Soilly : " Idiome Picard," Abbe-
ville, 183&
215
PlCTISH.
Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient timea, but most probably a
form of CELTIC, with close affinity to WELSH.
PICTURE-WRITING, see HIEROGLYPHICS,
PlEDE.
American : same as PA-UTAH. See PADUCAK.
PlEDMONTESE, PlEMONT.
(1) Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN". Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.
(2) Teutonic : sub-dialect of HiGH-GEBMAN. Schott : " Die Deutschen
Colonien, &c.," Stuttgart, 1842.
PlEDS-NOIRS, see BLACKPOOT.
PlEKANNS.
American : same as PlEDS-NOlES,
PlKA.
African : allied to KABEKABE.
PlKUNGHE.
American : tribes of Araucans ; same as PUELCHE.
PlLU, see PELEW.
PlMA.
American : spoken in Sonora and U. California ; it is closely allied to
EUDEVE or HEVE, and is also called NEVOME. Grammar by Smith, 1862.
%* In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the ALTA, " upper," and
BAJA, " lower," Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with
those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.
PINALENO, PlNOL.
American : dialect of ATHABASKAN spoken in N. Mexico, and classed
as APACHE.
PlNDAREES.
Roving tribes of Hindustan.
PlNEGORINE.
Australian : dialect of GotJLBUBN. " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845.
PlNOCO.
American : classed as CHIQTTITO.
PlNOL, see PINALENO.
PlQUA.
AMERICAN : tribe of Shawnees.
216
PlRINDA.
AMERICAN : a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. See TAEASCA.
PIS.
A dialect of the Carolines, classed as MICRONESIAN.
PlSKAW, PlSCOUS, PlSKWAUS.
American : classed by Hale in the N. branch of SELISH. Vocaby.,
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., 118.
PlTAN, see PATAN.
PLAAU.
Native name for SHAN.
PLATT-DEUTSCH, under D.
PLAY.
Indo-Chinese : name for the KAREN.
POCOMAM, POCONCHE.
American : same as POKOMAN. See MAME.
POENULUS.
LATIN : a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists
from its so-called PUNIC dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald,
Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.
POGGY (PAGEI).
MALAYAN : dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.
POIGNAVI, see BANIWA.
POITOU, POITEVINE.
Patois of FRENCH. Vocaby. in " M£m. de 1'Acad. Celtique," vol. iii.
POJUAQUE.
AMERICAN : San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.
POKOMAM, POKOMAN, POKONCHE, see MAME.
POLABIAN, POLATIAN.
Wendic : (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of SLAVONIC.
(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of POLISH.
*»* Forms of SLAVONIC spoken along the Biver Elbe.
POLEN, see POSKN.
POLISH.
"Wendic : a dialect of SLAVONIC, somewhat allied to CZECH or
BOHEMIAN, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin,
1851.
For PoLisH-LiTHUANic, see SAMOGITIAN.
217
POLYNESIAN.
(1) Eastern : the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific.
It is spoken in many dialects, such as MAORI, SAMOAX, TONGAN,
TAHITIAN, HAWAIAN, NIUEN. A large percentage of words in Eastern
Polynesian are identical with MALAYAN, to which-f amily it undoubtedly
belongs. W. G. L.
(2) Western : the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those
of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely
distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c.
W. G. L. See KEL^SNONESIAN, MICRONESIAN. i^g"
POLYSYLLABIC.
" Of many syllables," used of languages " when roots are modified by
the addition of prefixes and suffixes." JAPANESE is a typical language
of polysyllabic character.
POLY-SYNTHETIC.
Said of languages that incorporate many distinct words into one com-
pound ; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating.
See AGGLUTINATIVE.
POME.
PAPUAN : dialect of N. Guinea.
POMMERN, POMERANIAN.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See " Baltische Studien fur
Pommern," Stettin, 1833.
PONCAR, PONCHA, see PuNCA.
PONDERAY.
AMERICAN : tribes of Flat Heads. See PEND D'OREILLES.
PONGO, PONGUA, see MBONGWE.
PON K AT AGE.
AMERICAN : tribes of Jahyco.
PONOSAKEN.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU, classed as ALFURU.
POULAINS, PULLANI.
Ethnological term : mixed race ; FRANK and SYRIAN during the
Crusades.
POPO, see PAPAA.
POPOLUCA, see PAPOLUKA.
PORT DOREH, under D.
218
PORT JACKSON.
Australian : See " Flinder's Voyage," London, 1814 : " King's Nar-
rative," London, 1827.
PORT LINCOLN, see PARNKALLA.
PORT MACQUARIE, under M.
PORTO RICO, see W. INDIES.
PORTUGUESE.
Romance : a language derived from LATIN, and closely allied to the
Spanish GALLICIAN ; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much
spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and
Eoquette, Paris, 1869 ; by Vieyra (a very handy book) ; Grammar by
D'Orsey, London, 1868. See BRAZILIAN.
POSEN.
Teutonic : (1, 2) sub-dialects of HIGH and Low GERMAN. See
Bernd: "Die D. S. in . . . Posen und . . , Polen," Bonn, 1820.
POTTAWATTOMIE.
American : ALGONKIN of Lake Michigan (S.).
POULA (POULE).
African : FRENCH form of FOULAK. See FULA.
POWHATTAN.
American ; extinct dialect of ALGONKIN, formerly spoken in Mary-
land and Virginia.
POYES, POYUS.
AMERICAN : tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.
PRACRIT, PRAKRIT.
Indie : a later form of SANSKRIT, also called SARAWASTI ; formerly
vernacular in the Punjab. The word "prakrit" means "derived." It
was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated
dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian
languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.
PRAIRIE.
FRENCH word : ihe PAMPAS of N, America. Not used now as a class-
name.
PRASLIN.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Indian Archipelago.
PRECOPENSIAN.
T«utoflic : sub-dialect of GOTHIC.
219
PRESSBURG.
Teutonic : dialect of HiGH-GEBMAN. See " Description," by Kora-
binski, Presburg, 1784.
PREUSSISGH, see PBUSSIAN.
PRINCES Is.
JAVANESE : island in the Straits of Sunda.
PRINCE WILLIAM'S SOUND.
American : ESKIMO of the W. Coast.
PRIYADASI.
Inscriptions in the early SANSKBIT of W. India, known as the Edicts
of Friyadasi.
PROVENCAL.
Romance : early language of S. France, derived from LATIN, and
originated in the district known as the Roman " Provincia " : the modern
Provence. It is also called LANGUE D'OC, LIMOUSIN, OCCITANIAN,
and ROMAUNT. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours.
Allied dialects are CHUBWALSCHE or ENGADINE, RHOETO-ROMAN,
ROMANESE or ROMANSCH. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868.
See ROMAUNT*
PRUSSIAN.
(1) Old Prussian : an extinct dialect of LiTHUANlC. See Nesselmann :
™ Die . . . alten Preussen," Berlin, 1845.
(2) Teutonic : a sub-dialect of Low-GEBMAN. See Dicty. by Henning,
Konigsberg, 1785.
(3) Slavonic : a sub-dialect of POLISH. Spoken in Prussia. $&•
PUAN or PUANT.
American : FBENCH name for the Winnebago.
PUCTUNC.
American : language of the MAYA class spoken in Yucatan.
PUEBLO.
American : SPANISH term " town or village " used for " settled " —
\.e. "civilised" — Indians. See Davis's "New Mexico," N. York, 1857.
%* The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso
(Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas),
San Juan. See KEEES.
PUELCHE.
American : CniLENO name for Indians of the Pampas ; tribes are
named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to BODE and HOUSSA.
H. C.
PUEMAJA.
AMEBICAN : same as Camoyee, a sub-tribe of Cnchana. See YUMA.
220
PUERTO RICO, «ee POETO.
PUINIPET.
Micronesian : dialect of ULEA.
PUJUNI.
American : dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento,
and somewhat allied to TSAMAK. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 124.
%* Related to ATNA, ATTAKAPA, GALELA, and the AGAW group.
H. C. @-
PUKHTU, nee PUSHTOO.
PULE, PULEN, PULAH.
African : same as FULAH. $^
PULLANI, see POULAINS.
PUMPOPOLSK.
Ugrian : a dialect of OsTlAK allied to INBAZK. Vocaby., Klaproth's
"Asia P.," p. 171..
PUNCA, PUNCAW.
American : dialect of Sioux, closely allied to OMAHA.
PUNDRABEE.
Indo-Chinese : tribes speaking one of the languages of KUNAWAR.
PUNIC.
Semitic : the dialect of PHOJNICIAN belonging to ancient Carthage, in
N. Africa, sometimes called CARTHAGINIAN ; it is known only by in-
scriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp's " Bemerkungen,"
Heidelberg, 1824. See POENULUS.
PUNJABI, see SIKH.
PUNTI.
Sub-dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.
PUQUINA.
American : dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with
QUICHUA.
PURANAS.
SANSKRITIC : ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.
PURBI-BHAKA.
' HINDI : dialect of Oude and Benares.
PURUGOTO.
American : classed by Humboldt with the CARIB.
221
PURUS, PURYS.
AMERICAN : Indians of Brasil ; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro
and Espiritu Santo.
PUSHTOO, PUSHTU, or PUKHTU.
The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W.
of the Indus ; it is also called PAT AN and SHIA-PTTSH, has lately been
classed, with other Caucasian languages, as AEMENic,Aand is closely
allied to KURDISH and OSSETIC ; it is written in the TAALIK character.
Dicty. and Grammar by Eavesty, London, 1860.
PUSTOSERSK.
Ugrian : a dialect of SAMOIED.
PUTTOOS.
INDIAN : a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tribu-
tary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking
a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the " Jnl.
A. S. of Bengal." W. E.
PWO-KAREN.
Indo-Chinese : monosyllabic dialect of BURMAH. Vocabv. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
PYGMEAN.
The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient
race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito ; as the
affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races.
I propose the name PYGMEAN : (1) The SEPTENTRIONAL PYGMEAN
includes Colebrooke's Mincopie ; in N. America, UTAH, COMANCHE, <fcc. ;
in S. America, KIUIRI ; in N.E. Africa, CONGA, DALLA, &c. (2) The
AUSTRAL PYGMEAN includes the languages of Terra del Fuego ; in
N. America, the NATCHEZ and CREEK ; in Australia the TASMANIAN.
H. C.
ADDENDA.
PAGEI, see POGGY.
PAPIAH.
AFRICAN : a language of the Gaboon, allied to BAYON and BAGBA.
H. C.
PILLAGERS.
American : dialect of CIIIPPEWAY, called NORTHERN OJIBWAY.
222
Q.
QAMAMYL,"see QUAMAMYL.
QUA.
AFRICAN : dialect of Calabar. Vocabulary by Robertson, " Notes on
Africa," London, 1819.
QUABAILY, under KABYLE.
QUADA, QUADO.
AMEEICAK : dialect of Miranda, Brazil ; same as GUATO.
QUADROONS.
Quarter-blood : issue of white and mulatto.
QUAIN or QUANIAN.
Tchudic : name used for that dialect of FIN, called also NORWEGIAN-
LAPLANDISH ; vernacular in Finmark, a portion of Lapland belonging
to Sweden and Norway. It is the Norwegian and Swedish name for the
northern half of the Gulf of Bothnia, and the name of the people is
Kainulaiset.
QUAIQUAl.
African : same as HOTTENTOT.
QUAKWOLTH.
AMERICAN : dialect of Vancouver Is., spoken N. of Nanaimo on the E.
coast, and also by the Comoucs, but mixed with COWICHAN at Port
Augusta. E. B.
QUAMAMYL (GAMAMYL),
AFRICAN : a vocabulary under this name is given by Cailliaud, which
seems to be the FAZOQLO of Rxippell under an earlier name. R. G. L.
QUAPPA.
AMERICAN : Sioui tribe of the Arkansas j dialect closely allied to
OMAHA.
QUAQUA*
American : same as MAPOJE.
QUARATSHI.
Romany : PERSIAN Gipsy.
QUEDAH.
Malayan : same as SBM AXG-JAK.
223
QUEEN CHARLOTTE CAPE.
MELANESIAN : a district of New Caledonia ; the language is known
as BALADEA, but the name of DUAURA has been proposed by Gabelentz.
QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S Is.
AMERICAN. The following races are found there : Cumahewar, Kee-
earn, Kigarnee, Massit, and Skittegat.
QUELLIMANE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Mozambique.
QUENGUES.
American : same as CAYUQA.
QUERES, see KERBS.
QUICHE, KICHE.
American : MAYA language of Guatemala ; dialects are CACHIQUEL
and SUTUGIL. Grammar by De Bourbourg, Paris, 1862.
QUIGHUA, KEGHHUA.
AMERICAN : native dialect of Peru, formerly spoken by the Incas, and
Btill vernacular along the W. course of the Andes. A dialect is called
CHINCHAYSAYO. Analogies with SANSKRIT suggested by Lopez. Gram-
mars by Markham, London, 1864 ; by Tschudi, Vienna, 1853.
*»* Allied to AYMABA, PANOS, and PACAGUAYRA. H. C. i^°
QUINTIKUK.
AMERICAN : tribe of Narraganset Indians,
QUITO.
American : local dialect of QUICHITA.
QUOJA.
AFRICAN : short vocabulary for the delta of the Niger, probably the
IBO of R. Kwa. Mithridates iii., 1. R. G. L,
R.
RABBINIC.
Later HEBREW ; applied also to the cursive alphabet used by the
Rabbins, and in a modified form by German and Polish Jews.
See TALMUDIC.
224
RADACK, RALICK.
POLYNESIAN : chain of islands in Lord Mulgrave's archipelago ;
allied to Carolines.
RADIGEURS.
American : FEENCH name for Shoshones.
RAFAEL, see RAPHAEL.
RAFFLES' BAY.
AUSTRALIAN. See Wilson's Narrative, London, 1835.
RAFIZIES.
Shiah-Mohammedans of Ghazan, Central Asia.
RAGUSAN.
Slavonic : local dialect of ILLYEIAN, spoken in Dalmatia.
RAHWA.
Native name for aborigines of Western Esthonia and Eastern Livonia.
See LIEF.
RAJ-MAHALI.
DRAVIDIAN : dialect of Tamil. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
RAKKAING (RUKHENG).
Monosyllabic : dialect of this tribe in N. Arracan, classed as INDO-
CHINESE. A. C. See Ro.
RALICK, see RADACK.
RAMASI (RAH-MAR-SYANA).
INDIAN : slang of Thugs. Wilson.
RAMOSI, RAMOOSEE.
Dialect of MAHRATTA spoken by a low race, resembling the Bheels,
ranging from Poona, S. to Kolapur. Wilson.
RAPHAEL, SAN.
American : Tchokoyem Indians of Californian Mission ; closely allied
to TALATXJI, and classed as DIEGUNOS.
RAROTONGAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia spoken by the natives of the entire
Hervey group comprising the Islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki,
with several smaller ones. The group is situated 18° to 22° S. lat., and
157° to 160° W. long. W. G. L.
RARUNG, RASGRAMEE.
INDIAN : local dialects of Kunawar.
225
RAS, RASENA.
Native appellation of Old Etruscans ; the word is supposed to survive
in RHJBTIAN, and Tschudi quotes a list of Romansch words, which he
considers to have been derived from the Etruscan. See Taylor's
" Words and Places," p. 49, 2nd edit.
RATAHAN,
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU. Vocaby. in Wallace's " M. Archi-
pelago."
RAVENSBERG.
Teutonic : dialect of LOW-GERMAN. " Westphalian Magazine " for
1788.
RJDJAGAR.
Indian : a SANSKRITS dialect of Thibet.
REDSCAR BAY.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Macgillivray's "Voyage
of the Rattlesnake," 'vol. ii., p. 318.
REDUPLICATED.
Words found in all languages having sounds or syllables doubled, as
" hoddy-doddy " for "snail;" " hogan-mogan," "a Dutch man of
rank." Dicty. by Wheatley, London, 1866.
REINDEER.
Ugrian : a dialect of KOBIAK spoken by Tshuktshi in Kamskatka.
RE JANG, RED JANG.
A dialect of MALAY, perhaps sufficiently distinct to be considered as
a peculiar language, and spoken in Sumatra in the Rejang districts of
the interior, and in the adjacent districts of Bencoolen. It is written
with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V. See PALEMBANG.
REKHTA.
" Mixed language," applied to HINDOSTANI or URDU.
REMBOKENG.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
RENNES.
Romance ; patois of FRENCH. "Memoirs Fr. Antiq. Society," vol. vi.
RENNTHIER.
GERMAN form of " rein-deer," applied to the TSHUKTSHI.
REVAL, REVEL.
Finnish : local dialect of ESTHONIAN. See DORPAT.
Q
226
HELVETIAN.
. The class of languages spoken in the Tyrol, to which the ETRUSCAN
has also been referred. See PAL^BO-GEOEQIAK.
RH/ETO-ROMANIC.
Same as CHURWALSCHE ; name for the patois of La Suisse Eomane as
spoken in the Rhsetian Alps. Glossary by Bridel, Lausanne, 1866.
RHATORE, see MEWAKA.
RHENISH.
Germanic : sub-dialect of NIEDER-DEUTSCH. See Miiller's " Pro-
vinzialismen," Aachen, 1838.
RlCCARI.
AMERICAN, also written ARICARA ; name for the Satrahe tribes of
Pawnee Indians.
RlHANI.
ARABIC : term used for titular characters, or inscriptions on monu-
ments.
RO.
Monosyllabic ; sub-dialect of RAKKENG. See ROSSAWN.
RODIYA.
Indian : rude dialect of Ceylon, allied to HINDI. Small vocaby. by
Dr. Roth in " Latham's Elements," p. 233.
RODONG.
Non-Aryan language of Nipal, belonging to the KiRANTl group.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
ROKA.
MALAYAN : dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, E. Indies.
ROMA, ROMANY, see ROMMANY.
ROMAGNOL, ROMAGNA, ROMAN.
ITALIC : dialect of Central Italy. See " Racotta," Osinio, 1769.
ROMAIC.
HELLENIC : language of Modern Greece, called also NEO-HELLENIC.
The vernacular speech is largely augmented with SLAVONIC, TURKISH,
and ITALIAN, but not the written language.
%* Several dialects have been distinguished : there is most TURKISH
in the languages of Macedonia ; most ITALIAN in the languages of the
Ionian Islands.
ROMAN.
Alphabetic character in universal use ; adopted in early ITALIC from
the PHOENICIAN or early GREEK, and spread by means of the LATIN
language.
ROMANA, ROMANESE, RUMONSCH.
A modification of LATIN, including upper and lower ENGADINE,
vernacular in the Grisons, Swiss Alps.
ROMANCE, or ROMANIC.
Class name for all modern languages derived from LATIN ; including,
in chief, FRENCH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, WALLACHIAN, and
ROMANSCH. See Etymological Dictionary by Diez and Donkin, London,
1864 ; Essay by Lewis, London, 1862.
ROMANCE, ROMAUNT, Or ROMAN.
A name awkwardly used as equivalent to PROVEN9AL, or the LANGUE
D'Oc of South France ; thus Kaynouard's Dicty. of Provencal is called
" Lexique de la Langue Roman." W. W. S. See ROMAINE.
ROMANO-MOLDAVIAN.
Dialect of Romanic, intermediate between MOLDAVIAN and WAL-
LACHIAN.
ROMMANY.
A name for GIPSY, self -applied ; also called BOHEMIAN, ZINCALI,
TCHINGHIANES, ZlGEUNER, GlTANO, &C. £g°
ROMOHON.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
ROMONAN.
AMERICAN : tribe of Costanos in California.
RON.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN spoken in New Guinea.
ROOT-DIGGERS or DIGGERS.
American : Indians of .the Sierra Nevada, California, classed as
SHOSHONES. They are also called Gens de Pitie, Radigeurs, and Mara-
di9os ; the most degraded race of Red Indians in N. America.
*** The language is allied to the NEGRITIC or PYGMEAN of the
Andainans. H. 0.
ROOTS.
Ultimate forms of words, the primitive basis of a language, serving to
connect related languages in different parts of the globe, and frequently
transferred from one family of speech to another.
ROSETTA-STONE.
EGYPTIAN : remarkable object of antiquity in the B. Museum ;
Bilingual inscription of Ptolemy Epiphanes, B.C. 196, in Hieroglyphic,
Demotic, or Enchorial, and Uncial Greek.
ROSS AWN, RUSAN.
Indian : a dialect of BENGALI spoken by Hindus of Arakan.
See EUINGA.
228
ROTH-WALSH.
GERMAN term for cant, slang, or gibberish. See DiEBES-Sp.
ROTTI.
MALAYAN : Island of the Sunda group S.W. of Timor ; it has straight-
haired Polynesians, with a separate language. See Dissertation in
Crawfurd's " Malay Gr."
ROTUMAN.
The language of the Island of Eotumah, situated in 12° S. lat. and
177° E. long., which appears to be a compound of Eastern and Western
Polynesian. W. G. L,
ROUCHI-FRANCAISE.
The same as WALLON. See Dicty. of Hecart, Paris, 1834.
ROUMAN, ROUMANA, RUMANYO (RUMANJE.)
A name for DACIAN. See WALLACHJAN.
X
ROYEREDO.
Romance : sub-dialect of ITALIAN. " Lezione," by Pannetti, Rove-
redo, 1761.
RUCAHEE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Abipones.
RUINGA.
Indian : dialect of BENGALI spoken by Mohammedans of Arakan.
See RAKKAING.
RUKHENG, see RAKKAING.
RUMAHKAI.
MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram.
RUMONSCH, see ROMANA.
RUMSEN, RUNSIENES.
AMERICAN : Achastlian Indians of the San Carlos Mission, Monterey.
RUNDA.
African : sub-dialect of KAFFIR.
RUNES, RUNIC.
Early alphabet of N. Europe, attributed to primitive GOTHIC, and
found in Scandinavian or old Norse and Icelandic inscriptions ; called
FUTHORC, from the first five letters. The Anglo-Saxon names are FEOH,
UR, THORN, Os, BAD, CEN. Dicty. by Dieterich, Stockholm, 1845 ;
Work by Stephens : " Old Northern Runic Monuments," London, 1869.
%* Historically viewed, RUNES may be considered as associated with
the Pagan era of Scandinavian races, having apparently been relin-
quished as each tribe, in succession, adopted the Roman alphabet in
consequence of embracing Christianity. In English the rune WEN, or
W., continued in use till about A.D. 1280 ; the rune THORN, or TH,
lingered till A.D. 1500, and is even used now, though miswritten " y,"
as in " ye," pronounced " the." W. W. S.
RUNGGHENBUNG.
NON- ARYAN : dialect of Kiranti group E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
RUNGO.
AFRICAN : dialect of Sierra-Leone. See Kilham's Specimens.
RUNSIENES, see KTJMSEN.
RUSAN, see ROSSAWN.
RUSLEN.
AMERICAN : Indians of California.
RUSS or RUSSIAN (ROOSKIE).
Dominant language of SLAVONIC, using the CYRILLIC characters, and
very largely augmented from other families of speech, forming one of
the most copious languages in the world ; sub-divisions or local dialects
known as MUSCOVITE or GREAT RUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN, SUSDALIC,
OLONETZIAN, UKRAINIAN or LITTLE RUSSIAN. Grammar by Heard ;
by ReifE, Paris, 1862 ; Lexicon, Karlsruhe, 1870-1 ; and by Dahl,
RUSSNIACK.
SLAVONIC : a local dialect of Hungary. See OROSZ.
RUSTICA (LINGUA).
Supposed provincial dialects of classical LATIN during the Roman
period. (Raynouard.)
RUT ANA.
AFRICAN : dialect of Nubia. See Jiilg's " Vater," p. 819.
RUTHENIAN.
Slavonic : dialect of Rrss.
RUTLUK.
NON- ARYAN language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
ADDENDA.
RESSAWIAN.
A dialect of SERVIAN, spoken on the Resava and the Schwartz-bach
G. R.
230
ROMAINE or ROMANCE.
A name awkwardly used as equivalent to the Old French of the North
of France, or LANGUE D'oi'L ; thus Roquefort's Dicty. of the Langue
d'oil is called " Glossaire de la Langue Romaine." W. W. S.
ROMANIA.
The name by which the Wallachians call their own language. G. R.
RUMELIAN.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in and about Constantinople. G. R.
S.
SAAB.
African : name for HOTTENTOT. More especially applied to the
Bushman.
SAAMEN, see SEMIAN.
SAAR, SAARWERDEN.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See " Sammlung," &c., by
Schwalb, Saarbriick, 1833 ; Journal fur Deutschland, 1788.
SABINE, SABELLIAN.
Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to OsCAN. See
Mommsen's " Unteritalischen Dialekte," Leipsig, 1861.
SABLE, see OSTIAK.
SABME, see SUOMELAINI.
SABUJA, SABUYAH.
American : spoken in Bahia.
*** Allied to the PYGMEAN or NEGRITO of the Andamans, SHOSHONI,
MAYORUNA, DARIEN, GONGA, and GE. H. C. See KIRIRI.
SAC, SAKE, or SAUK.
AMERICAN : allied to Fox-Indians. See KIKKAPO.
, under SAXON.
f
SACRAMENTO.
AMERICAN : Indians of California. See MAG-R.
231
SAGZI, see SEQZI.
SAHAPTIN.
American : spoken in Oregon ; they are called Nez-perc6es by Cana-
dians. The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the CAYUS,
LtrruAMi, PADUCA, PALAIK, SHASTI, SHOSHONE &c. R. G. L.
SAHIDIC, SAHITIC.
Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to BASH-
MUEIC. See "Tattam's Grammar," London, 1863.
SAHO, see SHIHO.
SAHOE.
MALAYAN : dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace's " M. Arch."
SAINT-OMER.
Romance : vatois of FRENCH. See " Mem. de la S. des Antiq." vol. 3.
SAK.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of Burmah, allied to KAMI &c. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
SAKALAVES.
Aborigines of Madagascar.
SAKARRAN.
DA YAK of Borneo.
SAKATU.
African : dialect of FULAH. See "Lyon's Narrative," London, 1821.
SAKI, SAKEWI, see SAC.
SALA,
AFRICAN: dialect of'Bomba. See Douville'a "Voyage au Congo," &c.
Paris, 1832.
SALAWATTI.
Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
SALAYER.
MALAYAN : small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace's " Malay Arch."
SALBIN.
Turkee : dialect of KoiBAL.
SALDANHA BAY.
African : dialect of HOTTENTOT,
SALIBABOO.
MALAYAN : dialect of Talaut. Wallace : "Malay Arch."
232
SALISH, tee SELISH.
SALIVA, SALIVI.
AMERICAN : spoken on the B. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New
Granada. The ATUEE, MACO, PIAEOA, and QUAQUA, are called Saliva
dialects. K. G. L.
SALONG, see SILONG.
SALOR.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia : classed as Turcomans.
SALTEAUX, SAUTEUX.
AMERICAN : Eastern Chippeways ; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and
Lake Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan E. line. Butler's " Gt.
Lone Land," London, 1873.
SALZBURG.
Teutonic ; classed as HI&H-GERMAN,
SAM, see SANSCRIT.
SAMANG or SEMANG.
MALAYAN : spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of Ma-
lacca. Sub-dialects are known as SEMANG-JAN and SEMANG-JURU.
See KEDAH.
SAMARANG.
MALAYAN : sub-dialect of Java.
SAMARITAN.
Semitic : extinct dialect of ARAMAIC, closely allied to HEBREW, and by
some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical Hebrew,
being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet similar to
the PHCENICIAN, but of more ornate character. An ancient version of
the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous, the ancient
Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.
SAMBOE, under Z.
SAMEN, see SUOMELAINI.
SAMNITE.
ARCHAIC dialect of ancient Italy, known only by inscriptions.
See OSCAN.
SAMOAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia ; spoken by the natives of Samoa, or
the Navigator's Islands ; a group situated in 13° to 15° S. lat., and 168°
to 178° W. longitude. This is the only dialect of Eastern Polynesia
which has a sibilant. W. G. L.
SAMOGITIAN.
LITHUANIAN of Wilna, a Eussian government in the Baltic provinces.
It is also called PoLiSH-LiTHUANic.
233
SAMOIEDE, SAMOYED, or SAMOJEDIC.
Ugrian : dialect classed as FIN, spoken by Tatar tribes along the
Frozen Ocean in N. Siberia. Divisions are known, as : (1) NISOVI, North
of the Beresov. (2) VEEKHOVI, dialects of the Obi. Grammar by Castren,
St. Petersburg, 1864. See SOYOTES.
SAMUCA or ZAMUGA.
AMERICAN : Indiana of Chiquitos. Dialects are CAIPOTOBADE and
MOBOTOCO.
SAN.
AMEBICAN : " San " Spanish for Saint, Sanctus ; prefix to several
Missions.
SAN-ANTONIO, in California. Vocaby. by Sitjar, 1861.
SANTA-BABBABA. See "Jour. Roy. Gteo. Soc.," 1841. See PUEBLOS.
SANANGDI, see SUNCHIAI.
SANDAN,
Moghol : TUNGOOS dialect of Manchuria.
SANDANGAN.
JAVANESE : Vowe] signs in written characters of the native alphabet.
SANDEH.
AFBICAN : language of the Nile regions. The people are cannibals
with saw teeth, reputed to have a deformity of the os coccygis. They are
commonly called Nyanya. The language has affinities to TASMANIAN
and to some words of Australasia. There is a vocabulary and a grammar
by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873 ; and some words in Petherick's
" Egypt, the Soudan, &c.," 1861. This language is of very ancient
type. H. C.
SANDWICH IS., see KANAKA.
SANESE.
ITALIC : dialect of Siena. Vocaby. by Gigli, Siena, 1797.
SANGARA.
Moghol : TUNGTJS dialect of Manchuria.
SANGIANG.
MALAYAN : priestly dialect of Borneo, largely influenced by SANSCBIT.
SANGIJ, SANGIR.
Malayan : dialect of MENADU.
SANGOUW.
DAYAK of Borneo : allied to BIAJUK.
SANG-PANG.
Non- Aryan : dialect of B. Nipal, belonging to the KlBANTl group.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
234
SANGUIR.
MALAYAN : group adjoining Celebes ; dialect allied to MENADU.
Wallace: "Malay A."
SANKIKANI.
American : old dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by Ogibways of New
Sweden, now New Jersey.
SANSANDING, see SUKGHAI.
SANSCRIT, SANSKRIT.
Indo-European : typical dialect of INDIAN, and parent of BENGALI,
HINDI, GUJERATTI, HINDUSTANI, MAHRATTI, ORIYA, PUNJABI,
and SINDHI ; it is closely allied to ZEND and other languages of the
IRANIC branch, and though no longer vernacular, is preserved in the
Vedas and other sacred writings of the Brahmins. The word Sanscrit
means "polished, refined," der. : sam, "together," krita, "made perfect"
= Samskrita, "made euphonic." The alphabetic character is called
Devanagari, " city of the gods," from Benares, sacred city of the Brah-
mins ; and it is read from left to right like European languages.
The term OLD SANSCRIT is applied to an early numismatic alphabet
found on coins of Kabul. See PRAKRIT.
SANTALI, see SONTALI.
SANWAR, SUNWUR.
Bhot : dialect of the Sunwars of E. Nipal, classed as THIBETAN.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. C.
SAPARUA.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Moluccas.
SAPIBOGONI.
AMERICAN : tribes of Moxos Missions in Bolivia.
%* It belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class; and is allied to
MoviMA and APIACA. H. C. $gp
SAQUE, see SAC.
SARABAYA, see SURABAYA.
SARAKHOLLE, see SERACOLET.
SARAMACCA.
American : CREOLESE of Surinam, called DJOE-TONGO. It is said to
be derived from Portuguese Jews, who were among the settlers in the
colony, and meant Jews' language. See Triibner's " Ludewig," p. 56.
SARAR.
AFRICAN : spoken on the N.W. coast, and closely allied to BAGNON,
BOLAR, BULANDA, &c.
235
SARA VEGA.
AMERICAN : nearly extinct. Christian tribes of the Santa Anna Mis-
sion, Chiquitos. It belongs to the AGAW group. H. C.
SARAWASTI, see PRAKRIT.
SARAWI.
Name of the people and language of the Passumah valleys in the
interior of Palembang in Sumatra. It is a MALAY dialect, with a con-
siderable infusion of JAVANESE, and is written with the Palembang or
Renchong alphabet. P. J. V.
SARDEGNA, SARDINIAN.
(1) Archaic : known only from inscriptions, and assumed to be derived
from LYBIAN.
(2) Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Grammar by Porru, Gagliari, 1811.
SARIK, SARYK.
Tatar tribe of Central Asia ; classed as Turcomans.
SARMATIAN.
General name for the SLAVONIC family of languages.
SAROINSOIG.
Malayan : dialect of MENADU.
SART.
Tatar tribe of the Khanate of Khiva.
SASAK.
Malayan : dialect of SALAPARANG, somewhat allied to SUMBAWA.
See LOMBOK.
SASSANIAN.
Properly a dynasty of Persian monarchs, dating from Ardshir
(Artachetr) circa 220—240 A.D. Used sometimes as a name for the lan-
guage employed by these monarchs on their coins and inscriptions. But
the language is better termed PEHLEVI or HUZVARESH. G. R.
See GOOPTA.
SASTE, under SH.
SASTROSWORO.
JAVANESE : accents used to produce alphabetic equivalents for Arabic
letters.
SATAHUAN, SATAWAL, SETAWAL.
Micronesian of the Carolines : allied to CHAMORI.
SATERLAND.
Teutonic : dialect of FRISIC. See Heche's " Reise," Bremen, 1800.
236
SATRAHE.
American : same as ARICARA. See ElCGAEEE.
SATSIKA.
American : "Blackfeet ;" tribes of ALGONKIN in N.W.
SAUKI, SAWKEE, see SAO.
SAUSENBERG.
Teutonic : classed aa HIGH-GERMAN.
SAUTEUX, see SALTEAUX.
SAVAGE IS., see NIEUE.
SAVAKOT.
Ugrian : dialect of KARELIAN.
SAVANERIC.
AMERICAN : Panama Indians, near Las Palmas.
SAVARA.
KHOND dialect of the Sour in Souradah. Ganjam circar, British India.
Vocabulary in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." The numerals resemble the
THUG and KORIAK in some respects. H. C.
SAVOY.
Romance : mingled dialects of FRENCH and ITALIAN.
SAVU, SAWU.
Malayan : dialect of NEGRITO character, spoken in an island W. of
Timor. Diss. : Crawfurd's " Malay Grammar."
S A WAN NO, see SHAWNEE.
SAXON (SACHSISCH).
Teutonic : name for typical dialect of old LOW-GERMAN, now extinct,
formerly spoken in Schleswig and Holstein, and thence brought to
England ; it was closely allied to GOTHIC and ALLEMANNIO. Upper
Saxon is a dialect of High-German. See "Gedichte," by Db'ring,
Leipsig, 1835. See ANGLO-SAXON.
The literary remains, or stages of language, run thus : —
(1) OLD LOW-GERMAN, or Old Saxon, extinct in 9th century, but
represented by the " Evangelian Harmony."
(2) LOW-GERMAN of middle ages, represented by the story called
" Keynard the Fox."
(3) Modern LOW-GERMAN : (a) Saxon, of Lower Saxony, (b) East-
Saxon (Brandenburg, Pomerania). (c) West- Saxon, i.e., Westphalian.
*«,* Saxon is classed by French philologists as ClMBRlAN.
See MISNIAN.
237
SATANIC.
TUBKEE of the Upper Yenesei.
SCANDINAVIAN (SKANSKT),
Teutonic : class name for NOBWEGIAN and allied dialects, including
OLD NOBSE, ICELANDIC, and the modern languages of Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway.
SCHABBI, see SHABUN.
SCHAN, see SHAN.
SCHLESWIG (SLESWICK).
Dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See "Karte," &c.,by Geerz, Eutin, 1838.
SCHONEN.
Sub-dialect of Sweden. Lexicon by Klinghammer, Helaingborg, 1841.
SCHWABEN, tee SWABIAN.
SCHWEIZ, see Swiss.
SCINDE, see SINDHI.
SCLAVIC.
Same as SLAVONIAN ; Greek form from Exx*@w>i. See SLAVONIC.
SCOTCH or SCOTTISH.
(Of the Lowlands). Dialect of ENGLISH, as spoken in that part of the
old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See
Murray : " Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland," 1873. Dicty.
by Jamieson.
Old Scottish : Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710 ; Pinkerton's
Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the
" Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew." See GAELIC.
SCOTT'S-RIVER INDIANS.
American : ENGLISH name for the T-ka Indians. Ste IDDOA.
SCYTHIAN.
Word used for Nomadic ; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes
speaking TUBANIAN dialects in Central Asia.
%* The few ancient Scythian words resemble MANCHU. H. C.
SEA-GIPSIES, see BAJAU.
SECHUANA.
African : same as BECHUANA ; classed as S.E. BANTU. Dr. Bleek
writes " Setshuana."
SECQLAPI.
African : dialect of KAFFIB.
SECUMNE, see SEKUMNE.
238
SEGZI.
Iraiiic : early PERSIAN dialect of Seistan or Segistan.
SEHUAC, see TEHUELHET.
SEKUMNE.
American : Indians of U. California, closely allied to TSAMAK.
SELDSCHUK, SELJUK.
Alatyan : a dialect of TURKISH.
SELENGA.
Turanian : dialect of MOQHOL, closely allied to AIMAUJC.
SELISH.
AMERICAN : tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are some-
times called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the
forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called SHOUSHWAP.
Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. See TSHIHAILI.
SEMIAN.
Sub- Semitic : a dialect of AMHABIC.
SEMINOLE.
American : Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the
CREEK or MUSKOGTJLGEE class. R. G. L.
SEMITIC.
A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as
SYRO-ARABIC ; class name for the ARABIC, ARAMAIC, MESOPOTAMIA^,
and CANAANITISH groups of languages, taken collectively.
(1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes ETHIOPIC and AMHARIC.
(2) Aramaic is represented by SYRIAC.
(3) Mesopotamian includes ancient ASSYRIAN, BABYLONIAN, and the
modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan.
(4) Canaanitish includes PHOENICIAN and HEBREW.
The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only
" Sem " is the equivalent for " Chem " by a natural law of speech, igg*
SEMITIC (SUB), see HEBREO-AFRICAN.
SENA.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Mozambique.
SENAAR, see SHILLUK.
SENECA, SENEKA.
American : IROQUOIS dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See " Hymn-
book," New York, 1852.
SEPHARDIM.
HEBREW word ; name for Spanish Jews.
SERAGOLET, SERAHULI, SERAWULLI.
African : dialect of true NEGRO.
%* Under the names AZERIYE, ASWAREK, and SWANINKE, Earth
gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly
diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the
three languages just named may, along with the FULAH, be brought
within the same class. B. G. L.
SERAWATTY.
Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in
BABA, KISSER, and SERMATTE.
SERB or SERVIAN.
Slavonic : native speech of Servia, closely allied to POLISH and
RUSSIAN, and written in CYRILLIC characters. Grammar by Jordan,
Prague, 1841 ; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. See ILLYBIAN.
SERERES (SERAIRES).
African : dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to SARAB and SERA-
\VTJLLI.
SERGU, see SURGA.
SERMATTE.
. MALAYAN : native name of the Serawatte la.
SEROGI.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN.
SERPA.
BHOT : dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." A. 0.
SERPENT, SERPENS.
American : Snake Indians ; same as SHOSHONES, See NAGA.
SERRANO.
American : SPANISH name for TEHUELHET.
SERSKEN, SERSKISH.
Wendic : the SORB of Lower Lusatia.
SERVIAN, see SEES.
240
SESUTO.
AFRICAN : dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs.
SETAWAL, see SATAWAL.
SETTE-COMMUNI.
Teutonic : local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
See TEEDICI.
SEVERNOVZI.
AMERICAN : tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in
" Beitrage zur Kenntniss," St. Petersburg, 1839.
SGAU.
Monosyllabic : Burmese dialect of KAEEN. Vocaby. in Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
SHABUN.
AFRICAN : dialect of Kordovan.
SHAGA.
African : same as AGAG ; a form of ANGOLA.
SHAHAPTIN, see SAHAPTIN.
SHALCHA.
Lesgian : MIZDZHEDZHI dialect of the Caucasus.
SHAMAITEN, see SARMATIAN.
SHAN, SHYAN.
INDO-CHINESE : Thay race of Burmah ; used also for a division of
SIAMESE. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
SHANDOO.
INDO-CHINESE : tribe of N. Arracan. A. C.
SHANGALLA, SHANKALI.
AFRICAN : name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the
hills ; as Dizzela and Tacazze.
*»* It is an AGAW language. H. C. See GALLA.
SHANGHAI.
Local dialect of CHINESE. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by
Edkins.
SHARA.
American : name for SHYENNES.
SHARAIGOL.
Tatar : same as SHARRA, or Eastern MOGHOL of Mantchuria.
241
SHASTI, also SASTE, SHASTA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to PALAIK,
to KULANAPA, and OREGONES.
%* The native name is " Wee-o-how," i.e., " Stone-house," a retreat in
the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California.
They are, however, a race alien to the MODOCS, and speak a different
language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see YEKA.
SHAWANOE.
American : also SHAWHAY, SHAWNEE, SHAWNOE ; S. branch of
ALGONKIN ; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found we-t of
the Mississippi. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft'e "Indian
Tribes," vol. ii., p. 470.
SHAWI, see SHOWIAH.
SHEBA, see SHEYA.
SHEBAYI.
American : CAEIB of French Guiana.
SHEFFIELD.
One of the provincial dialects of ENGLISH belonging to Yorkshire.
See Bywater's " Sheffield Dialect," 1839. See HALIFAX.
SHEKAK.
Unclassed : N. dialect of KURDISH.
SHEKAWATTY.
Indian : HINDI dialect of Rajpootana.
SHELLU, see SHILHA.
SHEN.
Dravidian : archaic dialect of TAMIL, called HIGH-TAMIL.
SHENDU.
INDO-CHINESE : dialect of Burmah ; same as HEUMA.
SHENVI.
Indie : MARATHI dialect of Bombay. Allied to KONKANI.
SHERBRO-BULLOM.
African : MANDINGO of the Banana Islands. See BULLOM.
SHESHATAPOOSH.
American : ALGONKIN of Labrador, closely allied to NARRAGANSETTS.
"Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii., p. 108. See SKOFPI.
SHEVA, SHEBA.
Semitic : local dialect of AMHARIC.
242
SHIA-PUSH, or SIAH-POSH.
SANSKRITIC : spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Rush. See PUSHTOO.
SHIBBOLETH, SIBBOLETH.
HEBREW term, used as a test-word ; peculiarities of speech ; thence
applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See
Judges xii. 6.
SHIENNE,^see SHYENNE.
SHIGHNIS.
TATAR ; tribes of Badakshan.
SHIHO, SHIKO.
ABYSSINIAN : tribe of Danakil ; EDO and GUMEDDO are thus classed.
SHIKAN.
African : NlQRlTlAN of the Gaboon.
SHIKASTAH.
Cursive form of TALIK characters, used in Persian as a running hand.
SHILHA.
The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us
that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gsetulians. It is now
spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though
immensely overrun by ARABIC, it preserves its ancient grammar as a
LIBYAN tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kin-
dred languages. In the "Journal of the Asiatic Society" (1847) a long
specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (" The
Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim "), with a tentative interlineary Latin trans-
lation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. See LIBYAN.
SHILLUK.
African: dialect of KORDOVAN, closely allied to DENKA.
SHIMAGAC, see ZAPARA.
SHINA.
Indian : dialect of SANSKRIT, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan.
SHINICOOK.
AMERICAN : Indians of Long Island, allied to MONTAK.
SHO, SHOU.
Indo-Chinese : also called Pwo, KAREN dialect of Burmah.
See KHYENG.
SHOSHONEJ.
AMERICAN :/ Serpens ; Snake-Indians; classed as PADUCAN. Also
called Eadigeurs, or Root-diggers. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii. ; School-
craft's " Indian Tribes," vols. ii., iv.
*»* It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to
ANDAMAN, KIRIRI, SABUJA, GONGA, &c. H. C. See MARADICOS.
243
SHOULAH, .see SHILHA.
SHOUSHWAP, SHUSHWAP.
American : game as ATNA. See SELISH.
SHOWIAH.
(Fr. Chaouia), one of the BERBER or LIBYAN languages. The name
Kabail, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with
ARABIC, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article " El "
(or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with
us in the words "Alcoran," "Alcohol"; and feminine nouns take T at
each end : as li Tamdint," from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language
is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, espe-
cially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it repre-
sents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gaetulian.
Brosselard's Dictionary, " Francais Berbere," whatever its value to a
traveller, disappoints a philologer ; for by far the preater part of it is
Arabic in disguise. HanoteauVGrammaire Kabyle," gives a large mass
of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is
rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the
book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N.
See LIBYAN.
SHYAN, see SHAN.
SHYENNE.
(Fr. Cheynne). American : ALOONKIN dialect of the Kansas, allied
to ARRAPAHO. "Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
SlAH-POSH, see SmAH-P.
SIAMESE.
Indo-Chinese : a monosyllabic language, called, in full, SA-YAMK-
PHASA, also TAI, or T'HAI ; founded on CHINESE, it contains many ele-
ments of MALAY ; its alphabet resembles PALI. Grammar by Pallegoix,
Bangkok, 1850 ; Dicty., Paris, 1854.
SlAU.
MALAYAN : group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace's " M.
Archip."
SIBERIAN.
Ugrian : a geographical term, embracing dialects of TURK or TATAR,
with the FINNISH, as OSTIAK and SAMOIED. It is sometimes applied
especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena.
SIBNOW.
DAYAK of Borneo : allied to BIAJUK.
SIBSAGAN.
Non- Aryan: MIRI dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Coinp.
Dicty."
R2
244
SIGAUNIE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Tacullies. See SIKANNI.
SICILIAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Bitmdi, Palermo, 1857.
SIGULAN.
Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with ETRUSCAN. See
Mullet's " Etrusker," Breslau, 1828. See SZEKLER.
SlDEIA.
MALAYAN : language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an
alphabet conformable to the CHINESE.
SlEBENBURGISCH.
TEUTONIC : Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as LOW-GERMAN.
SlENA, see SANESE.
SlFAN.
CHINESE word for " Western Barbarians ;" the languages are un-
classed. ǤgT
SIGNS, LANGUAGE OF.
AMERICAN: described in the "Philosophical Transactions," Philadel-
phia, 1804.
%* Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at
Constantinople. H. C.
SIKANNI.
American : ATHABASCAN dialect of N. Caledonia ; also called Tsikanne.
Vocaby. by Howse. See TAKULLI.
SIKH (PUNJABI).
Indie : dialect of SANSKRIT, deduced from SAREWASTI or PRACRIT,
and much influenced by ARABIC and PERSIAN. The word Sikh means
" disciple," or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469
— 1539. Its alphabetic character resembles HINDI, and it is the ver-
nacular speech of the Punjab, or " Country of the five " waters or rivers.
Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana.
SlKKIM, see LEPCHA.
SlLESIAN (SCHLESIEN).
(1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN ; local dialect of Upper
Silesia, &c.
(2) Slavonic : sub-dialect of POLISH. See GLATZ.
SlLLA.
AMERICAN : language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico.
245
SlLONG.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim.
SlMILATON.
American : LENCA dialect of Honduras.
SlMISENCHI.
AMERICAN : name for the Piros or Chuntaquiroa.
SINA, SINOLOGIST.
Used for CHINESE, and any profound student of that language and its
literature. " S " is the invariable equivalent for " ch " in Semitic
languages.
SlNAITIC.
Epigraphic : name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady»
Mukatteb, or " written valley," in the peninsula of Sinai.
The language of these inscriptions is ARABIC, with a slight ARAMAIC
influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the ARAMAIC, the
PALMYRENE, and the modern ARABIC. The view of the inscriptions
taken by the Rev. C. Forster (" Voice of Israel," London, 1860) is not
generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a
time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer : " Inscrip-
tiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatae," Leipzig, 1840-3. Also
" Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenland. Gesellschaft," 1849, pp. 129-215.
G. R.
SIND.
One of the multitudinous names for GIPSY, probably = " dark "; but
Sindh means " sea, ocean, water." Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus)
river.
SlNDHI.
Indian : dialect of HINDI spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in
use — viz., the ARABIC and the GURMUKHI. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay,
1849-55 ; Grammar, 1849.
SlNDONGA.
African : allied to OTYIHERBBO.
SINGHALESE, SINHALESE.
The language of Ceylon. ELU, or high- Sinhalese, is DRAVIDIAN, and
closely resembles TAMIL ; its written characters, however, are more like
CANARESE. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by SANSKRIT ;
PALI is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." • See CINGALESE.
SINGHBHUM.
Same as KOL ; Non- Aryan language ef Central India. Vocaby. in
Hunter's "Comp. Dicty."
246
SlUGHPO or SlNGPHO.
Singh=" lion." INDO-CHINESE : large class of dialects spoken by
hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See " Asiatic Journal of Bengal,"
1837 ; and Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
SlNGKAL.
Malayan : BATTA dialect of Sumatra.
SlOUX.
AMERICAN : Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes
classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier ; and
the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden,
Philadelphia ; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner.
SlRAIKI.
Indie : dialect of SINDHI.
SlRANG, see CEBAM.
SlRANIAN, SIRENIAN, SlRJENIC.
Ugrian : same as ZIRIANIAN ; FINNISH dialect of Vologda, in Russia.
Grammar by Castren, Helsingfors, 1844.
SlSUTA, see SESUTO.
SITCHA, SlTKA, SlTSKA.
American : names for KOLUSH,
SlTUFA, SlTUGA.
American : Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of BETOI.
SlWAH.
African : allied to the BERBER of Morocco ; it is the dialect spoken
in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of
Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7.
SKIPETAR.
ILLYRIC : native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the
word Skipetar ia of TURANIAN origin. l^"
SKITTEGAT.
American : dialect of the HAIDAH.
SKOFFI.
American: put for "Escopie," name for' SHESHATAPOOSH.
SKWALLY.
American : same as NASQTJALLY. Classed by Hale as ATNAH or
SELISH. Scouler's name is SQUALUTAMISH.
SLANG.
Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders,
especially those of large towns. See Hotten's "New Dictionary,"
" Slang," &c.
247
SLAVIC, SLAVONIC, or SLAVONIAN.
Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the
Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov=man
(Russ, chelovaku ; POLISH, czlowiek) ; others derive it from " sru,"
"slu," "famous"; or from "slovo": "word," the people being "slovenie,"
" the speakers." Also called VENIDI, WINIDI, WENDS.
SLAVONIC.
(1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Eussian has been
formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of
Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6.
(2) Class name for a division of WENDIC, comprising OLD BOHEMIAN,
POLATIAN (extinct), ECCL. SLAVONIC (extinct), BULGARIAN, CZECH,
CROATIAN, ILLYRIAN, LUSITANIAN, POLABIAN, POLISH, RUSSIAN,
RUTHENIAN, SERVIAN, SLOVAC.K, SLOVENIAN, SORABIC.
They have two forms of alphabetic character : — (1) The CYRILLIC,
(2) the GLAGOLITIC, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by
others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331.
SLESWICK, see SCHLESWIG.
SLOVACK.
SLAVONIC of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870.
See HUNGARIAN.
SLOVENIAN.
SLAVONIC of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko,
Gratz, 1832. See SERVIAN.
SMALL-ROBES.
AMERICAN : tribe of Blackfeet.
SNAKE INDIANS.
AMERICAN : tribe of Shoshones. See NAGA.
SOAHILI, under Kl.
SO AN A.
Romance : dialect of FRANCO-ITALIAN.
SOBO,
African : closely allied to BINI.
SOCIETY'S ISLANDS, see
SOCOTRA, see SOKOTRA.
SOERABAYAN, see SURABAYA.
SOERIKONG.
American : dialect of CARIB.
SOFALA.
African : dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.
SOGDI.
IRANIC : dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara.
SOHILI, wider Kl.
SOIONY, SOIOT.
Ugrian : Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as TTTRKEE, sometimes
called SAMOIED ; allied to KOIBAL.
SOK, SOKPA.
NON-ARYAN dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter's "Comp.
Dicty."
SOKHA, SOKHALA.
Turkee: classed as YAKUT.
SOKKO, ASOKKO.
African : class-name for a division of MAN A or MANDINQO. i$ir
SOKNA.
African : dialect of TUABIK.
SOKOTRAN.
Semitic : ARABIC dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf.
SOLEDAD (LA).
AMERICAN : Indians of California, on Eiver Salinas. Same as
MUTSUN.
SOLI.
INDIAN : wandering tribes of Korawa.
SOLIMANI.
Name for Affghans.
SOLOMON ISLANDS.
Polynesian : dialects are BAURO and GUADALCANAR.
SOLOR.
Javanese, with NEORITO elements. Solor is an island of the Timor
group, and is peopled with Alf uru.
SOMAULI.
Abyssinian : division of the GALLA class. It is spoken from about
Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70° N. lat. inland, and to
Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town.
It is allied to AQAW. H. C.
SOMERSET.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley's Illustrations*
London, 1834 ; also by Jennings.
249
SONDER.
Malayan ; dialect of MENADU.
SONGAI, see SUNGHAI.
SONGO.
African : dialect of KAFFIB.
SONGPU.
Indo-Chinese : NAOA dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng.
SONINKE.
African : same as SWANINKE. See SEBACOLET.
SONORA, see PlMA.
SONTALI (SANTALI).
INDIAN : remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the
Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
A. C.
SOOLOO, see SULA.
SORB, SORABIC, SORABIAN.
The SLAVONIC of Upper Lusatia ; the language of Lower Lusatia is
called SEESKISH. See WENDIC.
SOSIMILGHI.
AMERICAN : entered in Julg's edition of " Vater " as NAHUATLAC.
SOUAILI, SOWAULI, under Kl.
SOUDAN, see NIOBITIAN.
SOULETIN.
One of the four literary dialects of BASQUE.
SOULIERS-NOIRS.
American : FBENCH name for Ahnahaways, called " Blackfeet ; " tribe
of Crow Indiana.
SOURIQUOIS, see MICMAC.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN.
See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schxirmann, Adelaide, 1841.
SOW.
DAYAK of Borneo ; allied to BIAJUK.
SOWAKIM, SUAKIM.
African : same as BISHABI. •
250
SOWAULEE, SOHILI.
African : same as SOUAHILI, SWAHILI ; the language spoken along
the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to
Mombaz. R. G. L.
SPANISH.
ROMANCE : the language of Spain, founded on LATIN, with a com-
bination of CELTO-IBERIAN, largely augmented by GOTHIC and influ-
enced by AKABIC ; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of
America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called CAS-
TILIAN ; other dialects are called CATALONIAN or LIMOUSIN, GALICIAN
(GALLEGO), and ARAGONESE. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870 ;
Grammar, 1869.
%* The remains of the Iberian language are known as BASQUE, j^^
SPARTAN.
Hellenic : the ancient dialect of Laconia ; a form of Dome GREEK,
with some peculiar words.
SPOKEIN.
AMERICAN : tribe of Flat Heads.
SQUALLYAMISH.
American: same as SQUALLY. Dialect of Pnget's Sound, spoken
about 49° N. lat. " Amer. Bthnol.," vol. ii. ; " Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society," 1841.
STAGES OF LANGUAGE.
Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed
that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or
Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional.
STEIERMARKISH.
(1) Wendic: sub-dialect of SLOVENIAN.
(2) GERMANIC. SeeSartoris: " Neuester Reise," Leipsig, 1811.
Sea STYRIAN.
STICKEEN.
AMERICAN : tribe of Kolush.
ST. JOHN'S, see PASSAMAQUODS.
STOCKHOLM.
SCANDINAVIAN : dialect of Sweden. See Radloff's Beskrifning,
Upsala, 1805.
STONE-INDIANS.
American tribe of Assineboines, classed as DAKOTAH.
STRASBURG.
Teutonic : classed as HiOH-GEBMAN. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816.
SUABIAN, see SWABIAN.
251
SUAHELI, see SwAHILI.
SUAKEN.
African : dialect of BEJA, or BISHABI, spoken about 19° 20' N. lat.
SUANIAN, SUANIC, or SWAN.
Caucasian : dialect of GEORGIAN, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia.
Grammar by Rosen. H. C.
SUB-DERAT.
Abyssinian : dialect of the ADAREB.
SUB-DIALECTS, under D.
SUBTIABO.
American : native language of Honduras ; quoted as a dialect of
LENCA, in the Spanish translation of Squier's " Notes," &c. Small
vocaby. in Dr. Latham's " Elements," p. 436.
SUDANIA, see NIGRITIAN.
SUDRA.
INDIAN term : low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.)
SUFFOLK.
Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. ANGLIAN. Glossary by Moor ;
" Forby's Vocabulary." See HAWSTEAD.
SUISSE-ROMANDE.
Same as RH^ETO-ROMANIC. See Swiss.
SULA or SULU.
Malayan : closely allied to CAJELI. See SULTAN.
SULTAN.
MALAYAN : language of Sulu and Borneo.
SUMATRA, «% BATAK.
SUMBA.
A smaller island than Sumbawa ; it also is in the Timor group, and is
peopled with Alfuru.
SUMBAWA, see BIMA.
SUMCHU.
Indo-Chinese : KUNAWAR dialect of Thibet.
SUMENAP.
JAVANESE of Madura.
252
SUNDANESE.
The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine
Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooi
in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java
has been very limited : hence both the people and their language are
less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally
belonging to the MALAYAN family, differs considerably from the Javan-
ese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the BATTA and MALAY of
Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language
aa in Javanese — the former being called BASA-MENAK, the latter BASA-
KURING. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not con-
siderable, and most of them are derived from JAVANESE. The Sundanese
was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use
either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some
slight modifications. P. J. V. See BATAVIAN-MALAY.
SUNGHAI, SONGAI, SONGHAY.
AFRICAN : dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between
13° and 18° N. lat. B. G. L.
SUNGNEM, SUNGNUM.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of KUNAWARI.
SUNTAH.
DAYAK of Borneo, closely allied to Sow.
SUN WAR, see SANWAB.
SUOMI, SUOMELAINI, SUOMELAISET.
Tchudic : name for FIN. SuOME=swamp, i.e., "Fenners," or " men
of the fens."
SURA-BAYA.
MALAYAN : local dialect of Java, Called Low MALAY.
SURA-CANI.
Language of the heavenly regions ; local name for SANSKRIT.
SURGA.
African : dialect of TUARIK.
SURI-BUTAN.
That is, "little Thibet," of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne's "Travels,"
London, 1842. See BHOT.
SURINAM-NEGRO.
Creolese : mingled dialect of ENGLISH and DUTCH, spoken in Guiana ;
also called NEGRO- ENGLISH. " Proeve, &c.," by Van der Vegt, Amster-
dam, 1844. See SAKAMACCA.
SURSEE, SUSSEE.
AMERICAN : tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line.
253
SUSDALISH.
Slavonic : Bub-dialect of RUSSIAN.
Susoo.
African : MANDINQO dialect of Senegambia.
SUSSEX.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd
edition, 1853 ; Works by M. A. Lower.
SUTRA-RENCHONG.
JAVANESE alphabet of Sumatra. See PALEMBANG.
SWABIAN (SCHWABISCHE).
(1) Sub-dialect of old HIQH-GERMAN ; typical dialect of the middle
ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of
the Minnesingers.
(2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. See HALLB.
SWAHILI.
African : KAPPIB language of Zanzibar ; also called Kl-SUAHELl.
Handbook by Steere, London, 1870.
SWANINKE, see SEBAOOLET.
SWAUTI.
PAROPAMtSAN : dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to SHINA.
SWEDEN, NEW.
AMERICAN : now New Jersey. See MYNCQUESAB.
SWEDISH.
Teutonic: language of the SCANDINAVIAN class, closely allied to
DAXISH, and differing but little from modern NORWEGIAN. The name
ia that of the ancient Swaefs or Suevi. Dialects are GOTHLANDIC,
HELSINGLAND, SCHONEN, STOCKHOLM. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stock-
holm, 1868. See DALECARLIAN.
SWEO-GOTHIC, SUIO-GOTHIC.
A name given to OLD SWEDISH. See Hire's " Glossarrum Suio-
Gothicum," 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light
on English Etymology. W. W. S.
SWISS (SCHWEIZ).
(1) Teutonic : classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See " Die Schweizerische
Mundart," Frauenfeld, 1838.
(2) Romance : patois of FRENCH. See " Histoire," &c., by De Ladou-
cette, Paris, 1834.
(3) Dialects : " Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in
French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian." — Taylor's •' Words and Places,"
London, 1865, p. 49.
%* According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872]— 384,561
families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759
Romansch. See ROMANA.
254
SYDNEY.
Australian : somewhat allied to MURUYA.
SYLLABIC.
Raid of alphabets with "letters that represent syllables instead of
simple sounds." See JAPANESE.
SYOUAH, tea SIWAH.
SYRIAC.
Semitic : typical language of the ARAMAIC, N. branch : closely allied
to HEBREW, and written in an alphabetic character of its own ; it has
a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of
Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. PALMYRENE is the
Syriac of Tadmor : and ESTRANGELO is the name of its oldest written
character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855 ; Archaic
(N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli ; Chrestomathia
by Hoediger, Halle, 1868. See PESHITO.
SYRJENIC, see SIRENIAN.
SYRO-ARABIG.
Same as SEMITIC.
SYRO-CHALDEE.
Semitic : the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of
Kurdistan ; it is a corrupted form of SYRIAC, is written in a modifica-
tion of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic
Turkey and Persia.
SYROJEDIG.
Same as SAMOIED ; " raw-flesh eaters."
SZAUAKEN, see SUAKEN.
SZEHLEH.
African : a name for MOBBA.
SZEKLER.
Old tribes of Magyar. Same as SICULI.
SZMUDIC, see SAMOGITIAN.
ADDENDA.
SAB^EANS.
SEMITIC : indigines of S. Arabia ; they have much lighter skins than
the Himyarites.
SAH-ISSAH-DINNE.
AMERICAN : " People of the rising Sun " ; native name of the
Chepewyans.
255
SHAMANISM.
PERSIAN word : " idolatry," as applied to the Samoieds, Sec., of Siberia.
SHROPSHIRE.
A dialect of ENGLISH. See Audelay's " Poems " (Percy Soc.) ; and
Hartshorne's " Salopia Antiqua." W. W. S.
SOLIMA.
African : a language like Susoo. H. C.
SOOSOO, see Susoo.
SOUR, tee SAVAEA.
SOYOTES.
Name for Chinese Samoiedp.
STYRIAN.
Slavonic : sub-dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in the Austrian province
of Styria. G. R.
SUIO-GOTHIG.
Another name for OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre : " Glossarium Suio-
Gothicum," 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S.
SWAN, see SUANIC.
SYRMIAN.
Slavonic : a dialect of SERVIAN, spoken in Syrmia, a district of
Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R.
T.
TABERISTANI.
Iranic : a local dialect of PERSIAN.
TABLUNG.
Indo-Chinese : NAGA dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
TACAZZE.
African : dialect of SHAKGALLA. See TAKAZZE.
TACHI.
AMERICAN : tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word
Texas is derived. Same as INIES.
256
TACUNHA, under Tl.
TADJIK, TAJIK.
Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the
Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-
land.
%* They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or
Tatar hordes. See Vambery's " Travels in Central Asia." G. B.
TADMOR, see PALMYRENE.
TAFOE.
African : a name for the INTA.
TAGAL.
JAVANESE : dialect of Sumatra.
TAGALA.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied
to the BATTA. Dissertation in Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, and Dicty.
TAGORIAN.
Caucasian : dialect of OSSET. It is the same as DUGORIAN.
TAGUL-ANG-DANG, TAHEANG.
Malayan : dialects of MENADU.
TAHITIAN.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and
of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group
of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L.
TAHLEWAH.
AMERICAN: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in
Schoolcraft'a " Indian Tribes," vol. iii.
TAI or T'HAY.
That is phasa-t'hay, " language of the free." TURANIAN : native
name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the SIAMESE,
AHOM, LAOS, KHAMTI, and KASSIA dialects ; it is monosyllabic, and
destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the
dominant race.
TAIEMALA.
AFRICAN : tribe of the Danakil.
TAIGINSKI.
Ugrian : a class of Samoied, allied to MOTORIAK.
TAINI or TAINO.
American : native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St.
Domingo, when first discovered ; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Com-
pare the word Inaina for " man " in ATNA. 1^°
2o7
TAI-PING.
Chinese rebels ; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.
TAI-WAN, «e SIDEIA.
TAJIK, see TADJIK.
TAK, TAKPA, TAKYUL.
Thibetan : a dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
TAKA, TAKUE.
African : names for the BEJA or BOJE.
TAKAZZE.
African : dialect of AGAU ; also called TSCHERAT-AGAW.
See. TACAZZE.
TAKELI, TUKLAVE.
African : dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Riippel's vocabulary
connects it with the SHABUN, FEETIT, and KOLDAGI more closely than
with the FUBIAN and SHILUK. R. G. L.
TAKULLI, TAHKALI.
American : also called CARRIER, NAGAIL, and CHIN. It is the
ATHABASKAN of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer's
River. Authorities — A. Mackenzie: "Voyages," &c., London, 1801;
D. W. Harmon : " A Journal of Voyages and Travels," Andover, 1820 ;
H. Hale : " Ethnology and Philology," Philadelphia, 1846. The last of
these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordi-
nary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the
south of Oregon. R. G. L.
TAKUN.
Used in Jiilg's edition of " Vater " for the orang-benua of Malacca ;
apparently JAKUN,
TALAIN.
Same as MON. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See PEGUESE.
TALAMANGA.
District of Costa- Rica ; languages unclassed.
TALATUI.
American : dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima ;
also called MOQUELUMNE, and allied to SAN RAFAEL. Vocaby. in
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
TALAUR.
Malayan : sub-dialect of MENADU.
TALAUT, see SALIBABOO.
258
TALIK.
Name of PERSIAN written characters, adopted from NESHKI ARABIC ;
used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. See SHIKASTAH.
TALISH.
Iranic : sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.
TALKEE-TALKEE.
American : NEGRO- DUTCH of Guyana.
TALLEWITSU.
American : same as WACOB. See HUECO.
TALMUDIG.
Semitic : name for the later HEBREW, as used by the Rabbins. It
abounds with HELLENISMS.
TALUHET.
AMERICAN : tribes of Puelches ; Indians of the Pampas.
TAMANACK (TAMANAQUE).
American : dialect of the CARIB class, spoken on the Orinoco, near
the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by
eome Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L.
TAMAZIGHT, TAMASHIGHT, TAMACHEK'.
The language of the Tawariq (Fr. Touareg), as Ihe Arabs name the
people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (See
LIBYAN for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language TOUARGHEE ;
Duveyrier calls it TARGISCH. It is remarkably free from Arabic
importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the
Tefinagh ; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand,
difficult to read ; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little
to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as " limited to the West
by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of
Touat towards Timbuctoo ; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms
of Bornou and Haussa ; to the East by Fezzau and the country of the
Tibboos ; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers." This vast extent,
as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the LIBYAN languages. Its
consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has
borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Earth's African Travels
are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight ; but the
publication of Hanoteau's ample Grammar somewhat lessens their
importance. F. W. N.
TAMBAGTU, see WUN.
TAMBI.
African : same as ADAMPI.
TAMBORA, TEMBORA.
Malayan : dialect of SUMBAWA.
259
TAMIL, TAMUL.
Dravidian : dialect of the CARNATIC, South India, and closely allied
to CANABESE, MALAYALIM, and TELUGTT or TELINGA ; it is also spoken
in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called HIGH
and Low TAMIL, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the
DEVANAGRI. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar
by Pope, Madras, 1859 ; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.
TAMOIAE, TAMOYO.
American : Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called
TUMMIMIOI (Tummimivi in Jiilg's " Vater.")
%» This belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class. H. C.
TAMULIC.
A name for the entire class of DRAVIDIAN or NiSHADA dialects,
including, besides TAMIL, the MALAYALAM, the TULUVA, the TELINGA
or TELUGU, and the CANABESE. G. R.
TANA or TANNA.
(1) Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of the New Hebrides. (2) See BHASA.
TANAWANKO.
Malayan : ALFURU dialect of Celebes ; Wallace's " Malay Archi-
pelago," vol. ii.
TANAYNTHARI, TANENGSARI.
Monosyllabic : dialects of Tennaserim.
TANDIA.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN.
TANEMA, TANEANU.
NEGRITO : dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.
TANGATA.
POLYNESIAN word for " man." See KANAKA.
TANGUHTI.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of BHOT. Tangut is the local name for the
Tibetan people ; applied by Moghols.
TANKHUL.
Indo-Chinese : a NAGA dialect.
TANTI CALLERU.
Indian : CANARESE name for the Thugs.
TAG.
AMERICAN : Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.
S 2
260
TA-OUNGURONG.
Australian : cf. " orang," MALAY word for man. Eyre's Journals,
London, 1845.
TAPARITA.
American : dialect of OTTOMAKU.
TAPIGUAE.
American : Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.
TAPII.
American : dialect of CHIQUITOB.
TAPPA, TAPUA.
African : names for the NUFI.
TAPPEN.
American : GERMAN name for the Tuns ; Brazilian Indians of the
Rio Grande.
TARAHUMARA.
American : spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to PIMA.
Dictionary by Steffel, Briinn, 1791.
TARAKAI.
AINO : a dialect of the Kurile Islands, B. Asia.
TARASKA, TERASCO.
American : a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on
doubtful authority, to be the same as PlRlNDA.
TAR A WAN.
MICEONESIAN : dialect of N. Pacific, allied to GTJAHAM.
TAREMUKI.
Indian : HINDUSTANI dialect, mingled with CANARESE, spoken by
wandering tribes ; also called GHISSARIS, LOHARS, and BAIL-KUMBARS.
TARIANA.
American : dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to BARREE and BANIWA,
Vocabulary in Wallace's " Amazons."
TARNATA.
MALAYAN : extinct dialect of the Moluccas. See TERNATI.
TARTAR (correctly TATAR).
TURANIAN : language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N.
Asia ; it is used in two senses : first as a collective name for all the
languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia ; and secondly
for that class of them which is now represented by TURKISH as its most
polished form.
*«,* Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish,
and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. See ALATYAN.
261
TARUMA.
American : unclaased ; it is spoken in British Guyana.
TAS.
Ugrian : a name for SAMOIED (Klaproth).
TASMANIAN.
NEGRITO : original dialect of Van Diemen's Land : now spoken only
in Flinders' Island ; it is allied to PAPUAN, AUSTRALIAN, and other
MELANESIAN languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, " Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society," 1839.
TAT.
Iranic : PERSIAN sub-dialect of Daghesta.n, &c.
TATAR, gee TARTAR.
TATER.
Komany : variety of NORWEGIAN GIP8Y.
TATI-MOLO, TATI-QUILHATI.
American : dialects of TOTONAKA.
TAVASTRIAN.
Tchudic : same as Hamalaiset ; one of the two divisions of the FIN
of Finland, &c. : KARELIAN being the other. The term, in geography,
applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland,
between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies
touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish,
The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, TAVASTRIAN,
as opposed to KARELIAN. R. G. L. See QUAIN.
TAWGI, see TURUCHANSKI.
TA-YUE-TCHI.
THIBETAN name for the Indo-Scythic race.
TCHERKESS, see CIRCASSIAN.
TCHINGHIANES.
ROMANY : name for GIPSY ; used in Turkey. See " Etudes," par
Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.
TCHOKOYEM, \
TCHUDIG, V under TS.
TCHUKTCHI, /
%* These words in " Ts " may also be written " Ch " in English.
TEAPY.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of Easter Island, called by the natives RAPA-NUI
t.e., " Great Rapa."
262
TEBO.
AFBICAN : same as IBO.
TEDA, TIBBU.
African : a dialect of the KANtrRi.
*** Placed by Earth and others in the same class, and with the
KANURI, but originally considered to be BEEBEE or AMAZIGH. R. G. L.
«•
TEERHAI, see TIRHAI.
TEESDALE.
Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham.
Glossary, London, 1849. W. W. S.
TEHUELET.
American : Indians of E. Patagonia, classed as ABATTCANIAN. Tribes
are — (1) Tehuel Gunny, including Tacana Cunny, Sehusk Gunny, Culilan
Cunny. (2) , The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster's " Patagonians,"
London, 1871.
TEHULATE, TELUTI.
MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram. Wallace's " Malay Arch."
TEKE, TEKKES.
Turcomans : Tatar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian.
Tekke is the BUKHAEIST word for a Mohammedan convent.
TEKEENIKA.
AMERICAN : i.e., Te-Kennekas ; Indians of Tierra del Fuego.
TEKEZA.
African : one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south-
eastern branch of the central KAFIRS. It is only known through short
vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the
Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay. R. G. L.
TELEUT, TELENGUT.
Alatyan : a form of TUBKEE spoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they
are classed as MOGHOLS, and called WHITE KALMUKS of the Upper
Obi, also UEIATS. Small vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 107.
TELING.
INDIAN : wandering tribes of Korawa.
TELINGA, TELUGU.
Dravidian : the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of
part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied to TAMIL, with a
cursive alphabet like the CANAEESE. Grammar (1857), Dictionary
(1853), by Brown, Madras.
TELUTI, see TEHULATE.
263
TEMAHUQ, see TUAEIK.
TEMBORA, see TAMBOKA.
TEMBU.
African: same as ATTEMBU, a dialect of NIGRITIAN.
TEMBUKTOO, under Ti.
TEMPIO.
Komance : ITALIAN dialect of Sardinia.
TENERIFFE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Canary Islands.
TENGSA.
Indo-Chinese : NAGA dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. ia Hunter's
" Comp. Dicty."
TENIMBER, see TIMOELAUT.
TEOR.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Wallace's " Malay Archi-
pelago."
TEPANECHI.
American : dialect of NAHUATLAC.
TEPEGUANA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico.
TEPOZKOLULA, TLAHIAKO.
American : dialect of MIXTECA. Mexican Indians of Oajaca.
TERASCO, see TARASKA.
TERESSA.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Nicobar Islands.
TERNATI.
MALATAX : dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate
and Tidor ; it is allied to BuGis, and includes NEGRITO affinities.
TESHU-LUMBU.
Bhot : local dialect of TIBETAN.
TESUQUE.
American : Pueblo Indians, closely allied to PiMA.
TETO.
Negrito : BELONESE dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace.
See BRISSI.
264
TETON.
AMERICAN : tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the
Missouri and the Mississippi.
TETTE.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Mozambique coast.
TEUTONIC.
GERMAN word "thiod'W people"; corrupted to DEUTSCH or DUTCH,
and Latinised as TEUTONIC. Generic term for German : (1) Low-
German, or Saxon, is the DEUTSCH of N. Germany. (2) High-German
is Alemannic — i.e., the DEUTSCH of S. Germany and the upper Rhine.
The earliest specimen if>, perhaps, the " Rules of St. Benedict," belong-
ing to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is the DEUTSCH of the upper
Danube. (4) Frankish is the DEUTSCH of the middle Rhine ; the
earliest specimen is " Isidore," of the eighth century.
Modern dialects are: (1) Swiss, (2) RHENISH, (3) DANUBIAN of
Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c. See SCANDINAVIAN.
TEUTONIC-SAXON.
Class-name for the combined lines of HIGH and Low GERMAN, ex-
cluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch.
TEXAN.
American : tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages
thus : (1) ADAHI, (2) ATTAKAPA, (3) CADDO, (4) CHOKTAH, (5) Cu-
MANCH, (6) WITSHITA. The tribes are very numerous, comprising :
Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa,
Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chik-
kasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, lawanis or
lonis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches,
Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways,
Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or
Wico, Washitas, Witshita. See TACHI.
T'HAI, see TAI.
THAKSYA.
Indo-Chinese : BHOT dialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
THAMI.
Non-Aryan : older DRAVIDIAN dialect of Nipal.
THAROO.
Indian : dialect of HINDI, spoken in Nipal Surai. A. C.
THARU.
NON- ARYAN : dialect of Nipal. See vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
THAUMPE.
Indo-Chinese : SHAN dialect of Ava.
265
THEBAIC.
Egyptian : old COPTIC dialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt.
THEBAN.
HELLENIC : extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius :
" Thebani Etymologicon," Leipsic, 1820.
THEBURSKUD, THOBURSKID.
Indo-Chinese : name for the SUNGNUM of Koonawar.
THENGAIS.
INDO-CHINESE : tribe of Singpho.
THERVINGS.
A tribe of so-called Goths.
THIBETAN, TIBETAN.
BHOT or BHOTIYA : the vernacular language of Tibet ; originally
monosyllabic, and somewhat resembling CHINESE ; it has now almost
lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan — i.e., Tih-bot,
"Land of the Bot." There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and
Ladak ; it is classed as INDO-CHINESE, and the written characters are
founded on the DEVANAGARI alphabet, and written from left to right.
Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865 ; and Dictionary, 1866 ; also by
Csoma de Koros, Calcutta, 1834. See SlJRi-BuTAN.
THOCHU.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
THOUNG-LHU.
Dialect of BURMESE, somewhat allied to KAREN.
THRACO-ILLYRIAN (PELASGIC).
Class-name for the languages illustrated by ALBANIAN.
THUG, THUGGEE.
Indian : a cant or slang form of HlXDOSTANl, used by homicidal
tribes of India ; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar
in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Cal-
cutta, 1836.
%* This dialect contains some curious remains, allied to KORIAK and
KAMCHATKAN. H. C. See RAMASI.
THUGGA.
Inscriptions ; bilingual : LIBYAN and PHOSNICIAN. Found in N.
Africa, and preserved in the British Museum ; also at Lyons, in France.
They are allied to the HIMYABITIC, and have affinities with the Hamath
stones of Syria. H. C.
THULUNGYA.
Non-Aryan : dialect of the KlRANTl group, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in
Hunter's "Comp. Dicty."
266
THURINGIAN.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of old HIGH-GERMAN. See " Volks-dialektes,
&c." by Wendel, Coburg, 1822.
TlBBOOj see TEDA.
TIBER ACOTTES.
AMERICAN : Indians of British Guyana. See TIVERIOHOTTO.
TIBETAN, under TH.
TlCINO or TICINESE.
Romance : dialect of ITALIAN spoken in southern Switzerland.
TlCOPIA.
Polynesian : closely allied to MAYOMGA.
TICUNA, TUCANO, TACUNA, TIKUNA.
AMERICAN : Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied
from the use of poisoned arrows.
TlDORE.
MALAYAN : dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor,
and nearly the same as TERN ATI.
TIE-CHEW.
Local dialect of CHINESE. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841.
TlEMBA.
African : dialect of ASHANTEE.
TIERRA DEL FUEGO, under FUEGIAN.
TIGRE, TlGRINNA.
Sub- Semitic : modern dialect of ETHIOPIC, called "lisana Gheez.''
It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resembles AMHARIC. Gram-
mar by Praetorius, Halle, 1871 ; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868.
TIHUEX.
AMERICAN : Keres Indians of New Mexico.
TlKOMERI.
American : Moxos dialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia.
It is allied to MAIPUR.
TlLANGANG, TlLANJANG.
Malayan : same as ENGANO, an island west of Sumatra. P. J. V.
TlMBIRAS.
American : tribes of Brazil, known as — (1) de Mata, (2) de Canella
fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied to GEIKO and
TOKANTIN.
267
TlMBORA, TlMBORO.
Malayan : dialect of JAVANESE, somewhat allied to SASAK.
TlMBUKTOO.
African : typical language of NIGKITIA, pure Negro of the Soudan.
See WtJN.
TlMMANI.
AFRICAN : A language spoken near Sierra Leone ; dialects are
KRANGOS and LOGOS.
*„,* It is allied to BULLOM, BAGO, and LANDOMA. H. C.
TIMOR, TIMUR (TIMORESE).
Malayan : language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda
group ; it is JAVANESE, inclining to NEGRITO. Diss. in Crawfurd's
Malay Grammar.
*** There are three chief dialects of Timorese : (1) The BELONESE,
in Eastern Timor ; (2) the TIMORESE " arctiori sensu ;" (3) the dialect
of KUPANG. P. J. V.
TlMORLAUT.
MALAYAN : largest island of the Tenimber group ; peopled with
straight-haired Polynesians.
TlMUACA, TlMUICANA, TlMUIQUANA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St.
Augustin.
TlNGUA.
AMERICAN : extinct dialect of Florida.
TlNNE.
AMERICAN : native name for ATHABASCAN ; the Tinnes proper use a
native alphabet of linear character, resembling the CRBE.
TlRHAI.
Indian : dialect of SWATJTI, closely allied to DEER. Vocaby. by
Leech, " Journal of the A. S. of Bengal," 1838.
TlRHITIYA, see MITHILI.
TIROL, under TY.
TlVERIGHOTTO.
AMERICAN : Carib-Tamauaque Indians of British Guyana.
TlWI.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Gaboon.
T-KA.
AMERICAN : native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the
mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott's River. They speak a dialect of
SHASTA. • See IDDOA.
268
TLAHUIGI, TLAHIAKO.
American : MIXTECA dialect of Oajaca in Mexico.
TL.AMATL, see LUTUAMI.
TLAOQUATSH.
American : dialect of WAKASH, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver's
Island.
TLAPANEKA.
AMERICAN : Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.)
TLASKALTECA.
American : NAHtTATL of the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.)
TLATSAP.
American : same as CLATSOP ; a division of CHINOOK.
TLATSKANAI.
American : Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia ; classed as TACULLIK-
UMPQITA. (Hale.)
TNAINA.
American : native name for the KENAI. See ATNA.
TOBA (TOBASCHE).
Malayan : BATTA dialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra. See Grammar by
Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864. P. J. V,
TOBI.
MiCEONESlAN : dialect of Negrito, allied to PELEW.
TOBO.
MALAYAN : dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace.
TOBOLSK.
Ugrian : TURKEE dialect of Siberia, closely allied to TSHULIM.
Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804.
TOCANTIN.
American : branch of the OMAGUA stem ; it is spoken in the Provinces
of Goyaz and Para, Brazil.
TODA, TODUVA.
NON- ARYAN language of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries
and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty." See TUDA.
TOKA, see LOYALTY ISLANDS.
TOKISTINE, TONOKOTO.
American : Lulc Indians of Paraguay ; allied to VILELA.
269
TOLTEK.
American : Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection
by the Spaniards, and then speaking the NAHUATLAC language.
TOMA, TOMO.
AMERICAN, i.e., Tomo-Maroa; BANIWA Indians, quoted by Wallace,
" Travels on the Amazon," London, 1853.
TOMBARA, see NEW IRELAND.
TOMOHON, TOMORE.
MALAYAN : dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.)
TOMSKI, TIMSKI.
Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.)
TONDANO.
Malayan : dialect of MENADU.
TONGAN.
POLYNESIAN : a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a
large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau,
and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15° 50' to 21° 7' S.
lat., and 173° to 175° W. long. It is closely allied to SAMOAN. W. G. L.
TONKINESE (TONQUIN).
Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied to ANAMITE,
CAMBOJAN, and COCHIN-CHINESE.
TONOCOTE.
AMERICAN : dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay.
TONSEA.
Malayan : dialect of MENADU.
TOOKPA, TUKPA.
INDO-CHINESE ; dialect of Eastern Tibet.
TOONPAOOH.
AMERICAN : Turtle-tribe of Mohighans.
TOORKS.
Tribes of Turkestan. See UZBEK,
TORGOT, tee KERAT.
TOSK.
(1) Illyric : a dialect of ALBANIAN. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von
Hahn. (2) Italic. See TUSCAN.
TOTONACA.
American : MEXICAN dialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz.
270
TOUCOULOR.
African : same as FULA.
TOULOUSE.
Romance : modern dialect of LANGUE D'Oc, spoken in S.W. France.
TOUN-BARIRIG.
Malayan : quoted by Mr. "Wallace as a local dialect of MENADU ;
including also TOUNBASSIAN, TOUNPASSO, TOTJRNSHON, and TOUWASANG.
See " Malay Archipelago." See MINAHASSA.
TOUNG, see TuKG.
TOUNG-LHU.
Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
TOWAREK, see TUARIK.
TRANS-CAUCASIAN TATAR.
Ugrian : class-name for several local dialects of TURKISH, spoken in
Kussia. It is the same as TURKO-TATAB.
TRANS-GANGETIC.
Class-name for CHINESE and INDO-CHINESE, and allied languages.
TRANS-HIMALAYAN.
Class-name : used for SUB-TURANIAN, or early DRAVIDIAN.
See INDO-CHINESE.
TRANSYLVANIAN, see SIEBENBURGISCH.
TRAUGAN, «ee AROO.
TREGONIAN.
KELTIC : sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, called BRETON- BRETONN ANT.
TREDEGI - COMMUNI.
Teutonic : a local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. The
people have been considered to be descendants of the ancient CIMBRI ;
see "Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen," &c., by Schmeller, Munich,
1838.
TRITON-BAY.
Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
TROGLODYTES.
Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent's
Hole, &c. ; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, as BEJA,
BISHARI, &c.
TROJAN., see PHRYGIAN.
TROUBADOURS.
Romance ; name for the mediaeval poets of Provence, in S. France,
who used the LANGUE D'Oc. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard,
Paris, 1844. See TBOVATOBE.
TROUVERES.
Romance ; name for the mediaeval poets of Normandy, who used the
LANGUE D'OiL. See de Gembloux; " Trouvaires de Berry," &c., Moulins,
1841.
TSAGATAI.
Alatyan : written dialect of TUKKEE, formerly spoken by Uighur
Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is
also written CHAGATAI, JAGATAI.
TSAMAK.
American : Sacramiento Indians of California ; closely allied to
PUJUNI. Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol." vol. ii.
TSCHAGRAI.
Caucasian : sub-dialect of ABKASS.
TSGHAMBA.
African : a name for the KoURl class. A word which appears as
TIEMBA, KIAMBA, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or
vocabularies of W. Africa ; it has been supposed to be a salutation mis-
taken for the name of a language. See Latham's " Elements," p. 582.
TSCHARI-KABUTSCH.
Caucasian : sub-dialect of LESGHIAK.
TSCHEKH, see BOHEMIAN.
TSCHERAT, see TAKAZZE.
TSCHERDYN.
UGBIAN : dialect of Wogul.
TSGHEREMISSIAN (CHEREMISS).
Ugrian : a dialect of FINNISH, spoken along the exmrse of the R. Volga.
Grammar by Castren, Kuopio, 1845.
TSCHINKITAN.
American : KOLUSH of Sitka-bay.
TSGHIROKESE, see CHEEOKEE.
TSCHUDIC, or TSHUD.
Alatyan : the same as CHUDIC. It is the Slavonian name for the
Fins. Used either as a class-name for the FIN class of languages, or as
one special division of the Finnic stock, including LAP, SUOMIAN, and
ESTHONIAN. (So Castren and Max Miiller.) Also called VESP.
27-2
TSCHUGATSCHI.
American : ESKIMO of Prince William's Sound.
TSCHUSSOWAJA.
UGEIAN : a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.)
TSCHUWASCHIAN, TSCHUWASSIAN.
Same as CHUVASCH ; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and
the neighbouring governments ; considered by some aa UGBIAN, by
others as TUEK. R. G. L.
TSHAMBA, tee TscHAMBA.
TSHAMPA.
MALAYAN : dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic.
TSHAPODZHIR, TSHAPOGIREN.
Alatyan : same as CHAPOGIB, a dialect of TuN&US.
TSHARI.
Caucasian : LESGHIAN dialect of Daghestan,
TSHEK, TSCHEKH.
SLAVONIC : same as CZECH or CHECK. See BOHEMIAN.
TSHEREMIS, see TSCHEEEMISSIAN.
TSHERKESS, see CIECASSIAN.
TSHETSH, TSHETSCHENTS (RUSSIAN).
Caucasian : same as LAMTJE and GALGAI, or HALHAI, and adjoining
the LESGIANS. It is also written CHECH or CHECHENTS, and is used
as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied to GEORGIAN
and CIECASSIAN, including also the AESHTE or AEISTOIAI, INGUSH,
KISTIC, TUSHI, and MIZHDZEDZHI ; the last is Klaproth's term.
TSHIHAILI.
American : division of the Atnah, Selish or Flat-head Indians ; but
Hale combines them all in one large group as TSIHAILI- SELISH. See
" U. S. Ex. Expedition," Philadelphia, 1846. lj^"
TSHINUK.
American : a form of CHINOOK. See WATLALA.
TSHNAGMJUT.
American : same as KUSKOKIWIMES.
TSHOKOYEM.
American : dialect of U. California ; classed as DiEouNO, and known
as the San Raphael Mission.
273
TSHUKTSHI, TCHUKTCHI (TCHUTCHUS).
(1) Same as the Keindeer KOEIAKS of Kamtschatka.
(2) Dialects of ESKIMO, spoken in Asia ; the people are called
Tshuktshi Nos or Noss, more properly Namollo.
TSHULIM.
Alatyan : TURKISH dialect, almost identical with BAEABA or
BARABINSKI.
TSHUVASH, under TSCHU.
TSIHAILI, under TSHI.
TSIKANNE, under S.
TSONEKA.
American : Patagonian tribe of Tierra del Fuego. See TEKEENIKA.
TSONGEISTH.
American : COWICHAN dialect of Vancouver Island.
TTYNAI, see TNAINA.
TUAPOCA.
American : CARIB of the lower Orinoco, closely allied to GALIBI.
See Triibner's " Ludewig," p. 28.
TUARIK, TOWAREK.
Sub- Semitic : BERBER dialect of the W. Sahara. Also called
TEMAHUQ. Grammar by Freeman, London, 1862.
TUBAR.
American : dialect of Sinaloa, somewhat allied to TARAHUMARA and
TEPEGUANA.
TUCANO.
American : Indians of the Uapes, allied to COBEU, and classed by
Von Martius as JURI. Vocaby. by Wallace.
TUCUMAN, see KALCHAQUI.
TUDA.
Dravidian : CANARESE dialect of the Nilgerries. See Caldwell's
Comparative Grammar. See TODA.
TUDESQUE.
FRENCH word ; it is put for TUDESCO, the Italian form of DEUTSCH,
applied to HIGH-GERMAN.
TUKER.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines.
274
T'UK'IU.
CHINESE form of the word Turk. (Klaproth.)
TUKLAVE, seeTAKELE.
TUKPA, see TOOKPA.
TULARE.
American : Californian Indians of Lake Tulare. It is somewhat allied
to COCONOONS.
TULARENA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Costa-Rica.
TULU or TULUVA.
Dravidian : a dialect of the TAMULIC class, closely allied to TAMIN,
TELUGU, CANAEESE, and MALAYALIM.
See Caldwell's Comp. Grammar.
TULUCAR.
That is, " Ari-tulucar ;" TAMIL name for the Thugs.
TUMGARSEE.
American : dialect of KOLUSH. See TUNGHASSE.
TUMMIMIOI, see TAMOI^E.
TUMU.
African : dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to NDOB.
TUNG-MRU.
INDO-CHINESE : " hill-men " of Arrakan.
TUNGAAS, TUNGHASSE.
American : spoken in S. of Prince of Wales' Archipelago, and some-
times classed as SITKA.
TUNGOOS, TUNGUSIAN, TUNGAN.
ALATTAN : rude dialects of MANCHU spoken in Siberia ; divisions
are called CHAPOGIR, OROTONG-TUNGUS, and LAMUT. Grundziige by
Castren, St. Petersburg, 1856. See DSUNGAR.
%* Tunguska is the name of three rivers in Asiatic Russia.
TUNKA, TUNKIN.
Alatyan : dialect of Moghol, closely allied to SELEXGA. Small
vocaby. in Latham's " Elements," p. 84. See TONQUIN.
TUPI.
American : native language of Brazil, classed as GUARANI. There are :
(1) Tupinaba, Tupinamba, called Nations of the Rio Real, in the province
of Sergipe. (2) Tupininquin, a nation of Espiritu Santo. (3) Tuppinamba,
called the largest tribe in Maranhao and Gran Para. Dictionary by
Dias, Leipsic. 1858 : and Da Silva's (i Lingoa Geral."
*»* It is allied to the AGA\V. H. C.
27-5
TUPUAN.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN.
TURAJA.
ALFUEU of Celebes.
TURANIAN.
Class-name, first suggested by D'Halloy for the agglutinative languages
of Asia and Europe ; including chiefly, FIN and LAP, UGRIAN, MOGHOL,
TUEK, TATAR, SAMOIED. It has since been proposed to supersede it by
ALATYAN, or URAL-ALTAIC. igg"
TURCO-GREEK.
TURKISH written in characters of the Greek alphabet.
TURCOMANS, TURKOMANS.
ALATYAN : general names for nomadic Turks of Central and Western
Asia, of whom the Usbegs are the leading race.
*** The districts known as Turkestan, Mongolia, and Zungaria comprise
Central Asia.
TURIN.
Romance : provincial dialect of ITALIAN.
TURKEE.
Name for TURKISH-TATAR ; also called CHANTU. Grammar by
Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.
TURKISH.
ALATYAN : typical dialect of TATAR, as now written and spoken at
Constantinople ; original dialect of the Osmanli Turkomans. The
modern Turks use the Arabic characters. Grammar and Dicty. by
Redhouse, London.
TURKOMANS, gee TURCOMANS.
TURRUBUL.
District of Australia ; a dialect of S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley
Sydney, 1866.
TURTLES.
AMERICAN: tribes of Algonkin ; both Delaware (Unami) and Mohighan
(Toon-paooh).
TURUCHANSKI, TAWGI, TAWGINSKI.
Ugrian : dialects of SAMOIED. (Klaproth.)
TUSCAN.
Romance : typical dialect of pure ITALIAN. See Buommattei : " Delia
Lingua Toscana," Venetia 1735.
TUSCARORA.
American : Iroquois dialect of N. Carolina, closely allied to NOTTO-
\YAY.
T J
276
TUSCH, TUSHI.
CAUCASIAN : dialect of the Tshetshentes, on the Georgian frontier.
"Versuch," &c., by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1866.
TUSCI, TOSK.
Same as ETRUSCAN. See EAS.
TUTELOES.
American : same as MEHEEEINS ; classed in Jiilg's edition of " Vater "
as Irokese of Virginia.
TU-TOYER.
French term for making use of familiar speech.
TUTUILA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Navigator's Islands.
TVER.
Ugrian : dialect of FIN, spoken in Russia.
TYMSKI, see TOMSKI.
TYNTEEAS.
INDIAN : savage tribes E. of Bengal.
TYROLESE.
Teutonic : classed as HiGH-GEBMAN. See KITZBUHEL.
TZAKONIAN.
Hellenic : dialect of modern GEEEK, spoken in the Gulf of Nauplia
(Laconia), and at Mount Taygetus. Tract by Deville, " Le Dialecte
Tzaconien."
TZECKISH, see BOHEMIAN.
TZENDALE, see CELDALES.
ADDENDA.
TACULLIE.
American : same as TAKULLI. The name of TAH-CULLY means " deep-
water Indians."
TANTRAS.
Works of HINDU ritual, adopted or modified by Buddhists.
TAUAN.
Negrito : Taua is a small island near New Guinea, the inhabitants of
which speak PAPUAN. W. G.
TAYUNG.
Assam ; said to be a dialect of MISHMI and like MIJHU, but
dissimilar and presenting some remarkable peculiarities. H. C.
277
TEDESCO, s«e TUDESQUE.
TEETS or HAITLIN.
AMERICAN : Indians of Frazer River ; also called SA-CHINCO, or
'' Strangers."
TENE.
African : a MANDINGO vocabulary in " Polyglotta Africana." H. C.
TIENTSIN.
CHINESE : local dialect of the port of Pekin.
TOUMBULU,
TOUMPAKEWA,
TOUNDANO, \ see MlNAHASSA.
TOUNSAWANG,
TOUNSEA.
TROVATORE.
Italian form of " Troubadour ; " the Trovatori used the LINGUA DE Si.
TSHAGATAI.
Same as TSAGATAI. A recent writer states that the language described
by Professor Vambery as CAGATAIC is the dialect of Kashgar.
TUNGANIS.
Chinese rebels.
TURKO-ARMENIAN.
TURKISH : written in characters of the Armenian alphabet.
TURKO-TATAR.
Term applied to the Eastern TURKISH languages.
U.
UAINAMBEU.
American : same as MAUHE ; a dialect of the Rio Negro, spoken by
the Humming-Bird Indians, and somewhat allied to the BABREE.
See JUBI.
UALAN, see ULEA.
278
UARA, UARAGA.
American : dialects of TAMANAQUE, spoken by the Uara-Mukuru and
the Uaraca-Paccili.
UCAYALE.
AMERICAN : dialects localised upon the course of river so named.
See COCAMA.
UCHEE, UCHI.
American : tribe of Creek Indians ; it is now spoken in Florida,
originally of Louisiana. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
UDE.
Caucasian: same as COLCHIAN. Herodotus (Book ii.) thought the
Colchians were an offshoot of the Egyptians planted by Sesostris. The
BZYB is its best known dialect. It is allied to EGYPTIAN and COPTIC.
See Papers of " Anthrop. Instit."; Schiefner's Grammar. H. C.
UDOM.
African : dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to MBOFIA.
UDORIAN.
ALATYAN : Ugrian dialect of Udorsk ; " Uhdmurd," " free people."
UDSO.
African : dialect of BONNY.
UEA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Loyalty group, also spoken in Wallis's
Island.
UGALENZI.
American : KOLUSH dialect of Mount Elias.
UGALJACHMUTZI.
American : Athabascan ; classed as KINAI.
UGOR, UGRIAN, URALIAN.
CHUDIC : a sub-division of the TURANIAN family of languages, com-
prising FIN, HUNGARIAN or MAGYAR, OSTIAK, VOGUL or WOGUL, and
the non- Slavonic BULGARIAN. It is also called UGRO-TARTARIAN.
UGOR (2).
MELANESIAN : island in the Papuan group ; mixed dialect. W. G.
UHOBO.
African : quoted in Ju'lg's edition of " Vater " from Kilham's speci-
mens.
UIGUR.
Alatyan : same as IGUR or IGHUR ; dialect of TURKISH, a literary
language spoken on the frontiers of Tibet and Mongolia. See " Uigur-
ische Sprachmonumente," &c., by Vambery, Innsbruck, 1870. See HOR
UJU, iff AROO.
UKAH, UKAGIR.
Turanian : KOBIAK dialect of Kamtschatka.
UKAHIPU, see KIKKAPU.
UKRAINIAN.
SLAVONIC : dialect of Little Russia.
UKUAFI.
African : dialect of SUAHILI. The people are called " A-kabi,"
singular ; " Wa-kabi," plural ; and Dr. Latham suggests that Ukuafi
and Kekuafi are verbal mutations of ELOIKOB, the native name. See
" Elements," &c., p. 545.
%* It occurs within the Kaffir area, but is not so manifestly Kaffir
as its neighbours. R. G. L.
ULEA, UALA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines.
ULIANGHAI, URIANGCHAI.
Ugrian : same as SOIOT.
ULM.
Teutonic : classed as HIGH-GERMAN.
ULU.
MALAYAN : dialect of Sumatra.
ULUT (OLOT),
. Moghol : KALMUCK ; dialect of Dzungaria.
UMBRIAN.
Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, known only from inscriptions, and
allied to LATIN, OSCAN, &c. See Schleicher's "Chrestomathie," and
Mommsen's " Unteritalischen Dialekte."
UMKWA, UMPQUA.
American : dialect of U. California, classed as ATHABASCAN. Vocaby.
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
UMLAUT.
German term : " vowel change," modification of meaning, due to the
change of a vowel.
%* Riickumlaut means the return to a sound that has undergone the
change called " umlaut."
UMMA-RA.
African : tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES.
280
UNALACHTGO.
American : TURKEY tribe of Lenni-Lennape.
UNALASHKAN.
American : the largest of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian chain, run-
ning from Kamtschatka, in Asia, to the Peninsula of Alaska, in America ;
and, indeed, the largest and the most representative island of the whole
group. It is in this language that the Asiatic affinities of the ESKIMO
must be most especially sought for. R. G. L.
UNAMI, see WANAMI.
UNATAQUAS.
American : Indians of Texas ; same as ANDARCOS.
UNCHAGOG, UNTCHAGOG.
American : SHINICOOK Indians of Long Island.
UNCIAL.
PAL^OGRAPHIC : from " uncia," " an inch ;" name for large letters ;
size of " capitals."
UNDAZA.
African : dialect of the Gaboon ; somewhat allied to NDOB.
UNGARN.
Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN dialect of Hungary.
%* Ungarn is the GERMAN form of Ungri or Vingour, equivalent to
Hun ; but there is no clear proof whether Hungary has been named
from the Huns of Attila's era [441-453 A.D. J, who were of TATAR race,
or from the Magyars, who are Ugrians of Jugoria, a FINNISH race
[889-955 A.D.]
UNIYA.
Tibetan : a local dialect of BHOT, spoken in the district of the Dalai
Lama.
UNSO.
Caucasian : same as Dido ; a sub-dialect of LESGHIAN.
UOLAROI.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect at Bulgora, through part of Queensland to
Murrurundi, on by Hunter River (Eev. W. Ridley). J. B.
UPSAROKA.
American : native name for the Crow Indians ; they are divided into
(1) Kikatsa, (2) Ahnahaways (Black-shoes), (3) Allakaweah (Paunch-
Indians).
URABAE.
American : aborigines of Darien, classed as OUNACUNA.
281
URAL-ALTAIC.
Class-name : same as ALATYAN. Term for the great Turkish branch
of the Turanian family of languages, including TATAR, MOGHOL,
MAXCHU, &c.
URALIAN, see UGOB.
URAON.
Dravidian : dialect of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp.
Dicty."
URDU.
Word for army or camp. (1) Urdu-mualla-ki-zaban, "Court-lan-
guage. (2) Urdu-zaban, "camp lingo," applied to HINDOSTANI.
See HORDE.
URIANGCHAI, see ULIANGHAI.
URIYA, see ORISSA.
USBEG, UZBEK (OEZBEG).
ALATYAN : dominant race of Turkestan ; closely allied to KIRGHIZ,
and also called TURKISH-TATAR.
USTSYSSOLA.
Chudic : sub-dialect of UGRIAN
UTA, UTAH.
American : dialect of U. California, classed as PADUCAX, and closely
allied to COMANCHE.
%* It belongs to the PYGMEAN, and is allied to MINCOPIE, KARIRI
SABUYAH, GONGA, &c. H. C.
UTAGAMI.
American : same as OTTOGAMI ; tribe of Saki or Fox-Indians.
U TAN ATA.
Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea, closely allied to LOBO,
UTHARABEE.
Indo-Chinese : dialect of KtTNAWAR.
UVEA.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Loyalty group.
2S2
V.
VADDAH, see VEDDAH.
VAIDIC, see VEDIC.
VAIQUENO, VAIKENO.
MALA YAK : dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace.
VALAAT.
Iranian : name for modern PERSIAN ; common dialects, vulgar speech.
VALAIS.
ROMANCE : French canton of Switzerland.
VALDIERI.
Romance : dialect of FEANCO-!TALIAN.
VALENCIAN, VALENTIAN.
Romance : belonging to the same division as the LIMOUSIN, i.e., the
PROVENCAL ; a dialect of SPANISH. Dicty. by Lamarca, Valencia. 1842.
VALTELINESE.
Romance : dialect of ITALIAN, closely allied to RHAETO-ROMANIC.
VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.
AMERICAN : (1) The COWICHAN may be spoken by about 4.000
people. (2) The QUAKWOLTH, by about 2,000. (3) The KOSKEEMO by
only two or three hundred ; while (4) the AHT is spoken in its different
dialects in Vancouver's Island and southwards along the shores of the
mainland of Washington Territory to nearly the Columbia river by about
4,500 people ; indeed the Chinook, spoken by the Chinooks who once
thickly lined the lower shores of that river, is a dialect of the AHT (see
Irving's "Astoria "). (5) The " Chinook Jargon," a rough trading jargon,
founded on the CHINOOK, but mixed up with corrupted CANADIAN
FRENCH, ENGLISH, a few SPANISH, two HAWAIAN, and numerous words
from other Indian languages, and universally understood by traders,
travellers, and colonists of any " standing " in the region. ( Vide vocaby.
by George Gibbs, published by the Smithsonian Institution.) R. B.
VANDAL.
A form of the word WEND. " Histoire " by Marcus, Paris, 1836.
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.
TASMANIAN : dialects were, according to authorities, four, six, eight ;
or many more, according to Mr. G. Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines.
Mr. Clarke, catechist on Flinders Island, recognised ten dialects in 1834
among the two hundred native exiles. A Lingua-Franca was of necessity
made among them. Dr. Milligan prepared, from Messrs. Dove, Jorgenson,
Geary, King, Labillardiere, Peron, Robinson, Scott, Sterling, and
Lhotzky, a vocabulary of 2,500 words, only one or two of which were true
reduplicatives. According to Mr. Logan, the Tasmanian was an ancient
form of the tongues once spoken in south-eastern Asia. The language
was defective in abstract names. J. B.
283
VANIKORO.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to TANEMA
VANNETAIS, VANNETEUSE.
Celtic : sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken at Vannes. Dicty. by
Armerie, Leyden, 1774 : Grammar by Guillome, Vannes, 1836.
VARANGIAN.
Put for WAKANGIAN, a form of the word Varini for the Warrings.
See paper by Mr. Hyde Clarke in " Etlmol. Journal," but compare, the
Slavonic word " warjazi,1' allies. The Varangian guard at Constanti-
nople was recruited from N. Europe. See FERINGHEE.
VASKISH, see BASQUE.
VASSE R.
District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Captain Grey, 1841.
VATIALAISET.
TSCHUDIC : a name for the VOD.
VAUDOIS (PAYS DE VAUD).
ROMANCE : vernacular language of the Waldenses, formed from the
old Provengal, or LANGUE D'OC, still spoken in Switzerland. " Obser-
vations," &c., by Develay, Lausanne, 1824.
VAYU.
NON-ARYAN : a dialect of Nipal, somewhat allied to CHEPANG.
Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
VEDAS.
The sacred writings of the Brahmins, from the word "vid," i.e., wit
knowledge.
VEDDAHS.
CINGHALESE : low race of Ceylon.
VEDIC.
The language of the Vedas ; the oldest form of SANSKEIT.
VEI, VEY. ,
African : dialect of the MANA class, vernacular at Great Cape Mount,
W. Africa ; using a native alphabetic character of recent origin, which
is stated to be founded on AEABIC, called the Vey Phonetic (Forbes).
Grammar by Kolle, London, 1853.
VELAY.
ROMANCE : dialect of Provengal. Vocaby. in " Mems. de la Society
des Antiq.," vol. ix.
284
VENDEE.
ROMANCE : patois of France, largely CELTIC. Grammar in " Memm.
de 1'Acad. Celtique," 1809.
VENEDI, VENDES.
GERMAN name for Slavonians. See WEND.
VENETIAN.
Romance : dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Boerio, Venice, 1829.
VENEZUELAN, see WAPISIANA.
VERDEN, see BEEMISCH.
VERKHOVI.
Ugrian : SAMOIED dialect of the River Obi.
VERNACULAR.
Literally " native " ; the natural speech of a race or country.
VERONESE.
Romance : dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Angeli, Verona, 1821.
VES, see VOD.
VESP, see TSCHUDIC.
VICENZA.
Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN of Italy.
VICTORIA.
AUSTRALIAN : dialects of Port Phillip, once numerous, now nearly all
lost. Some of them, says Mr. Parker, called after their negatives, as
some in N.S. Wales from their affirmatives. J. B.
VIENNAISE, VIENNESE (WIEN).
Teutonic : HIGH-GERMAN of the Austrian Empire, as spoken at
Vienna ; the ancient VINDOBONA.
VlKANERA, see BIKANIRA.
VIKINGAR, VIKINGS.
So-called Sea-Kings, or " Creekers " ; pirates of the Baltic.
VlLELA.
American : LULE dialect of the Gran Chaco and republic of Cordova.
VINCENT (ST.) ISLAND.
(1) See W. INDIES. (2) (Gulf of) Native AUSTRALIAN. Koler
" Notice " by. Berlin, 1842.
285
VINGOUR, see UNGARN.
VlRAT, see BUTTANIE.
VIRGINIAN.
American : called NEW- ENGLAND INDIAN, and classed as MOHEGAN.
YlTI, see FEJEEAN.
VLACK.
Crude form of the word WALLACHIAN. i|g-
VOD.
Tschudic : same as the Vadjalaine (sing.), or Vadjalaiset (in the
plural), who speak a dialect of the FIN,, called VES.
VOGUL, WOGUL.
Ugrian : a branch of the TSCHUDIC stem, representing the dialects of
FIN spoken along the course of the Eiver Volga. Klaproth distinguishes
four dialects : (1) the TSCHUSSOWAIA ; (2) WEBCHOTURIE ; (3) TsCHER-
DYN ; (4) BEBESOV. See MORDVINIAN.
VOIGHTLANDIC.
Teutonic : dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
VOLGA-FINNISH.
TCHUDIC : same as MORDVINIAN.
VOLSCIAN.
Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN and UMBBIAN.
See Fabbretti's Glossary, Turin, 1858.
VOSGES, see RENNES.
VOTIAK, see WOTAGIAN.
VULGAR-TONGUE.
A name once used for true idiomatic ENGLISH ; the term " vulgar "
is used for the language of the lower orders. See Dicty. by Grose, 1785,
since reprinted ( 1 868). See LINGUA VULGABIS.
VUTA-HUILLICHE.
AMERICAN : Vuta or Huilliche. This latter word means "Men of the
South," and is an Araucanian name. Hence it applies to the tribes
between Chili and Tierra del Fuego. The Chonos of the Island of Chiloe
is decidedly Chileno. Elsewhere the division between their language
and the Patagonian is not known in detail. Falkner's " Description of
Patagonia." Hereford, 1774. Darwin in " Voyage of the Beagle."
E. G. L.
286
W.
WAAG.
Abyssinian ; a name for HHAMARA, i.e., the AGAU dialect of Lasta.
WAAILATPU, WILLATPOO.
American : same as CAYUS ; spoken in Oregon to the S. of Lower
Columbia E.
WACCOA.
American : same as WOKKON ; extinct dialect of N. Carolina.
See WOCCON.
WACOE.
American : Pawnee Indians ; the word is an English corruption of
the Spanish HUECO applied to the TALLEWITSU.
WADEY, WADREAGH.
Sub-Semitic ; Berber races speaking TUAEIK.
WAHABEES.
Name for Mohammedan sectaries or reformed Moslemim, a very
fanatical body.
WAHITAHO.
Polynesian ; dialect of the Friendly Islands, allied to MAYOEGA.
WAHKYECUM, WAKAIKAM.
American : sub-division of CHINOOK.
WAHTANI.
American : same as MANDAN.
WAHTOHTANI, WAHTOKTAK.
American : same as OTO.
WAIGIU.
Negrito : PAPUAN dialect to the N.W. of New Guinea.
WAIHU.
POLYNESIAN : dialect of Easter Island. See TEAPY.
WAIKNA.
AMERICAN : dialect of the Mosquito coast.
WAIKUR, WAICURI.
American : also called GUAICUR and MONQtri ; language of Lower
California with dialects known as ABIPE and CORA.
WAISAMU.
MALAYAN ; dialect of Ceram.
WAIYAMERA, WOYAWAI.
American : dialects of British Guyana, classed by Schomburgk as
CARIB-TAMANAQUE.
WAKAMBA.
African : Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class.
WAKASH.
American : same as YUCUATL ; ATNA or SELISH dialect of Vancouver
Is. ; also called NOOTKA or NUTKA. Vocaby. " Amer. Ethnol." vol. ii.
See TLAOQUATSH.
WAKHI.
Tribes of Shiah Mohammedans in Wakhan, Central Asia.
WALCHEREN.
DUTCH : provincial dialect of Holland.
WALDENSIAN, see VAUDOIS.
WALING.
Non-Aryan : language of the KlRANTi group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in
Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
WALLA-WALLA.
American : dialect of Sahaptin, closely allied to KLIKKTAT. Vocaby. :
liAmer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
WALLACHIAN (VLACK).
Eomance : a mingled dialect of LATIN and SLAVONIC, also called
ROUMAN or RUMANYO. It is divided into (1) Northern dialect, called
DACIAN or DACO-ROMAN, spoken in Moldavia, Bessarabia, &c. ; (2) South
of the Danube, called MACEDO- or KUTZO- WALLACHIAN. The people
called Rumanje are by some stated to be Thracians, by others Illyrians
by descent, but the language is that of the Roman colonists settled in
Dacia under the Emperor Trajan. They still use the old CYRILLIC
alphabet for liturgical purposes, but a more simplified character is in
general use. Grammar by Iszer, Kronstadt, 1855 ; Dicty. by Cihao :
'• Dictionnaire d'Etymologie Daco-Romane," Francfort, 1870.
%* This language has the peculiarity, like the BASQUE, of postposition
of the article : thus, " ochiu'l (oculus ille) " = "the eye" ; "omu'l"=
'• man the," for " the man." Farrar. igg"
WALLAMETTE, i/«/for Wi.
288
•
WALUS ISLANDS.
Polynesian : same as UEA. See LOYALTY Is.
WALLON or WALLOON (ROUCHI-FRANCAIS).
Romance : FRENCH patois of Flanders and Belgium. Dicty. by
Grandgagnage, Liege, 1845-50. See LIEGEOISE.
WAMMA, WAMMER.
MALAYAN : islands of the lesser Sunda group, peopled with Alfuru.
See ABOO.
WANAMI.
American : same as UNAMI. Turtle tribe of Delawares.
WANAT.
American : quoted in Julg's " Vater " as IBOKESE.
WANDAMIN.
Negrito : PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.
WANGEROG.
Teutonic : sub-dialect of FEIESIC. See Hcefer's " Zeitschrift," Berlin,
1845.
WANGPO.
Indian : dialect of KUNAWARI.
WANICA, WANIKA, WONICA.
African : Kaffir dialect of the STTAHILI class.
WANUMBAE, see AROO.
WAPANACHKI.
American : form of the word ABENAKI.
WAPISIANA (WAPISIAN, WAPITYAN).
American : dialect of CABIB, spoken in Demerara and Venezuela.
WAPISIAN-PARAUANA.
American : Schomburgk's class name for a division of the CABIB
languages of British Guyana.
WARACHIN, WARATSHIN.
Caucasian : chief dialect of the UDE, on which Schiefner's Grammar
is founded. H. C.
WAROW, WARROW.
AMERICAN : unclassed language of British Guyana.
%* Spoken between the Orinoco, along the coast, and in the lowlands
of the Delta. On the strength of these conditions the Warows have been
described as people living on trees. They are good boatmen. K. G. L.
289
WARSAU.
AFRICAN : dialect of the Gold Coast.
WASCO, see CHINOOK.
WASHA, WAWAH, WAWASH.
American : names for the OSAGE.
WASHINGTON IS., gee MAEQUESAN.
WATELEI, see AEOO.
WATIALAISET, WATLANDIC.
Tschudic : FIN dialect, much Teutonized.
WATIE, WATJE.
African : dialect of the MANA class.
WATLAKA, WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS).
American : dialect of ATNA or SELISH, known as UPPEE CHINOOK.
Vocaby. in " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
WATTASUN.
American : MANDAN name for the Black-shoe tribe of Crows.
See UPSAEOKA.
WAWU.
African : NiGRiTlAN dialect adjoining Dahomey.
WAYAPO.
MALAYAN : dialect of Booro. Vocaby. by Wallace.
WEA.
American : ALGONKIN of the Illinois division, and closely allied to
PIANKESHAW. See Primer, " Cheiokee Mission Press," 1837.
WEE-0-HOW, -see SHASTA.
WEITSPEK, WEIYOT, WISHOSK.
American : Indians of N.W. California, on the Clamat, and somewhat
allied to TSAMAK.
WELLINGTON.
Australian : dialect of KAMILABOI.
WELSH (CYMRAEG).
Celtic : pre-Roman dialect of Britain, closely allied to AEMOEICAN or
Bas-Breton, to CORNISH, the extinct dialect of Cornwall, and still spoken
by the Cymru, natives of the principality of Wales in Great Britain. It
is a language of the same class as ERSE or IRISH, GAELIC and MAXX.
but more largely influenced by LATIN. Grammars by Rowland, 3rd ed.,
Bala, 1864 ; and Spurrell, 1870 ; Dictys. by Evans, Pughe, Pryse,
Richards, and Spurrell.
U
290
WENDIC, WENDISH.
(1) Same as SLAVO-WENDIC or LETTO-SLAVONIC ; class-name for
combined stem of languages comprising OLD- PRUSSIAN and its varieties,
with others of the SLAVONIC family.
(2) Same as SORBO- WENDIC ; also called SORABIC, or SOBBIAN, the
language of Lusatia, N. Germany. They use the GERMAN character.
Grammar by Jordan, Prag, 1841 ; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852 ; Dicty.
by Zwahr, Spremberg, 1846-7. See WINIDI.
WEST INDIES.
Long extinct ; a few words only are known, taken from the language
of St. Domingo. See TAINO.
WESTMORELAND.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossaries by Wheeler and Gough.
WESTPHALIAN.
Teutonic : classed as LOW-GERMAN.
WETTER.
MALAYAN : a small island of the Timor group, peopled with
Alfuru.
WHIDAH, WIDAH (ATYE).
African : also called FlDAH ; NIGRITIAN dialect of Guinea ; it is allied
to DAHOMEY and to CARIB. H. C. See JUDA.
WHITE- RUSSIAN.
SLAVONIC : dialects of the governments of Smolensko and Moghilov.
It has no literature, except the Lithuania Code.
WlDAH, see WHIDAB.
WlEN, tee VIENNAISE.
WlHINASHT, WIHINAST.
AMERICAN : Western Shoshones ; Snake Indians of Texas. Vocaby. :
" Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
WILLAMET, WALLAMETTE.
American : Indians of Oregon, closely allied to CAYUSE. Vocaby :
"Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
WILTSHIRE, WILTS.
Provincial dialect of Wiltshire in England. Glossary by Akerman.
WlLTZIAN.
SLAVONIC. Same a> LUITIZIAN.
291
WlNDIC.
Slavonic : SLOVENIAN dialect of Windismark (Styria, Carinthia, and
Carniola) in Austria.
WlNEBAGO.
American : also called NIPPEGON ; Sioux dialect of Wisconsin.
Vocaby. : " Amer. Ethnol.," vol. ii.
WlRADUREI.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Kamilaroi, spoken near the N. border of
N.S. Wales. Mr. Horatio Hale found " o " repeated sixty-seven times to
six of " u." J. B.
WlSHOSK, see WEITSPEK.
WlTCHITA, WlTSHITA.
American : dialect of Texas, spoken on the Bed K., and classed &n
PAWNEE.
WlTOURO.
Australian : Kamilaroi dialect, allied to WlRADUREI, spoken N. of
Adelaide. See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845.
WLACH IS H, see WALLACHIAN.
WOCCON, WOKKON (WACCOA).
AMERICAN : primitive dialect of N. Carolina.
*** Along with Catawba, they are the best representatives of the
native population. This is indicated because the Pamtic.oughs and the
Tuscaroras. with whom they are associated in respect to their geography,
are intrusive. From both of these the Woccon and Katawba are widely
separated, and (as far as we are informed by our scanty data) they are,
as separate languages, divided from one another. Each is known from
a single specimen, viz. : that of Lawson, &c., London, 1709. Both the
Woccon and the Catawba have long been extinct. E. G. L.
WODDOWRONG.
Australian : allied to KOLIGON ; spoken to E. of Lake Colac, Victoria.
See " Eyre's Journals," London, 1845.
WOGUL, WOGUI-IAN, under V.
WOKAN, WOKKAM.
MALAYAN : island of the lesser Sunda group. See AROO.
WOKKON, see WOCCON.
WOLAITSA, WORARTSA, WORRATTA.
African : dialects of the GONGA class, spoken in Abyssinia, about 10°
N. L., and allied to KAFFA. See YANGARO.
U 2
292
WOLAROI.
AUSTRALIAN : district distinguished by a dialectical^ variation of
speech.
WOLF INDIANS.
AMERICAN : tribes of Uelawares (called Minsi), and Mohigans (called
Mechchaooh). .
WOLLONDILLY.
AUSTRALIAN : river name.
WOLOF (OUOLOFE).
AFRICAN : dialect of Senegambia. Grammar by Boilat, Pans, 1858 ;
Dicty. by Dard, Dakar, 1855. See JALLOOP.
WOOLWA, WULWA.
American : tribe on B. Mico, Honduras, speaking the CHONTALES
language ; called Caribs by the Spaniards. They " have themselves a
vague tradition that they came originally from the shores of Lake
Managua." Squier, &c. K. G. L.
WORATTA, see WOLAITSA.
WOTAGIAN, WOTIAK.
Tschudic : dialect spoken by the Ugrians of Viatka (Votiaks) in
Eussia, classed as PERMIAN FINS. See Gabelentz in Hofer's " Zeitschr, '
Berlin, 1845.
WOYAWAI, see WAIYAMERA.
WXJCH, see MOULT ANI.
WUGI, see BUGIS.
WULWA, see >WoOLWA. .
WUN.
African : NIGKITIAN dialect of Timbuctoo,
WURGELAH.
Sub- Semitic : Berber race speaking TUARIK.
WYAGO.
MALAYAN : Dyak fishermen of Borneo. See BAJAU,
WYANDOT.
American : same as HURON; Mohawk, Indians classed as Huron-
Iroquois. It is spoken at Caughnawaga, near Montreal in Canada.
293
ADDENDA.
WABRO, WAIKY-WAIKY.
AUSTRALIAN : dialects of the McLeay river. J. B.
WATTY- WATTY.
AUSTRALIAN: dialect of New England, N.S. Wales. (C. Hodgkinson.)
WEEAHS.
AMERICAN : tribes of Indian territory. See SHASTI.
WEST SAXON.
Main dialect of ANGLO-SAXON, spoken in Wessex, and the South
generally, while a distinct dialect, NORTH-ANGLIAN (Northumbrian),
was spoken in the North. See papers by Mr. J. M. Kemble in the
" Proceedings of the Philological Society," 1845-7. G. B.
WESTERN-PORT.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Por1 Philip. Vocaby. by Dr. Bunce. J. B.
WlNIDI.
A form of WEND. GERMAN name for the Slavonians.
WlRAIROI.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of the boundaries of Queensland and N.S.
Wales, derived, says Mr. Ridley, from the affirmative " wirai." J. B.
WlRALHERE.
Australian : a dialect of KAMILAROI.
X.
XAVIER, SAN.
American : mission of old California, closely allied to the San Borgia
Mission, and classed as LA YAM ON.
XEBERO.
AMERICAN : word for word, it is JEBERO ; the languages, however,
are different ; so is the ZAPARA, which also seems to be the same word.
The Cutinana, Paranapura, Chayabita, and Munich are classed as
XEBERO. See " Mithridates," vol. iii., p. 583. R; G. L.
XUMANO, see CHOMANO.
294
Y.
YABU, see YARRIBA.
YACANA-CUNNY.
AMERICAN : tribe of Araucans. See TEHUELET.
YAGBA, see YOEUBA.
YAGUA.
AMERICAN : Indians of Brazil ; their dialect is allied to OREGONES.
YAHGAN, see YAKANAKTJ.
YAHOO,
African : a form of the word DJABU. See EYO.
YAHUA.
American : same as QuiCHUA.
YAIRY-YAIRY.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect near Hastings Eiver, N.S. Wales. J. B.
YAK.
A name for the Eskimo people.
YAKAMA, YAKEMA.
AMERICAN : same as JOAKEMA ; tribe of Sahaptins. Grammar by
Pandosy, 1862.
YAKANAKU.
AMERICAN : Pesherai Indians, natives of Tierra del Fuego. The
separate tribes are named (1) Kamentes, (2) Karaikas, (3) Kennekas.
YAKHA.
Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the Kiranti group,
E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter's " Comp. Dicty."
YAKHAIN.
INDO-CHINESE : native name for the RUKKENG of Arracan.
YAK-KUMBAN.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of Darling district, somewhat allied to
BOHAIPER, spoken from the N.W. bend of the Murray northwards to
Laidley's Ponds, and S.W. to Mount Bryant. Eyre'e "Journals," London,
1846. J. B.
295
YAKUMBA.
AUSTRALIAN : spoken N. of Warialda and in S. Queensland. Vocaby.
by Ridley. J. B.
YAKUT, YAKOUT (JAKUT).
ALATYAN : dialect of the Sokhalar Tnrks of the Lena, closely
allied to YENESEIAN. Grammar, &c., by Boehtlingk, St. Petersburg,
1851. i^T
YAKUTSK.
Alatyan : a dialect of TITNGUS, closely allied to LAMUT. Small vocaby.
in Latham's " Elements," p. 76.
YALA.
African : NUFI dialect of the Gaboon.
YAMEA, YAMEO.
AMERICAN : dialect of Ecuador.
YAMKALLIE.
American : Willamet Indians of Oregon, closely allied to KALLAPUIAH.
YANESEI, see TENESEIAN.
YANGARO.
African : dialect of Abyssinia, classed by Dr. Beke as GONGA. It has
been suggested that it is the same word as ZLNZERO. See Latham's
" Elements," p. 544.
YANKEE.
ANGLO-AMERICAN : a corruption by native Indians of " les Anglais,"
as used by French settlers of the English. See Bartlett's " Dicty. of
Americanisms."
YANKITLAN.
American : MISTECO Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.
YANKTON, YANKTOANON, YANKTONAN.
American : Sioux dialect allied to WiNNEBAGO. Vocaby. in " Amer.
Ethnol.," vol. ii.
YAOI.
American : CARIB Indians of Trinidad and Venezuela.
YAP (EAP).
POLYNESIAN : dialect of the Carolines, somewhat allied to ULEA.
YAQUI, see HiAQtri.
296
YARKUNDI.
Alatyan : TURKISH dialect of Yarkund, Central Asia.
YARRA-BANDINI.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of McLeay Eiver (C. Hodgkinson). J. B.
YARRA-YARRA.
AUSTRALIAN : dialect of river so named ; spoken for fifty miles from
its mouth. The comparative formed by adding "un"; the superlative
by " unun." J. B.
YARRIBA, see YORUBA.
YARURA.
American : JAPURIN Indians of New Granada.
YATSHVING (JACZWING, JATWAG).
Wendic : an extinct language of the LITHUANIC class.
YEBU.
African : dialect of the YORUBA class, closely allied to EYO. Some-
times used as a class-name.
YECONOACAMPAS.
American : VILELA Indians of Cordova.
YEKA, YREKA.
American : the SHASTA-BuTTE Indians, called Ho-te-day.
See SHASTI.
YELABUGA.
Ugrian : a local dialect of VOTIAK, largely infused with TURKISH.
YEMEN.
SEMITIC : local dialect of S. W. Arabia ; also spoken at Cairo.
YEMUT.
TATAR tribe of Central Asia.
YENGEN.
Negrito : dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to INDENI or NITENDI.
YENISEIAN.
ALATYAN : a dialect of TUNGUS, closely allied to YAKUT. Klap-
roth's name for what has been known as the OSTIAK of the 11. Yenisei
YEPPOK.
AMERICAN : tribes of Patagonian Indians.
297
YERUKALI.
Non-Aryan language of India, classed as KHOND, and closely allied
to the dialect of Gaddapur.
YESO, YESSO.
Kuriliau : Arxo dialect of the Japanese group.
YETE.
American : OMAGUA Indians of New Granada.
YEZIDI (JEZIDI).
KURDISH : dialect of the so-called " devil- worshippers," from the
ARYAN word " deva," " to shine."
%* Their real name is SHAITANI. W. S. W. V.
YLOKO, see ILOCANA.
Yo.
ARRACAKESE : same as Ro.
YOMUD, YOMUT.
TURKOMAN tribes of Central Asia.
YORK (CAPE).
Australian : local dialect, closely allied to MASSIED.
YORKSHIRE.
Local dialects of England. The chief varieties are classified as
CRAVEN, HALIFAX (HALLAMSHIRE), MORLEY, SHEFFIELD, E. Riding,
W. Riding.
YORUBA (YARRIBA, YEBU).
AFRICAN. It touches the Atlantic near the mouth of the R. Formosa,
and on the frontier of Dahomey. It extends far inland, bounded chiefly
by the Haussa on the north and the Nufi on the south. The following
vocabularies are Toruba, Dsekiri, Dsubu, Dsumu, Egbe, Eki, Idsesa. Ife,
Ondo, Oto, Oworo, Yagba ; Grammar by Bowen, Washington. 1858.
R. G. L.
YPAPANA.
American : TOTONACA Indians of Puebla and Vera Cruz.
YREKA, see YEKA.
YUCATECAN, see MAYA.
YUGUATL.
American : native name of the NOOTKA. or WAKASH Indians of Van-
couver Island. See TLAOQUATSH.
298
YUGIA-KARTA.
Malayan : dialect of JAVANESE (Balbi).
YUKAHIRI (JUKADSCHIRl).
Alatyan : language of certain tribes, now nearly extinct, on the rivers
Omolon and Kolyma, in E. Siberia. The native name is ANDOXDOMNI.
It is allied to YAKUT.
YUKAI.
American : dialect of U. California, spoken on Russian River, and
somewhat allied to KULANAPO and KHWAKLALAMAYU.
YULA.
African : KOURI dialect, closely allied to KASM.
YULE.
American : CHOLO dialect of New Granada, spoken on the Lower
Atrato. R. G. L.
YUMA.
American : In'dians of U. California ; same as CUCHAN ; class-name
for the MOHAVE- CUCHAN, comprising Mahaos, Hahwalcoes, Yampaio,
and Cocopah. See PUEMAJA.
YUNGA.
AMERICAN : dialect of Peru, spoken on the E. slope of the Andes.
Hervas calls their language MOCHIKA r>l YUNCAS ; Adelung, YUNGA-
MOCHIKA ; ttivero and Tschudi call it a dialect of the QUICHUA.
Ludewig pronounces the language to be "totally different from the
Quichua," and he quotes an '' Arte de la Lengua Yunga, &c.," Lima,
1644, " unknown to the authors of "The Mithridates" ; he is probably
right. He does not quote it as his authority. R. G. L.
YURACARES.
AMERICAN : spoken on the E. slope of the Andes, about 13° S.L. The
Tucana, Maropa, and Apolista are stated to speak either dialects of the
YTJRACARA or allied languages. R. G. L.
YURAK (JURATZ).
Ugrian : classed as a sub-dialect of N. SAMOIED. (Klaproth.)
YURIBA (JURIBA).
African : a form of YORTJBA.
YURIMAGUA.
AMERICAN : Indians of the Upper Amazons, on the frontier of Brazil,
Ecuador, and Peru.
299
Z.
ZACAPULAN, ZACATECAN.
American : extinct dialects of NAHUALTAC. See ZAPOTECAN.
ZACONIAN, under Tz — .
ZAMBOE (SAMBOE).
Term in ethnology ; issue of African and native American Red
Indian.
ZAMIAN.
Semitic : alphabetic system in SYRIAC, whereby the vowels are
attached to consonants, as in ETHIOPIC and SANSKEIT.
ZAMUCAN, ZAMUGU.
American : a language of the Chiquitos Mission in Bolivia ; dialects
are CAIPOTORADE and MOKOTOCO.
ZANGIAN.
African: large genus of Kaffir, classed by Dr. Bleek as BANTCT.
ZANZIBAR.
African : geographical term for languages of the SOUAHILI class.
ZAPARA, ZAPARI, ZAPARO.
American : language of Upper Peru, but quite distinct from the
ANDOA and SHIMAGAC of the same locality. See XEBEBO.
ZAPIBOKONI, under S.
ZAPOTECAN (CAPOTECAN),
AMERICAN : dialect of Oajaca, otherwise Oaxaca or Guaxaca in
Mexico. See ZACAPULAN.
ZAVOLAX.
A Russian compound of "za"=over, on the other side, and
" volak "=a mountain range or watershed ; as such it is a word like
" transmontane " and " transalpine." It applies most specially to the
KARELIAN division of the FIN languages, as opposed to the TAVAS-
TRIAN. R. Gr. L.
ZAVULI, ZAWELY.
Iranic : Zabulistan dialect of PERSIAN.
300
ZAZA.
KURDISH dialect of N.W. Persia, allied to BUKHAREE.
ZEALAND, NEW, see MAORI.
ZEALANDESE, see ZEUWISCHE.
ZENA, ZENEIZE, see GENEVESE.
ZEND-AVESTA (LIVING WORD).
Sacred book of Parsees, containing the doctrines of Zoroaster.
Editions by Burnouf and Westergaard. W. S. W. V.
ZENDIC, ZEND.
IRANIC : an early dialect, classed as INDO-EUROPEAN, and closely
allied to SANSCRIT, embodying the sacred writings of the Parsees or
" f^re-worshippers." The word Zend means "book." The alphabetical
system was written from right to left, and closely resembles the ancient
PALAHVI. Grammar by Spiegel, Leipsig, 1867 ; by Hovelacque, Paris,
1869. See PEHLVI.
ZEOKORE, ZEONE.
AMERICAN : dialect of Brazil.
ZERGA, ZERGO.
ITALIAN word for "cant" or "slang;" the modern form is GERGO.
Sabio : " Libro Zergo," Venice, 1575. See FURBESCO.
ZEUWSCHE, ZEUWISCHE.
DUTCH : provincial dialect of Zealand.
ZlGANI, ZIGEUNER.
Names for GIPSY. Treatise by Pott, Halle, 1845.
ZlLLAH.
Indian : trade jargon, spoken chiefly at Madras. It is formed of
TELUGU, HINDI, and PERSIAN. Dicty. by Brown, 1852.
ZINCALA, ZINCALI, ZlNGAREE.
ROMANY : names for GIPSY.
ZINZERO (GINGERO).
Ancient district of Abyssinia. See YANGARO.
ZIPS.
Teutonic : local dialect of HIGH-GERMAN in Hungary.
See UNGARN.
ZIRIAN, ZIRIANIAN.
UGRIAN : dialect of Vologda ; also called SIRJENIC.
See SlRANIAN.
301
ZOBEL (SABLE), see OSTIAK.
ZOQUE.
American : CHIAPANECA Indians of Mexico.
ZOROS.
Tatar : same as DORBOT, classed in the W. division of MOGHOL.
ZOUAVE (SHAWI).
Sub-Semitic : same as KABAJL or SHOWIAH.
ZUDAKARA.
Lesgbian : classed as a dialect of AKTJSH.
ZULU.
African : KAFFIR dialect of Natal. Dicty. by Perrin and Brickhill,
Pietermaritzburg, 1865 ; Grammar (Isizulu) by Grout, Natal, 1869.
ZUNGARIA, see DSUNGAR.
ZUNI.
American : PUEBLO Indians of New Mexico. Vocaby. in " Pacific
E. Report," vol. ii.
ZUTUGIL.
American : KACHIQUEL Indians of Guatemala.
FINIS.
[NOTICE. — Owing to the unexpected enlargement of this Book irt
Course of printing, the APPENDIX is necessarily postponed ; and the more
especially as additional matter has been received sufficient to make a second
volume. And it will be proceeded with so soon as an adequate list of
Subscribers shall be obtained.'}
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
A. H. B. — Mr. BLEECK, late of the British Museum.
C. T. B. — Dr. BEKE, author of " Origines Biblicse," &c.. &c.
E. B.— Vice-Admiral Sir E. BELCHER, K.C.B., &c., &c.
J. B.— JAMES BONWICK, Esq., F.R.G.S., &c., &c.
E. B. — Dr. BROWN, President of the R.P.S., Edinburgh.
A. C. — ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Esq., M.D., &c., &c.
H. C. — HYDE CLARKE, Esq., LL.D., F.S.S., &c., &c.
• W. E. — Sir WALTER ELLIOT.
D. F.— DAVID FORBES, Esq., F.R.S.
W. G.— The Rev. W. W. GILL, B.A.
H. H. H.— H. H. HOWORTH, Esq., M.A.
R. G. L.— Dr. LATHAM, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c.
W. G. L.— The Rev. W. G. LAWES.
F. W. N. — Emeritus Professor F. W. NEWMAN.
G. R. — The Rev. Canon RAWLINSON, M.A., Camden Professor,
Oxford.
R. P. S. — The Very Rev. R. PAYNE SMITH, D.D., &c., &c., Dean
of Canterbury.
W. W. S.— The Rev. W. W. SKEAT, A.M., Cambridge.
G. T.— The Rev. Dr. TURNER.
J. T.— The Hon. JAMES TOBIN.
J. V. — Mons. JULIEN VINSON.
P. J. V. — Dr. VETH, Leiden, Holland.
W. W. S. V.— W. S. W. VATJX, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
W. W. — The Rev. WENTWORTH WEBSTER, M.A.
ERRATA.
Page 21, line 7. " 1 " dropped out ; read "small."
Page 37, line 9 from bottom. Eead —
BURRAH-BURRAH.
Also written BooRA-BooRA : a dialect of the Lower Murray R.,
Victoria ; named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge.
J. B.
Page 107, line 22. The reference " See IGALA," belongs to the article
under IGARRA.
Page 253, line 18 from bottom. For " Swaefs or Suevi," read " Suiones."
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