Treaties, &c. Concluded Between Great Britain and Persia: And Between Persia and Other Foreign ...

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Cl^t-'^x

•oi.

FROM THE FUND BEQUEATHED BY
;■ ARCHIBALD GARY COOLIDGE]
- ABI887 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY i

1908-1928 DIRECTOR OF THE '
i UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1910-1928

6-^-<' '■;

r , -i i

<. '

®

TREATIES, &c.

CONCLUDED BETWEEN

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA,

AND BETWEEN

PERSIA AND OTHER FOREIGN POWERS,

WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY IN FORCE ON THE

1st APRIL, 1891.

BY

SIR EDWARD HERTSLET^ C.B.

(Librarian and Keeper of the Papers, Foreign Office).

LONDON :

BUTTERWORTHS, 7, FLEET STREET,

f afo |nWi8fe«r8 to ^\it Qoetn's Post ^mllent Pajfstg.

HARRISON & SONS, 59, PALL MALL,

ioohselltrs io ^\t ^mm nnb i-gj. ^\t |pma of m^\n.

1891.
\All Mights refierved.'\

Ak^AtOOSs'

Harvard Celiege Library

JAN J81911
Gift of ...
Prof. A. C. Coolidge

LONDON :
HABBISON AND SONS, FBIKTEBS IN OBDINABT TO HBB MAJESTT,

ST. mabtin's lane.

PREFACE.

In January, 1875, the publication of a separate collection of
Treaties was commenced, the object of which was to show how
the Trade between Great Britain and Foreign Powers was regu-
lated, and what Privileges British Subjects could enjoy in
certain Foreign Dominions and Possessions, not only under the
English Treaties concluded with those Powers, but also in virtue
of the Treaties which those Powers had concluded with other
Countries, the benefits of which could be claimed by this
country under the most-favoured-nation clauses of the English
Treaties.

The First Part of this collection was devoted to an examina-
tion of the Treaties which Austria-Hungary had concluded
with Great Britain and with other Foreign Powers. This was
followed by a similar examination, in separate collections, of
the Treaties concluded by Turkey, Italy, China, Japan, and
Spain.

The General Title given to these Volumes was — "Treaties
and Tariffs regulating the Trade between Great Britain and
Foreign Nations."

The present Volume relating to Persia is intended to form
one of this series ; but it has been found necessary to alter the
Title, since it has been considered adWsable to include other
Subjects than those of Trade, and to insert in the Collection
not simply abstracts but complete copies of the Treaties which
Persia has concluded, not with this country only but also with
other Powers, relating to Commerce, NaAigation, Telegraphic
communications, the Slave Trade, Boundaries, and other
matters.

The Title of the present Volume will therefore be — *« Trea-
ties concluded between Great Britain and Persia, and between
Persia and other Foreign Powers ; wholly or partially in force on
the 1st April, 1891."

It has not been thought necessary to give copies of the
expired Treaties concluded between this Country and Persia
previous to the commencement of the present century, as they
are all to be found in the 6th Volume of ** Aitchison's Collection

No.

1.

1801.

2.

))

• 3.

1809.

4.

1812.

5.

1814.

6.

1828.

IV PREFACE.

of Treaties," published at Calcutta; but it has been thought
that it might be interesting if the collection commenced with
the Treaties concluded in January, 1801, although all the
Treaties concluded between that date, and March, 1857 (with
the exception of the Commercial Treaty of 28th October, 1841),
have now ceased to be in force.

The following, then, is a List of the Treaties and other
International Engagements which have^ been entered into
between Great Britain and Persia since the 1st January, 1801 : —

Page.

January. Political Treaty . . . . . . . . . . 1

January. Commercial Treaty. . . . . . . . . . 1

^3.1809. 12th March. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. 4

/ /I 1Q10 14th March. Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. . 5

25th November. Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Subsidy 6
March — August. Agreement cancelling the Subsidy Articles

of the Treaty of 25th November, 1814 7

7. 1841. 28th October. Commercial Treaty . . . . . . . . 9

(See also Treaty of 4th March, 1857, Art. IX, p. 19.)

8. 1851. August. Convention authorising the detention and search of
Persian Vessels by British and East India Company's
Cruizers, with a view to the suppression of the Slave
-Lracie •• .. •• .. .. .. .. «• XiS

(Confirmed by Article XIII of the Treaty of 4th March,
1857, but cancelled by Art. IV of the Convention of
2nd March, 1882, p. 42.)

9. 1858. 25th January. Engagement contracted by Persian Q-ovem-
ment towards the British Government, with regard to
Herat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

War was declared by Great Britain against Persia on the
1st November, 1856, and the Treaty of Peace was signed at
Paris on the 4th March, 1857.

No. Page.

10. *1867. 4th March. Treaty of Peace. Engagement with regard to

Herat and Afghanistan, &c. . . . . . . . . 16

11. 1862. 17th December. Engagement. Telegraph Line. Khana-

keen to Bushire, vid Tehran . . . . . . . . 23

12. 1866. 23rd November. Telegraph Convention 25

13. *1868. 2nd April. Telegraph Convention 30

*1871. Ist — 4th September. Arrangement. Boundary. Persia and

Kelat 105

--- *1872. August. Arrangement. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan

Boundary. British Award . . . . , . , , 63

14. *1872. 2nd December. Telegraph Convention 32

— *1873. 15th May. (Proposed) Amended Arrangement. Boundary.

Persia and Kelat .. .. .. ,. ,. ., 106

15. *1882. 2nd March. Slave Trade Convention 40

16. 1887. 3rd July. Agreements. Prolongation of Telegraph Con-
ventions of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd December, 1872 . . 43

PREFACE. V

Those Treaties which are still in force are marked with an
asterisk ; but a short abstract of the contents of those which
have expired is also given for convenience of reference under
their respective dates.

In addition to the direct Engagements which Persia has
entered into with this Country, she was also a Signatory, or an
Acceding Party, to the following general International Engage-
ments, to which Great Britain was also a Party : —

1866. 17th May. International Telegrapli Convention (Paria).

** State Papers," Vol. LVI, p. 295.
1868. 21 st July. International Telegraph Convention (Vienna).

" State Papers," Vol. LIX, p. 822.
„ 11th December. Declaration. Non-use in time of war of Explosive
Projectiles under 400 grammes weight (St. Petersburgh).
*» State Papers," Vol. LVIII, p. 16.
1872. 14th January. International Telegraph Convention (Rome).

" State Papers," Vol. LXVI, p. 975.

1874. 5th December. Accession to (G-eneva) Convention of 22nd August,

1864, respecting the Wounded in Armies in the Field.
" State Papers," Vol. LXX, p. 1168.

1875. 22nd July. International Telegraph Convention (St. Petersburgh).

" State Papers," Vol. LXVI, p. 19.

1877. 18th August. Declaration. Accession of Persia to General Postal

Union Treaty signed at Berne, 9th October, 1874.
*' State Papers," Vol. LXV, p. 18.

1878. 15th August. Accession to Universal Postal Union of Ist June,

1878 (Paris). (" State Papers," Vol. LXIX, p. 210.) (Amended
by Additional Act of 2l8t March, 1885.)

"Slate Papers," Vol. LXIX, p. 276.
1880. 3rd November. Excliange of Postal Parcels without declaration of
value (Paris).

** State Papers, Vol. LXXI, p. 356.
1884, 14th March. Protection of Submarine Cables. (Signed by Persian
Plenipotentiary, but not ratified by the Shah.)
" Hertslet's Treaties," Vol. XVII, p. 495.
1886. 21st March. Additional Act to Convention of 1st June, 1878.
(" State Papers," Vol. LXIX, p. 210.) Universal Postal Union
(Lisbon) .

*' Hertslet's Treaties," Vol. XVII, pp. 235, 241, 243.

The Shah of Persia has also issued the following Firmans,
&c., granting certain Commercial and other Privileges to Great
Britain and other Countries, and for the Suppression of the-
Slave Trade : —

Page.
1823. July (August). Abolition of Export Duty on Horses .. 47
1836. 5th May. Permission to British Merchants to trade with
Persia on payment of the same duties as those paid by
Russian Merchants (see also Treaty of 4th March, 1857,
Art. IX, p. 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

1839. 15th September. Protection of Servants and Dependants of

the British Mission . . . • . . . . . . . . 48

1840. April. Ditto, ditto (amended)..- .. .. 49

A 2

vi PREFACE.

Page.
1844. May (June). Protection of Bridsli Merchants in case of

Bankruptcies.. .. .. .. .. .. •• 50

1848. 12th June. Prohibition against the importation of Slayes by

Sea 64—56

1888. 26th May. Protection of Lives and Properties of Persian

Subjects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56,57

1888. 30th October. Opening of the Karoon Eiyer . . . . 58

1890. Ist February. Notice. Prohibition against Traffic in Sbives

by Sea or Land • • . . . . . . . . • • 58

It may also be mentioned that an Understanding was
arrived at between Great Britain and Russia in 1834, with
regard to the maintenance of the Independence and Integrity
of Persia, which was admitted to be in force, by an Exchange
of Notes, in 1838, in 1873, in 1874, and again in 1888 (page
209).

In 1 834, an Understanding was also arrived at between Great
Britain and Russia, with regard to the Succession to the Persian
Throne (page 215).

In March, 1865, an Agreement was arrived at between Great
Britain and Russia respecting a Map of the Turco-Persian
Frontier (page 218).

On the 27th July, 1880, a Protocol was signed between
Great Britain and Russia, fixing the Boundaries between Turkey
and Persia in the Ten'itory of Khotour, in accordance with
Article LX of the Treaty of Beriin of 13th July, 1878 (page 219).

On the 13th December, 1889, Two Orders in Council were
passed, one entitled '' The Persia Order in Council, 1889," and
the other "The Persian Coast and Islands Order in Council,
1889." These Orders are too voluminous to find a place in this
collection, but a short abstract of the contents of each of them
is given at pages 193, 199.

A List of the Treaties, &c., which Persia has concluded with
Foreign Countries other than with Great Britain, is given at
page HI ; and, as it is stipulated in Article IX of the Treaty of
Peace of 4th March, 1 857 (page 19), that " The High Contracting
Parties engage that in the establishment and liEcoGNniON
OP Consuls- General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and Consular
Agents, each shall be placed in the dominions of the
other on the footing of the most favoured nation; and

that THE TREATMENT OF THEIR RESPECTIVE SUBJECTS, AND

THEIR Trade, shall also, in every respect, be placed on

THE footing of THE TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECTS AND COM-
MERCE OF THE MOST FAVOURED NATION," COpies of those

PREFACE. Vll

Treaties are* given, in alphabetical order, preceded by an
abstract of their Contents.

They are classified again, according to Subjects, in the Index,
which will be found at the end of the Volume; so that it can
readily be ascertained what Privileges have been conceded by
Persia to Foreign Countries, the benefits of which can be
enjoyed by Great Britain, in addition to the privileges directly
conceded by Persia to British Subjects and their Trade.

In conclusion, I beg to state that this Work is not an official
publication but purely a Private Undertaking, and that I am
personally responsible for the statements which it contains.

EDWARD HERTSLET.

Foreign Office^

\8t April, 1891.

PART I.

Copies or Abstracts pf Treaties, &c., concluded between Great

Britain and Persia 1801—1887 1

PART IT.

Firmanns issued by the Shah of Persia granting Commercial
and other Privileges to Great Britain and other Powers ;
and for the Suppression of the Slave Trade .... 1823 — 1888 45

PART III.

Treaties, &c., concluded by Persia with Foreign Powers other
than with Great Britain, which were wholly or partially in
force on the 1st April, 1891 69

PART IV.

British Orders in Council respecting Consular Jurisdiction in
Persia ; and in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian
Coasts and Islands) 13th December, 1889 191

PART V.

Agreements between Great Britain and Russia respecting

Persia 1834— 188& 207

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Treaties, &c., concluded between Great Britain and Persia,

1801-1887 :—

yo. vxan

1. Political Treaty between the English Government and the Shah of Persia. • ;

January, 1801^ 1

2. Commercial Treaty between the English Q-overnment and the Shah of

Persia. January, 1801 "^ 1

3. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Q-reat Britain

and Persia. 12th March, 1809 ^ 4

4. Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain and

Persia. ' 14th March, 1812 <- 5

5. Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain and

Persia. 25th November, 1814 -^ 6

6. Agreement between Great Britain and Persia, cancelling the Subsidy

Articles of the-Treaty of 25th November, 1814. March-August, 1828 / 7

7. Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and Persia.

28th October, 1841 . 9

8. Agreement between Great Britain and Persia, authorising the Detention

and Search of Persian Merchant Vessels by British and East India
Company's Cruizers,.with a view to the Suppression of the Slave Trade

August, 1851 12

9. Engagement contracted by the Persian Government towards the British

Government regarding Herat. 25th January, 1853 14

10. Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and Persia. 4th March, 1857 16

11. Engagement entered into by the Persian Government towards the British

Government for the construction of a Line of Telegraph from Xhana-
keen to Bushire, vid Tehran. 17th December, 1862 23

12. Convention between Great Britain and Persia relative to Telegraphic

Communication between Europe and India. 28rd November, 1865 25

13. Convention between Great Britain and Persia for extending and securing

Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India.

2nd April, 1868 30

14. Convention between Great Britain and Persia, for continuing the system

of Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India through
Persia. 2nd December, 1872 32

15. Convention between Ghreat Britain and Persia, for the suppression of the

Traffic in Slaves. 2nd March, 1882 40

16. Agreements between the British and Persian Governments for prolonging,

imtil 31st January, 1905, the Conventions between Her Majesty and
the Shah of Persia of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd December, 1872, rela-
tive to Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India.

3rd July, 1887 43

PART II.

Firmauns issued by the Shah of Persia, 1823-1890.

PAGE

Abolition of Export Duty on Horses, July (August), 1823 47

British Trade with Persia. 5th May, 1836 48

Protection of Servants and Dependants of British Mission.

15th September, 1839 48

Ditto (Amended). April, 1840 49

CONTENTS.

XI

Bankruptcies, Protection of British Merchants.

Prohibition against Importation of Negro Slaves by Sea.

Protection of Lives and Property of Persian Subjects.

Opening of the'Karun River.

Notice. Prohibition against the Traffic in Slaves by Sea or Land.

Ist February, 1890

May (June), 1844

Juiie, 1848

26th May, 188S

80th October, 1888

PAOK
60
54
50
58

C8

PART III.

Treaties, &c., concluded by Persia with Foreign Powers (other than
WITH Great Britain), 1693-1889 ; — namely, with

PAGE

Afghanistan Aug., 1872 British Award. Seistan Boundary 63

Austria- Hungary. 17th May, 1857 . . Treaty. Commerce and Naviga-
tion 66

Belgium 31st July, 1857 . . • Friendship and Commerce 73

Denmark 30th Nov., 1857. . . Friendship and Commerce 77

Egypt 1823. 1889 Special Commercial Arrangements 80

France 12th July, 1855 . . Friendship and Commerce 80

Germany 6th, 11th June, 1873 Friendship and Commerce 4 ??

Greece • 28th Oct., 1861 . . . Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-

_ gation 94

Italy 24th Sept., 1862 . .

„ 29th Sept., 1862 . .

Kelat lst-4th Sept., 1871

100

„ 15th May, 1873 .. .

Ketherlands . . . • 3rd July, 1857 ....

^^ Oman (Muscat) . . 17th Nov., 1856 . .

y^ Russia 12th Oct:, 1813 ..

22nd Feb., 1828 . .

ij

»»

»»

it

»

»)

>»

»»

22nd Feb., 1828
22nd Feb., 1828

3rd July, 1844 .

13th Dec, 1869 . . .
^^th May, 1879 . . .

3lBt Jan., 1881 .
,^^ Dec, 1881..

Spain 4th Mar., 1842 . . .

„ 9th Feb., 1870....

Sweden and Nor- l7th Nov., 1857 . ,
way

Switzerland 23rd July, 1873 . .

Turkey 1639

23rd Oct., 1727 . . .

Jan., 1746 Peace

Jan., 1747 Peace

Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation

Addl. Art. Silkworms' Eggs and

Cocoons , 104

Notes. Great Britain and Persia.

(Beloochistan, &c.) Boundary.. 105
Amended Notes (proposed) ditto . 106

Friendship and Commerce 108

Bender Abbas (terminated) 112

/ Peace and Friendship (Gulistan) . . 115
Peace and Friendship (Tourkman-

/ tchai) 117

Commerce (Tourkmantchai) 125

Ceremonial. Reception of Diplo-
matic Agents (Tourkmantchai) . 180
Interpretation of Art. 14 of Treaty
of 22nd February, 1828. Dis-
orders on the Frontiers. Pass-
ports 183

River Attrek to form Boundary on

East Coast of the Caspian Sea . . 133
Telegraphic (expired. But see Con-
vention, ^ Jan., 1881) 134

Telegraphic 134

Akhal-Khorussan Boundary. East

of Caspian Sea 136

Friendship and Commerce 140

Friendship and Commerce 144

Friendship and Commerce 146

»»

♦♦

Friendship and Commerce 149

Friendship and Commerce. Note. . 153

Peace 153

155

160

»»

»

28th July, 1823 . . . Peace (Erze'\)om) 163

31st May, 1847 . . . Limits (Erzeroom) 169

XII

CONTENTS.

Turkey 2Sth Nov., 1863.. .

„ 3rd Aug., 1869 .. .

20th Dec, 1875 .. .

„ 4th Jan., 1876 ....

13th July, 1878 ..

, 27th July, 1880 ..

United States .... 13th Dec., 1856 . .

PA6B

Telegraphic 173

Provisional Arrangement. Turco-

Persian Frontiers 176

Consular Jurisdiction. Civil and

Commercial Suits. Trade G-uilds.

Protection. Nationality, &c. . . 179
Yizirial Letter explanatory of ditto 184
Cession by Turkey to Persia of

Jown and Territory of Khotour 219
Protocol, Great Britain and Russia

ditto 219

Friendship and Commerce 186

PART IV.

Orders in Council respecting British Consular Jurisdiction in
Persi\ and in tbe Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: —

FA6B

In Persia 13th Decemher, 1889 193

In Persian G-ulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian Coasts and Islands)

13th Decemher, 1889 199

PART V.

Agreements between Great Britain and Russia respecting the

Affairs of Persia.

No. PAOR

1. Agreements respecting the maintenance of tbe Integrity and Independence

of Persia. September, 1834 209

[Confirmed in 1873, in 1874, and in 1888.]

2. Agreement respecting Succession to the Persian Throne.

August, September, 1834 215

3. Agreement respecting a Biap of the Turco-Persian Boundary.

March, 1865 218

4. Protocol fixing the Boundary between Turkey and Persia in the Territory

of Khotour. 27th July, 1880 219

List of British Ambassadors and Enyoys to the Court of Persia.

1800-1890 220
List of Persian Ambassadors, Bepresentatires, and Enyoys to the Court of
Great Britain, 1810-1890 222

Subject Index. .

223

PART I.

COPIES OR ABSTRACTS OF TREATIES, &c

CONCLUDED BETWEEN

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA

1801—1887^

(No. 1.) POLITICAL TREA TYbetween the English Government

and the Shah of Persia. — January 1801.*

Table ov Contents.
Arfc.

Preamble.
I. Mutual aid and assistance.

II. Engagement of the Shah to laj waste the Afghan Dominions in event
of the Afghans attempting to inyade India.

III. Peace to be concluded with the Afghans onlj on condition of their abandon-

ing all designs against India.

IV. Engagement of Persia to oppose hostile attack bj Afghans or bj the French

against the English.
y. Engagement of Persia to prevent the French from settling or residing in
anj of the Islands or Shores of Persia.
Engagement of the English to assist Persia with Military Stores in the
event of war between the Persians and the French.

This Treaty was concluded by Captain (afterwards Sir) John
Malcolm on behalf of the British (rovemment, and by Hajee
Ibrahim Khan on behalf of Persia. It is no longer in force.

(No. 2.) COMMERCIAL TREATY between the English Gov-
emment and the S/iah of Persia, — January ISOl.f

Art. Table of Contents.

Preamble.
I. Protection of Merchants, their Goods, and Cattle.

II. No duties to be charged on Government Goods required by English
Employes.

* See " Aitchison*8 Treaties," Vol. 6, page 378.

t See ** Hertslet's Commercial Treaties," Vol. 13, page 660, and " Aitchison's
Treaties," Vol. 6, page 381.

1 B

u^'

Jan., 1801.] GKEAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Ajt.

III. Injuries inflicted by Thieves or Robbers. Pajment of Debts.

IV. RecoTery of Debts due to English Goyemment by deceased Persians.
Hire and punishment of Domestic Natives by British Employes.

Y. Right of tlie English to build or rent Houses in Persia.

Repair of damaged Ships in Ports of either country. Wrecks.

Final Article,
Right of British Subjects to leave Persia with their Property.

Additional Article,

Duties on certain British G-oods to be charged 1 per cent. Duties charged
in Persia and India on other goods to remain fixed.

This.Treaty was concluded by Captain (afterwards Sir) John
Malcolm on the part of the British Government, and by Hajee
Ibrahim Khan, on the part of Persia. It is no longer in force.

The following account is given in " Aitchison*s Treaties,"* of
what passed between the signature of the Treaties of January,
1801, and the conclusion of the Treaty of 12th March, 1809 : —

*'In 1805, during the war between Persia and Russia, which
originated in the invasion of Georgia, the Shah of Persia,
having sufiTered, severe reverses, and being threatened with the
vengeance of Russia for the treacherous murder of a Russian
General, threw himself on the support of Napoleon, who was
then at the height of his power, and made overtures for a union
of p(Jlitical interests with France. He bitterly resented the in-
terpretation which the British Government put upon the Treaty
of 1801 and their refusal to give him the assistance against Russia
which he claimed under that Treaty, and in consideration of
which he had oifered, through his Ambassador, Aga Mahomed
Nubbi Khan, to relinquish the French alUance. The proposals
of the French were that they should compel the Russians to
testore the provinces wrested from Persia, and that they should
fiirnish the Shah with mihtary stores and officers to organize
his army on the European system, while the Shah on his part
was to declare immediate war with the English, to invade
India by way of Afghanistan, and to permit a French army to
invade India through his territories. These negotiations were
frustrated by the peace concluded at Tilsit between Napoleon
and the Emperor Alexander, but they had the effect of rousing
the British Government to efforts for the recovery of their lost
ascendency at the Court of Teheran and the protection of their
Indian, Empire by binding the western frontier States in a
ohaiu of friendly alhance. Missions were sent to the Ameers of
Sind, Runjeet Sing, and the Court of Cabul, and Sir John
Malcolm was again accredited as envoy to Persia. Unfortu-
nately, however, without previous concert with the Indian
Government, and in ignorance of the measures concerted by
them. Sir Harford Jones was at the same time deputed direct
from England as Plenipotentiary on the part of the Crown.
This event led to unseemly complications, which had the effect

— --. ■ ■ I ■ Ml ^1 I M 1^ T"^^*"^

• Vol. 6, page 357.
2

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [Jan., 1801.

of rendering both Governments ridiculous in the eyes of the
Pei*sian8.

*^ Su- John Malcolm was instmcted, in the event of Su' Harford
Jones arriving at Bombay on his way to Persia before liim, to
proceed as Envoy to Bagdad for the purpose ol establishing an
aUiance with the Pasha and the petty chiefs in Arabia, leaving
Sir H. Jones to conduct the negotiations at Teheran ; but the
paramount importance of recovering a footing in Persia was to
overrule all other considerations, and Sir J. Malcolm was to
proceed on his mission to Persia without delay if he should find
riimself the first in the field. Sir John arrived in Persia fii*st,
while the Shah was still trusting to the liberal promises with
which the French amused him. Considering the dignity of
the British Government insulted by an attempt, which ho attri-
buted to tlie influence of the French Embassy, to exclude him
from the Royal presence and draw liim into negotiations 'with
subordinate officials at Shiraz, he concluded that there was no
hope of a fiiendly alliance. He therefore abruptly quitted the
country, and, proceeding to Calcutta, induced Lord Minto to

frepare for the occupation of the Island of Kharrack, in the
'eman Gulf, as a position from which the British Government
could either negotiate with dignity or act with efifect if war
should be declared. The instnictions given- to Sir Harford
Jones were that he should remain at Bombay till the issue of
Sir John Malcolm's mission was known, but that ho should

Eroceed to Persia at once, in the event either of Sir J. Malcolm
eing obhged to leave without attaining his object, or of his
succeeding in concluding a preliminary Treaty. On Sir John
Malcolm's return, therefore, ne set out for Teheran. Further
instructions to suspend Ids mission reached him too late. He
arrived at Teheran when the Shah had lost all faith in the pro-
fessions of the French, which, in consequence of the peace with
Russia and reverses in Europe, thev were no longer able to
ftilfil, and he therefore found no difficulty in concluding a pre-
liminary Treaty. By this Treaty, which was concluded on the
12th and exchanged on the 15th March, 1809,* all Treaties con-
tracted by the King with European Powers were annulled, the
Shah engaged to prevent the passage of European armies
through his dominions towards India, and the English were to
assist him with troops or a subsidy if any Em'opean forces
should invade his territories, and to take no part except as
mediators in any war between Persia and Afghanistan."

* Page 4.

3 B 2

12th Marcb, 1809.] aREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

(No. 3.) PRELIMINARY TREATY of Friendship and Alli-
ance between Great Britain and Persia. — Signed at Tehran^
12th March, 1809.

\jyj^ [Ratifications exchanged 15th March, 1809.]

v^

Table of Ooktekts.
-Art.

Preamble.
I. Preliminary Articles to form a basis of a Definitive Treaty of Peace and
Friendship.
II. Unalterable Friendship. '

III. Abrogation of all Treaties or Agreements made with European Powers.
No European Force to be allowed to pass through Persia, India, or Indian

Ports.

IV. British Subsidy to Persia in event of European invasion. Persian assistance

to India in event of attack or invasion by Afghans or any other Power.
V. Non-retention of Island of Karrak or of Persian Ports temporarily occupied

by British troops. Disposal of Troops sent to Persia from India,
VI. Supply of Provisions, &c., to British Troops at Island of Karrak or in

Persian Ports.
VII. Non-interference of Great Britain in event of War between Persia and the
Afghans, except as a Mediator.
VIII. PreUminary Articles merely defensive. Non-conclusion by Persia of en-
gagements inimical to British interests.

This Treaty was couchided by Sh* Harford Jones, Bart., on
the part of Great Britain, and by Mahommed Sheffeeh and
Mahommed Hoossein on the part of Persia.

The vaUdity of this Treaty, subject to such modifications
as might afterwards be agreed upon, was recognised by Lord
Minto, who, however, suspended the functions of Sir H. Jones,
directed him to withdraw from Persia, and again sent Sir John
Malcolm as Envoy to the Shah for the purpose of concerting
further arrangements. Meanwhile Sir H. Jones had received
orders from England to remain at Teheran till the arrival of
another Plenipotentiaiy, Sir Gore Ouseley, whose powers super-
seded those both of Sir H. Jones and Sir J. Malcolm. A Defini-
tive Treaty based on the Prehminary Treaty of 1809, was con-
cluded by Sir Gore Ouseley, on 14th March, 1812 (Page 5), but
some of the stipulations were altered in England, and it was
not till 1814 that the terms of the Treaty (Page 6) were finally
adjusted (Aitchison, Vol. 6, page 359).

GREAT BRITAIN AND F£RSIA. [14th March, 1812.

<No. 4.) DEFINITIVE TREATY of Friendship and Alliance
between Great Britain a7id Persia. — Signed at Tehran^ 14<A
March, 1812.

Art. Table ov Contents.

Preamble.
I. All alliances formerly contracted between Persia and European Nations
declared null and Toid. No European Army to be allowed to enter
Persian territory, nor to proceed towards India. No European haying
hostile designs against India to enter Persia. Persia to do all in iti
power to induce European Powers not to attempt to inyade India.

II. Assistance to be rendered by G-reat Britain by an armed force or by an
annual subsidy of 200,000 tomauns to defend Persia against invasion by
any European Nation.
III. Every endeavour to bo made by England to bring about a friendly under-
standing with any European Power engaged in War with Persia, in
event of Peace being oonclnded between that Power and Englaoid.
Failing success, Persia to be furnished with an Army from India, or an
annual subsidy of 200,000 tomauns. In event of war continuing between
Persia and any European Nation, English Government to furnish
Officers. &c., for the purpose of drilling and disciplining the Persian
Army, if required.

lY. Subsidy granted in lieu of troops to bo paid by British Government by early
instalments.

Y. Persia to send an Army against Afghanistan in event of the Afghans being
at War with the English ; such Army to be paid for by the British
Government.

yi. British Government not to interfere in event of War between Persians

and Afghans, unless its mediation b e asked for.
YII. In event of Persia determlfiing to establish a Naval Force on the Caspian
Sea, British Naval Officers, Seamen, Shipwrights, and others to be
allowed to enter service of King of Persia, on the understanding that
they be paid by His Persisin Majesty.
Yin. Any Persian Subject of distinction showing signs of hostility and rebellion
and taking refuge in British Territories, to be turned out of the country
or seized and sent back to Persia.

IX. English Gt>vernment to assbt the King of Persia with Ships of War and
troops in the Persian Gulf, if convenient and practicable. Expense to
be paid by Persia. Ships to anchor in ports to be pointed out by
Persian Government.

X. Allowances to be paid by Persia to Officeirs, Drill Sergeants, and others
sent to discipline Persian Army. Power reserved of dismissal in case of
neglect of duty.

XI. Articles of Treaty to be binding on respective Heirs Apparent of the two

Contracting Sovereigns.
XII. Object of Treaty. Mutual assistance for defeating aggressions of Enemies.
Desire of Great Britain to strengthen and consolidate Persian Govern-
ment ; to prevent Foreign Nations from invading Persia ; to raise her
Political consequence ; and to increase her Territory. British Govern-
ment not to interfere in internal quarrels of Persia unless invited by
the King of Persia to do so, and not to accept a Persian Province if
offered by one of the contending Parties.

This Treaty was concluded by Sir Gore Ouseley on the part
of Great Britain, and by Mohammed Sheffee and Mohammed
Hossein on the part of Persia, but some of its stipulations were
altered in England, and it was not till the 25th November, 1814,
that the ternjs of the Definitive Treaty of Peace were finally
agreed upon. (See page 6.)

25th Not., 1814.] GBEAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

(No. 5.) DEFINITIVE TREATY of Friendshij^ and Alliance
bettceen (ireat Britain and Persia. — Signed at Tehran^ 25th
November, 1814.*

Art.

Table or Coktekts.

Preamble. References to Treaties concluded by Sir Harford Jones on the
12th March, 1809, and by Sir Gore Ouseley on the 14th March, 1812.
Separate Treaty to be concluded relating to Commerce, &.c.t
I. All alliances between Persia and European Nations in state of hostility
y. with Great Britain null and void. No European Army to be allowed to

/ enter Persian Territory, nor to proceed towards India. No Europeans

having hostile designs against India to enter Persja. Persia to do all in
its power to induce neighbouring States to prevent invasion of India
through their Territories.
II. Lasting Friendship. Non-interference of Great Britain in disputes between
Prmces, Noblemen, and Great Chiefs of Persia. British Government
not to accept from them ^ Province of Persia, if offered. ,
m. Mutual assistance against aggressions of Enemies. Definition of the
word "aggression." Limits between Persia and Russia to bo deter-
mined by Great Britain, Persia, and Russia.
rV. British Subsidy to Persia in event of European Invasion to consist of
y Troops and Warlike Stores from India or of an Annual Subsidy of 200,000

tomauns (conditionally) from Britbh Government.
Y. Employment of European Officers to discipline Persian Troops.
VI. Endeavours to be made to include Persia in any Treaty of Peace between
Great Britain and an European Power at War with Persia, failing
which military support from India and British Subsidy to Persia to be
ascertained.
VII. Payment of Subsidy by Instalments.
VIII. i^ssistance to be afforded by Persia to the English against the Afghans in

the event of their being at War with them.
y IX. Non-interference of the British CK>vernment in event of War between
^ Persia and Afghanistan.

X. Disaffected Persons of distinction not to be sheltered in British Dominions.

Reciprocal Treatment between. Contracting Parties.
XI. Assistance to be afforded to Persia by British Ships of War in Persian

Gulf.
XII. Amendments made in Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of 14th
March, 1812 (Page 5).

This Treaty was concluded by Mr. James Morier and
Mr. Henry Ellis on behaU* of Great Britain, and by Mahommed
Sheffeeh, Abdul Wahad, and Isah (Meerza Bozoork) on behalf
of Persia.

* See " State Papers," Vol. 1, page 261 .
t See Treaty, 28th October, 1841, page 9.

6

aB£AT BBITAIN AND PSRSU. [Huch, 182a.

(No. 6.) AGREEMENT between Great Britain and Persia,
cancelling the Subsidy Articles of the Treatif of 25th Novembery
lS14:*—March-Auffusty 1828.t

(1.) Bond granted by Abbas Meerza^ Prince Royal of Persia^ to
Lievtenant^ Colonel Macdonaldy British Envoy. Marchj 1828.

(Translation.)

Be it known to Colonel Macdonald, British Envoy at our
Court, that we, the Heir Apparent to the Persian Throne, in
virtue of the Full Powers vested in us by the Shah in all
matters touching the Foreign Relations of this Kingdom, do
hereby pledge our solemn word and j^romise, that if the British
Government will assist us with the sum of 200,000 tomauns
towards the liquidation of the indemnity due by us to Russiar
we will expunge and hereafter consider as annulled the Illrd
and IVth Articles of the Definitive Treaty between the 2 States
concluded by Mr. Ellis, and obtain the Royal Sanction to the
same.

This Paper bears the Seal of His Royal Highness Abbas
Meerza, ana that of His Persian Majesty s Minister the Kaim
Mukum.

Dated in the month of Shaban, or March, 1828.

(2.) Ruckum of His Highness the Heir Apparent of Persia^ ratify-
ina the Abrogation of Articles 111 and IV of the Treaty of
25th November, 1814.— 24fA A^Ji^ust, 1828.

Relative to the Articles III and IV of the propitious Treaty
-between England and Persia, which was concluded by Mr. Ellis,
i^ the month of Zeekand, A.H. 1229 [25th November, 1814]
(Page 6), agreeably to the Engagements entered into with your
Excellency, that in consequence of the sum of 200,000 tomauns,
the currency of the Country, presented as an aid to Pei-sift, in
consideration of the losses she has sustained in the War with[
Russia, we, the Heir Apparent, vested with Full Powers in all
matters connected with tne politics of this Nation, have agreed
that the said 2 Articles shall be expunged, and have delivered
a Bond to your Excellency, which is now in your handis.

In the month of Zikeyla, A.H. 1243, on our going to wait
upon His Majesty at Tehran, in consistence with the Note
addressed to your Excellency by Meerza Abul Hassan Khan,
the Minister for Foreign Affairs, we were appointed Sole Agent
in this matter by His Majesty, with unlimited authority ; there-^
fore, as the Government of England, through the medium of

* Page 6.

t From " State Papers/* Vol. 1, page 261.

7

August, 182S0 GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Colonel Macdonald, have afforded us the assistance of 200,000
tomauns, we, the Eepresentative of His Majesty, have, on this
day, the 14th of the month Suffer, and the 24th of the Christian
month August, annulled the 2 obnoxious Articles of our pro-
pitious Treaty.

The Envoy, considering this Document as a Ratification on
the subject oi the 2 Articles, will know that it is liable to no
further comment from the Ministers of His Majesty's Court.

Month of Suffer, A.H. 1244.

Sealed by H.R.H. ABBAS MEERZA.

(3.) Firmaun of His Majesty the Shah of Persia^ ratifying the

above.

(Translation.)

After Compliments.

Let it be known to Colonel Macdonald, the English Envoy,
exalted by our munificence, that our Noble Son having repre-
sented to us his having recently come to an arrangement rela-
tive to the 2 Aiiicles of the Treaty with England, we have
ordered that what has been executed by our Son touching this
transaction, in conformity with the Firmaun of Full Powers
granted to him by us, be confirmed by our Royal Ratification
and Consent ; and we duly appreciate the exertions of yom*
Excellency during the last year, which have obtained you the
good will of the Shah. '

Regarding the crore of tomaims required for the redemption
of Khoee, agreeably to what has been laid before us, His Royal
Highness Abbas Meerza has directed the payment of 400,000
tomauns by Mahommed Meerza; and we have besides in-
structed the remaining 100,000 tomauns to be deUvered to
Meerza Abul Hassan Khan^ Minister for Foreign Affairs, for the
purpose of being transmitted to you.

Your Excellency will therefore, conceiving this Firmaun as
your security, become responsible for the payment of the above
sum, which will be afterwards paid to you by the Lord of
exalted rank, Meerza Abul Hassan Khan. Also make known to
us all your wishes.

Sealed by His Majesty FUTTEH ALI SHAH.

[The transfer of the British Mission at the Coui*t of Persia
fi:om the East India Company to the Foreign Office was accom-
plished in ^November, 1835.]

8

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [28th Oct., 1841.

(No. 7.) TREATY of Commerce between Great Britain and
Persia. — Signed at Tehran^ 2Sth Octobery 1841.*

[No date was fixed for the termination of this Treaty ; but
Bee also Treaty of 4th March, 1857, Art. IX, page 19.]

[Signed in the English and Persian Languages.]

Tablb of Cohtbvts.
Art.

Preamble. Reference to Treaty of 25th Noyember, 1814.
I. Priyileges of Merchants. Import and Export Duties, Most-fayoured-nation
Treatment. No other Claim to be made on Merchants (Taxes, &c.). Aid,
Support, and Respeet to Subjects and Merchants, Most-fayoured-nation
Treatment.
H. Residence of British Commercial Agents .at Tehran and Consul-General at
Tabreez. Residence of British Resident at Bushire. Residence of Persian
Commercial Agents at London and Bombay.

Preamble.

Whereas by the benign favour of the One Almiffhty God,
whose bounties are infinite, from the day on which tne Treaty
of Friendship and Attachment was concluded between the
glorious States of Great Britain and Persia, the renowned and
just Sovereigns of the 2 everlasting States have, day by day,
and at all times, attended to and observed the whole of its
Articles and Stipulations, and have caused the subjects of both
Governments to enjoy all its benefits and advantages except
the Treaty of Commerce, which, in the Preamble of the Treaty
of the year 1814,t the 2 Governments engaged to conclude, and
which, up to this time, for certain reasons has been postponed
and left unfinished : therefore, in this fortunate year, that all
the stipulations of the auspicious Treaty may be fulfilled. Her
Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, &c., &c., &c.,
has appointed Sir John McNeill, Knight Grand Ci-oss of the
Most^Honourable Order of the Bath, Her Majesty's Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Persia, to
be her sole Plenipotentiary; and His Majesty the Shah of Persia,
&c., &c., &c., has appointed His Excellency Hajee Meerza Abul
Hassan Khan, His Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, to be his sole Plenipotentiary : and the said Plenipoten-
tiaries having concluded a Commercial Treaty in these 2 Articles,
have annexed and united it to the original Treaty, that, by the
aid of God, it may henceforth be observed between the
2 Governments, and be a source of advantage to the subjects
of both.

Privileges of Merchants,

Art. I. The merchants of the 2 mighty States are recipro-
cally permitted and allowed to carry into each other's terri-
tories their goods and manufactures of every description, and
to sell or exchange them in any "part of their respective
countries :

» From ** State Papers," Vol. 2X page 1110.
t See Treaty, 25th NoTcmber, 1814,~page 6.

9

^h Oct., 1841.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Impoi't and Export Duties, Most-Favoured-Nation Treatmmt^

And on the goods which they import or export, ciistoma
duties shall be levied, that is to say, on entering the country
the same amount of customs duties shall be levied, once for all,
that is levied on merchandize imported by the merchants of the
most favoured Em*opean nations ; and at the time of going out
of the country, the same amount of customs duties which is
levied on the merchandize of merchants of the most favoured
European nations shall be levied from the merchants, subjects
of the High Contracting Parties :

No other Claim to he made on Merchants, (Taxea^ 4'^')*

And except this, no claim shall be made upon the merchants
of the 2 States in each other's dominions on any pretext or
under any denomination :

Aid, Support f and Respect to Subjects and Merchants. Most--

Favoured-Nation Treatment.

And the merchants or persons connected with or dependent
upon the High Contracting Parties in each other's dominions,
mutually, shall receive the same aid and support, and the same
respect which are received by the subjects of the most favoured
nations.

Resideixce of British Commercial Agents at Teheran, and Consul-

General at Tahreez*

Art. n. As it is necessaiy, for the pm'pose of attending to
the affaire of the merchants of the 2 Parties respectively, that
from both Governments Commercial Agents should be appointed
to reside in stated places ; it is therefore arranged that 2 Com-
mercial Agents on the part of the British Government shall
reside, one in the capital and one in Tabreez, and in those

?lacQe only, and on tliis condition, that he who shall reside at
'abreez, and he alone, shall be honoured with the privileges of
Consul- General :

Residence of British Resident at Bushire.

And as for a series of years a Resident of the British Govern-
ment has resided at Bushire,t the Persian Government grants
permiafidon that the said Resident shall reside there as heretofore :

' * " Although, by Treaty, Bushire, Tabreez, and Teheran are the only places in
Persia where British Consular Agents can reside, the British Mission has for many
years entertaiaed Agents in Shiraz, Ispahan, and other cities of Persia, to assist
British subjects in their affairs, and to transmit to the Mission intelligence of p&ssing
events, althx>ugh these Agents have not the privileges of Consuls." Mr. Murray t^
the Sidi Azim, 8th November, 1855, " State Papers," Vol. 47, page 101. There is
now a British Oonsul-G-eneral for the Province of Pars and the Coasts and Islands
of the Persian Gulf, another for the Provinces of Khorassan and Seist«n to reside
at Medhed, and another at Tabreez, as weU as a Consul at Besht, and Yioe-Conauls
at Tehran and Bushire. See " Foreign Office List," 1891.

t See Agreement of 12th April, 1763^ and Boyal Grant of 2nd July, 1763, next page.

10

GBEAT BBITAIN AND PEBSIA. [28th Oot., ISil.

Residence of Persian Commercial Agents at London and Bombay.

And, ill like manner, 2 Commercial Agents shall reside on
the part of the Peraian Government, one in the capital, London,
and one in the port of Bombtiy, and diall enjoy tlio same rank
and privileges which the Commercial Agents of the Briti/sh
Government shall enjoy in Persia.

This Commercial Treaty, We, the Plenipotentiaries of the
High Contracting Pai-ties, have agreed to; and in witness
thereof, have set thereunto our hands and seals, at the capital
city of Tehran, this 28th day of October, in the year of our
Lord 1841, corresponding to the 12th day of the month Eamazan,
in the year of the Hojjera 1257.

(L.S.) JOHN MoNEILL.
(L.S.) MEERZA ABUL HASSAN KHAN.

Agreement made with Shaik Sadoon of Bushire* 12th Aprils 1763.

Tablr of Contexts.
Art.

I. No Import or Export Duties to bo Levied ; 3 per cent, only to bo cliargod

on Goods Bought from or Sold to tho English.
II. Woollen Goodn to bo Imported and Sold to Englinh only.
III. No other European Nation whateyer is to be permitted to Settle at Busliire

so long as the English continue a Factory there.
lY. British Protection to Brokers, Lineulsts, Serrants, &c,
Y. Payment of Debts due to the English.

YI. The English to hstvo such a spot of ground as they may pitch upon for
erecting a Factory, and proper conveniences for carrying on their com-
merce to be built at the Shaikhs expense. They are to hoist their colours
upon it, and have twenty-one guns for saluting.
Til. A proper spot of Ground to be ulottcd thcEngluh for a Garden and another
for a Burying Ground.
Till. Religion.
IX. Surrender of Naval, Military, and other Deserters.
X. Goods Bought or Sold, otherwise than through English Fnetory.
XI. Wrecks.
XII. Goods not to be Purchased from English Yessels in tho Roads.

(2.) Royal Grant from Karem lUian, King of Persia^ conferring
various Privileges on the English, and granting Permission to
them to establish a Factory at Biishi7% and to Trade in the
Persian Gulf. Schyrashy 2nd July, 1763.t

Table of Coxtents.
Art.
1. "Tho English Company may have as much ground, and in any part of
Bushire, they choose to build a factory on, or at any other port in the
Gulf. They may have as many cannon mounted on it as they choose, but
not to be larger than 6 pounds bore ; and they may build factory-houses
in any part of tho kingdom they choose."

• From " Aitchison's Treaties," Yol. 6, page 371,.

t From " Hertslet's Commercial Treaties," Yol. 8, page 618.

11

/

Aug., 1851.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Art.

2. No CastomB* Dues to be Leyied on Goods Imported or Exported at Bushire or

elsewhere.

3. No other European nation to Import Woollen Goods.

4. Payment of Debts due to English Merchants and others.

5. Bight of English to Buy and Sell Goods.

6. Prohibition against Clandestine Trade.

7. Wrecks.

8 .Religious Liberty.

9. Surrender of Deserters.

10. Exemption of Brokers, Servants, and others belonging to Factories from Pay>

ment of Taxes or Imposts.

11. " WhereTcr the English are, they shall have a spot of ground allotted them for

a Burying Ground ; and if they want a spot for a Ghirden, if the King's
property, it shall bs given them gratis ; if belonging to any private person,
they must pay a reasonable price for it."

12. " The House that formerly belonged to the English Company at Schyrash, I

now re-deliver to them, with the garden and water thereto belonging."

(AxKEX.) Articles desired by the Khan, Schyrash, 2nd July, 1763.

1. Purchase of Gt>ods by the English from the Persian Merchants.

2. Mussulmans not to be Ill-treated.

3. Sale of Goods to principal Merchants.

4. Execution of Treaty by Persian Officials.

(No. 8.) AGREEMENT between Great Britain and Pef^sia
autkorizing the Detention and Search of Persian Merchant
Vessels hy British and East India Company's Crtiizers, with
a view to the Suppression of the Slave Trade. — August, 1851.*

(Translation.)

The Persian Government agrees that the ships of war of the
British Government and of the East India Company shall, in order
to prevent the chance of negro slaves, male and female, being
imported, be permitted, for the period of 11 years, to search
Persian merchant-vessels, in the manner detailed in this docu-
ment, with the exception of Persian Government-vessels, not
bein^ vessels the property of merchants or the property of
Persian subjects ; with those Government-vessels there is to be
no interference whatsoever. The Persian Government agrees
that in no manner whatever shall any negro slaves be imported
in the vessels of the Persian Government.

The Agreement is this : —

I. That in giving this permission to search mercantile
vessels and those of subjects, the search shall from the first to
the last be effected with the co-operation, intervention, and
knowledge of Persian officers who are to be on board vessels of
the English Government.

II. The merchant-vessels shall not be detained longer than
is necessaiy to effect the search for slaves. If slaves should be
found in any of those vessels, the British authorities are to take
possession of them and cany them away, without detaining or
causing them (that is, the people of the ship importing slaves)

• Renewed by Art. XIII of Treaty of 4tli March, 1857; but cancelled by
Art. IV of Convention of 2nd March, 1882, page 42.

12

ORKAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [Aug., 1851,

any other damage besides that of depriving them of the slaves.
The vessel itself (in which the slaves have been imported) shall,
by the co-operation and knowledge of the officers of the Persian
Government who are on board of the British ci-uizera, be de-
livered to the authorities of the Pei-sian ports, who are there
on the part of the Persian Government, and the authorities of
this (the Persian) Government are to punish and fine in a
manner suitable to the crime he has committed, the owner of
that slaving-vessel who has acted in contravention of the com-
mands of His Majesty the King of Persia, by importing slaves.

The British ships of war are not in any manner to interfere
with the Persian tmding-vessels, without the co-operation of
the Persian Govenmient officei*s ; but the Persian Government
officers also must not, on their part, bo remies in the duty com-
mitted to them.

This Convention is to be in force for the period of 11 years,
and after these 11 years have expired and the stipulated period
has elapsed, if the Persian vessels shall be interfered with for
even a single day beyond the 11 years, it ^vill be opposed to
the coui'se of friendsnip A\ath the Persian Government and to
the maintenance of her rights, and this Government will make
a demand for satisfaction.

Passports for Pilgrims to Mecca or India,

III. If the slaves who have been heretofore in Persia, and
are now there, should from the present date and henceforward
wish to proceed by sea on a pilgrimage to Mecca or to India,
or travel by sea, they must, with the knowledge of the British
Resident in Budiire, procure a passport from the officer at the
head of the Persian passpoii office in Bushire, and no excep-
tions shall thereafter be taken to any slave holding a passport.
The passport (regulation) obtained with the knowledge of the
British Resident at Bushire, is, like the other stipulations
written above, to be for a period of 11 years.

This Agreement of [the right of] search, and the appoint-
ment of the Persian Government officers (to be on board the
British cniizers), will fii'st come in force on the Ist of Rebbee-
ool-ewel, 1268 = January 1, 1852.

From the date of this document to the above date, there is
no ri^ht of search.

The Articles written in this document have from first to last
been agreed to by both parties, and confirmed by the Ministers
of both Governments, and nothing is to be done in contraven-
tion thereof.

Written in the month of Shevval, 1267 (August, 1851).

JUSTIN SHEIL, Her Britannic Majesty's Minister
Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary
at the Court of Persia,
MEERZA TEKKEE KHAN, Ameer-i-Nizam of
the Persian Government,

13

25th Jan.i 1853.] aKEAT BRITAIN AKD PfiltSIA.

This Agi'eement was confirmed by Article XIII of tKe
Treaty of Peace of 4th March, 1857, Page 20, but was cancelled
by Article IV of the Slave Trade Convention of 2nd March,
1882, Page 42.

(No. 9.) ENGAGEMENT contracted hy the Persian Government
towards the British Government regarding Herat^ 25th January^
y 1858.*

(TranslatioD.)

Th!e Persian Government engages not to send troops on
any accoimt to the territory of Herat, excepting when troops
from without attack that place ; that is to say, troops from the
direction of Cabul, or from Candahar, or from other foreign
territory; and in case of troops being dispatched under such
circumstances, the Persian Government binds itself that they
shall not enter the city of Herat, and that immediately on the
retreat of the foreign troops to their own country, the Persian
force shall forthwith retm'n to the Persian soil, without delay.

The Persian Government also engages to abstain from all
interference whatsoever in the internal aflfaii'S of Herat, likewise
in (regard to) occupation, or taking possession, or assuming the
BoVereignty or government, except tnat the same amount of in-
terference which took place between the two in the time of the
late Zuheer-ud-Dowleh, Yar Mahomed Khan, is to exist as
formerly. The Persian Government, therefore, engages to
address a letter to Syed Mahomed Khan, acquainting him with
these conditions, and to forward it to him (by a person), ac-
companied by some one belonging to the English Mission, who
may be in Meshed.

The Persian Government also engages to relinquish all
claim or pretension to the coinage of money, and to the
'*khootbeh," or to any other mark whatever of subjection
or of allegiance on the part of the people of Herat to
Persia. But if, as in the time of the late Kamran, and in that
of the late Yar Mahomed Khan, they should, of their own
accord, send an offering in money, and strike it in the Shah's
name, Persia will receive it without making any objection.
This condition will also be immediately communicated to Syed
Mahomed Khan. They also engage to recall Abbass Koolee
Khan, Peeseean, after four months from the date of his arrival, so
that he may not reside there permanently ; and hereafter no
pei-manent agent will be placed in Herat, but intercourse will
be maintained as in the time of Yar Mahomed Khan. Neither
will they maintain a permanent agent on the part of Herat
in Tehran. There will bo the same relations and privileges

* From " State Papers." Tol. 45, page 727. See also Treaty, 4tli March, 1857,
Arts. V, VI, pages 17, 18.

u

GBEAT BBITAIN AND PERSIA. [26tli Jan., 1858.

•which existed in Kamran's time, and in that of the late Yar
Mahomed Khan. For instance, if at any time it should be
necessary, for the punishment of the Toorkomans, or in case of
disturbance or rebellion in the Shah's dominions, that the
Persian Government should receive assistance from the
Heratees, similar to that afforded by the late Yar Mahomed
Khan, they may, as formerly, render assistance of their ovni
accord and free will, but not of a permanent nature.

The Persian Government further engages, imconditionally
and without excep1;ion, to release and set free all the chiefs
of Herat who are in Meshed, or in Tehran, or in any other
part of Persia, and not to receive any oflfendei-s, prisoners,
or suspected persons whatsoever, from Syed Mahomed Khan,
with the exception of such pereons as, having been banished
by Syed Mahomed Khan from Herat, may come here and
themselves desire to remain, or to enter the service. These
will be treated with kindness and favour as foimerly. Distinct
orders will be issued immediately to the Prince Governor of
Khorassan to carry out these engagements.

The above six engagements on the part of the Persian
Government, are to be observed, and to have effect ; and the
Persian Ministers, notwithstanding the rights which they possess
in Herat, solely out of friendship and to satisfy the English
Government, have entered into these engagements with the
English Government, so long as there is no interference what-
ever on its part in the internal affairs of Herat and its depen-
dencies ; otnerwise these engagements will be null and void,
and as if they never had existed or been written. Aad if any
foreign (State), either Affghan or other, should desii*e to in-
terfere with, or encroach upon the temtoiy of Herat, or its
dependencies, and the Persian Ministers sliould make the re-
quest, the British Government are not to be remiss in restrain-
ing them, and in giving their friendly advice, so that Herat
may remain in its own state of independence.

(Seal and autograph of the Sedr Azim.)

15, Rebbel-oo-Sanee, 1269 (25th Januaiy, 1853).

(Translation made bj'' Mr. R. Thomson, April, 1857.)

[For the CoiTespondence which passed between the British
and Russian Governments on this subject in 1853, see '' State
Papers," Vol. 45, page 725.]

15

4th Mar., 1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

(No. 10.) TREA TY of Peace between Great Britain and Persia.

— Signed at Paris, 4th March^ 1857.*

[Ratifications exchanged at Bagdad, 2nd May, 1857.]

TaBLV 07 OOBTBNTS.

Art.

I. Peace and Friendship.

II. Evacuation af Persian Territory.

III. Release of Prisoners of War.

IV, Amnestj.

y. Withdrawal of Persian Troops from Herat and AfPghanistan, &c.
YI. Relinquishment of Persian claims to sovereignty over Herat and Affghan-
istan ; Coinage, Tribute, &c. Non-interference of Persia in Affairs of
Affghanistan ; Recognition by Persia of Independence of Herat and!
/ Affghanistan. Friendly offices of British Government in differences
between Persia and countries of Herat and Affghanistan. British
influence to be used to prevent differences between Affghanistan anol
Persia.
YII. Course to be pursued in event of violation of Persian Territory by Affghans*
Till. Mutual Release of Persian and Affghan Prisoners, &c.
IX. Appointment of Consular Officers, Most-favoured-nation Treatment. Sub-
jects and Trade. Most-favoured-nation Treatment.
X. Persian Apology for Insulting Letter to British Minister. Reception of
British Minister at Tehran.
XI. Claims of British Subjects against Persian Government. Claims of Persian
and other Subjects under British Protection against Persian Government.
XII. Conditional renunciation by British Government of Protection to Persian
Subjects not employed in British Mission or in British Consulate
Most-favoured-nation Treatment.
XIII. Slave Trade in Persian Gulf. Renewal of Agreement of August, 1851.
XIV. Cessation of Hostilities. Withdrawal of British Troops from Persian;
Territory. Supplies.

Separate Note referred to in Article X. Ceremonial to be observed on
re-establishment of Diplomatic and Friendly Relations. Annex to Ditf/O..
The Shall to the Sadr Azim, December, 1855.

In the name of God the Almighty, the All-Merciful.

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty, whose standard is the
Sun, the Sacred, the August, the Great Monarch, the absolute
King of Kings of all the States of Persia, being both equally
and sincerely animated by a desire to put a stop to the evils of
a war which is contrary to their friendly wishes and disposi-
tions,t and to re-establish on a solid basis the relations of amity
which had so long existed between the two exalted States,
by means of a Peace calculated for their mutual advan-
tage and benefit, have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, for
carrying into effect this desired object, the following, that is to
say:

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable Henry Richard

* Signcil in the English and Persian languages. See " State Papers," Vol. 47^
page 42.

+ For the Proclamation of War against Persia, issued from Calcutta on the
Ist November, 1856, see " Hertslefs Treaties," Yol. 11, pages 882, 883.

16

aBEAT BBITAIN AND PEKSIA. [4th Mar., 18S7.

Charles Baron Cowley, Her Majesty's Ambassador Extra-
ordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the
French, &c.;

And His Majesty the Shah of Persia, His Excellency the
Abode of Greatness, the Favourite of the King, Ferokh Khan,
Ameen Oolmoolk, the Great Ambassador of the Mighty State
of Persia, &c, ;

Who, having exhibited and exchanged their full powers,
and found them in due form, have agi*eod upon and concluded
the following Articles : —

Peace and Friendship.

Art. I. From the day of the exchange of the ratifications
of the present Treaty, there shall be perpetual peace and
friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the one part, and ffis
Majesty the Shah of Persia, on the other, as likewise between
their respective successors, dominions, and subjects.

Evacuation of Persian Territory.

Art. II. Peace being happily concluded between Their said
Majesties, it is hereby agreed that the forces of Her Majesty
the Queen shall evacuate the Persian Territory, subject to con-
ditions and stipulations hereafter specified.

Pelease of Prisoners of War.

Art. III. The High Contracting Parties stipulate that all
prisoners taken during the war by either belligerent shall be
immediately liberated.

Amnesty.

Art. IV. His Majesty the Shah of Persia engages, imme-
diately on the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty, to
publish a full and complete amnesty, absolving all Persian
subjects who may have m any way been compromised by their
intercourse with the British forces during the war, from any
responsibiHty for their conduct in that respect, so that no
persons, of whatever degree, shall be exposed to vexation, per-
secution, or punishment, on that account.

Withdrawal of Persian Troops from Herat and Affghanistany ^-c.

Art. V. His Majesty the Shah of Persia engages further to
take immediate measures for withdrawing from the tenitory
and city of Herat, and from every other part of Affghanistan,
the Persian troops and authorities now stationed therein ; such
-withdrawal to be effected Avithin three months from the date
of the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty.

17 c

4th Maf., 1867.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Relinquishment of Persian Claims to Sovereignty over Herat and

Afghanistan; Coinage, Tribute, &c.

Art. VI. His Majesty the Shah of Persia agrees to relin-
quish all claims to sovereignty over the tenritory and city of
Herat and the countries of Aflghanistan, and never to demand
from the Chiefs of Herat, or of the countries of AfiFghanistan,
any marks of obedience, such as the coinage, or " khotbeh," or
tribute.

Non-interference of Persia in Affairs of Affghanistan. Recognition
by Persia of Independence of Herat and Affghanistan^

His Majesty fui-ther engages to abstain hereafter from all
interference with the internal affairs of Affghanistan. His
Majesty promises to recognize the independence of Herat, and
of the whole of Affghanistan, and never to attempt to interfere
with the independence of those States.

Friendly Offices of British Government in differences between Persia

and Countries of Herat and Affghanistan,

In case of differences arising between the Government of

Persia and the countries of Herat and Affghanistan, the Persian

Government engages to refer them for adjustment to the

friendly offices of the British Government, and not to take up

- arms unless those friendly offices fail of effect.

British Influence to beitsed to p7*event Differences bettveen Affghanistan

aud Persia.

The British Government, on their part, engage at aU times
to exert their influence with the States of Affghanistan, to pre-
vent any cause of umbrage being given by them, or by any of
them, to the Persian Government ; and the British "Govern-
ment, when appealed to by the Persian Government, in the
event of difficulties arising, will use their best endeavours to
compose such differences in a manner just and honourable to
Persia.

• Course to be pursued in event of Violation of Persian Territory by

Affghans.

Art. VII. In case of any violation of the Persian frontier
by any of the States refen-ed to above, the Persian Govern-
ment shall have the right, if due satisfaction is not given, to
undertake military operations for the repression and punish-
ment of the aggressors ; but it is distinctly understood and
agreed to, that any military force of the Shah which may cross
the frontier for the above-mentioned purpose, shall retire with-
in its own territory as soon as its object is accomplished, and
that the exercise of the above-mentioned right is not to be made

18

QBEAT BBITAIN AND PERSIA. [4th Ifar., 1857«

a pretext for the permanent occupation by Persia, or for tlio
annexation to the rersian dominions, of any town or portion of
the said States.

Mutual Release of Persian and Affijlian Prisoners^ tjc.

Art. VIII. The Persian Government engages to set at
Hberty without ransom, immediately after the exchange of the
ratifications ot this Treaty, all prisonei-s taken during the
operations of tlie Persian troops m AflFghanistan, and all AfF-
ghans who may be detained either as hostages or as captives
on political grounds hi any part of the Persian dominions shall,
in uke mamier, be set free; provided that the Afifghans, on
their part, set at libeiiy, without ransom, the Persian prisoners
and captives who are in the power of the Affghans.

Commissioners on the part of the two Contracting Powers
shall, if necessary, be named to carry out the provisions of this
Article.

Appointment of Consular Officers, Most-Favoured- Nation Treat-
ment.

Art. IX. The High Contracting Pai-ties engage that, in the
establishment and recognition of Consuls-General, Consuls,
Vice-Consuls, and Consular Agents, each shall be placed in the
dominions of the other on the footing of the most favoured
nation.

Sid)jects and Trade, Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment,

And that the treatment of then* respective subjects, and
their trade, shall also, in eveiy respect, be placed on the footing
of the treatment of the subjects and commerce of the most
favoured nation.

Persian Apology for Insulting Letter to British Minister, JRecep^

tion of British Minister at lehran.

Art. X*. Immediately after the ratifications of this Treaty
haA'^e been exchanged, the British Mission shall return to
Tehran, when the Persian Govemraent agrees to receive it
with the apologies and ceremonies specified in the separate
note signed this day by the Plenipotentiaries of the High Con-
tracting Parties.

Claims of British Subjects against Pe7*sian Government,

Art. XI. The Persian Government engages, within three
months after the return of the British Mission to Tehran,^to
appoint a Commissioner, who, in conjunction with a Commis-
sioner to be appointed by the British Government, shall

^^— 1 [— ^ -ir — — ------ - - - _ , , I I I ,, iMi^^M ^M— ^fci^^

* See Separate Note, page 21.

19 c 2

I

4th Mar., 1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA*

examine into and decide upon the pecnniary claims of all
British subjects upon the Government of Persia, and shall pay
such of those claims as may be pronounced just, either in one
sum or by instalments, within a period not exceeding one year
from the date of the award of the Commissioners.

Claims of Persian and other Subjects under British Protection

against Persian Government.

And the same Commissioners shall examine into and decide
upon the claims on the Persian Government, of all Persian
subjects, or the subjects of other Powers, who, up to the period
of the departure of the British Mission from Tehran, were
under British protection, which they have not since renounced.

Conditional Renunciation by British Government of Protection to
Persian Subjects not employed by British Mission or in British
Considates. Most^Favoured^Nation Treatment*

Art. XII. Saving the provisions in the latter part of the pre-
ceding Article, the British Government will renounce the right of
protecting hereafter any Persian subject not actually in the em-

Sloyment of the British Mission, or of British Consuls-General,
ionsuls, Vice-Consuls, or Consular Agents, provided that no such
right is accorded to, or exercised by, any other foreign Powers ;
but in this, as in all other respects, the British Government
requires, and the Persian Government engages, that the same
privileges and immunities shall in Pereia be conferred upon,
and shall be enjoyed by the British Government, its servants
and its subjects, and that the same respect and consideration
shall be shown for them, and shall be enjoyed by them, as are
conferred upon and enjoyed by, and shown to, the most favoured
foreign Government, its servants and its subjects.

Slave Trade in Persian Gulf Renewal of Agreement of August^

1851.

Art. Xin.* The High Contracting Parties hereby renew
the agreement entered into by them in the month of August,
1851 (Shawal 1267), for the suppression of the Slave Trade in
the Persian Gulf, and engage further that the said agreement
shall continue in force after the date at which it expires, that is,
after the month of August, 1862, for the fuiiner space of
ten yeai-s, and for so long afterwards as neither of the High
Contracting Parties shall, by a formal declaration, annul it ;
such declaration not to take effect until one year after it is
made.

Cessation of Hostilities. Withdrawal of British Troops from

Persian Territory. Supplies*

Art. XIV, Immediately on the exchange of the ratifications

^— iiajj ij_i^t * - ~ ' 11 I I II ■ ■ __ ■■ \ _ mw^^^m ■ ^T— ~

* Oanoelled br Article IT of ConTention of 2nd March, 1832, page 42.

20

GREAT BEITAIN AND PERSIA. [4tli Mar., 1857.

of this Treaty, the British troops will desist from all acts of
hostility against Peraia ; and the British Government engages,
further, that, as soon as the stipulations in regard to the evacua-
tion, by the Persian troops, of Herat and the AfFghan territories,
as well as in regard to the reception of the British Mission at
Tehran, shall have been carried into fidl effect, the British
troops shall, without delay, be withdrawn from all ports, places,
and islands belonging to Persia ; but the British Government
engages that, dmmg this interval, nothing shall be designedly
done by the Commander of the British troops to weaken the
allegiance of the Peraian subjects towards the Shah, which
allegiance it is, on the ccmtrary, their earnest desire to confirm ;
and, further, the British Government engages that, as far as
possible, the subjects of Persia shall be secured against incon-
venience from the presence of the British troops, and that all
supplies which may be retj^uired for the use of those troops, and
wnich the Persian Government engages to direct its authorities
to assist them in procuring, shall be paid for, at the fair market
value, by the British Commissariat, immediately on delivery.

XY. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifica-
tions exchanged at Bagdad in the space of three months, or
sooner if possible.*

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the same, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

Done at Paris, in quadruplicate, this 4th day of the month
of March, in the year of Our Lord, 1857.

COWLEY.

FEKOKH (in Persian).

Separate Note referred to in Article Xof the foregoing Treaty,

Ceremonial to be observed on Re-establifthment of Diplomatic

and Friendly Relations.

The Undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of the
French, and His Persian Majestv's Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to His said Imperial Majesty, being duly
authorized by their respective Governments, hereby agree that
the following ceremonial shall take place for the re-establish-
ment of diplomatic and friendly relations between the Courts of
Great Britain and Persia. This agreement to have the same
force and value as if inserted in the Treaty of Peace concluded
this day between the Undersigned :

The Sadr Azim shall write, in the Shah's name, a letter to
Mr. Murray, expressing his regret at having uttered and given
currency to the offensive imputations upon the honoiu- of Her
Majesty's Minister, requesting to withdraw his own letter of
the 19th of November, and the two letters of the Minister for
Foreign Affaii-s of the 26th of November, one of which contains

* Eatifications exchanged at Bagdad, 2nd May, 1S57.

2L

4tli March, 1857.] aREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

a rescript from the Shah, respecting the imputation upon Mr.
Murray, and declaring, in the same letter, that no such further
rescript from the Shah as that inclosed herewith in copy was
communicated, directly or indirectly, to any of the foreign
Missions at Tehran.

A copy of this letter shall be communicated, officially, by the
Sadr Azim to each of the foreign Missions at Tehran, and the
substance of it shall be made public in that capital.

The original letter shall be conveyed to Mr. Murray, at
Bagdad, by the hands of some high Persian officer, and shall be
accompanied by an invitation to Mr. Murray, in the Shah*s
name, to return with the Mission to Tehran, on His Majesty's
assurance that he will be received with all the honours and
consideration due to the Representative of the British Govern-
ment ; another person of suitable rant being sent to conduct
him, as Mehmandar, on his journey through. Persia.

Mr. Murray, on approaching the capital, shall be received by
persons of high rank deputed to escoii: him to his residence in
the town. Immediately on his arrival there, the Sadr Azim
shall go in state to the British Mission, and renew friendly rela-
tions with Mr. Mun-ay, leaving the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs to accompany him to the Royal Palace, the
Sadr Azim receiving Mr. Mun-ay, and conductmg him to the
presence of the Shah.

The Sadr Azim shall visit the Mission at noon on the follow-
ing day, which visit Mr. MuiTay will return, at latest, on the
following day, before noon.

Done at Paris, this 4tli day of the month of March, in the
year 1857.

COWLEY.
FEROKH (m Persian).

Annex. — The Shah to the Sadr Azim.*

(Translation.) December, 1855.

Last night we read the paper written by the English
Minister Plenipotentiary, and were much sui^rised at the rude,
unmeaning, chsgusting, and insolent tone and pui'port. The
letter which he before wrote was also impertinent. We have
also heard tliat, in his own house, he is constantly speaking dis-
respectfully of us and of you, but we never believed; now,
however, lie has introduced it in an official letter. We are,
therefore, convinced that this man, Mr. MuiTay, is stupid,
ignorant, and insane, who has the audacity and impudence to
insult even kings! From the time of Shah Sultan Hossein
(when Persia Avas in its most disorganized state, and during the
' last 14 years of his life, when by serious illness he was in-
capacitated for business) up to the present time, no disrespect

• 'For further corresponclence wliieTi passed on tliis subject see " State Papers,"
Vol. 47, page 04.

2a

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [17tli Deo., 1868.

towards the Sovereign has been tolerated, eitlier from the
Government or its Agent. What has happened now, that thi»
foolish Minister Plenipotentiary acts witii such temerity? It
appears that our friendly Missions are not acquainted with the
wording of that document; give it now to Meerza Abbas and
Meerza Malcum, that they may take and duly explain it to the
French Minister and Hyder Eflfendi, that they may see how
improperly he has wi-itten. Since last night till now our time
has been passed in vexation. We now command you, in order
that you may yourself know, and also acquaint the Missions,
that imtil the Queen of England herself makes us a suitable
apology for the insolence of her Envoy, we will never receive
back this her foolish Minister, who is a simpleton, nor accept
from her Government any other Minister.

(No. 11.) ENGA GEMENT entered into by the Persian Govem-^
ment towards the British Gove/imment for the constructimi of a
Line of Telegraph from Khanakeen to Biishire, via Tehran, —
nth December, 1862.*

Table of Contents.
Art.
I. Construction of Line of Telegraph from Khanakeen to Bushire vid Tehran. .
Eight of English GoTemment to use the Line.
IT. Sum to be assigned bj Persian QoTemment for Construction of the Line.
III. Materials to be purchased from English GoTernment.
lY. Line to be placed under an English Engineer Officer, to be paid hy the -

Englbh Q-ovemment.
V. Persian Authorities to supply Materials required by English Officer.

Persian Officer to accompany English Officer eyerywhere.
YI. Materials required to be purchased in England, and to be paid for by Persian .
Government by five yearly instalments.

Acceptance of aboye Engagement by Persian Goyemment.
Acceptance of the same by British Government.

Construction of Line of Telegraph from Khanakeen to Bushire, via:

Teheran.

Art. I. The Persian Government considers it necessary to
construct a line of telegraph, without delay, from Khanakeen
to the capital, Teheran, and from Teheran to the port of Bushire^ .

Right of English Government to use the Line.

And they agree that, whenever the English Government
may require to communicate by the said telegraph, they are to^
be at liberty to do so through the Persian Telegraph oflScers> .

• From " Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page 418 ; but see Convention of
2nd April, 1868, page 30, and 2nd December, 1872, page 32, and Agreements ol
ard July, 1887, pages 43, 4i.

23

17th Dec, 1862.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

in the way they may desire, paying for the same at rates to be
specified hereafter.

Sum to be assigned by Persian Government for Construction of

the Line.

Art. II. The Persian Government will assign a sum suffi-
cient for the construction of this telegraph, and for the purchase
of such materials as are not prociu'able in Persia, or can be
better obtained in Europe.

Materials to be Purchased from English Government.

Art. hi. The Persian Government engages to purchase
from the English Government all the materials which are better
procurable in Europe, and the English Government agrees to
supply such materials at moderate prices.

Line to be placed under an English Engineer Officer, to be paid by

the English Government

Art. IV. In order that the said line of telegraph may be
well constructed and officially worked, the Persian Government
agrees to place it under the superintendence of an English
engineer officer, who is to be paid by the English Government,
and they further agree to fix a period during which instruction
may be given and the line may be brought into good working
order; and His Royal Highness the Itizad-oo-oultaneh, the
Minister of Public Instruction, and His Excellency the Amin-ed-
Dowleh will have cognizance of the aforesaid officer's pro-
ceedings,

Persian Authorities to supply Materials required by English Officer »

Art. V. The said officer will be fully empowered to call
upon the Persian authorities to supply any materials he may
consider requisite for this work, and the Persian authorities
will make no alteration in his requisitions unless it should be
impossible to obtain the thing required.

Persian Officer to accompany English Officer everywhere.

But a Persian officer will accompany him everywhere, so
that he may be informed of what is done, and of the prices of
the materials ; and the accounts will be audited by the above-
mentioned Prince and by the Amin-ed-Dowleh every three
months, when a report will be drawn up and printed in the
*> Teheran Gazette."

Materials required to be purchased in England^ and to be paid for by
Persian Government by jive yearly Instalments.

Art. VI. In order to increase the friendship between the two
Governments, and to promote the above undertaking, the
English Government engages to purchase in England, at

24

OREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [28rd Nov., 18(J6.

rcasonables rates, with the approval of the Persian Alinister
Plenipotentiary, the materials required for this^ work, and
to convey them to the Persian frontier, and to receive from the
Persian Government the price paid for the above articles by
five instalments in five years after they are dehvered on the
frontier of Persia.

(In the handwriting of tlie Fenian Minister for Foreign Affairs.)

Acceptance of above Engagement by Persian Government,

Tlie Persian Government accepts this engagement. If the
English Government desires it, the construction of the line of
telegraph will be commenced in conformity witli the above
stipulation.

Acceptance of the same by British Government

Approved and accepted by Her Majesty's Government on
6th February, 1863.

(No. 12.) CONVENTION between Great Britain and Persia,
relative to Telegraphic Communication between Europe and
India* — Signed at Tehran, 23rd November, 1865.t

[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, 1st May, 18(36.]

Table op Coutents.
Art.

I. Second Wire to be attached bj Persia to Poles between Bushire and Khanikin.
II. Wire to be erected by English Engineers.
III. Wire, Instruments, &c., to be procured by British Government, but to be

paid for by Persia.
lY. Engagement of English Telegraph Officer and Staff for Five Years.
Y. Conditions under which English Officer shall exercise Control orer second
Wire.
Protection of Line between Hamadan and Bushire.
Insubordination or misconduct on part of Persian Signallers.
Non-receipt of Money by English Officer.
YI. Supply of Yacancies.
YII — X. Separate Telegraph Offices for each Wire.
XI. Indian Messages.

XII. Use of first Wire in case of Increase of Traffic.
XIII. Cost of other than Indian or Submarine Cable Messages.
XIY. Belatiye Yalues of Coin.
XY. Keeping of Accounts.

As Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great

* From "State Papers,'* Yol. 55, page 26. This Convention was continued in
force for three months from the 13th August, 1872, by an Agreement signed on
the 19th June, 1872 (See " Aitchison's Treaties," Yol. 6, page 42) ; but see Further
Conventions, 2nd April, 1868, page 30, and 2nd December, 1872, page 32, and
Agreements of 3rd July, 1887, pages 43, 44.

t Signed atso in the Persian language.

25

u-

23rd Nov., 1865.] aREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA,

Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, are desirous of regulating the telegraphic
communication between Europe and India, and of placing this
work on a sure and friendly basis, they have resolved that a
Convention for that purpose shall be concluded; wherefore
their Majesties have named as their Plenipotentiaries :
•^ Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, his Excellency Charles Alison, Esquire, Her
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court
of Persia.

And His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Persia,
his Excellency Mirza Saeed Khan, His Minister for Foreign
Affairs.

And the aforesaid distinguished Kepresentatives, after meet-
ing in the capital of Tehran, and perusing and exchanging their
letters of full power, and finding them in due order, have con-
cluded the folloAving Articles :

Second Wire to be attached hy Persia to Poles between Bushire and

Kkanikin.

Art. I. In order to improve the telegi-aphic communication
between Em'ope and India, the Persian Government agi-ees to
attach another wire to the poles now standing from Bushire to
Khanikin, and to bring it into working order as soon as possible.
The wire to be used solely for international messages sent in
European languages.

Wire to he erected hy English Engineers.

Art. II. In order that the second wire may be attached in a
complete and effective manner, the Persian Government also
agrees that it shall be done under the direction and supervision
of an English engineer officer and staff. And the Persian
Government will use its best endeavours to collect the neces-
sary materials, and lay down the wii-e with all expedition.

WirCy Instruments, ^-c, to he procured hy British Government, hut

to he paid for hy Persia,

Art. III. The British Government agrees to procure for the
Pei-sian Government, at a reasonable price, and Avith the cogni-
zance of a Persian Commissioner, all the wire, insulators, Morse
instruments, &c., that may be requisite for this work, inclusive
of 200 iron posts for the marshy tract of Bushire, and to deliver
them over to the Government Commissioners at any seaport or
frontier town of Pei-sia that may be suitable, receiving payment
in 5 years in 5 instalments.

Engagement of English Telegraph Oficer and Staff for 5 Yeai^s.

Art^ IV, The Persian Government, moreover, agrees that an

26

CJREAT BRITAIN AND PEBSIA. [23rd Not., 1865.

English tolegTapli officer, with the iiecessarv staff, not exceed-
ing 50 in number, exchisive of families, shall be engaged from
the opening of telegi-aphic communication through the new
wire, for 5 yeai*s, in organizing the Pei-sian line of telegraph,
and giving instnxction in telegi'aphy. And the British Govern-
ment agi-ees that the English officer and his staff shall, at the
expiration of the prescribed period, make over the said line
to the Persian Government and cease connection with the
Persian telegraph.

Conditions undei* icliich English Officer shall exercise Control

over Second Wire.

Art. V. The conditions imder which the English officer shall
exercise control over the second wire, during the prescribed
period, are stated in the following niles :

1. His Royal Highness the Itizad-es-Sultaneh, Minister of
Science, or any other person who by the Shah's order may be
appointed in his place, is to be considered the head and absolute
enief of all the Pensian Government telegraphs.

2. Any order which His Royal Highness, or such other

f)erson in his place, may issue concerning the protection of the
ine, its working, and the Persians employed on it, shall be given
through and with the approval of the English telegraph
officer.

Protection of Line between Hamadan and Bushire.

3. For the protection of the line, the whole distance from
the Turkish frontier to Bushire shall be divided from station to
station into 6 sections as follows :

From the Tm-kish frontier to Hamadan.

From Hamadan to Tehran.

From Tehran to Kashan,

From Kashan to Ispahan.

From Ispahan to Sniraz,

From Shiraz to Bushire.

To each of these di^asions the Itizad-es-Sultaneli shall ap-

Soint a Persian officer, who will be responsible to His Royal
[ighness for the protection of the line situated within his
limits.

To enable the said Persian officer or Yaver of each division
to carry out his duties efficiently, a certain number of horsemen
shall be stationed under liis orders along the line. The Yaver
will of course accept any suggestions which the English tele-
graph officer may give with reference to his charge, diie regard
being had to the customs of Pereia and her power of canying^
out such suggestions.

4. The organization of offices and instruction of employes
shall be exclusively in the charge of the English superintend-
ing officers, who will be responsible for the working of the
line in these req)ects ; and the Peraian signallers shall

27

13rd Nor., 1865.] OREiLT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

be ordered to obey implicitly the instructions which the
English oflScei's may give in the performance of their
■duties.

hisubordinatton or Misconduct on part of Persian Signallers,

5. In case of insubordination or misconduct on the pai-t of
the Persian signallers, His Royal Highness the Itizad-es-Sul-
taneh engages to use his best endeavours in lawfully supporting
the authority of the English superintending officer, exercised
under the last rule. On the other hand the English officer
engages that the boimds of that authority shall in no way be
exceeded.

iVon-receipt of Money by English OJicer.

6. The English officer shall have nothing whatever to do
with receipts of money. A Mirza will be appointed at each
station, who mil be directly responsible for the accounts to the
Itizad-es- Sul taneh.

Accounts of Telegrams Dispatched to be rendered by English

Officer.

But the English superintending officer shall render to His
Royal Highness, or any person who may be appointed by the
Persian Government, such account of the tele^-ams dispatched
under his authoritj' as may be sufficient for full information.

These rules, however general in some sense, are understood
to have special application to the second wire.

Supply of Vacancies.

Art. VI. Induing up vacancies which may occur among the
signallers employed under Article IV, the English telegraph
officer shall give the preference to natives of Persia, provided
they be qualified in his estimation by knowledge of the English
language, and other attainments necessary for this service, to
perform the duties required.

Separate Telegraph Offices for each Wire.

Art. VII. As the telegi^aph offices of these two wires ought
to be distinct, the Persian Government shall build a new office
adjoining the existing one wherever there are not separate
rooms.

Art. VIII. If any injury befall the second wire, or delay
occur through press of traffic, the first wire, which is specially
used for internal communication in Persia, shall give assistance
to the second wire, and vice versd*

i^ Art. IX. For every measure of 20 words or less from Khanikin
to Bushire, or vice versdy 1 toman 5 kirans and 8 shahis, in
* I . . . . . — <

• See also Conrention, 2nd December, 1872, Art. Ill, page 34.

28

GREAT BBITAIK XSJ> PfiBSIA. [23rd Kor., 1865«

Persian money, or 14*. in English money, shall be charged, with
proportionate rates for the intervening towns.

The Persian Government accepts the tariff laid down in the
last Convention between Turkey and England,* so far as regards
the rates of messages sent by the two Governments from
Bnshire to India, and from Khanikin to Constantinople or
Europe.

Art, X. The yearly receipts vnll be credited to the Persian
Treasury: but should they reach a higher sum than 30,000
tomans, the surplus vnll bo made over to the officers of the
EngUsh Goveniment for the cost of their establishment.

Indian Messages,

Art. XI. All Indian messages, at whatever pai*t of the line or
from whatever place received, sliall be given over to the second
wire, and the accounts regularly kept.

Use of First Wire in case of Increase of Traffic.

Art. XII. Should the traffic so continuously increase as to de-
mand more than in one day the fair day's work on the second
wire, the excess of telegrams shall be handed over for dispatch
to the first wire, the money received on them being separately
credited to the Persian Government. The adjustment of thi»
matter shall rest with the Itizad-es-Sultaneh and the Engliah
superintending officer. This Article is quite irreOT)ective of the
provision for mutual assistance in the event of a sUght and
temporary delay.

Cost of other than Indian or Submarine Cable Messages.

Art. XIII. The cost of all other than Indian or submarine
cable messages shall be separately credited to the Persian
Treasury, although conveyed by the second wire.

Relative values of Coin.

Art. XIV. The relative values of coin shall be calculated for
purposes of account at the following rates :

11. sterling=:r25 francs =22 kirans.

1«. = 1 franc 25 centimes =1 kiran 2 shahis.

leJ.slO centimes =2 shahis.

As a rule, accounts shall be kept in English, and payments
made in Tehran in Peman currency.

Keeping of A ccounts.

Art. XV. The telegraph accounts shall be made up by the
English superintending officer monthly and sent to Constan-
tinople, where, by comparison with the Cable and Turkish
accounts, they will be checked bv the British Commissioner
appointed for that pui-pose. On tne return to Tehran of the

• See Treaty, 3id September, 1864, " Hertslet's Treaties;* Vol. 12, page 842.

29

l^

?nd April, 1868.] (JREAT BRITAIN AND PBRfllA.

audited accounts from Constantinople, the amount due to the
Persian Government mil be certified by the English officer,
and speedily paid every 6 months, as stated in the last Article.
The above account shall always be open to the inspection of
the telegraph agent of the Persian Government at Constan-
tinople, or any person recognised by the Persian Minister at
the Ottoman Court, for the settlement of accounts of inter^
national traffic on the Persian-Turkish lines.

Art. XVI. The telegraphic regulations drawn up at Paiis on
the 13th [11th] of April, A.D. 1865,* shall be carried out under
the supenntendence of the Persian Government, so far as they
are not opposed to the tenns of the present Convention or the
institutions of Persia.

Art. XVII. Any disagreement arising betAveen the tele-
gi'aphic employes of the two Governments shall be refeiTcd to
then- Excellencies the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs and
the British Minister at Tehi-an, in order that, after necessary in-
vestigation, a just decision may be pronounced.

Art. XVIII. This Convention shall take effect from the open-
ing of correspondence on the second wire, and remain in force
for five years fi-om the day that a telegram is first dispatched
thereby. At the expiration of the five years it shall be null and
void.t If at any time within the term appointed the capabili-
ties of Persian telegraphers for their work shall be proved to
the satisfaction of the chief of the Persian telegi-aphs and the
English telegraph officer, the full period shall be curtailed and
the line made over altogether to the Persian Government.

Art. XIX. The present Convention shall be ratified, and the
ratifications exchanged at Tehran within five months, or sooner
if practicable.

Done at Tehran, on the 23rd day of November, A.D. 1865.

(L.S.) C. ALISON.
(L.S.) MEERZA SAEED KHAN.

(No. 13.) CONVENTION between Great Britain and Persia Jor
extending and securing Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India. — Signed, in the English and Persian
Languages, at Tehran^ 2nd Aprils 1868.J

[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, August 25, 1868.]

Table of Contents.
Art.
I. Persian Gulf Cable : Construction and working o£ Line of Telegraph between
Guadur and a point between Jaak and Bender Abbas.

* These Regulations were revised in 1868, in 1872, in 1875, in 1879, and in
1885. (See " State Papers.")

t This Convention was continued for three months from the 13th August, 1872,
by an Agreement dated 19th June, 1872 (see ** Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6,
page 42) j but see Further Convention of 2nd April, 1868, page 30.

J See Convention, 2nd December, 1872, page 82 ; and Agreement of 3rd July,
1887, page 43, prolonging this Convention until January 31, 1905.

80

0BEAT BEITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd April, 1568,

II. Facilities to be afforded bj Peni&n Goyernmcnt for its maintenance and pro-
tection. 3,000 tomans to be paid by English Goremment to Persian Govern-
'J . ment annually for leare to lay down Line on Persian Coasts and Places.

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
BiitJEtin aud Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, being desii'ous to extend* and secure the
means of telegraphic communication between Europe and India,
have resolved to conclude a Convention for that pm*poso, and
have named as their Plenipotentiaries (that is to say) :

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Charles Alison, Esquire, Her Envo}'^ Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia ;

And His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Pema,
his Excellency Meerza Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign
Affairs ;

And the aforesaid distinguished Representatives, after
meeting in the capital of Tehran, and peinismg and exchangnig
their letters of full power, and finding them in due order, have
concluded the following Aiiicles :

Persian Gulf Cable. Construction and Working of Line of tele-
graph between Guadur and a point between Jask and Bender Abbas.

Art. I. In order to provide against any possible accident to
.the Persian Gulf cable, it is agreed between the High Con-
tracting Governments of England and Persia, that the British
Government shall make an-angements A\atli regard to the con-
struction and efiicient working of a line of telegraph between
Guadur and a point between Jask and Bender Aobas.f

Facilities to be afforded by Persian Government for its Afaintenance

and Protection.

Art. II. The Persian Government will employ, as far as
.possible, their good offices and authority for facilitating its
construction, maintenance, and protection.

Three Thousand Tomans to be paid by English Government to
Persian Government annually for leave to lay down Line on
Persian Coasts and Places.

And the English Government will pay annually to the
Persian Government the sum of 3,000 tomans for leave to lay
down the line of telegraph on those coasts and places which are
under the sovereignty of Persia, the payment of the above sum
being made from the day on which the work of laying the
wires is commenced.

* See Convention, 28rd November, 1865, page 25. ■ -

t The land line from Chiadur to Jask vas completed on the 15th August, ^869.
See Colonel SirF. J. Gtoldsmid'^ " Telegraph and Travel," 1874, page 372.

31

2iid Dec., 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Duration of Convention.

Art. III. The present Convention shall remain in force for
20 yeai-s.

Ratifications,

Art. IV. The present Convention shall be ratified, and the
ratifications exchanged at 'J'ehran within five months, or sooner
if practicable.

Done at Tehran on the 2 rid day of April, Anno Domini
1868.

(L.S.) C. ALISON.

(L.S.) MEEKZA SAEED KHi^Jf.

(No. 14.) CONVENTION between Great Britain and Persia, for
continuing the St/stem of Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India through Persia. — Signed, in the English and
Persian Languages, at Tehran, 2nd December^ 1872.*

[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, March 31, 1873.] '

Table of Contents.
Art.

I. English Government to erect a Third Wire between Tehran and Bushire,
and tD substitute Iron Standards for Wooden Poles. Persian GK>Tem-
ment to paj in 10 annual instalments the sum of 10,000 tomans. Assist*
ance to be afforded by Persian GoTemment.
II. Telegraph Employes to be under Special Protection . of Persian Local
Authorities.

III. Continued use of first and second Wires for Local and International

Messages.

IV. How the three Wires are to be appropriated. First Wire to be used for

Local Traffic, and second and third Wires for International Traffic.
T. First Wire to be worked by Persian Employes, and second and third

Wires by British Employes in separate rooms.
VI. As to Working of Wires in case of Breakage or Contact.
VII. Bevenue derived from Local Traffic on Persian Wire to belong to Persia.
Meaning of Local Traffic.
VIII. Transit Traffic between Julfa and Bushire : all Claims to Bevenue re*
nounced by Persian Government for the Annual Payment of 12,000
tomans or of two francs per 20 words. Bevenue from Transit Traffic-
between Julfa and Bushire to be divided between English Government
and Indo-European Company. International Messages originating or
terminating in Persia, payments to be made by British to Persian
Government. British Government to decide wliich are Terminal or
which Transit Messages. Persian Government to oppose at Inter-
national Telegraph Conference any Alteration in Transit or Terminal
> Bates.
IX. British Administration responsible for correctness of International Mes*
sages and Adjustment of Accounts, and to Collect Payments for Mes*
sages. Begistration and Sealing by Persian Government of International
Messages originating in Persia. International Messages terminating iiL
Persia to be delivered by Persian Officials ; Beceipts to be given to>
British Administration. Access of Persian Administration to English
Offices and Becords. Meaning of International Messages.

* From <* State Papers/' Vol. 62, page 262. See also Agreement of 3rd Jvlj,
1887, page 48, prolonging this Convention until January 81, 1905.

32

aREAT BRITAIN AND PEBSU. [2nd Dec., 1872,

Arfc.

X. Maintenance, &c., of Line, and Appointment and Payment of Guards to
remain in the hands of English Director and Staff. Persia to con-
tribute 1,000 tomans annually.
XI. Duties of Inspectors and Line Guards. Punishment of Offenders for
Wilful Damage to Line. Complaints, &c., by English Officers to bo
attended to by Governors of Districts.
XII. Persian GoTcmment to Pay for any Wilful Damage to Line.
XIII. Testing the Lines ; Persian Officials to obey orders of English Director.
XIV. Debt due by Persian Government to English Government on account of
Erection of first and second wires, how to be paid. Reservation in
favour of Indo-European Telegraph Company. Punctual Payment cf
Instalments by Indo-European Telegraph Company. Liabilities of
Indo-European Telegraph Company towards Persia.
XV. Articles required by English Staff to be admitted into Persia Free of Duty,
XVI. Application of Convention to Tehran-Bushiro and Tehran-Khanekeen

Lines.
XVII. Settlement of Disagreements.
XVIII. Duration of Convention until Ist January, 18D3, when the whole Line is
to be handed over to Persian Government.
XIX. Right of British Government to hand over the Line at an earlier date.
XX. Ratifications.

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, being desu'ons to continue the system of
telegraphic communication between Europe and India, through
Persia, already established in virtue of previous Treaties,* have
resolved that a Convention for that purpose shall be conchidcd,
wherefore Their Majesties have named as their Plenipotenti-
aries :

Her Majesiy the Queen of tlie United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Ronald Ferguson Thomson, Esquire, her
Charge d' Affaires at the Court of Persia ;

And His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Persia,
His Excellency Meerza Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign
Affairs, &c. ;

And the aforesaid distinguished Representatives, after
meeting in the capital of Tehran, and perusing and exchanging
their full powers, which were found in good and due foi-m, have
agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:

English Government to erect a Third Wire between Tehran and
Bushire, and to substitute Iron Standards for Wooden Poles,

Art, I. To expedite and facilitate the transmission of inter-
national messages, the English Government will, at its oAvn
expense, and under the superintendence of its own officera,
erect a third wire, in addition to the two already in operation
between Tehran and Bushire, and will also substitute iron
standards for the existing wooden poles. The English Govern-
ment agrees to substitute the above iron standards at the rate
of 500 annually.

* See Treaties of 2ard November, 1865, and 2nd April, 1868, pages 25 wid 30.

33 T>

Sad Doc, 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AXD PERSIA.

Persian Government to pay in ten Annual Instalments the sum of

10,000 tomans.

And the Persian Government engages to pay in 10 annual
instalments the sum of 10,000 tomans to the EngUsh Govern-
ment towards defraying the expenditure incurred on these* iron
posts.

Assistance to be afforded hy Persian Government.

During this Avork, the Persian Government engages itself to
render to the superintending officers every assistance in its
power of which they may stand in need.

Telegraph Employes to he under Special Protection of Persian

Local Authorities.

Art. II. Whereas all British subjects in Persia are entitled
to the protection of the Persian Government, under the opera-
tion of Article XU of the Treaty of Paris, of 4th March, 1857,* it
is now provided that the British employes of the Telegraph
Department, being charged with public duties, shall be every-
where placed under the special protection of the local authorities,
who shall furnish guards when necessary, and otherwise assure
their personjal safety.

Continued use of First and Second Wires for Local and International

Messages.

Art. III. Until the completion of the third wire provided for
by the above Article I, the appropriation of the existing &st
and second wires for local and international messages shall
remain as at present, viz., as regulated by Article VIII of the
Convention of the 23rd November, 1865.t

How the Three Wires are to be Appropriated,

Art. IV. After the completion of the third wire, notice of
which will be given to the Persian Government by the Director
of the English Staff, the appropriation of the three wires shall
be as follows : —

First Wire to be used for I^ocal Traffic and Second and Third Wires

for International Tr^affic,

The first wire, viz., the one set up originally in 18(54, shall
be used for local traffic, while the second and third wires shall
be used for international traffic, with the exceptions hereinafter
specified in Article VL

. * Page 20. t Page 23.

34

aBEAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec, 1872.

First Wire to be worked hy Persian Employes and Second and
Third Wires hy British Employes in Separate Roams.

Art. V. To prevent any confusion in the working of the
different wii*es, the first wire shall be worked by Persian
Government employes, and the second and third \vires by
English Government employes, separate rooms being provided
by the Persian Government for the said English and Peman
employes, in telegraph offices considered suitable by both
Administrations.

As to Working of Wires in case of Breakage or Contact,

Art. VI. (a.) Should the first wire be broken at any time,
one of the others shall be temporarily lent for Persian corre-
spondence, until commxmication by the first wire is restored,
provided always that both the second and third wires are at the
time in good working order throughout their length, and free
from -contact.

(6.) Should the first wire bo in contact with either the
second or third wire while the remaining wire is clear, the wire
in contact with the first Avire shall bo msulated, to allow free
working by the Persian employes on the first wire until the
contact is removed.

{c.) Should the first wire be in contact with the second or
third while the remaining one is interrupted, or should both
second and third wires be interrupted, or should all three wires
at any time be in contact, the resultant single line shall be used
by the English and Persian Administi'ations in the respective
proportions of two-thirds to one-third of the day, the exact
hours to be fixed by mutual agreement between the English
and Persian Directors.

Revenue derived from Local Traffic on Persian Wire to belong to

Persia.

Art. VII. The revenue derived fi'om the local traffic on the
Persian wire shall belong entirely to the Persian Government.

Meaning of Local Traffic,

By local traffic are meant messages originating at one
Persian station and terminating at another Persian station.

Transit Traffic between Jidfa and Bushire : all Claims to Revenue
renounced by Persian Government for the Annual Payment of
12,000 tomans, or of 2 francs per 20 words.

Art. VIII. The Persian Government having already made
an arrangement with the Indo-European Telegraph Company*

* See CoDcession made by Persian Government to Messrs. Siemens and Co.,
11th January, 1868, and Agreement between Persian Government and Indo-
European Telegraph Company, 24th May, 1869. " Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6v
pages 25, 29.

85 D 2

2ad Doc, 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

regarding the revenue derived from the -Indo-European traffic^
the English Government will abide by that agreement as far as
they are concerned ; that is to say, the Persian Government, in
consideration of a fixed annual payment by the said Company
of either 12,000 tomans, or of 2 francs per message of 20 words,
renounces all claims to any portion of the revenue from transit
traffic over the lino from Julfa (on the Russian frontier) to
Bushire.

Revenue from Transit Traffic between Julfa and Bushire to he
divided between English Government and Indo-European Com-
pany,

This revenue shall therefore be divided between the English
Government and the Indo-European Company in such manner
as they themselves may decide, and the accounts between them
shall be settled without the intervention of the Persian Govern-
ment.

International Messages Onginating or Terminating in Persia,
Payments to be made by British to Persian Government,

As regards international messages originating or terminating
in Persia, the Persian Government agrees to cede to the English
Government for a tenn of three years the entue Persian
terminal tax on such messages, in consideration of a fixed
annual payment of 2,000 tomans, to be paid to Persia by the
English Government.

After the three years, the Persian Government shall be free
either to accept an annual payment calculated on the basis of
two-thirds of the average terminal receipts, or to claim two-
thirds of the receipts of all bond fide terminal messages.

Ihntish Government to decide which are Terminal or which Transit

Messages,

The Persian Government agrees to leave it to the sense of
justice of the English Government to decide which are bond
fide terminal messages, and which are to be considered as
transit messages, being forwarded to Persia evidently for the
purpose of being retransmitted to other countries,

Persian Government to oppose at International Telegraph Conferences
any alteration in Transit or Terminal Pates,

During the time this Treaty remains in force, the Persian
Government engages itself to oppose at the International
Telegi'aph Conferences any alteration in the present transit and
terminal rates, unless a previous agreement with the English
Government shall have been made.

36

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd De«., 1872.

British Administration responaihle for Correctness of International
Messages and Adjustment of Accounts^ and to collect Payments
for Messages.

Art. IX. Tlie Englisli Admiiiistration being responsible for
the correct transmission of all international messages, and for the
adjustment of the accounts, will collect the payments for these
messages according to the rates of the prevailing International
Telegraph Convention.

Registration and Sealing hy Persian Government of International

Messages oHginating in Persia,

All international messages originating in Persia shall, before
transmission, be registered and sealed by officials appointed by
the Persian Government.

International Messages tenninating in Persia to he delivered hy
Persian Officials, Receipts to he given to British Administration.

International messages terminating in Persia shall be
delivered to the addresses through the agency of the same
officials, who shall be boimd to give receipts for such messages
to the English Administration.

Access of Persian Administration to English Offices and Records.

The Persian Administration shall at all times have free
access to the English offices, and to all records connected with
international traffic.

Meaning of International Messages.

International messages are those which pass over the wires
of more than one State.

MaintenancCy ^*c., of Line, and appointment and payment of Guards
to Q'emain in hands of English Director and Staff.

Art. X. The maintenance of the line, including repairs,
and the appointment, control, and payment of the line guards,
shall remain in the hands of the English director and staff.

Persia to contrihute 1,000 tomans annually.

As a contribution towards the expenditure under this head,
the Persian Government will pay to the English director the
sum of 1,000 tomans annually, this amount being deducted
from the royalty due to Persia by the Indo-European Telegraph
Company, as hereinbefore described in Article YIII.

37

2nd Dec, 1872.] OREAT BRITAIN AISTD PERSIA.

Duties of Inspectors and Line Guards,

Art. XI. The duties of the telegraph inspectors and line
guards are strictly confined to repairing and maintaining the
line.

Punishment of Offenders for wilful damage to Line.

If the line be wilfully damaged, the Persian Government
will take the most stringent measures to oblige the local autho-
rities to apprehend and punish the offenders.

Complaints^ &c., by English Officers to be attended to by Governors

of Districts.

The Governors of districts will be accordingly instructed to
pay prompt attention to all complaints and communications
made to them by the English oflScers.

Persian Government to pay for any loilful damage to Line,

Art, XII. In case of any wilful damage to the line, the
expense of repairing the same shall be defrayed by the Persian
Government.

Testing the Lines, Persian Officials to obey orders of English

Director.

Art. XIII. To enable the EngUsh director to have a perfect
knowledge of the state of the wires and offices, and thereby to
provide for their general efficiency and the rapid removal of
any impediment to telegraphic communication, the orders and
regulations issued by him regarding the connections within the
offices, and the times and manner of testing the lines, shall
be strictly obeyed by the Persian telegraph officers and
signallers.

Debt due by Persian Government to English Government on account
of erection of First and Second Wires, How to be paid.

Art. XIV. It having been ascertained that the debt owed
by the Persian Government to the English Government on
account of materials and erection of the second wire, together
with some items connected with the erection of the first wire,
and the payment of line guards, amounted on the 31st Decem-
ber, 1869, to 115,079 tomans 8 krans, or 47,247/. sterling, the
English Government agrees to accept payment without interest,
in the course of 24 years, in 24 equal instalments, of the same
from the Indo-European Telegraph Company.

38

QRKAT BEITAIX AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec, 1872,

Reservation in fcwonv of Indo-European Teletjraph Company,

Should the aforesaid Iiido-Europoin Telegraph Coini)any
wish to pay the amount iu question sooner, it is at liberty to
do so.

Punctual payment of Instalments by Indo-European Telegraph

Company.

The English Government shall notify without delay to the
Persian Government any instance of failure on the part of the
Indo-European Telegi'aph Company in payuig the periodical
instalments, and mil then hold the Peman Government respon-
sible for any portion of the debt remauiing unpaid.

Liabilities of Indo-European Telegraph Company towards Persia,

Nothing in this Article is to be considered to invalidate any
claim on the Indo-European Telegi'aph (company, which the
Persian Government holds in virtue of the concessions granted
to the said Company,

Articles required by English Staff to be admitted into Persia free

of Duty,

Art. XV. All articles required by the English staff from
abroad for the service of the line shall be exempt from Customs
or other duties in Persia.

Application of Convention to Tehran-Bushire and Tehran-^

Khaneheen lAnes,

Art. XVI. This Convention applies specially to the Tehran-
Bushire* section, but shall apply equally to the Tehran-Khane-
keen section, should the English director at any time deem it
expedient to resume charge of that portion of the Persian
telegraph.

In such a case the tariff" of the Tehran-Khanekeen section,
and the method of account, shall be settled by a special
arrangement between the English and Persian Administra-
tions.

Settlement of Disagreements,

Art. XVII. Any disagreement arising between the telegraph
employes of the two Governments shall be referred for decision
to the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the British
Representative at Tehran.

Duration of Convention mitil 1st January^ 1895, when the whole
Line is to be handed over to Persian Government,

Art. XVIII. This Convention shall take effect from the day
on which its ratifications are exchanged, and shall remain in force

39

2nd Mar., 1832.] aKEAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

until the 1st of January, 1895,* on which date the English
staff shall make over the whole line, in whatever condition it
may be at the time, including iron posts and third wire, to the
Persian Government, and shall then cease to have any further
connection with the Peraian telegraph.

Mlffht of British Government to handover the Line at an earlier date.

Art. XIX. After the ereclion of the third wire, it shall be
competent for the English Government, at any time before the
expiry of this Convention, on giving six months' notice, to hand
over the line in its existing condition to the Persian Govern-?
ment, and to withdraw its officers and employes from the
country, ceasing from that date to have any further connection
with the Persian telegi'aph.

liatijicattons.

Art. XX, The ratifications of the present Convention shall
be exchanged at Tehran within five months, or sooner if prac-
ticable.

Done at . Tehran, in quadrupUcate, this 2nd day of the
month of December, in the year of Our Lord, 1872.

(L.S.) RONALD F. THOMSON.
(L.S.) MEERZA SAEED KHAN.

(No. 15.). CONVENTION between Great Britain and Persia, for
the Suppression of the Traffic in Slaves, — Signed in the English
and Persian languages, at Tehran, 2nd March, 1882.t

[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, 14th June, 1882.]

Table of Contents.
Art. ...

I. Permission to British Cruizers to tisit and detain Persian Merchant-vessels.
Persons provided with Government passports not to be molested under
certain circumstances.
ir. British Officer to be present at adjudication of Captured Vessels, Disposal of
Condemned Vessels and Slaves found on board.
Ill, Persians engaging in Slave Traffic by sea to be severely punished. Slaves

imported to be nianumitted and protected.
IV. -Agreement of August, 1851, cancelled.

In the Name of God, the Almighty, all Merciful.

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Majesty the

* Prolonged until the 31st January, 1905, by an Agreement dated 3rd July,
1887, page 44.

t From "State Papers," Vol. 73, page 31. This Convention was carried into
effect by an Order in Council dated 18th August, 1P82, page 42.

40

*^- '

aREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Mur., 1882.

Shah of Persia, being mutually animated by a sincere desire to
co-operate for the extinction of the barbarous Traffic in Slaves,
have resolved to conclude a Convention for the purpose of
attaining this object, and ha\e named as their Plenipotentiaries,
that is to say : —

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, Ronald Ferguson
Thomson, Esquire, Her En\roy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia ;

And His Majesty the Shah of Persia, his Excellency Mirza
Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign Affairs ;

Who, after having communicated to each other their full
powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and
concluded the following Articles : —

Permisifion to British Cruizers to visit and detain Persian

Merchant'Vessels.

Art. I. In order to prevent the chance of negro slaves,
male and female, being imported into Persia, British cruizers
shall be permitted to visit and detain merchant-vessels under
the Persian flag, or belonging* to Persian subjects, which may
be engaged in, or which there may be reasonable gi'ounds for
suspecting to be or to have been engaged during the voyage on
which they are met, in carrying slaves; and if any such slaves
are found on board such merchant-vessels, the vessel, with all
on board, shall be taken before the nearest Persian autho-
rities for trial.

Persons provided loith Government Passports not to be molested

under certain circumstances.

But no person whatsoever who, being furnished with a
Government passport, countersigned by a British Resident or
Consul, may have gone from Persia to visit the places of
pilgrimage, shall, when returning, be interfered with, provided
such person be not accompanied by more negroes, either male
or female, than the number mentioned in his original pass.
The presence of any such additional negro or negroes shall be
primd facie evidence of an attempted Traffic in Slaves.

British Officer to he present at adjudication of captured Vessels.

Art. II. If any merchant-vessel under the Persian flag be
captured by a British cruizer and taken into a Persian port for
adjudication, it shall be the officer of the British cruizer making
the capture, or some duly authorized officer of the British
Government, who shall be present at such adjudication.

Disposal of condemned Vessels and Slaves found on boards

In the event of the captured merchant-vessel being con-
demned and sold, the proceeds of such sale shall go to the

41

ISth Aug., 1882] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

Persian Government, and all slaves found on board such
vessel shall be handed over to the British authorities.

Persians engaging in Slave Traffic Ly Sea to he severely punished.

Art. hi. His Majesty the Shah of Persia agrees to punish
severely all Persian subjects or foreigners amenable to Persian
jurisdiction who may be found engaging in Slave Traffic by sea.

Slaves imported to be manumitted and protected*

And to manumit and guarantee the safety and proper
treatment of all slaves illegally imported, that is to say, im-
ported by sea into His Majesty's dominions after the signature
of the present Convention.

Agreement of August, 1851, cancelled.

Art. IV. The present Convention shall come into operation
on the 1st May, 1882. After the Convention shall so have been
brought into operation, Article XIII of the Treaty between
Great Britain and Persia, signed at Paris on the 4th March,
1857 (Page 20), by which the Agreement entered into by Great
Britain and Persia in August, 1851 (Page 12) , was renewed, shall
be considered as cancelled, except as to any proceeding that
may have already been taken or commenced in virtue thereof.

Art. V. The ratifications of the present- Convention shall
be exchanged at Tehran within five months, or sooner if prac-
ticable.

Done at Tehi'an, in quadniplicate, this 2nd day of the month
of March, in the year of Our Lord 1882.

(L.S.) RONALD F. THOMSON.
(L.S.) MIRZA SAEED KHAN.

ORDER IN COUNCIL, for carrying the above Convention of
2nd March, 1882, into effect. ISth August, 1882.

At the Court at Osborne House^ Isle of Wight, the Hth day of

August, 1882.

PRESENT: THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY IN COUNCIL.

Whereas by an Act passed in the 37th year of Her Majesty's
reign, chapter 88, intituled " The Slave Trade Act, 1873,"* it
was, amongst other things, provided that " Where any Treaty

• " Hertslet's Treaties," Vol. 14, page 717.

42

GREAT BRITAIX AND PERSIA. [3ra July, 18S7.

in relation to the Slave Trade is made after the passing of that
Act, by or on behalf of Her Majesty- with any Foreign State,
Her Majesty may, by Order in Council, direct that as from such
date, not being earlier than the date of the Treaty, as may be
specified in the Order, such Treaty shall be deemed " to be an
existing Slave Trade Treaty within the meaning of the Act,
and it was provided that " thereupon (as from the said date, or
if no date is specified as from the date of such Order) " all the
provisions of the Act shall apply and be construed accordingly.
And whereas on the 2na day of March in the year 1882 a
Treaty or Convention was concluded between Her Majesty and
Hifl Majesty the Shah of Persia for the suppression of the Slave
Trade, in the following terms, that is to say :

[Here follows the Convention of 2nd March, 1882, see Pago 40.]

And whereas it is expedient that the said Treaty or Con-
vention should be brought within the operation of " The Slave
Trade Act, 1873."

Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers in this behalf as aforesaid, is pleased by and with
the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby
ordered as follows : —

The said Treaty or Convention hereinbefore recited shall,
from the 1st day of May, 1882, being the day on which the said
Treaty or Convention came into operation, be deemed to have
been and to be an existing Slave Trade Treaty within the
meaning of *' The Slave Trade Act, 1873."

And the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, the
Right Hon. the Earl Granville, one of Her Majesty's Principal
Secretaries of State, and the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty are to give the necessary directions herein as to
them may respectively appertain.

C. L. PEEL.

(No.. 16.) AGREEMEISTTS between the British and Persian
Governments for prolonging, until iXst January^ 1905, the
Conventions between Her Majesty and the Shah of Persia of
2ndAprily 1868, and 2nd Becembei*, 1872, relative to Telegraphic
Communication between Europe and India. Signed, in the
English and Persian Languages, at Tehran, Srd July, 1887.

I. Agreement between the Biitish and Persian Governments to
prolong, until Ust January, 1905, the Convention of 2nd Aprils
1868, respecting Telegraphic Communication between Europe
and India, Signed at Tehran^ Srd July, 1887.

(English Version.)

It is hereby agreed between the Undersigned, duly au-

43

3rd July, 1887.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.

thorized thereto by their respective Governments, that the
Convention signed at Tehran on the 2nd April, 1868,* for ex-
tending and securing telegraphic communication between
Europe and India, shall remain in force until the 31st January,
1905.

Done at Tehran, this 3rd day of July, 1887.

(L.S.) A. NICOLSON, Her Britannic Majesty 8

Chargi d^ Affaires,
(L.S.) Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs,

IT. Agreement between the British and Persian Governments to
prolong, until Ust January, 1905, the Convention of 2nd De-
cemher, 1872, respecting Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India through Persia*—' Signed at Tehran, drd July,
1887.

(English Version.)

It is hereby agreed between the Undersigned, duly au-
thorized thereto by their respective Governments, that the
Convention signed at Tehran on the 2nd December, 1872,t
for continuing the system of telegraphic communication
between Europe and India through Persia, shall remain in force
until the Slst Januarv, li)05.

Done at Tehran, this 3rd day of July, 1887.

(L.S.) A. NICOLSON, Her Britannic Majesty's

ChargS d^ Affaires.
(L.S.) Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs,

[No Treaties were concluded between Great Britain and
Persia in 1888, 1889, or 1890 ; but see Proclamation, Firmaun,
&c., pages 56-58.]

» Page 30. t Page 32.

44

PART IL

FIRMAUNS, &C.3

ISSUED BY THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, GRANTING
COMMERCIAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES TO GREAT
BRITAIN AND OTHER POWERS, AS WELL AS TO
NATIVES; AND FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE
SLAVE TRADE. 1823-1890.

Pa^e

Abolition of Export Duty on Horses .. .. ,, July (August), 1823 47

British Trade with Persia 5lh May, 1836 48

Protection of Servants and Dependants of British Mission

15th September, 1839 48

Ditto (Amended) April, 1840 49

Bankruptcies. Protection of British Merchants . . May (June), 1844 50

Prohibition against Importation of Negro Slaves by Sea . . June, 1848 54

Protection of Lives and Properties of Persian Subjects 26tli May, 1888 56

Opening of the Karun Eiver 30th October, 1888 58

Notice. Prohibition against the Traffic in Slaves by Sea or Land

Ist February, 1890 58

PART IT.

FIRMAUNS

ISSUED BY THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, GRANTING COM-
MERCIAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES TO GREAT
BRITAIN AND OTHER POWERS, &c. 1823-1890.

FIRMA UN of the Shah abolishing the Export Duty on Horses,-

July {August)^ 1823.*

(Translation.)

This auspicious Firmaiin is issued to inform our beloved and
renowned son, Hossein All Mirza, the Governor-General of Fars,
that the British Agent at the Court has represented to our
Ministers that the officers of the customs of Fars and the ports
have commenced to exact a duty on horses purchased in Persia
by British subjects for exportation to their oAvn country.
According to his statement this regulation did not formerly
exist ; and in consideration of the friendship between the two
States which has rendered then* interests inseparable, it is our
wish in every respect to cultivate the present alhance ; there-
fore our beloved son is ordered to give instructions, both with
regard to horees and other property and goods belonging to
British subjects, that no duties shall in future be levied on them,
excepting such as long-established usages authorize.

You are enjoined to pay the fullest attention to the piu-port
of this Firmaun, and not only to prevent the subjects of the
British Government from suffering any injustice or molestation,
but to extend them every protection and indulgence.

(L.S.) His Majesty FUTTEH ALI SHAH.

Dated Zilkad, 1238, corresponding with July and August,
1823.

[In 1823 the relations between the British Government and
Persia were transferred to the Governor-General of India, and
an Envoy of the Governor-General was substituted for a Pleni-
potentiary of the Crown. (Aitchison^s Treaties, Vol, 6, page
361.)j

* Fi-om " Ailchison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page S96.

47

IStli Sept., 1839.] PERSIA.

FIRM A UN of the Shah of Persia permitting British Merchants to
Trade with Persia on payment of the same Duties as those paid
ly Russian Merchants.— ^Received 5th May^ 1836.*

(L.S.) The Seal of MOHAMMED SHAH.

Whereas the relations of friendship and amity between the
powerful and dignified Governments of Persia and England are
fixed upon the most perfect and firm basis ; and whereas it is
agreeable to the exalted character of His Majesty, that this
friendship and amity should daily increase, and that mutual
advantage should thence result ; therefore, in the present
auspicious year, and henceforth, according to this gracious
Proclamation, we grant hberty and permission to the merchants
of the British Nation, that, having Drought their merchandize
to the territorial possessions of Persia, they may dispose of the
same in perfect security and confidence, and that they shall pay
to the ojBScers of Government the same public dues upon their
goods as are paid by the merchants of the Russian Govern-
ment.

In the month of Moohurrim, in the year of the Hegira 1252
(A.D. 1836).

[Here follow the Seals of the witnesses.]

Receivea at the British Palace, Teheran, on the 5th of May,
1836.

A true Translation, H. ELLIS,

Extract from Article I 11^ relative to Commerce^ of the Treaty
between Russia and Persia of ^^ Fehruary, 1828.

[Referred to in Firmaun of 5th May, 1836.]

Il est convenu que les marchandises import(5es en Perse, ou
exportees de ce Royaume par les sujets Russes, * * * seront
soumises, comme par le pass6, a un droit de 5 pour cent per^u
une fois pour toutes, a leur entree et a leur sortie, et ne seront
assujetties ensuite au payement d'aucim autre di'oit de Douane.

FIRMA UN issued by the Shah for the Protection of the Servants
and Dependants of the Biitish Mission. — Ibth September, 1839.t

(Translation.)

On account of the friendship subsisting between the two

* From " state Papers," Vol. 21, page 769. See also Treaty, 4tli March,
1857, Article IX, page 19.

t From '* State Papers," Vol. 28, page 125.

48

PEB3IA. [April, 1840.

ever-enduiiiig Governments of Persia and England, it is agree-
able to our favour-dispensing Sublime Majesty, that the servants
and dependants of the Ambassadors of the English Government
resident at this Court, should live in all confidence and tran-
quillity, and should at all times be under the shadow of the
protection and favour of our Sublime Majesty ; therefore in this
auspicious year of the Hog, this auspicious Fimiaun has been
written to this effect, that the servants and dependants of the
English Government, whether Persians or natives of other
countries, are safe and secure ; and under all circumstances, in
the same manner as the people of that Government are treated
by other Governments, so under this Government also the same
treatment will be shown.

Kejeb 5, 1255 (15th September, 1839).

(L.S.) THE SHAH.

[See amended Firmaun of April, 1840.]

Amended Firmaun issued by the Shah of Persia, for the Pro-
tection of the Servants and Dependants of the British Mission^
—Apnl 1840.

(Translation.)

Let the Governors and authorities of all the country know,
that referring to the unity existing between the two mighty
Governments of Persia and England, the object of our Koyal
desire is, that the servants ana dependants of the Mission* of
the mighty Government of England, who are stationary at the
Court of this haughty Government, may, in all confidence and
tranquillity of mind, remain under the shadow of the protection
of our clemency and Sublime Majesty, and that never, in this
God-protected land, in any possible manner, should they be
exposed to loss or detriment of any kind in their lives or pro-
perty.

Therefore this auspicious and happy Firmaun, which all the
world obeys, is proclaimed and issued to give notice to the
above-mentioned (Governors and authorities), that all the ser-
vants and dependants of the English Mission, whether these
be Pereians or natives of other countries, are, as in times past,
in safety and under protection, and that they should rejoice in
the kindness and consideration of the Ministers of this haughty
State ; and should any of these (servants and dependants of the
English Government) be guilty of any crime, they shall not be
punished without the hnotoledge of the English Minister*

Therefore these high personages (the Governors to whom
this Firmaun is addressed), fully regarding the amity subsisting

* The words of the Mission do not occur in the Persian copy from which this
was translated.

49 E

May (June) , 1844.] . PERSIA .

between the 2 great States, must act in conformity to this
order; and after having paid obedience to this auspicious Fir-
maun, let its meaning reach the ears of all the people of the
whole country, and let them know that it is imperative.

THE SHAH.

[For the coiTespondence which passed between the British
and Persian Governments with regard to the issue of the Fiiv
mauns of 1839 and 1840, see " State Papers," Vol. 28, pages 123
to 147.]

FIRMAUN of the Shah of Persia relating to Bankruptcies, issued
for the protection of British Merchants, — May {June\ 1844.*

(Translation.)

This, that the high in rank (with other usual titles) Hossein
Khan, Adjutant Bashee, Governor of the province of Yezd,
honoured and exalted by the increasing favour of His Majesty,
may know that the Ministers of the British Government having,
from a high sense of justice, certified that, with reference to the
property remaining Avith bankrupts and insolvents, to be pro-
portionately distributed and divided among their creditors, the
;subjects of the exalted Persian and British Governments, the
dependants of that Government (British), shall not on this
head receive the slightest favom* or distinction ; and having at
the present time requested, through the medium of their Charge
d' Affaires, His Excellency Colonel Shell, that suitable regula-
tions comprehended in certain Articles, not incompatible with
the religion of Islam, should be passed for the protection of
■merchants, the dependants of the British Government, from all
tinds of deceptions, frauds, and evil designs on the part of the
insolvent and fraudulent bankrupt, and His Persian lilajesty
being earnestly desirous that foreign nations and merchants,
the subjects of other States in the protected territories of the
Shah in Shah, should be secured from every evil design of the
insolvent and fraudulent bankrupt, accordingly these com-
mercial regulations, which have been arranged between the
Ministers of the Persian Government and His Excellency
Colonel Shell, the British Charge d' Affaires, and have received
the auspicious approval and approbation of His Majesty, are
-written and detailed for the information of that high in
rank, &c. (Hossein Khan), in the body of this document.

Art. I. All deeds of purchase and sale, bonds, &c., shall
henceforth be registered in the respectable (Dewan Khaneh)
Courts of Equity in the special duftiu's (records), which are

» From " Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page 399. See also *'Hertslet's
Treaties," Vol. 9, page 611.

50

PERSIA. [llaj (June), IQU.

returned by the Governor of each, province, sealed with tlie
Government Seal; in tlie said dufture all claims should, accord-
ing to their respective dates and numbers, be entered. The
dates and numbera of the dufturs (entries), should also be
inscribed on the face of the agreement. The pages of the
duftm-s should be numbered, and should contain no emenda-
tions or erasures.

Art. II. Agreements wliich have been rendered vaKd by
registiy in the large duftur should be again separately written
in the Dewan Khaneh in alphabetical order, together with the
names of the contractuig parties, and a numerical list of the
large dufturs be framed.

Art. hi. Should there exist in one spot two bonds in the
shape of claims for money, wliich have been duly registered in
the Dewan Khaneh, that whose entry in the Dewan Khaneh
shall bear the older date shall be first executed. This condition
not to supersede those regulations relative to the proportional
division of property which are to have effect at the period of
bankruptcy.

Art. IV. The registry of agreements is not essential, but
bonds which, according to regulation, have been rendered valid
by registry in the Dewan Klianeh, shall especially be held of
greater validity over external bonds (contracted independently),
which shall not be executed until the execution of those bonds
which have been duly registered in the Dewan Khaneh shall
have taken place ; such independently contracted bonds may
be brought to and registered in the Dewan Khaneh during the
space of one year.

Art. v.* Whoever shall (desire to) sell or place in pledge
his immoveable property, shall give into the hands of the

purchaser a deed of sale or ( jLsjJu) transfer ; should he not pay

the money at the time agTced upon, he shall cause it to be put
up to sale, and the Dewan Khaneh, previous to registering and
rendering valid such agreement of pm-chase of sale, shall ascer-
tain that its deed of sale or transfer has been deKvered into the
hands of the purchaser, and that the said real estate has not
been sold nor given in pledge or security to some otlier
person.

Art. VI. The payment of the money of a bond shaU not be
(considered) proved until both creditor and debtor shall have
attached their seals and signatures to the bond that the whole
of the money has been received; otherwise, at the time of
emergency, it will be necessary to establish the settlement of
the debt by producing evidence and making ajBSdavit.

Art. VII. On the death of a debtor, the creditors shall have
the right of claiming their money from the heirs of the deceased
previous to the maturity of the bond or promissory note,
and the heirs to the property of the deceased shall satisfy those
claims.

* See also Article XYIII, page 53.

51 E 2

May (June), 1844.] PERSIA.

Art. VIIT. Every trader and merchant who shall appear
insolvent shall make affidavit that he has not secreted any of
liis property, and shall establish (prove) his insolvency; so,
also, his partners and agents shall take oath that they have not
secreted any of his property.

Art. IX. Such bankrupt shall not be at liberty until he
shall have afforded bail for his appearance, and the magistmte
shall distrain the effects of the bankrupt, and those of his
children and women ; but in the event of its being proved that
he has become owner of such property subsequent to his
insolvency, whatever belonging to his relatives, and in which
the banki-upt has no concern whatever, which has reached
them as inheritance, or as the product of a separate trade
or profession, or which has passed away to the husband as
the dowries of the daughters, shall be free from distraint.

Art. X. If the bankruptcy has been caused by accidental
fire or shipwreck, proven, or by robbery by enemies, then in
that case bail shall not be required.

Art. XL The punishment of the fraudulent bankrupt shall
*be the same as that (laid down) for the thief and liar, and the
authority to mitigate punishment in certain exceptions shall
rest with the King only. The fraudulent bankrupt fchall be
imprisoned during the period of investigation, and shall not (be
permitted) to hold communication with any one, even his own
governors. All his property shall be distrained, and he may
not a second time engage in trade, nor be (a Mabashir Kar) an
agent in business. Similar punishment shall be inflicted upon
his accomplices and those persons who may have secreted Iiis
property.

Art. XII. Agi-eements entered into by an insolvent after
his insolvency has appeared and been proven shall be null and
void ; and, in like manner, all deeds of gift drawn out after his
insolvency shall be null and void.

Art. XIII. The division of the property of a .bankrupt
among his creditors shall take place after the lapse of four
months. If the effects of the bankrupt are of a kind (liable) to
be speedily injured or destroyed, such as cattle, articles of
food, &c., they shall, without delay, be turned into money.
Merchandize which, after the publication of his insolvency, may
be sent to the bankrupt, shall be distrained in the Custom
House and sent to the Dewan Khaneh, and, in like manner,
letters of whatever kind to the address of the bankrupt, indica-
tive of absence cf the truth of his insolvency, shall be taken to
the Dewan Khaneh.

Art. XIV. The bankrupt not having satisfied all claims
against him shall still be considered a debtor. His creditor^
shall, of their own accord, allow him time on account of the
remainder of their claims, and in the interim Avhatever he may
obtain or become heir to shall be given up in payment of his
debts.

Art. XV. Should there be any discrepancy between the

52

PERSIA. [May (June), 1844.

€ntry in the duftur and the bond itself, and the Dewan
Khaneh have eiToneously made the registry, it (the Dewan
Khaneh) shall make good the debts of the insolvent.

Art. XVI. Those reckoned fraudulent banknipts are of the
following description: — 1st, those who cannot establish their
insolvency nor give a public account of the money and
eflFects they have received from others ; 2nd, those who, whether
secretly or openly, convey mei*chandize to their homes ;
3rd, those who, aware of their msolvency, shall, after the same
having become apparent, make gifts with a view to securing to
themselves (lit, eating up) the property ot their creditors;
4th, those who shall again sell or give in pledge immoveable
property already sold to or in pledge with others ; 5th, those

who shall sell or give in pledge religious endowments (cJSj JU).

Art. XVII. His Majesty the King has aboUshed all places ol
asylum in the homes of individuals, except in certain mosquefl
and sanctified places, such as the houses of well known
(Oolumas) priests and the King's palaces, which, from olden
time, have been places of refuge ; and has commanded that
none of the subjects of this Government (the Persian) shall
admit into their houses delinquents, sucli as thieves, bankrupts,
and others. Whoever shall disobey these royal orders snail
subject hin^self to punishment.

Art. XVIII. Smce, for the transaction of mercantile affairs,
a (MulKck-oot-Tijjar), or Chief of merchants, is in every place
neceesaiy, accordingly the Ministers of the Persian Government
will appoint a Mullick-oot-Tijjar in eveiy place in Persia where
extended commerce is earned on; and moreover, when the
business of British merchants shall be transacted ii). the Dewan
Khaneh, it (the Dewan Khaneh) shall arrange and settle the
same in the presence of a delegate from the Mission or Con-
sulate ; and so, in like manner, the distraint of the property of
a bankrupt or of the effects of a deceased debtor, in cases con-
nected with foreign subjects, shall be made in the presence of
a delegate from the British Authorities. The British Agents
shall demand (the amoimt of) the claims of (due to the) bank-
inipts from his debtors, being natives of the country, in the
same manner as if the debtors were themselves subjects of the
British Government.

Eeverting to Article V, treating of immoveable property.
In Persia there are tlnree descriptions of persons holding
villages : 1st, the King ; 2nd, the landed proprietor (malik) ;
3rd, the inhabitants. Should the malik (desire to) place ms
village in pledge, he shall, in order to obviate discussion, first
obtain the permission of the King's Government and of the
inhabitants.

It is necessary that the high in rank before-mentioned should
make known and publish the above-written details in the
Dewan Khanehs of the province of Yezd according to these
instructions, and strictly warn the authorities and executives of
the Dewan Khanehs of the province alluded to, to act up to the

53

12tli June, 184a] PERSIA.

commands conveyed in this august document, nor in any way
'swei*vc from or disobey them. Let them consider the same
their bounden duty.

Written in the month of Jemmadee-ool-Awul, in the year of
the Hegira 1260. May (June), 1844.

FIRM A UN issued by the Shah to Hajee Meerza Aghassee prx)-
hibiting the Importation of Negro Slaves into Persia by. Sea, —
12th Jwie, 1848.*

(Tmnslation.)

nth June, 1848 (10 Rejjeb, 1264),

Your Excellency the Hajee,

Let them not bring any negroes by sea ; let them be brought
by land. Purely for the sake of Farrant Sahib [Lieutenant-
Colonel FaiTantJ, with whom I am much pleased, I have con-
sented to this. On this subject write to the Governors of Fars
and Arabia [Persian Arabia],

Solely on account of the goodness of Farrant I have con-
sented, otherwise some trifling discussions still exist between us
(ind the EngUsh Government.
H.E. Hajee Meerza AgJmssee. THE SHAH.

FIRMAUN issued by the Shah to the Governor of Fars, pro-
hibiting the Importation of Slaves into Persia by Sea, — 12^A
June, i848.t

j(Translationr)

«

To the high in rank, the pillar of nobility, Hoossein Khan,
the Comptroller of State Affairs and Governor of Fars, who has
been exalted and supported by the distinguished favours of His
Majesty the Shah, &c., be it known, that it is a long time since
a request for the abolition of the importation of negi-oes by sea
has been made on the part of the Ministers of the British
Government to the Ministers and authorities of this kingdom.
But their recjuest during this long pei-iod hfis not met with an
answer or our consent.

But in consequence of the favour entertained by our august
jSovereign towards the high in rank, the sincere well-wisher of
the State, the chosen among Christian nobles, &c., Colonel
FaiTant, Charge d'Affaires of the English Government, on ac-
count of the respectful conduct and manner of proceeding which
he has made mhnifest, and piu'ely for the regard we entertain

• From " state Papers," Yol. 37, page 465.
t From « State Papers," Vol. 37, page 466.

51

PERSIA. [Jane, 1848,

for him, we have accepted and complied with hig request. W6
have ordained that liereafter that higli in rank shall warn all
merchants and persons passing to and fro, to discontinue to
bring negroes by sea alone, and that they shall not export
or import negi'oes except l^y land, which is by no means
forbidden.

That high in rank wU be held responsible for the fulfilment
of the orders contained in this commimication.

Written in the month of Rejjeb, 1264. 12th June, 1848.

THE SHAH.

FIRMA UN issued ly the Shah to the Governor of Ispahan and'
Persian Arabia^prohibitimj the Importation of Slaves info Persia
. hy Sea, — June, 1848.*

(Translation.)

To the high in rank, the superior of Generals, the esteemed
of the Sovereign, Meerza Nebbee Khan, cliief of the Civil Law
Court, and Governor of Ispahan, who has been honoured by the
favour of the pure mind of the King of Kings.

Be it known, that at this time the high in rank, the noble
and exalted, possessed of dignity, the pillar of the Christian
nobles, the cream of the great men of Christendom, the un-
doubted well-wisher of the State, (.olonel Farraiit, CTiarge
d' Affaires of the exalted Government of England, who enjoys
the unbounded favom* of His Majesty the Shah, whose resplen-
dent mind is desirous to gratify him, having made a friendly
request on the part of the Ministers of his exalted Government
to the Ministers of His Majesty the Shah, that with a view to
preserve the existing friendship between the two exalted States,
a decree should be issued from the soiu'ce of magnificence, the
Shah, that hereafter the importation of the Negro tribes by sea
should be forbidden, and this traffic be abolished.

In consequence of this, it is ordered and ordained that, that
high in rank, after perusing this Firman, which is equal to a
decree of fate, will feel it incumbent on him to issue positive
and strict injunctions to the whole of the dealers in slaves who
trade by sea, that henceforth by sea alone the importation and
exportation of negroes into the Persian dominions is entirely
forbidden, but not by land. Not a single individual will be
permitted to bring negroes by sea without being subjected to
severe punishment.

That high in rank must in this matter give peremptory orders
throughout his government, and not be remiss.

Written in the month of Rejjeb, 1264. June, 1848.

THE SHAH,

^ From " State Papers," Vol. 37, p«ge 467.

55

26th May, 1888.] PERSIA.

ORDER prohibiting the trade in Black Slaves and Slave^Crirh hy
Sea. — July, 184^.*

The Governor of Pars, to the Governor of Bushire,

(Translation.)

This high order has been issued, that the high in rank,
Sheik Nasir Khan, Governor of the port of Bushire, may know
that since, in conformity with His Majesty's imperative Firman, it
has been determined and commanded in this prosperous year,
Buch Eel, and thereafter, the merchants, subjects of this high
and everlasting State, shall relinquish the trade in the black
slaves and slave-girls, by sea and by the ports of Fars. Any
merchant desiring to prosecute the traffic in black slave-girls
and slaves, is free and at liberty to do so by land, from what-
ever quarter it may be ; it is not forbidden ; but by way of the
sea, to embark them in vessels, they must entirely relinquish it,
and not engage in this traffic. If after perusing this order any
one of the merchants or others bring slaves and slave-girls
by sea, he will render himself liable to punishment. That high
in rank must advise and warn all the merchants and trades-
people residing at that port, that, in consideration of the concord
between the two exalted States, the vessels of the British have
been permitted by the Ministers of this conquering State to pre-
vent the propagation of this trade by sea. Assuredly that high
in rank will not in any way deviate from the course now laid
down.
Sheik Nasir Khan. HOOSSEIN KHAN.

PROCLAMATION of the Shah of Persia respecting the Protec-
tion of the Lives and Properties of Persian Subjects. — Tehran,
26«A May, 1888.t

OJicial Government Proclamation.

(Translation.)

The Great and Most High God having made our holy
person the source of justice and benevolence, and the executor
of his command and power, and having especially entrusted
the protection of the hves and property of the subjects of the
tmited countries of Persia into our well-skilled hands, in thanks-
giving for this great bounty, we consider it incumbent on us in
the execution of this trust not to draw back from or evade the
distribution of justice and the protection of the lives and
prorTerty of the people of this country from the encroachment
of' oppressors, and (we consider it incumbent upon us) to so

• From " State Papers," Vol. 37, page 469.

t laid before Parliament in " Persia, No. 2 (1888)."

56

PEBSIA. [May., 1888.

properly endeavour and persevere that the people be masters of
then: lives and property, in order that they may, with the
gre$itest ease and prosperity, engage themselves in enterprises
which are the basis of civilization and the source of wealth;
therefore, for the information and assurance of all the subjects
and people, in order to make them acquainted with the watch-
foLiess, tempered with justice, of our sovereign mind, by the
issue of this great Proclamation and noble Addi'ess, we make it
generally known to the people of the united comitries of Peraa,
that all our subjects, as regards their lives and property, arc
free and independent, so that they may, without fear or appre-
hension, exercise any right of proprietorship they Uke over their
own belongings, and any enterprise for which the combination of
money and formation of companies for the construction of
works and roads and any brancn of the branches of civilization
and wealth which they may undertake will give us satisfaction
and pleasure, and the protection of such is our duty, and no one
shall have the right or power to lay hands upon, or take
possession of, or interfere with, the life or property, or punish or
chastise the subjects of the Pei-sian Government, except it be in
execution of the religious and civil laws.

Month of Ramazan-ul-Mubareh, 1303 (May, 1888).

FIRM A UN of the Shah of Persia for the execution of the foregoing

Proclamation. — May^ 1888.

(Translation.)

(The Firmans contain the same words as the Proclamation,
with an additional injimction, of which the following, addressed
to the Veliahd, or Heir Apparent, at Tabriz, is a specimen.)

It is commanded that the Dawn of the Soul's Light, the Key
of the Gates of Victory, the Light of the Eyes of the Khilafet
and Kingdom, Resplendence of the Face of Sovereignty and
Empire, Dear and Most Noble Son, Light of the Eyes, Muzafer-
ud-Din Mirza, Veliahd of the Everlasting Kingdom of Persia,
Governor-General of the Province of Azerbaijan, will execute
this world-respected Imperial Firman, and not allow it to be
disregarded ; and this very Firman is to be read in all Masjids
and meeting-houses, and is to be generally explained and
instilled into the people, and published to all small towns,
districts, and even villages and settlements, so that all the
subjects of Persia be informed of this Imperial command, and
bonds are to be taken from the petty authorities, binding them
to carry out these commands, and any one disregarding this
order will be so pimished and chastised as to be the wonder of
the spectators. (May, 1888.)

57

1888— 18iK)J PERSIA.

PERSIAN CIRCULAR announcing the Opening of tlie Kaimn
River, from Mohammerah to Alnvaz. — SOfA October, 1888.

(Translation.)

(Circular.)

The Persian Government, with a view to the extension af
commerce and wealth in her provinces and the progress of
agiicultnre in Khuzistan and Ahwaz, has ordered that commer-
cial steamers of all nations, without exception, besides sailing
vessels which formerly navigated the Karun River, undertake
the transpoi-t of merchandize in the Karun River from Moham-
merah to the Dyke at Ahwaz ; but it is on the condition that
they do not pass the Dyke at Ahwaz upwards, as from the
Dyke upwards the river navigation is reserved to the Persian
Government itself and its subjects, and the tolls which the
Persian Government will organize shall be paid at Moham-
merah. Such vessels are not to carry goods prohibited by the
Persian Government, and vessels are not to stay longer than
necessary for the unloading and loading of commercial loads.

24 Sefer (1303) (30 Octoher, 1888).

PERSIAN NOTICE, proUbiting the Traffic in Slaves by Sea. or

Land. — 1st Ftibruai'y, 1890.

On the Ist February, 1890, H.E. the Saad-ul-Mulk, Governor
jof Bushire, held a " Mejlis " at the Government House at Lingdh,
to which he summoned all the principal persons and merchants
of the place, and publicly read a notice, announcing that who-
ever engaged in the traffic in slaves, either by sea or land, would
be severely punished and fined.

The Deputy-Governor was, at the same time, ordered to affix
copies of this notice in all places, and to take a bond from the
Customs farmer that he would bring to the notice of the authorir
ties any case of importation of slaves by land or sea.

68

PART III.

TREATIES, &C.,

CONCLUDED BY PERSIA WITH FOREIGN POWERS,
OTHER THAN WITH GREAT BRITAIN, WHICH
WERE WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY IN FORGE
ON THE 1ST APRIL 1891

^

\i^^

r^

i/<A

^(yvA

List of Treaties, &c., concluded by Persia witli Foreign
Powers (other than with Great Britain),* and which were
wholly or partially in force on the 1st April, 1891.

Page

Afghanifltan « • • • Aug., 1872 • • British Award. Seistan Boundary 63

Austria-Hungarj. 17th Maj, 1857 . • • Treaty. Commerce and Nayiga-

tion 66

Belgium Slst July, 1857. • . • Friendship and Commerce .•••••• 73

Denmark SOth Nov., 1857 .• # Friendship and Conmieroe ...... • 77

Egypt 1828. 1889 Special Commercial Arrangements. 80

France 12th July, 1855 . . • Friendship and Commerce ..••«•• 80

G^reece 28th Oct., 1861 • • • Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation d4

Italy c 24th Sept., 1862 • • Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation 100*

Addl. Art. Silkworms' Eggs and

Cocoons 104

Notes. Great Britain and Persia.

(Beloochistan, &c.) Boundary • • 1 OS-
Amended Notes (proposed) ditto 106

a

, 29th Sept., 1862 ••

Kelat l8t-4th Sept., 1871

))

15th May, 1873

Netherlands 3rd July, 1857 • • • • Friendship and Commerce 108-

Oman (Muscat) . . I7th Nov., 1856 • • Bender Abbas (terminated) 112

Russia 12th Oct., 1813 • • Peace and Friendship (Gulistan) . • 115>

22ndFeb.,T82ff*.. Peace and Friendship (Tourkman-

tchai) 117

22nd Feb., 1828 . . Commerce (Tourkmantchai) 125-

22nd Feb., 1828 . . Ceremonial. Eeception of Diplo-
matic Agents (Tourkmantchai) . 130-
3rd July, 1844 .... Interpretation of Art. 14 of Treaty

of 22nd February, 1828. Dis-
orders on the Frontiers. Pass-
ports 133

-,, 13th Dec, 1869 • • River Attrek to form Boundary on

East Coast of the Caspian Sea . , 133-

Telegraphic (expired. But see Con-

ii

12

9>

J-"th May, 1879

24

19th

Slst Jan., 1881 •
9th

vention, ^ Jan., 1881) ...... 134

Telegrapliic 134

—\ Dec, 1881 .... Akhal-Khorassan Boundary. East

of Caspian Sea 136

Spain • • 4th Mar., 1842 . • . • Friendship and Commerce 140

„ •....•••«.. 9th Feb., 1870 .... Friendship and Commerce 144

Sweden and Nor- 17th Nov., 1857 . . Friendship and Commerce 146

way

Switzerland 23rd July, 1873 . . • Friendship and Commerce • 149

* See page 1.

61

PERSIA AND FOREIGN POWERS.

Page

Turkey • • • 163^ .^ Friendship and Commerce. Note • 153

„ ^rd Oct., 1727 . . . Peace 153

„ ••••••••• Jan., 1746 Peace 155

,y •« • • .4 •.• . Jan., 1747 Peace 160

„ ••••...•• 28t1i July, 1823 .. . Peace (Erzeroom) 163

„ «•••••••• Slst Hay, 1847. •«• liimite (Erzeroom) •••/••• 169

„ 28iliN'oy., 1863... Telegraphic ••^. 173

„ • • • • 3rd Aug., 1869 • • . • ProYisional Arrangement. Turco-

Persian Frontiers • . • 176

,9 «4.. • 20th Dec., 1875. • . • Consular Jurisdiction. Civil and

Commercial Suits. Trade Ghiilds.

Protection. Nationality, &c. «. 179

„ ••••••••• 4th Jan., 1876 ... • Yizirial Letter explanatory of dii^to 184

„ ••• 18th July, 1878 .. • Cession by Turkey to Persia of

Town and Territory of £hotour 219
„ . ••••••«... 27th July, 1880 .. . Protocol, Ghreat Britain and Russia

ditto 216

United States. . . . 13th Dec, 1856 . . Friendship and Commerce 186

t . . » »

€2

PERSIA AND AFaHANISTAN. [Aug., 1872.

BRITISH A WARD on the IMApute between Persia and Afghani-
stan, toith regard to the Seistan Boundary, — August, 1872.

[Accepted by Persia and Afgliaiiistan, and confirmed by tlie

Britisli Government.]

The following substance of General Goldsmid's arbitral
Award is given in *' AitcLison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page 343 : —

" That Seistan Proper, by which is meant the tract of
country which the Hamun on tliree of its sides and the Helmmid
on the foui-th cause to resemble an island, should be included
by a special boimdary line within the limits of Persia ; that
Persia should not possess land on the right of the Helmimd ;
that the fort of Nad AH should be evacuated by Persian gairi-
Bons, and the banks of the Helmund above the Kohuk bund
given up to Afghanistan ; that the main bed of the Helmund
below Kohuk should be the eastern boundary of Persian Seistan,
and that the line of frontier to the hills south of the Seistan
desert should be so drawn as to include within the Afghan
limits all cultivation on both banks of the river from the bund
upwards, the Malik Seah Koh on the chain of hills separating
the Seistan from the Kirman desert appearing to be a fitting
point ; that north of Seistan the southern limit of the Naizar
should be the frontier towards Lash Jowain ; that Persia should
not cross the Hamun in that direction, her possession being
clearly defined by a line to be drawn from the Naizar to the
Koh Seah hill near Bundan ; finally, that no works were to be
carried out on either side calculated to interfere with the
requisite supply of water for imgation on both banks of the
Helmund."

The following account is also given in " Aitchison's Treaties "
(Vol. 6, page 365) of the circumstances which led to the reference
of the Seistan Boundary dispute to British arbitration, and
which resulted in the above Award.

" The rival claims of Persia and Afghanistan to sovereignty
over Seistan were for many years productive of disputes which
more than once threatened a ruptm*e of friendly relations
between the two States. Seistan was in ancient times, and
especially under the Suffavean dynasty, a dependency of Persia.
On the death of Nadir Shah it became an integral portion of
the Dooranee empire founded by Ahmed Shah Abdali. On the
dismemberment of the Dooranee empii-e, Seistan became de*
pendent at one time on Herat, when that province was isolated
irom the rest of Afghanistan, with intervals of independence
more or less prolonged, and at a later one still on Herat and
Candahar alternately. Although no interference was exercised
by Persia in the internal administration of Seistan, the dissen-
sions among the Barukzai family led to the diminution of Afghan
influence, and after the death of Kohundil Khan in 1855, Ali

63

Aug., 1872.1 PERSIA AND AFGHANISTAN.

Khan Sarbandee, who had been installed by him some years

?reviously as ruler of south-western Seistan, made overtures to
ersia, in hope of enjoj-ing a greater amount of independence
under a power which from its distance would be less able to
enforce obedience. Ali Khan was received with honour at
Tehran, married a princess of the royal family, and returned
to Seistan with an allowance of 4,000 tomans per annum ; a
sum of 3,000 tomans per annum was also bestowed on Ibrahim
Khan of Sheikhnassoor, the piincipal Chief of northern Seistan,
and the other Chiefs. In return for these subsidies the Chiefs
undertook to prevent Belooch raiders from enteiing Persian
territory. Towards the close of 1858 Ali Khan was assassinated
by his nephew, Taj Mahomed, but the latter eventually ex-
pressed his willingness to continue his predecessor's engagements
with Persia.

" The sovereignty of Persia over Seistan was, however, never
recognized by the British Government, and an intimation to
that eflFect was conveyed to the Persian Government when, in
1862, the Shah claimed the execution of the 7th Article of the
Treaty of 1857 (Page 18), on the groimd of the alleged inten-
tion of Dost Mahomed Khan to require the submission of
Seistan. In 1863 Persia, again apprehensive of an invasion of
Seistan by Dost Mahomed Khan, wno was then engaged in his
expedition against Herat, was anxious to obtain an assurance
that the British Government would not permit any such invasion
of Persian territory ; but as the title to the territory of Seistan
was disputed, Her Majesty's Government declined to interfere
in the matter, and left it to both parties to make good their
possession by force of arms.

" Towards the end of 1865, an armed advance was made into
Seistan by Persia, with the alleged object of enabling Taj
Mahomed to keep in check Belooch raiders who had committed
depredations on Persian territoiy. In 1867 the dominion of
Persia over the part of Seistan south-west of the Helmund was
completed by the removal of Taj Mahomed, his brother, and
imcle to Tehran. Thenceforward it was the aim of Persia to
obtain possession of the territoiy of Ibrahim Khan of Sheikh-
nassoor north of the Helmund, and Meer Alum Khan, the
Persian Governor of Kayen, succeeded in occupying the whole
of Seistan proper, i.e., the comitry lying between the Hamun on
the north and west, and the Helmund, below the Kohuk dam,
on the east. During the civil wars which, after the death of
Dost Mahomed Khan, distracted Afghanistan, the progress of
the Persians met with little opposition, but on the establishment
of Ameer Sher Ali Khan's power the Afghans found themselves
in a position to retaliate, and raids on both sides of the border
became of constant occuiTcnce.

''The Persian Government having expressed a wish for the
good offices of the British Government in placing the relations
of Persia with Afghanistan, with regard to Seistan, on a more
satisfactory footing. Her Majesty's Minister at Tehran was,

64

PERSIA AND AFGHAKISTAK. [Aug., 1872.

tincler Article VI of the Treaty of 1857 (Page 18), instructed to
offer British arbitration on the question of the sovereignty and
boundaries of the whole of Seistan on both sides of the river
Helmund, on the basis of ancient right and present possession.
The Shah eventually agreed tliat Commissioners on the part of
the British Government, Persia, and Afghanistan respectively,
should meet in Seistan, where the two latter wei*e to state and
substantiate their claims — that if local enquiiy should be neces-
sary the Commissioners were to proceed to any point for that
purpose and make a map of the districts — that when the British
Commissioner considered that nothing further could be done on
the spot^ the Commissioners should proceed to Tehran, where
the subject would be fully discussed with a view to its settle-
ment, and the British Commissioner would state his arbitral
opinion — that should either the Peinsian or Afghan Government
not agi'ee to this opinion, reference should be made to Her
Majesty's Government, whose decision should be final and
binding on both Governments. Accordingly, after some delay
caused by the troubles in Afghanistan consequent on Mahomed
Yakoob Khan's rebellion, the Commissioners met on the firontier
in the early part of 1872, and the arbitral opinion of General
Goldsmid, the British Commissioner, was deUvered in the follow-
ing August. An appeal was preferred by the Persian Govern-
ment, but eventually the decision of General Goldsmid was
accepted unconditionally by the Shah and confirmed by the
British Government."

With reference to the north-west frontier of Afghanistan on
the side of Persia, it may be mentioned that on the 10th Sep-
tember, 1885, a Protocol was signed between Great Britain and
Bussia, recording the Agreement which had been ai'rived at
between them respecting the frontier of Afghanistan between
the Heri-Rud and the Oxus. It was stated therein that the
frontier should start from the Heri-Rud about two vei-sts
below the fort of Zulfikar ; and that commissioners should be
appointed to trace the frontier, commencing their labours at
Zulfikar. (See Parliamentary Paper," Central Asia,No.4 (1885),"
page 75.)

On the 22nd July, 1887, a Protocol was signed by the
British and Russian Commissioners appointed to define this
frontier, and in a paper annexed to that Protocol, giving a
description of the frontier, it was stated that it began on the ri^ht
bank of the Heri-Rud at a point marked on the map (which
was attached to the Protocol) by a pillar about 8,500 feet
distant from a small tower situatea on a mound at the entrance
of the Zulfikar Pass. (See Parliamentary Paper, " Central Asia,
No. 1 (1887))."

65

17th May, 1857.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNaAlCY.

TREATY of Commerce and Navigation^ between Austria-Hungary,
and Persia. Signed at Paris, llth May, 1857.*

[Ratifications exchanged at Paris, 13th November, 1857.]

Tablk of Contents.
Art.

I. Friendsliip.

n. Reception of Envoys and Diplomatic Agents.
III. Access to respective Countries. Treatment of respective Subjects.
. IV. Treatment of Mercliants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treat-,
ment. Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize. Hire
of Houses, Warehouses, and Shops. Taxes. Possession of Lands, Houses,
Shops, Ac. Submission to Laws. Domiciliary Visits.
V. Customs Duties. Imports. Exports.
VI. Commercial Privileges to Austrian Subjects.
VTI. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Persian Subjects except those
. employed by Austrian Diplomatic Agents or Consuls. Austrian Consuls
engaged in Trade.
VTII. Commercial Contracts and Engagements. Legalization of Commercial Docu-
ments. Treatment of Persians in Austria.
IX. Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austrian Subjects.
Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austrians and subjeets
of other Powers. Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between.
Austrian and Persian Subjects. Revision of Judgment. Trial of Disputes,
in Austria in which Persians are interested.
: X. Failures and Bankruptcies, &o.
XI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
XII. Criminal Jurisdiction.
-XIH. proceeding in event of War with other Powers.
.XIV. Ratification ; Duration of Treaty,

Au nom de Dieu clement et mis^ricordieux !

Sa Majeste TEmpereur d'Autriche, Roi de Hongrie et de
Boheme, du Royaume Lombardo-V^nitien, de Dalmatie, Croatie,
JEsclavonie, GaUicie et Lodom6rie, lUyrie, Roi de Jerusalem;
-Archiduc d'Autriche, &c.

Et Sa Majeste Auguste et trfes-Sacree, dont le Soleil est
r^tendard, le Grand Roi des Rois et le Souverain absolu de
tons les Etats d'Iran,

L'un et I'autre ^galement et sincferemeut desireux d'^tabhof
des rapports d'amitie entre les deux Etats, ont voulu les con-
solider par un Traits d'Amitie, de Commerce et de Navigation
r^eiproquement avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux HauteiS
Puissances Contractantes ;

A cet efifet ont nomme pour leurs PMnipotentiaires :
Sa Majesty I'Empereur d'Autriche, le Sieur Joseph Alexandre
Baron de Hubner, Son Ambassadeur prfes Sa Majeste PEmpereur
des Fran9ais ;

Et Sa Majesty le Shahinshah de Perse, le tres-illustre favori
du Roi, Farrokh-Khan Amin-ol-Molk, Son Ambassadeur extra-
ordinaire, &c.

Et les deux Pl^nipotentiaires s'^tant r^unis k Paris, ayant

• From " state Papers," Vol. 47, page 1159.

PEESIA Ain> AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. [I7th May, 18&7^

echange leui's pleiiis pouvoirfl et les ayant troiives en bonne ct
due forme, sent convemis des Ai*ticle8 snivantK :

FnejiiMiip.

Art. I. A dater de ce jour, K^ aina amitie wncere et bonne
intelligence entre les Etats et lew sujets de la Haute Coiu'
d'Autriehe et les Etats et les sujets de la Haute Cour d'Iran.

deception of Knvoij!^ ami Diplomatic Aijenifi,

Art. n. Les Envoyes on Agents Diplomatiques qu'ilplairait
a chacune des deux Hautes Piussances Contractantes d'envoyer
et d'entretenir aupres de rautre, y sei'ont recjus et trait(5s, eux
et tout le personnel de la Mission, comme sont recjus et traites

?ar cet Etat les Envoyes ou Agents Diplomatiques des autres
*uissances amies les plus favorisees, et ils y jouiront, de tons
points, des memes honneurs, immunites et privileges.

Access to respective Countries, Treatment of respective Subjects,

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Pai-ties Contractantes
pourront desormais pareomir en pleine liberte les tenitoires
respectifs et les traverser pour se rendre dans les pays voisins,
sans qu'ils en soient empeclies par les autoritcs locales qui, de
lour cote, mettront la plus vive sollicitude fi les pr6server de
tout desagrement, en veillant continuellement fi leur sflretc
personnelle, en les traitant avec tous les egards possibles, afin
qu'ils n'6prouvent ni dommage ni entrave ou vexation quel-
conque dans leur voyage, et en les munissant a cet effet do
sauf-conduits, firmans ou autres documents. '

Treatment of Merchants and Travellers, Most-Favoured-Nation

Treatment,

Art. IV. Les sujets des deux Hautes Cours qui, en leur
qualite de marchands, commer^ants ou voyageurs, se rendraient
aur les tenitoires respectifs pour leurs affaires, y seront accueillis
et traites, dte leur entree jusqu'^ leur sortie, avec les memes
%ards et sur le meme pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favoiisees.

Liberty to Import^ Export^ and Transport Merchandize^ to hire
Houses^ Shops, and Warelwuses, Taxes,

En consequence, les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contrac-
tantes poifaont, soit par teiTC soit par mer, librement importer
dans les pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter des
marchandises et exercer le commerce dans toute Tetendue des
deux Empires, conformement aux i-^glements et aux lois en,
vigueur dans les pays respectifs, y louer des maisons, des
magasins et des boutiques pour lem-s affaii-es, et ils ne seront
soumis, sous aucun nom ou pr^texte, k un irapot quelconque
auquel he seraient point sounns les sujets des nations les plu«^

fevoTiaies.

67 f2

V.

17tli May, 3857.] ?ERSIA AND AUSTEIA-HUNaABY.

Possession of Lands^ Houses^ Shops^ ^-c.

II est bien entendu que si la Haute Cour d'Iran acoordait aux
sujets d'une nation etrangfere le droit d'acqu^rir et de posseder
en Perse des terres, maisons, magasins ou autres immeubles, ce
meme droit sera aussi accorde aux sujets Autrichiens en Perse.

Submission to Laws,

Les marchands des deux nations qui voudraient faire le
commerce interieur dans les deux pays, seront soumis, quant a
ce commerce, aux lois du pays oil ce commerce se fait.

Domiciliary Visits.

Les officiers, employes ou subjets de la Haute Cour d'Iran ne
pourront entrer de force dans le domicile d'un sujet Autrichien
ni dans ses magasins ou boutiques, et, en cas de n^cessit^, il
faudra en pr^venir TAgent Diplomatique ou le Consul Autrichien,
Ik ou il y en a, et toute perquisition domiciliaire ne pourra se
faire qu'en presence des commissaires d^legu^s par leoit Agent
ou Consul.

Dans les localites oii il n'y a pas d' Agent ou Consul d'Autriche,
les sujets de cette Puissance seront trait^s a cet 6gard sur le
meme pied que le sont les sujets des nations les plus favoris^es
dans les endroits oil il n'y a pas d'Agent ou Consul de leur
Gouvernement.

Customs Duties^ Imports and Exports.

Art. V. Les sujets Autrichiens qui importeraient des mar-
chandises en Perse ou en exporteraient, seront traites, k I'egard
des droits de douane, sur le meme pied que les sujets des nations
les plus favorisees.

Pareillement les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises dans les Etats de I'Empire d'Autriche ou en ex-
porteraient, seront traites k Tegard des droits de douane et
unpots, sur le meme pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favorisees.

Commercial Privileges to Austrian Subjects.

Art. VI. En consideration de Tunion intime et des relations
partiquli^res qui existent entre I'Autriche et les autres Etats
appartenant k la Confederation Germanique, Sa Majeste I'Em-
pereur et Sa Majeste le Shahinshah sont convenus que les
sujets desdits Etats Allemands devront jouir en Perse de tous
les droits et avantages que le present Traite assure au com-
merce et aux sujets Autrichiens, k condition toutefois que les
Gouverneraents des Etats d'Allemagne susdits s'engagent, dans
Tespace de trois annees k dater du jour de la ratification da

68

PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. [17th May, 1857.

present Traits, a admettre a leur tour le commerce et les siijets
de la Perse k la jouissanco des memes droits et avautages qui
leur sont accordes en Autriche.

Appointment of Consuls.

Art. VII. Pour la protection do lours sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et 6quitables
relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes se r6servent la faculte de nommer cha-
cune trois Consuls.

Les Consuls d' Autriche resideront k Teheran, Tabris et dans
un port situc sur le golfo Persique et a designer plus tard.

Les Consuls de Perse resideront a Vieniie, Trieste et Venise.

Ces Consuls des deux pays jouirout, tant pour leur pcrsonne
et Texercice de leurs fonctions, que pour leurs maisons, les em-
ployes de leurs consulate et les pei-sonnes attachees k leur
service, des memes honneurs et des memes privileges dont
jouissent les Consuls du memo mug et les Agents commerciaux
des nations les plus favorisees.

En cas de desordie publics, il devra etre accorde aux Con-
suls, sur leur demaiide, une sauvegarde chargeo d'assurer Tin-
violabilite du domicile consulaire.

Non-protection of Persian Subjects, except those employed hy

Austrian Diplomatic Agents or Consuls,

Les Agents Diploraatiques et Consuls d' Autriche iie devront
pas proteger^ ni en secret ni publiquement, aucun sujet Persan

2ui ne serait pas employe par la Mission Imperiale ou par les
!onsuls-Generaux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Consulaires
de TAutriche ; mais si le Gouvernement Persan accordait k
une autre Puissance etrangere un pareil droit, le memo droit
sera aussi accord^ a T Autriche, et dans ce cas, comme pour tout
autre, cette Puissance jouira des memes privileges que ceux
accordes a la nation la plus favorisee.

Austrian Consuls engaged in Trade.

II est bien entendu que si un des Agents Consulaires de
TAutriche en Perse s'engageait dans des affait^es com-
merciales, il serait soumis, en ce qui concerne son commerce,
aux memes lois et usages que les particuliers de sa nation.

Comviercial Contracts and Engagements.

Art, VIII. Tous les contrats et autres engagements des sujets
des deux Hautes Cours par rapport aux affaires de commerce
seront fidfelement maintenus et proteges avec la plus grande
exactitude par les Gouvemements respectifs.

69

im May, ia57.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNaARY.

Legalization of Commerckil Documents.

Pour mieux veiller a la siirete des sujets Autrichiens en
Perse, les billets de creance, lettres de change et lettres de
garantie, ainsi que tons les contrats faits par des sujets des
deux Hautes Parties Contractantes, relativement a des affaires
de commerce, devront etre sign^s par le Divan-Kliane et a
defaut de celui-ci, par Tautorite locale comp^tente, et, dans des
endroits oil il y aurait un Consul Autrichien, aussi par ce
dernier, afin qu'en cas de quelque diflferend, on puisse faire les
recherches necessaires et decider ces affaires litigieuses cod-
formement a la justice.

En consequence, celui qui, sans etre muni des documents
ainsi legalises, voudrait intenter un proces a un sujet Autiichien,
et ne produisant d'autre preuves que les declarations d'un
temoin, ne sera point ecoute quant a sa demande, a moins que
celle-ci ne fut reconnue valable par le sujet Autrichien.

Treatment of Persians in Aiistna,

La Haute Com* d*Autriclie promet ^galeraent de veiller k la
sAret6 des sujets Persans dans ses Etats, conform^ment aux
lois et aux usages ^tablis, et de les traiter a cet 6gard sur le
pied des nations les plus favorisees.

Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes hetioeen Austrian Subjects.

Art. IX. Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tons les
proems qui s'eleveraient entre des sujets Autrichiens en Perse
seront examines et jug^s par le Representant de Sa Majeste
PErapereur k la Haute Cour d'Iran ou par le Consul Autrichien de
lexu- residence ou de Tendroit le plus rapproche, conform^ment
aux lois Autrichiennes sans que Tautorite locale y puisse opposer
le moindi'e empechement ou la moindre difficult^.

Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austt^ian and

Persian Subjects.

Les proces, contestations et disputes qui- s'eleveraient en
Perse entre des Autrichiens et des sujets appartenant a d'autres
nations etj*angeres, seront juges exclusivement par I'inter-
mediaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls.

Toutes le^ contestations ou disputes et tous les procfes qui
s'eleveraient en Perse entre les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes seront juges devant les tribunaux Persans, mais
ces diflerends et proces ne pourront etre decides ou juges qu'en

{iresence et avec Tintervention du Representant ou Consul
mperial ou, au nom de celui-ci, en presence du Drogman
Autrichien, le tout conform^ment aux lois et aux coutumes dii

p«ys.

70

PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARr. L^Tth May, 1857»

Revision of Judgment.

Le proc^ uue fois teriuine par la 8ciitence du juge com-
ip^tent ne poiuTa plus etre repris une seconcle fois, mais si la
n^cessite exigeait la revision du jugemcnt prononce, celle-ci
ne pourra se faire qu'avec I'avis du Representaut ou (Consul
d'Autriche, ou au nom de celui-ci, en presence du Drogman
Autrichien et que devant une des Cours Supremes de Controle
et de Cassation qui sijigent k Teheran ou a Tabris ou Ispahan.

Trial of Disputes in Austria in xohich Persians are interested.

En reciprocity de ces engagements, les sujets do la Haute
Cour d'Iran jouiront en Autriche, pour leurs interets et leurs
droits acquis, en cas de contestations, de la pleine protection
des lois et des tribunaux Autricliiens, de la mcme maniere que
les sujets nationaux et ceux d'autres Puissances etrangferes ;:
et la Haute Cour d'Autriche accorde aux Kepr6sentants, Consuls
et Agents de la Haute Cour d'Iran, quant a une intervention
de leur part en favein: de leurs nationaux auprfes des autorit6&
Imp6riales, la memo facult6 dont jouissent en Autriche les
Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls des nations les plus
favoris^es.

Failures and Banhniptcies, ^-c.

Art. X. Si un sujet de I'une des deux Hautes Cours r^sidant
dans les domaines de I'autre se declare en etat de faillite ou fait
banqueroute, on dressera Tinventaire de tons ses biens, de se&
effets et de ses comptes actifs et passifs pour en faire la liquida-
tion requise et la juste repartition au pro-rata entre ses creanciers
qui devi'ont, a la fin de cette procedure, restituer les titres de
leurs cieances apres en avoir re9u la somme proportionnelle qui
leui* revient.

Cette proc^diu*e ne pouri'a avoir lieu a Tegard d'un sujet
Autrichien en Perse que de I'avis et sous Tintervention du
Reprcsentant ou Consul d'Autriche, et celui-ci, sur la demande
faite par les creanciers, n'hesitera point de provoquer les
recherches necessaires pour constater si le failli n'a pas laissd
dans sa patrie des biens qui pourraient satisfaire a leurs
reclamations.

Si un sujet Persan en Autiiche se declare en fallite ou fait
banqueroute, la Haute Cour d'Autriche accorde aux Repre-
sentants. Consuls et Agents de la Haute Cour d'Iran, quant
k I'intervention de leur part, en faveur de ce sujet Persan,
la meme faculty dont jouiraient 6ventuellement en Autriche-
les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls des nations les plus-
favorisees.

»

Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.

Art. XI. En cas de deces de I'un de leurs sujets respectifs.

71

17th May, 1857.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNaARY.

sur le territoire de Tun ou de Tautre Etat, ea succession sera
remise int^gralement k la garde de FAgent ou du Consul de la
nation du sujet decide, pour que celui-ci en fasse I'usage con-
venable conform^ment aux lois et coutumes do son pays.

Criminal Jurisdiction.

Art. XII. Les aflfaires de la juridiction criminelle, dans
lesquelles seraient compromis des sujets Autrichiens en Perse,
ou des sujets Persans en Autriche, seront jug^es dans les deux
pays suivant le mode adopte a regard de la nation la plus
favorisee.

Proceeding in case of Wars vdth other Powers.

Art. XIIT. En cas de gueiTe de Tune des deux Parties Con-
tractantes avec une autre Puissance, il ne sera port6, pour cette
seule cause, atteinte, justice, prejudice ou alteration k la bonne
intelligence et k I'amiti^ sincere qui doivent exister k jamais
entre les Hautes Cours d' Autriche et d'Iran.

Ratifications. Duration of Treaty. {Till IZth November^ 1882 ;
and then terminable after 12 months' notice.)

Art. XIV. Le present Traits restera en vigueur pendant
25 ann^es k compter du jour de r^change des ratifications* et
an deli de ce terme jusqu'k I'expiration de 12 mois aprte que
Tune des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura annoac6 k Tautre
d'en faire cesser les effets.

Les Gouvemeurs, commandants, douaniers, officiers et autres
employes des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes seront charges
d'en remplir les stipulations avec toute I'exactitude possible et
sans y porter la moindre atteinte.

Des ratifications de leurs Majest6s les deux augustes
Souverains seront 6chanff6es k Paris ou k Constantinople dans
Tespace de six mois, ou plus tot, si faire se pent.

En foi de quoi, les Pl^nipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont sign6 le present Traits et y
ont appose le sceau de leurs annes.

Fait k Paris, en double expedition, en Fran9ais et en Persan,
le 17me jour du mois de Mai, de Tan du Christ, 1857, et le 22me
du mois de Ramazan de I'H^gire Tann^e 1273.

(L.S.) HUBNER.
(L.S.) AMIN-OL-MOLK FARROKH KHAN.

* 13th November, 1857.

72

PERSIA AND BELaiUM. [31 at July, 1857.

TRAITE (TAmitie el de Commerce entre la Bel(ji(fue et la Perse. —

Signe a Bruxelles^ le 31 Juillet, 1857.*

[Ratifications (Schangces a Paiis, le 22 Mars, 1858.]

Table op Coxtentb.
Art.

I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents.

III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Most-Faroured-Nation

Treatment. Importation, Exportation, and Transport of Merchandize,
&o. Hire of Houses, Shops, and Warehouses. Passports. Submission
to the Laws.

IV. Duties on Ships and Merchandize.

y. Belgian Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between Belgian Subjects. Belgian
Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between Belgians and Persians. Belgian
Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between Belgians and Subjects of other
Powers. Trial of Disputes in Belgium in which Persian Subjects are
interested. Criminal Jurisdiction.
VI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
Vil. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Subjects of either Country by

Diplomatic or Consular Agents. TradingConsuls.

Vlll. Non-interruption of Relations in event of War with other Powers.
IX. Ratification ; Duration of Treaty.

Au nom do Dieu clement et mbericordieux ?

Sa Haute Majestc Leopold T, Roi des Beiges, le moiiarque
illustre et liberal :

Et Sa Majesty dont Titendavd est le Soleil,le Sacr6,rAuguste,
le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, le Souverain absohi de tous
les Etats de Perse ;

D^sirant se donner nn nouveau et solennel temoignage de
Tamiti^ qui les unit et imprimer un plus vlf essor au commerce
entre leurs Etats respectifs, ont r^solu de conclure un Traitc a
cet effet, et ont nom me pour leurs Plenipotentiaires :

Sa Majeste le Roi des Beiges, le Vicomtc Charles Vilain XIIII,
son Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres ;

Et Sa Majeste TEmpereur de toute la Perse, son
Excellence Ferrokh Khan, Eminol Molk, Asile de gi*andeur,
le favori du Roi, Grand Ambassadeur du Sublime Empire de
Perse, &c. ;

Et les deux Plenipotentiaires s'etant reunis a Bruxelles,
ayant ^change lem-s pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouv^s en
bonne et due forme, ont an*et6 les Articles suivants :

Friendship.

Art. I. II continuera d'exister une amitie sincere et une
constante bonne intelligence entre le royaume de Belgique et
tous les sujets Beiges et I'empire de Perse et tous les sujets
Persans.

* From " State Papers," Vol. 47, page 622,

73

3l8t July, 1857.] PERSIA AND BELaiUM.

Reception of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents.

Art. 1 1. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ageuts Diplomatiques qu'il
plairait a chacune des deux Hautes Puissances Contractautes
d'envoyer et d'entretenir aupres de Tautre, seront re9us et
traites dans les deux pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel
de leur mission, comme sont re9us et traites les Ambassadeurs
ou Agents Diplomatiques des nations les plus favorisees, et ils
y jouiront de toutes les memes prerogatives et immunites.

Protection of Travellers^ Merchants^ and others, Most-Favoured-

Nation Ireatment.

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, negociants, industriels et autres, soit qu*ils se
deplaeent, soit qu'ils resident sur le territoire de Tun ou de
Tautre Etat, seront respectes et efficacement prot6g^s par les
autorites du pays et leurs propres agents et traites a tons cgards
comme le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisee.

Importation, Exportation, and Transport of Merchandize,

lis pouiTont r^ciproquement apporter par ten-e et par mer,
dans Tun et I'autre Etat, et en exporter toute espfece de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les acheter, les changer,
les transporter en tons lieux sur le territoire de Tun et de
Tautre Etat.

Hire of Houses, Shops, and Warehouses.

Ils pouiTont louer des maisons, des boutiques et des magasins
pour leurs demeures et affaires de commerce, sans qu'il y soit
apport^ aucun empechement de la part des employes du
Gouvernement.

Passports.

Les Beiges qui, dans le but de voyager ou d'exercer le cooi.-
merce, voudront visiter les Etats de la haute cour d'lran,
obtiendront, pour leur security, des commandements imperiaux
et des passe-ports au moyen desquels ils ne recontreront aucun
obstacle et trouveront protection et assistance.

Submission to Laivs.

Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de Tun et de I'autre
Etat qui se livreraient au commerce int^rieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays ou ils font le commerce.

Duties on Ships and Merchandize.

Art. IV. Lesnavires respectifs et les marchandises importees

ou export^es par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties

JHontractantes ne payeront dans Tun et Tautre Etat, soit a

I'entr^e, soit a la sortie, par terre ou par mer, que les memes

U

PERSIA AND BELGIUM. [Slst July, 1867.

droits que payeiit a rentree et a la sortie, dans Vwn ot Taiitre
Etat, les iia vires ainsi quo les marchaiidiscs et produits iinportes
ou exportes par les marchands et sujets de la nation m plus
favorisee, et nuUe taxe exceptionnelle ne poun-a, sous aucun
pretexte, etre reclameo dans Tun conime dans I'autre Etat.

Befylan Consular Jurisdiction. Disputes between Ihhjian Sulfjects,

Art. V. Les procis, contestations et disputes, qui, dans
Tempire de Perse, vieudraient a s'elevcr entre Beiges, seront
rifSres en totalite i\ I'arret et k la decision de T Agent ou Consul
Beige qui r^sidera dans la province oil ces proces, contestations
et disputes auraient etc souleves, ou dans la province la plus
voisine.

II en d^cidera d'apres les lois Beiges.

Belgian Consular Jurisdiction, Disputes between Belgians and

Persians.

Les procfes, contestations et disputes 80ulev(»8 en Perse entire
Beiges et Porsans seront portes devant le tribunal Persan, juge
ordinaire de ces matitres, au lieu oil residera un Agent ou un
Consul Beige, et discutes et juges selon Tequite, en presence d'un
employe do 1' A gent ou du Consul Beige.

Belgian Consular Jurisdiction. Disputes bettveen Belgians and

Subjects of othei' Powers.

Les proces, contestations et disputes souleves en Perse entro
des Beiges et des sujets appartenant a d'autres puissances egale-
ment ^trangeres, seront jug6s et tennines par Tinterrnddiaire do
leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.

Trial of Disputes in Belgium in which Persian Subjects are

interested,

Dans le royaiuue de Belgique, les sujets Persan s seront
egalement, dans toutes leura contestations, soit entre eux, soit
avec des Beiges ou des etrangers, juges suivant le mode
adopte dans ce royaume envcrs les sujets de la nation la plus
favorisee.

Cmminal Jurisdiction,

Quant aux affaires de la juridiction crimlnelle dans lesquelles
seront compromis des Beiges en Perse, ou des Persans en
Belgique, elles seront jug^es, en Belgique et en Perse, suivant
le mode adopte dans les deux pays envers les sujets de la nation
la plus favorisee.

Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.

Art. VI. En cas de deces de Tun de leurs sujets respectifs
sur le territoii'e de Tun ou de Tautrc Etat, il sera precede de la

75

3lBt July, 1857.J PEKSIA AND BELaiUM.

meme manifere qu'k regard des successions appartenant aux
sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e.

Appointment of Consuls.

Art. VII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leiu* com-
merce respectifs, et poiu: faciliter de bonnes et equitables
relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes se reservent la faculte de nommer chacune
trois Consuls. Les Consuls de Belgique r^sideront a Teheran,
i Bender-Bouchir* et a Tauris,t les Consuls de Perse resideront
k Bruxelles, a An vers et a Liege.

Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
r^ciproquement sur le territoire de Tun et de I'autre Etat oil sera
6tablie leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des immunit^s
accordes dans Tun et I'autre Etat aux Consuls de la nation la
plus favoris^e.

Non-Protection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or

Consular Agents.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Beiges ne pro-
tegeront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les sujets Persans.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
t^geront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les Beiges.

Trading Consuls.

Les Consuls des deux Gouvernements qui dans Tun et Tautre
Etat se livreralent au commerce, seront soumis aux memes lois
et memes usages auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le
meme commerce.

Non-interruption of Relations in event of War with other Powers.

Art. VIII. En cas de guerre de Time des Hautes Puissances
avec une autre, il ne sera porte atteinte en aucune manifere k
Tamitie et bonne intelligence qui existera perpetuellement entre
les deux cours.

Ratification. Duration of Treaty, {lill 22nd March, 1888, and

then tei'minable after 12 months^ notice.)

Art. IX. Le present Traite de Commerce et d'Amitie,
ciment^ par le sincere amitie et la confiance qui rfegnent entre
les deux Etats bien conserv6s de Belgique et de Perse, sera
Dieu aidant, fidfelement observe et maintenu de part et d'autre
pendant dix ans, k dater du jour oii les ratifications seront
^chang^esj ; mais, si une annee avant Texpiration du terme fixe,
aucime des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes n'a annonce
officiellement k I'autre Tintention d'en faire cesser les effets, il

• Bushire. t Tabreez. J 22nd March, 1858.

76

PERSIA AKD DENMASE. [80th Nor., 1857.

contlnuera k rester en vigueur pour un an, k dater du jour oii il
aura ^t^ d^noncfi, quelle quo soit I'epoque k laquelle cette d6-
claration aura lieu.

Les Plenipotentiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractante&
s'engagent k ^changer les ratifications de leurs Augustea
Souverains, soit k Bruxelles, k T61ieran ou a Constantinople, dans
Tespace de 12 mois ou plus tot si faire se pent.

Enfoi de quoi les deux Plenipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont sign6 le present Traits, et y
ont appoB^ leurs sceaux.

Fait en double en Francjais et en Persan, le 31mo du mois de
Juillet, de Tan du Christ 1857, a Bi-uxelles,

(L.S.) VICOMTE VILAIN XIIII.
(L.S.) FERROKH KHAN.

TREATY of Friendship and Commerce^ between Denmark and
Persia. — Signed at Paris, SOth November, 1857.*

[Ratifications <5changees k Paris, le 18th AoAt, 1858.]

Table ot Contexts.
Art.
I. Friendsliip.

n. Beception of Diplomatic Agents.
m. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Liberty to Import, Export,

and Transport Merchandize, &c. Submission to the Laws.
lY. Duties on Ships and Merchandize.
y. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Subjects of either Country by

Diplomatic or Consular Agents. Trading Consids.
TI. Batincations ; Duration of Treaty.

Au nom du Dieu clement et misericordieuz !

Sa Majeste Fr^d^rik VII, par la gr&ce de Dien, Roi de Dane-
mark, des Vandales et des Goths, Duo de Slesvick, Holstein,
Stonnam, des Dithmarses, de Lauenbourg et d'Oldenbourg ;

Et Sa Majesty dont I'^tendard est le Soleil, le Sacr^,
TAuguste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, et le Souverain
de tons les Etats de Perse ;

L'un et Tautre ^galement et sincferement d^sireux d'<5tablir
des rapports d'amiti^ entre Leurs Etats respectifs, ont voulu les
consoUder par un Traits d'Amiti^ et de Commerce r^ciproque-
ment avantageux et utile aux sujets des Deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, et k cet effet ont designe pour Leur Plenipoten-
tiaires ;

Sa Majesty le Roi de Danemark : Son Envoye Extraoi-dinaire
et Ministre Pl^nipotentiaire prfes Sa Majesty TEmpereur des

• From " state Papers," Vol. 47, page 1156.

77

30th Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND DENMARK.

Fran<jais, le Baron Jean Charles Daniel Ulysse Dirckinck de
Holmfeld, Son Chambellan et Grand-Veneur, &c.

Et Sa Majesty TEmpereur de toute la Perse : Son Excellence
FeiTokh Khan Eminol Molk, Ambaseadenr dn Sublime Empire
de Perse, &c.

Et ces deux Plenipotentiaires s'^tant r^unis k Paris, ayant
^change leurs pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouv^s en bonne et
due forme out arrets les Articles suivants :

Friendship.

Art. I. A date de ce jour il y aura amitie sincere et une
constante bonne intelligence entre le Royaume de Danemark
et tons les Danois, et TEmpire de Perse et tons les sujets
Persans.

Reception of Diplomatic Agents.

Art. II. Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres Plenipotentiaires ou
autres Agents Diplomatiques qu'il plairait k chacune des
Hautes Parties Contractantes d'envoyer et d'entretenir aupres
de Tautre seront re9us et traites dans les deux pays respectife,
eux de tout le personnel de leur mission, comme son re9us
et traites les Ambassadeurs au Ministres Plenipotentiaires ou
les autres Agents Diplomatiques des nations les plus favo-
ris6es et ils y jouiront de tout point des memes prerogatives et
immunites.

Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and Othei's.

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes;
vpyageurs, negociants, industriels et autres, soit qu'ils resident
sur le territoire de Tun ou de Tautre Etat, seront respectes et
efficacement proteges par les autorit^s du pays et leurs propres
agents, et traites a tons 6gards comme le sont les sujets de la
nation la plus favorisee.

Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize, ^'C.

lis pourront r^ciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans Tun et Tautre Etat et en exporter toute espfece de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les ^changer, les acheter,
les transporter en tons lieux sur le territoire de Tun et de I'autre ^
Etat.

Submission to the Laws,

Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de Tun et de Tautre
Etat, qui se liyreraient au commerce interieur, seront soumis aux ^
lois du pays ou ils font le commerce. .

IhUies on Ships and Merchandize.

Ajit. IV. Lesnavires respectifsetlesmarchandisesimportiea
ou export^es par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes ne paieront dans f ^ ou dans I'autre Etat, soit a

78

PEBSIA AND DENMARK [30Ui Not., 1867*

I'entree Boit Jila sortie, que les memes droits que payent k Tentree
ou a la sortie, dans Tune de Tautre Etat, les iiavires, les mar-
chandises et produits importes et cxportcs par les marehauds
et sujets de la nation la plus favorisee, et nulle taxe exception-
nelle ne pourra sous aucun nom et sous aueun pretext e etrc
r^clamie dans Tun comme dans I'auti'o Etat.

Appointment of Coiuuls,

Art. V. Pom' la protection de leur eujets et de lour commerce
respectifs et pour faciliter de bomies et equitablcs relations
entre les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes, elles se
reservent la faculty de nommer chacime trois Consuls. Les
Consuls du Danemark resideront a Teheran, a Bender-Boucliir*
et & Tauris ;t eeux de la Perse a Copenhague, Flensbourg et
Altona.

Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Cbntractantcs jouiront
r^ciproquement sur le tenitoire de I'un et de I'autre Etat, oil
sera etablie leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des
immunity accordes dans Tun et dans Tautre Etat aux Consuls
de la nation la plus favoris(3e.

Non-Protection of Subjects of either Co%mtry hy Diplomatic or

Consular Agents,

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls du Danemark en
Perse ne protegeront ni publiquement ni secretement les sujets
Persans.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans en Dane-
mark ne protegeront ni publiquement ni secretement les sujets
Danois.

Trading Consuls.

Les Consuls des Gouvernements Contractants, qui dans Tun
et Tautre Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis aux
memes lois et aux memes usages auxquels sont soumis leurs
nationaux faisant le meme commerce.

Ratifications; Duration of Treaty. {Till ISth Atigust, 1870, aiid

then terminable after 12 months^ notice.)

Art. VI. Le present Traits d'Amiti6 et de Commerce cimente
par la sincere amitie et la confiance qui r^gne entre les mon-
archies du Danemark et de la Perse sera, Dieu aidant, fidfelement
observ6 et maintenu de part et d' autre pendant douze ans, h
dater du jour ou les ratifications seront echang^es.J Mais si ime
ann^e avant Texpiration du terme fixe, aucune des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes n'a annonc^ offioiellement k Tautre Tinten-
tion d'en faire cesser les efiets, il continuera a rester en viguem*
pour les deux Parties pendant un an, a dater du jour ou il aura
ete d^nonce, quelle que soit T^poque a laquelle cette declaration
aura eu lieu.

i

• Buahire. f Tabi«ez. X 18th August, 1868. i

79

12th July, 1855.] PERSIA AND EaYPT. PERSIA AND FRANCE.

Les Plenipotentiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s'engagent a echanger les ratifications de Leurs Augustes Souve-
raiiis k Paris ou a Constantinople dans Tespace d'un an, ou plus
tot, si faire se peut.

En foi de quoi les Plenipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signe le present Traite et y ont
appose leurs sceaux.

Fait double en Fran9ais et en Persau le 30me jour du mois
de Novembre, de Tan du Chi-ist, 1857.

(L.S.) U. DIRCKINCK DE HOLMFELD.
(L.S.) FERROKH KHAN.

Persia and Egypt.

Art. Xni of the Commercial Convention between Great
Britain and Egypt of the 29th October, 1889, declares that its
provisions do not apply to the special arrangements existing,
or which may in the future exist, between Egypt and Persia.

Under Article H of the Turco-Persian Treaty of 28th July,
1823 (page 165), which was confirmed by Article VI of tne
Treaty of 31st May, 1847 (page 170), the import duty to be
levied by both Turkey and Persia on the trade between the
two countries was fixed at 4 per cent. ; which duty was subse-
quently raised, by an exchange of Notes, to 6 per cent.

TRAIT£ d!AmitiS et de Commerce entre la France et la Perse.

Signe a Teheran, le 12 Juillet, 1855.*

[Ratifications echangees a Teheran, le 14 Juillet, 1855.]

Table of Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.
II. Eeception of Diplomatic Agents.

III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Most-FaTOured-Kation

Treatment. Liberty to Import, Export, or Transport Merchandize, &c.

IV. Duties on Goods.

V. French Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between French Subjects. French
Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French and Persian Subjects.
French Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between French Subjects and
those of other Powers. Trial of Disputes in French in which Persians-
are interested. Criminal Jurisdiction.
VI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls.
VIII. Ratifications ; Treaty to be perpetual.

Au nom de Dieu clement et misericordieux !

Sa Haute Majeste TEmpereur Napol6on, dont reldvation est

Sareille k celle de la planfete Saturne, k qui le Soleil sert
'etendard, Fastre lumineux du firmament des tetes couronn^es,

* From "State Papers," Vol. 47, page 869.

80

PSftSIA AND FRAKOE. [i2th July, 1856.

]e soldi du ciel de la royaut^, romemont du diademe, le splen*
deur des ^tendards insignes imperiaux, le Monarquc illustro et
liberal j

Et Sa Majesty ^levee comme la planeto de Saturn e, le Sou-
^yeridn "i qui le Soleil sert d'^tendard, dont la splendour et la
magnificence sent pareilles k celles des cicux, le Souverain
subume, le Monarque dont les armies sont nonibreuses comme
les ^toiles, dont la grandeur rappelle cello do Djemschid, dont
J^ munificence 6gale celle de Darius, riieritier dela couronne et
cLu troiiQ d.es Keyaniens, i'fimporeur sublime et absolu do toute
,1a Perse; .

/.. JC'ian et I'autre, ^galement et sinciremont d^sireux d'ctablir
.des. rapports. d'amiti^ eutre les 2 Etats, out voulu les coneolider
jtar un Trait6 d'amiti^ et de commerce reciproquement avan-
Jtageux et utile aux sujets des 2 Hautes Puissances Con-
^.^ctantes;,

A cet effet, ont d^sign^ pour lours P16nipotentiaires :

Sa Majesty rEmpereur de France, le Sieur Nicolas-Prosper
Bourte, son Envoy^ Extraordinaire et Ministre Pl^nipotentiau'o,
etc. :

'" • Et Sa Majesty I'Empereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
^Mfrza-Aga-Khan, son premier Ministre, Eetemad-el-Dowlet (con-
fiance du Gouvernement), etc.

Et les 2 Pl^nipotentiairos s'etant r^unis a Teheran, ayant
ichang^ leur pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouv^s en bonne et
due forme ont arr6t6 les Articles suivants :

Friendship.

sincere
France
les sujets Persons.

Reception of Diplomatic Agents,

Art. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Miuistras Pl&)ipotentiaires
qu'il plairait a chacune des 2 Hautes Puissa ices Contractantes
' d'envoyer et d'entretenir auprfes de Tautre seront refus et trait^s,
eux et tout le personnnel de leur mission, comme sont re9U8 et
trait^s, dans les 2 pays respectifs, les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres
Pl^nipotentiaii'os des nations les plus favons^es, et ils y jouiront,
de tout point, des memos prerogatives et immunites.

Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and Others. Most-Favoured-
Nation Treatment.

Art. III. Les sujets des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes,

' voyageurs, n^gociants, industriels et autres, soit qu'ils so

' diplacent, soit qu'ils resident sur le temtoire de Tune ou de

Vautre Empire, seront respectes et efBcacement proteges par les

autorites du payset leurs propres agents, et traites, a tous egards,

comme le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisee.

81 G

12th July, 1855.] PERSIA AND FRANCS.

Liberty to Import^ Export^ or Transport Mereluxndize^ ^'C.

lis pourront reciproquement apporter, par terre et par mer,
dans Tun et I'autre Empire et en exporter toute eepfece de mar-
chandises et de prodmts, les vendre, lee ^changer, les acheter,
les transporter en tons lieux sur les territoires de Tun et de
Tautre Etat.

Duties on Goods.

Art. IV. Les marchandises import^es ou exportees par les
snjets respectifs des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes ne payeront
dans Tun et I'autre Etat, soit k I'entr^e, soit k la sortie, que lee
meines droits que payent k I'entr^e et k la sortie, dans Pun et
I'autre Etat, les marchandises et produits importis et export^
par les marchands et sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e; et
nuUe taxe exceptionelle ne pourra, sous aucun nom et sons
aucun pretexte, Stre r^clam^e dans I'un comme dans Tautre
Etat.

French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French Subjects^

Art. Y. Les proc&s, contestations et disputes qui, dans
I'Empire de Perse, viendraient k s'^lever entre sujets Franfais,
seront r^f^r^s en totality k TarrSt et k la decision de I'agent ou
Consul Francjais qui residera dans la province od ces proc&S)
contestations et disputes auraient et6 soulev^s, ou dans la pro-
vince la plus voisine. II en d6cidera d'aprfes les lois Fran9aise8.

French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French and Persian

Subjects.

Les proces, contestations et disputes soulev^s en Perse
entre des sujets Franfais et des sujets Persans, seront port^
devant le tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matiires, au lieu
ou residera im A gent ou un Consul Francjais, et discut^s etiugAs
selon r^quit^, en presence d'un employ^ de I'Agent ou du Clonsul
Fran9ais.

French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French Subjects

and those of other Powers.

Les procfes, contestations et disputes soulev^s en Perse entra
des sujets Franfais et des sujets appartenant k d'autres puis-
sances 6galement 6trangferes, seront jug^s et terminus, par
rinterm^diaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.

Trial of Disputes in France in which Persians are Interested.

En France, les sujets Persans seront ^galement, dans toutes
leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec des sujets Fran^ais
ou Strangers, jug^s suivant le mode adopts dans cet Empire
envers les sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e.

82

PSB8IA AND FBANCB. [12th July, IBU.

Criminal Jurisdiction.

Quant anx affaires de la juridiction criminelle dans lesquelles
seraient comjpromis des sujets Fran9ais en Perse, des sujets
Persans en France, elles seront jugies en France et en Perae
suivant le mode adopts dans les 2 pays envers les sujets de la
nation la plus favoris^e.

Succession to Property oj Deceased Subjects.

Abt. VI, En cas de d^cfcs de Tun de leurs sujets respectifs
sur le territoire de Tun ou de I'autre Etat, sa succession sera
remise int^gralement k la famille ou aux associ6s du d^fimt, s'il
en a. Si le d^funt n'avait ni parents ni associ^s, sa succession,
dans I'un comme dans Fautre Pays, serait remise k la garde de
TAgent ou du Consul de la nation du sujet d^c6d^, pour que
celul-ci en fasse I'usage convenable, conform^ment aux lois et
coutumes de son pays.

Appointment of Consuls.

Art, VII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et ^quitables rela-
tions entre les sujets de6 2 Etats, les 2 Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes se r^servent la faculty de nommer chacune 3 Consuls.
Les Consuls de France rdsideront k T6h6ran, k Bender-Bouchir,*
"k Tauris.t Les Consuls de Perse r^sideront k Paris, k Marseille,
et k rile de la Reunion (Bourbon).

Ces Consuls des 2 Hautes Puissances Contractantes jouiront
riciproquement, sur le territoire de Tun et de Tautre Empire ou
sera 6tablie leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des
immunit^s accord^s dans Tun et dans I'autre Empire aux Consuls
de la nation la plus favoris6e.

Ratifications ; Treaty to he perpetual.

Art. VIII. Le present Traits de Commerce et d'Amitie,
cimente par la sincfere amiti^ et la confiance qui rfegnent entre
les 2 Empires bien conserves de France et de Perse, sera, Dieu
aidant, fidfelement obserr^ et maintenu, de part et d'autre, k
perp^tuite, et les Pl^nipotentiaires des 2 Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes s'engagent k ^changer les ratifications imp^riales de
.leurs augustes Souverains, soit k T4h6ran, soit a Paris, dans
I'espace de 6 mois, ou plus tot, si faire se pent.

En 2oi de quoi, les Pl^nipotentiaires respectifs des 2 Hautes
Parties Contractantes ont signe le present Traits et y ont appos6
leurs sceaux.

Fait double, en Fran9ais et en Persan, le 12 du mois de
Juillet, de Tan du Christ, 1855, et le 27 du mois de Chawal de
TH^gire, Tann^e 1271, k T^^ran.

(L.S.) P. BOUREE.

(L.S.) MIRZA-AGA-KHAN.

.• Boshire. t Tabreez.

83 G 2

Uth June^ 18730 PSBSIA AND aSBMAKY.

JRAITE dAmitie^ de Commerce^ et de Navigation," entre
VAllemagne et la Perse. — Signi a St. Pitershourg, le 11 Juin^
1873*

Table op Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.
n. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.

III. Appointment of Consuls. Inviolability of Consular Domicile. Non-pro-

tection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or Consular Agents
of the other. Trading Consuls.

IV. Commerce and Navigation : Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment.

V. Liberty to Subjects of either Country to travel in, and to pass through, the
Territories of the other. Passports,
VI. Treatment of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Liberty to Import^
Export, and Transport Merchandize. Liberty to Hire Houses, Shops, &a
Liberty to Possess Lands, Houses, &c. Taxes. Submission to the Laws.
VII. Customs Duties, Imports and Exports.
VIII. Liberty to Merchant Ships of either country to enter Bivers, Ports, &&, of
the other.
IX. Port, Tonnage, Lighthouse, Pilotage, and other Dues.
X. Wrecks and Salvage.
XI. Inviolability of Domicile.

XII. Contracts. Bills of Exchange, &o. Legalization of Documents. Treatment
of Persians in Q-ermany.

XIII. G-erman Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Trial of Suits

and Disputes between G-erman Sulyects. Suits and Disputes betWden
Germans and Subjects of Foreign Nations. Suits and Disputes between
Germans and Persians. Protection of Persian Interests and Bights in
Germany. Intervention of Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.

XIV. Bankruptcies. . .
XV. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.

XVI. Criminal Jurisdiction.
XVII. Naturalization.
XVIII. Non-interruption of Friendly Belations in case of War witti other Powen.
Employment of Gtjod Offices.
XIX. Duration of Treaty. Modifications of Treaty.
XX. Application of Treaty to Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.
XXL Execution of Treaty by Public Officials. Batifications.

Au nom de Dieu clement et mis^ricordienx I

Sa Majeste rEmpereur d'Allemagne, d'une part, et Sa
Majesty dont le Soleil est I'^tendard, le Sacr^, I'Auguste et
Grand Monarque, le Souverain absolu et TEmpereur des Empe-
reurs de tous les Etats de Perse, d'autre part,

L'ttn et I'autre 6galement et sincferement d<5sireux de reserrer
les rapports d'aimti6 entre TEmpire d'AUemagne et TEmpire
Persan, sont convenns de reviser les Trait^s existants et de les
remplacer par un nouveau Trait6 d'Amitid, de Commerce et de
Navigation r^ciproquement avantageux et utile aux sujets des
Hautes Puissances Contractantes.

A cet effet ont nomm^ pour leurs Pl^nipotentiaires :

Sa Majesty TEmpereur d'Allemagne, son Altesse Ser^nissime,
Monseigneur le Prince Henry VII. Reuss, Lieutenant-G^n^ral

• From " State Papers," Vol. 63, page 46,

8^ *

.PBB8IA ANP GEBMANY. [Hth Jont, 187!^.

et son Aide-de-Camp Q^n&al, son Ambassadeur Extraordinaire
et P15nipotentiaire, &c. ;

Et Sa Majesty le Shahinshah de Perse, son Excellence Mirza
AbdtOrahim !E3ian said oul Monlk, son Envoy^ Extraordinaire
et Ministre Pl^nipotentiaire, &c. ;

Et les deux rlinipotentiaires s'^tant r6unis k St. P^tersbourg
ayant ^chang^ lenrs pleins pouvoii*8, et les ayant trouv^s en bonxte
et due forme, sent convenus des Articles suivants :

Friendship.

Art. I. n y aura comme par le pass6 amiti^ sincere et bonne
intelligence entre les Etats et les sujets des Hautes Parties Con-
iractantes.

Reception of Diplomatic Affente,

Art. II. Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres Pl^nipotentiaires ou
autres Agents Diplomatiques respectifs seront re<jus et trait^s
riciproquement, eux et tout le personnel de leurs missions comme
sent re9us dans les pays respectifs les Ambassadeurs, Ministres
Plfinipotentiaires ou autres Agents Diplomatiques des nations
les plus favoris^es, et ils y jouiront de tout point, des mSmes
lionneurs, prdrogatives et immunit^s.

Appointment of Consuls,

Art. in. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et ^quitables
relation^ entre leursi sujets, les Hautes Parties Contractantes se
r&ervent la faculty de noromer chacune 3 ' Consuls dans les
fifats respectifs.

Lea Consuls d'Allemagne r^sideront k T^hdran, k Tauris* et k
Bender-Bouchir.t

Les Consuls de Perse r^sideront en AUemagne partout oil ise
trouvent des Consuls d'une Puissance ^trangfere.

Ces. Consuls des Hautes Puissances Contractantes jouiront
rfeiproquement tant pour leur personne et I'exercice de leurs
-f<mctions que pour leurs maisons, les employes de leurs Coh-
sulats et les personnes attach^es k leur service, des mSmes
honnetUB et des mSmes privileges dont jouissent et iouiront
k I'avenir les Agents Consulaires de la nation la plus
favoris^e.

Inviolability of Consular Domicile:

En cas de d^sordres publics, il devra etre accord^ aux
Consuk sur leur demande, une sauvegarde chargcie d'assurer
Tinviolabilite du domicile Consulaire.

• Tabreez. t Busliire.

85

11th Jane, 18780 PERSIA AND aEBMANY.

- • * ■ - .

Non^Protection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or

Consular Agents of the other,

Les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls d'AUetnagne et
r^ciproquement les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls de TEmpire

• Persan ne devront pas protegor, ni en secret ni publiquement,
aucun sujet Persan et r^ciproquement aucun sujet Allemand qui
ne serait pas employ^ effectivement par leurs Missions ou par
les Consuls-G^neraux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Con-
Bulaires respectif s.

Trading Consuls. ' , .

II est bien entendu que si un des Agents Coi^sulaires de
Tune des Hautes Parties Contractantes s'engageait dans les
aflFaires commerciales sur le territoire de Tautre Puissance, il
serait soumis k cet egard aux memes lois et aux mSmes
ugages, auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le meme
commerce.

_ A

Commerce and Navigation : Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment,

AnT. IV. Les sujets de chacune des Parties Contractantes
jouiront dans les territoires de I'autre des mSmes droits, pri-
vileges, immunites et exemptions dont jouissent actuellement ou
jouiront k Tavenir en matifere de commerce et de navigation les
sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e.

Liberty to Subjects of either Country to travel in and to pdss
through the Territories of the other. Passports, '■

Art, V. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes

{)purront parcourir en pleine liberty les territoires respectife «et
es traverser pour se rendre dans les pays ^-^oisins, sans qu'ils. en
r soient empScn^s par les autorit^s locales qui, de leur coti,
mettront la plus vive sollicitude k les preserver de tout d^gr^-

• ment, en veillant continuellement k leur s<iret6 personnelle, en
les traitant avec tons les ^gards possibles afin qu'ils n'^prouvent

, ni dommage ni entrave ou vexation quelconque dans leur
voyage, et en les munissant k cet eflFet de sauf-conduits, firmans
ou autres documents. < _ .

Treatment of Travellers, Merchants, and others.

Art. VI. Les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes qui,
en leur quality de marchands, commercjants ou voyageurs, se
rendraient sur les territoires respectifs pour leurs affairs, y
seront accueillis et trait^s dfes leur entree jusqu'k leur sortie,
avec les mSmes egards et sur le mSme pied que les sujets des
nations les plus favoris6es.

86

P£B8IA AND a£Bl£ANT. [llth tvaie, 1878.

.'■•-• • • • - , . . ,

Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize,

En consequence les sujets dee Hautes Parties Contractantes
ponrrpnt soit par terre soit par mer, librement importer dans les'
pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter des marchandises
et exercer le commerce dans toute I'^tendue de leurs Etats, con-
form^ment anx r^glements et aux lois en vigueur dans les pays
re6pecti&;

*

Liberty to Hire Houses, Shops, Warehouses, ^c. Taxes.

J loner des maisons, des magasins et des boutiques pour leurs
affikires, et ils ne seront soumis, sous aucun nom ou pr^texte, k
un impdt quelconque auquel ne seraient point soiunis les sujets
des nations les plus favoris^es.

Liberty to Possess Lands, Houses^ ^e.

II est bien entendu que si la Haute Cour d'lran accordait
aux sujets d'une nation itrangire le droit d'acqu^rir et de
pdss^der en Perse des terres, maisons, magasins ou autres
immeubleSy ce m^me droit sera aussi accord^ aux sujets de
TEmpire d'AUemagne.

Submission to the Laws,

Les marchands des deux nations qui voudraient faire le
pommerce int^rieur dans les deux pays, seront soumis quant k
ce commerce, aux lois du pays oil ce commerce se fait.

Customs Duties, Imports, and Exports.

Art. VII. Les sujets de TEmpire Allemand qui importe-
raient des marchandises en Perse ou en exporteraient seront
trait^ k regard des droits de douane, sur le mSme pied que les
Qujets des nations les plus favoris^es.

Pareillement les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises en AUemagne ou en exporteraient seront trait^s k
r^gcurd des droits de douane et impots sur le mSme pied que
les sujets des nations les plus favorisees.

Liberty to Merchant Ships of either Country to enter Rivers^

Ports, ^c, of the other,

Akt. VIIL II sera permis aux b&timents de commerce de
chaoune des Hautes Parties Contractantes, soit charges soit sur
lesty de frequenter librement dans les Etats respectifs, toutes les
baies et rivi&res ainsi que tons les portes, rades et ancrages
ouverts par le Gouvemement territorial au commerce maritime.
CSette liberty comprendra pour les navires et les sujets des
JEautes Parties Contractantes la faculty de faire le commerce
dlmportation et d'exportation dans la mfime 6tendu que les
naVires et les sujets des nations les plus favorisees, ainsi que la

87

11th Jiino, 1873.] PERSIA AND GERMANY;

faculty de se Hvrer k toutes les operations cpmmerciales dont
Texercice est permis, en vertu des lois en vigneur, dans les paji^s
respectifs ; les batiments de commerce et les sujets respeetifs
seront en tout point trait^s k cet 6gard sur le meme pied que.l^;
na vires et les sujets des nations les plus favoris^es.

/ ^

Port, Tonnage, Lighthouse, Pilotage, and other Dues.

Art. IX. Les batiments de Tune des Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes qui arrivent soit sur lest soit charges de quelque pays
que ce soit, dans les ports de Tautre seront trait^s tant k leur
entree qu'a leur sortie sur le meme pied que les batiments desf
nations les plus favoris^es par rapport aux droits d6 port, de
tonnage, de fanaux et de pilotage, ainsi qu'k tout autre droit on
charge de quelque espfece ou denomination que ce soit revenant
k la Couronne, aux villes ou a des ^tablissements particuliers
quelconques.

Wrecks and Salvage,

Art. X. Relativement aux cas de naufrage les Hautes Parties
Contractantes s'engagent k prendre les dispositions necessaired
pour qu'il soit voue au sauvetage de leurs navires respfectffd
ZgIolom&q sur les c6tes de Tune ou de I'autre, ainsi qu'a des per-
sonnes et des objets de tout genre, qui se trouveront k leur bord,
les memes soins qu'en pareille circonstance seraient apport^s au
sauvetage des batiments de la nation la plus favorisee. Elles
s'engagent ^galement k veiller i ce que les debris dii navire
naufrage, les papiers du bord, les espfeces, effets, utensiles et
autres objets de valeur soient mis sous bonne garde ainsi que
cela se pratique k regard des navires naufragis des Puissances
les plus favorisees, k ce qu'il soit donn^ connaissance du feit au
Gouvernement interess^ par I'organe de son Consul pu Ageiit
commercial le plus rapproche oupar toute autre voie en mettoot
le tout k sa disposition de la manifere la plus convenable et ^Qfift
k ce que tous les objets sauv^s ou bien le prix de leur vente^
dans le cas oil celli-ci aurait du s'eflFectuer, soient fidelem^i
remis aux propri^taires ou k leurs fond^s de pouvoira ou bi^n k
defaut des ims et des autres k la charge du Consul ou Agent de
Gouvernement int6resse.

Inviolability of Domicile.

Art. XI. Les officiers, employes ou sujets de la Haute Cour
d'Iran ne pouiTont entrer de force dans le domicile d'un
AUemand, ni dans ses magasins ou boutiques ; en cas de nicest-
site il faudra en prevenir I'Agent Diplomatique ou le Consi^l
duquel cet individu relevera^ et toute perquisition domiciliau'e ne
pourra se faire qu'en presence des Commissaires Deiegu^s paj:
le dit Agent ou Consul. Dans les localites oil il n'y a pas
d'Agent ou Consul les sujets de I'Empire d'Allemagne seront
traites k cet ^gard sur le meme pied que le sont les sujets des

88

PSBSIA JLNB eSBMANY. [11th June, 1878f

nations les plus favoris^s dans les endroita oh, il n'y a pas
d' Agent ou Uonsul de lenr Gouvemement.

%.

Contracts.

. Abt« XIL Tons les contrats et autres engagements des
sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes par rapport aux affaires
de commerce seront fid^lement maintenns et prot^g^s avec la
pioa gtande exactitude par les Gouvemements respectifs.

i *'"*'■ . ■ ■

Bills of Exchange.

-'- ' Ponr mienx veiller k la sftreti des sujeta des Etats de I'Empire
d'Allfemagne en Perse, les billets de cr^ance, lettres de change
bt lettred de garantie ainsi que tons les contrats faits par des
sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes relativement k des
affaires de commerce, devront fitre sign^s par le Divan-Khani
et k d^faut de celui-ci par rautorit6 locale comp6tente, et dans
lea endroits od il y aurait un Consul d'Allemagne, aussi par ce
dfernier, afin qu'en cas de quelque different on puisse faire les
techierches n^cessaires et decider ces affaires litigieuses con-
form^ment k la justice ;

Legalization of Documents,

En consequence celui qui sans Stre muni des documents ainsi
legalises voudrait intenter un procfes k un sujet Allemand en ne
•prodiiisant d'autres preuves que les declarations d'un t^moin,
ne sera p6int ^coute quant k sa demande, k moins que celle-ci
i\e, ^oit reconnue valable par le dit sujet Allemand.

Treatment of Persians in German}/.

.** . • ■ "

L'Empire d'Allemagne veillera ^galement k la sfirete des

^jets Persans en AUemagne conformement aux lois et aux

iisage^ etablis et les traitera k cet ^gard sur le pied des nations

les plus favorisees.

Germxin Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Trial of
Suits and Disputes between German Subjects.

Art. XIII. Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tons les
:proce^ qui s'eliveraient entre des Allemands en Perse seront
examines et jug^s par les Representants respectifs pres la Haute
Cour d'Iran, ou par les (consuls desquels ils releveront ou les
plus rapproches de leui* domicile conformement aux lois de leur
pay^ sans que Tautorite locale y puisse opposer le moindre
empSchement ou la moindre difficmte.

89

lith Jiine/isrs.} FBBSIA AND eEBMAKY.

Jurisdiction, Suits and Disputes between Germans and Subjects of

Foreign Nations, . .?

Les procis, contestatious et disputes qui s'^liveraient en
Perae entre des Allemands et des sujets appartenant k d'autres
nations ^ang^res seront jug^ exclusivement par rinterm^
diaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls. ■ ''^■

:'.■■■ • ■ ' • ■ ■■■■ • -^ >

Jurisdiction^ Suits and Disputes between Germans and Persidns*^

Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tons les procfes qui
s'616veraient en Perse entre les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes seront jug^s devant les tribuuaux Fersans, mais
ces diflFerends et procfes ne pourront Stre 'd^cid6s ou jug^s qu'en
presence et avec I'intervention du Repr^sentant ou du Consul
AHemand, ou, au nom de celui-ci, en presence du Drogm^i qui
en sera employ^ k cet eflFet, le tout conform^ment aux lois ei
jaux coutumes du pays.

/ . Le proefes une fois termini par la sentence du juge compe-
tent ne pourra plus etre repiis une seconde fois, mais si la
n<5cessit6 exigeait la revision du jugement prononc6, celle-ci ne

{)OiuTa se faire qu'avec Tavis du Repr^sentant ou Consul duquel
es sujets Allemands, dont il s'agira, reinvent ou au nom de cet
Agent en presence du Drogman respectif, et seulement devant
une des Cours SuprSmes de Controle et de Cassation qui si^gent
k T^hiran, k Tauris ou k Ispahan.

- • *

Protection of Persian Interests and Rights in Germany. Intervene
tion of Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.

En reciprocity de ces engagements, les sujets de la Haute
Cour d'lran jouiront dans les Etats de TEmpire d'Allemagne
pour leurs int^rSts et leurs droits acquis, en cas de contestations^
de la pleine protection des lois et des tribunaux de ces EtatSf de
la meme manifere que les sujets nationaux et ceux d'jaiitres
Tuissances ^trangferes; et les Repi^esentants, Consuls et Ag^its
de la Haute Cour d'Iran y jouiront, quant k une intervention, de
leur part en faveur de leurs nationaux auprfes des autorites de
ces Etats, de la faculty qui y est accord^e aux Agents Diploma-
'tiques.et Consuls des'nationsles plus favorisees. " ' . : : ">

■'-... Bankruptcies. - . . - . .

AUT. XIV. Si un sujet de Tune des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes r^sidant dans les domaines de Tautre, se declare
en etat de faillite ou fait banqueroute, on dressera Tinventaire
' de tons ses biens, de ses effets et de ses comptes actifs et passifs
pour en faire la liquidation requise et la juste repartition entre
ses creanciers. .

En cas qu'un Allemand rfeidant ou se trouvant en Perse se
declare en Etat de faillite, la procedure susmentionnee ne sera
effectuee que de Tavis et par I'intervention du Representant on

90

PBBSIA AKD aERMAinr. [lltti June, 1878.

Consul respectif, r^idant k Tendroit le plus rapproche du lieu de
fiijour du banqueroutier.

Si un Bujet Persan fait faillite en Allemagne il sera accord^
dans la procedure de faillite au Repr^sentant ou Consul Persaii
le mSme droit d*intervention dont jouissent en pareil cas les
Repr^entants ou Consuls de la nation la plus favoris^e.

Sur la demande faite par les cr^anciers, les Agents Diploma-
tiques ou Consulaires respectifs des Puissances Contractantes
provoqueront les rechercnes n^cessaires pour constater si le
faiUi n a pas laiss^ dans sa patrie des biens.qui pourraient satis-
Taire k leiurs reclamations.

Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.

Art. XV. En cas de d^c&s de Vun de leurs sujets respectifs
Bur le territoire de Tune ou de Tautre des Hautes Parties Con-
.tractantes, sa succession sera remise int^gralement k la famille
ou aux associ^s du d^funt, s'il en a. Si le d^funt n'avait ni
parents ni associ^s, sa succession dans les pays des Hautes
Tarties Contractantes, sera remise int^gralement k la garde des
Agents ou des Consuls respectifs, pour que ceux-ci en fassent
Tusage convenable conform^ment aux lois et coutumes de leur
pays»

CriminalJurisdiction,

\ . Art^XYL Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle,
dans lesquelles seraient compromis des sujets Allemands en
Perse ou des sujets Persans en Allemagne elles seront jug^es
dans les Etats respectifs suivant le mode qui y est adopts k
regard de la nation la plus favoris^e.

r - ■

Naturalization.

f Art, XVII. Le Gouvemement Imperial d* Allemagne s*en-
gage k n'accorder k aucun sujet Persan des lettres de naturali-
sation qu'i la condition expresse du consentement pr^alable du
Gouvemement Persan s'engage aussi de son cot^ i n'accorder

^ de^ lettres de naturalisation k aucun sujet du dit Empire
Allemand sans le consentement pr^alable du Gouvemement de
celiii-ci,

" f ' f I . . . —

Non-interruption of Friendly Relations, in case of War with other

Powers,

Art. XVIII. En cas de guerre de Tune des Puissances Con-
tractantes avec une autre Puissance, il ne sera porie pour cette
seule cause, atteiDte, prejudice ou alteration k la bonne intelli-
gence et k rainitie sincfere qui doivent exister k jamais entre les
Hautes Puissances Contractantes.

91

lltH June, 1873.] PBBSIA AND GEBMANY.

Employment of Good Offices.

Pour le cas oh la Perse serait impliquee dans un diffdrend
avec une autre Puissance, le Gouvemement d'AUemagne se
declare pret k employer, sur la demande du Gouvemement de
Sa Majesty Imp^riale le Shah ses bons offices pour contribuer k
applanir le diff^rend.

Duratiofi of Treaty p

Art. XIX.* Le pr&ent Traits restera en vigueur & dateir Axx
lour de sa signature jusqu'k Fexpiration de 12 mois aprte qui^
Tune des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura anuQUC^ k I'autre
I'intention d'en faire cesser les effets.

. ' ' . . , »

Modifications of Treaty^

Toutefois les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes se r^servent
la faculty d'introduire, d'un commun accord dans le present
Traits toutes modifications qui ne seraient point en opposition
avec son esprit ou ses principes et dont Tutiliti serait demontlr^e
par Texp^rience*

Application of Treaty to Grand Duchy of Luxemburg^

Art. XX. Les dispositions du present Traits sont applic-
ables ^galement au Grand Duch^ de Luxembourg, tant q^'il
sera compris dans le systfeme de Douane et d'imp6ts Alleman^*

Execution of Treaty hy Public Officials^

Art. XXL Les gouvemeurs, commandants, douaniers,
officiers et autres employes des Hautes Puissances Contrac-
tantes seront chargfe de remplir les stipulations de ce Traits
avec toute Texactitude possible et sans y porter la moindre
atteinte.

Ratifications.

Le prfeent Traits sera ratifi^ et les ratifications en seront
^changees k St. P^tersbourg.dans Fespace de 3 mois ou pitas-*
tot si faire se pent.

En foi de quoi, les PMnipotentiaires respectifs des Hautes
Parties Contractantes ont sign6 le present Traits et y oriiappds^
le sceau de leurs annes.

Fait k St. P^tersbourg ce 11 Juin, 1873, en 4 expeditions
dont deux en Fran9ais et deux en Persan.*

Le 15 Rabi-oul-Sani Tan 1290 de Thigire.

(L.S.) H. VIL P. REUSS.
(L.S.) ABDULRAHIM.

Bee Additional Act, 6th June, 1878, page 93

: n

PBKSU AND aSBBiANY. [Uih June, 1878.

ACXii ADDITIONNEL au Traiti dHAmitiS, de Commerce, et
ds Navigation, conclu entre VAllemagne et la Perse. — Signi h
; Berlin, le 6 Juin, 1«73.*

Un Traits d'Amiti^, de Commerce et de Navigatiou ayant
it6 conclu k St. P^tersbourg entre Sa Majesty TEmpereur
d'Allemagne, Roi de Prusse, d'une part, et ba Majest6 I'Em-
peretir de Perse, d'autre part, traits dont 1* Article XIX porte :

Duration of Treaty. {For 10 years from Exchange of Ratifications,
and then terminable after 12 months^ notice.) modifications.

Le present Traits restera en vigueur k dator du jour de sa
signature jusqu'k Fexpiration de 12 mois aprfes quo Tune des
Hautes Parties Contractantes aura annonc6 k I'autre I'intention
d'en faire cesser les eflFets.

Toutefois les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes se r&ervent
la faculty d'introduire, d'un common accord dans le present
Traits toutes modifications qui ne seraient point en opposition
avec son esprit ou ses principes et dont Tutiliti serait d6montr6e
-par rexp^rience.

Et les Hautes Parties Contractantes ayant Tintention de
donner k ce Traiti une durie de 10 ans au moins, les Soussignis
4Bont convenus k declarer que leurs Gouvemements respectifs
s'engagent k ne pas exercer le droit de dinoncer le Traiti
susmentionni pendant les 10 ans qui suivront Techange des
ratifications de ce Traiti,

En foi de quoi les Soussignis ont dressi le prisent Acte
additionnel dont les ratifications seront ichangees en meme
femps, que les ratifications du Traiti priciti et I'ont signi en
double expidition.

Fait Ji Berlin le 6 Juin, 1873.

(L.S.) DE BISMARCK.

(L.S.) MIRZA HUSSEIN KHAN.

• The 11th and 6th June, 1873, respectively are the dates given to the Treaty
and to the Additional Act, as published in the German " Beichs-Q^esetzblatt '^
and in the " Journal de St. F^terpbourg.'*

- 93

28th Oct, 18610 PBBSIA AND aBlBGfl.

TBA12E d'AmitiS^ de Commercey et de Navigation entre la Grice
et la Perse. — Conclu h Constantinople, le ^ Octobre, 1861.*t

[Ratifications 4chang6es k Constantinople, le 11 Mars, 1862.]

Table of Contents.
Arfc.
I. Friendship.

II. Beception and Treatment of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Bights of Subjects of either Countrj to have access to, and to pass through,

the Territories of the other. Passports.
lY. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Fayoured-Nation Treatment.
Bight to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize, &c. Bight to
Hire Houses, Warehouses, and Shops ; Taxes. Priyileges, &c., granted
to a third Power to be conceded by either countrj to the other on the con-
cession of an equivalent. Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.
Inviolabilitj of Domicile.
y. Import and Export Duties ; Taxes.

YI. Duties, &c., on Yessels. Duties on Merchandize Imported or Exported in
Yessels of either country.
YII. Wrecks.

YIII. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country. Consular
Privileges. Inviolability of Consular Domicile. Kon- protection of
Persians not employed by Greek Mission or Consulates. Position of
Consular Officers engaged in Trade. Employment of Dragomans and
Guards. . .

IX. Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Greeks, or between Greeks and
other Foreigners. Civil Suits in Greece between Persians, or between
Persians and Foreigners. Civil Suits between Greeks and Persians.
Criminal Jurisdiction. Disposal of Properly of Deceased Subjects.
X. Non-interruption oB Friendly Relations in case of War with other Powerf.
XI. Duration of Treaty. Batifications.

Protection of Natives. Interpretation of Article YIII.

Au nom de Dieu clement et misericordieux !

Sa Haute Majesty Othon I, Roi de Grfece, le Monarque fllnstte
et liberal, et Sa Majesty, dont T^tendard est le Soleil, TAuguete,
le Grand Monarque, TEmpereur de toute la Perse, Tun et Tautofe
^galement et sincferement d^sireux d'^tablir des rapports
d'amitie eutre les deux Etats, ont voulu les consolider par un
Traite d'Amiti^, de Commerce et de Navigation, r^ciproque-
ment avantageux et utile aux siijets des d6ux Hautes Parties
Contractantes.

A cet effet, ont d6sign6 pour leurs Pl^nipotentiaires :

Sa Majesty le Roi de Grfece, son Excellence le Sieui' Mare
Renieri, son Envoy^ Extraordinaire et Ministre Plt^nipotentiaire
pris la Sublime Porte Ottomane, &c. ;

Et Sa Majesty I'Empereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
Hadji-Mirza-Houssein-Khan, son Envoys Extraordinaire et
Ministre Pl^nipotentiaire prte la Sublime Porte Ottomane, &c.

Et les deux Pl^nipotentiaires, r^unis k Constantinople,
ayant ^change leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouv^s en
bonne et due forme, ont arr6t6 les Articles suivants:

■ ■■ - * Signed also in the Greek language.

t From " State Papers," Yol. 61, p. 538.

94

PERSIA AND GBBEOB. [2Sth Oct., 1861.

Friendship.

Art. I. II y aura, d^sormais, amiti^ siucire et line constante
bonne intelligence entre I'auguste Royaume de Grice et les
Bujets de ce Koyaume et Taugiistc Empire de Perse et les sujets
de cet Empire.

Rec^tion and Treatment of Diplomatic Agents,

Art II. Les Envoyes ou Agents Diplomatiques qu'il plairait k
chacune des deux Uautes Puissances Contractantes d envoyer
et d'entretenir prte de Tautre, y seront re9us et trait^s, eux et
tout le personnel de la Mission, comme sont re9iis et trait^s par
oet Etat les Envoy^ ou Agents Diplomatiques des autres
PnissanceB amies les plus favorisees, et ils y jouiront, de tous
points, des mSmes honneurs, immunit^s et privileges.

Right of Subjects of either Country to have Access to^ and to Pass
through the Territories of the other. Passports.

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
pourront d63ormais parcourir, en pleine liberty, les territoires re-
spectifs, et les traverser pour se rendre dans les pays voisins,
sans qu'ils en soient empeches par les autorit^s locales, qui, de
leur coti, mettront la plus vive soUicitude k les preserver de
tout d^sagr^ment, en veillant continuellement k leur sdref^
personnelle, en les traitant avec tous les 6gards possibles, afin
qu'ils n'6prouvent ni dommage, ni entrave ou vexation quel-
conque dans leur voyage, et en les munissant, k cet effet, de
sauf-conduits, firmans, ou autres documents.

Jreaiment of Merchants and Travellers. Most^ Favoured-Nation

Treatment

Art. IV. Les sujets des deux Hautes Cours qui, en leur
quality de commer9ants, industriels ou voyageurs, se rendraient
sur les territoires respectife pour leurs affaires, y seront accueillis
et trait^s, dis leur entree jusqu'i leur sortie, avec les memes
^gards et sur le mSme pied que les sujets des nations les plus
farorls^es.

Right to Import^ Export, and Transport Merchandize.

En consequence, les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes pourront, soit par terre soit par mer, librement im-
Sorter dans les pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter
es marchandises, et exercer le commerce dans toute I'etendue
des deux Empires, conformement aux rfeglements et aux lois en
vigueur dans le pays respectifs ;

Right to Hire Houses^ Warehouses^ and Shops. Taxes.

y louer des maisons, des magasins et des boutiques pour

95

-86fch Oct., 1861.] PBBSU AND aSSECK

leurs affaires, et ils ne seront soumis, sous auciin nom ou pr6-
texte, a un imp6t quelconque auquel ne seraient point soumis
les sujets des nations les plus favorisees.

Privileges^ SfC.y granted to a third Power to be conceded by either
Country to the other on the concession of an equivalent* • -^

II est bien entendu que tout avantage, droit ou privilege
que les deux Haute s Parties Contractantes accorderont k una
nation tierce, ce mfime avantage, droit ou privilege sera aussi
accord^ aux sujets des deux Etats respectifs, sauf les avantages
que Tune des Parties Contractantes accorderait sur I'assurance
d'avantages particuliers. 11 est entendu pourtant que cKacune
des Hautes Parties Contractantes est en droit de demander
ces memes avantages sur la concession d'un Equivalent, k con-
dition que cet (Equivalent soit de netture k Stre agr46 et aeceptS
par Tautre pai'tie.

c

Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade,

Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes qui vou-
draient faire le commerce int^rieur dans les deux pays, seront
soumis, quant k ce commerce, aux lois du pays oil ce commerce
se fait..

Inviolability of Domicile,

Les officiers, employes ou sujets de la Haute Cour d*Iran ne
pourront entrer de Ibrce dans le domicile d'un sujet Grec, ni
dans ses magasins ou boutiques, et, en cas de* n^cessiti, il
faudra en pr6venir TAgent Diplomatique ou le Consul de Grfece,
li oi il y en a, qui, de leur c6t6, s'empresseront de se con-
former k la demande de TautoritE locale, et toute perquisition
domiciliaire ne pourra se faire qu'en presence des commissaires
d^UguEs par le dit Agent ou Consul.

Dans les localitEs oh il n'y a pas d'Agent ou Consul de Grice,

les sujets de cette Puissance seront trait^s, k cet Egard, sur le

. mSmepied que le sont les sujets des nations les plus favork^^,

-dans les endroits oh il n'y a pas d'Agent ou Consul de leur

Gouvemement.

Import and Export Duties, Taaes„

Art. V. Les sujets Grecs qui importeraient des marchandises
' en Perse ou en exporteraient, seront trait^s, k I'Egard des droits de
douane, sur le m^me pied que les sujets des nations ChrEtiennes
les plus favorisees.

Pareilleraent, les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises dans les Etats du Royaume de Grece ou en expor-
teraient, seront trait^s, k regard des droits de douane et
impots, sm* le meme pied que les sujets des nations les plus
.. favorisees.

96

PSBSIA AND aHEECS. [28th Oct., 1861.

DiUies^ ^c, on Vessels.

Art. VI. Les Mtiments de commerce qui cntreront et sA-
journeront dans les ports de Tun ou de Tautre Etat, ou'ils soient
sur Test ou cliarg^s de marchandises, jouiront, dis leur arriv<So
jusqu'k leur depart, de tous les ^gards et privileges, et ne seront
assujettis k d'autres ni k de plus forts droits que eeux acquitt^s
par les na\'ires des nations les plus favorisees.

Duties on Merchandize Imported or Exported in Vessels of eitlier

Country.

Les merchandises et produits de toute espece, sans distinc-
tion de leur provenance ni de leur destination, qui seraient
imports ou export^s par les navires respectifs des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes, paieront, dans lun et I'autre Etat, les
mSmes droits de douane que paient les navires de commerce
des Puissances Chr<Stiennes les plus favorisees, soit k Tentr^e
des marchandises et produits dans les Etats respectifs, soit k
leur sortie.

Wrecks,

Art. VII. S'il arrive que quelque navire Hellfene ou Persan
fasse naufrage dans les poi*ts ou sur les cotes des territoires
' respectife, tout secours possible lui sera donne de la meme
manifere qu'aux navires des Puissances les phis favoiis^es.

Appointment of Consuls^ at certain places in either Country.

Art. VIlI. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et 6quitables rela-
tiones entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Contractantes se r6servent la faculte de nommer chacune
3 Consuls.

Les Consuls de Perse r6sideront k Athfenes, Syra et un autre
port de la Grfece, k designer plus tard.

Les Consuls de Grece r6sideront k Tdh^ran, Tabris et dans
' tin port situ6 sur le Golfe Persique, k designer plus tard.

Consular Privileges.

Les Consuls des deux pays jouiront, tant pour leur personne
et Texercice de leurs fonctions que pour leurs raaisons, les em-
ployes de leurs Consulates et les personnes attachees k leur
service, des memes honneurs et des memes privileges dont
jouissent les Consuls du mSme rang et les Agents commer-
ciaux des nations les plus favoris6es.

Inviolability of Consular Domicile.

En cas de d^sordres publics, il devra Stre accord^ aux Con-
suls, sur leur demande, une sauvegarde charg^e d'assurer I'in-
violabilite du domicile consulaire.

97 - H

asth Oct., 1861.] PEBSIA AND aBEECK

Nbn^ Protection of Persians nob employed by Greek Mission or

Consulates,

J.:: ^^ ^

Les Agents Diploihatiques et Consuls de Gfrfece rie devront
J)as prot^ger, ni en secret ni pnbliqnement, aucun sujet Persan
qui ne serait pas employ^ par le Mission Royale, ou par les
Consuls-G6n6raux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Consulaires
de la Grfece.*

• • • . ^^

Position of Consular Officers engaged in Trade,

II est bien entendn que, si un Consul, Vice-Consul ou Agent
<]!onsulaire de la Grfece, en Perse, s'engageait dans des affaires
commerciales, il serait soumis en ce qui concerne son commerce,
aux mSmes lois et usages que les particuliers de sa nation.

Employment of Dragomans and Guards.

j' Les Ministres et les Consuls des deux Hautes Pai-ties Oom-
ti'actantes se serviront de tels drogmans et employerpnt pow Jfe
service deleurmaisontelhuissier etgensqu'ils voudraient, sans

rlia+."i-nr«finTi (\(\ Tiaf.innn.lif.<i • mnia si'il JirritrA nn'nn c\r\ -nlnaiAiTra Arrt.

• g^dier k la demande de Tautorit^ locale comp6tente, si cet em-
ploy 6 ou gens de service reinvent de cette autorit^. .:...:

Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Greeks, or between
- „.. Greeks and other Foreigners,

Art. IX. Les procfes, contestations et disputes qui s'^liveraient,
■ dans TEmpire de Perse, entre sujets Hellfeues, ou Helltees et
strangers, ^

Jurisdiction, Civil Suits in Greece between Persians, or between

Persians and Foreigners.

OU, dans le Royaume de Grfece, entre sujets Persans, ,qu
Persans et Strangers, seront jug6s selon le mode adopts dans
chacun de ces Etats a regard des sujets des Puissances les plus
favoris^es.

. Jxirisdiction, Civil Suits in Persia between Greeks and Persians.

Les procfes, contestations et disputes qui seraient soulev^s,
en Perse, eaitre des sujets Grecs et des sujets Persans, seront

* port^s devant les tribunaux Persans ; mais ces differends et
procte ne pourront etre discutes et jug^s qu'en presence de
f'Agent Diplomatique ou Consulaire Hell^nique, oil, au nom de
celui-ci, en presence du Drogman Hellenique, le tout conform^-

. ment a ce qui se pratique k regard des nations les plus
_ favoiis^es.

• See interpretation of tliis Article, page 100.

98

y

BBRSIA AND GBEECE. [Sdih Ocfc., IMl.

Criminal Juinsiiciion.

. Quant aux afiaires de la juridiction criminello, dans lesqiielles
sevaient Qompiis des eiijets Greos en Perse, ou des sujets
Perfians en Gr^ce, elles seront instruitcs ct jugees, en Gi'fcco et
m Perse, suivant la loi adoptee dans les deux pays env ers les
i^trangers I^r plus favoriscB.

Disposal of Property of Deceased Suhjecis.

'f En cas de d^cte d'un do leni's sujets rospectifs sur le terri-
toire de Tun ou de Tautre Etat, sa succession sera reniise in-
t^^alement & la garde de T Agent ou du Consul do la nation du
Bujet d6ced6, pour que celui-ci en fasse Tusage convenable, con-
form^meht aux lois et ooutuines de son pays.

^onrlnterruption of Friendly Relations in case of War with other
: . Powers.

. . Art. X, Ea cas. de guen'O de Tune des deux Parties Con-
tractantea avec une autre Puissance, il ne sera port<S, pour cette
seule cause, atteinte, prejudice ou alteration i le bonne intelli-

S^i;ice.et.^ Tamitii sincere am doivent exister k jamais entre les
[antes Cours de Qvhce et a'Iran,

Vuratiofi of Treaty. ^TiU-llth March, 1874 ; then terminable after

12 months' notice,)

^ ' Art?. XI. Le Traits d*Amiti6 et de Commerce qui a ^t6 conclu
en cobsidiration de la sinc6re amitic et confiance qui rignent
entre les deux Etats de Grfece et do Perse, sera avec Taide de
Dieu, fidfelement observ6 et maintenu de part et d'autre
pendant 12 ans, k dater. du jour de I'echange des ratifications;*
et si, 12 mois avant I'expiration de ce terme, Tune ou Tautre
des Hautes Parties Contractantes n'avait pas annonc6 k Tautre,
•par une notification officielle, son intention d*en faire cesser les
•^etSi ce Traits deraeurera en vigueur une ann6e an d6Ii, et
ainsi de suite jusqu'i Texpiration des 12 mois qui suivront une
^pareiUe notification, k quelque epoque qu'elle ait lieu.

Ratifications.

Les Plenipotentiaires des Hautes Parties Contractantes s'en-
gagent k ^changer les ratifications de leurs Souverains a Con-
stantinople, dans Tespace de 3 mois, ou plus tot si faire se peut.

En fbi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes ' Parties Contractantes out sign6 le present Traite et y
ont appose lemTS sceaux.

Fait en double, en Persan et en Frau9ais, le j^ Octobre,
186.1 (le 24 du mois Rebi-oul-akhir do THegire, Tannee 1278) a
VoDstaiftinople.
V : (L.S.) M. RENIERL

(L.S.) MIRZA HOUSSEIN KHAN.

. . • nth March, 1862.

99 H 2

\

2ttU Sept., 1862.] PERSIA AND ITALY*

Protection of Natives. Interpretation of Art. VI IL

Les Soussignes, muDis de pleins pouvoirs de leurs Gouverne-
ments respectifs k TefFet de negocier et signer un Traits
d'Amitie, de Commerce et de Navigation entre les Etats de
Gr^ce et de Perse, entendent, d'un commmi accord, sur la portee
de TAlinea 6 de I'Article VIII du Traits sign^ en ce jour, que
cet alin^a ne peut, en aucune manifere, accorder aux Ministres,
aux Consuls- Gen^raux, aux Vice-Consuls ou aux Agents (^on-
-sulaires de Tune des Hautes Parties Contractantes le droit de
•prot^ger, comme itant lem*s employes, des sujets de Fautre
partie en nombre superieur k celui que les Trait^s ant^rieurs
ont accord^ k la nation la plus favoris^e.

La prisente intei'pr^tation est sign^e en double ; les Pleni-
potentiaires la transmettront k leurs Gouvernements respectifs,
afin que, par I'echange des ratifications, cette interpi-^tation
acquiere et possfede la meme valeur que si elle ^tait inseree dans
le texte mSme du Traite signe en ce jour.

Fait double k Constantinople le ^ Octobre, 1861 (24 Rebi-
oul-Akhir, 1278).

(L.S.) M. RENIERI.

(L.S.) MIRZA HOUSSEIN KHAN.

TRAITE d'Amitii^ de Commerce^ et de Navigation^ entre Vltalie
et le Perse. — Signd a Tildran^ le 2i, 29 Septemhre^ 1862.*

[Ratifications echang6es a Paris, le 15 Decembre, 1862.]

Table oy Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.

II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
m. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treats
ment. Sight to Import and Export Merchandize, &e. Submission to the
Laws relating to Internal Trade.
IV. Import and Export Duties.
y. Jurisdiction. Oiyil Suits between Italians in Persia. Civil Suits in Persia
between Italians and Persians. Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and
other Foreigners. Civil Suits between Persians in Jtaljr. Criminal
Jurisdiction.
YI. Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
YII. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country. Consular
Privileges. Non-protection of Natives bv Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
VIII. Duration of Treaty. Ratifications.

Add. Arts. Silkworms* Eggs and Cocoons. Appointment of Consuls.

\

Au nom de Dieu clement et misericordieux !

Sa Majesty le Roi d'ltalie, et Sa Majeste dont Tt^tendard est
le Soleil, le Sacre, TAuguste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois,
le Souverain absolu de tous les Etats de Perse ;

* From "State Papers/' Vol. 57, page 318.

100

PERSIA AND ITALY. [2 lib Sept., 18C2.

L*un et Tautre, 6galement ct Bincfcremoiit cl<^*sirenx (Vetablir
des rapports d'amitie entre les deux Etuts, out voiihi los con-
Bolider par un Traite d*Amiti6 et do (yomineroe reeipnxiiieinent
avantageux et utile aux Hujets des deux HautcH Puissances
Contractantes, ot k cot efFet out desi^ne pour Plenipotentiaires :

Sa Majesty le Roi d'ltalio, le Sieur Marcel Cerruti, son
Ministre en mission extraordinaire, &c. ;

Et Sa Majesty TEmpereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
Mirza Said Khan, Ministi'e des Affaires Etrang6re8, Secretaire
d'Etat, &c. ;

Et les deux Plenipotentiaires s'cStant riunis k Teheran, ayant
^change leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouv<5s en bonne et
due forme, ont arrSti les Articles suivants :

Fnendsliip.

Art. L II 7 aura amiti^ sincere et une constante bonne intelli-*
gence entre le Boyaume d'ltalie et tous les sujets Italiens, et
TEmpire de Perse et tous les sujets Persans.

Reception of Diplomatic Agents*

Art. IL Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plenipotentiaires
qu*il plairait a chacun des deux Hautes Puissances Contractantes
d'envoyer ou d'entretenir aupris de Tautre, seront re^us et
trait^s dans les deux pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel
de leur mission, comme sent re9us et trait^s les Ambassadeurs
ou Ministres Plenipotentiaires des nations les plus favorisees, et
ils y jouiront de tout point des memes prerogatives et im-
munites.

Jreatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation

Treatment.

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, nigociants, industriels, et autres, soit qu'ils se
d^placent, soit qu'ils resident sur le territoire de Tun ou de
Fautre Etat, seront respect^s et efficacement proteges par les
autorit^s du pays et leurs propres Agents, et trait^s k tous
^gards comme le sent les sujets de la nation la plus favorisee.

Right to Import and Export Merchandize^ ^r.

lis pourront reciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans Tun et Tautre Etat, et en exporter tout esp^ce de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les echanger, les acheter,
les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de Tun et de Tautre
Etat.

Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.

Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de Tun et de Tautre
Etat, qui se livreraient au commerce int^rieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays ou ils font de commerce.

101

21th Sept., 1862.] ^EfiSIA AND ITALT.

• - • - .... '.,■'.,'•',

Import and Export Duties* ^

Art. IV. Les marchandises importees ou export^es par lea
sujets respectifs des deux Halites' Parties Contractantes, no
paieront dans Tun et dans Tautre Etat, soit a Tentr^e, soit h la
sortie, dans Tun et dans Tautre Etat, les marchandises et pro-
duits import^s et expoi-tes par les marchands et sujets de ;!((
uation la plus favorisee ; et nulle taxe exceptionelle ne po.arra,
sous aucun nom et sous aucun pr^texte, etre r^olam^e dans I'tiit
comme dans Tautre Etat. ;•: :>

■

Jurisdiction* Civil Suits between Italians in Persia, '>

Art. V. Les proces, contestations, et disputes qui dans
TEmpire de Perse ^dendraient a s'^lever entre sujets Italiens,
seront ref^res en totality S Tarret et k la decision de I'Agent ou
Consul Italieh qui r^sidera dans la provindg b(i ces Jroote, i^on-
tesjbations, et disputes auraient 6t6 soulev^s, ou dans la p'OvincJ^
la plus voisine. II en d^cidera d'aprfes les lois Italienies.-

... j

Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and Persians*

•''^' Lfcs procte, cont^stati9ns, et disputes soulev^s enPei^se 6ntre
des sujets Italiens et des sujets Persans, seront portiSs devant 13
tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matiferes, 'au lieu . t){i
r^sidera un Agent ou un Consul Italien, et discut^s et jog^
jselon r^quit^, en presence d'un employe de TAgent oil. Consul
Italien. * ' . . }

r

Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and other

,^.;- : - / ' ~; ..Foreigners. .. -...^-^ ^^ .,.. v_-

Les procfes, contestations, et disputes soulev^s en Perse entre
des sujets Itatliens et des sujets appartehaHt'kd'aufredFuiBsa'hces
egalement 6trangferesj seront jug^s' et terminus: par rinter*
m^diaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs. ^ j ♦

; Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Persians in Italy.

Dans le Royaume d'ltalie les sujets Pereans seifonl (6gal6-
ment dans toutes leurs contestations, soit ^ntre «ux, soit aveo
des sujets Italiens ou Strangers, jug^s suivant le mode adopts
dans ce Royaume envers les sujets de la nation la plus favorisee.

;*.>

Criminal Jurisdiction.

Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle, dans^l>§gr
quelles seraient compromis des sujets Italiens en^Perse, des
sujets Persans en Italic, elles seront jiig^es en Italie et en Perse
suivant le mode adopte dans les deux pays envers.v les sujets de
la nation la plus favorisee. r

102

PEBSIA AND ITALY* [24Ui Sept, 1862.

Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.

Art. VI. En cas de d^c^s do Tuu do lours sujots rospoctifH'
sur le tenitoire de Tun ou do Tautro Etat, sa succossion sera*
remise int^gralemont k sa fietmillo ou h, ses heritiers et ayant
droit, avec rintervention du Consul do sa nation.

Si le d^funt n'avait sur los lioux ni li6ritier legitime, oxocutour
testamentaire, la succession serait dans Tun commo (lans Tautre
pa^ remise k la garde do I'Agont ou du Consul do la nation du
sujet d&>^d^ pour que ledit Agent ou Consul^ apr^s avoir acquitt6
les dettes locales du defunt, en fasse I'usago conveuable, cou-
form^ment aux lois et cofitumes do son pays.

Appointment of Consuls in certain Places in either Country,

Art. VII.* Pour la protection do lours sujots et do leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter des bonnes ot equitables rela-
tions enla-e les sujets des 2 Etiits, les 2 Hautes Parties,
Contractantes so reservent la faculte do nommor cliacun
3 Consuls. Les Consuls d'ltalie resideront k T6h6ran, k Bendor-
Bouchir, et k Tauris ; les Consuls do Pcrso rdsideront k Turin, k
GSnes et k Cagliari.

Consular Privileges.

Les Consuls des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
iriciproquement sur le territoire de Tun et do Tautro Etat oil
sera 6tablio leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des
immunit^s accordes dans Tun et Tautre Etat au Consuls de la
nation la plus favoris^e.

Non-Protection of Natives by Diplomatic or Consular Agents.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Italiens no pro-
tigeront ni publiquement m secrfetement les sujets Persans.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans no pro-
t^geront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les sujets Italiens.

Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.

Les Consuls des 2 Gouvernements respectifs qui dans Tun ou
Tautre pays so livreraient au commerce seront soumis aux mSmes
lois et aux mSmes usages auxquels sont soumis lours' nationaux
faisant le mSme commerce.

Duration of Treaty. {Till \5th December, 1874; then terminable

after 12 months notice,)

Art. VIII. Le present Traite do Commerce et d*Amiti6,
ciment^ par le sincere amitie et la confiance qui rfegnent entr6
les Etats bien conserves dltalie et de Perse, sera, l3ieu aidant,
fidyement observe et maintenu, de part et d'autre, pendant
12 ans ii> dater du jour oil les ratifications seront 6cliangees;t
mais si une ann6e avant Texpiration du terme fixe, aucmie des
'i . ii ■ — _____^ — •

• •See Add. Article III, 29tli September, 1862, page 104.

t 15th December, 1862.

103

29tU Sept, 1862.] PEBSIA AND ITALY.

2 Hautes Parties Contractantes n'a annonc6 officiellemont k
Tautre rintention d'en faire cesser les effets, il continuera k rester
en vigueur pour les 2 Parties pendant iin an k dater du jour oil
il aura 6t6 denonc6 quelle que soit T^poque k laquelle cetto
declaration aura lieu.

RatiJicatio7is,

Les Plenipotentiaires des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes
s'engagent k echanger les ratifications de leurs Augustes
Souverains k Paris dans I'espace de 6 mois, ou plus tot si faire
ee pent.

En foi de quoi les 2 Plenipotentiaires respectifs des 2 Hautes
Parties Contractantes ont sign^ le present Traits et y ont appos6
leurs sceaux.

• Fait double en Fran9ais et en Persan le 24 Septembre, 1862,
kTeh6ran.

(L.S.) M. CERRUTI.

(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.

Articles Additionnels, relatif au vente et a F exportation de la Grains
des vers-a-soie et les CoconSy ^r., le 29 Septembre, 1862.

Silkworms* Eggs and Cocoons,

Art. I. Le Gouvernement de Sa Majeste Persane s'engage
pendant Tespace de 4 ans k autoriser pleinement les sujets Persans
k vendre la graine des vers-a-soie et les cocons, et k autoriser
aussi Texportation de ces deux produits par les sujets Italiens,
sauf, bien entendu, en favour du tr^sor Persan la perception du
droit ordinaire de 5 pour cent a la sortie.

Art. II. En cas de dissentiment au sujets des droits de
Douane entre les Agents de la Douane et les negociants Italiens
ou leurs Agents il ne sera jamais permis de s^questrer, retenir
ou apporter des retards quelconques k la sortie des graines des
yers-k-soie parcequ'elles pourraient etre perdues pas ces causes
et leurs consequences.

On se contentera d'exiger de Texportateur une caution solide
^gale au montant de la somme reclam6e par les autorit^s
Persanes, et la difficulte pendante sera jug^e suivant I'usage k
Teheran par le Gouvernement Persan et la Legation de Sa
Majeste Italienne.

II est evident que les sujets Persans employes par les nego-
ciants Italiens seront soumis k la loi Persane.

Appointment of Consuls,

Art. III. Le Gouvernement Persan autorise I'etablissement
de Consuls ou Agents Consulaires Italiens dans 3 places com-
mer9antes de la Perse : k Tebriz, Bushyr, et Rescht. Ces
Agents seront traites sur le meme pied que ceux de la Puissance
la plus favorisee,

104

1PEESIA AND KELAT. tl-4 Sept., 1871.

Le Gouvemement Italien s'engage en outro des stipulations
contennes dans le Traits k autoriser r^tablissement d'un Consul
Persan dans une des villes du Koyaume d'ltalie au choix du
Gouvernement Persan et selon qu'il le jugera convenablo pour
les mt^rSts des n^gociants Persans.

Art. IV. Ces Articles Additionnels au Traits sign6 aujourd'hui
seront consid6r6s comme faisant j^artie du mSme Traits et
seront.inclus dans les mSmes ratifications pendant Tespace de
4 ann^es.

Fait en double k T6Wran, aujourd'hui 29 Septembre, 1862
(4 Rebbi us sani 1279 H^gire).

(L.S.) M. CERRUTI.

(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.

AGREEMENT between Great Bi^itain and Persia, respecting the
Boundary between Persia and Kelat (Beloochistah and Mekran).
— Ist^itk September, 1871.

On the 1st September, 1871, the following note was ad-
dressed by the British Minister at Tehran (Mr. Alison) to the
Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs : —

" The undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty's Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia,
acting on the part of his Government, has the honour to sub-
mit, for the approval of His Majesty the Shah, a map in which
the boundary line between the territories possessed in Balu-
chistan by Persia, and the territories forming the exclusive
property of the independent State of Kelat, is delineated.

"This line may be described: — Commencing from the
northernmost point, or that which is furthest from the sea, the
territory of Kelat is bounded to the west by the large Persian
district of Dizzuk, which is composed of many dehs or minor
districts, those on the frontier being Jalk and Kallegan. Below
these two last named is the small district of Kohuk, which,
together with Punjghur, comprising Parum and other depen-
dencies, is on the Kelat side of the frontier, while on the Persian
side is Bampusht.

; " Below Punjghur, the frontier possessions of Kelat to the sea
are Boleida, including Zamiran and other dependencies, Mund
and Dusht. Within the Persian line of frontier are the villages
or tracts belonging to Sirbaz and Bahu Dustyari. The boundaiy
of Dusht is marked by a long line drawn through the Drabol
hill, situated between the Rivers Bahu and Dusht, to the sea in
the Bay of Gwuttur.

" To summarize, — Punjghur aiid Parum, and other depen-
dencies, with Kohuk, Boleida, including Zamiran and other
dependencies ; Mund, including Tump, Nasserabad, Kedj, and
all districts, dehs, and dependencies to the eastward; Dusht,

105

15th Maj, 1.87^ PEBiSflA AND ||:£LA3V'

with its dependencies as far as the sea. These names exhibit
the Unc of actual possession of Kelat, that is to say, all tracts^
to the east of the frontier of actual Persian possession, which
frontier comprises Dizzuk and Bampusht, Sirbaz and Peshin,
Bahu and Dustyari."

This note was accepted by the Persian Government in a
fetter which was addressed by Mirza Saeed Khan to Mr. Alison,
on the 4th September, 1871.

" Your Excellency's letter of the 1st instant, together with the
eiap of General Goldsmid, the British Commissioner, respecting
the fi'ontier line between the Persian possessions and dep^en^
dencies in Baluchistan and the Baluchistan dependencies made
over to the independent State of Kelat, have been received and
have both been submitted to His Majesty the Shah.

" In obedience to His Majesty's orders, I beg, in reply, most
respectfully to state that the Persian Government, notwith-
Btanding the dear right which it considered itself to hav6 oyer
Baluchistan, simply out of regard for the wishes of Her Britannic
Majesty's Government, that this question should be brought to
a satisfactory conclusion by the definition of a boundary line,
has hereby accepted your Excellency's letter and the Ujiap.
The Persian Government now looks forward to the desirable
results and important advantages which it expects from tho
British Government for this great act of compliance and co-
operation on the part of Persia, and awaits to see what will
emanate from the suitable manner in which the matter will be
represented through the good offices of your Excellency, an
experienced Minister and a well-wisher, perfectly cognizant of
the whole details of the merits of the question."

A request was subsequently preferred by the Persian
GoveiTiment that the small district of Kohuk, lying between th6
Jalk and Kallegan sub-divisions of the Dizzuk district, and
which had been included on the map within the Kelat frontier
might be made over by Persia. This was so far agreed to thi^t
Her Majesty's Government agreed that the Hne forming die
western boundary of Kelat was drawn to the east of Kohuk,
but no opinion was expressed as to the position of the Persian
frontier (" Aitchison's Treaties,'' Vol. 6, page 365).

On the 15th May, 1873, the following amended note was
^i%posed by the British Government to be substituted for that
isigned and sealed by the late Mr. Alison and the Persian
Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the 1st September 1871:-— I >

" As, under the agreement concluded at Tehran on the 1st
September, 1871, by the late Charles Alison, Esquire, C.B., .Hei*
Britannic Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipct-
teiitiary at the Court of Persia, and Mirza Saeed Khan, Minister
of Foreign Affairs to His Majesty the Shah of Persia, it was. pro*
pcsed that, for piuposes of future reference and identification, aa
English Officer of Engineers should meet an Officer duly ap^

106

P£BSIA AND &KLAT. [15th Maj, 1878..

poitited' by the Government of Persia, to lay down the more
permanent landmarks and featiu'es of the actual line of frontier
oetween Persian Baluchistan and the Kelat State determined
by the British Commissioner, Major-General Goldsmid, making
a careful survey thereof for record ; and as, under the terms of
the said ajjreement, Major St. John, an Officer of the British
Bojral Engineers, and Mirza Ashraf Ali Khan, a nominee of the
Persian Government, both deputed on the aforesaid duty, pro-
ceeded to carry out the work required, and returned to 'Tehran
with maps, which maps have been duly submitted for inspection ;
and as, moreover, the Persian Government have moved Her
Britannic Majesty's Government to reconsider the question of
the exclusion of the Kohuk District from the Persian, and its
inclusion within the Kelat temtory ruled by the British Com-
missioner, — the delineation shown in the accompanying map,
explained in the following verbal description of the frontier, is
understood on both sides to be correct and binding in substitur
tion of any former drawing, paper, or agreement whatever, as
now certified by the undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty's
Minister at the Pereian Court, acting on the part of his Govern-
ment^ and . . ., Ministerial representative of the Government
of the Shah of Persia, —

"Commencing from the northernmost point, or that which is
furthest from the sea, the territory of Kelat is bounded generally
<0 the west by the large Persian District of Dizzuk, which is
composed of many dehs, or minor districts, those on the frontier
being Jalk and Kalegan. But below the two last named, and
between Dizzuk and Punjghui-, is a tract of land called distinc-
tively Kohuk, but comprising Kohuk, Kunabasta, and Isfunda,
.with reference to which the line will be drawn so as to include
the barren lands of Gurh and Segzi within the limits of
Punjghur, these lands thus marking the actual Kelat frontier.

" 2. Below Punjghur, the frontier possessions of Kelat to the
sea. are Boleida, including Zamiran and other dependencies,
Dfund, and Dusht. Within the Persian line of frontier are the
villages or tracts belonging to Sirbaz and Bahu Dastyari. The
boundary of Dusht is marked by a long Une drawn west of the
Draboly Hill, situated between the rivers Bahu and Dusht, to
the sea in the Bay of Gwuttur.

* • "3. To summarize, — Punjghur, including Gurh and Segzi,
Brlso Parum and other dependencies ; Boleida, including Zamiran
iiid other dependencies ; Mimd, including Tump; Nasserabad,
Kedj, and all districts, dehs, and dependencies to the eastward;
Dusht, with its dependencies as far as the sea, — these namejB
exhibit the line of frontier of Kelat, that is to say, all tracts to
i;he east of the frontier of actual Persian possession, which
"firontier comprises Dizzuk, inclusive of Bampusht, Sirbaz, and
Peshin Bahu and Dastyari.

^ i .*«4; It is, moreover, understood that the Persians assert no
claim, right, or title to the tracts north of Punjghur, or on the
right bank of the Mashkid river, from Kohuk upwards.

107

3pd Julj, 1857.] PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS.

" 5. And it is provided that any minor disputes as to doubtful
land, water, right of way, &c., &c., which may eventually ai-ise,
and cannot be settled by the litigants themselves, shall be
referred for decision to the British Political Agent at Gwadur.

** 6. The undersigned, on behalf of their respective Govern-
ments, exchange congratulations on the happy termination of
this troublesome question, and in the consequent removal of
those serious causes of trouble and anxiety which disturbed the
harmonious relations so desirable to cultivate between the au-
thorities of Great Britain and Persia."

[The Persian Government declined, at this time, to give
their formal acceptance of this revised Note ; and they have
not since done 80.^

TRAITE d'AmitiS et de Commerce^ entre les Pays-JBas et la
Perse. — Signe a Parisy le 3 Juillety 1857.*

[Ratifications ^changies, le 30 Janvier, 1858.]

Table op Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Treatment of Merchants and TraveUers. Most-Favoured-Kation Treatment.
Bight to Import and Export Merchandize, &c. Submission to Laws relat-
ing to Internal Trade.
IV. Import and Export Duties ; Taxes. Exception in favour of certain Special
Friyileges granted in Netherland Colonies. Persians to enjoy same Bights
as those granted by the Netherlands to British, French, and Ottoman
Subjects.
Y. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either counti^^. Consular Privi-
leges. Non-protection of Natives. Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
YI. Duration of Treaty. Batifications.

Au nom de Dieu clement et mis^ricordieux I

Sa Majesty Guillaume III, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince
d'Orange-Nassau, Grand Due de Luxembonrg, &c.

Et Sa Majesty Imp^riale, le Sacr^, TAugiiste, le Grand
Monarque, le Roi des Roig, le Souverain absolu de tous les Etats
de Perse ;

L'xm et I'autre 6galement en sincerement d^sireux d'^tablir
des rapports d'amitie entre les deux Etats, ont voulu les con-
solider par un Traite d'Amitie et de Commerce r^ciproquement
avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux Hautes Puissances
Contractantes.

A cet effet ont designe pour leurs Pl^nipotentiaires :

Sa Majeste le Roi des Pays-Bas, le Sieur Leonard Antoine
Lightenvelt, son Envoye Extraordinaire et Ministre Pl^nipoten-
tiaire prfes Sa Majesty TEmpereur des Fran9ais, &c.

Et Sa Majesty rEmpereiu: de toute la Perse, son Excellence

• BVom " State Papers," Yol. 47, page 514.

108

PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS. [8rd Jul/, 1867.

Farrokli Khan, Eminol Molk, Sou Ambassadeur Extraordinaire
pr6s Sa Majesty rKmpereur des Fran9ais, &c.

Et les deux Plenipotentiaires s'etaut rcunis h Paris, ayant
^change leurs pleins pouvoirs. et les ayant trouvcs en bonne et
due forme, ont arrets les Articles suivants :

Friendship.

Art. I. A dater de cc jour il y aura aniiti6 sincere et une
constante bonne intelligence cntre le Royaurae des Pays-Bas,
ses colonies et possessions d'outre-mer, et tous les sujets Nier-
laudais, et TEmpire de Perse et toun les sujets Persans.

Reception of Diplomatic Agents,

Art. II. Les Ambassadeurs on Ministrcs P16uipotentiaires,
qu'il plairait k chacune diis deux Hautes Puissances Contrac-
tantes d'envoyer et d'entretenir aupres de Tautre, seront re9U8 et
trait^s, eux et tout le personnel do leur mission, comme sont
re9us et traitis dans les deux pays respectifs les Ambassadeurs
ou Ministres Plenipotentiaires des nations les plus favorisees, et
lis y jouiront, de tout point, des memes prerogatives et immu-
nit^s.

Treatment of Merchants and Iravellers. Most^FavourednNation

Treatment.

Art. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, n^gociants, industriels et autres, soit qu'ils se di-
placent, soit qu'ils resident sur le terriroire de Tun ou de Tautre
Etat, seront respect^s et efficacemont proteges par les autorites
du pays et leurs propres agents, et trait6s k terns ^gards comme
le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisde.

Right to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize, ^c.

lis pourront riciproquement apporter, par terre et par mer,
dans Tun et dans Tautre Etat, et en exporter toiite espfece de
marchandises et de . produits, les vendre, les 6changer, les
acheter, les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de Tun et
de Tautre Etat.

Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.

Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de Tun et de Tautre
Etat qui se livreraient au commerce int6rieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays oil ils font le commerce.

Import and Export Duties. Taxes.

Art. IV. Les navires respectifs et les merchandises importees
ou export^es par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, ne payeront dans Tun et Tautre Etat, soit k
Tentree, soit a la sortie, que les memes droits que payent a

109

•Srd July, 165^.] PEBSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS,

1'entree et h, la sorties dans run et dans Tantre Etat les navires
ainsi que les mareliandises et produits import^s ou exports pair
les liiarchands et fiujets de la nation la plus favoris6e, et nuUe
taxe exceptionelle ne pourra, sous aucuii nom et sous aucuh
pr^texte, etre reclam^e dans I'un coname dans I'autre Etat.

Exception in favour of certain Special Privileges granted in

Nether land Colonies,

r

II est fait exception k cette rfegle du present Trait6, en ce
qui conceme les favours sp^ciales accordees ou k accorder par
la suite dans les colonies N^erlandaises des Indes-Orientalee
aux nations Asiatiques de TArchipel Oriental, pour Timportation
des produits de leur sol et de leur Industrie ou pour leur expor--
tation.

Persians to enjoy same Sights as those granted hy the Netherlands
to British, French, and Ottoman Subjects, '

' *

II est bien entendue que, sous ce rapport meme, les sujets
Persans seront trait^s de la m^nae manifere que ceux de la nation

•la plus favoris^e de TEurope, de TAmerique ou de TAsie, par
comprise sous la denomination de nation Asiatique de rArdiupel
Oriental, et qu'ils auront nomm6ment les m^mes droits que les

'SujetsSe leurs Majest^s Britannique, Fran9aise et Ottomane. -

Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country.

Art. V. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur con>-

merce respectifs, et pour faciliter les bonnes et equitables

•relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes Parties

cContractantes se r^servent la faculte de nommer chacune trois

Consuls. .-.....:■ V*

Les Consuls des Pays-Bas r^sideront k T^hdran, k Bender
Bouchir,* et k Tauris.f

Les Consuls de Perse r^sideront k Amsterdam, a Rotterdam,
et k Batavia.

Comular Privileges, ■ ■ ,

Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiroirt

riciproquement sur le territoire de Tun et de Tautre Etat od serSa.

etablie leur residence, du respect, des privileges et immunites

accordis dans Tun et dans Tautre pays aux Consuls de la nation

1 la plus favorisee.

Non-Protection of Natives,

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls des Pays-Bas ne
prot^geront ni publiquement ni secr^tement les sujets Persans,

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
* tegeront ni publiquement ni secr&tement les sujets des Pays-
Bas.

T V

IV . . . »

- - ■ " I . _^^^

" - * Bushire. f Tabreez.

110

FEBSIl AND THE KETflERLANDS. [3rd July, 1857.

Position of ComuU engaged in Trade.

Left Consuls des deux Qouvenioments Contractnnts, qui
dans Tun et I'autre Etat so livreraicnt au commerce, seront
Boumis aux memos lois et aux memos usages auxquels sont
Boumis leurs nationaux faisant le memo commerce.

Duration of Treaty. (T^^^ ^Otfi January^ 1870 ; then terminable

after 12 months* notice.)

Art. VI. Le jjn^sent Traite do Commerce et d'Amitie ciment6
par la sincire amitie et la confianco qui rfegnent entre le Royaume
des Pays-Bae et rEmpire do Perse sera, Dieu aidant, fidelement
;QbBerv6 et maintenu de part d'autro pendant douzo ans, a dator
du jour oil les ratifications seront 6changees.* Mais si une annee
avant Texpiration du terme fixe aucuno des deux Hautes
^P^rtiesi Conlractantes n'a annonce officioUemont a Tautro Tin-
tention d'en faire cesser les effets, il continuera k rester on
vigueup-pour les deux parties pendant un an k dator du jour ou
il aura et4 d6nonc6, quelle quo soit Tepoquo k laquolie cettjo
declaration aura lieu.

Ratifications.

I .•■ I^es Pl^nipotontiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
i^'engag^nt k ^changer les ratifications des leurs Augustes
.SouyerainB a Paris ou a Constantinople, dans Tespace de six
mois, ou plus tot si faire so pent.

En foi de quoi, les Plcnipotentiairos respectifs des deux
Hjg^utes Parties Contractantes ont sign6 le present 'J'rait^ et y
ont appos6 leurs sceaux.

Fait double k Paris en Fran9ais et en Perse, le 3 du mois
de Juillet de Tan du Christ 1857.

(L.S.) LIGHTENVELT.
(L.S.) FARROKH KHAN.

t • • /• /

* SOth January, 1858.

r.

111

l^

17th Not., 1856.] PERSIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT).

TREA TY between the Shah of Persia and the Ruler of Oman^
respecting the Town and District of Bender-Abbas. — 11th No-
vember^ 1856.*

Tablb op Coktbntb.
Art.

I. Bender-'Abbas, Eishm, Ormuz, &c.

Bender-'Abbas and Dependencies to form portions of Fenian Territoir.
II. Conditional Deposition of Ruler.

III. No new Castles to be Erected or Moata to be Dug.

IV. Ceremonial to be obserred in event of G-oremor-General of Fare risiting

Bend«'r-*Abba8.
V. Persian Flag to bo hoisted at Bender- 'Abbas on certain days.
VI. Extent of .Jurisdiction of Ruler of Bender-*Abbas.

Assistance 1o be rendered to Persian Troops proceeding to Beloochistan, &c.
VI T. Surrender of Fugitives.
VIII. Annual Revenue to be paid to Rulers.
IX. Prop'^rtles of Persian Merchants impounded at Kislim to be restored.
X. Dues to he Levied on Commercial Effects introduced into Bender-'Abbas
from other parts.

(Translation.) •

I take refuge with God from Satan the lapidated.
In the name of God, verj compassionate, most compassionate.
O ! our Lord God, unto Thee do we applj for assistance ; O ! Thou
most Gracious One !

This is a copy of the mutual writing that took place in the
(Hiira) year 1272, between His Highness our Lord the Seyyid
Sa'id, son of Sultan, son of the Imam 'Ahmed, son of Sa*id, Ruler
of 'Oman (Oman) and the (East African) Coastsf ('Es-Sewahil),
and His Highness the Shah, the Greatest, Nasiru-'d-Din Shan,
Ruler of the mainland of 'Iran (Persia), and this is the text
thereof, as it appears.

Bender-^ Abbas, Kishin, OinnuZy ^c,

I. Condition the First, wliich is the first Chapter (or,
** Article "), and wliich is that the Ruler of Bender-'Abbas, who is
on the part of the 'Imam, possessed of magnificence, the Seyyid
Sa*id, over '[iri] Bender-* Abbas, and Shemil and Mina, and the
two islands 'El-Qishm (" Kishm ") and Hurmuz (" Ormuz "),
together with the appended territories, is appointed and commis-
sioned, and shall deliver to the Agents of the Exalted Govern-
ment [of Persia] a document to the following effect, namely: —

Bender-^ Abbas and Dependencies to form portions of Persian

Territory,

Bender-* Abbas, with all its Dependencies, as well as the
appendages of that frontier, is [shall be] placed [accoimted] as

• This arrangement was terminated in September, 1868. Bender- *Abbas is now
under Persia.

t This means in the local dialect the East Coast of Africa. At that lime the Suler
of Oman was also Ruler over the East African possessions at Zanzibar. (J. W. B.)

112

FXBSIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT). [1701 Nor., 1856.

a portion of the territories of Persia (or, " Fars "), and the Bnler
ofthe whole of that frontier is subject to the exalted Govern-
ment of 'Iran (Persia).

Conditional Deposition of Ruler.

II. Condition the Second, which is the second Chapter of
this mutual writing and which is, that : the said Ruler, when
there shall proceed from him a derogatoiy act in the affair of the
frontiers, when upon investigation, a derogatory act shall have
proceeded from him, [then], by the mere notification from His
Highness the Governor-General (Ferman-ferma, Command-
issuer) of Fars to His Highness the Imam, the said Ruler shall
be deposed and another appointed speedily.

No new Castles to be erected or Moats to be dug,

III. Condition the Third, which is the thii-d Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that: in the said sea-port town

•("bender'*) there shall be no new building erected, such as
castles or towers : but, if repair be needed, it shall be repaired,
and any repeated digging of the moat shall not be, the former
castles with the towers being sufficient without erection of new
castles or digging of a moat.

Ceremonial to he observed in event of Governor^ General of Fars

visiting Bender^^A bbas,

IV. Condition the Fourth, which is the fourth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that : if at any time His Highness the
Governor-General of Fars shall move towards the Territories of
Bender-* Abbas in view of relaxation, the Ruler of Bender-*Abbas
shall arise and continue at his service Hke other Rulers of towns
[or countries] in the parts requiring services, meeting him with
ceremonial honours and respect, and receiving him with the
most sacred, most holy attentions and marks of favour.

Persian Flag to be hoisted at Bender-^ Abbas on certain days,

V. Condition the Fifth, which is the fifth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that : on the days of the Festivals, on
Fridays, and on the birthday of the centre of the aspect of the
Universe, the very great Shah, on which the flag of the Badshah
shall be hoisted in Bender-*Abbas for the sake of a blessing and
of joy, there shall also be appointed a sufficient number of work-
men to execute this service, so that there be no regligence in
this respect.

Extent of Jurisdiction of Ruler of Bender-^ Abbas.

VI. Condition the Sixth, which is the sixth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that : [in] the villages and parishes
which may be m the jurisdiction of the Ruler of Bender-' Abbas,

113 I

17th Not., 1856.] FEBSIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT):

in a more general sense, of the territory of Fars or Kirman, the
Ruler of Berider-*Abbas shallnot exercise any control or inter-
ference therein.

Assistance to be rendered to Persian Troops proceeding to

Beloochistan, SfC.

And if it be that troops, on the part of the exalted Govern-
ment [of Persia], be on their way to the countries of the Bulush
(Belooches), or any other parts, passing the frontiers of Bender-
'Abbas, then the Rulers who may be [acting] on your part shall
give them provisions and a guide for the heaven-assisted
[Persian] fonjes, taking from them a receipt. They shall render
them requisite services, as also the subjects (Ri'aya) of Mina
and Shemil, and of those parts which, in the space of the last
two years, have served the exalted Government in fidelity, and
are known to His Highness the most sacred and holy.

From this day forward, the Ruler of Bender-' Abbas shall not
turn against them any evidence, or seek to cavil against them
on the subject of damage or the like.

Surrender of Fugitives*

VII. Condition the Seventh, the seventh Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that : if any one of the subjects of Fars
should run away and flee to the said frontiers, and join yon,
[then,] on the mere indication of his most sacred Highness the
(rovemor-General, the fugitives shall be deUvered over to hinu

Annual Revenue to be paid to Rulers,

VIII. Condition the Eighth, which is the eighth Chapter of
this mutual writing, being that : the regular revenue and the
honorarium are 14,000 tomans ; in this wise : the revenue is 12,000
tomans, and the honorarium 2,000 tomans, in every year; this
being paid in four instalments, deUvered, and receipts shall be
given to all the Rulers.

Properties of Persian Merchants impounded at Kishm to be

restored,

IX. Condition the Ninth, which is the ninth Chapter of this
mutual writing, being that : the properties of Peraian merchants
impounded in Kishm shall be entirely and totally released and
delivered to their representJitives, who shall give receipts on
delivery of their goods.

Dues to be levied on Commercial Effects introduced into Bender^

^ Abbas from other parts.

X. Condition the Tenth, which is the tenth Chapter of this
mutual writing, being that : from the tenour of what the mer-
chants, subjects of the exalted Government of Persia, have
represented, that formerly one of the Baniyans (Banians), who

114

PEBSIA AND RUSSIA. [12th Oct., 1818.

farmed the dues* of the Bay of Masgat (Muscat), had some one
on his part, who resided in Bender-' Abbas, over the commercial
effects Delonging to the subjects of the exalted Government of
•Iranj'which were canied from Bender-* Abbas to India and other
parts, and who used to collect from them the Muscat duties, &c.,
at Bender-* Abbas. And that, in all countries [towns], and with
all Governments, this custom [due] does not exist [that], a
thing which does not enter the country [town], they [should]
take tithes therefrom. Arid this is contrary to the rule and the
law ; indeed, it is an evident innovation [that] property which
does not enter the coimtry [town] should be made liable to
tithes. It is necessary that His Highness the 'Imam should
do away with this innovation altogether. And whosoever in-
troduces commercial effects into Bender-* Abbas from any places
henceforward, let them deliver up the tithes [thereof] in like
manner as took place in the time of Seyf, son of Mihnan, not more.
> Written on the 17th of Rebi*u-*l-ewwel, in the (Hijra) year
1273 (November 17, 1856).

God the Most Loving !

(L.S.) SA*ID, son of Sultan
(L.S.) TAHMAS MIRZA.
Translated by J. W. Redhouse.

TRAITE de Paix ei d'Amitii perp^tuelle, conclu entre V Empire de
Riissie et celui de Perse dans le Camp Busse, sur la Rivikre di
Sietoa dans le Crulistan, le \2 Octohre, ISlS.f

FRatifications exchanged at Tiflis, 15th September, 1814.] '

Tablb op Contents.
Art.

Preamble.
I. Cessation of Hostilities ; Peace and Friendship.

II. Status quoprSsent to form future Frontier Line between Russia and Persia.
Description of the Boundary Line.

III. Cessions by Peraia to Russia.

IV. Assistance to bo rendered by Russia to Heira to the Persian Throne. No

Foreign Enemy to be allowed to interfere in Persian Affairs. Russia not
to interfere in Differences between the Sons of the Shah unless invited to
do so by the Shah.
V. Navigation of the Caspian Sea by Merchant Vessels. Coasting Trade.
/^ Wrecks. Russian Ships of War only to be allowed on Caspian Sea.

VI. Restoration of Prisoners of War.
VII. Reception of Diplomatic and Consular Agents.

Till. Commercial Relations. Right of Merchants of either country to Enter,
Reside, ard Trade in the Territories of the other.
IX. Duties on Imports not to exceed 5 per cent.
X. Right of Merchants to Trade without requiring Permits.
XI. Cessatipn of Hostilities. Ratifications.

• Customs duep appear to be considered as " tithes." (J. W. R.)

lOth

t Abrogated by war ^ see Treaty ^5^ February, 1828, Art. II, page. 118. For

Treaty, see ** State Papers," Vol. 5, page 1109.

115 I 2

12fch Oct., 1813.] PEB^IA AND RUSSIA.

Description of the Boundary Line.

Art. II. Cette li^ne commence pris la Foret Odina-Basara,
traverse en droite ligne le Desert Maganais, jusqu'k la digue
d'Edibulnk prfes la rivifere Arax, de \k en montant le long de
I'Arax jusqu'k Fendroit oi la petite rivifere Kapanaktschaja y
entre, et plus loin k la droite de la petite Rivifere Kapanaktschaja
ji:squ'k la crete des montagnes de Migrin, et continue k s'etendre
de Ik par les limites des Chanats Karabag et Nachitschewan sur
la crete des montagiies de Alegas, jusqu'k la ForSt Daraleges, oil
se touchent les limites des Chanats de Karabag, Nachitschewan,
Erivan, et d'une partie du Cercle d^Elisabethpol (lequel appar-
tenait autrefois au Chanat de Ganschin) ; en suite de Ik par la
limite qui s^pare le Chanat d'Eriwan, des terres du Cercle
d'Elisabethpol comme de celui de Schamschadit et de Kasach
jusqu'a la Foret de Eschok Meidan, et de Ik sur les cretes des
montagnes en suivant k droite le cours de la petite rivifere et de
la route de Gimsatschiman le long de la crete de la montagne
de Bambak jusqu'au coin de la limite de Schuragel; de cet
angle enfin jusqu'k la hauteur du mont glacial d'Alages, et de
Ik le long de la cr^te des montagnes par la frontiire de Schu-
ragel, outre Mastaras et Artik jusqu'k la petite Rivifere de
Arpatschaja. Au reste, comme le Territoire de Taluschin a
passe pendant la guerre tantot sous le pouvoir de Tune tantot
sous celui de Fautre Puissance, les hmites de ce Chanat du cote
de Siusel ot Ardawil seront, pour plus de certitude, r^gl^es apres
la signature et la Ratification du present Traits par les Commis-
sairos reciproquement nommes d'un accord commun; lesquels
Commissaires dresseront, sous la direction des Commandans en
Chef des 2 Parties, une description fidele et d^taill^e des terri-
toires et habitations, comme aussi des rivieres, montagnes, lacs
et forets qui se trouvent jusqu'k Tepoque pr^sente dans la
possession effective de Tune des 2 Parties ; et alors il sera tir6
ime ligne de delimitation du Chanat du Taluschin sur la base de
Tetat de possession actuel, de sorte que chaque partie reste en

{)ossession de son tenitoire. De Ja mSme mamere, si dans les
imites ci-dessus tra9^es la Hgne depasseroit en quelque point la
possession actuelle de Tune ou de Tautre des 2 Parties, chaque
Partie obtiendra apres examen des Commissaires des 2 Hautes
Puissances, une indemnity proportionnelle sur la base de T^tat
de possession actuelle.*

Cessions by Persia to Russia,

Art. III. Sa Majeste le Schach, a6n de prouver k Sa Majesty
FEmpereur de Russie la sinc6rite de ses intentions, reconnoit
solennellement, tant pour lui que pour ses Successeurs au Tr6ne
de Perse, que les Cnanats (Gouveniemens) ci-dessous appar-
tiennent en propre k TEmpire Russe : le Chanat de Karabag et

* See Map facing page 120.

116

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.

de GanschiD, oui son maintenant reunis et une Province snr
le nomme d'Elisabethpol, ainsi que les Chanats de Schekin,
Schirwan, Derbent, Kubin, Bakiu et Tab'schin, avec les terren
d^pendantes qui se trouvent maintenant on ponvoir do la Russie ;
en outre tout le Daghestan, la Grusinie (Georgie,) avec la Pro-
vince de Schuragel, Imirezie, Guriel, Mingrelie et AbcLasie, de
m^me que tous les teiTitoires et fonds de ten-e qui sont situes
entre la frontiire qui vient d'etre d^termin^e et la ligne du
Gaucase, avec les rays et les Peuplades que confinent k cette
demise et k la Mer Caspienne.

[War was declared by Russia against Persia on the 28tti
SeptOTiber, 1826.]

TRAITE de Paix et cC Andtie entre Sa Majesty T Empereur de toutes
les Hussies et Sa Majesti Le Schah de Perse, Signd h Tourk-
mantchai, ^ Fdvrier, 1828.*t

Tablb of Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.
II. Obligations of Treaty of 12th October, 1813, termiDatcd by War.

III. Cessions by Persia to Russia.

IV, Description of New Frontier Lino,
y. New Territories belonging to Russia.

TI. Pecuniary Indemnity to be paid by Persia to Rupsia on account of the War.
YII. Recognition by Russia of Prince Abbas Mirza as Successor to the Persian
Throne.
Till. Right of Russian and Persian Merchant Vessels to Navigate the Caspian Sea.
/ Coasting Trade. Wrecks. None but Russian Vessels of War allowed on

the Caspian Sea.
DC. Reception of Ambassadors aud other Diplomatic Agents.
X. Commercial Relations ; Protection of Subjects and Commerce. Appoint-
ment of Consuls and Commercial Agents.
XI. Payment of Debts suspended during War.
XII. Three Years allowed for Settlement of Question respecting Immoxable
Property in ceded Territories.

XIII. Prisoners of War.

XIV. Extradition of Fugitives and Deserters.
XV. Amnesty.

XVI. Cessation of Hostilities. Ratifications.

Au nom de Dieu tout-puissant !

Sa Majesty le Tris-Haut, Trfes-IUustre et Trfes-puissant
Empereur et Autocrate de toutes les Riissies, et Sa Mjvjest^ le
Padischah de Perse, ^galement animus d'un sincere cfesir de
mettre nn terme anx maux d'une GneiTe entiferement contraire

* See also Commercial Treaty, and Agreement respecting Ceremonial to be
obterred on reception of Ambassadors and Diplomatic Agents of same date, pages
125, 130.

t From " State Papers," Vol. 16, page 669.

117

22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.

i leurs nmtuelles dispositions, et de r^tablir siir une base soKde
les anciens rapports de bon voisinage et d*amiti^ entre les deux
Etats au moyen d'une Paix, qui porte en elle-meme la garantie
de sa duree, en ^loignant tout sujet de diflfiSrend et de
jnesintelligence futur, ont d^sign^ pour leurs Pienipotentiaires,
charges de travailler k cette oeuvre salutaire, savoir :

Sa Majesty TEmpereur de toutes les Russies, le Sieur Jean
Pask^vitch, son Aide-de-Camp G^n^ral et G6n6ral d'Infanterie :

Et le Sieur Alexandre Obrescoff, son Conseiller-d'Etat actuel
et Chambellan ;

Et Sa Majesty le Schah de Perse, son Altesse Royale le
Pidnce Abbas-Mirza ;

Lesquels, aprfes s'etre ]'6unis k Tourkmantchai, et avoir
ichang^ leurs Pleins Pouvoirs, trouv^s en bonne et due forme,
ont arrets et conclu les Articles suivans :

Friendship.

Art. I. II y aura, k compter de ce jour, paix, amiti^ et
parfaite intelligence entre Sa Majeste TEmpereur de toutes les
Russies d'une part, et Sa Majesty le Schah de Perse de Tautre
part, Leurs Heritiers et Successeurs, Leurs Etats et Leurs
Sujets respectifs, a perp6tuite.

Obligations of Treaty of 12th October, 1813, terminated by War.

Art. II. Considerant que les hostilit^s survenues entre les
Hautes Parties Contractantes, et heureusement termin^es au-
jourd'hui, ont fait cesser les obligations que leur imposait le Traits
de Gulistan,* Sa Majesty I'Empereiu' de toutes les Russies et Sa
Majesty le Padischah de Perse, ont jug^ convenable de remplacer
ledit Trait6 de Gulistan par les presentes Clauses et Stipula-
tions, lesquelles sont destincies k regler et k consolider de plus en
plus les relations futures de paix et d'amiti^ entre la Russie et
la Perse.

Cessions by Persia to Russia,

Art. hi. Sa Majesty le Schah de Perse, tant en son nom
qu'en celui de ses Rentiers et Successeurs, cide en toute
propriete k TEmpire de Russie le Kh anat d*Erivan, tant en-de^k
qu'en-delk de TAraxe, et le Khanat de J>Jakhitchevan. En
consequence de cette cession, Sa Majeste le Schah s'engage k
faire remettre aux Autorit6s Russes, dans I'espace de 6 mpis au
plus, a partir de la signature du present Traits, toutes les
Archives et tous les Documens publics concernant radministra-
t.ion des deux Khanats sus-mentioimes.

Description of Neio Frontier Line.

Art. IV. Les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes convienneut

• 12th October, 1813, page 115.

118

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Fob., 1828.

d'^tablir pour Frontiire entre les deux Etats, la Lij^ie de
Demarcation suivante : En partant du point de la Fronti^re des
Etats Ottomans, le plus rapproch^ en ligDO droito do la sommit^
du petit Ararat, cette liene se dirigera jusqu'k la sommiti d6
cette montagne, d'oii elle descendra jusau'k la source de la
riviire dite Karassou inf^rieur, qui d^coule au versant meridional
du petit Ararat, et elle suivra son cours jusqu'k sou enibouchuro
dans TAraxe, vis-irvis de Cherour. Parvenue a ce point, cette
^gne suivra le lit de TAraxe jusqu'k la Forteresse d'Abbas-
Abad ; autour des ouvrages exterieurs de cette place, qui sont
situ^s sur la rive droite de TAraxe, il sera trac6 im rayon d'un
demi-agatch, ou 3 verstes et demie de Russie, lequel s'^tendra
dans toutes les directions ; tout le terrain qui sera renferm6 dans
ce rayon appartiendra exclusivement k la Russie, et sera
d^marque avec la plus grande exactitude dans Tespace de deux
mois, k dater de ce jour. Depuis Tendroit oil rextr^mite orientale
de ce rayon aura rejoint TAraxe, la Ligne Fronti^re continuera
k suivre le lit de ce fleuve jusqu'au gu6 de J^diboulouk, d'oii le
Territoire Persan s'^tendra le long du lit de I'Araxe sur un
espace de 3 agatch ou 21 verstes de Russie; parvenue k ce
point, la Ligne Frontifere traversera en droiture la plaine du
Moughan, jusqu'au lit de la rivifere dite Bolgarou, k Tendroit qui
se trouve situ^ k 3 agatch ou 21 verstes, au-dessous du confluent
des deux petites riviferes appeUes Odinabazar et Sarakamyche.
De la, cette Ligne remontera de la rive gauche du Bolgarou
jusqu'au confluent desdites rivieres Odinabazar et Sarakamyche,
et s etendra le long de la rive droite de la riviire d'Odinabazar
jusqu'k sa source, et de Ik jusqu'k la cime des hauteurs de Djikoir,
de maniire, que toutes les eaux qui coulent vers la Mer Caspienne
appartiendront k la Russie^ et toutes eel les dont le versant est
du cote de la Perse, appartiendront k la Perse. La limite des
deux Etats etant marquee ici par la cr^te des montagnes, il iest
convenu que leur declinaison du cote de la Mer Caspienne
appartiendra k la Russie, et que leur pente opposee appartiendra
kla Perse. De la crSte des hauteurs de Diikoir, la Frontifere
suivra jusqu'k la sommite de Kamarkouia, les montagnes qui
s^parent le Talyche du district d'Archa. Les crates des mon-
tagnes s^parent de part et d'autre le versant des eaux, deter-
mineront ici la Ligne Frontifere de la meme manifere qu'il est dit
ci-dessus au sujet de la distance comprise entre la source de
rOdinabazar et les sommites de Djikoir. La Ligne Frontifere
suivra ensuite, depuis la sommite de Kamarkouia, les cretes des
montagnes qui s^parent le District de Zouvante de celiii d'Archa,
jusqu'k la limite de celui do Welkidji, toujours conformement au
principe enonce par rapport aux versaus des eaux. Le District
de Zouvante, a Texceplion de la partie situee dii cote oppose de
la cime desdites montagnes, tombera de la sorte en partage k la
Russie. A partir de la limite du District de Welkidji, la Ligne
Frontiire entre les deux Etats suivra les sommites de Klopouty
et de la chaine principal e des montagnes qui traversent le
District de Welkidji jusqu'i la source septentrionale de la riviere

119

22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND BUSSIA.

dite Astara, toujours en observant le principe relatif aux versans
des eaux. De Ik la Frontifere suivra le lit de ce fleuve jusqu'k
son embouchure dans la Mer Caspienne, et compl^tera la Ligne
de Demarcation, qui s6parera dor^navant les Possessions respec-
tives de la Russie et de la Perse.

New Territories belonging to Russia.

Art. V. Sa Majesty le Schah de Perse, en temoignage de son
amiti^ sincere pour Sa Majesty TEmpereur de toutes les Russies,
reconnait solennellement par le present Article, tant en son nom
qu'au nom de ses H^ritiers et Successeui-s au* Trone de Perse,
comme appartenans a jamais k TEmpire de Russie, tous les Pays
et toutes les Ties situ^s entre la Ligne de Demarcation d^sign^e
par TArticle precedent d'un cote, et la ci-Ste des Montagnes du
Caucase, et la Mer Caspienne de Tautre, de mSrae que les Peuples
nomades et autres, qui habitent ces Contr^es.

Pecuniary Indemnity to be paid by Persia to Russia on account of

the War,

Art. VI. Dans le but de compenser les sacrifices considerables,
que la guerre, qui a delate entre les deux Etats, a occasionn^s k
I'Empire de Russie, ainsi que les pertes et dommages qui en
Bont r^sult^s pour les Sujets Russes, Sa Majesty le Schah de
Perse s'engage a les bonifier moyennant le paiement d'une
Indemnite p6cuniare. II est convenu entre les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes, que le montant de cette Indemnite est
fix6 k dix kurours de tomans raidje ou 20,000,000 de roubles
d'argent et que le mode, les termes et les garanties du paiement
de cette Somme seront regies par un Arrangement pai-ticulier,
qui aura la mSme force et valeur que s'il 6tait ins^r^ mot a mot
au present Traits.

Recognition by Russia of Prince Abbas Mirza as Successor to the

Persian Throne,^

Art. VII. Sa Majesty le Schah de Pense ayant jug^ i-propos
de designer pour son Successeur et H6ritier Prisomtif son
Auguste Fils le Prince Abbas Mirza, Sa Majesty I'Empereur
de toutes les Russies, afin de donner k Sa Majeste le Schah de
Perse un temoignage public de ses dispositions amicales et de
son desir de contribuer k la consolidation de cet Ordre de Suc-
cession, s'engage a reconnaitre d&s aujourd'hui dans TAuguste
Personne de Son Altesse Royale le Prince Abbas Mirza, le Suc-
cesseur et TH^ritier Presomtif de la Com-onne de Perse, et k le
consid^rer comme Legitime Souverain de ce Royaume dte son
av^nement du Tr6ne.

* See Agreement between Great Britain and Russia of August, September, 1834,'
page 21 5.

120

MAP

SHOWING TERRITORIES CEDED TO

RUSSIA BY PERSIA.

l>j tlie Treaties of VI Or1«be!r,1813,
and 22, Febi-uai^/', 1828 .

MAP ILLUSTRATING ROUGHLY, THE
BY THE TREATIES OF 12 OCT

R U S S

W ImaUu^ F^t „f r.m«u«jA.

To face page 120.

:ORI£S CEDED TO RUSSIA BY PERSIA
813, AND 22 FEBRUARY 1828.

MAP

SHOWING TERRITORIES CEDED TO

RU S SIA BY PE RSIA.

Try the Treaties o£ 12 October, 1813,
and 22, Febniaiy , 1828 .

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22iid Feb., 1S28.

Might of Russian and Persian Merchant Vessels to Navigate the

Caspian Sea. Coasting Trade. Wrecks.

Art. YIII. Les B&timens Marchands Busses jouiront, comme
par le pass^, du droit de naviguer librementsurlaMer Caspienne
et le long de ses cotes et d'y aborder. lis trouveront en Perse
secours et assistance en cas de naufrage. Le mSme droit est
accord^ aux B&timens Marchands Persans de naviguer sur
Vancien pied, dans la Mer Caspienne et d'aborder aux Rivages
Russes, oil, en cas de naufrage, les Peinsans recevront r^ciproque-
ment secours et assistance.*

None but Russian Vessels of War allowed oh the Caspian Sea.*

Quant aux b§.timens de guen-e, ceux qui portent le pavilion
Militaire Russe, ^tant ab antiquo les souls qui aient eu le droit de
naviguer sur la Mer Caspienne, ce nieine privilege exclusif leur
est^ par cette raison, igalement reserve et assur6 aujourd'hui,
de sorte, qu'i Texception de la Russie, aucune autre Puissance
ne pourra avoir des o&timens de guerre sur la Mer Caspienne.

Reception of Ambassadors and the Diplomatic Agents.

Art. IX. Sa Majesty TEmpereur de toutes les Russies et Sa
Majesty le Schah de Perse ayant k coeur de resserrer par tous
les moyens, les liens si heureusement retablis entr'eux, sont
convenus que les Ambassadeurs, Ministres et Charges d'Affaires,
qui pourraient etre r^eiproquement del^gues aupres des Hautes
Cours respectives. soit pour s'acquitter d'une Mission temporaire,
soit pour y r^sider en permanence, seront re9us avec les honneurs
et distinctions analogues k leur rang et conformes a la dignity
des Hautes Puissances Contractantes, comme k Tamitie sincfere
qui les unit et aux usages du Pays. On conviendra k cet eflFet,
moyennant un Protocole especial, du c^r^monial k observer de
part et d'autre.f

Commercial Relations ; Protection of Subjects and Commerce.
Art. X. Sa Majesty I'Empereur de toutes les Russies et Sa

• On the 24tli November, 1869, the following decision of the Council of the
Empire of Russia was published, prohibiting the establishment of Companies for
the navigation of the Caspian Sea, except by Russian subjects, and the purchase by
foreigners of shares in such Companies : —

*^ Abt. I. D^eormais, il ne pourra 6tre etabli pour la navigation de la Mer.
Caspienne d'autres compagnies d'actionnaires et d'autres maisons de commerce par
association ou en commandite (j compris les commanditaires), que celles exclusive-
ment composes de sujets Russes. Four la constatation de ce fait les actions des
compagnies de cette nature ne pourront 6tre que nominatives.

** Abt. II. A dater de la promulgation de cette r^gle, les actions et commandites
dans les entreprises de navigation sur la Mer Caspienne ne pourront Hre acquises
par les Strangers." (*' State Papers," Vol. 63, page 925.)

t See Protocol (Proo^s-Yerbal) of same date, page 130.

121

22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.

Majesty le Schah de Perse coiisjd^rant le r^tablissement et
rextension des Relations Commerciales entre les deux Etats,
comme iin des premiers bienfaits que doit produire le retour de
la Paix, sont convenus de regler dans un parfait accord, toutes
les dispositions relative k la protection du Commerce, et & la
siiret^ des Sujets respectifs, et de les consigner dans un Acte
s^par^ et ci-annex6, arr6t6 entre les Pl^nipotentiaires respectift,
et qui est et sera consider^ comme faisant partid integrants du
present Traiti de Paix.*

Appointment of Consuh and Commercial Agents.

Sa Majesty le Schah de Perse reserve k la Bussie, comme
par le pass6, le droit de nommer des Consuls, ou Agens Com-
merciaux, partout oii le bien du Commerce Texigera^et il
s' engage k fair jouir ces Consuls et Agens, chacuh desquels
n'aura pas une suite de plus de dix Individus, de la protection,
des honneurs et des privileges affect^s k leur caract^re public.
Sa Majeste TEmpereur. de toutes les Russies promet de Son
cote, d'observer une parfaite reciprocity k regard des Consuls ou
Agens Commerciaux de Sa Majeste le Schah de Perse. En caB
de plainte fondee de la part du GouvernementPersan centre un
des Agens ou Consuls Russes, le Ministre ou Charge d' Affaires
de Russie, residant a la Cour de Sa Majeste le Schah, et sous
les ordres immediats duquel ils seront places, le suspendra de
ses fonctions, et en conferera provisoirement la gestion k qui il
jugera convenable.

Payment of Dehts^ suspended during War,

Art. XI. Toutes les affaires et reclamations des Sujets re-
spectifs, suspendues par I'evenement de la Guerre, seront reprises
et terminees suivant la justice aprfes la conclusion de la Paix.
Les creances, que les Sujets respectifs peuvent avoir les uns
envers les autres, ainsi que celles sur le fisc, seront promptement
et entiferement liquidees.

J'hree Years allowed for Settlement of Question respecting Immovable

Property in Ceded Territories.

Art. XII. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes conviennent
d'un commun accord, dans TinterSt de Leur Sujeta respectifs, de
fixer un terme de 3 Ans, pour que ceux d'entr'eux qui simultani-
ment des proprietes immobiliferes en de9k et en dem de TAraxe,
aient la faculte de les vendre, ou de les echanger libremept.
Sa Majeste Imperiale de toutes les Russies excepte neanmpins
du benefice de cette disposition, en autant qu'elle La conceme,
le ci-devant Sardar d'Erivan, Houssein Khan, son Frfere UassjBtn
Khan et Kerim Khan^ ci-devant Gouvernour de Nakhitchevan.

* See Oommeroiol Treaty of same date) page 12$.

122

PRBSU AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.

Prisoners of War.

Art. Xni. Tous les Prisonniers de Guerre faits de part et
d'autre, soit dans le cours de la derniere Guerre, soit auparavant,
de mSiue que les Sujets des deux Gouvernements reciproque-
meiit tomb6s en capnviti, k quelqu'i^poque que ce soit, seront
rendus dans le ternie de 4 mois et apr^s avoir Hi pourvus de
vivres et auti*es objects n^cessaires, ils seront dirigi^s sur Abbas
Abad pour y 6tre remis entre les mains des Commissaires, re-
speotivement charf);^s de les recevoir et d'aviser k leur renvoi
.mtirieur dans leur foyers. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes en
useront de mSme k I'igard de tous les Prisonniers de Guerre et
de tous les Sujets Russes et Persans rdciproquement tombis en
captivity, qui n'auraient pas 6t& restitu^s dans le terme susmen-
tionn^, soil enraison de I'^loignement oil ils se seraient trouv^s,
soit par toute autre cause, ou circonstance. Les deux Gouverne-
ments se i^^servent expressement le droit illimite de les r^clamer
en tout tems, et ils s'obligent k les restituer mutuellement k
mesure qu'il s'en pr^sentera, ou k mesure qu'ils les reclameront..

Extradition of Fugitives and Deserters,*

Art. XIV. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes n'exigeront pas
Textradition des transfuges et d^serteurs, qui auraient passe sous
leur domination respective avant ou pendant la gueri'e. Toute-
fois, pour pr^venir les consequences mutuellement pr^judiciables,
qui pourraient r^sulter des intelligences, que quelques-uns de
ces transfuges chercheraient a entretenir avec leurs anciens
Compatriotes, ou Vassaux, le Gouvernement Persan s'engage k
ne pas tol^rer dans ses Possessions, situees entre I'Araxe et la
Ligne form^e par la Riviere dite Tchara, par le Lac d'Ourmie,
par la Rivifere dite Djakatou et par la Rivifere dite Kizil-Ozane,
lusqu'k son confluent dans la Mer Caspienue, la presence des
Individus qui lui seront nominalement design^s maintenant, ou
qui lui seraient signal^s iTavenir. Sa Majesty TEmpereur de
toutes les Russies promet 6galement de Son cot^ de ne pas per-
mettre que les transfuges Persans s'etablissent, ou rest en t a
demeure dans les Khanats de Karabag et de Nakhitch^van, ainsi
que dans la Partie du Khanat d'Eiivan situee sur la rive droite
de I'Araxe. II est entendue toutefois que cette clause n'est, et
ne sera obligatoire, qu'k regard d'Individus revStus d'un carac-
tire public, ou de certaine dignite, tels que les Khans, les Begs
et les Chefs Spirituelle ou MoUahs, dont I'exemple personnel, les
instigations et les intelligences clandestines pourraient exercer
une influence pernicieuse sur leurs anciens Compatriotes,
Administr^s, ou Vassaux. Pour ce qui conceme la masse de la
Population dans les deux Pays, il est convenue entre les Hautes
Parties Contractantes, que les Sujets respectifs qui auraient

* See Explanatory Conrention of 8rd July, 1844, page

123

133.

22nd Feb., 1828.] PEESIA AND RUSSIA.

f)as8e ou qui passeraient a Tavenir d'un Etat dans Tautre, seront
ibres de s'^tablir, ou de sojourner partoiit oil le trouvera bon le
Gouvemement sous la domination duquel ils se seront places.

Amnesty,

Art. XV. Dans le but bienfaisant et salutaire de ramener le
calme dans ses Etats, et d'^carter de ses Sujets tout ce qui

f)ourrait aggraver les maux qu'a d^jk attir6 sur eux la Guerre k
aquelle le present Traits a mis si heureusement fin, Sa Majesty
le Schah accorde une Amnistie pleine et entiire k tous les
Habitans et Fonctionnaii-es de la Province dite I'Adzerbaidjane.
Aucun n'eux, sans exception de categorie, ne pourra Stre ni

fxoui'suivi, ni moleste pour ses opinions, pour ses actes, ou pour
a conduite qu'il aurait tenue, soit pendant la guerre, soit
?endant Toccupation temporaire de la dite Province par les
'roupes Russes. II leur sera accorde en outre le terme d'un an^
Ji dater de ce jour, pour se transporter librement avec leurs
families des Etats Persans dans les Etats Russes, pour exporter
et pour vendre leurs biens-meubles, sans que les Gouvememens,
ou les Autorit^s Locales, puissent y mettre le moindre obstacle,
ni pr^lever aucun droit, ou aucune retribution sur les biens et
sur les objets vendus, ou export^s par eux. Quant k leurs biens
immeubles, il leur sera accord^ im terme de 5 Ans pour les vendre,
ou pour en disposer k leur gr^. Sont except^s de cette Amnistie
ceux qui se rendraient coupables, dans I'espace de tems susmen-
tionne d*un An, de quelque crime, ou d61it passible des peines
punies par les Tribunaux.

Cessation of Hostilities.

Art. XVI. Aussitot aprfes la Signature du present Traits de
Paix, les Plenipotentiaii*es respectifs s'empresseront d'envoyer
en tous lieux les avis et injonctions n^cessaures pour la cessation
immediate dee hostilit^s.

Ratifications.

Le present Traits de Paix, dress6 en deux Instrumens de la
mSme teneur, signe par les Pl^nipotentiaires respectifs, muni du
Cachet de leurs Armes, et ^chang^ entr'eux, sera confirm^ et
ratifie par Sa Majesty I'Empereur de toutes les Russies, et Sa
Majeste le Schah de Perse, et les Ratifications solennelles,
revetus de Leur propre Signature, en seront ^changees entre
Leurs Plenipotentiaires, dans le terme de 4 mois, ou plus t6t si
faire se peut.

Fait au Village de Tourkmantchai, le ^f Feviier, de TAn
de Gr&ce 1828, et le 5 de Schebone de TAn 1243 de TEgyre.

(L.S.) J. PASKEVITCH. (L.S.) ABBAS MIRZA.

(L.S.) A. OBRESCOFF.

124

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22iid Feb., 1828.

TREA lY of Commerce between Russia and Persia. — Signed at

lourkmantchal, }^^ February, 1828.*

Table of Contents.
Art.

I. Passports. Persian Trade with Russia bj the Caspian Sja or across the

.Frotitier. Property of Russian Subjects dying in Persia.
II. Registration of Contracts and other Djcuments rclatiu;^ to Commerce.
Legalization of Documents. 0*.>sorvance of Contracts. Recipro dty.
y. III. Duty of 5 per cent, on Mcrcliandize impjrted or expjrtt'd by wjiy of the
X Caspian Sea, or across the Frontier.

IV. Non-interruption of Trade in case of War with a third c mntry.
y. Right of Russian Subjects in Pcnia to live and acquire Possession of Ilouses,
Shops, and Warehoufos. Inviolability of Domicile ; Non-entrance of
Houses, Shops, &c., of Russians without authority of a Russian Diplo-
matic or Consular Officer.
yi. Right of Russian Diplomatic and Consular Staff to Purchase G-oods for their
own use Free of Duty. Reciprocal Tritatment of Persian Diplomatic and
Consul Staff in Russia ; Protection of Persian Subjects in Russian employ ;
Punishment by Persian Authorities wlien G-uilty of Misconduct.
VII. Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction : Civil Suits between Russian
Subjects. Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction: Civil Suits
between Russians and Subjct^ts of other Nations. Russian Diplomatic
and Consular Jurisdiction : Civil Suits between Russians and Persians ;
Second Trials.
VIII. Criminal J urisdiei;i>n : Crimes committed by Russian Subjects. Implication
of Subjects of other Natiou;». Witnesses. Deportation of Oouvioted
Criminals t > Russia to UM>ler^o Punishment.
IX. Enforcement of Foregoing Stipuhitiuns.

(Traduction.)

Au nom de Dieu, Tout Puissant !

Art. I. Les 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes desirant faire
jouir leurs sujets respectifs de tous les avantages qui v6sultent
d'une liberty r^ciproque de commerce, sont convenus de ce qui
suit:

Passports,

Les sujets Russes munis de passports en bonne forme pour-
ront commercer dans toute Tetendue du Royaume de Perse, et
se rendre ^galement dans les Etats voisins dudit royaume.

Persian Trade with Russia by the Caspian Sea or across the

Frontier.

En reciprocite de quoi les sujets Persans pourront im-
porter leurs marchandises en Russie, soit par la mer Cas-
pienne, soit par la frontifere de terre qui feepare la Russie de la
Perse, les ^changer ou faive les achats pour Texportation, et
ils jouiront de tous les droits et prerogatives accord^s dans les
Etats de Sa Majeste Imp^riale aux sujets des Puissances amies
les plus favoris^es.

* See also Political Treaty, and Agreement respecting Ceremonial to be observed
on reception of Ambassadors, of same date, pages 117, l§f).

125

2iid Feb., 1828] PERSU AND BU8SIA.

Property of Russian Subjects dying in Persia.

En cas de d^cfes d'uu sujet Russe en Perse, sesbiene meubles
et immeubles, comme appartenant k un sujet d'une Puissance
amie, seront remis integralement k ses parents ou associes,
lesquels auront droit d'aliener les dits biens, selon qu'ils jugeront
convenable. A d^faut de parents ou d'associes, la disposition
de ces memes biens sera confine k la Mission ou aux Consuls
de Russie sans aucune entrave de la part des autorit^s locales.

Registration of Contracts and other Documents relating to

Commerce.

Art. II. Les contrats, lettres d'echange, cautionnements et
autres actes passes par ^crit entre les sujets respectifs, pour leui*s
affaires de commerce, seront enregisti-^s chez le Consul de
Russie et chez le Hakim ( Juge Civil) et la, ou il niB se trouve
pas de Consul, chez le Hakim seul, afin qu'en cas de contesta-
tion entre les 2 parties on puisse faire les recherches necessaires
pour decider le diflKrend conform6ment a la justice.

Legalisation of Documents,

Si Tune des 2 parties sans Stre pourvue des documents
dresses et l^galis^s comme il est dit plus haut, lesquels seront
valables par-devant chaque cour de justice, voulat intenter un
proofs k Tautre en ne produisant que des preuves des testi-
moniales, de telles pretentions ne seront point admises k moins
que le d^fendeur lui-meme n'en reconnaisse la legality.

Observance of Contracts,

Toute engagement contracts entre les sujets respectifs, dans
les formes ci-dessus prescrites, sera r^ligieusement observ6 et
refiis d'y satisfaire qui occasionnerait des pertes k Tune des
parties donnera lieu k une indemnity proportionnelle de la part
de Tautre. En cas de faillite d'un n^gociant Russe en Perse,
ses cr^anciers seront payes des biens et eflFets du failli, mais le
Ministre, le Charg6 d'Affaires ou le Consul de Russe ne re-
fuseront pas s'ils en 6taient requis, leurs bons oflSces pour
s'assurer si le failli n'a point laiss6 en Russie des propri6t& dis-
ponibles qui puissent servir k satisfaire les m^mes cr^anciers.

Reciprocity,

Les dispositions arretees dans le present Article seront r^ci-
proquement observ^es k regard des sujets Persans qui com-
mercent en Russie sur la protection des lois.

Duty of 5 per cent, oh Merchandize imported and exported by way of

the Caspian Sea or across the Frontier.

Art. III. Afin d'assurer au commerce des sujets respectifs, les

126

PERSU AND RUSSIA. [a2iid Feb., 182S.

srraDtages qui font Pobjet des stipulations anterieures, il est
ccftivenu que les marchandises import<^es en Perse ou export^es
de ce Royaume par les sujets Russes et pareillemcnt les produc-
tions de la Perae importees en Russie par les sujets Persans, soit
par la mer Caspienne, soit par la frontiere de terre entre les
2 Etats, de mSnie que les marchandises Russes que des sujets
Persans exporteraient de Fempire par les memes voies, seront
soumises, comme par le pass6, k uu droit de 5 pour cent, penju une
fois pour toutes k entre k leur sortie, et ne seront assujetties
ensuite au payement d'aucun autre droit de douane. Si la Kussie
jugeait n^cessaire d'arreter de nouveaux r^glements de douane
et de nouveaux tarifs, elle s'engage neanmoms k ne pas hausser
mSme dans ce cas, le droit ci-dessus mentionne de 5 pour cent.

Naririnterruption of Trade in case of War with a third Country.

Art. IV. Si la Russie ou la Perse se trouvait en guerre avec
une autre Puissance, il ne sera pas defendu aux sujets respectifs
de traverser avec leurs marchandises le territoire des Uautes
Parties Contractantes pour se rendre dans les Etats de la dite
Puissance.

Rights of Russian Subjects in Persia to hire and acquire possession

of Houses^ Shops^ and Warehouses*

Art. V. Attendu qu'aprte les usages existants en Perse, il
eist difficile pour les sujets Strangers do trouver k louer des
maisons, magasins, ou emplacements propre au depot de leurs
marchandises, il est permis aux sujets Russes en Perse non-
setilement de louer, mais aussi d'acquirir en toute propri6t6, des
maisons pour les habiter, et des magasins ainsi que des em-
placements pour y d^poser leurs marchandises.

Inviolability of Domicile. Non-entrance of Houses^ Shops^ ^<?., of
Russians without authority of a Russian iJiplomaiic or Con"
sular Officer.

Les emptoy^s du Gouvemement Persan ne pourront entrer de
force dans les dites maisons magasins ou emplacements, k moins
de recourir en cas de n^cessit^ k rautorisation du Ministre, ou
du Charg^ d^AflFaires, ou du Consul de la Russie, lesquels d^l^-
gueront un employ^ ou Dragoman pour assister k la visite de la
maison ou des marchandises.

Right of Russian Diplomatic and Consular Staff to purchase Goods

for their own use free of Duty.

Art. VI. De meme le Ministre ou le Charg^ d' Affaires de Sa
Majesty Imp^riale, les employes de la Mission de Russie, les
Consuls et les Dragomans ne trouvant k acheter en Perse ni les
effets qui servent i leur habillement ni beaucoup d'objets de
consommation qui leur sont n^cessaires, pourront fairevenir

127

22iid Feb.; 1828«] PBBSIA AND RUSSIA.

franc de droit et de retributions, pour leur propre compte, tous
les objets et eflFets qui seront destines uniquement a leur
usage.

Reciprocal Treatment of Persian Diplomatic and Consular Staff in

Snssia,

Les agents publics de Sa Majeste le Schali rfeident dans les
Etats de Tenipire Eusse, jouiront d'une parfaite reciprocity a cet
egard.

Protection of Persian Subjects in Russian employ. Punishment by
Persian Authorities when guilty of misconduct,

Les sujets Persans faisant partie de la suite du Ministre ou
du Charge d' Affaires et des Consuls, et necessaires pour leur
service, jouiront, tant qu'ils se trouveront auprfes d'eux de leur
protection k I'^gal des sujets Russes, mais s'il ariivait qu'un
d'entre eux se rendit coupablede quelque d^lii: et qu'il encourAt
par \k le ch&timent des lois existantes, dans ce cas le Ministre
r ersan ou le Hakim, et k son defaut I'autorite locale competente
s'adressera immediatement au Ministre, Charge d' Affaires ou
Consul Russe, au service duquel re trouvera le pr^venu, afin
qu'il soit livre a la justice ; et si cette demaude est fondle sur
des preuves etablissant Ja culpability de I'accuse, le Ministre,
Charge d' Affaires ou Consul ne fera aucune difflculte d'y satis-
faire.

Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between

Russian Subjects,

Art. VIL Tous les proems et toutes affaires litigieuses entre
les sujets Russes seront soumis exclusivement a Texamina-
tion et la decision de la Mission ou des Consuls de la Russie,
foiinement aux lois et coutumes de TEmpire de Russie ;

Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction, Civil Suits between

Russians and Subjects of other Nations,

do meme que les differends et procte survenus entre les sujets
Russes et ceux d'une autre Puissance dans le cas oil les parties

y conseniiront.

Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction, Civil Suits between

Russians and Persians,

Lorsque il s'eifevera des differends ou procfes entre les sujets
Russes et les sujets Persans, lesdits procfes ou differends seront
portes par-devant le Hakim oi^ Gouverneur, et ne seront ex-
amines et juges qu'en presence du Dragoman de la Mission ou
du Consulat.

128

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [220(1 Feb., 1828.

Second Trials,

Une fois juridiquemcnt termiues, de tela proces ne pourrout
&ire infonn^s line secondo fois. Si toutefois les circonstances
6taient de nature d'exiger un second examen, il no ponrra avoir
Hon sans que le Ministre ou le Charg^ d' Affaires ou le C >nsul do
Russie en soient prdvenus, et dans ce cas Taffaire no sera
instruite et jug6e qu'au Defter; c'est-k-dire, en la Chancellerio
Supreme du^Schah, a Tabriz ou a Tehran, ^^alement en pre-
sence d'un Dragoman do la Mission ou du Consulat de Kussie.

Criminal Jurisdiction, Crimes committed by Russian Subjects,

Art. VIII. En cas de meui-tre ou d'autre crime commis
entre sujets Russes Texamen et la decision du cas seront du
ressort exclusif du Ministre ou du Charge d*Affaires ou du
Consul de Russie, en vertu de la juridiction qui leur est ddferee
sur leurs nationaux.

Implication of Subjects of other Nations,

Si un sujet Russe se trouve implique avec des individus
d'une autre nation, dans un proces criminel, 11 ne pourra etre
poursuivi, ni inqui^te d'uucune manifere, k moins de preuves de
sa participation au crime, et dans ce cas meme commo dans
celui oil un sujet Russe serait pr^vcnu de culpability directe,
lestribunaux au pays ne pomiont proc^der k la connaissance et
au jugement du crime qu'en prdsonce d'nn d<51egu6 de la
Mission ou de Consulat de Russie, et s'il ne s'en trouve pas sur
le lieu oil le d61it a ete commis, les autorites locales feront
transporter le ddlinquant 1^, ou il y a un Consul ou un agent
Russe constitue.

Witnesses,

Les temoignages a charge et k d^charge du prevenu seront
fidelement recueiUis par le Hakim et par le Juge de Tendi'oit, et
revStu de leur signature ; transmis dans cette forme Ik oii le
dilit devra etre jug^, ces t^moignages deviendront des docu-
ments ou pieces authentiques du procfes, h, moins que Taccusc ne
d^montre evidemment la fausset^.

Deportation of convicted Criminals to Russia to undergo

punishment,

Lorsque le prevenu aura ete dAment convaincu et que la
sentence aura 6t6 prononc^e, le delin quant sera remis au
Ministre, CLarg6 d'Afiaires ou Consul de Sa Majesty Imp^riale
qui le renverra en Russie pour y re9evoir le chS.timent porte par
les lois.

Enforcement of foregoing Stipulations.

Art. IX. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes veilleront k ce

129 K

22iid Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.

que les stipulations du present Acte soient strictemenfc observees
et remplies, et les Gouverneurs de leui*s Provinces, Com-
mandants et autres autorit^s respectives ne se permettront dans
aucun cas d'y contrevenir, sous peine d'une grave responsabilit^
et mSme de destitution en cas de r^cidive duement av^r^e.

A cette fin, nous 8oussign^s Pl^nipotentiaires de Sa Majesty
TEmpereur des toutes les Russies, et de Sa Majest6 le Schah de
Perse, avons regM et arrets les stipulations contenues dans le

? resent Acte, lesquelles sont la consequence de TArticle du
'raite principal conclu ce mSme jour k Deckargane,* et auront la
mSme force et valeur que si elles ^taient inserees mot k mot et
ratifides.

En consequence de quoi le present Acte separ^, fait double,
a et6 sign6 par nous, munis de nos cachets respectifa et
^changes.

Fait au village de Tourkmantchai, le ^ Fevrier de Tan de
Grace 1828, et le 5 Schebone de Tan 1243 de I'Egyi-e.
(L.S.) J. PASKEVITCH. (L.S.) ABBAS MIRZA.

(L.S.) A. OBRESCOFF.

PROTOCOL (Proces-'Verbal) between Persia and Russia, respecting
the Ceremonial to he observed on the reception of Ambassadors
and other Diplomatic Agents. Signed at Tourkmantchai, 22nd
February, 1828.

Les Plenipotentiaires de la Russie et de la Perse s'^tant
reunis h, TeiTet de r^gler conformement a I'Article IX du Traits
principal de ce jour,t un Ceremonial convenable pour la recep-
tion des Ambassadeurs, des Ministres, et des Charges d' Affaires,
qui pourraient etre reciproquement delegues auprfes de leurs cours
respectives, il a ^t^ arrets d'un accord commun, ce qui suit.

Des que le Ministre Persan aura recfu Tavis officiel de
I'arrive d'un Ambassadeur Russe k Tiflis, il fera choix sans perte
de temps d'un individu d'un rang correspondant k la dignity de
TAmbassadeup, et il I'enverra k sa rencontre iusqu'i, la frontiire.
Le Ministre Persan informera en meme temps le Commandant-en-
Chef de Gcorgie du depart du Mehmandar ou de Tindividu choisi
pour accompagner FAmbassadeur en lui indiquantle jour de son
arriv6 probable k la frontifere. L'Ambassadeur aura soin de son
c6t6 de calculer son voyage de maniere k pourvoir y arriver k
peu prfes en meme temps que lui. Du moment que le Mehmandar
a rencontre TAmbassadeur, il devient responsable de Son Excel-
lence et des honneurs et des egards qui lui sont dus.

L'Ambassadeur sera re9u k chaque station par un Isteehbal
ou deputation compos^e du chef ou du principal de rendroit,
des notables et d'une suite convenable. Si I'Ambassadeur
- * ■ ■ .■■■..■ II »

* Deckarganft is a town near Tourkmantchai. See Treaty of Tonrkmantchat
page 117.

t Page 121.

130

PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.

s'arrete dans iin lieii, chef cruno province, lu Gouvcmeur (le
Hakim) se placcra lui-meme k la tetc do la deputation, pour com-
plimenter Son Excellence, etil Tacconipagnera jusqu'aii logement
qui aura 6t6 prepar6 pour Elle.

Si TAmbassadeur B'arrete dans uno ville qui est gouvemee
par un fils de Sa Majest6 le Shah, lo Prince Gouverneiu' de la
ville enverra son Vizir k la rencontre de TAmbassadeur pour le
complimenter. Si Son Excellence fait inio visite au Prince,
TAmbaseadeur et tons les individus composant TAmbassado
seront invites k s'asseoir et Ton pr<5sentera une chaise k son
Excellence.

Partout oil il se trouvera des troupes sur le passage de Son
Excellence, elles seront sous les armes et lui rendront tous les
honneurs militaires qui seront d'usage.

Le Mehmandar aura soin d'infoimer en bon temps le Ministfere
Persan de Tarriv^e prochain de TAmbassadeur, k fin qu'il puisse
faire les preparations necessaires k son entree et k sa reception
solennelle.

Parvenu i la demiire station de la Capitale ou du camp oil se
trouverait Sa Majest6 le Shah, TAmbassadeiu' sera recju par ini
personage de marque au nom de son auguste Maitre. A
chemin de la Capital ou du camp, Son Excellence sera
rencontr^e par une grande deputation du Shah laquelle sera
conduite par un des grands dignitaires de sa cour.

La gamison de la ville ou du camp presentera les armcs a
Son Excellence et lui rendra les honneurs militaires qui lui sont
dus et le chef de la deputation du Roi conduira aussitot
TAmbassadeur k la demeure qui aura 6te preparee pour lui et
oil Son Excellence trouvera une garde d' honneur.

Le lendemain de son amv^e les Ministres du Roi et les
grands dignitaires de la Couronne rendront visite a Son Excel-
lence. Le surlendemain Elle aura son audience solennelle chez
Sa Majeste le Shah, et le Grand Maitre des Ceremonies viendra
lui annoncer k Theure convenue que tout est pret pour sa recep-
tion. L'Ambassadeur se mettra alors en marche dans Tordre
suivant.

Les Farraches du Shah ouvriront le coi-tfege ; ils seront
suivis d'une partie de la garde ou des valets de pied de
PAmbassadeur, Son Excellence montant le cheval de parade
envoye par le Shah ou le sien propre, precedee d'lm Ecuyer du
Roi, ayant a sa droite le personnel de TAmbassade et sa suite,
et II sa gauche le Maitre des Ceremonies et ayant des deux cotes
les com*eurs du Roi, suivra immediatement aprfes, un detach ement
de la garde de I'Ambassadeur ou ses valets de pied et des
Farraches du Roi fermeront le cortege.

Les troupes qui seront places dans Tenceint du palais ou du
Camp Royal jusqu'i I'entree des cours interieures ou Saraperde
(Tente Royale), presenteront les armes k TAmbaesadeur. Le
Maitre des Ceremonies qui precede Son Excellence aura soin

Sue tous ceux qui se trouveront sur son passage se tiennent
ebout.

131 K 2

. 22nd Feb., 1828,] . PERSIA AND RUSSIA.

L'Ambassadem' mettra pied a teiTe a Tentree des cours
interieures ou Saraperde et sera conduit dans Taparteinent du
Premier Ministre, ou dans la tente du Sipih Salar (G^n6ral-en-
Chef), oil Son Excellence reposera quelques instants jusqu'i la
sortie de Roi.

L'Ambassadeui' avec sa suite, precede du Grand Maitre des
Ceremonies, entrera alors dans Tencient des cours interieurs ou
Saraperde. Les gardes ou les valets depiedde Son Excellence
resteront dans I'encient exterieur. Le Grand Maitre des Cere-
. monies ayant annonce Son Excellence k Sa Majeste, Tinvitera
de la part du Roi, a entrer dans I'appartement ou dans le tente,
et Son Excellence, y sera admise avec toute sa suite, mais il ne
sera pas exige dans aucun cas, ni de TAmbassadeur ni des
individus composant sa suite, qu'il soit apport^ aucune modifi-
cation au costume dont ils seront revetus. Toujours Son Excel-
lence et sa suite auront soin de sepourvoir de galoches, qu'elles
d^poseront avant d'entrer dans I'appartement ou dans la tente.
Aprfes avoir harangu^ le Shah, I'Ambassadeur sera prie par Sa
Majeste de s'asseoir et on presentera k Son Excellence une
chaise. La conference finie, TAmbassadeur retoumera dans le
meme ordi'e dans lequel il est venu, sans pourtant entrer dans
Tappartement du Grand Vizir ou dans la tente du Sipih Salar.
Aprfes cette premifere audience solennelle, rAmbassadeur rendra
les visites qu'il a revues.

Ce ceremonial reste le meme pour la reception d'un Ministre,
ou d'lm Charge d'Affaires Russe, excepts que les employes
qu'on enverra k leur rencontre seront d'un rang inferieur, leur
suite sera moin nombreuse et que toute le garrison ne sortira
pas pour eux. Les troupes qui occupent les corps de garde
leur pr^senteront seul les armes. Le Premier Ministre de Sa
Majesty le Shah ne leur fera pas la premiere visite mais il le leur
rendra sans faute le lendemain.

Si I'Ambassadeur le Ministre ou le Charge d'Affaires Russe
est porteur d'une lettre de Son Souverain, Sa Majesty le Shah
de la Perse la recevra de ses propres mains.

Le meme c^r^monial sera aussi observ^ par la Russie k
I'egard de I'Ambassadeur des Ministres ou des Charges d'Affaires
Persan, qui viendront k la cour de St. P^tersbourg, en 6gard
neanmoins k la difference des usages existans dans les deux
pays.

Le present procfes verbal, fait double, revStu de la signature
des Plenipotentiaires respectifs et muni des cachets de leurs
armes, aura la meme force et le meme valem* que s'il 6tait insert
mot k mot au Traite Principal de ce jour.

Fait au village de Tourkmantchai le -^f de Fevrier de I'an de
Grace 1828, et le 5 de Schebone de Tan 1243 de TEgyre.

L.S. JEAN PASKEVITCH.
L.S. A. D'OBRESCOFF.

132

PEBSIA AND RUSSIA. [13th Dec, 1860.

CONVENTION entre la Ilusaie et la Per se^ pour tinterpritation de
V Article XIV du Trait6 de Paix de JotirkmanMiai {du 22
Fevrier, lS28)*—Con€lue a Teheran, le 3 Juillet, 1844.

Arrest of Subjects of either State entering the Temtories of the other

toithoiit Passports.

Dans le but de f aii*e cesser les desordi'os et les abus que les
habitants des jproviuces limitrophes de la Russio et de la Perse
font souvent de la transmigration, les fondi^s de pouvoirs des 2
Parties Contractantes, avec la permission et I'autorisation de
leurs Gouvemements respectifs,ont signi Tarrangement suivant :

Art. I. Les sujets des 2 Puissances ne pourront desormais
passer d'un pays dans Tautro sans passeport et sans permis en
rfegle de leur Gouvemement.

Art. II. Tout individu sujet de Tun des 2 Gouvemements qui
se rendrait sur le temtoire de Tautrc, sans s'etre pourvu d'un
passeport, sera arrete et livre aux autorites fronti^res les plus
proches, ou bien an Ministre, Charge d'AflFaires, ou Consul de sa
nation, avec tons les objets" d'habillements, d'armements, &c.,
dont il sera porteur.

Art. III. Toute demande que les sujets des 2 Etats addres-
seront k leur Gouvemement pour obtenir Tautorisation d'^migrer,
devra se faire sans intervention 6trang6re.

Art. IV. Si les pr6pos6s des 2 Gouvemements, en considera-
tion de Tamiti^ qui les unit, demandent Tun k Tautre des
passeports, on ne les refusera pas pour quelques families, k
moins qu'il nV ait des empSchements l^gaux.

Signe k T^h^ran le 3 Juillet, 1844, (28 Djoumadi-el-sani
1260).
(L.S.) HADJ[.MIRZA.AGASSY. (L.S.) a. MEDEM.

A GREEMENT between Russia and Persia^ recognizing the River
Attrek as forming the Boundary between the two States on the
East Coast of the Caspian Sea. Idth December, 1869.t

On the 13th December, 1869, the following Agreement was
signed between Russia and Persia recognizing the sovereignty
of Persia up to the banks of the Attrek : —

*'His Majesty the Shah haviug on the 12th instant (4th
December) requested the Undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor, to
explain for what object the fort at Kizil Soo (Krasnovodsk)
was being constructed, and having also required an assurance

• February 22, 1828. " State Papers/' Vol. 15, page 669.
t See Further Conyention, 2l8t December, 1881, page 136.

138

3l8t Jan., 1881.] PEBSIA AND KUSSU.

that the Russian authorities would in no way interfere with the
affairs of the Yemoot Turkomans, and of those living on the
Attrek and Goorgan Rivers ; also, that no fort or stronghold
should hereafter be built at the embouchures of the Attrek or
Goorgan Rivers ; and likewise that they should not interfere in
any way with the possessions of Persia, but that the Persian
Government should continue to maintain the authority they
have hitherto held in respect to these tribes and their tenitories,
in accordance with the wish expressed by His Majesty the Shah,
the Undersigned lost no time in refening by telegraph to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the Emperor, and he
has now the pleasure to bring to the knowledge of the Ministers
of His Majesty the Shah the reply which he has just received to
the effect that the Go\'ernment of His Mguesty the Emperor
recognizes the authority and sovereignty of Persia up to the
banks of the Attrek River, and that they have no intention to
construct any fort.

*' M. BEGER-"

On the 26tli March, 1873, the British Charg^ d'Affaires at
Teheran (Mr. R. Thomson) reported that the Persian Govern-
ment considered that the Declaration made by Russia on
the 13th December, 1869, had no reference to the temtory in
the interior towards Khorassan, but regarded only the territory
adjoining the Province of Asterabad, that is to say, from the
Caspian Sea, at the mouth of the Attrek, along the banks of
that river for about 30 miles, to where the Goorgan district
ended.*

19th

CONVENTION betiveen Russia and Persia^ for the construe^
Hon of a Telegraph Line from Chekishlar to Asterabad.-
January, 1884.

(Translation.) ■

8l8k

As the Telegraph Convention of the ^th May, 1879 (2nd
Jemadu-es Sahee. 1296), contracted between the Ministry for
Foreign Affains and the Russian Legation at Tehran has expired,
and the Russian Government wish to keep up communication
with their military authorities on the east coast of the Caspian
Sea, the Undersigned have agreed upon the following
Articles : —

Art. I. In order that the aforesaid communications may
pass through without loss of time, the Persian Government

* See also Conyention of 21st December, 1881, page 136*

134

PEBSIA. AND RUSSIA. [3l0t Jan., 18S1.

engage to protect as far as is in their power such telegraph
wires of the Chekishlar-Astrabad line as pass through Peman
territory. In virtue of Article XI of the Convention of the

24th May, 1879,* the lines which have been constructed on

PerBian territory have become the property of the Persian
Government, which now engages to protect them and keep
them in working order, that is to say, ttieir " exploitation," and
the horsemen who are employed to protect the telcgmph lines
will accompany the Russian telegi'aph employes on their inspec-
tion of these lines.

* Abt. II. The Russian Government on its side engages to
pay all expenses of repairs to the wires from ChekishJar to
Astrabad during the time that this Convention is in force. The
Persian Government also engages not to claim customs duty for
any material and implements which may be necessary for the
construction and keeping in repair of the said line.

Art. ni. The Persian Government will give permission for
stationing Russian telegraph officera at Persian stations from
Zulfa to Chekishlar whenever they may be deemed requisite for
the transmission of messages in due order and without delay,
and their duties and rights will be the same as those enacted m

the Convention of the gth May, 1879.

Art* IV. For messages in transit between Zulfa and
Astrabad, and also between Russian stations on the eastern
side of the Caspian and Tehran, with the Persian telegraph
stations to the north of that place, in conformity with tne
Arrangement of the 2nd April, 1880, between the Governments
of Russia and Persia, which is known in French as the '* Declara-
tion," the Persian Government is to receive 30 centimes a word,
and between Russian stations on the east of the Caspian and
the south of Tehran 60 centimes will be paid to the Persian
Government.

Art. V# Tlie transmission of all Government messages
passing over Persian Hues between Astrabad and Zulfa will
take precedence of all private messages from Persian telegraph
stations, but not of the official messages of the Persian Govern-
ment.

Art. VI. In order that no delay should take place in the
transmission of messages between Zulfa and Astrabad, the lines
must be inspected and repaired ; therefore the Persian Govern-
ment engages to set aside one^tenth of the amount received by
Persia for messages, in virtue of this Convention, for the neces-
sary repairs, and the Persian Telegi'aph Department shall
expend that amount in making the said repaii's, unless in the
case of its being found that so large a sum is not requii-ed for
that purpose.

Art. Vll. This Convention will be in force so long as the
Russian Gt)venament requires to keep up telegTaphic communi-

■ *

" •• Expired. See Preamble.

135

2l4t Dec, 1881.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.

cations with its military authorities in the Caspian, and when no
longer necessary for such communication the Russian Govern-'
ment will without delay inform the Persian Government of the
fact.

(L.S.) JEAN ZINOVIEW.

(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.
30 Sefer, 1298 0^, January, 1881),

CONVENTION between Persia and Rmaia, defining tlte
Boundary between the txoo Countries East of the Caspian Sea
{AhhaUKhorassan Boundary). — Signed at Tehran, |^ December^
1881.*t
[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, .^ March, 1882.]

Table op Contents.
Art

I. Frontier between Bussia and Persia, east of the Caspian Sea.
II. Commissioners to be Appointed to Trace the Boundary in Detail.

III. Persia to Eyacuate Ports of Giamab and Kulkulab, reserving right to With-

draw Inhabitants within Persian Territory. Bussia not to Erect Portifica*
tions, or to establish Turcoman Families within those localities.

IV. Persia not to interfere with Water Supply flowing to Akhal through Persian.

territory, nor to increase number of Villages or extent of Land now under
cultiyation along sources of the Biyer Firuz^ and other streams.
V. Commercial Intercourse between Akhal and Khorassan; Construction of

Boads.
VI. Neither Bussia nor Persia to allow Arms or War Material to be supplied to
the Turcomans.

• From ** State Papers," Vol. 72, page 97.

t This Conyention was laid before Parliament in 1882, with Correspondence
respecting the Affairs of Central Asia, and formed an inclosure in the following
despatch : —

" Jfr. Thomson to Earl GrawnUe, — (Meceived 6th March,)

" My Lord, " Tehran, 23rd January, 1882.

** I haye the honour to transmit herewith, for your Lordship's information,
translation of the Akhal-Khorassan Boundary Treaty, lately concluded between
Bussia and Persia, as reported in my telegram of the 4th January.

<* This translation has been made from the Bussian text by Mr. Stephen.
Comparing it with the Persian yersion, I obserye that the terms employed in
Article V are not the same in both languages. In the Bussian text it is stated
that both Goyemments engage, with a yiew to the deyelopment of commercial .
intercourse between the Trans-Caspian proTince and Khorassan, to come to a
mutually adyantageous agreement for the construction of waggon-roads between «
the aboye-mentioned proyinces ; whereas in the Persian yersion d this clause it is
said that, in order to facilitate commercial operations between the Trans-Caspian
proyinces and that of Khorass'an, the two Contracting Powers engage, as regards
the construction of waggon-roads for the transport of merchandize between the
aforesaid countries, to make such arrangements as may be of mutual adyantage to
them.

" The Minister for Foreign Affairs has informed me that the Nasseer-ed*'
Dowleh, who was formerly employed in the Persian Foreign Office, and lately in
the Ministry of Justice, will be named Commissioner under Article II of thii.
Conyention for the local demarcation of the line of frontier, on the basis agreed
upon in Article I. *' I haye, &c.,

" Uarl Oranviile, ** BONALO P. Thomsoit."

13ft

MAP

or

AKHAL-KHORASSAN BOUNDARY

December 1881.

COP'S

FUR

RUSSIAN MINISTER IN TEI

FOR NEGOCIATIOM

BOUNDAI

DECEN

Frontier claimed by Russia.
Frontier ctgreed to by Persia,

Note. Course of Atrek rwer from, PeesKKaleK to Kaochan
wtt* originalfy clauned by Russia, as line of ■frontier.

iB-tBOS.

20

Si

MstBCbUemUu.

si

^ i i i if ii in" s£

so

H-inisaii '« BohL

To face page fS6i

^MAP

PWTO PERSIAN GOVERNMENT

llMmAL-KRORAS SAN

P^ESTION
feiesi.

KoocLan

Bto-tatv-.c 2^^ before Parliament in "'Central Asia N?1.(l8S2)''

MAP

OF

AKHAL-KHORASSAN BOUNDARY

December 1881.

r£RSIA AND RUSSIA. [21ft Dec, 1881.

yil» Appointment of Bussian Agents in Fenian Frontier Towns to Prescrre
Order and Tranquillity among Turcomans,
yill. Confirmation of all existing Treaties, &c., between Bussia and Persia.
IX. Batifications.

(Translation.)

In the name of God the Almighty.

His Majesty the Shah of Persia and His Majesty the Emperor
and Autocrat of AH the Russias, acknowledging the necessity of
accurately defining the frontier of their Possessions east of the
Caspian oea, and of establishing therein security and tranquillity,
have agreed to conclude a Convention for that purpose, and
have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries :

His Majesty the Shah of Persia, on the one hand, Mirza Said
Khan, Moutemid-ul-Midk, his Minister for Foreign Affairs ;

His Majesty the Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias,
on the other, Ivan Zenovicf, his Envoy Extraordinanr and
Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of His Majesty the Shah ;

Who, having exchanged their respective full powers, found
in good and due form, have agreed on the following Articles : —

Frontier between Russia and Persia East of the Caspian Sea.

Art. I. The frontier-line between the Possessions of the
Russian Empire and Persia, east of the Caspian Sea, is fixed as
follows :—

Beginning at the Hasan Kuli Gulf, the course of the River
Atrek serves as the frontier as far as Chat. From Chat the
frontier-line follows in a north-easterly direction the ridges of
the Songou Dagh and Sagirim ranges, thence extending north-
ward to the Chandir River, reaching the bed of that river at
Tchakan Eale. From Tchakan Kale it i-uns in a northerly
direction to the ridge of the mountains dividing the Chandir
and Sumbar valleys, and extends along the ridge of these
mountains in an easterly direction, descending to the bed of
the Sumbar at the spot where the Ach-Agaian stream falls into
it. From this point eastward the bed of the Sumbar marks the
frontier as far as the ruins of Medjet Dain€. Thence the road
to Dumin forms the frontier-line as far as the ridge of the
Kopet Dagh, along the ridge of which the frontier extends
south-eastward, but before reaching the upper part of the
Giamab Pass turns' to the south along the mountain heights
dividing the valley of the Sumbar irom the source of the
Giamab. Thence taking a south-easterly direction across the
summits of the Misino and Tchoubest Mountains, it reaches
the road from Giamab to Rabab, passing at a distance of 1 verst
to the noi-th of the latter spot. From this point the frontier-
line nms along the rid^e of the mountains as far as the summit
of the Dalang Mountain, whence, passing on the northern side
of the village of Khairabad, it extends in a north-easterly direc-
tion as far as the boundaries of Geok Keital. From the
boundaries of Geok Keital the frontier-line crosses to the gorge

137

2lBfc Dec, 1881.] PKRSU AND BUSSIA.

of the River Finize, intersecting that gorge on the northern
side of the village of Firuz^. Thence the frontier-line takes a
south-easterly direction to the summits of the niountain-range
bounding on the south the valley,.through which the road from
Askabad to Firuze passes, and runs along the crest of the^e
mountains to the n^ost easterly point of the range. From here
the frontier line crosses over to the northernmost summit of the
Aselm range, passing along its ridge in a south-easterly direc-
tion, and then skirting roimd to the north of the village of
Keltechinar, it runs to the point where the Ziri Kou and Eizil
Dagh Mountains join, extending thence south-eastward ailong
the summits of the Ziri Kou range, until it issues into the
valley of the Baba Durmaz stream. It then takes a northerly
direction, and reaches the oasis at the road from Gavars
to Lutfabad, leaving the fortress of Baba Durmaz to the east.*

Commissioners to be appointed to trace the Boundary in detaiL

Art. If, Whereas, in Ai-ticle I of the present Convention,,
the principal points are indicated through which the frontier
between the possessions of Russia and r ersia is to pass, the
High Contracting Parties are to appoint Special Commissioners,
with a view of accm-ately tracing on the spot the frontier-line,
and of erecting proper boundary-marks. The date and place
of meeting of the said Commissioners shall be mutually agreed
upon by the High Contracting Parties.

Persia to evacuate Fo7*ts of Giamab and Kulhilab^ reserving right to
withdraw Inhabitants within Persian Territory.

Ajrt. III. Whereas the forts of Giamab and Kulkulab, situated
in the gorge through which the stream watering the soil of the
Trans-Caspian province passes, lie to the north of the line
which, in virtue of Article I of the present Convention, is to
serve as the boundary between the territories of the two High
Contracting Parties, the Government of His Majesty the Shah
engage to evacuate the said forts within the space of one year
from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the prese^t
Convention, but shall have the right during the said period to
remove the inhabitants of Giamab and Kidkulab to within the
Persian frontier, and to establish them there.

Russia not to erect Fortifications or to establish Turcoman Families.

witliin those localities.

On its pai*t, the Government of the Emperor of All the
Russias engage not to erect foi*tifications in these said localities
nor to establish any Turcoman families therein.

* The Kusso-Persian frontier has been technically marked out as far f^ Baba
Barmaz, but no steps have apparently yet been taken to complete the clelinliitation
technically between Baba Durmaz and the Heri-Bud. .

X38

; PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [list Dec., 1881.

Persia not to inter/ere with Water Supply flowing to Aklial through
Persian territory ; nor to increase number of Villages or extent
of land now under cultivation along sources of River Firuzi and
other Streams,

Art. IV. Whereas the sources of the River Firuzi, as well as
of other streams watering the soil of the Trans-Caspian pro-
vince contiguous to the Persian frontier, lie within the Persian
territory, the Government of His Majesty the Shah engage
on no account whatever to permit the estabUshment of fresh
Settlements along the course of the said streams and rivulets
from their sources to the point where they leave Persian terri-
tory, and not to extend the area of land at present under
cultivation, and under no pretence whatever to turn off the
water in larger quantities than is necessary for irrigating the
fields now under Cultivation within the Persian territory. With
a view to the immediate observance and fulfilment of this
stipulation the Government of His Majesty the Shah engage to
appoint a sufficient number of competent Agents, and to
subject any infringer thereof to severe punishment.

Commercial Intercourse between Akhal and Khorassan, Construction

of Roads.

Art. v.* With a view to the development of commercial
intercourse between the Trans-Caspian province and Khorassan,
both ffigh Contracting Parties engage to come to a mutually
advantageous agreement as soon as possible for the construc-
tion of waggon-roads suitable for commercial traffic between
the above-mentioned provinces.

Neither Russia nor Persia to allow Arms or War Matenal to be

supplied to the Turcomans.

• Art. VI. The Government of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia engage to strictly prohibit the export from His Majesty's
dominions, along the whole extent of the frontier of the Pro-
vinces of Asterabad and Khorassan, of all arms and war
material, and likewise to adopt measures to prevent arms being
supplied to the Turcomans residing in Persian territory. The
Peraian frontier authorities shall afford the most effective sup-
port to the Agents of the Imperial Russian Goveratnent, whose
duty it shall be to watch that arms are not exported from the
Persian territory. The Government of His Majesty the Emperor
of AH the Russias, on its part, engage to prevent arms and War
material being supplied from Russian territory to Turcomans
living in Persia.

♦ See note, page 136.

139

4th Mar., 1842.] PERSIA AND SPAIN.

Appointment of Russian Agents in Persian Frontier loions to
preserve order and tranquillity among Turcomans.

Art. VII. With a view to the observance and fulfilment of
the stipulations of the present Convention, and in order to
regulate the proceedings of the Turcomans residing on the
Persian frontier, the Government of His Majesty the Emperor
of All the Russias shall have the right to nominate Agents to
the frontier points of Persia. In all questions concerning the
observance of order and tranquillity in the districts contiguous
to the possessions of the High Contracting Parties, the appointed
Agents will act as intermediaries in the relations between the
Russian and Persian authorities.

Confirmation of all Treaties j ^c, between Russia and Persia.

Art. VIII. All engagements and stipulations contained in
Treaties and Conventions concluded up to this time between
the two High Contracting Parties shall remain in force.

Ratifications.

Art. IX. The present Convention, done in duplicate, and
signed by the Plenipotentiaries of both parties, who have
affixed to it the seal of their arms, shall be confirmed and
ratified by His Majesty the Shah of Persia and His Majesty the
Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias ; the ratifications to
be exchanged between the Plenipotentiaries of both parties at
Tehran within the space of four months, or earlier if possible.

Done at Tehran, the |]^ December, 1881, which corresponds

to the Mussulman date of the 29th Muharrem, 1299.

(L.S.) MIRZ AS AID-KHAN, Minister of

Foreign Affairs of Persia.
(L.S.) IVAN ZENOVIEF.

TREA TY of Friendship and Commerce between Spain and Persia.
Signed at Constantinople^ ith March, 1842.*

[Ratifications exchanged at Constantinople, 13th November,

1850.]

It in ■

Tabli: op Contektsi
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Right to Travel and Trade, and Hire Houses, &e.

III. Merchants and Travellers. Customs Dues and otheif Imposts^

IV. Appointment of Commercial Agents at certain Places in either Country.

. V. Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Subjects of either Country. Intervention

of Consular Agents. Bankruptcies. Debts of Deceased Subjects.
VI. Non-interruption of Friendly Relations in event of "War with any other Power.
YIl. Ratifications. Treaty to be perpetual.

* From " State Papers," Vol. 50, page 592. Confirmed by Treaty of 9th February,
1870, page 144.

140

PERSU AND SPAIX. C4th Mar.. 1842.

(Translation,)

In the name of God Almighty.

The Courts of Spain and of Iran, equally animated with the
desire of aflfording to the industry and commerce of their re-
spective countries all possible incitements and facilities, and
persuaded that nothing can contribute so much to the attain-
ment of such a desirable object as the arrangement and stipula-
tion of the relations which are to exist in future between the
subjects of the two Powers, founding them on piinciples of
justice and mutual convenience, have resolved by common
consent to adjust and conclude a solemn Treaty of Friendship
and Commerce, which shall specify their beneficent intentions,
and for that purpose have thought fit to appoint as their Pleni-
potentiaries, that is to say :

Her Majesty Donna Isabella IT, Queen of the Spains, and in
her august name, and during her minority, the Regent of the
Kin&^dom, Don Baldomero tspartero, Duke of la Victoria and
of Morella, Don Antonio Lopez de Cordoba, &c., &c. ; and

His Majesty Muhammed Shah Eadzar, Sovereign Kin^ of
the vast provinces of Iran, the most Excellent and Illustnous
Mirza Djaafer Khan, his confidential Minister, Inspector-in-Chief
of the Engineer Corps of the Persian Army, his Ambassador and
Minister Plenipotentiary to the Sublime Ottoman Porte, &c., &c.

Who, after exhibiting to each other their full powers, and
finding them in order and due form, have agreed upon the
following seven Articles :

Friendship^

Art. I. From this day henceforward, and for ever, there
shall be perfect friendship ,and constant good understanding
between the States and subjects of Her Majesty the Queen of
Spain and the States and subjects of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia.

Right to Travel and Trade, and Hire Uouses^ ^c.

Art. II. The subjects of the two High Contracting Parties
may in future traverse their respective dominions in fiill free-
dom, carry on trade therein, rent houses, warehouses, and shops
for their business, and the local authorities cannot prevent their
doing so for any cause or pretext; the said authorities shall
take the greatest pains to preserve them from all inconvenience,
continually watch over their tranquilUty, pay them the greatest
attention, and treat them in the best manner, so that they may
not experience prejudice, obstacle, or vexation of any kind in
their travels and occupations ; and for the gi'eater security of
thei^ personsjfchey shall jpbtam_'3^^ or delay such

orders andj)assports as they may require.

141

I

J

. 4th Mar., 1842r.] PERSIA AND SPAIN.

Merchants and Travellers,

Art. III. The subjects of both High Courts who may pro-
ceed to any of their dominions as merchants, traders, or travel-
lers, shall be received and treated from their anival to their
departure with the proper distinction, and they shall always be
exempt from all taxes or other contributions.

Customs Dues and other Imposts,

Traders who import or export merchandize in their respec-
tive States, shall pay the same Customs dues and other imposts,
and in the same manner and form as the subjects of the most
favoured nations.

Appointment of Commercial Agents at certain Places and in either

Country.

Art. IV. To secure more completely the tranquillity and
. confidence of their respective subjects, established in or passing
through the territory of each of them, the two High Contracting
Powers reserve to themselves the right of appointing Com-
mercial Agents to reside in the most suitable places, to protect
their subjects and watch over the welfare of their persons and
interests. The High Court of Spain will allow a Commercial
Agent appointed by the Persian Government to be established
in the capital, Madrid, and another at Barcelona, or instead of
the latter place in any other Spanish port that may be preferred.
The High Court of Iran will also agree to the establishment of
a Commercial Agent, appointed by the Spanish Government, in
the capital, Teheran, and another at Tauris.*

Jurisdiction, Civil Suits between Subjects of either Country:

Intervention of Commercial Agents,

Art. V. In any cases of altercation, dispute, or litigation
-occurring between subjects of the two High Contracting Parties,
upon mercantile affairs, or those of any kind, the cause can
neither be decided nor tried without the previous consent and
intervention of the Commercial Agent, or in the name of that
functionary, in presence of the interpreter of his Government,
and all in accordance with the laws and customs of the country.

Bankruptcies,

If any of the subjects of the said Powers should fail or be
declared in a state of bankruptcy, an examination shall be made
of all their property, their effects and accounts, for the purpose
of arranging a proper liquidation, and making a just (ustribu-
iionpro ratd amongst their creditors, who at the end of all these
proceedings must give up the securities which they possess,
after having received their shares.

* Tabreez.

142

PERSIA AND SPAIN. [4th Mar., 1842.

Debts of Deceased Subjects.

If any subject of the two Courts should die, the respective
Commercial Agent shall take charge of all that belonged to
him, in order that, after payment of the debts left by the
deceased, he may make proper use of the whole according to
the laws and customs of his country.

Non-mterruption of Friendly Relations in event of War with any

other Power,,

Art. VL In case of war between one of the two High Con-
tracting Parties and any other Power, not the least diminution
or alteration shall occur on that account in the good under-
standing, or in the firm and sincere friendship which are to
exist for ever between the High Courts of Spain and Iran.

Ratifications. Treaty to be Perpetual.

Art. VII. The present Treaty of Fi-iendship and of Com-
merce shall, with the favour of God, be faithfully observed and
maintained reciprocally and perpetually, and without suffering
the least detriment or contravention of its contents; and the
Plenipotentiaries of the two High Contracting Parties engage
to exchange the respective ratifications at Constantinople in the
term of 5 months, or before, if possible.*

Conclusion. — These 7 Articles having been stipulated and
agreed to in the manner and form preceding, the two aforesaid
Plenipotentiaries have agreed to the present Treaty, drawn up
in two copies, each of them signed ana sealed in their respective
languages, and have exchanged with each other the proper
authenticated instruments

Done at Constantinople, the 4th day of March, 1842, and of
the Hegira, the 2l8t Munarrem, 1258.

(L.S.) ANTONIO LOPEZ DE CORDOBA.
(L.S.) MIRZA DJAAFER.

* Batifications exchanged 13th Norember, 1850.

143

0th Feb, 1870.] PERSIA AND SPAIN.

TREA TY of Friendship and Commerce hehceen Spain and Persia*

Signed in JLondon, 9th Fehrua^n/, 1870.*

[Ratifications exchanged in London, 18th June, 1872.J

Table of Contents. ■ •

Art.

Proamblo. Delay in Execution of Treaty of 4th March, 1842.
I. Confirmation of Treaty of 4th March, 1842. *

II. Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in Trt^ty of
1842.

III. Ditto.

IV. French Text to be observed.
y. Batifications.

(Translation.)

Preamble, Delay in Execution of Treaty of ith March, 1842.

In the Name of G^od Almighty.

His Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Spain, and His
Majesty the Shah of Persia, equally animated by the desire of
drawing closer the relations of friendship happily established
between the two States by the Treaty concluded on the 4th of
March, 1842, and 21 Muhan-em, 1258, of the Hegira,t the execu-
tion whereof has been retarded by causes independent of the
will of the two High Contracting Parties ; and likewise desiring
to contribute to the establishment and development of the com-
merce between the two countries, have resolved to stipulate
and conclude the present Treaty, and for that purpose have
appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :

His Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Spain,
D. Manuel Ranees y Villanueva, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Her Majesty the Queen of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c. ;

His Majesty the King of Persia, Hadji Sheik Mohsin Khan,
General of Division in the Persian Army, Resident Minister of
Persia at the Court of Her Majesty the Queen of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.

Who, after having communicated to each other their full
powers, and found them in order and due form, have agreed
upon the following Articles : —

Confirmation of Treaty of ith March^ 1842.

Art. I. The stipulations contained in the Treaty concluded
between the kingdoms of Spain and of Iran, on the 4th of
March, 1842. and 21 Muharrem,1258,t of the Hegu'a,are expressly
ratified by the present Treaty, of which they are to be considered
integral parts.

* From "State Papers," Vol. 62, page 878.
t Page 140.

144

PERSIA AND SPAIN. [9l.h Feb., 1870.

Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in

Treaty of lU'L

Art. II. In the interest of both countries and for the pur-
pose of providing greater facilities for the development of
commerce, it is agreed that the Spanish Government may-
establish a Consulate, either in the Port of Bendir-Bushir* or in
some other of the Persian Gulf, at its choice ; and, reciprocally
the Government of Persia may establish a Consulate at Cadiz,
or in the Spanish port that it may select for this purpose.

The Consular representation, then, shall be established on
the part of Spain at Teheran, Tauris,t and Bendir-Bushii*,* or the

g[)rt specified by the Spanish Government, and on the part of
ersia at Madrid, Barcelona, Cadiz, or the poi-t selected oy His
Majesty the Shah's Government.

Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in

Treaty of 1842.

Art. III. As it is the intention of the two High Contracting
Parties to concede reciprocally to the respective commerce the
advantages enjoyed by the most favoured nation, it is stipulated
from this time that in case the interests of the commerce should
in fiiture require an increase in the number of the Consular
Agents stipulated by the present Treaty, the said two High
Contacting Parties shall come to an a^eement in order to
provide for the fresh necessities demonstrated by experience.

French Text to he observed.

Art. IV. The present Treaty shall be drawn up in Spanish
and Persian, and each of the Plenipotentiaries shall keep the
corresponding authentic instrument, furnished with the usual
formalities. A translation shall be made in the French lan-
guage ; and the Plenipotentiaries, after having recognised ifs
conformity with the original, shall also sign and seal two copies
thereof, each Plenipotentiary keeping one of them.

The French text shall decide m case of doubts.

Ratifications.

Art. V. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the rati-
fications shall be exchanged in London by the respective
Legations, as soon as possible.

In faith whereof the above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries have
signed it, and affixed to it their respective seals.

Done in London on the 9th day of February, in the year of
grace, 1870, and ot the Hegira, the 8th of ZUkaada, 1286.

(L.S.) M. RANGES Y VILLANUEVA.
(L.S.) H. CH. MOHSIN KHAN.

• Busliire. t Tabreez.

145

17tli Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND SWEDEN AND NOEWAY.

TREATY of Frimidahip and Commerce between Persia and Sweden
and Norway. — 'Signed at Paris, 17 th November j 1857.*

[Ratified at Teheran, February, 1858, and at Stockholm, 2n(J

March, 1858.]

Table of Contents.
Art.

I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Ambassadors and Ministers Plenipotentiary.

III. Bight of Subjects of either Country to Beside and Trade in Territories of the

other. Bight to Import or Export Merchandise, &c. ' Intenud Tmle to
be carried on subject to Laws of the Country. ^ .

IV. Customs Dues on Imports and Exports. Taxes.

y. Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either Country. Consular
Privileges. Non-Protection of Natives. Position of Trading Consuls. '
VI. Duration of Treaty.

Au nom de Dieu clement etmis^ricordieuz ! . ,

Sa Majesty Oscar I:r, Roi de Sufede et de Norvige, des Goths
et des Vandales :

Et Sa Majesty, dont T^tendard est le Soleil, le Sacri, TAu-
guste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, le Souverain absolu
de tons les 6tats de Perse ;

L'un et Tautre 6galement et sincerement d^sh'eux d'^tablir
des rapports d'amiti6 entre leurs 6tats respectifs, out voulu les
consohder par un Trait6 d'Amiti^ et de Commerce r^ciproque-
ment avantageux et utile aux sujets des Deux Hautes Fames
Contractantes, et k cet effet ont d^sign^ pour Leurs P16nipo-
tentiaires :

Sa Majest6 le Roi de Suide et de Norv^ge le Sieur Louis
Baron de Manderstrom, Son Chambellan, Son Envoy^ Extra-
ordinaire et Ministre Plenipotentiaire, Grand Croix de Son Ordre
de I'Etoile Polaire, Chevalier de I'Ordre de Charles XIII, Com-
mandeur de celui de S:t Clave de Norvige, Grand' Croix de
rOrdre du Lion N^erlandais et de celui de Dannebrog, &c.

Et Sa Majesty rEmperenr de toute la Perse Son Excellence
Ferrokh Khan Emin-ol-Molk, Grand Ambassadeur du sublime
Empire de Perse, Porteur du portrait Royal et du cordon Bleu,
et de la ceinture de Diamants, &c.

Et les Deux P16nipotentiaires s'^tant reunis k Paris, ayant
ecliang^ Leurs Plein-pouvoirs, et les ayant trouves en bonne et
due forme, ont arr^t^ les Articles suivants :—

Friendship.

Art. I. A dater de ee jour, il y aura amiti^ sinc&re et nne
constante bonne intelligence entre lesRoyaumes de Su^de et de
Norv^ge et tons les sujets Su^dois et Norv^giens, et TEmpire de
Perse et tons les sujets Persans.

— ' ■ ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ■ " ' ^

• Prom " State Papers," Vol. 76, pace 806.

146

FEBSIA AND SWEDEN AND NORWAY. [17th Nov., 1857.

Reception of Ambasaadors and Ministers Plenipotentiary^

Art. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Pl^nipotentiaires,
qu'il plairait k chacune des Deux Hautes Parties aenvoyer et
aentretenir aupr&Ei de Tautre, seront re^us et trait^s daDS les
pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel de Leur mission, coranie
sont re9us et trait^s les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres JPl^nipo-
tentiaires des Nations les plus favoris^es, et ils y jouiront de
tout point des m^mes prerogatives et immunitis.

Sight of Subjects of either Country to Reside and Trade in Territories

of the other,

' Art. III. Les sujets des Deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
yoyageurs, n^gociants, industriels et autres, soit qu'ils resident
BUT le territoire de Tun ou de Tautre Etat, seront respectis et
efficacement prot^g^ par les autorit^s du pays et leurs propres
Agents, et trait^s k tons 6gards comme le sont les sujets de la
nation la plus favoris^e.

Right to Import or Export Merchandise^ SfC,

Ils pourront riciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans Tun et Tautre etat et en exporter toute espice de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les ^changer, les acheter,
les transporter en tons lieux sur le teiTitoire de Tun et de Tautre
et.at.

Internal Trade to he carried on subject to Laws of the Country.

Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de I'un et de Tautre
itat, qui se livreraient au commerce int6rieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays, ou ils font le commerce.

Customs Dues on Imports and Exports, Taxes,

Art. IV. Les navires respectifs et les marchandises im-
port^es ou exporties par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes ne paieront danslun et dans TautreEtat,
soit k rentr^Oj soit k la sortie, que les mSmes droits que payent i
Tentr^e et k la sortie dans Tun et Tautre ^tat les navires ainsi
que les marchandises et produits import^s et export^s par les
marcliands et sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e, et nulle taxe
exceptionnelle ne pourra sous aucun nom et sous aucun pr6texte
§tre r^clam^e dans Tun comme dans Tautre 6tat.

Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either Country.

. Art. V. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de lem' com-
merce respectifs, ^ pour faciliter de bonnes et ^quitables rela-
tions entre les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes, Elles
se r^erv0nt la faculte de nommer chacune trois Consuls. Les
Consuls de Sufede et de Norv^ge r^sideront k Teheran, a Bender
Bou<41r* et k Tauris ;t les Consuls de Perse r^sideront k Stock-
hofan, k Christiania et k Gothembourg.

• ■ 9

• Bualure. t Tabreez.

147 L 2

17tli Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

Consular Privileges^

Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouivont
reciproquement sur le territoire de Tun et de Tautre 6tat, oi sera
^tabKe leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des immu-
nit^s accord^s dans Tun et Tautre ^tat aux Consuls de la nation
la plus favoris^e.

Nmt'Protection of Natives.

Les Agens diplomatiques et les Consuls de Sufede el de
Norv^ge ne protegeront ni publiiq[ueraent ni secrfetement le«
sujets Persans.

Les Agens diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans no protege-
ront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les sujets Suedois et
Noryegiens.

Position of Trading Consuls.

Les Consuls des Gouvememens contractants, qui dans Tun et
I'autre etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis aux
mSmes usages, auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le

mSme commerce.

Duration of Treaty. (Till 1870, and then terminable after

12 months* notice.)

Art. VL Le present Traits de Commerce et d'Amiti^, oimente
par la sincfere amitie et la confiance qui rfegnent entre les roy-
aumes bien conserv6s de Sufede et de Norv6ge et de Perse, sera,
Dieu aidant, fidfelement observe et maintenu de part et d'autre
pendant 12 ans, k dater du jour oil les ratifications seront
^chang^es. Mais, si ime ann^e avant Texpiration du terme fix^,
aucime des Deux Hautes Parties Contractantes n'a annonc^
officiellement k Tautre Tintention d'en faire cesser les efiets, il
continuera k rester en vigueur pour les Deux Hautes Parties
pendant un an, k dater du jour oh il aura it& dinonc^ quelle
que soit I'epoque k laguelle cette declaration aura eu lieu.

Les Plenipotentiau'es des Deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s'engagent k ce que I'^change des ratifications de lears Augustes
Souverains ait lieu, soit k Constantinople, dans I'espace d'un an
ou plutot, si faire se pent.*

En foi de quoi les Deux Pl^nipotentiaires respectifs des Deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont sign6 le present Traits et y
ont appos^ Leurs Sceaux.

Fait double en Fran9ais et en Pefsan le 17 du mois de
Novembre de Tan du Christ 1857, et le frente du mois de
Kabbi-ol avval de TH^gire, Tannic 1264.

(L.S.) L. MANDERSTROM.
(L.S.) FERROKH-KHAN.

* Ratified at Teheran, February, 1858, and at Stockholm, 2nd lif arch, 1868.

148

PERSIA AND SWITZERLAND. C28rd July, 1878.

JRAITE d^AmitU et de Commerce entre la Suisse et la Perse.

Signd h Geneve, le 23rd JuilUt, 1873.*

[RatifioationB ^chang^es k Paris, le 27 Octobre, 1874.]

Tablb op Contents.
Art.

I. Friendahip.

n. Beoeption of Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Aeents.

m. ^ght of Subjects oi either country to Reside and ^mde in Territories of the

other. Most-EaYOured-Nation Treatment. Riffht to Import and Export

Merchandise, &c. Internal Trade to be carried on subject to Laws of the

Coontrj.

lY. Customs' Dues on Imports and Exports ; Taxes. Most-Fayoured-Nation

Treatment.
T^ Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens. Civil Suits between Swiss
Citisens and Persian Subjects. Civil Suits between Natives and Subjects
of other Powers. Criminal Jurisdiction.
TI. Succession to Property of Deceased Citizens or Subjects.
Vll. Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either country. Consular

Privileges. Non-protection of Natives. Position of Trading Consuls.
VIIL Duration of Treaty.
IX. Ratifications.

Le Conseil Fid^ral de la Confederation Suisse et Sa Majesty
FEmpereur de tons les Etats de Perse, ^galement et sincferement
d^sireux d'itablir des rapports d'amiti? entre la Suisse et la
Perse, ont voulu les consolider par un Traitd d'Amiti^ et de
Commerce, 6galement avantageux aux citoyens et sujets des
deux pay& A cet eflfet, ils ont d6sign6 pour leurs P16nipoten-
tiaires, savoir :

Le Conseil Federal de la Conftd^ration Suisse, Monsieur
Jean-Conrad Kern, son Envoye Extraordinaire et Ministre
PJ^nipotentiaire prfes la Ripublique Franfaise ; et

Sa Majesty TEmpereur de tous les Etats de Perse, Monsieur
le G^niral Nazare-Aga, son Envoy6 Extraordinaire et Ministre
Pl^nipotentiaire prfes la Ripublique Fran9aise ;

Lesquels, ayant 6chang6 leurs pleins-pouvoirs et les ayant
reconnus en bonne et due forme, ont arrSte les Articles suivants :

Friendship,

Art. I. A dater de ce jour, il y aura amiti6 sincere et con-
stante bonne intelligence entre la Confederation Suisse et tous
les citoyens Suisses, d'une part, et I'Empire de Perse et tous les
sujets Persans, d'autre part.

Reception of Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Agents.

Art. IL Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres P16nipotentiaires et
itutres, Agents Diplomatiques qu'il plairait k chacune des deux

* From " State Papers," Vol. 63, page 625.

149

23rd July, 1873.] PERSIA AND SWITZERLAND,

Hautes Parties Contractantes d'envoyer et d'entretenir auprte
de Tautre, seront re9us et trait^s dans les deux pays respectifs,
eux et tout le personnel de leur mission, comme sont re<juB et
trait^s, dans les deux pays respectifs, les Ambassadeurs,
Ministres P16nipotentiaires, et autres Agents Diplomatiques des
nations les plus favoris^es, et ils y jouiront de tout point des
memes prerogatives et immunity.

Right of Subject of either Country to Reside and Trade in Territories
of the other, Moat^Favoured-Nation Treatment.

Art. hi. Les citoyens ou les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, voyageurs, n^gociants, industriels et autres, soit
qu'ils se d^placent, soit qu'ils resident sur le territoire de Tun ou
de I'autre Etat, seront respectis et efficacement prot6g6s par
les Autorit^s du pays et leurs propres agents, et trait^s & tons
egards comme le sont les citoyens ou les sujets de la nation la
plus favoris6e.

Right to Import and Export Merchandise, ^e.

Ils pourront r6ciproquement importer dans Tun et dans
Tautre Etat, et en exporter toute espece de marchandises et de
produits, les vendre, les 6changer, les acheter, les transporter
en tons lieux sur le territoire de Tim et de I'autre Etat.

Internal Trade to be carried on subject to Laws of the Cov/ntry.

Mais il est bien entendu que les citoyens et sujets de Tun
et de Tautre Etat qui se livreraient au commerce int^rieur,
seront soumis aux lois du pays ou ils feront le commerce.

Customs Dues on Imports and Exports, Taxes, , Most^Favoured^

Nation Treatment.

Art. IV. Les marchandises import^es ou export^es par les
citoyens et sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties Contract
tantes ne paieront, dans Tun et I'autre Etat, soit k I'entrie, soit
k la sortie, que les mSmes droits que paient, k I'entr^e et k la
sortie dans Pun et I'autre Etat, les marchandises et produits
import^s et exportes par les marchands et sujets de la nation la
plus favoris^e, et nulle taxe exceptionneUe ne pourra, sous
aucun nom et sous aucun pretexte, ^tre riolamee dana I'un
comme dans I'autre Etat,

jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens.

Art. V. Les proces, contestations et disputes qui, dans
I'Empire de Perse, viendraient k s'^lever entre des citoyens
Suisses, seront r^f^res, en totality, k I'arret et k la decision de
I'Agent ou Consul Suisse qui residera dans la province oil ces
procte, contestations et disputes auraient ^t^ soulev^s, ou dans la
province la plus voisine. II eri d^cidera d'aprfes les lois Suisses."

150

FBB8U AND SWITZERLAND. [28rd July, 1878.

Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens and Persian

Subjects.

Les proois, contestations et disputes soulev^s en Perse entre
des eitojens Suisses et des sujets Persons, seront port^s devant
le tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matiires, au lieu oi
r^dera un Agent ou un Consul Suisse, et discut^s et jug^s
selon r^quiti, en presence d'un employ^ de TAgent ou du
Oonsul Suisse.

Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Natives and Subjects of otiier

Powers.

Les procte, contestations et disputes soulev^s en Perse entro
des citoyens Suisse et des sujets appartenant k d'autres
Puissances ^galement ^trangires, seront jug^s et terminus par
rinterm^diaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.

En Suisse, les sujets Persans seront ^galement, dans toutes
leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec des Suisses ou des
Strangers, jug^s suivant le mode adopts en Suisse envers les
sujets de la nation la plus favoris^e.

Criminal Jurisdiction.

Quant aux affaires de la juridiction crimiuelle dans lesquelles
aeraient compromis des citoyens Suisses en Perse, des sujets
Persans en Suisse, elles seront jug^es en Suisse et en Perse,
suivant le mode adopts dans les deux pays envers les sujets de
la nation la plus favoris^e.

Succession to Property of Deceased Citizens or Subjects.

Art. VI. En cas des d^cfes de Tun de leurs citoyens ou
sujets respectifs sur le territoire de Tun ou de I'autre Etat, sa
succession sera remise int^gralement k la famille ou aux
associ^s, du d^funt s41 en a. Si le ddfunt n'avait ni parents ni
associ^s, sa succession, dans Tun comme dans Tautre pays, sera
remise k la garde de TAgent ou du Consul de la nation du
citoyen ou du sujet d6c6d6, pour que celui-ci en fasse Tusage
convenable, conform^ment aux lois et coutumes de son pays.

Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either Country.

Art. Vn. Pour la protection de leurs citoyens ou sujets et
de leur commerce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et
^quitables relations entre les citoyens et sujets des deux Etats,
les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes se r^servent la faculty
de nommer chacune 3 Consuls.

Les Consuls de Suisse auront leur residence a T^h^ran, a
Bender-Bouchir, et k Tauris. Le Gouvernement Persan pourra
choisir les residences de ses Con/*uls en Suisse.

151

23rd July, 1873.] PERSIA AKB SWItZEBLANB.

Consular Privileges.

Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
reciproquement, sur ie territoire de Tun ou de Tautre Etat ou
sera ^tablie leur residence, du respect, des privileges et des
immunit^s accordes dans Tun et Tautre Etat aux Consuls de la
nation la plus favoris6e.

Non-Protection of Natives.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Suisses ne pro-
t6geront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les sujets Persans.

Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
tegeront ni publiquement ni secrfetement les citoyens Suisses.

Position of Trading Consuls.

Les Consuls des deux Gouvemements Contractants, qui dans
Tun et Tautre Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis,
en ce qui conceme leur negoce, aux memos lois et aux memes
usages auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le m^ine
commerce.

Duration of Treaty. {Jill 22nd October^ 1886, and then terminable

after 12 months^ notice^

Art. VIII. Le present Traits d'Amitie et de Commerce,
cimente par la sincere amiti6 et la confiance qui rfegnent entre
les deux Etats, sera, Dieu aidant, fidfelement observe et maintenu
de part et d'autre pendant 12 aus, h, dater du jour oil les ratifi-
catiODS seront ^chang^s.* Mais si, une annee avant Texpiration
du terme fix^, aucune des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
n'a annonc6 officiellement k Tautre Tintention d'en faire cesser
les eflfets, il demeurera- obligatoire jusqu'k Texpiration d'uue
ann6e a partir du jour oi Tune ou Tautre des Hautes Parties
Contractantes I'aura d^nonc^, quelle que soit I'^poque k laquelle
cette declaration aura lieu.

Ratifications.

Art. IX. Le present Traits sera ratifi^ et les ratifications en
seront 6changees k Paris dans un an ou plus tot si faire se peut.

En foi de quoi, les Pienipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont sign^ le present Traits, et y
ont appose le cachet de leurs armes.

Fait double k Geneve, le 23 Juillet, 1873 (28 Djemadi-Ouvla

10 de Tannee de THesrire).

1290 de rannee de THegire).

(L.S.) NAZARE-AGA.

(L.S.) KERN.

* Ratifications exchanged, 22nd October, 1874.

152

PEBSIA AND TUBKEY. [28rd Oct., 1727.

TRAITE de Paix eiitre la Turquie et la Perse, le 23 Octohrej

1727.*

Table of Coktents.
Art.

Preamble.
I. ProTinoe of HuTeise and Jorisdicfcion of Sultanie.
11. Mecca PHgrimf.
in. Pernan Ambassador at the Porte.
lY. Persian Commerce.

y. Bight of Persians to Tisit Temple of Immamaazem.
VI. Hassein Bej to be set at Liberty.

TIL Annual Payment to be made by Persia to Turkey. Terms of Peace. Batifi-
cation.

IraitS de Paix entre Eschreff Schach de Perse ^ le Grand Seigneur,
eontenu dans une Lettre du Schach a Sa Hautesse, c?u 23 Octohre^
1727.

Au nom de Dieu mis^ricordienx !

Pbeamble.

LOUE soit Dieu qui m'a fait la gr&ce de me mettre au nombre
des Fidfeles, & de me order pour poursuivre les Hirdtiques qui
sont en abomination & tout le monde. Loud 6oit aussi no^e
Prophfete Mahomet, Bien-aim6 de Dieu ; & le Seigneur benisse
jusqu'au dernier jour sa Postdritd, & tous ceux qm sont aimez
de lui I

Sur ce je prens la hardiesse de faire une trfes-humble Pro-

Eosition k V. H., vous qui desservez les 2 Villes Sacrdes de la
[ecque & de Mddine, Roi des Rois d'Arabie, Gouvemeur d*un
grand nombre de Nations, Ddfenseur de la Foi Mahomdtane,
Soutien des Armdes & de tous ceux qui combattent pour la Foi,
Vicaire du Prince, Protecteur des Savans, Extermmateur des
Infid^les qui croyent plus d'une Divinitd, Rdformateur de la
Religion, le plus lUustre des Monarques du tems passd, Vain-

?[ueur dee Mecrdans, Propagateur de la Justice, Extupateur des
doles & de ceux ^ui croyent plus d'une Personne dans la
Divinitd, Haut & Pmssant Monarque, le plus cdlfebre des Souve-
rains, Tasyle & la consolation de tous les hommes, TOmbre de
Dieu sur la Terre, TEmpereur & le Refuge du monde, Dieu
veuille combler votre Personne & vos Etats de toutes sortes de
prospdritez, & vous accorder jusqu'au dernier jour la continua-
tion de ses bdnddictions I

Et afin que nous achevions notre Traitd suivant les termes
de I'Alcoran, qui dit : " Soumettez-vous k Dieu, au Prophdte &
k ceux qui ont Tautoritd absolue, nous avons rdsolu de prendre
ce chemin d'obdissance, & de Tavis des Conunissaires nommez
de part et d'autre, nous sommes convenus de la Paix aux con-
ditions Buivantes :

* Dnmont, Vol. 2, Part 2, Supplement, page 208. The first Treaty concluded
between Persia and Turkey was signed during the reign of Sultan Murad lY, on
the 1st of Shawal) a.h. 1049 (a.d. 1639), with reference to the delimitation of
the Frontier.

153

23rd Oct., 1727.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

Province of Huveise and Jurisdiction of Sultanis^

Art. I. Que la Province d'Huveise et la Jurisdiction de
Sultanie doivent 6tre cedees k V, H. comme faisant partie du
Royaume de Perse.

Mecca Pilgrims,

Art. II. Que de notre cot4 nous devons nommer tons les ans
un Conducteur des P^lerins qui vont k la Mecque.

Persian Ambassador at the Porte^

Art. III. Que nous aurons toujours un Ambassadeur k la
Porte, selon Tancien usage.

Persian Commerce.

Art. IV, Qu*il sera libre k tous les Marchands d'exercer leur
Commerce, qui seal pent rendre un Etat florissant.

JSight of Persians to visit Temple of Immamaazem.

Art, V- Qu'il sera permis .de visiter le Temple d'lmma-
maazem> sans que personne puisse y former aucun obstacle.

Hussein Bey to he set at Liberty.

Art. VL Que Hussein Bey, de la Race de Bracki, Peuple de
Lesgi, qui est detenu par les Muscovites, sera mis en liberty.

Annual Payment to be made by Persia to Turkey,

Art. VII. Qu'il sera pay6 tous les ans au Tr^sor de V. H.
1,500 Bourses, chacune de 500 Rixdalers en espices.

lerms of Peace.

Cest sur ce pied-la que la Paix doit Stre gard^e, tant pour le
present que pour Tavenir, & ce conform^ment k I'Alcoran, qui
veut que tous les Musulmans soient v^ritablement Frferes, qu'ils
entretiennent entre eux une amiti^ fratemelle, & qu'ils ne don-
nent lieu k aucune haine ni division.

Puis done que nous nous soumettons k I'ob^issance & aux
ordres absolus de V. H. Elle accordera aussi de son cot^ que
tout soit ex^cut^ selon la teneur de notre Convention.

Ratification,

Et afin que cette Convention soit fermement & fid^lement
ex^cutde k jamais & que rien n'y soit chang^, nous attendona la
Ratification de V. H. esp^rant qu'elle y consentira & ne per-
mettra pas qu'il y soit fait aucun changement.

MEHEMED EMER ESCHREFF ON.

154

PERSIA AND TUBKBY. [Jan., 1746.

TRAITE de Paix entre la lurquie et la Perse. Janvier^ 1746.*

(La Ratification Imp^riale a en lieu vers la mi-Zilhidj6 de la

m6me ann^e.)

[Referred to in Treaty of 28th July, 1823.J

Tabu ot OovxivTi.
Art.

Preamble.

Basis of Treaty — Maintenanoe of Limits.
I. Persian Pilgrims proceeding to Mecca.
IL Beception of Diplomatio Agents,
in. Release of Prisoners.

Maintenance of Limits fixed bj prerious Treaty.

Bdigion. Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, and other Holy Places.

Onatoms Dues.

Non-protection of FagitiT0i< Extradition.

Batinoations.

ThxUS de Paia conelti^ vera le eommencement de 1746, entre le Sultan
Mohamet, Empereur dee Thrcsj Sf le Schach Nadyr, Rat de
Perse.

Preamble.

(Traduction.)

Au Nom de Dieu tr&s-mis^ricordieux. Gr&ces soient rendues
k cet Etre Supreme, & louanges k son sacr6 Proph&te, k sa sainte
Famille & k ses iUuistres Compagnons.

" Les Lettres, qui ont 06 ci-devant adress^es k la Porte de
F^licit^ de la part de Sa Maj. Persanne, ont fait voir que par
TAssistance Divine, & par le concours des Grands du Roiaume
de Perse, assembles dans la grande Plaine situ^e dans le Mougan,
les jeunes & les vieux avoient, d'une voix unanime et sans
aucune restriction, clioisi pour Tomement du Tr6ne de leur
Capitale le Tris-Haut et Tris-G^n^reux Prince, aussi brillant
que la Lune, aussi ^clatant que le Soleil, le gage pr^cieux du
Monde & de la Religion, le centre de la beauts du Musulmanisme
& des Musulmans, le Monarque dont les Troupes ^galent le
nombre des Etoiles, celui qui est aujourd'hui assis sur le Trdne
de Cosroes & de D^em ;t le SchaU Nadyr, dont Dieu perpetue la
gloire & la prosp^nt^ I

Sa Maj. Persanne, k Texemple de ses glorieux AncStres,
attach^e au Han^sisme:^ des vrais Musulmans, & ne pouvant
souffrir la conduite bl4mable de cette Nation, refusoit d&jk
d'accepter la Couronne, lorsque ces Peuples s'empress&rent k lui
donner des preuves de leiu* aveugle soumission k ses ordres, en
abandonnant les mauvais Principes qui jusqu'alors avoient servi
de fondemens k leurs d^riglemens.

■ — i— II II ■! 11 l.l I. «. I.l.ll II .

* Bouseet, Vol. 19, page 477.
- t iN'ames of two of the ancient aud famous Kings of Per^iu.
t One of tbe four Orthodox Sects, the one most followed among the Turks.

155

Jan., 1746.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

Los sentimens de religion & de gen^rosit^, profohdement
graves dans le coeur de Sa Maj. Persanne, ltd inspir^rent bientot
un veritable d^sir de mettre fin k tout ce qui pouvoit contribuer
depuis si longtems k fomenter le feu de Tinimiti^, & k aiguiser
les traits de la vengeance entre la Turquie & la Perse.

II envisagea comme un service insigne & important a ses
Etats, a la Sublime Porte & k tons les Musulmans, de faire
revivre parmi eux Tancienne Union, qui avoit fait un terns leur
bonheur.

II ^crivit dans ce dessein d'augustes Lettres au tr^s-vertueux
Empereur des Ottomans, pour remettre entre les mains do Sa
Hautesse la gloire de couronner Toouvre glorieuse & m^moraUe,
qui faisoit le plus cher objet de ses vceux.

De cinq Articles qui composoient les Propositions de Sa
Maj. Persanne, Ton applanit les diflScult^s sur trois, & on les
accepta comme 6tant de pure politique, & dependant absolument
du bon plaisir de Sa Hautesse ; mais la rigueur des Loix n'aiant
&t^ trouv^e susceptible d'auoun temperament pour les deux
autres Articles, Ton repr^senta plusieurs fois k Sa Maj. Persanne,
qu'on en appelloit k sa discretion & k son ^quit^.

Les D^crets etemels s'opposoient encore a rex^cution d'un
projet, dont le succfes ^toit depuis si long terns d^sir^, et une
lermete mal entendue fomentoit encore Tanimosite dea Parties,
lorsque Sa Maj. Persanne envoia derniferement k la Sublime
Porte des Letfares, par lesquelies EUe temoignoit que ses voeux
n'a'iant pour but ni Possessions, ni biens, ni inimitie, ni guerre, il
avoit sous ses augustes auspices ramen^, & reUni dansla vo'ie
droite des vrais Musulmans tons les Habitans de la Perse, pour
procurer au Peuple du Proph^te le repos & la tranquillite, en
faisant succ^der k une Guerre odieuse les avantages d'une
heureuse Paix.

Ces Lettres contenoient, a la v^rite, quelques Propositions
nouvelles concemant les Limites, mais comme elles etoient
con9ues en forme d'insinuations, & dans les termes les plus
manages, & que Sa Maj. Persanne, bien loin d'appuier sur sa
demande, en remettoit entiferement le refus ou Tacceptation k
r^quitable choix de Sa Maj. Khalifale, celle-ci, sensible k cette
fa9on de traiter amicale, se d^termina k entrer en Negociations
pacifiques.

Sa Maj. Imp^riale, TOmbre de Dieu, ecrivit, en consequence,
une Lettre Imp^riale pour faire part k Sa Maj. Persanne que,
par le r^sultat d'un grand Conseil tenu k la Sublime Porte de
Feiicite, il avoit r^solu de verifier & de soussigner en tout point
entre les deux Puissances le Proverbe de PrcBteriit quod prceteriiU
Qu'k regard de sa nouvelle demande aiant ^te regard^e comme
contraire aux Loix & aux Canons, il convenoit pour la bonne
union des Parties que Sa Maj. Persanne vouliit bien s'en d^sister,
pour donner son auguste & heureux consentement k un Traits,
entiferement depouilie de tout point susceptible de t&che & de
deshonneur pour la Maj. des Hants Contractans, proposant pour
base de ce Trait6 celui qui avoit ^t^ aiT^te & conclu pour les

156

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [Jan., 1746.

Confins & Limites eons le rfegne de TEmpereur Sultan Murad
Khan IV,* qui jouit en I'autre Monde du printemps du Paradis ;

S'au reste Sa Maj, Persanne devoit etre assuree qn'k cette
ndition, rien ne pourroit d^sormais ^branler les fondemens &
les arcboutans de r Amitie de TUmon reciproques, tant qu'il
auroit en mains les Rennes de la Felicity, & qu'il auroit le
pied dans le brillant Etrier de la Fortune, & non seulement
sous son glorieux R&gne, mais encore sous celui de ses De-
scendans & de ses Successeurs.

Sa Maj. Imp^riale, I'Ombre de Dieu, me d^puta k cet eCTet en
quality d'Envoie, me chargeant d'une agrdable Lettre IrapiSriale,
qui accordoit au Trfcs-puissant, Tr6s-cl6ment & Trfes-ma^iifique
Ahmed Pacha, Gouvemeur de Bagdad & Bassora, & S^raslaer
de ce D^partement, le pouvoir special pour entamer & terminer
les operations de cette N^gociation dans le forme ci-dessus, &
je fus pareillement honor^ pour moi d'une Lettre dans le mSme
sens. Ahmed Pacha me donna pour adjoint TEfiendi de son
Divan, le Trfes-^clairi Vely Effendi, avec lequel je me rendis en
Perse. Aussi-tot que nous fiiraes heureusement arrives au
Camp Ro'ial de Sa Maj. Persanne, entre Tharan & Casbin, j'eus
Fhonneur de lui presenter la Lettre Irap^riale de Tauguste asyle
du ELhalyfat, en lui repr^sentant avec tout le respect dd k Sa
Maj. tout ce qui m'avoit it6 recommand6 & ordonn^, et Sa Maj.
aiant t^moign^ le penchant et le d^sir sincere qu'EUe avoit de
terminer & de conclure ce Traits selon les intentions & les in-
spirations de S. Hautesse, Elle nomma quelques personnes de sa
Cbur pour conftrer avec nous sur Toeuvre pieuse de cette
Pacification, dont nous parvinmes k la conclusion dans une
seule Conference, en ^tablissant une Base, ime Condition, trois
Articles & un Appendice, qui font tout le contenu de ce Traite ;
& sur le compte qu'on en rendit k Sa Maj. Persanne, Elle permit
d'en dresser & d'en signer FActe de part & d'autre.

On verra ci-aprfes la teneur de la Base, de la Condition, des
trois Articles & de TAppendix de ce Traits, depuis si longtems
d^sir^ pour Tunion & la ti*anquillit6 du Peuple du Prophfete, &
conclu en consequence du pouvoir special, dont j'ai etc muni &
honor^ dans la forme ci-dessus par TEmpereur, Tasyle de Musul-
manisme, le Monarque miroir de la Justice, le Prince des Princes,
I'Ombre de Dieu, le possesseur des Troupes qui ^galent le nombre
des Etoiles, le Depositaire du Khalifat, le Serviteur des deux
sacr^es & nobles Vil]es,t le Maitre des deux Terres & des deux
Mers, le Sultan, Fils du Sultan, le Trte-puissant, Tr^s-redoubt-
able, Trfes-magnanime & Trfes-gen^reux Empereur Sultan
Mahmoud le Conqu^rant, Fils du Sultan Moustafa le Con-
qu6rant, dont Dieu illustre le Rfegne & prolonge les jours I

• 16th September, 1639. See Professor Creasy's " History of the Ottoman Turks,"
Vol. 1, page 412. Sultan Murad Khan IV reigned from 1623 to 1640.
t Mecca and Medina.

157

^an.; 1746.] PERSIA AND TURKJBY.

Maintenance of JJimits,

Base du Iraite. — On observera de part & tfautre sans
alteration, changement, ni diminution, les Confine & Limites qui
Qnt jusqu'i present et^ observ^es, & qui ont Hi r^ffl^eB dans la
derniere Paix prise aujourd'hui pour mod^e, & conclue autre fois
sous le B/igne glorieux du Trfes-puissant Empereur Sultan Murad
Khan IV,* qui jouit dans Tautre Monde du printems du Paradis.

Condition,-^lSin accordant & en observant envers les deux
Parties, dans la forme convenable, tout ce qui est dA k leur
Honneur & k leur gloire, Ton ^vitera soigneusement tout ce q[ui
pent Stre r^ciproquement susceptible de distinction de Religion
& de deshonneur.

Persian Pilgrims proceeding to Mecca.

■ Art. L Quand les Pfelerins de Perse iront a la Mecque, par
la voie de Bagdad et de Damas, les Gouvemeurs, les Juges &
Emir-haggs,t qui se trouveront sur ces routes, donneront toute
leur attention pour prot^ger, & soutenir en toute occs^sion ces
sbrtes de Pilerins, & pour les faire arriver sains & saufs.

Reception of Diplomatic Agent».

Art. II. Pour manifester au Public la bonne intelligence &
Tunion des deux Cours, la Sublime Porte enverra ime peiBOimi&,
pour r^sider k la Cour de Perse, & celle-ci pareillement en en*-
yerra une pour r^sider k la Porte de F^licite, & ces Chargi^s
d'Aflfaires seront d6frai6s & raisonnablement entretenus conmae
les h6tes des Cours oii ils r^sideront, & seront changes tout les
trois ans.

r

Release of Prisoners.

Art. HI. On ^largira de part & d'autre lee prisohniers re-
sp^ctifs; on ne pourra les vendre ni les acheter, & on ne
s^opposera point k leur depart dans les endroits oil ils ne voudront
pad rester, quand ils demanderont a se repatrier.

Maintenance of Limits fixed by previous Treaty*

Appendice, — Comme les Oonfins & Limites sontr^gl^sselon la
teneur ci-dessus, conform^ment au Traits conclu sous le Ilfegne
dii Sultan Murad IV,* les Gouverneurs des Confins r^ciproques ,
observ^ront avec exactitude tout ce qui se pratiquoit ancienne-
ment, & se donneront bien de garde de contrevenir en rien k la
condition de ce Traits, dans les Affaires qui pourront survenir_
concemant les Confins.

• See Note on preceding page.

t The Title of those charged br the Poite to condtict the Mecca Cararan.

158

PSBSIi. AND TUBEBY. |7an., 1746

Eeligian. Pilgrims to Mecca^ Medina^ and otlter Holy Places,

Puisque par un effet de la Gr&ce Divine, les Habitans de la
Perse ont enticement renonc6 aux Maximes illiciteH innov^es
sous les Sophis, qu'ils sont rentrcs dans le giron du Musnl-
manisme, en acoeptant les anciens Dogmes des Sunnites on
vrais Mnsnlmans, & qu'ils chantent les louanges & les ^loges des,
Khalifes Bachidms, & des autres illustres Compagnons sur qui
soit la Benediction de Dieu, les P^lerins, qui iront dans la suite
k la Mecque, k Midine, & dans tons les Etats Musulmans, seront
trait^s avec tons les ^gards possibles, comme tons les autres
Musulmans, & Ton se donnera bien mrde de les inqui^ter &
les molester, & d'exiger d'eux la moindre chose sous le nom de

Religion. Customs Dues,

Quand les Marchands des deux Nations auront pai'^ selon
I'exigence des lieux, la Doiiane desj Marchandises qu'ils appor«
teront dans les Etats respectifs, ou ne pourra les molester par
aucune autre exaction.

Persian Pilgrims to Meccoj Medina^ and other Holy Places.

Lorsqu'il viendra de Perse k la Mecque & k M^dine, & aux
Tombeaux situ^s k Bagdad, des Pilerins, qui, attires par la seule
devotion de P^lerinage, n'auront point avec eux des Marchan-
dises, les Juges & autres Officiers ne poun*ont exiger d'eux
aucun droit, ni les inquieter en aucune fa^on sans raison
legitime.

Non-Protection of Fugitives. Extradition.'

Si apris la date du present Traite, quelqu'un des Siijets &
des Bajas des deux Cours venoit k se refugier dans les Etats
respectifs,il ne sera accorde aucune protection k de pareilsfugiti& ;
ils seront au contraire rendus aux Charges d' Affaires r^proques
sur la demande qu'ils en feront.

Tant que Ton observera exactement de part Sk d*autre lea
Articles ci-dessus, on ne negUgera rien pour perpetuer cette
heureui^ Paix, mSme sous le r^gne des Descendans & des Sue-
cesseurs'des Hants Contractans, sans autre borne que la volonte
de TEtre suprSme.

Ratijications.

Conclusion. — La Paix etant enfin conclue dans la forme
ci-dessus par I'assistance du Trfes-Haut, il a aussi ete arrSte que
vers le premier jour de la nouvelle Annee de I'Egire 1160, les
deux Cours s'enverront des Ambassadeurs Extraordinaires du
mdme rang, avec la Ratification du Traite, & le Trfes-puissant
& Tr&a-magnifique Hassan-Aly-Khan, I'un des plus illustres
Khans de la Perse, nous aiant remis, en vertu de ses Pldins-
pouvoirs, I'Ecrit scelie portant le consentement de Sa Mai.

159

Jan., 1747.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

Persanne a la Base, a la Condition, aux trois Articles & k
I'Appendice ci-dessns, nous Tavons re9u & accepts, vu qu'il est
conforme k nos instructions, & avons pareillement pr6sent6 &
remis en ^change k Sa Maj. Persanne le present Ecnt, sign6 &
scell^ par le susdit tr^pnissant & trfes-cfement Ahmed Pacha,
& par moi en vertu de nos Ponvoirs.

Fait le 17 de la Lnne de Chabon Tan de TEgire 1159, ou vers
le commencement de Janvier, 1746.

HASSAN ALI KHAN.

AHMED PACHA.

TREATY of Peace between Turkey and Persia. — Jantuirj/y

1747.*

Table op Contekts.
Art.

Preamble.

Farts of Provinces of Irak and Azarbigian ceded bj Persia to Turkey.
Perpetual Friendsliip.
I. Persian Pilgrims.
II. Commissioners to be appointed to receive Mutual Tributes.
III. Freedom of Slaves. Slave-trading ; Beligion.
Frontier Disturbances.

Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, or other Holy Cities.
Customs Duties.
Observance of Stipulations of Treaty.

Iraite de Paiv entre Nader Chah^ Empe^*eur de Perse, 8^ le Sultan

Mahmoud<i Empereur des Tares.

Preamble.

(Traduction.)

Gloire soit k Dieu, qui a plough dans le sommeil les yeux
de la commotion, en ^veillant les coeurs des monarques ; qui a
fait d^couler la fontaine de la paix parmi le genre humain, en
arrStant le cours de la riviere de la discorde entre les Bois, &
les puissans Sultans ; qui a r^tabli par leur amicable agr^ment
d^sordre des affaires des fidMes croyans ; qui a d^pouill^ leurs le
coeurs de tout ressentiment, afin de pouvoir gu^nr F&me bless^e
de son peuple ; qui a d6racin6 toute naine & inimit^ de leur sein,
& leur a ordonn^ de garder inviolablement lenrs Trait^s, ainsi
que dit le livre k jamais glorieux : vous qui croyez, gardez
voa Conventions 1

* Wenck, Vol. 2, page 306.

160

FKRSIA AND TrKKEV. [Jan., 1747.

Puisse a present le Tres-llaut etre graeieux envers son Pro-
ph^te Mohammed, dont le siege est exalte : envers sa Famille &
ses Compagnons, & pai*ticiilierement ses successeurs, les Califes,
qui marchent dans la voie droite, & qui usent d'uno extreme
diligence, pour maintenir la vraie Religion I

Aprfes ces premises, il suit : Dans les vastes plaines de Mogan,
Je peuple de Tlran desira, que nous acceptassions le diademe
royal ; mais voyant les troubles que les heresies de Chah Ismail
avoient suscites dans la Perse, & Tinimiti^ qu'cUes avoient
causae entre les Turcs & les Persans j consid<5mnt aussi, que la
seete des Sunnis 6toit suivie par nos nobles ancetres, & grands
proginiteims, nous refusAmes leur proposition. Mais aprts
plusiem's instances reiterees, nous consenthnes de r6gner sur
eux, sous condition, qu'ils abjureroient de coeur & de bouche
leurs anciennes en'eurs, & reconnoitroient la legitime succession
des gi*ands Califes (auxquels Dieu soit favorable !) ils consen-
tirent k nos demandes, & quitterent leurs h^r^sies.

Maintenant, puisne Sa Haute Majeste, exaltde au-dessus des
autres rois de monde, qui a le pouvoir de Salomon, T^clat du
soleil, le protecteur des fideles croyans, le vainqueur des infi-
dfeles, le roi des deux continens & des deux mers, un second
Iskander Zoulkarnein, serviteurdes deux cites sacrdes, TEmpereur
& Victorieux Sultan Mahmoud Khan, dont Dieu a 6tendu Fombre
sur tout Tunivers, veritable Calife des croyans, & lumifere de la
famille Turcmane, nous a demande Taccroissement de notre
amitie, nous, en consequence, esp^rant la continuation de ces
sentimens favorables, la dispensons de deux des Articles, que
nous avions proposes, & ne demandons que la confirmation des
trois autres, pour Tuniformitci de religion, & poui* la preserva-
tion de notre empire, desirant a cette N(5gociation une conclu-
sion heureuse.

Et quand meme nous n'aurions pas eu Tintention d'^carter
tout sujet d'ali^nation entre nous, & de donner la paix k nos
sujets, en faisant fleurir les boutons de rose et cet amicable
Traits, nous aurions, ncanmoins, pour Thonneur des fidyes
croyans, notifie k Sa Haute Majeste, exalt^e ainsi que Salomon,
notre changement fortune de religion, & la desertion de nos
anciennes erreurs.

Parts of Provinces of Irak and Azarhigian ceded by Persia to

Jurkey.

Comme quelques parties des Provinces de Tlrak, & de
I'Azarbigian, pendant le rfegne agite de Chah Ismail, farent
transferees a la Cour Ottomane, afin qu'il ne reste aucun sujet
de complainte, nous donnons, en present, un de ces Territoires
a Sa Majeste TEmpereur des Turcs. Et puisque dans la lettre
royale, que le trfes-noble Netif Eflfendi nous a port^e, Sa trte-
haute Majeste desire d'etablir Tamour & la bienveillance entre
les deux Empires, de generation a g^n^ration, de notre part
nous croyons, que la confirmation de cette amiti^, & la tranquil-
lity de nos Dominations, sont des objets aussi importans qu'avan-

IGl . M

Jan., 1747.] PEESIA AND TURKKY.

tageiix ; nous desirons done que la paix faite autrefois, dans le
terns de ilorad quatrieme, ciitre les Turcs & les Persans, soit
renouvellee ; & nous demandons, que Sa dite Majeste acquiesce
gracieusement a cc present Traite de paix, qui contient le plan,
la stipulation, trois Articles, & un Supplement.

Perpetual Friendship.

Que la paix conclue dans le terns du Sultan Morad IV,*
d'heureuse memoire, entre les deux Empires de Perse & de
Turquie, soit renouvelMe ; puisse-t-elle demeurer ferme, & per-
petuelle dans toutes les Provinces, & puisse sa continuation
n'fitre alter^e ni troublee par aucun manquement !

Stipulation, — Apres que toutes commotions sont endormies,
que le sabre est replace dans le fourreau, aprte que tout ce qui
pent renverser la paix, & d^truire Tamiti^, est 6cart^ ; que la
benediction de Dieu, le pacte d'amom* & d'unanimit^, soit
durable entre les deux empires, & les families des deux
monarques, jusqu'au jour du jugement.

Persian Pilgrims,

Art. I. Que les p^lerins de Perse, qui passeront par Bagdad,
ou par la Syrie, pour se rendre au temple sacr6, seront conduits
d'une station k Pautre en sfiret^, & prot^g^s par les magistrate
& gouvemeurs des places, qui se trouvent dans leur voyage.

Commissioners to be appointed to receive Mutual Iributes.

Art. IL Pour confirmer I'amiti^ & I'alliance entre les deux
Cours, que tons les trois ans un Conimissaire soit envoy^ de la
Porte en Perse, & de la Perse en Turquie, pour recevoir les
tributs mutuels.

Freedom of Slaves. Slave Trading.

Art. III. Que les esclaves de chacune des deux nations soient
mis en liberte, & qu'il ne soit pas permis de les acheter, ou
vendre, mais qu'ils ayent le privilege de retoumer dans leurs
pays respectifs.

Frontier Disturbances. Religion.

AppendicCy ou Supplement, — Que les Gouvemeurs de toutes"
les villes fronti^res evitent toutes commotions, qui peuvent
tendre h, la dissolution de ce Traite; & que les Persans s'ab-
stiennent de toutes expressions peu conv^nables relativement
a la religion qu'ils ont embrass^e, & k ceUe qu'ils ont d^sert^e,
pour suivre la secte des Sunnis.

Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, or other Holy Cities.

Qu'ils ne mentionnent jamais les grands Califes, sans due

■ ■ 1

* See Note, page 158.

162

PKKSIA AM) TIKKKY. r2Htli Julv, IR23.

reverence & prieres; quo loi'Kqu'ilM voyagoiit pour allcr ou au
temple de la Mecqiio, ou a Medinc, ou dans quelqucK autrcK
cites celibreB, ou qu*ilH fravei-sent la Natolie avec d'autreK
pelerins du pays, ou de quelquo autre nation Maliometano, ils
ne leur montrent auciine marque d'aversion ou d'alienation.

Custotns Duties.

Qu'aussi dans les Yilles Imperiales on ne mette aucun impot
sur ceux qtd ne font aucun profit par le commerce, mais que les
ojQSciers de la douane fassent pa^er des droits seulement aux
coinmer9ans, & ne demandent nen do plus, <& qu'enfin dans
ces occasions on tienne la nieme conduite dans les deux
Empires.

Observance of Stipulations of Treaty,

Nous ddclarons done, en vertu de cc Traite, que la susdite

f>aix & les Articles mentioimes en icelle, demeureront k jamais
ermes entre les deux Empires & les families de leurs souvorains,
bien entendu, tant qu'il n'y aura aucune action contraire de
commise, de Fun ou de Tautre cote. Quiconque de sa part
sera coupable d'une telle violation, offensera contre sa propro
conscience, & quiconque observera ces Conventions, recevra du
ciel une recompense.

Ecrit dans le mois sacrcS de MohaiTcm, Tannee 11 GO de notre
Prophfete, auquel soit louanges & saints ! [January, 1747.]

TREATY of Peace hetioeen Turkey aiid Persia. — Signed at

Erzeroom, 2ith July, 1823.*

Table of Contents.

Art

Preamble.

Confirmation of Treaty of January, 1746, of other Agreements respecting

Boundaries, Pilgrims, Merchants, &c.
Bestoralion by Persia to Turkey of Places taken Possession of during late
War. Prisoners of War.
I. Non-interference in Internal Affairs of either States or on side of Bagdad and

Khoordistan. Frontier Tribes. Tribut-e. Bent of Pasture Lands, &c.
IL Persian Pikgrims proceeding to Mecca and Medina. Pilgrims to Kerbelah
and Nujtm. Beeiprocity U> be shown by Persia towards Ottoman Subjects.
Penian Pil^prims ; Customs Duties, &c. Free Sale .of Persian Pipe-sticks
at Constantmople.
m. Tribal Disputes on Frontiers : Hyderanloo and Sibbikcc.
lY. Non-jprotection of Deserters and others.
y. Bestitation of Sequestered and other Property.
VI. Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
Vll. Beoeption of Mmisters. Deserters.
Fimd ArHne.~-''No Claims to be adyanccd on account of Plunder, Losses, or War
Indemnities. Batifications.

■■■'■■■ ' II I ■! ■ I I ■ <

• Confinued by Treaty of ^ May, 1847, Art. IX, page 172.

163 M 2

28th July, 1828.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

(Translation.)

In the Name of the Most Merciful God,

Preamble.

Arising from various circumstances, of late years the
amicable relations between the Two powerful Mahomedan
States became interrupted, and their friendship and good
understanding were converted into strife and enmity, which
terminated in open warfare. The interests of the reUgion of
Islam required a reconciUation, the Two Governments were
anxious to prevent the further effusion of blood, — and the
renewal of the ties of amity was mutually desired and proposed.

With this view, by the authority of a Firman from His
Majesty the King of Kings, the Hakan son of a Hakan, the
Conqueror Feth AUi Shah, the Sovereign of Persia, and also
invested with discretionary Powers from His Royal Highness,
the Heir Apparent, Prince Abbas Mirza, the High in Dignity,
Mirza Mahomed AUi Mustofee, has been honoured with the
rank of Plenipotentiary; and in virtue of a Firman, His Majesty,
the Protector of the Faith, the Guardian of the Holy Cities,
Sultan of the Sea and Earth, the Sultan, son of a Sultan, the
Conqueror Mahmood Han, Emperor of the Ottomans, has
named for His Plenipotentiary, the Illustrious Mohammed Emin
Raauf Pasha, Seraskier, Governor of Erzeroom, and Wallee
( Lieutenant) of the Eastern Provinces of the Ottoman Empire,
who, on the exchange of their FuU Powers, have concluded
their Conferences and Discussions, in the before-mentioned
City, by assenting to the following Conditions of Peace.

Confirmation of Ireaty of January^ 1746, of other Agreements
respecting Boundaries^ Pilgrims, Merchants, ^c.

Basis. — The Stipulations of the Treaty concluded in the
year of the Hegira 1159 [January 1746]* respecting the ancient
Boundaries of the Two Empires, and the former Agreements
relating to Pilgrims, Merchants, the delivery of Refugees, the
free egress of all Prisoners, and the residence of a Minister at
the respective Courts, are considered valid, and are to be
strictly observed. The slightest deviation from the engage-
ments therein detailed shall not be permitted, and the amity
between the Two powerful States shall be for ever preserved.

Restoration by Persia to Turkey of Places taken Possession of

during late War.

Stipulations. — Henceforward the Sword of Enmity shall be
sheathed, and every circumstance shall be avoided, which may
produce coldness or disgust, and may be contrary to friendship
and perfect union. The Countries within the boundaries of the

* Page 155.

164

PERSIA AND TUKKEY. [28th July, 1828

Ottoman Empire, which, during the war, or previously to the
commencement of hostilities, have been taken possession of by
Persia, including Fortresses, Districts, Lancus, Towns, and
Villages, to be restored in their present state, and, at the
expiration of sixty days from the signature of this Treaty, to be
delivered over to the Ottoman Government.

Prisoners of War.

And in token of respect for this happy peace, the -prisoners
captured on both sides, without concealment or prevention,
shall have free permission to depart. Provisions and other
necessaries requisite for the journey shall be afforded them,
and they shall be sent to the Frontiers of the two Countries,

Non-interference in internal Affairs of either State, or on side

of Bagdad and Khoordistan.

Art. I. The Two High Powers do not admit each other's
interference in the interjial affairs of their respective States.
From this period, on the side of Bagdad and Koordistan no inter-
ference is to take place, nor with any Districts of the Divisions
of Koordistan withm the Boundaries, is the Persian Government
to intermeddle, or authorise any acts of molestation, or to
assume any authority over the present or former Possessors of
those Countries.

Frontier Tribes. Tribute. Rent of Pasture JLand^^ Sfc.

And on that frontier, should the Tribes of either side pass
the boundaries for a summer or winter residence, the Agents
of His Royal Highness the Heir Apparent, with the Pasha of
Bagdad, shall arrange the tribute customary to be paid, the rent
of the pasture lands, and other claims, in order that they may
not cause any misunderstanding between the two Governments.

Persian Pilgrims j)7*oceeding to Mecca and Medina.

Art. II. Persian subjects proceeding to the Holy Cities of
Mecca and Medina, as to other Mahomedan towns, such as
Pilgrims, and persons travelling through the Ottoman T^rii-
tories, are to be entirely exempted from all contributions ; and
other impositions at variance with lawful usage are not to be
demanded from them.

Pilgrims to Kerbelah and Nujuff.

In like manner the Pilgrims to Kerbelah and Nujuff, as long
as they have no merchandize, neither tribute nor tax of any
kind is to be extracted from them ; but in case they have in
their possession articles of commerce, the iust rate of Customs
is to be levied on such goods, and nothing extra is to be
demanded.

165

28th July, 1823.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

Pilgrims, Reciprocity to be shown by Persia towards Ottoman

Subjects,

The Persian Goverament is likewise bound to pursue the
same line of conduct towards the Merchants and Subjects of the
Ottoman Empire. In conformity with former Engagements,
from this period, on the part of the Vizirs the Emir-Elhadj,
and other Commanders and Governors,- the ancient Stipulations
respecting the Persian Pilgrims and Merchants shall be con-
sidered as in full force and acted upon.

Persian Pilgrims. Customs Duties^ ^c.

The Pilgrims shall be conducted from Damascus to the Holy
Cities, and back to Damascus, and on the part of the Emir-
Elhadj every attention shall be shown towairds them ; whilst no
treatment at variance with the existing engagements shall be
permitted; on the contrary, every exertion shall be made to
afford them aid and protection. In case any disputes should
arise amongst the Persian Pilgrims, the Emir-Elhadj, in con-
junction with the chief person among them, is to settle their
differences. To the female attendants of His Persian Majesty,
the wives of the Royal Princes, or of the Grandees of the
Empire, who may be on pilgrimage to Mecca, or to Kerbelah
and Nujuff, every respect and honour shall be paid according to
their respective ranks. Persian Merchants and Subjects shall
pay the same rate of Customs as those of the Ottoman Govern-
ment. . The duties are only to be exacted once, and they shall
be at a computation of four piastres to a' hundred on the value
of the mierchandize ; TesMrh shall be giv«en; and 'whilst the
goods remain in the possession of the first proprietors, and are
not disposed of to other Persons, no further duties are to be
demanded*

Free Sale of Persian Pipe-sticks at Constantinople,

The Persian Merchants, who carry the Choobooksj or Pjpe-
sticks of Sheeraz to Constantinople, shall be allowed to tramck
them without any restrictions, and to sell them to whomsoever
they may think proper. To the Merchants, Subjects, and
Dependants of the Two High Powers, visiting the two Countries,
in consideration of the Mahomedan religion, every friendly
treatment shall be extended, and they shall be preserved from
all molestation and injury.

THbal Disputes on Frontiers, Hyderanloos and Sibbikees.

Art. III. The Tribes of Hyderanloo and Sibbikee, which
have been the cause of contention between the Two High
Powers, and are now dwelling in the Territory of the Ottoman
Empire, should they from thence transgress the boimdary of
Persia, and commit any ravages, the Turkish Frontier Authori*

>166

PEBSIA AND TURKEY. [28th July, 1823.

ties will endeavour to prevent such proceedings, and punish the
offenders. In case that these tribes continue to invade and
molest the Persian Territory, and the Frontier Authorities do
not put a stop to these aggressions, the Ottoman Government
shall cease to protect them, and should these Tribes of their
own will and choice return to Persia, their departure shall not
be prohibited nor opposed. But after theii- arrival in Persia,
should they again desert to Turkey, the Ottoman Government
shall afford them no further protection, nor shall they be re-
ceived. In the event of theu* return to Peinsia, should these
tribes disturb the tranquillity of the Ottoman Territory, the
Persian Frontier Authorities agree to use every effort to prevent
these irregularities.

Norirprotection of Deserters and others.

Art. IV. In conformity with ancient engagements, the
deserters from either Country shall not be received ; and in like
manner, from this period, the wandering Tribes and others
quitting Persia for Turkey, or Turkey for Persia, sliall not
receive protection from either party.

Restitution of Sequestered and other Property,

Art. V. The property of the Persian Merchants sequestrated
at Constantinople, with the cognizance of the Law and accord-
ing to the public registers, from the date of this Treaty to the
period of sixty days, wherever the sequestration may have
taken place, shall be restored to the Proprietors. Besides the
goods imder sequestration, whatever effects during the war
may have been tieiken by force from the Persian Pilgrims and
Subjects throughout the Ottoman Dominions, by the different
Vizirs and Governors, on the representations of the Persian
Government, Firmans shall be delivered up to the Agents of
such persons, who, on giving lawful proofs of the authenticity
of their claims, shall receive the required restitutions.

Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects,

Art. VI. On the demise of any Persian Subjects in the
Ottoman Dominions, should the deceased have no lawful heir
and executor present, the Officers of the Treasury (Beit ul Mai)
shall, with the cognizance of the Law, register the property,
and shall enter it upon the Records of the Court of Judicature.
For the period of one year the effects shall be lodged in a secure
place, until the lawful heir or administrator of the estate may
amve, when, according to the Register of the Courts of Judica-
ture, the property shall be deUvered up. The customary fees
and the Hire of the place for depositing the effects are to be
paid, and should they be burnt or destroyed within the above
stated period, no claims are to be advanced for the recovery of
the property. If during the said period the heir or the executor

167

28th July, 1823.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

of the deceased does not arrive, the Officers of the Treasury,
with the knowledge of the Agent of the Persian Government,
shall sell the property and keep the amount"in deposit.

Reception of Ministers.

Art. VII. Agreeably to former Engagements, and for the
purpose of adding fresh ties to the Alliance, a Minister shall be
sent every three years to reside for that period at the respective
Courts.

Deserters,

The subjects of the Two High Powers, who, during the
War, may have deserted from either country, in consideration of
this happy Peace, shall suflFer no punishment for the ofience
committed.

No Claims to be advanced on account of Plunder ^ Losses^ or War

Indemnities,

Final Article, — The Capitulations detailed in the Basis of the
Treaty, and the Stipulations and diflFerent Ai'ticles which have
been the result of the Conferences, shall be approved of by both
Parties. No claims shall be advanced on account of plunder
and losses, or any indemnification required for the expenses of
the War, and the principle adhered to by both Governments
shall be to overlook all past occurrences.

Bxitifications.

According to established custom, the Eatifications of this
Treaty shall be exchanged; and, from the signature of this
Authentic Instrument, to the space of sixty days. Ambassadors
of secondary rank shall meet each other on the Frontiers of the
two countries, and from thence proceed to the Courts of the
respective States, for the purpose of dehvering the Ratified
Treaty. In this manner the Alliance has been renewed and
confirmed, and the truest reconciliation has taken place from
the date of this Treaty. No alterations shall be made in the
above Stipulations and Agreements, nor any measiu*es hereafter
pursued, m repugnance to the rights of friendship.

The Plenipotentiary of the Ottoman Government, in virtue
of his Full Powers, has signed and sealed this Treaty on the
19th day of Zilkaade, in the year 1238,* for which this Instru-
ment in exact conformity thereto, has been delivered by the
Plenipotentiary of His Persian Majesty, agreeably to his Full
Powers.

(L.S.) MOHAMMED EMIN RAAUF.
(L.S.) MAHOMED ALLI.

* 28th Jiilj, 1823.

168

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [Slsi May, 1847-

TREATY of LimitSy between lurkei/ and Persia,^ — Signed at

Krzeroom^ ^^ May^ 1847,

[Ratifications exchanged at Constantinople, 21st March, 1848.]

Table of Contents.
Art.

I. Abandonment of all Pecuniair Claims on either side.

II. Abandonment by Persia of all Lands to the west of the Province of Zohab.
Abandonment by Turkey of all Lands to the east of tlie Province of
SSohab, including the Valley of Kerrind.' Withdrawal of Persia to any
Claim to the Town and Province of Suleimania. Recognition of Persian
Right of Sovereignty over the Town and Port of Mohammerah, the Island
of Khizr, and the lands on the left bank of the Schatt-ul-Arab. Riglit
of Persian Ships to navigate the Schatt-ul-Arab.
III. Commissioners to be appointed to define Boundary between Turkey and

Persia.
IT. Commissioners to settle questions of Losses sustained on either side since

aooeptanoe of proposals of Mediating Powers of 1843 or 1846.
y. Abode of Fugitive Persian Princes to be fixed at Brupsa. Other Fugitives to

be given up.
YI. Customs Dues payable by Persian Merchants.

YII. Right of Persian PilgrimS to visit Holy Places in Ottoman States. Privileges
and Protection to be enjoyed by Persian Pilgrims and all Persian subjects.
Right of Persia to appoint Consuls in Turkey, except at Mecca and Medina.
Right of Turkey to appoint Consuls in Persia.
YIIL Snimression of Brigandage, &c., on Frontiers.
IX. Confirmation of former Treaties. Ratifications.

(Traduction.)

Abandonment of all Pecuniary Claims on either aide.

kSLT. I. Les 2 Puissances Mussulmanes arretent que les
reclamations p^cuniaires qu'elles avaient elev^es jusqu'k present,
Tune h. charge de Tautre, soient totalement abandonn^s ; mais
que nuUe atteinte ne soit portee par cat arrangement aux dia-

Sositions (prises) pour le r^glement des reclamations ins^rees
ans TAxticle IV.

Almidonment by Persia of all Lands to the West of the Province of

Zohab,

Art. II. Le Gouvernement de Perse s'engage k abandonner
au Gouvernement Ottoman tons les terrains plats, c'est-a-dire,
les terrains de la partie occidentale de la province de Zohab.

Abandonment by Turkey of all Lands to the East of tJie Province of

Zohab^ including the Valley of Kerrind.

Et le Gouvernement Ottoman s' engage de son cote a
abandonner au Gouvernement Persan la partie orientale, c'est-
irdire, tons les terrains montagneux de la province de Zohab,
avec la valine de Kerrind.

* Correspondence passed in 1847, 1851, and 1865, respecting the demarkation of
the Turco- Persian Frontier which was laid before Parliament in the latter year
(see ** state Papers," Vol. 56, page 648).

169

31st May, 1847.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

W ithdrawal of Persia to all Claim to the J own and Province of

Suleimania,

Le Gouvemement Persan se desiste de toute espfece de pre-
tention relative k la ville et k la province de Smeimani6, et
s'engage formellement a ne jamais exercer nulle espfece
d'immixtion ni d'empietement par rapport au droit de
souverainet^ du Gouvernement Ottoman sur la dite province.

Recognition of Persian right of Sovereignty over the Town and Port
of Molmmmerah^ the Island of Khizr, and Lands on the Left
Bank of the Schatt-ul-Arab,

Le Gouvernement Ottoman s'engage formellement a ce que
la ville et r^chelle de Mohammara, Tile de Khizr, le lieu
d'ancrage, et aussi les ten*ains de la rive orientale, c'est-k-dire,
de la rive gauche du Scbatt-ul-Arab, qui sont en la possession
des tiibus reconnues comme relevant de la Perse, soient dans la
possession du Gouvernement Persan en pleine souverainete.

Right of Persian Ships to Navigate the Schatt-xd-Arab.

Outre cela, les navii'es Persans aurontle droit de naviguer en
pleine liberte sur le Schatt-ul-Arab, depuis Tendi-oit ou ce fleuve
se jette dans la mer jusqu'au point de contact des frontiferes des
2 parties.

Commissioners to le Appointed to define Boundary between Turkey

and Persia.

Art. III. Les 2 Parties Contractantes ayant par le present
Traite abandonne leurs autres reclamations territoriales, s'enga-

fent k nommer imm^diatement des 2 cotes des Commissaires et
es Ingenieurs, afin que ceux-ci determinent les frontiferes entre
les 2 Etats d'une maniere conforme k I'Article pr^c^dent.

Cmimissioners to settle questions of Losses sustained on either side
since acceptance of proposals of mediating Powers of 1845 or
1846.

Art. IV. II est respectivement d^cid^ que des Commissaires
seront imm^diatement nommes de part et d'autre, pour juger et
regler d'une manifere equitable les questions des dommages
essuyes des 2 cotes depuis Tacceptation des propositions amicales
trarC^es et communiquees par les 2 grandes Puissances media-
trices au mois de Dj6maziy-ul-ewel, 1261 [1845 or 1846] : ainsi
que celles des droits de paturage depuis I'ann^e oil leur paiement
a 6te arri^r^.

Abode of Fugitive Persian Princes to be fixed at Brussa.

Art. V. Le Gouvernement Ottoman promet de fixer it

170

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [Slat May, 184Z#

Brousse le domicile des Priuces Persans fugitifs, et de ne pas
permettre qu'ils s'absentent dudit lieu, ni qu'ils entretiennent
des relations clandestines avec la Perse.

Other Fugitives to be given up.

Et les 2 Hautes Puissances s'engagent k ce que, conformd-
ment au'prdc^dent Trait6 d'Erzeroum,* les autres transfuges
soient tous rendiis.

Custonis Dues pat/able by Persian Mercliayits.

Art. VI. Les n^gociants Persans paieront en nature ou en
argent comptant les droits de douane pour leurs marchandises,
selon la valeur actuelle et courante des dites marchandises, et
de la manifere indiquee dans TArticle relatil* au commerce du
Traits d'Erzeroum conclu en 1238 [28tli July, 1823]. On no
demandera rien (pas une piece de monnaie) en sus du montant
fix^ dans le dit Traits.

Right of Persian Pilgrims to visit Ilolg Places in Ottoman States,

Art. VII. Le Gouvernement Ottoman promet d'accorder les
privileges n^cessaires pour que, en conformite des Trait^s pre-
cedents, les p^lerins Persans puissent visiterj en toute sAretd et
a Tabri de toute espfcce de vexation, les lieux saints qui se
trouvent dans les Etats Ottomans.

•

Privileges and Protection to be enjoyed by Persian Pilgnms and all

Persian Suifjects.

Et, de plus, desii'ant raffermir et consolider les liens de
Tamitie et de la concorde qui doivent subsister entre les 2
Puissances Musulmanes et entre leui*s sujets respectifs, il s'en-
gage h prendre les mesures les plus convenables k ce que, de
mSme que les p61erins Persans jouissent de tous les privileges
dans les Etats Ottomans, les autres sujets Persans aussi en
participent, et que, tant pour leur commerce que sous d'autres
rapports, ils soient mis a I'abri de toute sorte d'injustice, de
molestation, ou d'incivilite.

*»-
Sight of Persia to Appoint Consuls in Turkey, except at Mecca

and Medina,

Outre cela, le Gouvernement Ottoman promet de reconnaitre
les Consuls qui seront nommes par le Gouvernement Persan dans
tels endroits des Etats Ottomans ou les intefets commerciaux et
la protection des sujets et negociants Persans I'exigeraient, a
I'exception de la Mecque la veneree, et de Medine la resplendis-
sante ; et d'observer k regard desdits Consuls tous les privileges

* 28tli July, 1823, page 163.

I71

8l8t May, 1847.] PERSIA AND TURXEY.

diis k leur caractere officiel et qui sont observes envers lew
Consuls des autres Puissances amies.

Right of Turkey to Appoint Consuls in Persia.

De son cot^, le Gouvemement Persan s' engage a user en
toute chose de precedes r^ciproques, soit envers les Consuls cjui
seront nomm^s par le Gouvemement Ottoman dans tels endroits
de la Perse oil ils seront juges necessaires, soit k regard des
sujets et n^gociants Ottomans qui fr^quenteraient la Perse.

Suppression of Brigandage^ ^c, on Frontiers.

Art. VIII. Les 2 Hautes Puissances Musulmanes s'engagent
a adopter et k mettre a execution les mesures necessaires pour
empScher et r^primer les vols et les brigandages des tribus et
des autres peuplades stabiles sur les frontiferes; auquel eflFet,
elles placeront des troupes dans les lieux convenables. Et elles
s'engagent k s'acquitter de leur devoir quant a toute espfece
d'actes d'agression, tels que pillage, depredation, ou meurtre, qui
auraient lieu sur leurs territoires respectifs.

Les 2 Hautes Puissances laisseront une fois pour toutes a la
libre volont^ des tribus qui, leur Suzerain n'^tant pas connu,
sont contest^es, la faculte de choisir et de designer les endroits
oi dor^navant elles demeureront toujours; et il est arrSte que
les tribus dont la dependance est connue, seront forcies de
rentrer dans le territoire de I'Etat dont elles relfevent.

Confirmation of former Treaties,

Art. IX. Tons les points et les Articles des Trait^s prece-
dents, et particuliferement ceux du Traits conclu a Erzeroum en
1238,* qui ne sont pas specialement modifies ou annuies par le
present Traite, sont confirmes dans toute leur force et dans
toutes leurs dispositions, comme s'ils eussent ete ins^r^s mot-a-
mot dans cette pifece.

Satifications.

II est convenu entre les 2 Hautes Puissances qu'apres que ce
Traite aura ete echange, elles Taccepteront et le signeront, et
que les ratiiS cations en seront echangees dans Tespace de 2 mois,
ou plus tot.

16 Djemazil Akhir, 1263 {'^ May, 1847).

(L.S.) ENVARRE EFFENDI.
(L.S.) MIRZA TAKKEE KHAN.

* 23rd July, 1823, page 163.
172

/

PERSIA AND TURKEY. r28th Not., 186S.

TREATY between the Sublime Porte and the Shall of Persia, for
Hie Eetabliehment of a Line of Telegraph. — Signed at Con^
stantinople, 2Sth November^ 1863.

Table ov Coktbkts.
Art.

I. Brancli Lines to be established.
II. lines to meet at Hankin.

ni. Teleffraphio Despatches between Persia, &c., and Turkey, &o., and vice vend,
ly. Employment of Morse's System.
y. Telegraphic Despatches,
yi. Charges.

yil. Charges for Telegraphic Despatches passing by Turkish, Asiatic, and by
Persian Lines.

ix I- Telegraphic Despatches sent by Hankin and by Bagdad and Bussorah.

X. Telegraph Employes.

XI. Commencement and Duration of Conyontion.
XII. Ratification.

(Traduction.)

Branch Lines to be establialied.

Art. I. Le Gouvemement Persan promet d'6tendi-e une de
ses lignes t^l^graphiques jusqu'k un eiidroit 8itu6 sur les
frontiires Ottomanes, et de son cote le Gouvernement Ottoman
b' engage d'etablir un embranchement d'un endroit quelconque
de sa ligne telegrapliique entre Scutari et Bagdad jusqu'i
I'endroit oil la ligne teldgraphique Persane serait porte.

Lines to meet at Hankin.

Art. it. II fut convenu entre les deux Parties Contractantea
que I'endroit nommi Hankin sera fix6 comme point de rencontre
des deux lignes; cependant, si plus tard il y a n^cessit^ de
faciliter et d'^largir les communications tdl^graphiques, elles
pourront Stre r<3unies egalement sur d'autres points des
frontiferes.

Telegraphic Despatches between Persia^ Sfc.^ and Turkey, ^<?., and

vice versd.

Art. III. Le Gouvemement Ottoman promet d'admettre et
de faire passer sans difficult^ les depSches t^l^graphiques trans-
mises du Royaume Persan ou bien d'un Etat qui est en com-
munication feM^aphique avec la Perse, en destination pour les
Etats de Sa Majesty le Sultan, ou bien pour un Etat etranger
qui est en communication t^l^graphique avec le Gouvernement
Ottoman; et il est de meme convenu que le Gouvemement
Persan admettra et fera passer sans difficult^ les depeches t6l6-
graphiques transmises de la Turquie ou bien d'un Etat qui est
en communication t^legraphique avec le Gouvernement Otto-
man, en destination pour la Perse ou pour uu Etat Stranger qui

173

26<^NoV., 1863.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

est en communication telegi'aphique avec le Gouvemement
Persan.

Les depecheS^telegi-aphiques de la Perse dans les Etats Otto-
mans, et les depeches telegraphiques des Etats Ottomans en
Perse, participeront aiix memes avantages et obligations que
les depeches interieures respectives ou bien celles d'un antre
Etat Stranger.

Employment of Morsels System.

Art. IV. Les denx Parties Contractantes s'engagent d'em-
ployer I'appareil Morse, employ 6 actuellement en- Europe, pour
la transmission des depeches telegraphiques qu'ils auront k
echanger ; et de mSme en ajoutaht la Convention de Bruxelles*
k ce Traite, elles etablissent qu'elles se conformeront, en toutes
choses, aux clauses de la susdite Convention pour ce qui regarde
la transmission des depeches telegraphiques.

Telegraphic Despatches.

Art. V. Les depeches telegraphiques, qui seront ^changees
entre les deux Parties Contractantes^ sont divisees en deux :
1, les depeches Persanes et Ottomanes qui partent d'un des
bureaux telegraphiques de Tun des susdits-Gouvernements pour
les Etats de autre; et 2, les depSches des Gouvemements
etrangers qui passent par les Etats de Tune des Parties Con-
tractantes en destination pour I'etranger.

Cliarges,

Art. VI. La taxe k percevoir pour les depeches de la premiere
categoric est fixee k 30 paras par fersahy ou bien k 20 paras par
heure, en commencjant de Hankin jusqu'i I'endroit de leur desti-
nation. • La taxe ainsi calcuiee ne conceme que les depeches
qui contiennent 20 mots ou moins que cela, tant dans TEmpire
Ottoman qu'en Pei'se ; quant k celles qui contiennent plus de
20 mots, elles seront grevees de 10 piastres par chaque 10 mots
ou mSme d'une fraction de 10 mots qu'elles contiennent.

Charges for Telegraphic Despatches passing hy Turhishy Asiatic^

and by Persian Lines,

Art. VII. Les depeches telegraphiques de la seconde cate-
goric seront taxees d'aprfes la Convention de Bruxelles* annexee
au present Traite, seulement lorsque celles-ci passent par les
domaines Asiatiques du Sultan et par les lignes Persanes, elles
y seront taxees d'aprte le mode ci-dessus mentionne ; de sorte
que la tax:e des depeches qui appartiennent k cette categorie
sera per9ue dans le bureau etabli k la frontifere Persane en sahib

* This Convention was concluded between Prussia, on her own behalf and in
the name of Austria, Bay aria, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtemburg, Netherlands, Badeny ,.
and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. — Belgium and France at Brussels on the 30th Junef .*
1858. See ''State Papers," Yol. 57, page 1095.

174

PERSIA AND TURKKY. [2WU Nov., 1863.

keiHtna et en piastres, tandis quo la taxe do cgh depoclies daiiR les
parties d'Europe jusqu'k Teudroit do leiir destiuation wera per9ue
eii francs, et ce mode de perception do taxea sera observe dans
la transmission des depecliOH telegraphiques des Etats Ottomans
aiix Indes Orientates.

Telegraphic Despatches sent by IlanMn and by Bagdad and

Bussorali,

Art. VIII; Les d^p^ches t^ldgraphiques partant de TEurope
par les lignes t416grapliiques Ottomanes, en destination pour lbs
pays Asiatiques situ& au-del& des domaines Persans, et celles
trausmises de oes pays au continent Europ6en, sent divisees en
deux parties ^gales, dont Tune pa&scra par les lignes do Hankin
et de la Perse, et I'autre par Bagdad et Bussorah.

Art. IX. La correspondance telegraphique cntre les Etats
Ottomans et ceux de la Perse sera fait en langne Turque,
Persane, Fran^aise, et Anglaise.

Telegraph Employes.

Art. X. Les employes du tel(5graplie, aux service des deux
Parties Contractantes, ^changeront leurs comptes h la fin de
chaque mois, et chaque semestre ils r<5gleront d^finitivement
leurs comptes d'apris revaluation mon6taire suivaute :

Piastres. Paras.
Sahib Keran • • • • . • 6

Toman 50

franc • 4 14

Abas 1

Commencement and Duration of Convention.

Art. XI. La pr^sente Convention sera mise en execution k
rexpiration de 4 mois, et plutdt si cela est possible, et elle sera
en vigueur pendant 10 ans depuis le jour de Tdchange des
ratifications.

Ratifications.

Art. Xn. Cette Convention sera ratifi^e par les deux
Gouvemements et les ratifications seront 6cliangees k Constan-
tinople dans I'espace de 3 mois depuis ce jour.

Constantinople, 17 Djemaziul-ahir, 1280 (le 28 Novembre,
1863).

175

3rd Aug., 1869.]

PERSIA AND TURKEY.

TEMPORARY BOUNDARY AGREEMENT between Turkey

and Persia, 3rd August, 1869.*

Table op Contents.
Art.

Maintenance of Status Quo.
I. Security of Frontiers.
II. Land Disputes.
III. Temporary Authority of Party in Possession.
IT. No Buildings to be erected on Disputed Lands. !N'o existing Buildings or

Marks to be considered Proofs of Possession.
y. Bepair of Houses at Kazlee Gioul.

YI. Disputes on this Point to be referred to Central Government.
yil. Temporary Agreement to hold good pending Settlement of Boundary Line.

Maintenance

In order to confirm the status
qtio stipulated between the two
Governments respecting their
disputed grounds, this tempo-
rary document has been ex-
changed between the Sublime
Porte and the Persian Lega-
tion : —

of Status Quo.

Pour consolider et dormer
plus de force au rfeglement
de statu quo adopts par les
Gouvemements Turco-Persan
au sujet des lieux en litige des
frontiferes, la pr^sente conven-
tion a ^t^ provisoirement
echang^ entre I'Ambassadeur
de Perse et la Sublime Porte.

Security of Frontiers,

I. The two parties will use
every exertion towards in-
creasing the security of the
frontiers lying between their
respective States.

I. Pour s6curit6 et maintien
de bon ordre dans les frontiferes
qui s^parent les deux 6tats on
veillera scrupuleusement des
deux cotes de manifere k pre-
venir tout ^tat de choses d^-
favorables a la securit6 et con-
fiance respective.

Land Disputes.

IT. The status quo respecting
disputed lands, such as was
defined by the Commissioners
of the four Powers, is to con-
tinue in force until the boun-
dary line is settled. The two

II. Le r^glement de statu
quo qui a ^t6 adopts de part
et d'ordre lors de I'enquSte
des Commissaires des quatre
Gouvemements au sujet des
lieux litigieux des frontiferes

• In September, 1869, and February, 1870, a copy of the ** Identic Map " agreed
upon between Great Britain and Russia in March, 1865 (see page 218), was officially
communicated to the Turkish and Persian QoTernments respectively, but no
boundary was marked upon it.

176

PERSIA AND TURKEY.

[3rd Aug., 1869.

Governments and their frontier
authorities shall exert them-
selves to presei've this stipula-
tion, and shall refrain from any
action that may be opposed
thereto.

doit 6tre maintien tel quel
jusqu'a une delimitation defi-
nitive, et les autorit^s limi-
trophes respeetives en obser-
vant scrupuleusement le main-
tien de ce statu quo se garde-
rent de toute d-marche et con-
duite contraire pouvait porter
attente au dit reglement.

Land Disputes. Temporary Authority of Party in Possession.

ni. Every place which was
considered disputed land when
the status quo was accepted by
the parties shall remain under
the authority of the State
which governed it at that time
until the boundary is settled.
But this supervision will not
confer the right of ultimate
possession.

III. A partir de T^poque au
lo statu quo a etc adopts par les
deux Gouvememente les lieux
litigieuse en question qui se
sont trouves places sous Tadmi-
nistration de chacune des deux
parties seront encore pareiUe-
ment administr^s par elles
jusqu'k la delimitation defini-
tive des frontiferes mais il est
bien entendu que cette admi-
nistration ne sera point pre-
valer comme le droit et les
dits lieux litigieuse ne seront
aucunement par cela seul con-
sider^s des propriet6s acquises.

No Buildings to be Erected on Disputed Lands.

IV. On these disputed lands
no buildings of any description
shall henceforth be erected by
either party,

No Existing Buildings or Marks to

and any buildings or marks
which may liave hitherto been
erected on such lands shall not,
when the boundary line is fixed,
be considered as proofs of pos-
session by the party unentitled
thereto.

IV. Aucune construction &
Tavenir ne sera eiev^ sans
aucune demeuration que ce
soit dans les lieux en litige ^ui
se trouvent k Tadministration
de Tune et Tautre partie,

he considered Proofs of Possession.

et toutes elles qui ont en lieu
jusqu'k ce jour ainsi que toutes
les manques et id^es de limite
ne seront k le delimitation
definitive aucunement con-
siderees comme preuve de droit
et propriete acquis.

Repair of Houses at Kazlee Gioul {Cazlighure).

V. The repairing of the V. Exceptionalement k Par-
houses which were demolished tide precedent toutes les
at Kazlee Gioul does not form maisons ruinees k Cazlighure
part of the stipulation pre- seront reconstruites par leurs

177 N

3rd Aug., 1869.1

PERSIA AND TURKEY.

viously explained ; and it is
agreed upon by the two States
that the occupants of these
houses may repair them ; but
their doing so shall not be
considered, when the frontier
line is settled, as having con-
ferred upon them the right of
proprietorship.

proprietaires ; mais ces con-
structions comme il est dit
plus haut, ne seront point con-
sider^es comme preuves de
droit acquis k la designation
des frontieres.

Disputes on this Point to be Referred to Central Government,

VI. Should any dispute
arise between the frontier au-
thorities on this subject, they
must in the first instance dis-
cuss the matter between them-
selves in a manner suitable to
the dignity and rights of the
two States, and to the friend-
ship subsisting between them.
But if they should not be able
to agi*ee, they shall then, with-
out having recourse to any
action, refer the case to their
respective central Govern-
ments and await their instruc-
tions.

VI. Si des contestations
venaient k s*61ever entre les
autorites limitrophes rei^eo-
tives relativement aux lieux
litigieuse en question, on
s'adresser en premier lieu selon
toutes ces marques de con-
sideration de cordiality et de
bonne entente pour aplanir la
diflBculte entre eux, mais en
cas de misintelligence on s'em-
pressera de part et d'autre de
rapporter Paffaire sans y pro-
c^der k leur Gouvemement
respectif et attendra leurs in-
structions y relatives.

Temporary Agreement to hold Good pendiiig Settlement of Bouri'

dary Line.

VII. This temporary agree-
ment shall hold good untu the
boundary line is settled.* With
regard to t£e disputed lands
and the question under discus-
sion between the two Govern-
ments, no verbal or written
communication or protest
which may have been made
can alter the present stipula-
tions.
Sealed by Ali Pasha.

„ the MUSHEER-ED-DOWLAH,

Persian Envoy.

VII. Cette convention pro-
visoire sera observ^e scmpii-
leusement jusqu'i la delimita-
tion definitive des frontiferes
sans annuller neanmoins toutes
les reclamations et protesta-
tions echanges de part et
d'autre au sujet des lieux
litigieuse question, et des con-
structions y eievees qui toutes
gardent leur effet et vigueur.

Fait le 3 Aout, 1869.

Aall

HOUSSEIN.

The actual Boundary Line has not yet been settled. (April, 1891.)

178

PEESIA AND TUEKEY. [20th Dec, 1875.

CONVhNTlON between Persia and Turkey^ relative to Consular
Jurisdiction, Civil and Commercial Suits, Trade Guilds, Protec-
tion^ Nationality, ^c. — 20th December, 1875.*

Table of Contents.

Preamble : — Confirmation of former Treaties.
Art.
.1. Jurisdiction. Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes, and Mis-
demeanours.
Diplomatic and Consular Protection of Subjects of their Country. Trials
and Punishments to be Open and Public. GTrials of Suits and Disputes
between Persian and Ottoman Subjects, relating to Commerce, &c. Execu-
tion of Sentences.
II. Entrance of Persians to Trade G-uilds, &c.
in. Priyileges of Persian Consular Agents and their Interpreters.
IT. Protection of Persians by their Agents or Vice- Agents. Estates of Deceased

Persian Subjects.
y. Passports, Trayelling Permits, and Quarantine.
ITI. Exemption of Persians from Military Sendee, &c., in Turkey.
yn. Persian Consular Jurisdiction. Smts and Disputes between Persians, Civil
and Criminal. Detention of Persian Delinquents by Ottoman Police.
Information to be eiven to Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
yni. Non-inlerference with Dues payable by Persian Subjects to Persian Agent-s.
IX. Naturalisation of Persians as Ottoman Subjects.
X. Beoiprocal Treatment of Ottoman Subjects in Persia.
XI. Possession of Heal Property by Persians.

XII. Suits and Disputes between Persians and other Foreign Subjects.
Xni. Bankruptcies.

Xiy. Most-Favoured-Kation Treatment to bo enjoyed by Ottoman Subjects
resident in Persia and by Persians in Turkey. Mutual Execution of
Ajrticles of this Treaty.
Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes, and Misdemeanouvs.
Settlement of Suits and Disputes. Detention of Persians by Ottoman
Police.

(Translation.)

CONYENTION an'anged and concluded on the 21st of the month
of Zi-'l.Qa*da (a.h.) 1292 (20th December, 1875), between
the exalted Persian Legation and the Ottoman Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, with the condition of the continuance and
observation of the execution of the stipulations of the
Treaties concluded and existing between the two exalted
Governments, Persian and Ottoman, as heretofore ; and in
like manner, with the condition of the continued observance
of the stipulations of the Agreements that have been ratified
and put in force.

Jurisdiction, Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes^

and Misdemeanours,

Art. I.t The subjects of the exalted Persian Government
who are m the Ottoman dominions, in every matter relating to

* From ** State Papers," Vol. 67, page 542.

t See Turkish Viziriol Letter of January 4, 1876. Page 184.

179 * N 2

20eh Bee, 1875.] PERSIl AND TURKEY.

personal injiuies, crimes, and misdemeanours, shall be individu-
ally subject to the Regulations and Laws of the Ottoman
Empire, and directly to the poUce and tribunals of the said
Empire.

Jurisdiction. Diplomatic and Consular Protection of Subjects of
their Country, Trials and Punishments to be Open and Public.

But, since this clause must not in any manner invalidate the
rights of protection of Persian officials with respect to their own
suDJects in the way set forth in Article IV, for this reason the
investigations and punishments of acts in the nature of misdeeds
that take" place openly and publicly shall, as heretofore, be
carried out directly by means of the police and tribunals of the
Ottoman Empire ; and in other than these kinds of public and
witnessed oflFences, in order that the true circumstances of any
one of the Persian subjects taken into custody and detained on
an accusation of an act relating to personal injuries, crimes,
and misdemeanours, may become known in all the preliminary
investigations that take place in respect of him, whether in the
abode of felicity (Constantinople), or whether in some exterior
(provincial) place, the knowledge and cognizance of the Persian
Agents or Vice-Agents, and their presence, will be permissible,
until (or, in order that) the culpability or innocence of the
(accused) person shall become apparent. And in all cases, in
order to the sentencing of individuals whose crime, offence, or
misdemeanour has been proved, the judicial sentence issued
shall be communicated to the Persian officials in a certified copy
thereof.

Jurisdiction. Trials of Suits and Disputes between Persian and
Ottoman Subjects relating to Commerce^ ^c*.

Suits and contestations relating to commerce and ordinary
rights, as between Persian and Ottoman subjects, that may
chance to arise, shall be tried and decided m the Ottoman
Tribunals ; and when the time comes on for these kinds of
trials, it shall be permissible for an interpreter to be present on
the part of the Persian Agents.

Jurisdiction. Execution of Sentences.

In respect of the execution of the tenours of the sentences
relating to commerce or rights, by which Persian subjects may
be condemned, recourse will be had to the intervention of the
exalted (Persian) Legation and Agents. And if, as is conceiv-
able, in the space of time necessary for the execution of the
said sentences, non-performance or inability of performance
shall become patent and evident on the paii; of the exalted
Legation or Agents, they shall be earned out directly by the
Ottoman officials.

1H(.)

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [20th Dec., 1876.

Entrance of Persians into Trade Guilds^ ^r.

Art. II. If the Peiwan Biibjects resident in the Ottoman
dominions may wish, in like manner aw Ottoman subjects, to
enter into the cliaracter of any trade-guild, and to take up a
craft and industry, they shall, just as they participate in all the
regulations and laws executable in respect of the general com-
munity of the trade-guilds, therefore, so long as they shall
carry on a trade, art, and industry, thev shall be subject to the
said regulations, customs, and laws, ana by this means they will
be unavoidably (liable) to the dues charged upon Ottoman
tradesmen. In matters and deaKngs related to tradesmanship
they will be individually subject to the Ottoman tribunals and
officials.

Pinvilegea of Persian Consular Agents and their Interpreters,

Art. III. The Agents and Vice-Agents of the exalted
Persian Empire who are in the Ottoman dominions, and whose
official capacity is recognized in conformity with the diplomas
and commands of the Government, as also their interpreters,
shall enjoy the privileges, favours, and exemptions enjoyed bv
the Consuls and Vice-Consuls of the friendly Powers, and then-
interpreters.

Protection of Persians by their Agents or Vice-Agents.

Art. IV. Considering that the Agents and Vice-Agents are
commissioned to procure the means of safety, advantage, and
protiection of such subjects of the exalted Persian Government
as travel to the Ottoman dominions by land or by sea, or who
reside therein, they will have to make verbal and written com-
munications on these subjects to the Local Governments. And
furthermore, whenever a complaint against the Ottoman officials
and authorities shall be made on the pai-t of Persian subjects,
the Agents and Vice- Agents will proceed to make the necessary
verbal or written communications. And the individuals, sub-
jects of Persia, who will require to be sent to the Persian
dominions, will be forwarded thither by the Agents and Vice-
Agents. And, in case of need, they will have the right, when
so sending them, to have recourse to the Agency and assistance
of the Local Governments ; for the Local Governments, in con-
formity with their representations, shall put in execution the
needful assistance.

Estates of Deceased Persian Subjects,

In respect to the estates of deceased Persian subjects who
may die in the Ottoman dominions, since it pertains to the
Agents and Vice-Agents to take possession of such deceased
estates and to effect the registration, &c., thereof, in case of any
claim being set up against an estate by an Ottoman subject, it

181

20fcli Dec, 1876.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

will be brought before the tribunals and councils charged with
such business, in conformity with the regulations.

Passports^ Travelling Permits, and Quarantine,

Art. V. Persian subjects who have no official capacity, but
who travel and go about in the Ottoman dominions, and thus
become subject to the regulations concerning passports, travel-
ling permits, (and) quarantine, which are submitted to by other
foreign subjects, do not thereby cause any prejudice to theJr
quality of being foreign subjects.

Exemption of Persians from Military Service, ^c, in Turkey.

Art. VI. Since Persian subjects who reside in the Ottoman
dominions possess the quality of foreign subjects, they are
exempt, like other foreign subjects, from services and charges
exclusively special to Ottoman subjects, such as military service
and dues for exemption therefrom.

Persian Consular Jurisdiction : Suits and Disputes between Persians^

Civil and Criminal.

Art. VII.* All kinds of suits and contestations arising
between subjects of the exalted Persian Government shall be
settled by the action of the Agents and Vice-Agents : that is
to say, every kind of chance suit or contestation between
Persian subjects, whether relating to rights, or whether relating
to offences, crimes, or personal injuries, shall refer to the Persian
Agencies (Agency-houses — Consulates), there to be decided,
judged, and settledf (or the chastisement); punishment, and
other actions thereto pertaining, shall rest with them.

Detention of Persian Delinquents by Ottoman Police. Information
to be given to Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.

In any case where delinquents, at the time of the occurrence
of acts requiring punishment, are taken and detained by the
(Ottoman) police of the locality, upon communications being
made on the subject of their nationality, information shall be
given, in Constantinople to the Persian Legation, and elsewhere
to the Agencies, and on proof of the truth of their being
subjects of Persia, they shall be delivered to the Legation or
Agencies. And if, in such cases, the Agents or Vice- Agents
apply to the Local Governments^ the requisite assistance shall
be afforded to them.

* See Turkish Vizirial Letter of January 4, 1876. Page 184.
t \^^^^3 (tertib) is here, probably, a clerical error for <^, ^ , i ,t V (terbiyet),
chasfisment.

182

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [20th Dec, 1H75.

NoH'interfereiice taith Due^ jyayahh by Permm Subjects to Pen^idii

Agents,

Art. VIII. In like manner as no interferenco shall take place
on the part of Ottoman officials as to the relation of the affan-s of
subjects of the exalted Government of Persia to their own
Agents, so also, in the matter of dues payable by such subjects
to their own Agents, no kind of interference shall occur on the
part of the Local Government.

^Naturalization of Persians as Ottoman Subjects,

Art. IX. If any subject of the exalted Persian Government
should desire to enter into Ottoman subjection, then, in con-
formity with the special nJe observed with regard to other
foreign subjects, after compliance with the specifiu Regulations,
and execution of the tenour of the explanations of the said
Regulations, dated the 24th Jemazi-'l-Ula, (a.h.) 1285 (11th
September, 1868),* communicated to all the Embassies : Le.^
the execution of the system and method obsei-ved in respect of
foreign subjects desirous to abandon their original nationality
and to enter into Ottoman subjection ; which must be fully and
carefully observed in respect of Persian subjects also, who may
desire to become Ottoman subjects. And without the obser-
vance of this system, no one of the subjects of the exalted
Persian Government shall be received as an Ottoman subject
to the infringement of the rules and regulations.

Reciprocal Treatment of Ottoman Subjects in Persia,

Art. X. As it is but natural that the i-ule of reciprocity be ob-
served in respect of Ottoman subjects resident in the Persian
dominions, therefore, whichever of the clauses of favour laid
down in the present Convention as executory in respect of sub-
jects of the exalted Persian Government may be refused or not
executed towards Ottoman subjects residing in the guarded
realms of Persia, that same favour will cease to be carried out
in respect of subjects of the exalted State of Persia who may be
resident in the Ottoman dominions ; and in this respect also the
principle of reciprocity will be acted uj)on by both parties.

Possession of Peal Property by Persians,

Art. XL If it be desired on the pai-t of the exalted Persian
Government that Persian subjects may enjoy the rights of
possessing real estate, a separate Convention shall be drawn up
for the purpose ; and until the time when such Convention may
be arranged, the question of possessing real estate will remain
on the same footing as heretofore.

• 26th March, 1869. See " State Papers," Vol. 67, page 1251, and Vol. 70,
page 720.

183

4th Jan., 1876.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.

Suits and Disputes between Persians and other Foreign Subjects,

Art. XII. With respect to the procedure in cases of suits and
contentions happening between subjects of the exalted Govern-
ment of Persia and other foreign subjects, until such time as an
understanding shall have been arrived at between the exalted
Persian Legation and the other Embassies, the system hitherto
acted upon shall remain in force.

Bankruptcies,

Art. XIII. It is a settled question that a case of bankruptcy
of subjects of the exalted Persian Government shall be left
exclusively to the Legation and Agencies. But, in this case,
should one of the creditors be an Ottoman subject, whenever
they may wish, he shall be appointed to a second syndicate
(sin(Kqi).

Most Favoured Nation Treatment to he enjoyed by Ottoman Subjects
resident in Persia and by Persians in Turkey,

Art. XIV. In matters outside of the tenour of the 13 pre-
ceding Articles, the subjects of the exalted Government of
Persia resident in the Ottoman dominions, and Ottoman subjects
who may be in the guarded realms of Persia, shall enjoy the
same privileges and favours as are enjoyed by the subjects of
the most favoured foreign nation.

Mutual Execution of Articles of this Treaty,

Every one of the clauses and matters mentioned in the said
Articles which may not be put in execution by the exalted
Persian Government will also not be carried out on the part of
the Ottoman Government.

21st Zi-'l-Qa^da, 1292 (20th December, 1875).

(No signatures indicated.)

Turkish Vizirial Letter explanatory of the Convention with Persia
of December 20, 1875. — Constantinople, Uh January, 1876.

(Translation.) ■

Explanations of the foregoing Convention, made under date
of the 8th Zi-1-Hijja the Sacred, (A.H.) 1292 (4th January,
1876), on the part of the Sublime Porte, in a Vizirial Letter
notified to all the Judges of the Ottoman Dominions, a copy
thereof bein^ officially communicated to the exalted Persian
Legation residing in Constantinople.

Although 12 out of the 14 Articles contained in the said

184

PERSIA AND TURKEY. [4th Jan., 1876.

.1

Collation (muqabela-nama*) are of a kiud clear and manifest,
still, for the purpose that, in the interpretation of Ai-ticles I and
VII, no manner of discrepancy shall remain, it is undertaken,
as follows, to give certain explanations to this eflFect :

Irial and Puniahnent for Personal Injuries^ Crimes^ and Mis-
demeanours,

Although, in accordance with Ai-ticle I, '* the subjects of the
exalted Persian Government who are in the Ottoman Dominions,
in every matter relating to personal injuries, crimes, and mis-
demeanom*s, are individually, subject to the Regulations and
Laws of the Ottoman Empire, and directly to the poUce and
tiibunals of the said Empire ;" and " in order to the sentencing
of individuals whose crime, offence, or misdemeanour has been
proved, the judicial sentence issued shall be communicated to
the Persian officials in a certified copy thereof ; " and '* in the
preUminary investigations that take place in respect of * them *
until the culpability or innocence of ' them ' shall become ap-
parent, * the presence ' in person, or by a representative, of the
Persian Agents and Vice-Agents Avill 'necessarily' be per-
missible : " still, as the effect of this Article covers such kmds
of acts as may have occurred between subjects of the exalted
Government (of Turkey) and subjects of the exalted Persian
Government, it will become needful in this case, that, for one
individual Persian wronged or bodily injured, an Ottoman ad-
verse party should exist ; and thence a right and capacity
ensues for the Persian officials to inquire into the punitory
result decreed against an Ottoman subject. Any information
of this kind that may be asked for by them must be given.

Settlement of Suits and Disputes. Detention of Persians hy Otto-
man Police.

Again, since, according to the details set forth in Ai-ticle VII,
** every kind of suit or contestation," "whether relating to
rights," " offences, crimes, or personal injuries " that may arise
between two Persian subjects must be settled by means of the
Persian Agents and Vice- Agents, the decision and determina-
tion of all such suits and their other mutual dealings must bo
relegated to the Agents and Vice-Agents ; for this same reason
it will be necessary in the case where the deUnquents are taken
and detained by the local poUce at the very time of their
criminal act, whenever they may be proved to be really Persian
subjects, they shall be immediately delivered to the Agents and
Vice-Agents. And this act of detention shall only then be put
in practice when the said acts take place openly. Otherwise,
whenever they occur in the place of abode of one individual

* ^li iJj liLc 5 wuqdbela-nffmaj appears to be a clerical errcr for ^\j ^ ^\JL< 9
muqavela-nama, a Convention.

185

13th Dec., 1866.] PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

Persian, such conduct and action will naturally be observed, as,
according to what is set forth in Article XIV, shall be con-
sistent with the system which, in like cases, is practised in
respect of other foreign subjects.

(No signatures indicated.)

[For Protocol between Great Britain and Russia respecting
the Cession by Turkey to Persia of Territory of EJiotour,
27th July, 1880, see page 219.]

TREATY of Friendship and Commerce between The United
States and Persia, — Signed at Constantinople, Idth December^
1856.*t

[Ratifications exchanged at Constantinople, 13th June, 1857.]

Table op Contents.
Art.

I. Gk>od Understanding between Persia and the United States.
II. Reception and Treatment of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents.
III. Protection of Trayellers, Merchants, and other Residents. Bight to Import

or Export all kind of Produce and Manufactures. Internal Commerce.
lY. Payment of Duties on Mercliandize imported or exported. Taxes.
y. Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Suits and Disputes between Persian
Subjects and United States Citizens. Suits and Disputes between United
States Citizens. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens and
Subjects of other Foreign Powers. Trials in the United States of Disputes
between Persian Subiects or between them and United States Citizens or
Foreigners. Trials for Criminal OfFences.
YI. Effects of Deceased Subjects or Citizens.
YII. Protection of Subjects and Citizens and their Commerce. Bight to appoint
Diplomatic Agents and Consuls in certain places. Consular Pririleges, &c.
Persian Subjects not to be protected by the Diplomatic Ag^its or Consuls.
Trading Consuls. Employment of Domestics by United States Diplomatic
and Consular Agents to be limited.
YIII. Duration of Treaty.

In the name of God, the Clement and the Merciful,
The President of the United States of North America, and
His Majesty, as exalted as the planet Saturn; the Sovereign to
whom the sun serves as a standard; whose splendom* and
magnificence are equal to that of the skies; the Sublime
Sovereign, the monarch whose armies are as numerous as the
stars : whose greatness calls to mind that of Jeinshid ; whose
magnificence equals that of Darius ; the Heir of the Crown and
Throne of the Kayanians, the Sublime Emperor of all Persia,
being both equally and sincerely desirous of establishing re-

* Signed also in the Persian language,
t From " State Papers/* Vol. 47, p. 866.

186

PEBSIA AND THE UNITED STATES. [13th Dec, 1B66;

lationB of friendship between the two Governments, which they
wish to strenfi^en by a Treaty of friendship and commerce,
reciprocally advantageous and useful to the citizens and sub-
jects of the two High Contracting Parties, have for this purpose
named for their Plenipotentiaries :

The President of the United States of North America,
Carroll Spence, Minister Resident of the United States near the
Sublime rorte ; and his lilajesty the Emperor of all Persia, his
Excellency Emin ul Molk FaiTukh Khan, Ambassador of His
Imperial Majesty the Shah, decorated with the portrait of the
Shah, with the great Cordon Blue, and Bearer of the Girdle of
Diamonds, &c.

And the said Plenipotentiaries, having exchanged their fidl
powers, which were found to be in proper and due form, have
agreed upon the following Articles :

Good Understanding between Persia and the United States.

Art. I. There shall be hereafter a sincere and constant good
understanding between the Government and citizens of the
United States of North America and the Persian Empire, and
all Persian subjects.

Reception and Ireatment of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents,

Art. II. The Ambassadoi-s or Diplomatic Agents whom it
may please either of the two High Contracting Parties to send
and maintain near the other, shall be received and treated, they
and all those composing their missions, as the Ambassadors
and Diplomatic Agents of the most favoured nations are
received and treated in the two respective countries ; and they
shall enjoy there in all respects tlie same prerogatives and
immunities.

Protection of Travellers, Mei'chants, and other Residents.

Art. III. The citizens and subjects of the two High Con-
tracting Parties, travellers, merchants, manufacturers, and
others, who may reside in the territory of either country, shall
be respected and efficiently protected by the authorities of the
aoxmtrj and their agents, and treated in all respects as the
subjects and citizens of the most favoured nation are treated.

Right to Import^ Export^ and Trade in all kinds of Produce and

Manufactures.

They may reciprocally bring by land or by sea into either
country, and export from it, all kinds of merchandize and pro-
ducts, and sell, exchange, or buy, and transport them to all
places in the territories of either of the High Contracting
Parties. It being, however, understood that the merchants of
either nation who shall engage in the internal commerce of

187

lath Dec, 1856.] PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

either country shall be governed, in respect to such commerce,
by the laws of the country in which such commerce is
carried on ;

Internal Commerce.

And in case either of the High Contracting Powers shall
hereafter grant other privileges concerning such intenial com-
merce to the citizens or subjects of other Governments, the
same shall be equally granted to the merchants of either nation
engaged in such internal commerce within the ten-itories of the
other.

Payment of Duties on Merchandize Imported or Exported, Tojces.

Art. IV. The merchandize imported or exported by the re-
spective citizens or subjects of the two High Contracting Parties
shall not pay in either country, on their arrival or departure,
other duties than those which are charged in either of the
countries on the merchandize or products imported or exported
by the merchants and subjects of the most favoured nation, and
no exceptional tax, under any name or pretext whatever, shall
be collected on them in either of the two countries.

Co7i8ular Jurisdiction in Persia: Suits and Disputes between
Persian Subjects and United States Citizens^

Art. V. All suits and disputes arising in Persia between
Persian subjects and citizens of the United States, shall be
carried before the Persian tribunal to which such matters are
usually referred at the place where a Consul or Agent of the
United States may reside, and shall be discussed and decided
according to equity in the presence of an employ^ of the Consul
or Agent of the United States.

Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens,

All suits and disputes which may arise in the empire of
Persia between citizens of the United States, shall be referred
entirely for trial and for adjudication to the Consul or Agent of
the United States residing in the province wherein such suits
and disputes may have arisen, or in the province nearest to it,
who shall decide them according to the laws of the United
States.

Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens

and Subjects of other Foreign Powers,

All suits and disputes occurring in Persia between the
citizens of the United States and the subjects of pther foreign
Powei-s, shall be tried and adjudicated by the intermediation of
their respective Consuls or Agents.

PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES. [13th Dec., 1866.

Jurisdiction, Trials in the United States of Disputes between
Persian Subjects, or between them and United States Citizens or
Foreigners.

In the' United States, Persian subjects, in all disputes arising
between themselves, or between them and citizens of the
United States or foreieners, shall be judged according to the
rules adopted in the United States respecting the subjects of
the most favoured nation.

Jurisdiction, Trials for Criminal Offences,

Persian subjects residing in the United States, and citizens
of the United States residing in Persia, shall, when charged
with criminal offences, be tried and judged in Persia and the
United States in the same manner as are the subjects and
citizens of the most favoured nation residing in either of the
above-mentioned countries.

Effects of Deceased Subjects or Citizens,

Art. VI. In case of a citizen or subject of either of the Con-
tracting Parties djHbg within the territories of the other, his
effects shall be delivered up integrally to the family or partners
in business of the deceased ; and in case he has no relations or
partners, his effects in either coimtry shall be delivered up to
the Consul or Agent of the nation of which the deceased was
a subject or citizen, so that he may dispose of them in accord-
ance with the laws of his country.

: Protection of Subjects and Citizens and their Commerce,

Art. VII. For the protection of their citizens or subjects,
and their commerce respectively, and in order to faciUtate good
and equitable relations oetween the citizens and subjects of the
two countries,

Right to Appoint Diplomatic Agents and Consuls at certain Places,

the two High Contracting Parties reserve the right to
maintain a diplomatic Agent at either seat of government, and
to name eacn three Consuls in either country; those of the
United States shall reside at Teheran, Bender-Bushire,* and
Tauris ;t those of Persia, at Washington, New York, and New
Orleans.

Consular Privileges, Sfc,

The Consuls of the High Contracting Parties shall reciprocally
enjoy in the territories of the other, where their residences
ghall be established, the respect, privileges, and immunities

I II ■ ■! M. II - ~ ... . - -■ - ■ ■ ■ M I I II — _UlMt

* Busliire. f Tabreez.

189

13th Dec, 1856.] PBESIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

granted in either country to the Consuls of the most favoured
nation.

Persian Subjects not to be Protected by United States Diplomatic

Agent or Consuls,

The diplomatic Agent or Consuls of the United States shall
uot protect, secretly or publicly, the subjects of the Persian
Govenunent, and they snail never suflFer a departure from the
principles here laid down and agreed to by mutual consent.

Trading Consuls.

And it is further understood, that if any of those Consuls
shall engage in trade, they shall be subjected to the same laws
and usages to which private individuals of their nation engaged
in commercial pursuits in the same place are subjected.

Employment of Domestics by United States Diplomatic and Consular

Agents to be limited.

And it is also understood by the High Contracting Parties,
that the Diplomatic and Consular Agents of the United States
shall not employ a greater number of domestics than is allowed
by Treaty to those of Russia residing in Persia.

Duration of Treaty, (lilllSth June, 1867; and then terminably

after 12 months' notice,)

Art. Vni. And the High Contracting Parties agree that the
present Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, cemented by the
sincere good feeling and the confidence which exists between
the Governments of the United States and Persia, shall be in
force for the term of 10 years from the exchange of its ratifica-
tion ; and if, before the expiration of the first 10 years, neither
of the High Contracting Parties shall have announced, by
official notification to the other, its intention to arrest the opera-
tion of said Treaty, it shall remain binding for one year beyond
that time, and so on until the expiration of twelve months,
which will follow a similar notification, whatever the time may
be at which it may take place ; and the Plenipotentiaries of
the two High Contracting Parties further agree to exchange
the ratifications of their respective Governments at Constanti-
nople in the space of six months, or earUer, if practicable.

In faith of which, the respective Plenipotentiaries of the two
High Contracting Parties have signed the present Treaty, and
have attached their seals to it.

Done in duplicate in Persian and English, the 13th day of
December, 1856, and of the Hijereh the 15th day of the moon
of Rebiul Sany, 1273, at Constantinople.

(L.S.) CARROLL SPENCE
(L.S.) EMIN UL MOLK FARRUKH KHAN,

19a

PART IV.

ORDERS IN COUNCIL

RESPECTING BRITISH CONSULAR JDRISDICTION
IN PERSIA AND IN THE PERSIAN GULF AND
GULF OF OMAN.

Page

In Persia 18th December, 1889 193

In Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian Coasts and Islands)

13th December, 1889 199

0BEAT BEITAIN. OEDER IN COUNCIL. [18th Dec, 1889.

OBDER IN COUNCIL^ relating to British Consular Jurisdiction

in Fersia. — Idth December, 1889.*

(Extract.)

At the Court at Windsor, the 13th day of December^ 1889.t

PRESENT : THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY,

Lord President, Earl of Coventry, Lord Morris, Sir William

Hart Dyke, Bart., Mr. Kitchie.

Whereas bv Treaty, ffrant, usage, sufferance, and other
lawful means. Her Majesty me Queen has power and jurisdiction
in Persia :

Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers by the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts, 1843 to 1878, or
' In n<
lei
as follows :-

otherwise in Her Majesty vested, is pleased, by and with the
advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby or

ordered.

1. This Order may be cited as the Persia Order in Council,
1889.

2. This Order is divided into parts as follows : —

I .

n .

ni .

IV .

V .

VI .

VII .

vin .

I.X .

X .

XI .

xn .

XIII .

a •

Freliminary.. ..

G-eneral Proyisions. .

Coiurts

Registration of Persons

Assessors

Q-eneral Jurisdiction and Procedure*

Civil Jurisdiction and Procedure. .

Proceedings on Death

Appeal to Consul-General. .

Appeal to Her Majesty in Council

Criminal Authority and Procedure

Miscellaneous . . . .

Supplemental ••

8-4

5-9

10-11

12-16

16-18

19-66

67-178

179-213

214-229

230-232

233-281

282-289

290-299

I. Preliminary.

3, In this Order, imless the subject or context otherwise
requires —

" Secretary of State " means one of Her Majesty's Principal
Secretaries of State ;

"Prescribed" means prescribed by any Consular instructions

* See also Order in Council, page 199.

t THs Order in Council was published in the "Ix)ndon Gazette" of 24<h
December, 1889.

193 O

13th Pec, 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.

or by any order or notification signed or authorized by a
Secretary of State.

** Persia " means the dominions and territories of the Shah
of Persia within the limits of this Order;

" Consul-General " means Her Majesty's Minister and Consul-
General in Persia, or the person for the time being acting as
such, with the authority or approval of a Secretary of State ;

" Consular officer " includes any person for the time being
acting by virtue of Her Majesty's Commission, or with the
authority or approval of a Secretary of State, as Consul-Geaeral,
Consul, or Vice-Consul, or Consular Agent ;

" Treaty " includes any Convention, Agreement, or arrange-
ment made by or on behalf of Her Majesty, and any Regulation
appended thereto; ./

" Court " means any Court or person exercising jurisdiction
under this Order ;

*' British subject " includes a person enjoying Her Majepty's
protection in so far as Her Majesty has jurisoiction in respect of
any such person, and includes by virtue of 39 and 40 Vict,,
cap. 46, subjects of the several Princes and States in Indi^ ip
alliance with Her Majesty, residing and being in Persia; :

" Foreigner " means a person, whether a native or subject of
Persia or not, who is not a British subject, as herein defmed;

" Native " means a native or subject of Persia, or of the limits
of the Persian coasts, not being a British subject ;

" Native Indian subject " means a native of India, as defined
in the Act of Parliament of 1858, " for the better government of
India," not of European descent.

"Person" includes a Coloration or association of persons ;

** Will " means will, codicil, or other testamentary instrament ;

" Office copy " means a copy, either made under direction of
the Court, or produced to the proper officer of the Court for ex
amination with the original, and examined by him therewith,
and in either case sealed with the seal of the Court as evidence
of correctness ;

" Oath " and '* affidavit " and words referring thereto, or to
swearing, include affirmation and declaration, or to the making
of an affirmation or declaration, where an affirmation or declara-
tion is admissible in lieu of an oath or affidavit ;

" Proved " means shown by evidence on oath, in the form of
affidavit, or other form to the satisfaction of the Court or
Consular officer acting or having jurisdiction in the matter ;

" Month " means calendar month.

The plural includes the singular and the singular the plural,
and the masculine the feminine.

Expressions referring to print or to writing include either
print or writing, or a combination of both.

" Crime " includes offence.

4. For the jjurposes of this Order, the word ** Persia," or any
term or expression referring to Persia, does not (except as in this
Order expressly provided) include or apply to any place for the

194

GBBAT fiBITAIX. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [i3Ui Dec, 1889.

time beinff included within the Hmite to which any other Order
in Council for the time being in force relating to the Persian
coasts and islands applies, which huiits arc in this Order refeiTcrl
to as the limits of the Persian coasts.*

: In C€U8e of dispute or doubt whether any place is within the
limits of Persia for the purposes of this Order, or is within the
limits of the Persian coasts, the Consul-General may provision-
ally determine such dispute or question in such manner as he
thinks fity and his determination, unless and until the Secretary
of State otherwise directs, shall be conclusive in all causes and
matters arising under this Order.

Any provision of this Order referring to a country or place
out of Persia includes any place within the limits of the Pei-sian
coasts.

11. General Pi^oviaions,

6. All Her Majesty's dvil jurisdiction exercisable in Persia
for the judicial hearing and determination of matters in differ-
ence, or for the administration or control of propei'ty or pei-sons,
and all Her Majesty's criminal jurisdiction there exercisable for
the repression or punishment of crimes or offences, or for the
maintenance of order, shall be exercised under and according to
the provisions of this Order and not othersnso.

6. Subject to the other provisions of this Order, the civil and
criminal jurisdiction aforesaid shall, as far as circumstances
admit, be exercised on the principles of and in conformity with
the Common Law, the doctrines of equity, the Statute Law, and
other law for the time being in force in and for England, and
with the powers vested in and according to the coui'se of pro-
cedure and practice observed by and before Courts of Justice
and Justices of the Peace in England, according to their re-
spective jurisdictions and authorities.

7. Nothing in this Order shall deprive Her Majesty's Con-
sular officers of the right to observe and to enforce the observance
0^ or shall deprive any person of the benefit of, any reasonable
custom existing in Persia, except where this Order contains
some express and specific provision incompatible with the ob-
servance thereof.

8. In any case in the decision of which, imder any Treaty,
aw of Her Majesty's Consuls may or ought to concur, a Consular
officer exercising jmisdiction under this Order shall alone act on
the part and on behalf of Her Majesty.

9. Crimes, offences, wrongs, breaches of contract against or
affecting the person, property, or rights of natives or other
foreigners as herein defined, committed by persons subject to
thi^. Order,. are punishable or otherwise cognizable under the

imVifiaons of this Order, with the consent of such natives or
breigners, in the same manner as if the same were committed
agaiost or affected the person, property, or rights of British
subjects.

— ^W^i^^W^^^^^B^^^M^^^— ^— ^M^™.^i^M^— — — i^i^—— ^^— ■— — ■ ■■■■■ .l^M ■ ■■■■ .^.^ ■■■■■- ■- ■■I. „

* See page 199.

195 O 2

1

13th Dec, 1889.] - G'REAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.

III. Courts,

10. Courts for the purposes of this Order shall be held as
follows: —

(1.) Courts of First Instance, in this Order called Provincial
Courts, shall be held by such Consular officers in and for such
districts as the Secretary of State from time to time directs.

(2.) The Consul-General shall at such place as the Secretary
of State directs hold a Com*t, in this Order called the Court of
the Consul-General, for the purposes of his appellate and other
jurisdiction under this Order.

(3.) The Provincial Court for the district in which the Court
of the Consul-General is held may be held either by the Consul-
General or Vice-Consul, or by such other Consular officer as the
Secretary of State or the Consul-General directs.

If it be held by the Consul-General, the provisions of this
Order relating to appeals from a Provincial Court to the Consul-
General are inapplicable, and the provisions of this Order with
respect to appeals to Her Majesty in Council shall have effect as
if tne judgment, order, decree, or sentence of the Consul-General
were a judgment, order, decree, or sentence of a Provincial
Court affirmed on appeal by the Consul-General, and no other
appeal shall he.

11. In any matter, civil or criminal, a Court within whose
district (in civil matters) the matter of complaint wholly or in
part arose or happened, or the subject in dispute is wholly or
partly situate, or the contract in question was wholly or partly
made, or the breach thereof wholly or partly occurred, or the
defendant resides or carries on business, or (in crimiaal matters)
the crime was wholly or partly committed, or the accused person
happens to be, shall have jurisdiction, and may deal with the
case, as if every material fact or thing had happened, or was
situate, within its district ; but any such Court, if, in its opinion,
justice or convenience so requires, may decline or suspend the
exercise of jurisdiction, and may, if it thinks necessary or just,
require security from the defendant or accused person for his
appearance before some other Court having jurisdiction in the
matter, and for obedience to any judgment or order of such
other Court, and further, in a criminal case, if necessary, may
arrest and commit the accused person, and cause hinn to be re-
moved under warrant and in custody, to be dealt with by such
other Court.

IV. Registration.

12. Every resident British subject (except a native Indian
subject), being of the age of 21 years or upwards, or bein^
married, or a widower or widow, though under that age, shall,
in January in every year, register himself in a register to be kept
at the Consulate of the Consular district mthin which he resides,
Kiibject to this qualification, that the registration of a man shall

196

GBEAT BEITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. -[18th Dec., 1889.

be deemed to comprise the registration of his wife (unless she
is living apaii; from him), and that the registration of the head
of a family, whether male or female, shall be deemed to comprise
the registration of all females being relatives of the head of the
family (in whatever degree of relationship) Uving under the
same roof with the head of the family at the time of his regis-
tration.

Every non-resident British subject (except a native Indian
subject) arriving in Persia at a place where a Consular oflSce is
mamtained, unless borne on the muster-roll of a British vessel,
shall, within one month after his arrival, register himself in a
register to be kept at the Consular office there, but so that no
person shall be required to register himself more than once in
any year, reckoned from the 1st of January.

Anv person failing so to register himself, and not excusing
his failure to the satisfaction of the Consular officer, shall be
deemed guilty of an offence against this Order, and shall be liable
to a fine of not more than 5/., and any Court or authority acting
under this Order may, if it thinks fit, decline to recognize him
as a British subject.

13. A native Indian subject resident in, or resorting to,
Persia, may, if he thinks fit, register himself at the times and in
manner aforesaid.

A native Indian subject not so registering himself shall not
be entitled to sue in the Couii;, or to receive the support or pro-
tection of a Consular officer with respect io any suit or proceed-
ing to which he is a party in a Court or before a judicial officer
of Persia, or in a Court or before a judicial officer in Persia of
a State in amity with Her Majesty.

14. The Consular officer shall give to every person regis-
tered under this Order a certificate of registration under his
hand and Consular seal ; and the name of a wife (unless she is
living apart from her husband) shall be indorsed on her
husband^s certificate ; and the names and descriptions of females
whose registration is comprised in that of the head of the family
shall be indorsed on the certificate of the head of the family.

15. Every person shall on every registration of himself be
liable to pay a fee of 2«. 6d.

V. Assessors. 16 — 18.

16. An Assessor shall be a competent and impartial British
subject of good repute, resident in the district of the particular
Couii;, and nominated and summoned by the Court for the
purpose of acting as Assessor.

17. There shall ordinarily be not fewer than two, and not
more than four. Assessors. Where, however, by reason of local
circumstances,' the Coui-t is able to obtain the presence of one
Assessor only, the Court may, if it thinks fit, sit with one
Assessor only ; and where for like reasons, the Court is not able
to obtain the presence of any Assessor, the Court may, if it thinks
fit, sit without an Assessor — the Court, in every case, recording

197

13th Dec, 1889.] GtREAT BRITAIN. OUDBR IN COUNCIL.

in the minutes its reasons for sitting with one Assessor only or
without an Assessor.

18. An Assessor shall not have any voice in the decision of
the Court in any case, civil or criminal ; but an Assessor dissent^
ing, in a civil case, from any decision of the Court, or, in a
criminal case, from any decision of the Court or the conviction
or the amount of pimishment awarded, may record in the
minutes his dissent, and the grounds thereof, and shall be
entitled to receive, without payment, a certified copy of the
minutes.

VI. General Jurisdiction and Procedure,

19 — 66. The Consul-General shall have in all matters, civil
and criminal, an original jurisdiction concmTcnt with the juris-
diction of the several Provincial Courts, to be exercised subject
and according to the provisions of this Order.

VII. Civil Jurisdiction and Procedure.

67.

68. Bankruptcy.

69. Lunacy.

70. Matrimonial Causes.
71—72. Probate.

73 — 85. Arbitration.

86. Decision on Fa^t or Law, without Suit, (a.) Question
of Fact.

87. (6.) Question of Law,

88 — 93. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.
94 — 96. Claims under 20Z.

97 — 116. Claims for 20i or upwards. A. Ordinary Pro^
visions.

117 — 178. B, Exceptional Provisions.

VIII. \l^—m.~Proceedings on Death.

IX. Appeal to "Consul-General.

214 — 218. 1. General Provisions.
219—228. 2. Appeals by Petition.
229. 3. Appeals by Motion.

X. 230 — 232, — Appeal to Her Majesty in Council.

XL Criminal Authority and Procedure.

233 — 238. 1. General Provisions.
239—241. 2. Court of the Consul-General.
242—244. 3. Provincial Courts.
245 — 249. 4. Preliminaiy Procedure.
. 250—262. 5. Summary Trial.

198

C^BEAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Doc , 1889.

263—276. 6. Trial on Indictment.

277. 7. Appeal on Law to Consul-General.

278—280. 8. Punishment

281. 9. Deportation of Offenders.

XII. 282— 289.— Mwcellaneous.

XIII. 290— 2\i9.— Supplemental,

The First Schedule.

Forms,
I. Civil.

n. Probate and Administration.
III. Criminal.

The Second Schedule,
Fees.

ORDER IN COUNCIL relating to British Conmlar Jurisdiction
in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman {Persian Coasts and
Islands).— 13th December, 1889.*

(Extract.)

At the Court at Windsor*, the 13th day of December^ 1889,t

PRESENT: THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

Lord President, Earl of Coventry, Lord Moms, Sir William

Hart Dyke, Bart., Mr. Ritchie.

Whereas by Treaty, grant, usage, sufferance, and other
lawful means, Her Majesty the Queen has power and jurisdiction,
in relation to Her Majesty's subjects, and others, in that portion
of the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman,
which is within the dominions of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia;

Now, therefore. Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers in this behalf by the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts,
1843 to 1878, or othei"wise, in Her Majesty vested, is pleased,
bv and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it
l; hereby ordered, as follows : —

. * See also Order, page 193.

t Thifl Order in Council -was published in the " London Gazette" of 24th De-
otaiber, 188(^.

199

13fch Dec, 1839.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNOII/.

Part I. — Preliminary.

1. This Order may be cited as "The Persiaa Coast and
Islands Order in Council, 1889."

2. This Order is divided into Parts, as follows : —

Part I. — Preliminary.

Part II. — Application and Effect of Order.

Part III. — Application of certain Portions of the Law of

British India.
Part IV. — Criminal Matters.
Part V. — Civil Matters.
Part VI. — Vice-Admiralty.

Part VII. — Persian and Foreign Subjects and Tribunals.
Part VIII. — Registration of British Subjects.
Part IX. — Procedm'e.
Part X. — Supplemental Provisions.

3. In this Order —

(1.) '* Persian coasts and islands," or the expression "the
limits of this Order/' means the coast and islands of the Persian
Gulf and Gulf of Oman, being witliin the dominions of Hia
Majesty the Shah of Persia, and includes the territorial waters
of Persia adjacent to the said coast and islands :

'* Inland Persia " means the territories and dominions of the
Shah of Persia, so far as not included within the Kmits of this
Order :

(2.) "Secretary of State" means one of Her Majesty's
Principal Secretaries of State :

(3.) " Consul-General " means the person for the time being
holding the office of Her Majesty's Consul-General for Fars and
the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf, being within the
dominions of Persia, and of Political Resident in the Persian
Gulf, and includes a person acting temporarily with the approval
of the Governor-General of India in Council as, or for, the
Political Resident in the Persian Gulf:

(4.) " Judicial Assistant " means an officer appointed by the
Secretary of State, or, with his previous or subsequent assent,
by the Governor-General of India in Council, to be a Judicial
Assistant to the Consul-General, and iacludes an officer acting
temporarily by order of the Consul-General as, or for, a Judicid
Assistant :

(5.) " British subject " means a subject of Her Majesty, by
birth or by naturalization :

(H.) "British-protected person" means a person enjoying
Her Majesty's protection within the Persian coast and island b,
and includes by virtue of the Act of Parliament of the Seseior.
of the 39th and 40th years of Her Majesty's reign (187(>),
chapter 40, a subject of a Prince or State in India, in alliance
with Her Majesty, residing or being within the Persian coast
and islands :

200

GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [I3th Deo., 1889.

(7.) " Resident " means having a fixed place of abode within
the Persian coast and islands :

(8.) " Persian subject " means a subject of His Majesty the
Shah of Persia :

(9,) ** Foreigner " means a subject or citizen of a State in
amity with Her Majesty, other than Persia :

(10.) "Persian or Foreign Court" means a Court of the
Government of Persia, or of any foreign State in amity with
Her Majesty, and exercising lawful jurisdiction within the
Persian coast and islands, and includes every member or officer
of such a Court :

(11.) '* Administration " means (unless a contrary intention
appears from the context) letters of administration, including
tne same with will annexed, or granted for special or limited
purposes, or limited in duration :

(12.) " Ship " includes any vessel used in navigation, how-
ever propelled, with her tackle, furniture, and apparel, and any
boat or other craft :

(13.) " Offence " means any act or omission punishable by a
Criminal Court :

(14.) '* Imprisonment" means imprisonment of either descrip-
tion, as defined in the Indian Penal Code :

(15.) " Month " means calendar month :

(1 6.) ** Will '^ means will, codicil, or other testamentary
instrument :

(17.) "Person" includes Corporation.

(18.) Words importing the plural or the singular may be
construed as referring to one person or thing, or to more than
one person or thing, and words importing the masculine as
referring to females (as the case may require).

4. (1.) This Order shall be published in the '* Gazette of
India," within such time after the passing thereof as the Secre-
tary of State may prescribe, and shall come into force on such
day (hereinafter called the commencement of this Order), witlun
six months after that publication, as the Governor-General of
India in Council may, by notification in the said Gazette, appoint
in this behalf.

(2.) But any appointment -under this Order may be made at
any time after its passing, and no proof shall, in any proceedings,
be required of any of the matters prescribed by this Article.

Part II. — Application and Effect of Order.

5. (1.) This Order applies to —

(i.) British subjects being within the Persian coast and
islands, whether resident or not :

(iL) British ships being within the Persian coast and islands ;
and

(iii.) Persian subjects and foreigners, in the cases and
accordmg to the conditions in this Order specified, but not
otherwise.

201

lath Dec., 1889.] GUIEAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.

(2.) Such of the provisions of this Order as refer to British
subjects, or to British subjects only, extend to British-protected

{)ersons in so far as by Treaty, grant, usage, sufferance, or other
awful means. Her Majesty has jurisdiction within the Persian
coast and islands in relation to sucli persons.

6. All Her Majesty's jurisdiction, exercisable within the
Persian coast and islands, under the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts,
for the hearing and determination of criminal or civil matters,
or for the maintenance of order, or for the control or adminis-
tration of persons or property, or in relation thereto, shall be
exercised under and according to the provisions of this Order,
so far as this Order extends and appKes.

Part IH. — Application of certain Portions of the Law of British

India.

7.
8—22.

23—31.
32.

Part IV. — Criminal Matters.

Part V. — Civil Matters.

Part VI. — Vice^Admiralty.

Part VIL — Persian and Foreign Subjects and Tribunals.

33. (1.) Every suit in which a British subject is a defendant,
and a Persian subject is a plaintiff, shall within the Persian
coast and islands be heard by a Court established under this
Order.

(2.) The High Court of Bombay shall not exercise jurisdic-
tion in any such suit, but where a decree or order in any such
suit has been passed by any Court subordinate to the Consul-
General, the Consul-General may call for the proceedings, and
pass thereon such order as he may think fit, and any order so
passed by him shall be final.

34. (1.) Where a foreigner desires to bring in a Court esta-
bhshed under this Order a suit against a British subject, or a
British subject desires to bring in such a Court a suit against a
foreigner not being a subject of a Mahonunedan Power, the
Court shall entertain the same, and shall hear and determine it.

(2.) Provided that the foreigner, if required by the Court,
first obtains and files in the proper office of the Court the consent,
in writing, of tlie competent authority (if any), on behalf of his
own nation to his submitting, and that he does submit by
writing, to the jurisdiction of the Court, and, if required by the
Court, gives security to the satisfaction of the Court, and to
such reasonable amount as the Coui't thinks fit, by deposit or
otherwise, to pay fees, costs, and damages, and abide Dy, and
perform, the decision to be given by the Court or on appeal.

(3.) A cross-suit shall not be brought in the Couii against a

202

aREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dec, 1889.

Slaintiff, being a foreigner, who has submitted to the juris-
iction, by a defendant, without leave of the Court first
obtained.

(4.) The Court, before giving leave, may require proof from
the defendant that his claim arises out of the matter m dispute,
and that- there is reasonable ground for it, and that it is not
made for vexation or delay.

(5.) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the defendant from
bringing in. the Court against the foreigner, after the termina*
tion of tne suit in which the foreigner is plaintiflF, any suit which
the defendant might liave brought in the Court against the
foreigner if no provision restraining cross-suits had been in-
serted in this Order.

(6.) Where a foreigner c»btain8, in a Court established under
this Order, a decree or order against a defendant, being a
British subject, and in another suit that defendant is plaintiff
and the foreigner is defendant, the Court may, if it thinks
fit, on the appUcation of the British subject, stay the enforce-
ment of the decree or order pending that other suit, and may
set off" any amoimt decreed or ordered to be paid by one party
in one smt against any amount decreed or ordered to be paid by
the other party in the other suit.

(7.) Where a plaintiff*, being a foreigner, obtains a decree
or order, in a Court established under this Order, against two
or more defendants, being British subjects, jointlv, and in
another suit one of them is a plaintiff* and the foreigner is de-
fendant, the Court may, if it thmks lit, on the application of the
British subjects, stay the enforcement of the decree or order
pending that other suit, and majr set off any amount decreed or
ordered to be paid by one party in one suit against any amount
decreed or ordered to be paid by the other party in the other suit,
without prejudice to the right of the British subject to obtain
contribution from his co-defendants under the joint liability.

(8.) Where a foreigner is co-plaintiff in a suit with a British
subjeci: who is within the Persian coast and islands, it shall not
be necessary for the foreigner to give security under this
Article as regards fees and costs, unless the Court so directs ;
but the co-plaintiff British subject shall be responsible for all
fees and costs.

35. — (1.) Where it is proved that the attendance of a British
subject to give evidence, or for any other purpose connected
with the administration of justice, is required before a Persian
or foreign Court, the Consul-General may, if he thinks fit, in a
case and in circumstances in which he would, if acting in his

1'udicial capacity, require the attendance of that person before
dmself, order that he do attend as required.

(2.) If the person ordered to attend, having reasonable
notice of the time and place at which he is required to attend,
fails to attend accordingly and does not satisfactorily excuse
his failure, he shall, independently of any other liability, be
liable to be punished with impiisonment for a term which may

203

13lh Dec, 1889.] ^EEAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL

extend to two months, or with fine which may extend to 1,000
rupees (459*77 dollars^ or with both.

36. (1.) If a British subject wilfully gives false evidence in
a proceeding before a Persian or foreign Court, or in an arbitra-
tion between a British subject on the one hand, and a Persian
subject or foreigner on the other hand, he shall, on conviction
before a competent Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, be liable to
be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend
to two months, or with fine which may extend to 1,000 rupees
(459-77 dollars), or with both.

(2.) Nothing in this Article shall exempt a person from
liability under any other British or British Indian Law to any
other or higher punishment or penalty :

Provided that no person shall be punished twice for the
same offence.

37. (1.) Every agreement for reference to arbitration
between a British subject on the one hand, and a Persian sub-
ject or a foreigner on the other hand, may, on the appKcation
of any party, be filed for execution in the proper oflSce of a Court
estabUshed under this Order.

(2.) The Court shall thereupon have authority to enforce the
agreement, and the award made thereunder, and to control and
regulate the proceedings before and after the award, in such
manner and on such terms as the Court may think fit :

(3.) Provided that the Persian subject or foreigner, if so re-
quired by the Court, first obtains and files, in the proper oflSce
of the Court, the consent, in writing, of the competent authority
(if any) on behalf of his own nation to his submitting, and that
he does submit by writing to the jurisdiction of the Court, and,
if required by the Court, gives security to the satisfaction of the
Court, and to such reasonable amount as the Court thinks fit,
by deposit or otherwise, to pay fees, costs, damages, and ex-
penses, and abide by and perform the award.

Part VIII. — Registmtion of British Subjects,

38. (1.) Every resident British subject, being of the age of
twenty-one years or upwards, or being married or a widower or
widow, though under that age, shall, unless already registered,
register himself or herself at an office appointed by the Consul-
General in that behalf for the local area within which the
British subject is resident.

(2.) Every such British subject, not resident, arriving at a
place within the Persian coast and islands where there is an
office as aforesaid, unless borne on the muster-roll of a British
or foreign vessel there arriving, shall, within one month after
arrival, register himself or herself at the office. But this pre-
vision shall not be deemed to require any person to register
himself or herself oftener than once in a year reckoned from the
first day of January,

(3.) The registration of a man shall, nevertheless, comprise
the registration of his wife, if living with him ; and

204

OKRJlT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [18th Dec., 1889.

(4.) The registration of the head, male or female, of a family,
shall be deemed to comprise the registration of all females
being his or her relatives, m whatever degree, living under the
same roof with him or her at the time of his or her registra-
tion.

(5.) The officer in charge of the office shall give to each
person registered by him a certificate of registration signed by
him and sealed with his seal.

^6.) The name of a wife, if her registration is comprised in
her nusband's, shall, unless in any case the Consul-General sees
good reason to the contrary, be indorsed on the husband's cer-
tificate.

(7.) The names and descriptions of females, whose registra-
tion is comprised in that of the head of the family, shall, unless
in any case the Consul-General sees good reason to the contrary,
be indorsed on the certificate of the head of the family.

(8.) Every person shall, on every registration of himself, pay
a fee of 2 rupees 8 annas (1*15 dollar), or such other amount as
the Secretarjr of State, or, with his previous or subsequent
assent, the Governor-General of India m Council, from time to
time appoints.

(9.) The amount of the fee either may be uniform for all
persons, or may vary according to the position and circumstances
of different classes, as the Secretary of State or the Governor-
General of India in Council, as the case may be, from time to
time thinks fit, but shall not in any case exceed 2 rupees
8 annas (1'15 dollar).

(10.) Every person by this Order required to register him-
self at an office shall, unless excused by the officer in charge of
the office, or unless such person is a woman who, by the custom
of the class to which she belongs, is prevented from appearing
in public, attend personally for that purpose at the office on
each occasion for registration.

(11.) If any person fails to comply with the provisions of
this Order respecting registration, and does not satisfactorily
excuse his failure, the Courts established and officers appointed
under this Order may, in any case in Avhich they think fit, decline
to recognize him as a British subject.

Part IX. — Procedure.
39—42.

Part X. — Supplemental Provisions.

43—60.

C. L. PEEL.

205

PART V.

AGREEMENTS BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND
RUSSIA RESPECTING PERSIA, 1834-1888.

1. Understanding respecting the maintenance of the Integrity

and Independence of Persia. September, 1834 209

[Confirmed in 1873, 1874, and 1888.]

2. Agreement respecting Succession to the Persian Throne.

Angnst, September, 1834 215

3. Ag^reement respecting a Map of the Tnrco-Persian Boundary.

March, 1865. 218

4. Protocol fixing the Boundary between Turkey and Persia in

the Territory of Khotour. 27th July, 1880. 219

GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [1834-1888.

A GREEMENT between Great Britain ami Rushui to respect the
Integrity and Independence of Persia. 1834 — 1888.

In 1783 the Caucasian range fonned the northern boundary
of Persia, although the Province of Dagliestan extended beyond
those mountains.

In that year Georgia revolted to Russia, and on the 24th
July the Provinces of Caiialinia and Cachet were united to
Russia by a Treaty concluded between the Russian authorities
and the " Czar " of those Provinces.

In March, 1790, war was declared by Russia against Persia.

In 1801 the Kingdom of Georgia was incorporated with the
Russian Dominions by a Russian Proclamation dated 28th
January.

By the Treaty of Peace concluded between Persia and'
Russia at Guhstan, on the 12th October, 1813, the Khanates of
Karabag and Ganschin, which formed the Province of Ehzabeth-
pol ; the Khanates of Schekin, Shirwan, Derbent, Kubin, Baku,
and Talisch, and their dependencies ; Daghestan, Georgia ; the
Provinces of Schuragel, Imiritia, Guriel, Imngrelia, and Abassia ;
and the territories included between them and the Caucasian
line, on the one bide, and the Caspian Sea, on the other, were
ceded to Russia.

A detailed description of this boundary is to be found at page
116.

By the same Treaty, Persia formally surrendered her right
of having ships of war in the Caspian Sea.

On the ^th September, 1826, war was again declared by
Russia against Persia; and by Arts. IV and V of the Treaty of
Peace signed at Tourkmantchai on the §^ February, 1828, the
Khanats of Erivan and Naktchivan, in Armenia, were ceded by
Persia to Russia.

A detailed description of this boundaiy is to be found at
page 118.

In this Treaty it was again recorded that none but Russian
ships of war were to be allowed in the Caspian Sea (see
page 121).

On the 14th September, 1829, a Treaty of Peace was concluded
at Adrianople between Turkey and Russia. In this Treaty,
Turkey acknowledged that Georgia, Imiritia, Mingrelia, Gouriel,
Erivan, and Naktchivan, which had been ceded to Russia bv
Persia, formed part of the Russian Empire ; and she then herself
ceded to Russia a part of the Pashalik of Akhaltjik, with the
littoral of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban, as far as
the Port of St. Nicholas.

The boundary, therefore, between Persia and Russia, as
defined by Treaty, on the western shore of the Caspian Sea,
extends from Mount Ararat to Astera. The places named in the
Treaties of 1813 and 1828 are marked on a Map inserted at page
120.

209 P

XB34-1888.] GREAT BKITATN AND RUSSIA.

The boundary between Persia and Russia, to the East of the
Caspian Sea (known as the Akhal-Khorassan Boundaiy) was
defined by the Treaty of 2l8t December, 1881 (see page 136).

In 1834, on the occasion of the nomination by the Shah of
Persia of Mahommed Merza as his successor, an " Understanding ''
was come to between the British and Russian Governments
to respect the Integrity and Independence of Persia. IS o formal
Treaty has been conchided on the subject, but this understand-
ing has since been confirmed on several occasions, the last
occasion being on the 12th of March, 1888. It was first recorded
in a despatch addressed by Viscount Palmerston to H.M.'s Am-
bassador at St. Petersburgh on the 5th September, 1834.

The following is a copy of that Despatch : —

Viscount Palmerston to Mr, Bligh,
•< Sir, Foreign Office^ September Sth, 1834.

In acknowledging the receipt of your despatch of the 6th
August,* I have to instruct you to take an opportunity of ex-
pressing to the Russian Government the satisfaction of His
Majesty's Government at the decision which has been taken by
the Shah of Persia to nominate Mahommed Meerza as the suc-
cessor to his throne; an event which, it is to be hoped, will
avert the danger of civil war in Persia on the next demise of
the Crown ; and you will also say, that His Majesty's Govern-
ment are gratified to find that the Governments of Great
Britain and Russia are acting, with regard to the afiairs of
Persia, in the same spirit, and are equally animated by a sincere
desire to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity, but also
the Independence and Integrity of Persia.

His Majesty's Government will, at all times, find a real
pleasure in co-operating with that of Russia for such pui-poses ;
and instructions have been sent to the British Resident at
Tehran, to communicate confidentially with the Russian Repre-
sentative, in furtherance of the common views of the two
Governments.

I am, &c.,

PALMERSTON."

In November, 1838, Russia alluded to the " happy agree-
ment of vieAvs and actions" which the two Governments
had so much at heart to form in 1834, and a copy of the fore-
going despatch, written by Lord Palmerston to Mr. Bligh in
September, 1834, was forwarded from St. Petersburgh to the
Russian Ambassador in London, in order that he might show it
to Lord Palmerston, with an assurance that the same desire
which then influenced the Russian Government to have a
friendly understanding with England upon the affairs of Persia
still existed, and an expression of regret upon the part of Russia
that the good understanding which had existed between the
Court of London and that of Tehran was distm'bed for the time.

* RespectiDg the Affairs of Persia and Afghanistan.

210

ORKAT RRITATN A\n RTSSIA. TlS-'U ISRH.

Lord Palmei'ston exprcHHed hiK oiitire witiHfaction at re-
ceiving this declaration thai the Rusnian policy with regard to
Persia remained unchanged, and that it was the same which
the two Powers had agreed to adopt in 1834.

The following are extmcts from the correspondence which
passed in 1838 : —

Count Nesselrode to Count Pozzo di liorgo. — {Communicated hy

Count Pozzo di Borgo, November 11.)

(Translation.)

(Extract.) " St. Petersbiirgh, October 20 {November 1), 1838.

" It will not be without advantage, M. le Comte, to place
again before Lord Palmerston at the present time, the despatch,
which at that period he addressed to the Minister of England
at St. Petersburgh, and which the latter was then directed to
communicate to us.

"Your Excellency will find a copy of it annexed. With this
document in your hand, you will have the goodness, M. TAm-
bassadeur, to make known to Lord Palmerston that the same
sentiments which guided us in 1834, and which led us at the
time to desire a friendly understanding with England upon the
affairs of Persia, are now also the motive of the present step,
and inspire us with the full confidence of seeing it lead to
results fully as satisfactory as that which preceded it.

« « « 41^ «

" Assuredly, it will rest with that Government alone to re-
establish, between the Missions of Russia and of Great Britain
at Tehi'an, that happy agreement of views and of actions which
we had so much at heart to form in 1834, and which had at
that time been attended with consequences so beneficial for
the consolidation of the internal tranquillity of the Persian
Monarchy."

Viscou7it Palmerston to Count Pozzo di Borgo.

(Extract.) Foreign Office^ December 20, 1838.

"The despatch from Count Nesselrode which your Excellency
has communicated to me, contains upon these points assurances
the most full and complete; and Her Majesty's Government
accept as entirely satisfactory, the declarations of the Imperial
Cabinet that it does not harbour any designs hostile to the
interests of Great Britain in India ; that its own policy with
respect to Persia remains unchanged, and is the same which in
1834 the two Powers agreed to adopt."

The understanding of 1834 was again alluded to in the fol-
lowing Russian despatch written in January, 1839 : —

211 P 2

1834-1888.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.

Count Nesselrode to Count Pozzo di Borgo. — (^Communicated by

Count Pozzo di Borgo, February 25.)

(Translation.)

(Extract.) St, Petei^sbwgh, January 29, 1839.

** The Government of Her Britannic Majesty has received
from ns the formal assurance that it in no wise enters into the
views of our Cabinet to desire to direct the slightest hostile
combination against the security of the English possessions in
India ; and that, far from that, our poKcy, in respect to Persia,
has invariably remained the same as it was in 1834, at the time
when a perfect understanding was so happily established on
this matter between Russia and England.

" In return for this clear and precise declaration, we consider
tliat, on our part, we may rely upon the intention and upon the
desire which the British Cabinet has, on its part, expressed, to
the effect of replacing the order of things in Persia on its
ancient footing, by re-establishing its relations of friendship
and good understanding with that country."

These despatches were laid before Parliament in 1839, with
other papers relating to the affairs of Persia and Afghanistan,
and the passages quoted above are to be found at pages 3, 191,
and 192.

In June, 1873, the Persian Government inquired what un-
derstanding existed between Great Britain and Russia respect-
ing the maintenance of the integrity of Persia, when it was
informed of what had passed in 1834 and 1838 in a note which
was addressed by Earl Granville to the Sadr Azem, of which
the following is a copy :—

Earl Granville to Sadr Azem.

*' Sir, Foreign Office, July 2, 1873.

"Tour Highness, in your letter of the 30th June, has
expressed a wish to be made acquainted officially with what
may have passed between Great Britain and Russia in regard
to the maintenance of the integrity of Persia. I have the
honour, in reply, to state to your Highness that, although no
formal Treaty or agreement exists by which the two countries
mutually agree to respect the integrity of Persia, yet that, in
the year 1834, an understanding was arrived at between the
two Governments on the occasion of the nomination of
Mahomed Meerza as successor to the Throne of Persia. That
understanding was based on the sincere desire of the two
Governments to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity,
bnt also the independence and integrity of Persia ; and in the
year 1838 Count Nesselrode adverted to the agreement entered
into by the two Governments as still subsisting in full force, as
t was also acknowledged to do by Her Majesty's Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs.

212

GREAT BRITATX AND RUSSIA. [1834-1888.

'• Her Majesty's Govemment, as they recognize for themselves
the principles which guided the general policy of Great Britain
and Russia in favour of the independence and integiity of
Persia in the year 1834, have reason to believe, from informa-
tion which they have received from Lord Loftus, Her Majesty's
Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, tliat the Russian Government
refer with satisfaction to the mutual assurances which were
made on this subject in 1834 and 1838. Iler Majesty's Govern-
ment consider that the best mode of confirming both Powers in
those sentiments is, that Persia, while steadily maintaining her
rights as an independent Power, should studiously fulfil ni all
respects her Treaty engagements with each, and so insure the
continuance of the friendship which both Powers, even for their
own interests, should desire to maintain with her.

I am, &c.,
Sadr Azeni. GRANVILLE."

Count Brunnow was also told of the communication which
had been made to the Persian Government, at which he ex-
pressed his satisfaction, as will be seen from the following
extract from a despatch addi-essed by Earl Granville to Her
Majesty's Ambassador at St. Petersburgh on the 10th Julv,
1873:—* ^

Earl Granville to Lord A, Loftus.

(Extract.) Foreign Office^ July 10, 1873.

'* I ALSO informed Count de Brunnow, as he had broached the
subject of the Shah's visit, that the Persians had inquired as to
the nature of the engagements which subsisted between Great
Britain and Russia as to the integrity of the Persian territory,
and that I had told the Grand Vizier that, although no formal
Treaty or. agreement existed by which the twp countries
mutually agreed to respect the integrity of Persia, yet that in
the year 1834 an understanding was amved at between the
two Governments on the occasion of the nomination of
Mahomed Meerza as successor to the Throne of Persia ; that
that understanding was based on the sincere desire of the two
Governments to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity,
but also the independence and integiity of Persia ; that in the
year 1838 Count Nesselrode adverted to the agreement entered
into by the two Governments as still subsisting in full force,
as it was also acknowledged to do by Her Majesty's Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, and that Her Majesty's Govern-
ment, as they recognized for themselves the principles which
guided the general policy of Great Britain and Russia in favour
of the independence and integiity of Persia in the year 1834, had
reason to believe, from information which they had received
from Lord A. Loftus, Her Majesty's Ambassador at St. PetorK-

* ** State Papers," toI. 65, page 981.

213

1834r-1888.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.

burgh, that the Russian Government referred with satisfection
to the mutual assurances which were made on this subject in
1834 and in 1838 ; and that Her Majesty's Government con-
sidered that the best mode of conlirmmg both Powers in those
sentiments was that Persia, while steadily maintaining her
rights as an independent Power, should studiously fulfil in all
respects her Treaty engagements with each, and so insure the
continuance of the friendship which both Powers, even for their
own interests, should desire to maintain with her.
Count de Bmnnow expressed satisfaction.

I am, &c.,
Lord A. Loftus. GRANVILLE."

On the 23rd December, 1874, M. de Westmann, the Russian
Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, again assured Her Majesty's
Ambassador at St. Petersburgh that he fiilly admitted tne
existence, at that time, of the understanding arrived at in 1834
and 1838.

The engagements entered into between Great Britain and
Russia to respect and promote the integiity and independence
of Persia were renewed and confirmed in 1888 by an exchange
of Notes, from which the following are extracts : —

The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir R. Morier.
(Extract.) Foreign Office, February 21, 1888.

^* I HA.VE noticed in the extracts from the Russian press which
you have forwarded to this OflSce that there is a tendency to
attach importance to Sir H. Drummond Wolff's appointment as
HeT Majesty's Minister at Tehran, and to look upon it as
eviaeuce of an endeavour on the part of Her Majesty's Goveru-
ment to obtain predominant influence in Persia, to the detriment
of Russia.

*' He [Sir H. Wolffj will be authorised to give the Shah the
strongest assurances of the continued desire of Her Majesty's
Government to respect and promote the integrity and inde-
pendence of Persia, and it would be satisfactory if he could be
enabled to state that Her Majesty's Government had ascertained,
by an exchange of views with that of Russia, that the agree-
ment arrived at on this subject in 1834 and 1838, and renewed
by mutual assurances on several subsequent occasions, remains
in full force."

The reply of the Russian Government is recorded in the
following despatch : —

The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir R. Morier.

(Extract.) Foreign Office, March 12, 1888-

" M. DE Staal called here this afternoon and read to me a
despatch from M. de Giers. His Excellency was not authorized
to leave a copy of it.

214

GBEAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [Aug.-Sept., 1834

",The despatch wafi written in very fiiendly terms.

" After briefly recapitulating the interview wliich he had with
your Excellency, and in which he had stated that he would
convey through M. de Staal the definitive conclusions of the
Eussian Government on the several points touched on in the
despatch, M. de Giers went on to mention and discuss those
points.

" In the first place, as regards our desire for an assurance that
the engagement between the two Governments to respect and
promote the integiity and independence of Persia is considered
by the Russian Government as remaining in full force, M. de
Giers states that, although, in their opinion, there are no present
^rounds for apprehending any danger to Persia, and although
they have received no communication on the subject from
Tehran, yet the Russian Government have no objection to
placing again on record that their views on this point are in no
way altered. The Persian Government, his Excellencjr adds,
have on more than one occasion had tangible proof of this; and
he alludes to a military demonstration made at the request of
the Shah in 1880 on the Caucasian frontier, when a portion of
the Province of Azerbaidjan was suffering from the incursions
of bands of Kurds

" I have expressed to M. de Staal, and I request your
Excellency to oner M. de Giers, my best thanks for this frank
and courteous communication of the views of the Russian
Government. It has been highly satisfactory to Her Majesty's
Government to learn that those views are so much in accordance
with their own ; and they owe their acknowledgments to M.
de Giers for enabling Sir H. D. Wolff" to inaugurate his mission
by an assurance to the Shah that the engagements between
Great Britain and Russia to respect and promote the integrity
and independence of the Persian kingdom have again been
renewed and confiiTued.*'

I am, &c..
Sir R. Moriev. S ALISB URY."

A GREEMENT between Great Britain and Russia respecting the
Succession to the Persian Tli^oiu, — August — September, 1834.

Abbas Mirza, who was Prince Royal of Persia under Fath-Ali
Shah, and who had been named by His Majesty as Heir Apparent
to the Throne, died on the 22nd October, 1833, during the life-
time of his father, leaving several sons. At his death the ques-
tion arose as to the succession to the Persian Throne, and a corre-
spondence passed between the British and Russian Governments
on the subject. Various candidates aspired to the Throne : but
in the case of Fath-Ali Shah and his predecessor, Aga Moham-
med, it had been laid down as a piinciple, in the selection o

215

Aug.-Sept., 1834.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA..

the Heir to the Throne, that he should be descended from
Kajars, by his mother as well as by his father, and Abbas
Mirza was accordingly chosen, in preference to his elder
brother; Fath-Ali Shan was, therefore, anxious on the occa-
sion of the death of Abbas Mirza, to nominate his grandson,
Mahommed Meerza (eldest son of the late Crown Prince,
Abbas Mirza, by an Akdi* wife of the highest rank of the
Eajar Tribe) as Heir. The British and Russian Governments
were in favour of the pretensions of Prince Mohammed Meerza,
eon of Abbas, they being of opinion that this choice was, on the
whole, the most eligible one, and the British Resident and the
Russian Ambassador at Tehi*Hn were accordingly instructed to
recommend the Shah to settle the crown upon that grandson.
His Majesty accepted this advice, and eventually decided upon
nominating that Prince as his successor. The correspondence
which passed on the subject was laid before ParUament in 1839
with the " Correspondence relating to Persia and Afghanistan,"
and it included the following despatches (see " State Papers,"
Vol. 23, page «63) :—

(1.) Substance of a Despatch from Count Nesselrode to Count
Medemi and communicated to Viscount Pahnerston by Count
Medem, 22nd August^ 1834.

(Translation.)

" We expect to see the Representatives of Russia and England
in Persia, authorized to act in concert in a spirit of peace and
union, as the despatch from my office of the 30th of June has
already expressed the desire should be the case.

" The importance of providing, with this ^dew, the two
Representatives with corresponding instructions, is no wise
diminished by the mere fact of the nomination of the hereditaiy
Prince. That event, however satisfactory it may be, is never-
theless not in itself sufficient to consolidate the tranquillity of
Persia, and to remove from that country all the elements of
internal discord and disturbance.

"We consequently continue to think that a conformity of
language and conduct on the part of the Representatives of
Russia and of Great Britain, would, of all political combinations,
be the one which would most effectually contribute to maintain
the tranquillity of Persia, and to prepare the country for a new
reign, without exposing that Empire to the disorders inseparable
from any contested succession."

(2.) Viscount Palmerston to Mr, Bligli.

** Sir, Foreign Office, 5th September, ] 834.

" I have to instruct you to take an opportunity of express-
ing to the Russian Government the satisfaction oi His

* A higher Order of Marriage than tlic " Sighali."

21G

GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [Aug.-Sept., 1834.

JIajesty's Government at the decision which has been taken by
the Shah of Pereia to nominate Mahommed Meerza as the
successor to his throne ; an event which it is to be hoped will
avert the danger of civil war in Persia on the next demise of
the Ci'own ; and yon will also say that His Majesty's Govern-
ment are gratified to find that the Governments of Great
Britain and Russia are acting, with regard to the affairs of
Persia, in the same 8^)irit, and are equally animated by a
sincere desire to maintam, not only the internal tranquillity, but
also the independence and integrity of Persia.*

" His Majesty's Government will at all times find a real
pleasure in co-operating with that of Russia for such purposes ;
and instructions nave been sent to the British Resident at Tehran
to communicate confidentially with the Russian Representative,
in furtlierance of the common views of the two Governments.

I am, &c.,

PALMERSTON."
The Hon. J. D. Bligk

(3.) Mr, Bligh to Viscount Palmerston, — (Received

January 5, 1835.)

(Extract.) St. Peterslurgh^ December 8, 1834.

" I have just seen Count Nesselrode, who has given me some
details respecting the death of the Shah of Persia. Count
Nesselrode seems to anticipate that Persia will inevitably
become the scene of civil commotion, and expresses his satisfac-
tion that, under such circumstances, the British and Russian
Governments should have come to a good understanding upon
this matter.

J. D. BLIGH."
Viscount Palmerston.

Fath-Ali Shah died in October, 1834, when Mahommed Shah
succeeded him on the throne. In the following year. Shah
Mahommed nominated his son Nassir-ud-din, then an infant only
4 years old, as his successor. Nassir-ud-din was the eldest son
of the Shah by an " Akdi-Kajar " wife, and his nomination was
approved by the British, Russian, and other European Govern-
ments.

Shah Mahommed died on the 4th September, 1848, and on
the 20th October, the Heir Apparent, who was then about 19
years of age, entered Tehran, and formally ascended the throne
as Nassir-ud-din Shah ; and, in August, 1852, the Shah nomi-
nated his son. Prince Moo-eer-ood (Muzaffer-ed-deen), Heir to the
throne.

• See Understanding between Great Britain and Eussia, 1834, page 209.

217

Mar., 1865.] GREAT BRITAIN ANDIRUSSIA.

AGREEMENT between Great Britain and Russia respecting a
Map of the Turco-Persian Boundary, — March, 1865.*

The Treaty of Erzeroum was signed on the Slst May, 1847,t
for the settlement of the Turco-Persian boundary.

Subsequent meetings of the Commission were held in 1849,
1850, and 1851 at Bagdad and Mohammerah,

In 1851 Lord Palmerston, in a despatch to Sir H. Seymour,
at St. Petersburgh, stated that it was clear that no -settlement
would be come to except by an arbitrary decision on the part
of Great Britain and Russia ; and he therefore proposed that
the general line of frontier should be traced by the Agents of
the Mussulman Powers at Constantinople, assisted by the Com-*
missioners, in conformity with the stipulations of the Treaty of
Erzeroum, leaving doubtful localities to be settled in detail in
the' future.

The Russian Government agreed to this proposal, and the
work of surveying the country from Mount Ararat to the
Persian Gulf was then commenced. When tliis was done the
preparation of a map of the Turco-Persian frontier, embracing
territory 700 miles in length by from 20 to 40 miles broad, was
put in hand, and this work lasted from November, 1857, till
March 1865, when the Porte was mformed in May of that year
that, '*in the opinion of the Mediating Powers^ the future line
of boundary between the respective dominions of the Sultan
and the Shah was to be found within the limits traced on the
Map; that the two Mahommedan Governments should them-
selves mark out the line ; and that, in the event of any differences
arising between them in regard to any particular locality, the
points in dispute should be referred to the decision of the
Governments of England and Russia."

This boundary has remained unsettled down to the present
time, and disputes have frequently arisen between the Turkish
and Persian Governments respecting their respective claims to
land, in the Posht-i-Ku District, known by the Turks as the
Seyd-Hassan Lands and by the Persians as Bagsai and
Ghoreibeh. These districts include a portion of the Saifi and
Malkhatari Lands.

In 1873 an Agi'eement, which had been entered into be-
tween the Two Powers two or three years previously, was re-
newed, by which it was agreed that Ghoreibeh and Bagsai
should remain intact, and should not be interfered with on
either side, and that neither side should claim or institute any
right of possession by cultivation, or otherwise, until the Com-
mission appointed had expressed its opinion.

* A temporary Boundary Agreement was signed between Persia and Turkey on
the 3rd August, 1869. See page 176. In September, 1869, a copy of this " Identic
Map" was oflleially communicated to ihe Turkish and Persian Goyemments re-
spectively (see note, page 176).

t Page 169.

218

MAP

Shewing the Delimitation of the

TERRITORY OF KOTOUR

27 July 1880.

AKuaxAtB ProtoooL of^Julf. 1880.

MAP

( OK A REDUCED SCALE)

shewing ihe delimitation of the

ti li {hhmel IrirttByf dt IruivBroprrt mains, stirdfitx- rj-tmf4nirfA
d* loi ridBtHen avals', a ftiMie ■aSi^cdrtit dilt-mrtt iJHodU.

^JX^j^ BAn,^ A-^UL^

GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [27th July, 1880.

PROTOCOL OF CONFERENCE between the BritUh and

(TraiiHlatiou.)

For Great Britain —

Major-Geiieral Sir Edward Ilamlcy, K.C.M.G., C.B,

Captain Everett (As.sistai)t).
For Russia —

Major-General Zelenoy.

Colonel Koulber^ (Assistant).
General Sir Edward Ilaniley and General Zelenoy, after
having exchanged their powers, carefully examined that part
of the labours of the mixed Anglo-Russian Commission wnich
Qpncemed the temtory of Khotour alone. Those labours con-
sisted in tracing the frontier line laid down upon two maps on
the scale of ^j-^-jWy^, an Eiighsli reduction from the great official
niap y jjy^ , by the Iiands of the Commissioners of the Anglo-
Russian Mixed Commission ; General Kemball for Great Britain
and Colonel Zelenoy (actually the same General Zelenoy, the
signer of this Protocol) for Russia.

General Sir E. Ilaniley and General Zelenoy declare. General
Zelenoyfrom his own knowledge, and General Sir E. Hamley
from evidence shown by the said maps and the precise explana-
tions given by General Zelenoy, that the two delegates of the
said former Commission were agi'eed with regard to the defini-
tive frontier line of Khotour, of which the tracing made by them
is shown on the two English reductions above mentioned from
the official map.

The task of the former Commission being, not the partial
delineation of the Valley of Khotour, but the entire Turco-
Persian frontier, of which the delineation of Khotour only pre-
sented a very small part, it naturally followed that, in this
continuity of the entire frontier, it was sufficient to determine
alone all the frontier west of the Valley of Khotour, and the two
extremities by which this frontier of Khotour was connected
with the rest of the entire Turco-Persian frontier.

However, considering the question of Khotour from its
history as a separate question, the said Commission is also
agreed upon the frontiers north and south of the Valley of
Khotour. Consequently all the frontier line of the territory of
Khotour traced by General Kemball and Colonel Zelenoy upon

• Art. 60 of Treaty of Berlin of 13th July, 1878 : " The Sublime Porte cedes to
Persia the Town and Territory of Khotour, as fixed by the mixed Anglo-Bussian
Commission for the delimitation of the frontiers of Turkey and of Persia." [A
Boundary Line was suggested by the British and Russian Commissioners, General
Sir A. B. Kemball and General Zolcnov, in Julv, 1879.]

'219

BRITISH AMBASSADORS AND ENVOYS TO i*£R&IA.

the said English reduction of the ffreat oflBcial map follows the
following line actually described oy the undersigned on the
map annexed to the present Protocol.

The frontier on the north, starting from the Ber-i-Kurgiii
Mountains, proceeding in a general direction towards the west,
reaches the mountains Guerdi-B6ranan and Bere Gevran, and
continues as far as the summit of Mount Khydyr-Baba, where
the northern frontier joins the western frontier of the territoiy
of Khotour. During the whole of its course, the frontier to the
north joins the water parting of the left affluent of the
Khotour-tchai, afterwards the waters of Beledgik to the west,
as far as the waters of the Bere-i-Kurgin Mountains to the
east, with the right affluent of Tchewentchyk over the same
space.

The western frontier stai-ts from the same summit of the
Khydyr-Baba Mountains, proceeds in a general direction
towards the south, by the Kemarouk, Guedouk, and Tepe
Avristan Moimtains, as far as the left bank of the Khotour-tchai,
leaving to Persia all the dale of Beledgik, and to Turkey the
dale of Kan-i-man-Yourl, then remounting the left bank of the
Khotour-tchai to the north of the main road, the frontier
crosses this road and this river opposite to the mountains which
stand on the left bank of the Schiwa-resl stream ; follows the
crest of these mountains, and rejoining, by the line of the
water parting of Khotour and of the Alback-tchai, the Mir-
Omar Mountains, leaving to Persia the defile and village of
Razi, the village of Gharatil, and the village of Panamaik, and
to Turkey the village of Kevlik. The frontier to the south starts
from the Mir-Omar Mountains, proceeds in a general direction
towards the east by the summit of Mount Srurowa, as far as
the extremity next of the Kerpilay Moimtains, following from
west to east the water parting of Khotour and of Alback-tchai,
and then of Khotour-tchai and of Dere-dishivan,

List of British Ambassadors and Envoys to the Court

OF Persia, 1800-1890.

A.D.

1800. Nov. Captain (afterwards Colonel Sir John) Malcolm
(sent by Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of India, to
Fat-h 'Aly). (Concluded Treaties of Januaiy, 1801.)

1807. 5th June. Sir Harford Jones, Bart, (afterwards Sir
Harford Jones Biydges), Envoy Extraordinary (sent
by George IH to Fat-h 'Alv). (Concluded Treat^^
of 12th March, 1809.)

1810. Sir John Malcolm (sent by Lord Minto, Governor-General
of India, to Fat-h 'Aly).
„ 6tli March. Sir Gore Ouseley, Ambassador (sent from
England). (Concluded Treaty of 14th March, 1812.)

220

BRITISH AMBASSADORS AND ENVOYS TO PERSIA.
A.D.

1814. 18th April. Mr. James Morier, Minister Plenipotentiary,

ad interim,
„ 18th April. Mr. Henry Ellis (afterwards Right Hononi'able
Sir Henry), Minister Plenipotentiary, ad interim^ in the
event of Mr. Morier's absence. (Treaty of 25th Nov.,
1814, concluded by Mr. Morier and Sir Henry Ellis.)

1815. 30th June. Mr. Henry Willock, Charge d'Affaires.
1826. 29th July. Colonel (afterwards Sir John) Macdonald,

Envoy Extraordinary from the Supreme Government
of India. (Concluded arrangement in 1828 for can-
celling Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 1814.)

1835. 30th June. Bight Honourable Sir Henry Ellis,

Ambassador. (To bear the King's congratulations to
the Shah of Pci-sia, on his accession to the Throne.)

1836. 9th February. John M*Neill (afterwards Sir John),

Minister Plenipotentiary.
„ 25th May. The same, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary. (Concluded Commercial Treaty of
28th October, 1841.)

1844. 17th September. Lieutenant-Colonel Justin Sheil (after-
wards Lt.-General Sir Justin), Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary. (Concluded Slave
Trade Agreement of August, 1851.) (Died 17th April,
1871.)

1848. Lt. Colonel Farrant, Charged d' Affaires.

[Diplomatic relations were suspended from 4th No-
vember till 26th November, 1853, but the Mission
was not withdrawn from Tehran.]

1854. 3rd September. Honourable Charles A, Murray (now
Rt. Hon. Sir Charles), Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary.

[In December, 1855, a letter was addressed by the
Shah to the Sahr Azim, which contained most
insulting remarks respecting Mr. Murray.' Diplo-
matic relations were in consequence suspended,
5th December, 1855, and War was declared by
Great Britain against Persia at Calcutta, 1st
November, 1856 ; a Treaty of Peace was signed
at Paris, 4th March, 1857, the ratifications of
which were exchanged at Bagdad, 14th April,
1857. The Honourable Charles A. Murray (now
Sir Charles) was then sent back to Persia by the
British Government, when the Shah received
him with great state, and apologised for the
hisult which had been offered to him in December,
1855. The insulting letter which was withdrawn
was annexed to the Treaty of. Peace.]

221

PERSIAN REPRESENTATIVES TO CfREAT BRITAIN.
A.D.

1859. 16th April. Major-General Sir Henry Cres^vicke Raw-
linson, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary.

18(>0. 7th April. Charles Alison, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary. (Died at Tehran, 29th April,
1872.)

1872. 15th July. William Tayloiir Thomson (afterwards Sir
William), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary. (Died 15th September, 1883.)

1879. 14th June. Ronald F. Thomson (afterwards Sir
Ronald), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary. (Died 15th November, 1888.)

1 885. 4th November. Arthur (now Sir A.) Nicolson, Charge
d' Affaires.

1887. 3rd December. Right Honom^able Sir Henry Drummond
Wolff, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary.

List of Persian Representatives accredited to the Court

OF Great Britalv, 1810-1890.
a.d.

1810. Mirza Abul Hassan.
1819-1820. Mirza Abul Hassan.
1822. September. Mirza Saleh.
1826-1827. Sadek Bey.
1839. Hussin Khan (not received by Her Majesty).

1851. Sheffee Khan, Charg6 d' Affaires.

1852. September. Shafee Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and

Minister Plenipotentiary.
1856. Ferukh Khan, Ambassador Extraordinary.

1859. Mirza Hassan Ali Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and

Minister Plenipotentiary.

1860, May. Mirza Djaafer Khan, Ambassador Extraordinary.
1862. October. Mahmoud Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and

Minister Plenipotentiary.
1867. April. General Hadji Muhsin Khan, Charg6 d' Affaires.
1869. May. „ „ Minister Resident.

1871. 31st October. General Hadji Muhsin Khan, Envoy Extra-

ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

1872. October. Mirza Malcom Khan Nazem Oul Moulk

(afterwards Prince Nazem Malcom Khan), Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

1887. Prince Hissam-us-Sultaneh, Ambassador Extraordinaiy
on Special Mission to convey Jubilee Congratulations
to Her Majesty.

1890. 10th March. Mirza Mahommed AU Khan, Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

222

SUBJECT INDEX

Abhas Mirza, Prince, Succession to Persian Throne. Treaty. Bussia.

22nd February, 1828. Art. 7, page 120.
Agreement. Great Britain and Bussia. August, September,

1834, page 215.
Afffhanittan, Attempted Inyasion of India. Treaty, January, 1801. Arts. 2, 3,

page 1.
. . . . ; Mutual Engagements. G-rcat Britain and Persia. Eventuality of

War. 14tli March, 1812. Arts. 5, 6, page 5 j 25th November, 1814.

Arts. 8, 9, page 6.
British Award. Dispute. Pei*sia and Afghanistan. Scistan

Boundary. August, 1872. Page 63.
Withdrawal of Persian Troops. Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March,

1857. Art. 5, page 17.
i . • • Belinquishment of Persian Claims to Sovereignty, Ditto. 4th Marcli,

1867. Art. G, page 18.
Non-interference of Persia in affairs of. Ditto. 4th March, 1857.

Art. 6, page 18.
Persian recognition of Independence. Ditto. 4th March, 1857.

Art. 6, page 18.
Differences between Persia and Afghanistan. British good offices

and influence. Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
Eventual Yiolation of Persian Territory by Afghans. Ditto. 4th

March, 1857. Art. 7, page 18.
Belease of Prisoners of War. Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 8, page 19.

See also Boundaries.
"Aggression.^* Definition of Word. Treaty, Great Britain. 25th November,

1814. Art. 3, page 6.
Akkal'Khoratean, Boundary. Treaty. Bussia and Persia. 2l8t December, 1881,

page 136. (Map.)
Commercial Intercourse. Beads. Treaty. Bussia. 21st De-
cember, 1881. Art. 5, page 139.
AJchal Water Sitpplg. Treaty. Bussia. 2l8t December, 1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Ambassadors, Persian to the Porte. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727,

Art. 3, page 153.

Persian to Great Britain. List, 1810-1890, page 220.

British to Persia. List, 1800-1890, page 222.

See also Diplomatic Agents.
Awm^y, Treaty. Bussia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 16, page 124.

• .. GPreaty. Great Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 4, page 17.

Apology, Insidt to British Minister. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, page 19.
Arms^ S^c, Non-supply to Turcomans. See Turcomans.

223

SUBJECT INDEX.

Army, See Persian Army.

Asterahad. Telegraph to Chekisblar. See Telegraphs.

Attrek River. Boundary. Caspian Sea. Agreement. Russia. 13th December,
1869, page 133.

Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 1, page 1^7.

Austria-Hungary, Convention. I7th May, 1867, page 66.

Award, British. See Beloochistan, Kelat, Seistan.

Azerhijan. Part ceded by Persia to Turkey, Treaty, January, 1747, page 160.

Saysai, See Posht-i-ku.

Bankruptcies, Firmaun. Protection. British Merchants. May (June), 1844, page 50.

Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 10, page 71.

Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1878. Art. 14, page 90.

JBelyium, Commercial Treaty with Persia. 31st July, 1857, page 78.
Beloochistan, Boundary. Agreement. Great Britain and Persia. 1-4 September,

1871, page 106.
Ditto. Proposed Amended Agreement, bitto. 15th May, 1873^

page 106.
Bender-Abbas, Treaty. Persia and Oman. 17th Norember, 1856, page 112.
Bender-Bushire, See Bushire.
Bombay. Residence of Persian Consul. Treaty. Great Britain. 28th October,

1841. Art. 2, page 11.
Bonds, See Subsidy,
Boundaries. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan. British Award. August, 1872,

page 63.
Ditto. Heri Rud, near Zulficar Pass. Protocol. 10th September,

1886, page 65.
Ditto. Ditto, ditto. 22nd July, 1887, page 65.

Persia and Beloochistan (Kelat and Mekran). Agreement. Ist — 4th

September, 1871, page 105.

Ditto. Alteration proposed. 15th May, 1873, page 106.

^—^ Persia and Russia. Georgia, &c. Treaty. 12th October, 1813.

Arts. 2, 3, page 116.

Ditto. 22nd February, 1828. Treaty. Arts. 3-6, pages 118-120.

Ditto. East of the Caspian Sea. Agreement. 13th December, 1869,

page 133.

• Ditto. Akhal-Khorassan. Attrek-Lutfabad. Convention. 2l8t De-
cember, 1881, page 136.

Persia and Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 158.

Ditto. Treaty, 28th July, 1823. Preamble, page 163.

Ditto. Treaty, Slst May, 1847. Arts. 2-4, page 169.

Ditto. Agreement. Great Britain and Persia. Mount Ararat to

Persian Gulf. March, 1865, page 212.
Brigandage. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 8, page 172.
British Claims. Against Persia. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 11, page 19.
British Minister. Servants and Dependents. Firmauns. 15th September, 1839,

and April, 1840, pages 48, 49.
Apology for Insult to. Reception at Tehran. Treaty, 4th March,

1857. Art. 10, page 19.
British Troops. Withdrawal from Persian Territory. Treaty, 4th March, 1857.

Art. 14, page 20.
Bushire. Agreement. Shaik Sadoon. British Factory. Garden. Burial Ground.

Trade, &c. 12th April, 1763, page 11.

224

\

«

SUBJECT INDEX.

Bushire. Eojal Grant. British Factory, &c. 2ud July, 1763, page 11.

British Resident. Treaty. Great Britain. 28th October, 1841. Art. 2,

page 10.

Caspian Sea. Persian Nayy. Treaty, 14th March, 1812. Art. 7, page 5.
Navigation by Russian Yessels of War. Treaty. Russia.

12th October, 1813. Art. 6, page 115.

Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.

Nayigation by Merchant Vessels. Treaty, Russia. 12th October,

1813. Art. 5, page 115.

... * Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.

Coasting Trade. Treaty. Russia. 12th October, 1813. Art. 5,

page 115.

Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.

Persian Trade w-ith Russia. Duties. Treaty. Russia. 22nd Feb-

ruary, 1828. Arts. 1, 3, pages 125, 126.
Russian Prohibition against Establishment of Companies for Navi-

gation of Caspian Sea, except by Russian Subjects, and against purchase

by Foreigners of Shares in such Companies. 24th November, 1869,

page 121.
Boundary. East of. Agreement. Russia and Persia. 13th December,

1869, page 133.

Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881, page 136.

CazUghure. See Kazlee Gioul.

Ceded Territories. Immovable Property. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828.

Art. 12, page 122.
Ceremoniai, Visit of Govemor-Geneml of Fars to Bender-Abbas. Treaty.

Oman. I7th November, 1856. Art. 4, page 113.
Reception of Ambassadors. Agreement. Russia. 22nd February,

1828, page 130.
Re-establishment of Diplomatic and Friendly Relations with Great

Britain. Treaty. 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, page 19. Separate Note, page 21.
Cessions. See Boundaries.

Chekishlar, Telegraph to Asterabad. See Telegraphs.
Civil Jurisdiction. See Consular Jurisdiction.
Claims. Persian and Turkish. Treaty, Slst May, 1847. Art. 1, page 168. See

also British Claims.
Coasting Trade, See Caspian Sea.
Coin. See Currency.

Commerce and Commercial Treaties. See Separate Countries.
Commercial Contracts, Austria-Hungary. Treaty, l7tli May, 1857. Art.8,page 69.

Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 12, page 89.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 2, page 126.

Commercial Documents. Legalization. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, l7th May, 1857.

Art. 8, page 69.

Germany. Treaty, llth June, 1873. Art. 12, page 89.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 2, page 126.

Commercial Privileges. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. f?,

page 68.
Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art, 3,

page 78.
France. Treaty, 13th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.

225 Q

•^

SUBJECT INDEX.

Commercial Privileges. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Arts. 5, fi, page 86.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 101.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Arts. 3, 4, page 109.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10,

page 121.
Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Ai-ts. 1-6, pages

125, 126.
Turkey. Treaty, 23rd October, 1727. Art-. 4, page 154.

See also Q-uilds and separate Countries.

Consular Jurisdiction, Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Arts. 9, 12,

pages 70, 72..

Belgium. Treaty, 3l8t July, 1857. Art. 5, page 75.

-France. Treaty, 12th July, 18*55. Art. 5, page 82.

CIcrniany. Treaty, lltli June, 1873. Arts. 13, 16,

pages 89, 90, 91. ^

. Great Britain. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page ^

19. Order in Council. Persia. 13th December, 1889, page 193.

Ditto. Ditto. Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

(Coasts and Islands). 13th December, 1889, J)age 199.

^ Greece. Treaty, 28th October,. 1861. Art. 9, page 98.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. • Art. 6, page 102.

• . . . . Netherlands. See Consuls, w^

'^ Eussia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Arts. 7, 8, pp. | ^-^

128,129. '

> • - Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 6, page 142. ^ "V

' Sweden and Norway. Treaty, I7th November, 1857.

Art. 5, pages 147, 148.

, Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 5, p. 150.

, . , , , , Turkey. Conrention, 20th December, 1875. Arts. 1, 7,

179,182. ^

« * United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 5,

page 188.
Consuls. Appointment and Privileges. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, l7th May,
1857. Art. 7, page 69.

Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 7, page 76.

Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 6, page 79.

France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 7, page 83.

Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 3, page 85.

Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 2, page 10.

Ditto. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 8, page 97.

.... ... Ditto. Explanatory Article, page 100.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 7, page 103.

Ditto. Additional Article. 29fch September, 1862, page 104.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 5, page 110.

....... Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10, page 122.

. Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 127.

Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 4, page 142.

Ditto. Treaty, 9th February, 1870. Arts. 2, 3, page 145.

Sweden and Norway. Treaty, l7th November, 1857. Art. 5, page 147.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 7, page 151.

Turkey. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 7, page 171.

Ditto. Treaty, 20th December, 1876. Art. 3, page 181.

226

. . « . • .

f^riJJECT IXDEX,

Consuls. United States. TiTatj, 13th December, 1856. Art. 7, page 189. See

also Consular Jurisdiction.
Right of Consular Staff to purchase Goods for their own use, duty fi*ee.

Treaty, Kussia, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 127. See also Consuls.
Coniracfa. See Commercial Contracts.
Criminal Jurisdiction, See Consular Jurisdiction.
Currency, Relatiye Values of Coin. Convention. Great Britain. Telegraphic*

28rd November, 1865. Art. 14, page 29.
Customs Duties (Imports and Exports) . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May,

1857. Art. 5, page G8.

Belgium. Treaty, Slst July, 1857. Art. 4, page 74.

t . . . . Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 4, page 78.

France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 4, page 82.

Germany. Treaty, lltli June, 1873. Art. 7, page 87.

Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.

Ditto. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 5, 6, pages 96, 97.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 4, page 102.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 4, page 109.

Oman (Muscat). Treaty, 17th November, 1856. Art.. 10,

page 114.

Eusssia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 126.

• Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 3, page 142.

Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857. Art. 4,

page 147.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 4, page 150.

Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 159.

Ditto. January, 1747. Art. 3, page 163.

Ditto. Treaty, 28th July, 1823. Art. 2, page 166.

Ditto. Treaty, 3l8t May, 1847. Art. 6, page 171.

, , , . United Sta-tes. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 4, page 188.

Debts, Deceased Subjects. Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Arts. 3, 4,

page 2.
Payment of, suspended during War. Treaty. Kussia. 22nd February,

1828. Art. 11, page 122. See also Property. Succession.
Deceased Suhjects. See Property,

DenmavJc. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 30th November, 1857, page 77.
Deserters. Surrender. See Extradition.
Diplomatic Agents, Reception, Bights, and Privileges —

Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857, Art. 2, page 67.

Belgium. Treaty, 31 st July, 1857. Art. 2, page 74.

Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 2, page 78.

France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 2, page 81.

Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801, Art. 2, page 1.

Goods duty Free.

Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, pages 19, 21.

Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 2, page 85.

. , Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 2, page 95.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 2, page 101.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 2, page 109.

,,,,,,,,, Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 9, page 121.

227 ' Q 2

SUBJECt INDEX.

Diplomatic Agents, Russia. Goods duty Free. Treaty, 22nd February, 1S28.

Art. 6, page 127.
Ditto. Protocol. Ceremonial, 22nd February, 1828,

page 130.
Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857. Art. 2,

page 147.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1878. Art. 2, page 149.

.' Turkey. Treaty, 23rd October, 1727. Art. 3, page 154.

, Ditto. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 2, page 158.

United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 2,

page 187.

See also Persians. Protection.

Diplomatic Jurisdiction. See Jurisdiction.

Disputes, See Consular Jurisdiction.

Documents. Legalisation. See Commercial Documents.

Domicile. Inviolability. Austria- Hungary. Treaty. 17th May, 1857. Art. 4,

page 63.

G-ermany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Arts. 3, 11, pages 85, 88.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 4, 8, pages 96, 97.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 127.

Dragomans. Treaty. Greece, 28th October, 1861. Art. 8, page 98. See also

Protection.
Duties on Ships. See Ships.
on Merchandize. See Customs Duties.

"Egypt. Special Commercial Arrangements with Persia. 1823, 1889. Page 80.

'ElliSi Mr. Henry. Treaty, 25th November, 1814, page 0.

Envoys. See Diplomatic Agents.

Erzeroom. Treaty. Turkey and Persia. Boundary. 28th July, 1823, page 163.

Treaty. Ditto. Ditto, 3l8t May, 1847, page 169.

Evacuation. British. Persian Territory. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 2, page 17.
Explosive Projectiles. Declaration renouncing use, in time of War, of Explosive

Projectiles under 400 grammes weight. I7th December, 1868. See

" State Papers," Vol. 58, page 16.
Exportation of Goods. See Trade.
Export Duties. See Customs.
Extradition. Persian Refugees. Treaty. Great Britain. 14th March, 1812.

Art. 8, page 5.

Ditto. Treaty, 25th November, 1814. Art. 10, page 6.

Oman (Muscat). Treaty, 17th November, 1856. Art. 7, page 114.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 14, page 123.

Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 158.

Ditto. Treaty, Slst May, 1847. Art. 5, page 171.

Failures. See Bankruptcies, Subjects.

Firuze River. Villages and Lands along source. Treaty. Russia. 2l8t December,

1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Flag. Persian. Hoisting at Bender-Abbas. Treaty, 17th November, 1856,

Art. 5, page 113.
Fortifications. Non-erection by Russia of, in Territory evacuated by Persia.

Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 3, page 138.
Forts. Persian evacuation. See Giamab, Kulkulab.

228

SUBJECT INDEX.

France. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 12tli July, 1856, page 80.

Persian opposition to hostile attack by French against the English.

Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 4, page 1. '
Persian opposition to French settling or residing in Islands or on Shores

of Persia. Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.
British assistance to Persia in event of War between France and Persia.

Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.
Frontier Disturbances, Treaty. Turkey. January, 1747. Art. 3, page 162.

Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 8, page 172.

Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Art. 1, page 176.

Frontier Trade, Treaty. Eussia. Commerce. 22nd February, 1828. Arts.

1, 3, pages 125, 126.
Frontiers, See Boundaries.
Fugitives, Surrender. See Extradition.

Geneva Convention. Persian Accession. 5th December, 1874. " State Papers,"
Vol. 70, page 1168.

Germany, Commercial Treaty with Persia. 6th — lltli June, 1873, pages 84, 93.

Ghareibeh, See Posht-i-ku.

Giamdb Fort, Evacuation by Persia. Convention. Eussia. 21st December, 1881,
Art. 3, page 138.

Gombroon. See Bender Abbas.

Goods. See Customs Duties. Merchants.

Great Britain, Treaties, &c., with Persia: — Agreement. Sheikh of Bushire.
12th April, 1763, page 11.

British Privileges. Factory at Bushire. Trade in Persian Gulf.

2nd July, 1763, page 11.

..ft Political Treaty. January, 1801, page 1.

• Commercial Treaty. January, 1801, page 1.

• Preliminary Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 12th Msrcfa,

1809, page 4.

Deflnitive Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 14th March, 1812,

page 5.

Definitive Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 25th Novem-
ber, 1814, page 6.

Bonds cancelling Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 25th Novem-
ber, 1814. March — August, 1828, page 7.

Firmaun. Equal trading privileges with Eussian Merchants.

5th May, 1836, page 48.

: Firmaun. Protection of Servants and Dependents of British

Mission. 15th September, 1839, page 48.

Ditto. Ditto. April, 1840, page 49.

Commercial Treaty. 28th October, 1841, page 9.

Firmaim. Protection of British Merchants in cases of Bank-
ruptcy. May (June), 1844, page 50.

Slave Trade Agreement, August, 1851, page 12.

Engagement with regard to Herat. 25th January, 1853, page 14.

Treaty of Peace. 4th March, 1857, page 16.

. , Engagement. Telegraph Line. Kanakeen to Bushire. 17th

December, 1862, page 23.

Telegraph Conyention. Europe and India. 23rd November,

1865, page 25,

229

•

SUBJECT INDEX.

Or eat Britain, Telegi*apli Convention. Europe and India. 2nd April, 1868,

page 30.
•« Arrangement;. Boundary. Persia and Beloocliistan (Kelat).

1— 4th September, 1871, page 105.
,,,,,,., Telegraph Convention, continuing Convention of 23i'd November,

1866, for three months from 13th August, 1872. 19th June, 1872, page 30.

• ,..•• Arrangement. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan Boundary.

(British Award). August, 1872, page 63.

• •••••.. Telegraph Convention. Europe and India. Third Wire, &c.

2nd December, 1872, page 32.
(Proposed) Amended Arrangement. Persia and Kelat

(Beloochistan). 15th May, 1873, page 106.

, Slave Trade. Convention, 2nd March, 1882, page 40.

,,,.,,, Agreements prolonging Telegraph Conventions of 2nd April,

1868, and 2nd December, 1872, until Slst January, 1905. 3rd July,

1887, page 43.
Greece, Commercial Treaty with Persia. 28th October, 1861, page 94.
Quilds, Turkish. Entrance of Persian Subjects. 20th December, 1875. Art. 2,

page 181.
Qulistan. Treaty. Kussia and Persia. Peace. 12th October, 1813. Abrogated

by War. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828, Art. 2, page 118.

Herat, Persian Engagement towards Great Britain. 25th January, 1853.
Page 14.

• •••.. Withdrawal of Persian Troops. Treaty. Great Britain and Persia.

4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 17.
Eelinquishment of Persian claim to Sovereignty, Treaty. Great

Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
, . 4 . . • Persian Recognition of Independence. Treaty. Great Britain. 4th

March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
....,• Differences with Persia. Friendly offices of British Government.

Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
Holy Fiances. Pilgrims. See Pilgrims.

Hormuz Island. Treaty. Oman. 17th November, 1856. A.rt. 1, page 112.
Horses. Abolition of Export Duty. July (August), 1823. Page 47.
Houses^ Shops, and Warehouses. Right to build or rent :—

• ... Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17tb May, 1857.

Art. 4, pages 67, 68.
Belgium. Treaty, Slst July, 1857. Art. 3,

page 74.
Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 6,

page 87.
» Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801. Art. 5,

page 2.
Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,

page 95.
Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6,

page 127.

See also Kazlee Gioul. Land. Property.
Hussein Bey. Liberation. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727. Art. 6, page

154.
Huveise. Prorince. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727. Art. 2, page 154.

230

SUBJECT INDEX.

Immammazein Temple, Right of Persians to visit. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd

October, 1727. Art. 5, page 153.
Importation of Goods. See Trade.
Import Duties, See Customs.
Indemnity. Pecuniaiy. Persia to Russia. War. Treaty. 22nd February, 1828.

Art. 6, page 120.
Independence of Persia. Understanding between Great Britain and Russia.

1834—1888. Page 209.
India, Attempted Invasion by Afghans or any other Power. See Afghanistan.

Measures for Defence. Treaty, 14th March, 1812. Art. 1, page 5.

Ditto. Treaty, 25th November, 1814. Art. 1, page 6.

See also Pilgrims.
Integrity of Persia. Understanding between Great Britain and Russia. 1834 —

1888. Page 209.
Internal Trade. Laws respecting. Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,

page 96.

Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 101.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Ai*t. 3, page 109.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 3, page 150.

Intestate Property. See Property.
Inviolability of Domicile. See Domicile.

Irak. Part ceded by Persia to Turkey. Treaty. January, 1747. Page 160.
Italy, Commercial Convention with Persia. 24th September, 1862. Page 100.
Additional Article. Silkworms' Eggs and Cocoons. Appointment^ of Con-
suls. 29th September, 1862. Page 104.

JoneSf Sir Harford. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. Great

Britain and Persia. 12th March, 1809. Page 4.
Jurisdiction. See Consular Jurisdiction.

Karun Biver, Persian Circular. Opening of, from Mohammerah to Ahwas.

30th October, 1888. Page 58.
KarraJc, I. of. "Non-retention by Great Britain. Treaty, 12th March, 1809. Art.

5, page 4.
Supplies for British Troops. Treaty, 12th March, 1809. Art. 6,

page 4.
Kazlee Gioul. Repair of Houses. Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Art. 5,

page 177.
Kelat. Arrangement. Boundary. Persia (Beloochistan and Mekran). 1st — 4th

September, 1871. Page 105.
...... Amended Arrangement (proposed). Ditto. 15th May, 1873. Page 106.

Kerrind Valley. Abandonment by Turkey. Treaty, Slst May, 1847. Art. 2,

page 169.
Khizr Island, Persian Sovereignty. Treaty. Turkey. Slst May, 1847. Art. 2,

page 170.
Khorassan Boundary. See Akhal-Khorassan.
Khoiour. Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Boundary. Persia and Turkey.

27th July, 1880. Page 219. (Map).
Kishm Island. Treaty. Oman. I7th November, 1856. Art. 1, page 112.
JToAtfiEr. See Beloochistan.
KMlkulah Fort. Evacuation by Persia. Convention. 21st Decembtr, 1881.

Art. 3, page 138.

231

• • •

• • • • •

SUBJECT INDEX.

Land. Bight to possess. Treaty. Austria-Hungarj. 17th May, 1857. Art. 4,

page 68.
..... Ditto. Treaty. Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 87.

See also Houses.
Land Disputes. Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Arts. 1 — 7, page 176.
Laws. Submission of Foreigners to : —

Austria-Hungary, 17th May, 1867. Art. 4, page 68.

Belgium. 31st July, 1867. Art. 3, page 74.

Denmark. 30th November, 1857. Art. 3, page 78.

Q-ermany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 87.

Greece. 28th October, 1861. Art. 4, page 96.

Italy. 24th September, 1862. Art 3, page 101.

Netherlands. 3rd July, 1857. Art. 3, page 109.

Lighthouse Dues. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873, Art. 9, page 88.

Mecca and Medina. Pilgrims. See Pilgrims.

Merchandize. Duty on. See Customs Duties.

Mekran. Boundary. See Beloochistan.

Malcolm, Sir John. Treaties. Great Britain and Persia. January, 1801. Page 1.

Merchants and Travellers. Privileges, Protection, and Treatment : —

Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 4,

page 67.
Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1867. Art. 3,

page 78.

France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.

. • Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 86.

Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1,

pages 9, 10.
, Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,

page 96.
Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3,

page 101.
Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 3,

page 109.
Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10,

page 122.

Ditto. Treaty, Commence, 22nd February, 1828.

Page 125.

See also Subjects.
Military Service. Treaty, Turkey. 20th December, 1875. Art. 6, page 182.
Mohammerah. Persian Sovereignty. Treaty. 31st May, 1847. Art. 2, page 170.
Money. See Currency.
Monopolies. See Merchants, Privileges.
Morier, Mr. James. Treaty, 25th November, 1814, page 6.
Most Favoured Nation. Commerce and Navigation, Subjects, &c : —
Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 3,

page 67.

t Belgium. Treaty, Slst July, 1857. Aii;. 3, page 74.

France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.

Great Britain. Treaty, 28tli October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.

, Great Britain. Treaty, 4lli March, 1857. Art. 9, page 10.

Germany. Treat v, lltli June, 1873. Art. 4, page 80.

232

SUBJECT IXDEX.

Mosi Favoured Nation, Commerce and Nayigation, Subjects, Ac. (eontd,) :—

• Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4, page 95.

Italy- Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 1©1.

' Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1867. Art. 3, paffe

109.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Arts. 3, 4,

page 150.

• • • • • Turkey. Treaty, 4th January, 1876. Art. 14, page 184.

See also Consuls.]
Muscat. See Oman.

Natives. See Persia. Protection. Subjects.

Navigation Dues. See Ships.

Netherlands. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 3rd July, 1857, page 108.

Colonies. Special Privileges. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 4,

page 110.

Oman. Treaty with Persia respecting Bender Abbas, &c. 17th November, 1856,

page 112.
Oman, Gulf of. Order in Council. British Consular Jurisdiction. 13th December,

1889, page 199.
Ormuz Island. See Hormuz.
Order in Council. British Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. 13th December, 1889,

page 193.
Ditto in Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. 13th December,

1889, page 199.
Ouseley, Sir Gore. Treaty, 14th March, 1812, page 5.

Fassports. Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 3, page 74.

Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 86.

••• Great Britain. Agreement. For Mecca or India. August, 1851.

Art. 3, page 13.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 3, page 95.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 1, page 125.

Turkey. Treaty, 20th December, 1875. Art. 6, page 182.

JPersia. Independence and Integrittf. Understanding. Great Britain and Bussia.

1834—1888, page 209.
Succession to Persian Throne. Agreement. Great Britain and Bussia.

August-September 1834, page 215.

See also Consular Jurisdiction. Slave Trade.
Persians. Hire and Punishment by British Employes. Treaty. Great Britain.

January, 1801. Art. 4, page 2.
Hire and Punishment by Persian Authorities when in Russian Employ.

Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 128.
Proclamation and Firmaun. Protection of Lives and Properties of

Persians. 26th May, 1888, pages 56, 57. See also Protection.
Persian Army. British Officers. Treaty. Great Britain. 14tb March, 1812.

Arts. 3, 10, page 5.
Ditto. Treaty. Great Britain. 25th November, 1814. Art. 5,

page 6.
Persian Gulf. Assistance to Persia by British Ships of War. Treaty,

25th November, 1814. Art. 11, page 6.

233

%

V

SUBJECT INDEX.

Shatt'uhArab. FerBian Eight to certain Lands. Treaty. Turkey. Slst May,

1847. Art. 2, page 170.
Bight of Persian Ships to Navigate. Treaty. Turkey. Slst May,

1847. Art. 2, page 170.
Ships, Repair of. Great Britain. Treaty. Januaiy, 1801. Art. 5, page 2.

Duties on. Belgium. Treaty. Slst July, 1857. Art. 4, page 74.

• Ditto. Denmark. Treaty. 30th November, 1857. Art. 4, page 78.

Ditto. Germany. Treaty. 11th June, 1873. Art. 9, page 88.

Ditto. Greece. Treaty. 28th Ootober, 1861. Art. 6, page 97.

Shops, See Houses. • ^^^^

Silkworms* EggSy and Cocoons, Italy. Additional Articles. 29th September,

1862, page lOi.
/ (Slave Trade and Slaves. Great Britain and Persia. Agreement. Bight of
A Search, &c. August, 1b51, page 12. ^
Ditto. Treaty. Persian Gulf. 4th March, 1857,

Art. XIII. Benewal of Agreement of August, 1851, page 20.

• ••••• Ditto. Convention. Suppression of Traffic in Slaves.

Bight of Search, &c. 2nd March, 1882, page 40. Agreement of August,
1851, cancelled.

• • • Ditto. Oi'der in Council for execution of Convention

of 2nd March, 1882. 18th August, 1882, page 42.

• • , Treaty. Turkey. Freedom of Slaves. Slave Trading.

January, 1747. Art. 3, page 162.

• • , Firmauns. Prohibiting Importation of Negro Slaves

into Persia by Sea. 12th June, 1848, pages 54, 55.

• •• t .-..«..• • Ditto. Prohibiting Trade in Black Slaves and Slave -

Girls by Sea, July, 1848, page 66.

, , , , Notice. Prohibition against Traffic in Slaves, by Sea or

Land. 1st February. 1890, page 58.
Spain. Commercial Treaty, with Persia. 4th March, 1842, page 140.

Ditto. 9th February, 1870, page 144.

Subjects. Treatment. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 3,

page 63.
Ditto. Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.

See also Merchants, Most Favoured Nation, Protection, Property.
Subsidy, British to Persia (conditional). Treaty, Great Britain, 12th March,

1809. Art. 4, page 4.

Treaty, Great Britain, 14th March, 1812. Arts. 2, 3, 4, page 5.
Treaty, Great Britain, 25th November, 1814. Arts. 3, 4, 7, page 6.
Agreement. Ditto. Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 25th November,

1814, cancelled. March — August, 1828, page 7.
Succession to Persian Throne. Treaty. Bussia. 12th October, 1813. Art. 4,

page 115.
Treaty. Bussia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 7,

page 120.
, , Agreement. Great Britain and Bussia. August —

September, 1834, page 215.
Succession to Property, See Property.

Suleimania. Abandonment of Persian Claims. 31st May, 1847. Art. 2, page 170.
Sultanie. Jurisdiction. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727. Art. 1, page 154.
Sweden and Norway, Commercial Treaty with Persia. I7th November, 1857,

page 146.
Switzerland. Comnierciai Treaty with Persia. 23rd July, 1873, page 149.

230

SUBJECT INDEX.

Tabreez, Besidence of British Consul-G-eneral. Treaty. Great Britain.

28tli October, 1841. Part 2, page 10.
Tauris. See Tabreez.
Taxes. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 4, page 67.

• Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 87.

Great Britain. 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.

Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 4, 5, page<« 95, 96.

Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 4, page 109.

Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 3, page 142.

Sweden and Norway. Treaty. I7th November, 1857. Art. 4, page 147.

Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 4, page 150.

United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 4, page 188.

Teheran. Residence of British Commercial Agent. Treaty. Great Britain. 28th

October, 1841, Art. 2, page 10.
Teletjraphs. Great Britain and Persia. Khanakecn to Busliirc. Engagement.

17th December, 1862. Page 23.
Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (Paris). I7th May, 1866.

See " State Papers," Vol. 56, page 295.
Ditto. Europe and India. Convention. 23rd November, 1865.

Page 25.
Ditto. Concession. Persian Government to Messrs. Siemen and .Co.,

Indo-European Telegraph Company. Joulfa (Bussian Frontier) to

Teheran. 11th January, 1868. See " Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page

XXV.

Ditto. Europe and India. Convention. 2nd April, 1868. Page 30.

Ditto. International Telegraph Convention. Slst July, 1868.

See ** State Papers," Vol. 59, page 322.
Ditto. Mr. G. Siemen (Indo-European Telegraph Company) and

Persian Government. Agreement. See '* Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6,

page xxix.
Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (Rome). 14th January,

1872. See " State Papers," Vol. 66, page 975.
Ditto.* Continuation of Convention of 23rd November, 1865, for

three months from 13th August, 1872. Agreement. 19th June, 1872.

See ** Aitchison's Treaties," Vol. 6, page 42.
, Ditto. Europe and India, through Persia, &c. 2nd December, 1872.

Page 32.
Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (St. Petersburgh). 22nd

July, 1875. Sec " State Papers," Vol. 66, page 19.
Ditto. Prolongation of Convention of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd

December, 1872, until 31st January, 1905. Agreements. 3rd July, 1887.

!Page 43.
Russia and Persia. Convention. Ohekishlar to Asterabad. SIst

January, 1881. Page 134.

Turkey and Persia. Treaty, 28th November, 1868. Page 173.

Tonnage Dues. Treaty. Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 9, page 88.

See also Ships.
Tourkmantchai. Treaty. Russia and Persia. Peace, Friendship, Boundary, &e.

22nd February, 1828. Page 117.

Ditto. Commerce. 22nd February, 1828. Page 125.

Protocol. Ceremonial. Reception of Ambassadors, &c. 22nd

February, 1828. Page 130.

237

SUBJECT INDEX.

Trade Privilefjes. See Commercial Privileges, Guilds, and lljeparate Countries.
Transport of Goods. Belgium. Treaty. Slst July, 1857. Art. 3, page 74.

Denmark. Treaty. 30tli Nov., 1857. Art. 3, pag« 78.

France. Treaty. 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 82.

Sec also Commercial Fnyilcges.
Travellers, See Merchants and Travelleis.
Treaties. Abrogation of aU Treaties between Persia and European Powers. Treaty.

Grtat Britain and Persia. 12tli March, 1809. Art. 3, page 4.

Ditto. Ditto. 25th November, 1814. Art. 1, page 6.

Confirmation of all Treaties, &c., between Persia and Bussia. Treaty.

Eussia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 8, page 140.

See also Separate Countries.
Trials. See Consular Jurisdiction.
TurcO' Persian Botmdarif. Treaty. Turkey and Persia. 28th July, 1823, page

lf>3.

Treaty. Ditto. Ditto. 3l8t May, 1847, page 169.

Agreement. Great Britain and Russia. March, 1865.

Page 218.
, • • . . • Turkey and Persia. Agreement. 3rd August, 18C9.

Page 176.
Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Territory of

Khotour. (Map.) 27th July, 1880. Page 219.
Turcomans, Non-establishment by Russia in localities evacuated by Persia.

Treaty. Russia. 31st December, 1881. Art. 3, page 138.
Non-supply of Arms or War Material to. Treaty. Russia. 2l8t

December, 1881. Art. 6, page 139.
Appointment of Russian Agents to preserve Order. Treaty. Russia.

21st December, 1881. Art.. 7, page 140.
TnrJcey. Treaties, Ac, with Persia. Treaty. Limits. 1639. Note page 153.

Treaty. Peace, Commerce, &c. 23rd October, 1727. Page 153.

Annual payment to be made by Persia, 23rd October, 1727. Art. 7,

page 153.

Treaty. Peace. January, 1746. Page 155.

Treaty. Peace. January, 1747. Page 160.

Treaty. Peace. 28th July, 1823. Page 163.

Treaty. Limits (Erzeroum). 31st May, 1847. Page 109.

Convention. Telegraphic. 28th Nov., 1863. Page 173.

Provisional Agreement. Frontiers. 3rd August, 1869. Page 176.

, Convention, Confirmation of former Treaties. Consular Jurisdiction.

Civil and Commercial Suits. Trade Guilds. Protection. Nationality, &c.

20th December, 1875. Page 179.
Vizirial Letter, explanatory of Ditto. 4th January, 1876. Page

184.
Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Delimitation of Territory of

Khotour. 27th July, 1880. Page 210.
Limits. See Boundaries.

X^nited Slniea. Commercial Treaty with Persin. 13th December, 1856. Page 186,

Vessels. See Sliips.

238

SUBJECT INDEX.

War, Non-int-erruptioii of Trade in event of War with other Powers :—

Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 13, page 72.

..... Belgium. Treaty, Slat July, 1857. Art. 8, page 76.
..... Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 18, page 91.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 10, page 99.

..... Ditto. Debts. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 11, page 122.

Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 4, page 127.

IVarehouses, See Houses.

Wafer Supply, Akhal. Non-interference with, by Persia. Treaty. Russia. 21sfc

December, 1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Wills. See Succession to Property.
Wounded in War. Persian Accession to Geneva Convention of 22nd August, 1864.

5th December, 1874. See *' State Papers," Vol. 70, page 1168.
Wrecks and Salvage. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 10, page 88.

Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.

Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 7, page 97.

Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121 .

Zohah, Abandonment, by Persia and Turkey respectively, over certain lands.
Treaty, Slst May, 1847. Art. 2, page 169.

HAUSISON AND SONS, PSINTEES IN OEDINAET TO HEB MAJESTY, ST. MAHTIN'B LANE.

239

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