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300-28 f. M7
{

| THE
“TRIBUNE ALMANAC

FOR THE YEARS

| 1838 To 1868,

F
’ INCLUSIVE .
, ‘ . JY
a |
S

—~

COMPREHENDING Ne.

THE POLITICIAN’S REGISTER
THE WHIG ALMANAC,

CONTAINING

ANNUAL, ELECTION RETURNS BY STATES AND COUNTIES,

Lsrs or Preswenrs, Casmvers, Juvors or tie Surreue Covar, Foriox
Monsters, Goveanors or Srargs, do. wira Suwaanmes or Acs
of Coxeress, AND ormen Pourricat Statistica,

POLITICAL ESSAYS, ADDRESSES, PARTY PLATFORMS, &.
MAKING A CONNECTED POLITICAL HISTORY FOR THIRTY YRARS.

volt. 1.

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE,
No, 154 Nassau Sreeer.
1868.

INDEX.

‘The Paging refers to the Almanacs of the Different Years.

4 Inpex To Trrpunz Atmawao, 1838-1854,

Bog a Peg." amet Bang Rec.

2 Ee i ee ead
a

"16 ancedoten of Poilic ud Pol | "Sectucky lols
a

ie a

‘

Beeseessessaasensacoeessesse

ow York Vole ander New ae

1845.
[Principles of Whig Party.
Table of Contenta (ol),
[Consus of United Staten 1640
[Population of the Worl...
[Revenue and Expenditure of Ui. &.
5) for your ending Se
43/The Past and the Future...
48| Were the Whign Beaten by Fraad.6|
ere, Stn tina & ol Seeder ‘and Vice

BhASeERRPARssea: ae

for Protection. i 3
ilroads — Length,

Sided

iclife

Inpex to Trrpune Azmanac, 1838-1854.

1847,

Grain Imported into Great Britaln.2/7,

Gheese Imported into Gt Briain. 2

Government of United
Hxecotive and Judiciary:
Members of XXLKth Congres

Political History. TMB..eeren
‘Conditio

‘The Oregon Treaty.
‘Phe Wear with Mexice

Mr. Webster's Speech... .27, 30]
Value of Foreign Coins in the
United States..

area”
Test alngo” the Tanugurslon of
Washington as President a
TWD. eres cx,
‘Total “Disbursements “of ett
FR cr
ropriations tor” 1046.
Summary’ of ‘Census of United

38} Presidential Statistics,

1848.

10 008 Jesh. sener vse
and lui
ing nd closing

Bullion and Specie. impo:
|state Statiation, Capitals,

of Holding Bleetions..

|Popular Vote for President...
{lection Retar
‘Maine...

|Gorernment of United States.

“4
|The War on. Mexloo—Specct, of
the Hon. Thoe Corwin nd
Practical

v,
DG, Briain tnd ireland

Sialic, cia, Tolls spas
7 le cee

rported since 1821... wt
Gorera
cn, Tara veara Baty, Timo,

.95|Roonomy and Retrenchment,

[Trty-
\Goverament of United
Members of Thirtlet

Votes of Con

for Bay ai ils
lPaymenta to Public Pristere.

ears of Commins.

JOicere ant Ofics,

lame Nas

of War, ete

Inpex ro Trrsune Atmanac, 1888-1854.

2}
i
‘SeTarmmens of United tates. 3
ea st
tet ae dort
3

24] tmp

‘Lands.
Branch Mints—Goid G
lection and Rejection

Georgie ssseses:
Saban.

mites

<22/greraments of Baroge
oPovation; or ‘Miles ers.
ini

nee

‘Settlers
‘The Bounty Land Bill
United

‘Recording the Bale or Mor

1851.

[State Governments, Governor,
Revenue, | Bxpenditares, and
Btate Debt.

XXXTat
‘of XXXIst Con
Fillmore, sketch of.

and Aer
‘Forms of

‘ketch’ of ite

jad
cial System for California....13
Stave Lew

‘States Census’ and Ap-
Ortlonment.ceweencennsee 21

‘of Vessels.

Page
ol and Diplomatic Appropria-
Appropriations for War Depart-.
Eth sea
Naval Appropri
|Finances of Un

‘ecutive and Judiciary,
‘of Thirty-Second Con;
|Caastructive Mileage,

Members ,
srief His

7
‘and Abstracts of the
‘at Second Session
iret Congress....14, 18
‘and
pare)

sven)
20, 37

Hira tee

HBecapitalasion

‘Foreign Policy of United Stater=

Invex 1o Tarun Axmanac, 1838-1854.

P
‘Webster and Huleemann Cott [Daniel Webster—
dence, 239

re .3|Popalation i 165
Mboage of the’ ‘Thirty-third Gon” [States “of Coe

‘gress, first session... a
Members of the Thirty-third Coa- rn"

ae OE At Rae
fu B 0° OCU V4>~ go 0 og EN ee me
ty Cet Crim el hs Teateene— OR OPE,
ECE Tay bm pele a Soper Cu, t
rorep Re ee fo ~ by ono 4...
Gererh arte hot far Crm Esegra”
hegeee OL for Wire od F tgs
PELE 20.0) leat B dn (5:3 ooh A
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hay gow fOr hae ‘CCeceeae, ice Joona,
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fel An LLORES 6 Cin oH, Pesigs

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VIE Where ge Jit Ov lr OR aay

are pele ae Che gee» fo Pe & Avert

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& po HCottgeg see
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peep ese Uhok 0 Chi 8 tegraag,

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ot ‘@ ce leeG ep Ree KE A, “

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ek Oe
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per tnt E- Ke Ceorgp

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be OR CLO L Ong
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a Lee ote a PeDMA CRE
ru Che be andy Kee gu om
pean. (ov eca Lecce Cy

¢ Pee bee] Gfarg G96.

ADVERTISEMENT.

In the Fall of 1887—years before the establishment of THE
TRIBUNE—the October Elections having developed a popular up-
rising against the Jackson-Van Buren dynasty which had for ten
years seemed invincible—I was moved to issue a Poritician’s REG-

“IsTER for 1838, intended mainly to embody the Election Returns of
that year, and compare them with those of some preceding year. The
reception of that little annual was such as to justify its reproduc-
tion for each succeeding Year that of 1842 only excepted—until the
issue for 1868 will complete a series of thirty annual registers of
Election Returns, with other useful political and statistical matter,
afforded for a trifle to each reader, though the preparation of each
issue now involves a total cost of more than $1,000, This annual
has been known successively as The Politician’s Register, Whig Al-
manac, and ‘Tribune Almanac, under which last “name it has
been issued for several years past. The stereotype plates of the
earlier issues having been consumed in tne fire which destroyed
THE Tripune building in 1845, it has for some years past been
impossible to procure full sets of the work at any rate; and the im-
perfect sets from time to time thrown upon the market have com-
manded fabulous prices.

At last, the new art of Pnoro-LirnocrapHy—as yet in its in-
fancy, but giving promise of great results in a future by. no means
distant—has rendered it possible to reproduce the old issues at a
moderate cost; and it was resolved that a limited number of full
sets of the work—at least, so far as its contents were not ephemeral
—should be photo-lithographed and offered to the public. Of that
resolve, the work herewith presented ig the fruit." As.it will be
wholly unique, and of great interest to historians and politicians,
I trust that most of the sets may be promptly secured for Public
Libraries, where they may be preserved and remain generally ac-
cessible. Those who fail to obtain a set directly will probably
miss their only opportunity. Horace GREELEY.

New-York, Jan. 1, 1868.

Home of the fe
were made with «

Taisone. "These
of the Art of Photo- Lithography.

printed from oftce conies, wherein footings, adiltions, subtractions, ke.
for the purpose of making therefrom an article for publication in’ Ta
‘be found 1n'the present copy, and are another evidence of the accarsey

vintzeay GOORTe
i

THE

WHIG ALMANAC,

AND

POLITICIAN’S REGISTER,
1838;

CONTAINING

FULL TABLES OF THE VOTES FOR PRESIDENT
IN THE SEVERAL STATES* BY COUNTIES,
COMPARED WiTH THE
VOTES CAST IN THE SAME STATES AND COUNTIES
DURING THE LAST YEAR.
wrk a
LIST OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS
ov rw
UNITED STATES,

aND THE

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.

WITH AE
APPENDIX

CONTAINING FULL RETURNS OF THE NEW YORK AND OTHER
NOVEMBER ELECTIONS.

‘New Zork -
D BY H. GREELEY,
And for sale at the New Yorker Office, 127 Naseau-street.

Reprodueed by the AMERICAN, PHOTO - LITHOGRAPHIC (ofOsbornes Process)
1867.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Waites or rue Unirep Starrs!

Tue compiler respectfully submits this little Manual as a
Gret attempt to disseminate, in the cheapest and most eligible form
for extensive circulation, a few of the more important and interest-
ing facts touching the great political struggle of the times. If}
this effort shall be approved, it will be followed up hereafter in the
same spirit, but with different materials. The primary purpose of]
this is to exhibit in the clearest manner the great accessions to the
Whig cause which the past year-has witnessed, and the succession
of brilliant triumphs it has rapidly achieved. To effect this object,
nothing further than a fair comparison of the votes of the last and
‘present years has been found necessary. If the Whig party is
‘Ret now ‘THE Democracy or Nuaeers,’ then there is no truth
in figures, or reliance on official returns. Let this glorious truth
be every where proclaimed, until it shall be firmly imprinted on
the public mind, and the effect wiil be most salutary.

The tables of popular votes have been compiled with care from
the best attainable sources, and may in most cazes be implicitly
relied on. Sore imperfections were unavoidable, especially in
the returns of the more recent elections. These are in all cases
acknowledged on the face of the statement. The labor required:
has been much greater than would be imagined, and errors in
transcribing are possible ; but the general correctness and fairness
of our exhibit will not be questioned.

Whigs of New York—of the North—of the Union!. If our
humble effort shall seem worthy cf your countenance, we ask
your aid in disseminating this little messenger through every town
and village of the country. We ask this with a confidence that
the good cauae will be strengthened by your compliance, and that
we shall not solicit-in vain.

New York, November 1, 1837.

THE AMERICAN WHIG PARTY

‘Was formed in the spring of 1834, by a anion, so far as their common
objects and views seemed imperatively to dictate, of all those who con-
demned the most arbitrary and unconstitutional Removal of the Deposites
or Public Treasure by General Jackson, from the one safe, advant

and proper depository designated by law, into forty of filly State Banke,
‘Thai reckless and most indefensible measute—which lies at the foundation
of all oar subsequent commercial, financial, and general calamities—
necessarily gave rise to an intense political excitement, ahd to a new or-
ganization of parties, in which was partially merged all former distinct

he Whig party comprised,

1. Most of those who, uader the name of Nationa! Republicans, bad pre-
Fioasly beea known as suppovters of Adains and Clay, and advocates of
‘the American System? }

2. Most of those who, acting in defence of what they deemed the assailed
or threatened righis of the Staies, had been stigmatized as Noullifiers, or the
less viralent, Siate Rights men, who were thrown into a position of armed.
neutrality towands the Administration by the doctrines of the Proclamation
of 1832 against South Carolina.

3. A majority of those before known as Anti-Masons.

4 Many who had up to that time been known as Jackson men, but who
united in condemning the high-banded conduct of the Executive, the im-
molation of Duane, and the sabserviency of Tane:

5. Numbers who had not before taken any part in politics; but who were

awakened from their apathy by the palpable usarpations of the Execu~
tnd the imminent peril of ove whole fabric of confitational liberty and
national prosperity.

Such was the origin end constitation of the Whig party. The oame wes
chosen as expressing briefly and pointedly the great object and basis of the

rty—Resisiance to usurpation, misrule, and despotism.

‘Whig party. is neither the nor ¢ Bank party. Most of its members
are indeed friendly to honestly conductet banks, and_ well regalated
Banking Sysiom. A majority of them probably deere x National Benk, of
some other national issae,-or regulation of the issue, of paper money, highly
desirable to ensure a sound currency, equalize exchanges, and restore prow
perity. There are Whigs, however, who deny all this, as well as Van Buren
men who concur in it.” The subject of Banking affords such s for
contrariety of opinions, that seareely a doveo persons, who are thoroughly

aainted with it, can be found to agres exactly on every point. Whigs
differ among themselves, as do members of other parties. But whoever
asserts that the Whigs as a party are wedded to the present system of|
Banking, or that they are defenders of abuses in Banking or any thing else,
is a reckless calumniator.

‘The Whig party has never really comprised less than one half the quali
fied electors of the United States. ‘In the first year of its existence, without
8 national organization, or any definite plan of action, it polled 650,00 votes
—exceeding sands the votes of its adversaries. In the late Presi-

. it polled 730,203 voter, exclusive of South Caroli
Michigan. The elections of 1037 have already demonstrated that th
are Tie Democracy oF xumares by 60,000 majority,

‘The Whigs will continue to contend for the Reform of existing abuses in
Government, and the dismissal of incompetent public servants from the trasis
which they have abused; the Retrenchinent of the expenses of the Govern-
ment, which have swelled from twelve millions per snnum-under Adama,
to thirty-two millions under Jackyon, and still more under Van Buren; the
limitation of the powers of the Executive, now practically despotic; and the
restoration of the era of good feeling, of cobtentment, of constitutional liberty,
and of national ity. Freemen of America! ibese are our. principles,
and obj they also yours? If Yea, evince it at the polls!

Elections to June, 1838.

NEW YORM CITY—Cha:
uti At ter Electionc.
ik

Total, 39,347 19,723 19,200 “205.....34,990 17,044 13,718 4,943
Clark over Varian, 519; over all, if. Clark ack Over Morgan, ‘2,332; M. de J. over Clark, 911.
COMMON COUNCIL—1838.

Wards, Aldermen. (Whig.) Assisiants. Auinnen- (Ashn.) Assistants.
1. Phenix ..1182 °C. Balise 1376 J. Hillyer . 453 Harris ... 456
Il, E. Taylors 889 Woodh'tls 885 A. Cargill | 317 Valentine’ =
IL. E. Benson¢.1142 E. Potter* 1171 Bleecker.
IV. Wm. Halle 1183 Sparkse ..1)73 E. M
V. R.Smithe 1419 Andersons 1413
. J.Lynche 947 Crolias*.. 917 TS.

S.J. Willis 1834 Connor*
Vill De Forest” 2019 Barnes Chamberi’a 1991 Vanderv't 1995
IX. S. Pouer .. 3 7 Tallmadge 1811 Gamphell tse
Te Snedecor 1389 Demiabigh 1363 EF Purdye 1908 Howes
XI. J. Bell .... 620 Valentine 682 Waterbury+1320 Haris.
304 Sidell .... 292 Williams* 557 Jar
1135 Mead © J.H, Coos+ 1323 Tim
” 1235 Bunting® 124
~ Lawrences 1231 Grahame 1227
XVI. G.B. Thorp 874 M.Cox, Jr. 869
LP. almer 1119 Freeland “1113,

19,757

Franklia ..1757 Carnley .

Livingsion.. 9
Madison

Hy
ey
5
,

Aden. Adm.
mM Nos
8 2 .3
6....12° 7
To. AL cd
12. Pad 10
3 2
9.4 3e
W.. 5 a
6....7 +5
4 wid 1
Wl ro + Not certain.

Govanwon—1837, Pas
Edw worth. Ve

ha.
+4396

New Haven .
‘New London

Fairfield
Windham

Hiram Rider..
Royal R. Hinman.....98,377 21,171

Compraotizn.
Henry Kilbourn, 27,002 Joseph Barber, 1,507 William Field, 21,466
Senate—20 Whig, 1 Adm. House—146 Whig, 39 Ad:

18) —
RHODE ISLAND— sprit,

3,984 Jobo B. Francis
‘Sprague over Francis, 480
Lisorswayt

4,138 Bes}. B. Thurston.
, 16. Childs over all, 662.
aaa.

Whig.
William Sprague.
Scattering, (Whig,

Joseph Childs

4303 Arnold... 13415

: ; 14156 Mansfeld . 3348 32
The whole Whig ticket elected by an average majority of 873. In the
House the Whigs have 45; Adm. 27. Whig majority on joint ballot, (in-

cluding the Lieutenant Governor, who presides in the Senate and votes,) 29.
‘Adm. majority last year, 41.

maj.
Charlee Gi , &
New Ket jeereseos
i 3A9 22

PELE SLEL TEP EEL EEE

2
bd

rge.
King William -
Lancaser and 4 (go Whigs run) 1

(two Adm, run) 0

}ss0 961

ETT EPEL LEE

Ba5ke

yng

2
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
2
1
2
0
0
“1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
3
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

VIRGINIA Continued.
Wits alm.

o's 'S BOF

wre Whig Fan)
land maj. 68.

Orange and Green
Page....(4 candidate, Adm.)

SERSBRSBSS 2a as SERBS EREas

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
A
1

Southasipi - x
‘tsylvania ..
Blamed

SS eRFBSea PS USSSBBIS SIT aTe:

Bl oncom enon nnennbononnnennnncoumnnonnccononnnnee Onn, Heap
s

265.
172.
8.

Tisheningo .
Tunica.

Wilkinson...
Winston...
Yallobusha
Yazoo...

8 MIGSISAIPPI.
Apa 4838
S665 99.

rentias.

156.....217 6
228 returns invalid.
188. 1330 M8

7
48
.. BL
80
245

380.
is Perens.)

a July, 2837. 1836.
‘Davis. Pr Claib'e. Van, a
281 i 343
1266-40203 4
12 cece 8T
18 i

252 (350.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—(Not oficial.[
1831 1932.

lay,
769. Shed
5374
3821 | 2746
4090 2095
1722 2991
1921 1641
3317-2515

2 923 __ 265
25,48 Te961

BALT CIAL ELECT! i— A
M6300 Kennedy, Whig Marriade Ada 37. Keatiay.
Baltimore City 7 3 En
Ann Arandel Go. ....1052 1027 960
‘Annapolis .. 4 131 Mt

Total... 7153 G201..
Kennedy's majority 862; M’Kim’s last year,

LIXCOLN DISTRICT, MAINE.
For Edward Robineun, (Whig,) 4203 For Jobn D. M'Crate, (Adm.) 3598
“Ww. J. Farley, | (do.)| 24 “ Joseph Sewall, (do) 134
“ Edwia Smith, (Conservative,) 77 Seatteriog, (principally Adni.) 91
Mr. Robinson bas thos 169 votes over all others, and 575 over ‘M’Crate.
The entire Whig vote is 4407; Adm., 3753; Conservative, 77. Whig ma-
jority over Administration vole, 654,

6,953 7,135

Vors ror Paesiwant—Nov., 1836. Vorg aT THE Last STATE
‘States. Adm. Of tion. Voted last.
. 2900 SPSA9" sept.
18,722 6,228 March,
14,039 20.990 Sept,
Massachusetis.. 33,238 41,099 Nov,
Rhode Island G il

64
Connecticut 19,284 | 1R,719 Apni,

Maine....
New Hampsl
Vermont ...

aa it
ugust, 1837,
‘Avgast! 1837,
‘Angost, 1837,
‘Angast, 1837,
April, ‘1836,
Nov.,” 1837,
April, 1838,

‘Total in 19 states, 621,3 50. 630 3, 1

Van Buren majority in 1836, 26,403. Whig maj. last elect’n, 112,581:

Whig gain, 138,984.

(Nore. —The Whig majorities in Indinna and Kentucky for 1937, appear
too high by this table, owing to the fact that no Van Buren candidates were
ran in maby Congressional districts, and no Van Buren Governor in Indiana.
The Whig apparent majority.ia Vermont sod Rhode island is scmewhat
too low, but nut enough to counterbalance the above. The actual Whig
majority in these nineteen States is probably just about 100,000, and the
Whig gain from 1836, 126,000. The seven remaining States are about
equally divided between the two parties.)
[eae dies

UNITED STATES CALENDAR—1838.

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.
President, Martin Van Bunsen, New-York.
Vice-President, Ricuarp M. Jounson, Kentucky.

Secretary-of State, John Forsyth, Georgia.
Sec'y of the Treasury, Levi: Woodbury, New-Hampshire.
Secretary of War,. | Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina.
Secretary of the Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, | NewJersey
Postmaster General, Amos Kendall, Kentucky.
‘Attorney General,’ Benjamin F. Butler, | New-York.
. SUPREME COURT.
Chief Justice, Rooer B. Taney, Baltimore. Md.
Associates, Joseph Story, Cambridge, Mass.
Smith Thompson, New-York, N.Y.
John M‘Lean, Cincinnati, Obio.
Henry Baldwin, Pittsburgh, Pa.
James M. Wayne, Savannah, Ga.
“Philip P. Barbour, Gordonsville, Va.
William Catron, Nashville, Ten.
Jobn M'Kinley, Florence, Ala.

GOVERNORS OF THE STATES.
Salary.

Elected.
Maine* Edward Kent,* 1837. 1,601
New Hampshire, _—_Isnac Hill, do. 1,000
Vermont, Bilas H. Jenison,* do.
Massachusetls,*- Edward Everett,* do.
Rhode Island;* John. Brown Fratcis, do.
Connecticut, Henry W. Edwhrds, do.
New-York, William L. Marcy, 1836.
New Jersey,® WilliamS. Pennington,*1837.
Pennsylvania, Joseph Ritner,* 1835.
Delaware,* Cornel’s P. Comegys,* 1836,
Maryland,* Thomas W. Veazey, 1837.
Virginia, David Campbell, do.
North Carolina,* Edward B. Dudley,* .1836.
South Carolina,* _Pierce M. Butler,* .
Georgia® George R. Gilmer,*
Alabama, Arthur P. Bagby,
Mississippi, ‘Alex. G. M'Nati,

Louisiana, Edward D, White,*
Tennessee,* Newton*Cannon,*

1834,
1837.

James Clark,*
Ohie,* Joseph Vance,* do. 1,200
Indiana? David Wallace ,

Minois, Joseph Duncan,* 1834, 1,000
Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836. 1'500
Arkansas, James S. Conway, do.

Michigan, Btevens T. Mason, do.

TERRITORIES.
Porida, Richard K. Call,
Wisconsin, Henry Dodge.

+ Opposed 10 Mr. Van Buren's Administration, seventeen of the tw 7*y-cix
Governors of States, Miseseippi and pdschtgas have not get clocked
the old Governors.

MEMBERS OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. |

SENATE,
Maine John Ruggles, Reuel Williams.
New Hampshire Henry Hubbard, Franklin Pierce.
Vermont Samuel Prentiss, Benjamin Swift.
Massachusetts Daniel Webster, John Davis.
Rhode Island Ashar Robbins, “Nehen’hR Knight.
Connecticut John M. Niles, Perry Smith.
New-York Silas Wright, N. P. Tatimapar.
New Jersey Samuel L. Southard, Garret D. Wall.
Pennsylvania James Buchanan, Samuel McKean.
Delaware Richard-A. Bayard, Thomas Clayton.
Maryland Joseph Kent, John 8. Spence.
Virginia Wx. C. Rives, William H. Roane.
North Carolina Bedford Brown, Robert Strange.
South Carolina Jenn C. Calhoun, William C. Preston
Georgia Joun P. Kixe, Alfred Cuthbert.
Alabama William R. King, Clement C. Clay.
Mississippi John Black, Robert J. Walker.
Louisiana Robert C. Nicholas, Alcxander Mouton.
‘Tennessee Hugh L. White, | Felix Grundy.
Kentucky Henry Clay, John J. Critienden.
Ohio Thomas Morris, Wi Allen, -
Indiana Joun Tipton, - Oliver H. Smith.
Illinois John M. Robinson, Richard M. Young.
Missouri Thomas H. Benton, Lewis F. Linn,
Michigan Lucius Lyon, John Norvell.
Arkansas William 8. Fulton, Ambrose H. Sevier.

Total, 29 Administration men, 18 Whigs, 4 Van Buren Con-
servatives, 1 Whig Loco-Foco (John C. Calhoun.)

fiz HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Marne.
George Evans,
John Fairfield,
Timothy J. Carter,
F. O. J. Smith,
Thomas Daveo,
Jonathan Cilley,
Joseph C. Noyes,
Hugh J. Anderson.
New Hampsnire.
Samuel Cushman,
James Farrington,
Charles G. Atherton,
Joseph Weeks,
Jared W. Williams.

Massacnosetts.
Richard Fletcher,
‘Stephen C. Phillips,
Caleb Cushing,
William Parmenter,
Levi Lincoln,
George Grennell,
George N. Briggs,
Wm. B. Cathoun,
Natu’: B.Borven,
John Q. Adams,
John Reed,

Wn. S. Hastings.

Ruope Istanp.
Jos. L. Tillinghast,
Wm. B. Cranston.

Connecticut.
Isaac Toucey,
Samuel, Ingham,
Elisha Haley,
Thos. T. Whittlesey,
Launcelot Phelps,
Orrin’ Holt.

Vermont.
Hiland Hall,
William Slade,
Heman Allen,
Isaac Fletcher,
Horace Everett.

New-Yors.
Thomas B. Jackson,
Abra’m Vanderveer,
C. C. Cambreleng,
Ely Moore,
Edward Curtis,
Ogden Hoffman,
Governeur Kemble,
Obadiah Titus,
Nathaniel Jones,
John C. Brodhead,
Zadoc Pratt, ~
Robert M'Clellan,
Henry Vail,

Albert Gallup,
John I. DeGraff,
David Russell,
John Palmer,
James B. Spencer,
John Edwards,
Arphaxed Loomis,
Henry A. Foster.
Abraham P. Grant,
Isaac H. Bronson,
John H. Prentiss,
Amasa.J. Parker,
Joun C. Crarx,
A. D. W. Bruyn,
Hiram Gray,
William Taylor,
Bennett Bicknell,
‘Wn. H. Noble,
Samuel’ Birdsall,
Mark H. Sibley,
John T. Andrews,
Timothy Childs,
Wm. Patterson,
Luther C. Peck,
Richard P. Marvin,
Millard Fillmore,
Charles F. Mitchell.

New-Jersey.
John B. Aycrigg,
J.P. B. Mazwell,
Wm. Halsted,
Jos. F. Randolph,

Charles G. Stratton,
‘Thos. J. Yorke.

PEwnsyivanta,
Lemuel Painter,

Edw d Darlington,
Jacob Fry, jr.
Matthias Morris,
David D. Ws er,
Edward B. Hubley,
H’y A. Mublenberg,
Lather Reily,
len y

Danial Sheffer,
Charles M‘Clure,
William W. Potter,
David Petriken,
Robt. H. Hammond,
Sam'l W. Morris,
Charles Ogle,
John Klingensmith,
Andrew Buchanan,
T.M. T. M'Kennan,
Richard Biddle,
William Beatty,
Thomas Henry,
Arnold Plummer,

DeLawarg.
John J. Milligan,

Maryanp.
John Dennis,
James A. Pearce,
J.T.H. Worthington,
Benj. C. Howard,
Isaac M'Kim,
Wa. C. Johnson,
Francis Thomas,
Daniel Jenifer.

‘Viroinra.
Henry A. Wise,
Francis Mallory.

| John Robertson,
Charles F. Mercer,
Jobn Taliaferro,
R.T. M. Hunter,
James GarLanp,
Francis E. Rives,
Walter Coles,

Geo. C. Dromgoole,
James W. Bouldin,
Joun M. Parton,
James M. Mason,
LS. Pennybacker,
Andrew Beirne,
Arcu’p Stuart,
John W. Jones,
Robert Craig,

Geo. W. Horxins,
Joseph Johnson,
William 8. Morgan,

Norra Carouina
Samuel T. Sawyer,
Jesse A. Byoum,
Edward D. Stanley,
Charles Shepard,
Micajah T.Hawkins
James M'Kay,
Edmund Deberry,
Abraham Rencher,
Wm. Montgomery,
A. H. Shepperd,
James Graham,
Henry Connor,
Lewis Williams.
Sourm Caroxina.
Huen 8. Leoare,
Waddy Thoripson,
Francis W. Pickens,
Wm. K. Clowney,
F. H. Elmore,
John K. Griffin,
Robert B. Smith,
John Camptell,

J. P. Ricnarpson.

* Georota.
Thomas Glascock,

John F. Cleveland,
Seaton Grantland,
Charles E. Haynes,
Hopkins H. Holsey,
Jabez Jackson,
George W. Owens,

Henry Jokason,
Eleazer W. Ripley,
Rice Garland,
MississPrt.
J. F. H. Claiborne,
Sam'l J. Gholson.
‘TENNESSEE.
William B. Carter,
Abraham M'‘Clellan
Jo: Williams,
William D. Stone,
Hopkins L. Turney,
Wa. B. Campbell
John Bell,
‘Abraham P.Maury,
James K. Polk,
Ebenezer J. Shields,
Richard Cheatham,
John W. Crockett,
C.H. Williams.

Kenrucny.
John L. Murray,
Edward Rumsey,
Jos. R. Underwood,
Sherrod Wiltiams,
James Harlan,
John Cathoon, ,
John Pope,
William J. Graves,
John White,
Richard Hawes,

Dexreeates—Florida, Chs. Downing— Wisconsin, G. W. Jones.

Richard H. Menifee,
Jokn Chambers,
Wa. W. Southgate.
ARKansas.
Archibald Yell.
Missovai.
Albert G. Harrison,
Joho Miller.
Inuinois.
A. W. Suyper,
Zavoc Casxy,
Wirtiam L. May.
Inpiaxa.
Ratliff Boon,
Jokn Ewing,
Willian Graham,
George H. Dunn,
James Rariden,
William Herrod,
Albert S. White.
Onto.
Alexander Duncan,
Taylor Webster,
Patrick G. Goode,
Corwin,
Thomas L Hamer,
Calvary Morris,
William Key Bond.
John Ridgway,
John Chaney,
Samson Mason,
John Alexander, jr.
‘Alezander Harper,
D. P. Leadbetter,
William H. Hanter,
John W. Alicn,
Elisha Whittlesey,
A. W. Loomis,
Matthias Shepler,
Danii Kixcors.
Micuican,

Isaac E. Crary.
(Ven Boren mea in Ro-
in Tales, avow.

od ¥. Baten Conservatives

dared toact opeely as such.

POPULAR VOTES AT. ELECTIONS—-Mainty 1836-37.
MAINE.
‘Van Buren.

Washington.
Oxford.-
33,971 34,613

\is State in November.

* The returns of 1637 from these counties are Imperfect, bu the total is offcally eorrect.
me Van Burea par havegained nothing in Vermont this
Teat test last year was the vote for Governor. Jenison—20,471.
ley—16,124. Majoriyy 4347. ‘At the Presidential election 2000
Buren voters staic

NEW -HAMPSHIRE.
kaon.

‘Van Buren.
Total, 18,723.

‘Majority,

9991 [‘There has been no serious con-
1641 test since 1832, Isaac Hill has been
2515 three times elected Governor by
284 about half the votes in the state.

19,010 ‘The Whigs wilt try next March.]

1836.

— -
Towne’ “itarcon, Ves Boren. Cranston. Tilinghoat. Pearee
a Sa TT)

Providence

N. Providence...
Smithfield . Ly
Camberiand ....117

tug

Little Compton
Tiverton

~ssasrias'

Jamestown
New Eamonn

eEaues Ses

aguselastesslauuauestessze
Zaaunee

ln
soca" doo 4989" “S261 3901
‘Majority......954 Van Burea......1020—10a1, Wana!

Bear

3678
a
45
3086
1993
799
27
4834
1833,
918
5143
1980
1210
sri
leet
- £00
9896
1386
4
‘366k
15071
aea9
3367
2986
3404
Po
1896
1923
39
25

gesegathecs

L Morgan
ILL. Alonzo C. Paige:

wt *D.8. Dickinson.
L. *Samuel L. Edw
Vill aisuis Ward

NEW-¥ ORK—Continued.—1836. W
For Linut. Governor.

, oe
IL +Heary H Vandyek. am 8. W. Fallerton

—

121, Moses Jaques ..8,532.
“Fred. A. Tallmadge

Elisha Jenkins...
‘Ames Briggy.
Gerrit Wendell
Anthony C. Brown’
Samuel Comstock.
Peter Robinson .

Whig,
Chautauque.
Cortland

Richmond
‘Washington

eee let Tr orerereterer-}

g
ee

NEW-JERSEY.
Conn. Assem. Vow.
1532

Bewoucesc-aauanwe

‘Van Buren. 1836.—Hiarria. Van Bur.
Goan. Ange.

_ PENNSYLVANIA.

506
PotteraMiKean 3
Schuylkill 1270
Somerset.
Susquehanna.
Tioga.
Union.

‘anonrent, bat no real'Van ‘Bhren gain, ax compared
with the Presidential Election, and a signal Whig gain aa compared with
the October, and every preceding election.

DELAWARE. w
Van Buren. —1632-—Clay, Jackson

Con. Electors. Gov.

1668..:.1814 1823 1881....1335 1715

1185 1039 4057 1068.......1

1852....1300 1396-1358.

4705....4153 4277 4947

[No election in 1837.]

fc
‘oe aoe

VIRGINIA,—1836.
Van Buren. Whiz. _ Counties. ‘Yan Buren. Whig.
617 Buckingham. 468 27

Braxton

Campbell
Caroline 1...
Charles City.
Charlotte. .
Chesterfield

Sul r
Cumberland :-
Clarke
Dinwiddie...

20 ‘VIRGINIA—Continnea.
Van Buren, Whig _ Counties.

38 7) Norfolk county.
130 Norfolk borougi

1%6 230 New Kent.

Counties,
Elizabeth City .
Essex

363 429

13600120

300 56

518281

254 159

16 TT

932 67
Grayson. 377 50
Greenbrier 212 © 371i
Greensville. 171-102 Pocahontas
Halitax 732-143. Powhatan .
Hampshire. 407-396 Preston .
Hanover. 386-268 Prince Edward
Hardy 137 283.-Princess Anne .
Harrison. OL 246

Henrico, 287

Henry 2213 238
| Isle of Wight 258 49 Rappahannock.
James City 4 109 Rockbridge
Tetizrson.... 260 400 Richmond
Jackson . 152 113 Richmond Ci

Kenawha . 223 497) Rockingham.
{King and Queen. 199

King George. 148

King Wilhay 61

Lancaster 93

144 Spotsylvania
‘57° Siafford .
935

Surrey
116 Sussex
132 Tazewel
32 Tyler...

GL Washington
201 Westmoreland
Wood

‘ 62 Wythe ‘
Monongalia BL WO Warwick ce ll 8.

Marshall. 207 VW Warren... cece 163 56
Monroe «= 358 = QB Wiltinmsburg...-. .. 4 8
Montgomery... 163 York... 13 57

46
a Total ....00+++-.30,261 23,468

Van Buren’s majority .. -6,893.

[The following votes were excluded on aceonnt-of their informality : 60
in Pocahontas, 316 in Floyd, 252 in Monongalia, total 688—viz. 584 for
Van Buren—44 for the Whig ticket]
[State election in April. Tat of 1837 was but partially contested. The
Yan Buren party maintained its ascendency in Congress and the Legis-
lature.)

NORTH CAROLINA.

assy.
‘Diu. Counties. _
I. Pasquotank 5
Currituck m

108

358

B, was

87 [C. Shepard, Whig,
155 Seated tne Desist
143 by 488 majority ; here-
306 tofore Van Buren by
155 1,900 to 1,500

3S iitwoven Baren can-
664 didates, onc Whig.
%83 Hawkins, V. Boren,
95 re-elected}
308

Nash
VII. Cumberland.

418 963
Anson 689 20
isl. j. 350

Montgomery 4

Robeson . 293

433,

‘WHI. Orange. 965

Wake . 665

Person. 160

IX. Guitford 8.

167

634

Randolph 3.

Rowan...

No Whig candida
nner, V.B., re-eleot..

297 (Williams, Whi
Jal V.B. candidate.

Whig. Van Basen,

NORTH CAROLINA—Continued,
Somat, VV Bure Ww

72
724 (Graham, Whig, had
Be no oppositioa.}

aggregate m: abont 6,000!
Bares: leg OF CONGRESS FLECTED—1607.
23).

Th Jesse A. Bi we
Y. Mienjah ‘T Havwicins. 1005
VE: John J. M'Kay....../1,9093

y
~ Angunus H. Sheppard .

X. Abram Rencher..

. Lewis Williams ‘Whig majorities. .....
James Graham 0 Clear Whig majority .

8S ay Dourne 1 chia
an Bur. erty.
3 i

BBackSaleBiaut ee

MBER RRERSEAE"ASARSS HRGRATRSRERE=SHSRARSSECSESYS

pr RASRATTRSE SEER ee

egeeg azz sea ug

gracggeaegs ; as “etmabe uate”

ALABAMA. ~ (Govaanon.)
‘White. 1887.—Beghy, i Over, W.

: & return)

- &
. 27
- 130
457

2 (po return)

eke Seehiad

2
5

42
243.
397

96.

SpbasadlOeeaey BRSUEEIRSSERE

607.
15,612
SOUTH CAROLINA.

[In the Election of 1836, this State voied for Willie P. Mangum of
North Carolina for President, and John ‘Tyler. of Virginia for Vice-Presi-
‘dent. There is no Van Buren party here Not a single vole was given
for Van Buren in the Legislature—not a voice was raised for him in the

ublic journals. ‘The clear Whig majority in the State is probably not
Ress than 30,000,]

MISSISSIPPI.
Counties. 1636.—Van Boren. White. 1837.
Claiborn

Covington
Carroll .

6. 201
Jackson (100 waa “for V. Bo resuras invalid.)..(no retaces)
Jasper. 361 7 228 202

deffe:

g Ess

eee et

8 5 Exoke skse ubesunt! Bak? x

$099 sess. beseeakscdgnd

ERD

LOUISIANA—1836.
Parishes,

St. Charles
St. John the Baptist
Bt. James :
St. Helena.

Livingston
Lafayette... 58 36 ‘West Baton Rouge
Natchitoches ived. West Feliciana
Orlean: 665 676. Washington .
Ouachita .....: Total .
a Baren’s msjority . 270.

[The votes of Natchitoches were as follows, viz.:—For White 174, Van

Buren 98. The votes of Claiborne were, for Van Buren 87,.White 6.)

S Hsses¥adese -s

INDIANA. —1837.—Cononssa,
Dist. Counties. 1636.—Harrison. Van Buren.
Ha HI 456.

BEBBSER SES ERS:

2
S

483
393
. 330
m6
im
269
. BT
153
438
. 366
738
. 6
49
~ 42
1067
203
+» 963
893

Se8ua

SEsy

83288

INDIANA—Continued. at

Harrison, Van Biren. 4 Van Buren,
63 [No Van Bu-
aio Ex candidate
i di

17 Goat, M
46 ty do.
23

Badkebes

RECAPAPITULATION—CONGRE&3—187, Van Buren.
. John Pitcher ..........-4,477 Ratliff Boon ....
John Bwing...:........5,728 John Law...
Williata Graham. ...... John 8. Simonson
. George H. Dunn ‘6, ‘Amos Lane ...
~ James Rariden . .
Jonathan M-Carty ... .
VI. William Herrod 9,635 James B. Ray
VIL. Albert 8. White. Nathan Jackson
Actual Whig vote. Ry
Whig majority...25,7421

. 1

369

470 [No serious opposition

381 sey, Whig. Votes, Rumecy, 4
0 Se We Buen ep ee

opposition to Judge Ui
segs Whe Be vont

SEUggSEESOEeE

ask

PrEE

nent.)

32 92:
et

40st
S71

14
102 [No V. B. candidate:
OL Hardin, W. has 2,728,
385 Pope, ind. do. 3,248.
428 P. acis as a Whig.
615 [No Van Buren candi-
426 dates. Graves Whig,
637 6,021, Marshall, do.
474 2.946. Both staunch
Whigs)
208

oe
264
343
45
as

KENTUCKY—Continned.
B. Whig. Cong. V. Buren
203 43

2 226 [ ichard Hawes, Whig, bad
‘chard Hawe: had no
& Position.} * “s r

eo
338....711 Bee
336 415
207 500
470, 617
893 464. 806
357 265. 538
M5 (302. 2
993 416 199
27. 61
506. iM
428 439 463
133) 48. 206
580 488....775 548
484 1026....846 857
- 483 525....753 8
UT 225....318 308
445 714....558 20
114 582
75

af
apie

ii!

Whig. RECAPITULATION—1837.
1 Edward Campbell.....1,985 John L. Marra
inn Boyd.
II, Edwin Ramsey... .... 4,085 jones.
IL. William Underwood ...4,589 (No candidate.)
IV. Sherrod Williams..:..3)189 M'Henry....
Monroe.......1,764
V. James Harlan (No opponent.)
Ti ease Rt Satie
john Pope (ha ol al
Ben Hardin, jt----0-.-2.738 oe
VHL William J. Graves Rae (No Van Buren candidate.)

Thomas F. Marshal
IX. Joel White... 3, eee 9464
X: Richard Hawes (No Van Buren candidate.)
XI. Richard H. Menefee...4,084 Richard French.
X11. John Chambers. 886 Leach.
XIUL Wa. W. Southgate Phelps
Trimble.
Total.

+ 47415
‘Actual Whig majority, not less than 20,000 i

3700 James Garrard...

pI NDIANA-—1837, (Additional,)

Lieut. Governor. «
David Wallace (Whig).....46017 David Hillis (Whig)
John Dumont (do.) ...- 372

A. 8. Burnett (do.)-

Majority ..
“No Van Buren candidates.

Majority.....

aSRERAESEEIER
Feegidsvaeguag

2
ee

BESESRESE
jUsSBucesadeestare

505
333
T764
565,
431
603;
165
2024
m31
1836
‘766
319
340
960,
687
553
509
938
553
322)
260

TENNESSEE Continued.
Cannon. Arinstrong. White. V. Bur.
. 359 480 3

” 88
Cox.—Add vote of Eliot,
‘Ad vote of Burum, (Van

phe segregate votes of the Congressional Districts are_asfollows:
L William B. Garter (No Van Buren candidate.)

Thomas D. Arnold
IL Samuel Le Abram M'Clellan.......... 3,612

TL Joseph t Wiliigmas

R. Anderson.
IV. James Standefer.
v. Coxe .

William C. Trousdale .
Os ‘Van Buren candidate.)

‘illiam Crockett wee 2459
James K. Polk . 2A!
‘A. A. Kincannon.
Cave Johnson 3373)
(No Van Buren candidate.)

William C. Dunlap......

‘No Whi oa .
exer J. Shields

IELINOIS —1636.
rer Whig. Counties,

124 Montgomery
54- Macon s.--.

Schuyler ...

ILLINOIS Continued. t

Counties. fan Baren, Whi
Salle.... 3 oh
Marin. 142 38,

M‘Donough. 158 138
Warren... .....-(no return.)
Washington

Whi

‘Majority for Van Boren ..
No general election in 1837.

MISS: URI 18: 836.
Counties. ‘Van Buren, = Whi
a) "6

Calloway . 616
Cape Girardeau.
Carroll...

195

Majority for Van Baren..,....
No general election in 1837.

Crittenden

Hempstead »

Hot Spring

Independence
kson

Majociy for Van Buren, 1,16

1836. OHIO. 1837.
Bi ‘Whig. V. Buren,

~ weDD Hoe

Le
16%... ..00

1396......1

OHIO—Continued. wi
Harrieon. V. Buren. ‘Whig. V. Buren, Sen.
‘310 1

. Vv. Bares,
fen. Ho.

886.0004.
pvt eee

1188....., 01

Majority... ...8,457.
Legislature last’ yetr—Senate 90 V. B., 16 Whi
‘Whig—V. B. maj. in joint ballot 6; now Whig mej. 12!

MICHIGAN.
Whig.

"91

827
230
735
380
65
1033,
Ea
93:

(no returns.) eseeeesaeee
2 maj.

>
=

| $ea8

9,867
646
230 maj.

1,139 Cary's maj.
pa

‘The regular State Election in Michigan takes place on the first Monday
jovember. ‘Fhe returns above for 1887 are of a Special Election for
Member of Congress in July, The result of the regular Election js very
joubiful.
LrThese remarks apply substantially to Anmansas, where the regolar,
Election is held in October. ‘Phat of 1837 is not yet fully heard from.

GENERAL RECAPITULATION.

VOTES OF THE PEOPLE—1636—3%.

COMPARISON OF VOTES
IN ALL THE @TATES WHICH HAVE HELD ELECTIONS THIS YEAR.

1826. 1837.

@rates, President.” V, Boren. ir, V. Buren. Whig.
Maine. 16; 33,971 34512)
Vermont . 22,266 |
Connecticut. 21,50¢
oe ee

lew-Jersey. 36 |

85,994 |
Ma 25,00: |
Nortl > 35.009]

30,1

20,55; |

7,63"

Kentucky ATALy

Tennessee 5345)
Hodiana, B3.ec7|
Michigan 9158 |
i

10,208
(balanced near

FRB):

Total 379,940 383,943
‘Whig majority last November 9,003—i1
‘Whig net gain in these States 58,568.

Obio, Virginia, and New Hampshire have likewise held Elections, ti
the popolar vote was not concentrated on any one point, 80 as to be sts.
ceptible of comparison,

Lf.

APPENDIX.
ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER, 1837.

. NEW-YORK.
Vore sy Senate Distatcrs.
‘Distr. 2834. Van Buren. boy 3 1836. V. Buren. Harrison. 1837. V. Buren.
i. 96,127 20,387 18,865......18,553

1828. Andrew Jackson.

1833. Andrew Jackson...

1834. William L. Marcy.

1836. Martin Van Buren . il

1837. Van Buren Senators .. ig Senators ..~.+-+.++e+
+The fractional vote (below thousands) ofthis yeur was aboot equal.

Lecistatore.
House..94 Joint Ballot..121

House..34 Joint Ballot.. 39
83

House.100 Joint Ballot..110
House..28 __ Joint Ballot.. 50
2113 V. B. ‘72 Whig. CJ

New-York City Elections,
ere April. ate terors ber
Tiss aso

erpnck, W.

Total. .17,575 17,34
Majoriy 181 VB,
ILI For Vote of the Biate by counties, eee next page.

NEW-YORK—C
‘Asser Sheriff. 1936,

‘Van Buren. Whig. Van Buren. Whig. Ven Buren. Har.
S) 5i54 46" 4261
2606

Montgomery .. 4399
New York ...- 16913
2215

Schenectady...
Schobarie.....

Wayne ..
Westchester...

* Clerk. 1 Senate. road 135; $8,543 166,815

hr aeante Shae Lhe 1837.
134.....4.+ 610

339
54
~ 91
117
437 4
703 669.
104 80 61
833 733 725.
00 29 9246.
oo 00 00
ss 46 ‘28.
3 279 268.
2 88 82,
31 197 99.
13 308. 120 14.
Pe. 1%6 VG.
oO 138 133.
Mw 99. 366 999.
0 00. 31 18...
00 0. 86 9
mith ... 00 a. oo
Tolaaicie: 100 87. 180
h 41 46. 293
330...
13.
148.
37.
33,
118.
a7.
Yalabusha ...500 501.
Yazoo... 160140.

Total ..5990 5869.
* Not offic

MASSACHUSETTS.

IV. Middlesex
V. Worcester,

VI. Franklin Bs

VIL. Berkshire

Whig majority, 1 iz
‘A few towns not returned, Every District and ay a

November, 1837. MICHIGAN. met 1 1937.
Me 28 Fae epg Sea Becon,W. Crary.V Bb Welttv.B.

00, VB. Tro rr on,W. Crary,
"33 m1 Been eg) BBL

4
|033
738
148
300 310
380
934
iJ
1630

g Rt

Zo
B82e8e

uss

ee
$3" e328" ss

Total.,.15,330 14,673 15,937
Mason's maj...657 | Mutdy’s maj... 504 Crary nn). +1139
COMPARISON ‘OF VOTES IN 2836 AND 163: ca
836, Van Buren. ee sar. fan Buren. Whig.

States (18) complete on p.42 +1 980,929 "365,979... 390,139 461,253
Massachusetts.

POLITICIAN’S REGISTER,
1839.

‘FULL TABLES OF THE VOTES FOR PRESIDENT

IN THE szvenan eras BY comms

VOTES CAST IN THE SAME STATES AND COUNTIES
DURING THE TWO LAST YEARS.

wires
LIST OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS
OF THE

UNITED STATES,

AND TEE
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
Fourth Edition—Elections te January, 1839;
‘AINING FULL RETURNS OF ‘RHE NEW YORK AND OTHER)

: NOVEMBER ELECTIONS. ;

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY H. GREELEY,
AMD You FALE AT THE NEW YORESR pHPIOE, 137 RAMBAU SURREY.
Stercolyped by FP. Ripley.
. 1839. .
.. .
Reproduced by the AMERICAN, PROT O- LITHOGRAPHIC Co. NY (-OsbornesProcess)
Bi

1867

, TABLE OF CONTENTS

United States Calendar

B FESEES BSB RR

Michigan .
‘ramp EDITION—soNE; 1838.
New York City, "38.....

i New Hampshire.
ib. Recapitulation,

Ist Tuesday in September.

94 Monday in November.
Governor and-Senaiors in April.
Representatives in April & Aug.
Ist Mosday in April

1 ‘ues.,and Wed. in Nov.

Frankfort,
Columb
Indiaw Ist Monday in August.
Vandalia, Ist Monday in August.
Jefferson City, Ist Monday fit, August.
Detroit, Ist Moriday in November
Liuje Rocic, Jat Monday in November

UNITED STATES CALENDAR—1839.

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.
Martin Van Buren, New-York.
Ricuarp M. Jounson, Kentucky.

Secretary of State, John Forsyth,
Secy of the Treasury, Levi Woodbury,
Secretary of War, —_ Joel R. Poinsett,
Secretary of the Navy, James K. Paulding,
Postmaster General, Amos Kendall,
Alterney General, Felix Grundy
SUPREME COURT.
Rooer B. Tangy,
Joseph Story,
Smith Thompson,
John M‘Lean,
Henry Baldwin,
James M. Wayne,
Philip P. Barbour,
William Catron,
John M:Kinley,

Chief Justice,
Associates,

Georgia.
New-Hampshire.
South Carolina.
New-York.
Kentucky.
“Tennessee,

Baltimore. Md.
Cambridge, Mass.
New-York, N.Y.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Piusburgh, Pa.
Savannah, Ga.
Gordonsville, Va.
Nashville, Ten.
Florence, Ala.

GOVERNORS OF THE STATES,

Maine,

New Hampshire,

Termens*
lassaci tts,*

Rhede ‘Nena

Connecticut,®,

New-York,*

South Carolina,t
Georgia,®

Elected. Salary.
John Fairfield, 1888, $1,600
Isaac Hill,

Silas H. Jenison,®

Edward Everett,*

Williom Sprague,*

William W. Ellewo

David Campbell,t
Edward B. Dudley,*
Patrick Noble,t
George R. Gilmer,
Arthur P. Bagby,
Alex. G. M‘Nutt,
Andre B. Roman,*
Newton Cannon,*

James Clark,*
Ohio, ‘Wilson Shannon,
Indiana,* David Wallace,*
Tlinsis, + Thomas Carlin, «
Missouri, Lilbarn W. Boggs, -
Arkansas, James S. Conway,

: SENATE.

Maine John Ruggles
New Hampshire. lenry Hul
Vermont Sami Prentiss,
‘Massachusetts Daniel: Webster,
Rhode Island Ashur Robbins,
Sonneeticut John M. Niles,
New-York Silas Wright,
K lew Jersey Samuel L. Southard,
Pennsylvania James Buchanan,
Dela Richard A. Bayard,
[Maryland - Joseph Kent,

irginia Ww. C. Rives,

‘North Carolina Bedford Brown,
‘South Carolina” John C, Calhoun,

Michigan, Stevens T: Mason, 1838.

. ia " TERRITORIES.

Florida, . Richard K. Call, Towa,
Wisconsin, Henry Dodge. Robert Lucas.

Total, 30 Administration men, 18 Whigs, 3 Van Buren Con-

servatives, 1 Whig Loco-Foco (John C. Calhoun.)

1838. 1,200
1837, 1,000 -
1838. ~- 1,000
1836. 1,500

* Opposed to: Mr. Van Baren’s Admiinistretion, fourteen of the twenty.aix
Govern and thirteen of the Staten. Gev: Campbell of Virginia, i bab!)
a Conservative. Four Siates and two Governors dausehi, on Provenly:

MEMBERS OF TRE TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS.

Renel- Williams.
Franklin Pierce.
Benjamin Swift.
John Davis.
NehewhR Knight.
Perry Smith.

N. P. Tartwaper.
Garret D. Wall. °
Samuel McKean:
Thomas Clayton.
John S. Spence.
William H. Roane.
Robert Strange.
William C. Preston

Georgia‘ Wilson Lumpkin, Alfred Cuthbert: "
Alabama William R. King, lenient C. Clay. ©
Mississipp. Thomas H. Williams, Robert J. Watker.
Louisiama Robert C. Nicholas, Alexander Mouton:
Tennesseo Hugh L. White, Ephraim H. Foster,
Kentucky Henry Clay, John J. Crittenden.
Ohio Thomas Morris, William Allen.
Indiana | Joun TirTon, Oliver H. Smith.
Illinois Jobn M. Robinson, Richatd M. Young.
Missouri Thomas H. Benton, Lewis F. Linh.
Michigan Lucius Lyon. John Norvell.
Arkansas William 8. Fulton, Ambrose H. Sevier.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Maing.
George Evans,
John Fairfield,
Vigil D. Parris,
F.0. J. Sart,
Thomas Daveo,
Edward Robinson,
Jowph C. Noyes,
Hogh J. Anderson.
New Hawrsuire.
Samuel Cushman,
James Farrington,
Charles G. Atherton,
h Weeks,
W. Williams.

MassacnusErrs.
Richard Fletcher,
Stephen C. Phillips,
Caleb Cushing,
William Parmenter,
Levi Lincoln,
George Grennell,
George N. Briggs,
Wa. 'B. Calhoun,
Nata’: B.Bonpen,
Jokx Q. Adams,-
John Reed,

Wa. 8. Hastings.

Ruove Istanp.
Jos. L. Tillinghast,
Wa. B. Cranston.

Connecticut.
Isaac Toucey,
Samuel Ingham,
Elisha Hele
‘Thes. T. Whittlesey,
Launcelot Phelps,
Orrin Holt. .

Vermont.

Horace Everett.

New-York.
Thomas B. Jackson,
Abra’m Vanderveer,
C.C..Cambreleng,
Ely Moore,
Edward Curtis,
Ogden Hoffman,
Governeur Kemble,
Obadiah Titus,
Nathaniel Jones,
John C. Brodhead,
Zadoc Pratt,
Robert M'Clellan;
Henry Vail,
Albert Gallup,
John 1. DeGraff,
David Russell,
John Palmer,
James B. Spencer,
Joun Epwarps,
Arphaxed Loomis,
Henry A. Foster.
Abrabam P. Grant,
Isaac H. Bronson,
John H. Prentiss,
Amasa J. Parker,
Joun ©. Crank,
Cyrus Beers,
Hiram Gray,
William Taylor, . -
Bennett Bicknell,
Wn. H. Noble,
Samuel Birdsall,
Mark H. Sibley,
John T. Andrews,
Timothy Childs,
Harvey Putnam,
Luther C. Peck,
Richard P. Marvin,
Millard Fillmore,

Charles F. Mitchell.

New-Jensev.

” John B. Ayeriga,

J.P. B. Mazuell, \
Wn. Hulsed,
Jos. F. Randolph,

” Daniel Jenifer.

5
Charles G. Stratton,
Thos. J. Yorke.

PENNSYLVANIA,
Lemuel Painter,’
John Sergeant,
George W. Toland,
Charles Naylor,
Edward Davies,
David Potts,
Edw'd Darlington
Jacob Fry, jr.
Matthias Morris,
David D. Wagener,
Edward B. Hubley,
H’y A. Muhlenberg,
Luther Reily,
Henry Logan;
Daniel Sheffer,
Charles M‘Clure,
William W. Potter,
David Petriken,
Robt. H. Hammond,
Sam'] W. Morris,
Charles Ogle,

John Klingensmith,
Andrew Buchanan,
T.M. T.M'Kennan.
Richard Biddle,
William Beatty,
Thomas Henry,
Arnold Plummer,
DELaware.
John J. Milligan,
Maryxanp.
John Dennis,
James A. Pearce,
J.T.H. Worthington,
Benj. C. Howard,
John P. Kennedy,
Wa. C. Johnson,
Francis Thomas

Viroints.
Henry A. Wise,
Francis Mailory.+

John F. Cleveland,

John Robertson,

John Taliaferro, Charles E. Haynes,
RT. M. Hunter,t Hopkins H. Holsey,
James GARLAND, Japez Jackson,
Francis E. Rives, | George W. Owens,
‘Walter Coles, Geo. W. B. Townes,
Geo. C. Dromgoole, Wm. C. Dawson,
James W. Bouldin, ALABAMA,
Joun M. Parton, Francis 8. Lyon,t
Jaugs M. Mason, Dizon H. Lewis,t
1.8. Pennybacker, George W. Crabbe,,
Andrew Beirne, J. L. Martin,
Arcn’p Stuart, -R. H. Chapman.
John W. Jones, Lourstana.
Robert Craig; Henry Joknsor,
Gzo. W. Horgtxs, Eleazer W. Ripley,
Joseph Johnson, Rice Garland,
‘William 8. Morgan, MicetssiPPt.

Norra Carorina.

Thomas J. Word,
Je br het E Ee
Fuard D South “Abraham MClellan
har! t Joseph Williams,
William D. Stone,
Edmund Deberry, Hopkins L. Turney,

Wn. B. Campbell,
Abraham Rencher, Jy pry Pe

Abraham P.Maw
‘A. H. Shepperd, Tames K. Polk, a
Ebenezer J. Shields,
Henry Connor, - 7
ry Comer, = Richard Cheatham,
Lewis Williams. Sohn W. Crockett,

Sours Canorina. C. H. Williams.

Kentucky.
Waddy Thompson, | youn L, Murray,

Edward Rumsey,
Wo Be clomeyt Jas. R. Underoood,
Tein K. Grifimt Sherrod Williams,
Resort B. Smitht James Herlon,

4 John Pope,
J.P. Richardson, - William J. Graves,
Gxorora. John White,’
Thomas Glascock, » Richard Hawes,

Charles F. Mercer,, Beaton Grantiann John Chambers,

Sargeant S. Prentiss, Albert S. White.

Richard H. Menifee,

Wn. W. Southgate.
ARKANSAS.
Archibald Yell.
Missouri.
Albert G. Harfison,
John Miller. .
Intino1s.
A. W. Snyder,
Zavoc Casey,
Wiram L. May.
Inpiana.
Ratliff Boon,
John Ewing,
Willian Graham,*
George H.. Dunn,
James Rariden,
William Herrod,

Oxo.
Alexander Duncan,
Taylor Webster,
Patrick G. Goode,
Thomas Corwin,
Thomas L. Hamer,
Calvary Morris,
Willion Key Bond.

fohn Ridgway,
John Chaney,
Sanison Mason,
John Alexander, jr.
‘Alecander Harper,
D. P. Leadbetter,
William H. Hunter,
John W. Allen, +
Elisha Whittlesey,
A. W: Loomis,
Matthias Shepler,
H. Swearingen,

Micutean.

FOURTH EDITION—ELECTIONS TO JANUARY, 1839.

1836. MAINE, 1937. | 1838,

otal Adm vite, 5501; Whig vo on on
ministration majority over rf j over all 2815.
Stare Benure, 15 Adm. I *Whig—Horse i Ads

1838. te VHRMORT.

Total . 194 33,960 17,730
Jenison’s majority in ’38......5,544; do, in ’37..........4,590.
SCH- The county returns above ave iinperfect, but the totals are
las sggrogates only are given ia the OMiclaL

Candidates. CONGRESS—1838.
5211 John

oma MASSACHUSETTS,

Plymoui
Barnstable ..

ma Richard —
IL Leverett Saltonstal

IHL. Caleb Cushing*
IV. Nathan Brooks .

VI. Julius C, Alvord: ‘Thomas Nims | 2054
VIL George N. Brig, Henry W, Bishop «-...3601 ~ 17
‘Thompeon ..:2957 25

VUE Wiliam B. Calhouns.

few. 8 Everett -- 18]
Henry Williams+ 168,
XL Jobn Reed* ... 19 Henry Crocker . 2,703 15.
‘XIL John Quincy ee _ William M. Jackson 12/802 29

¥ Total regular Whi Admibistration, do. 35,769 “2550
* Regular Whig maleny 14) i F1_Including Whig Scattering 15,500.
2¥—CoNGRESS—1838._,

28453 QEI15 28182 ‘23H46.
yve ia not the official but the Van Buren retura. The ofie ee
inCumberland and South Aimboy in Middlesox, and gives a

130 Rev. Manning Force
Lowest Whie tor highest Van Buren 160. Averaze 257

Digtized by Google

NEW YORK Continued, 1839.
‘SENATE. dm, Candidates.
{ Gabriel Furman* 3, 498 Minthorne ‘Tompkins
IL. Ebenezer Lounsberry ..23,256 Daniel Johnson* ....
IIL. Harvey Watson .......' 24,516 Alonzo C. Paige* .
IV. Bethuel Peck*.. 24,185 Hiram Barber ..
V. Jonathan D. Ledyar Joseph Clark*.
VI. Alvah Hunt* ..- 324 Ebenezer Mack .
VIL. Robert C. Chester Loomis .

10
Districts. Whig Candidat

ihnad Adm. vote. .

"VOTE FOR CONGRESS—1838.
Districts. _ Whig Candidates ‘Adin, Candidates.
I. Nathaniel Miller....3,776 Thomas B. Jackson*

ILL. Ogden Hoffman:
M Grinnell* 20,56:
“ Edw. Cartis* 20,
Jas. Montoes 20,
IV. Joshua W. Bowron
'V. Charles Johnston*.

VII. Rufus Palen*

°VIIL. Mitchell Sanford 9,
“ Robert Dorlon 9,469. Aaron randerpoel* +++ 9,658
IX. Hiram P. Hunt*....5,483 Henry Vail... 909

X. Daniel D. Barnard> 5,680 Albeit Gallup.
XI, Anson Brown: 5,401 Nicholas Hill, jr.
XII. David Russell John Williams, j

XIIL. T. A. Tomlinson « ‘Augustus C.
XIV. Henry V. Renacleer ses Ihe Fines

XV. Peter J, Wagner*...4,491 Davi

XVI Seth Miller. - 3/835,
XVII Henry Fitzbagh
“ "G. P. Kirkland 8,362
XVIIL Thos. C. Chittenden 4989 I

‘XIX! William H. Averill 4,216

ree
BS

#528

XXIL William A. Ely. ....8 a +.9,157)
"John Miller . ..6,725 Stephen B. Leonards ...9,152
XXL A, Lawrence Foster 9,056 Nehemiah H. Earlls . 9,189

«” Viet'y Birdseye 9,015 Edward Rogers+.
XXIV. Christopher Morgan* 4,631 William H. Noble

XXV, John M. Holley. ---5,670
XXVI. Francis Granger". ..4;
XXVIL Thomas A. Johnson 5,182
XXVIL Thomas Kempsball+ 5,476

'XXIX. Seth M. Gatesr. .... 6)

XXX. Luther C. Peck*....6,521
XXXU Richard P. Marvin® 7,053 Charles H. 8. Williams.
XXXII. Millard Fillmore* ..5,414 George P. Barker...
XXXIIL Charles F. Mitchells 4,690 Henry R. Curtis .
Total, Whig vote 193,547 Total Adm, votes..

‘Whig majority on Congress...
L 21 Whigs, 19 Van Buren men ciecie

eine

Pike ..

Porter & M Kean. 495
‘Sebuylkill.. 2274
Sonierset

127,821
- -5,496 , 12,367.
‘Oficial retaras of 1838 do pot show the full vote. In Danphin, two polls were helt"
im Mauorer-; the vote at the Porter poll (51) was rejected.” In Lycomieg County, the vote

PENNSYLVANIA—Coutioued.....Comgress, ©

Districts, Counties. Administration, Vote. Whi Vote.
1, Southwark, de. Lemuel Paynter...3675 J. B. Sutherland ..2994

If, Philadelphia City.-J. Ro Evans... tn 32

: J. Brashears. 2
UL. Nor. Liberties, &2-C 5. Ingerol

VII, Northampton, &c..D. D. Wagener.
VIL. Lehigh & Schuylk..P. Newhard.
IX. Berk _

Witham Willard -4550
Chatiee Osle..--51
yh Markle. -2
z liphant.- ...2643
Joseph Lawrence.3483
Richard Biddle. .6090
George W. Smith.3617
‘Thomas Henry... .5260

gaily -.
Butler, Armat. dc. William Beatty
XXIV... Beaver & Mercer.James D. White
XXV. Erie,Crawford,&c.John Galbraith David Dick....-.5918
Total Vote for Administration. . 1. Do. Whig.. .124,566
Total Vote......255,099 Administration majority... ..5,067

NE W-JERSEY.

Paesipent—1e36.
Harrison. Van Buren.
‘Rot organized.
716

> 26,197 $5,599
oto of Millville, selected, 4 Including South Amboy, do.

133,555,
majority.

1826

DELAWARE. 13
Concaess—f ‘Con Presioenr—1836.

83: ss 1836.
Milligan, W. Robinnon.V.B. Milligan. 7. Bator 7. Harrison. Van Boren
34 1 205

11857

MARYLAND.
4830-Conansse ASBS—Govennon, 1836—Parsioeer
Steele, W. V. Buren. Harrisoa.

‘Van Butea, Whig. Grason,V. B.
981. 98

Baltimore City
Baltimore County.
Carrol

WV.
Annapolis...
‘Aune. Arundel
Baltimore City..

Total ......----- -.

Goncnem—1S89. Parsroexr—H8S6.
Hotlomes. Mallory.

243).-(No organized Opp. t0.-353
67). Jones, V.B. Taylor, W202
210 net s candida.) : “174

i684... 952
eee

TARGIAIAS (Comtinned:}

4 (From, Botsourt)
415..222.329

atest In '40, and the Congress voto of 939 is reper
a the Cougress vote of "39 was not a test, and
oluma of 40, { This includes the votes
‘209 to 207 upon the i. |} The vote for Bayly.
per, (Whig)—not rrictly party. “§ The vote for Souator. In the rest of the Couaties,
Vote for Delegates in 1840 is given, OF the votes cast im the Counties coutested in i
the Whi Targemajoriy, 2a 90s by informality, On Pocahontas, 316, in Floyd,
a

Buren 584:

NORTH CAROLINA.

1840—Governon — AS36—Passvent Ut
* Cong. Whig Wan Barca Wiig. V. Buren,
Diaries Counties. Morahead, Saandors. White, Van Buren Dutioy. Speight
L. Camde 52491 1 88 425 49

NORTH CAROLINA (Contingod.)
107 1055.

George 1
‘Augustine H. Sheppard.
JE Pista Henderson

(
Henry W, Conner™.
No organized opposition.
- Roderick Murchison...
three Counties.
SOBTH CAROLINA....Congress “1838.
District I. (Charleston) Isaac E. Holmes (V. B.) 15043. Hugh S. Legare
(Cons) B64--ma} for H. 650. If (Anderson, Greenville and Pickens) Wedd
"Thompson (Whig) 3939; J. N. Whitner (V. B.) 2397—maj, for T. 1012. it
(Abbeville and Edgefield) Francis W. Pickens (V. B.) without opposition,
iG .) John K. Griffin (V; B.) do. V. (Chester, &c.) Jas. Regen (V8. B.)
(V._B.) VI. (Barnewall, &c.) Franklin H. Elmore (V. B.)
Sithout opposition. VIL, (Beaufort and Colleton) Robert B. Rhett (V. B.) do.
VIEL (Cherterfield; &c ) John P. Richardeon (V.-B.) do. 1X, (Dartington, &)
John Campbell ({nd )1280%; Thomas (¥. B.) 620—maj. for C. 6

GEORGIA. it

Govennon—t839. — Concarss—IS3S. Parsib's—I836.
McDonald V.B. Dougherty W. iverson. Haber
102 91 4

GEORGIA—[Continned.)

* We take the voto of, Habersham, as Dawsoo ran far ahead of his ticket.
‘Couarese-—1838.—[Choven by General Ticket
‘Beate Rights” Whig. Uaion ? Van Burpy
1m C. Dawson. 33,278 David e Campbell
Alfred Iverson...
Josiah S. Pesterson v-

* These three have since r Mr. Van Buren; the others are still Whit

Vote for Geverner im 1837.
Vow Buren.
eee ne oe 89415,

‘This vote is not perfect, but the majrity is correct.

ALABAMA. al

Lequnaroms—4840. Conganis—I839, Parsinter—1836,
‘Van Buren, Whig. Van Buren. Whig.

Maj. Van Buren.

Reported or ostim ° Whig Ti 36
unt vols is tho average the eaudidates ou cach ride,
counties t age

2 MISSIOSIPPI.
Govenxox—1839. Coxcxess—$S38. _Parsvexr—1836.
evasion, MetusAde. ‘Turner: Chinerse,sée. Prenton. ¥ Bares.~ White.

(Formed from Leake.)
429

556
307
wa
21
292
24
91
350
11

Williams
Total.......105,403 96,918 204 86,158 102136 107,652
Majority Harrison Bast Whigs 6,046 din. 5,746

1838. ARKANSA! 1836.
CrogeAd Catmoings,W. Vibes. White.
283. 38 82

Hot Spring
Hempstead. 83
Independence... -..+-.- 13
15
48
48
40

: 31

+ (new county.)
“oo

«o«

17
96

35
6
2 (aew-county.)

Washington.
White ..

KENTUCKY. 3
Governon—1840. Paesivent—I836. Govennor—I836.
Letcher, #7. French, 8. Harrison. V. Buren. Clarke. Flouraoy-
66! 302 58 536

KENTUCKY—(Centinued.)
141

Formed from Morgan
+” Lawrence.)
881 -

(Formed from Gimp
174 649.
544 993.

--55,370 39,650 36,687 33,025 38,587 30,491
Letcher, 15,720 Harrison, 3,662 Clarke, 8,096

(without op
William T. Willis
Robert C. Palmer, (Wtie)
Elijah F. Nuttall
(without oppor
R.N. Wicklife, PCWhlee t-
Thompson Ward 2
Garret Davis® Jacob A. Slack.
William W. Southgate. William ©. Butler. . maj. 287
. Elected. t Dead. ‘faince declared for ‘Van Buros.

INDIANA.

Gursanes— 1640. Consar Pacsipunt—1836.
Bigger, 7. Howard, Whig. . Harrison. V. Burem,

INDIANA” (Continwod.]

sessed

56
783
278
2897
84
86

‘Wilson Thompson,

*William W. Wick. ++.
VIL. Thomas J. E Ds. *Tilghman A. Howard
Total Whig Vote. 49,697 Total Adm. | ¥ ove.
* Elected.

‘Van Buren majority in the State.

ALLINOAS. aL
Leoistatone—184@, Govexsos—183S. Passo'r—1636,
Van Buren, Whig. Curlin, 7.8. Edwards, V. Boren. Whig.
198. 106 20

Shelby
Vermillion

(a0 return) ....-- (new coutny)
= (Formed from Schuyler.)
181 7
167-0. 80 159. ‘new county)
oa Forme fom Wilceside.)
335. %)

8 =(new county.)
(Formed from Greene.)

LLINGAS—[Continued.]

ry:
eesti (ee, county)
(new county.)
(Formed from Sanguinon.)

‘Stephenson’
Tazewell*

30,585 29,539 17,275 14,202
996 "Van Buren..2,983

ye of a'l the candidates on each side. tla
9d the vote for Gov-

It ‘Zadock Casey (Cons. no serious opposition.
Stephen A. Dougla John T. Stuart.
i. ‘The next election for Members uf Congress is postponed to 1841.
Gov. Carlin was elected in 1832 for a terin of fouryears. ‘The Legislature as
now constituted serves for two years. follows:
Elected 1838... acy

House ......All eteaed ‘ 1838
Total in Joint Ballot.

Van Buren majority in Senate 12; House 11; Joint Ballo 93
This secures the election of a Van Buren Senator—the term of Hon. J. M.
Robinson (V. B.) expiring with the XXVIth Congress. It will also devolve
upon the present Legislature to divide the State into Congressional Districts un-
der the apportionment of Members to be made according to the Census of 1840.

- MISssOU2
Govervor—18 10, Covcats:—1839. Parsinev7—18:
Counties. Reynolt ¥.8. Clark W. Harrivon V.B Al

~ 53

(new Count;
146, aD

St. Genevieve -

ire an Daren, Wag
"(no ceturne.)

289
73

(no returns )

(no returns.)

. Govennor—IN3S, Puss’; — 1836.
‘Dist. Parishes. White, 7. Lecce he Reuse, a VB. White, V. Buren.
i EJ 1 5

2718.....!
Roman... .689
returned, and not included in the totals, but actually cast
6.638 43,398
n..837 Van Buren. .270

4812
2527
19
15211658

1800( from Penob. & Som.)
2001(* Oxf. Pen. & Som.)
652. 6341095

2150

: “SrA Gr rom Was )
44,925 ....42,897 46,976... .13,239 22

vKent.....433 | Fairfield ..3,379 | V. Buren.7,751.

Comgrese—1840.—[Incomplete.)
7 Maj.

IL. Cumberland." Wm. Pitt Fessenden 200
i 2" Benjamin Randall . 12
~*George Evan:
+Zadoc Long ..
(Two.Adm. candidates—no choior.)

ate.
Elected. t Doubtful whether Noyes is c

Legitiature—1840.

Seware. Whig. Van Bares: Whig. V. Buren.
Cumber 4 0 15 10
- 4 5

0 22 1

0 7 8

2 3 12

- 7 7

0 10 2

- 7 0

2 0 7

3 9 4

7 4 66

‘Aroostook, Frouklin and Piscataquis are new Counties, and their votes and Re-
Presentatives are counted with those from which they are taken, with which they
stil vote for Senators. There is probably no choice of Senators in Penobscot,
tad for two in Hancock and Washington. There was no choice for Representa.
tives tr in 18 Districts, and new Elections must be had. We have followed the

Wig accounts throughout in regard to tis State, as they are not only moro com-
lose erroneous than thove of the other party. Stil they must |
Tbe hay aled

Ad
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden

Q5611 92,057 14039
Jenison... ..2,354 Harrison. 6,951

Comgrese—1840. _ Van Buren.
Daniel Kellngg, 4,116

isan

“Elected. "Whig majority 9,871 {Members of the presept Congress.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
eae for’ President ‘in 1836, wot jat the last Election.

Maines.
New-Hampshi
Vermont .

Connecticut
New-York .
New-Jersey
Pennsylvani

35,083. 44,
= (no test—Van Buren.)
34,634 99,807

Kentucky
Tennessee

Majorigy. Van Buren. .28,638

THE

POLITICIAN’S REGISTER

TOR

1841:
A COMPILATION OF

RETURNS OF VOTES,

CAST IN

THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE UNION

MAINLY DURING THE YEARS

1836, 1838, & 1840,

FOR

President, Members of Congress, and State Officers,

ARRANGED BY COUNTIES, ALPHABETICALLY,

Including Full Returns of the late Presidential Hlection.

New-Hork :
PUBLISHED BY H. GREELEY, NO. 30 ANN-STREET.

1841,

Reprodueed by the AMERICAN PHOTO - LITHOGRAPH
1867,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ELECTION RETURNS.

rt and Congress, "40,
", '36 ; Gov'r, °38 5

ov'r,
Massachusetts .Pres't, '36; Gov’r, "305 Prove, 40.
Pres’t, ’36 ; Gov'r, °39; Pres’t, "40
Pres’t, '36 ; Gov'r, ’39; Pres’t, "40..
Pres't, 36 ; Congress, ‘39; Pres't, 40 -
New Hampaize rest, '365 Gove, "38; Preat, 40
Now-Jersey....Pres't, 96; Congress, '38 Pres't, 40.
New-York.

Necth Carolina.Pres't, ‘3
Obie -2Pres’t, '36 5 Ge rest,
Ptes’t, "363 ort 381 Pres’, 40 «
Pres’t, '36; Congress, *39; Pres’t, °
Pres't and Congress, '40 ..-.
*39; Pi

"4
Pres't, '36; Gov'r, '39; Pres't, "40.

OTHER ELECTIONS—Mainy Coxaness, 1636, '9.
49 | Mississippi .
New-Hampshire .

MISCELLANEOUS.

(aggregates) for President, Sic. since 1788

f the several States—1840-
Now-York City Elections, 1837,’38, "39, "40.
Now-York State Aggregate Vétos in 1832, '34, °96, '38 and '40...
Popular Votes of New-York for Governor from 1792.
Popular:Vote for President, (by States and Total,) 1836 and °40-
Usited States Calendar for 1841
XXVIlth Congress—General Summary.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The following pages have been compiled with much labor
and patient research, yet we de not hope they will be found en-
tirely exempt from errors. To avoid them wholly is impossible,
even with the most anxious vigilance. Very often it becomes
necessary to rest upon data of uncertain authority, or decide
between conflicting statements; and sometimes even the Re-
turns purporting to be Official, and which were originally trans-
cripts from the actual records, are marred by the change of a
figure in publication, and reach us essentixlly imperfect. We
have endeavored by comparison, correction and revision, to
render these more nearly perfect than any hitherto published.

‘The votes of a few Counties are missing from our tables for
some of the Southern and Western States, by reason of the
failure of the proper officers to return them. We believe that
none which were correctly rendered at home are wanting here,
while several missing from the Officials have been supplied.

The vote by Counties of Geonrera for President had not been
published when we p.ssed the proper place for recording it. It
is inserted on page SD.

The vote we give for Arkansas is that published as Official
by the Governor ; but returns from two or three Counties ure
wanting, which, the Governor subsequently stated, reduced the
majority for Van Buren to 1,386; but he gave (so far aa we
have seen) no details.

Some readers have been perplexed by the circumstance that
the vote for President and majority in some States are differ-
ently stated by different compilers; but the explanation is easy.
The discrepancy is caused by the difference in the votes ‘cast
for different Electors on the same ticket. For instance, in
Pennsylvania, at the late Election, Messrs. Ritner and Shulze,
the- Harrison Senatorial Electors, were scratched by a number
of voters, and ran behind their colleagues, Some authorities
have taken the highest candidate on each ticket, some the first
named, and some have undertaken to average the whole num-
ber. We took a candidate from each who appeared to run clear
and even, and gave the vote for him in each County and in the
aggregate. The result is seen in its proper place. On an aver-
age of the whole of each ticket, Harrison's majority would be a
few votes less.

New York, February, 1841.

New-York Elections since 1789.

Staument of Voets cast in this State for Governor, at the several. Elections of Chicf
Magistrate, since the adoption of the Federal Constitution.
Year, Candidates, Votes.
o +6391

1807—Daniel D. Tomp!
Morgan Lewis...

1810—Danel D. Tompkine
Jonas Platt .....

1616—Daniel D. Tomple
Rufus Ki

Peter B. Porter.
1820—De Witt Clinton.
Daniel D. Tompkins.

1822—Joseph C. Yates
Solomon Southwic
1824—De Witt Clinton..
Samuel Young
1826—De Witt Clinton.
iiliam

1836--William L. Marey
* Jesse Buel .

Teas S. Smit .
1838—William H. Sew 2,882

William L. Marey. noe 10,421
1840—William H. Seward... 222,011

William C. Bouok.

Gerrit Smith ... 2,6¢ 5,285

*Votes of Otsego and ‘Tioga Counties rejected, ‘hich ia ala would have severed the

‘Votes of New-'
1892, “Andrew Jackson. 68, 154,896
1 i 138,543
1840. William H. Herrison....225,817 Martin Van Buren...... -212,597

Anited Dtates Calenvar--Mancn 4th, 1841.
‘EXECUTIVE.
-WILLIAM H. HARRISON,

Associate Justices Joseph Story.
‘Smith Thompson «.
John McLean.

18374,
{AM thoee but Joseph Story ond Smith Thompeon were nominated by Ges. Jechooa.}
GOVERNORS OF THE STATES—1641.
‘Governors. Term. Ex
‘Edward Kent.

4
Adminiatration—i5. ‘The others opposed—Il._
lections for 71h Congress Yet te
March 91 -General Ticket.

0
* Mr. Speakor Hunter doubtful. ion of the ‘Goncral Tlokat aysiu La thls
‘State will probably give an entire Van Buren Delegation.

VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT.

PRESIDENT. VICE @RESIDENT.

John Adams.

George Clinton---

T. Jefferson, 4, A. Burr 1
skney

George Washington.......132
17929 "EO nanimous.)

(No Op onion but I votell)
‘Andrew Jackson .
1904 {iss ‘Adams6.

84 | Five others .

William H. Crawford .. +41 | [John Q. Adams elected President

Henry Clay... by the House of Reprosentatives.]
1828 Andrew Jacl 178 | John C. Calhoun
John Q. Adams -83 | Richard Rush.
Andrew Jeckaon (219 | Martin Van Buren
ery Clay...
1832) John Fl

Martin Van Buren ... -60 | Richard M. Johneon
(Har. 19 States; V. Buren? do. [J.K. Polk, 1; L. W. Tazewell un
* At the four first Elections, no discrimination was made between votes for President and

ice Provident; each Elector voting for two candidates, and the highest, ou the pol being
Prosident and

lu
William Henry Harrison ...-234 | Jobn Tyler -
1840.

0d, there was no choice for President; the votes for
nate, being equal. The House sfter a protracted
fferson President; whereupon Burr becam eVice

roll received only the Federal votes; Mr. Clinton thoteof New Yor
mn. Plumer, of N. H., voted for J. Q Adams, who was not a candi
° in tie ne of Representatives, Adams received
rawford of
L South Carolina voted for Ex-Gov. Floyd of Ve. ard H. Lee of Boston. Penneylvania
ied for Jacksou, but eschewed Van Buren knd cast her vote for Wilkins. Vermont voted
Ellmaker, (Anti-asonic.) :
1nd Georgia voted for Whiteand Tyler. Maryland for Harrison and Ty!
ir Mangum and Tyler; Massechusetts for Webster and Granger.
tnd Judy Smith of Alabama. “Gol. R MJ ison having Just half
for Vice President, the S roceeded to elect; whereupon Col. Jobnson received 33
votes and Fran

ELECTION RETURNS.

1836 to 1840.

MAINE.
President—1840. Governer—1838. Pres't.—1836.
Harrison. Van Buren. Kent. Fairfield. Horrison. V. Buren

formed from Washington.
3608 4812
not formed.
634 1095
1867 W791
2264 2527
852 2150
(483 2423

Piscataquis : Pea. and Som.
Somerset... : 1658
Waldo... 1611
Washington. 1530
York ...-. 3393
22,990
7,751.

President—1636
Harrison, V. Baren,
1446 1507

670
2708
2878
3187

Rockingham 2562
Straford 3696
Sullivan . 1439

Total 32,761 . 20,697

Maj..Van Buren. .6,603. Hill

RHODE ISLAND.
President 1840. Congress—1839.

Countics Harrison. "VanBuren. Tillitghaet. Dore.
Bristol 47613
Kent. 669 1372
Ne - 914417
Provdence =p-2482 00711.
Washington... 737 665.

Total ....-.5278 3,301
Harrison majority..1977. | Tillinghast.

Bennington ..-1796
Caledonia ....2025

Washingion ..2057
Windham ....3472

‘CUNNKOTICET.
President—1840—Governer. Pres't-—1836.

Gountien Harrison. “Yau Baron, Elemorth, Nina Harrison” V. Buren.
4871 3862 4000 2317

New-Haven...5100
New-London..3815

Ellawonik 572. Van Buren

MASSACHUSETTS.
President—18W. Governor 1850.

Countios. Harrison, Van Ruren, Everett.
1684

‘otal.-.-31,G01 25,2!
Maj. .. Harrison. .6.305.

20,930.
ern tid. ee te 1888.2 30T

New-Enatanp.—Elections to 27th Congress —Maine, Sept. 1840: 4 Har
rison, 2 V. B. 2 no choice. New.Hampstire. March, 1841. Massachusetts,
Nov. 1840: 10 Her. 1 V. B.1 nochoice. Vermont, Sept. 1840: 5 Har. Con-
vectiout, April, 1841. Rhode Island, August, 1641,

ea -
Schenectady.1752
XI. Washington .5071
<ALL. Clinton .... 2023
Exse:

NEW-YORK—(Centinned.)
Govennon Lr. Goveanon. Sewatons.
Senne. Bouck. Smith. Bralish, Dickivion, Har. V.

330
‘2680
4896
3203
3633
4963
2383
6658
3490
2597
4086

2
mi

aeeeee

majo
= 72 votes in Martinsburg, which wore cast for Dickivsun, returned by miateke for D-aicl
D. Tompkins. New-York Aggregates.
1828. President..John Quiney Adama-i35,000" Andrew Jackson...-440.000
1832. President... H. Clay and W.Wirt.154896 Andrew Jacknon.....168.497
1834. Governor. William H. Seward.-168.969 William L Marcy... .181 905
1836. President .. jam H. Herrison. 138,543 Martin Van Buren..166,815
1838. Governor .. William H. Seward ..192.882 William L. Marcy... .182,461
1840. President... William H. Harrison.225,817 Martin Van Buren..212.527
“ — Governe . William H Seward..222 011 William C. Bouck ..216,726
*T “ional votes (below thoumade) of 1898 were about equal.

Harrison.
I. Wm. P. Buffett.
IE, Lawrence Hillyer.

mL Moves 1 Grinnell .. . .20,996

"21,97:
Jobn McKew; -21,748
J. Prescott Hali-20,838
IV. Nicholas Cruger
V.t Charles Johnston
VL. Thos. MeKissock.
VIE. Benj. R. Bevier.
VIIL. Jededieh Miller. 9,
‘JustusM’Kinstry.10,138
1X. Hiram P. Hune®..
x Daniel D. Barnard*—..--

Jes. @. Cheon
Jobn Van Buren*
Tacob Houck. je§
Rb't, M’Clelian®

Brewster*
John @. Floyd®. 11,775
A. 8. Greene ..

reridge’ 0.374
Lewis Riggs”... .10,363
Nehe. H. Earll. -10,72
Wm J. Hough.
Peter Yawger

Harrison raajorty on Consreas. 9172
the sown of Was it nave, Johnston 102
vore of Yates (2063)

NEW-JEUSEY.
s0—1638,

2339
1604

25,592

1840. MARYLAND,
Harrison. Van Buren. ‘Steele.

Annapolis City
Balrimore City.
BaYtimore County. 1941
Calvert . + 494

" RENNSYLVANEA,
‘Congress Parapent— 1840 Gon
Dintricts §° Countion, ‘Har.

I& LL. Phila. Go.

Y. Monigomery -- 4068
Bucks......-..4705,
vil. Nocthampton..2648
Monroe 345

Pike

(not orgenized-)
7 2761. -2628 1340

Huntingdon... .3826
Mifflin .

-UGORT 145,679 -. 192.925 RT, 821 ....87,111 91,
Pe 496" Van Buren. 4,364

VEBGINIA—(Comtinued.)
714 517,

Rockbridge.
XVIU. Grayson
Lee.

CANOLina.
DENT —1840—Governos.
Van Bares. Hlschand, Beandern

376 33,782
Majority... Harrison. 12,594
SOUTH CAROLINA. A
This State chooses her Electors by her Legislature. At the State Election,
October, 1840, 8 Van Buren Members of Congress to 1 Harrison were chosen ;
and a Legislature almost unanimously Ven Buren. The Electors chosen by this
Legislatare cast the 11 votes of the State for Van Buren as President and'Little-
ton W. Tazewell of Virginia ax Vice President
GEORGIA,
“The vote of Georgia for President in 1840 has not been published by Counties,
‘The following is the vote of each eandidate for Elector as ofcially declared.

Charles Dougherty .
Ezekiel Wimberley > Janes Andernon
Duncan L. Clinch Samuel Graves
Ssmuel Besll.
Edward Harden.
Joel Crawford 405 William B. Wofford...
Christopher B. Strong...--. Seaborn Jones
Jobd Whitehead. : John Bates
Average majority for the Harrison Ticket...
[P. S. See p. 3: Comgrens—1840.
The Congressional Flection of Ociuber, 1840, gave the following aggregates :

Harrison Ticket. Van Buren Ticket,
Mork A. Cooper.

Average Harrison V: .336 ; Van Buren do. 35,417 ;
Legislature. Senate: 48 Whig; 44 V. Buren. House :

ALABAMA,

Cony 940, Concasss—1639. Pass's—1836,
Districts. Counties, jar. 7. Be ‘Whig. V.B. White V.B
1. Benton 245 -*642......287
20 4

IIL.

16,612 20,506
Do, 1836...... .3,594

* Thore being no opposition to the Van Buren ticket in the First apd Feurth Districts in
1630, the vote for Governor in "37 ia given.

MUSBISSIPET.
Goveanos—1839-
Tarver, WF. MeNunt, 7B.

4 Toral, 15,709 18,623 6
“Ueetieia, Msj- Heton Fy aS MoNute....3. nt “Ven Bone sor

omso.
Parsiogyt 1840. Govennon—4S38. Pass'r—1836.
. 1. Be jeans Mer. VB

INDIANA—{Conti:
4188 1115.

imaed.)
rT

54,207... .41,281- 99,478
8,637 Harrison..8,803

KENTUOKY.

Parsipent—1840—Govennon.
Ba, VB Laker. Frosch

a : KENTUCKY—[Contianed.]

202 153
(no returns.)
80

Xi, 488

993

32616...55,370 39,650 .. 36,687 33,025
873 Letcher..15,720 Horrison..3,662

jar Vote by
Parsiotxt—
,_ Present Members. Harrison, Von
Linn Boyd, V. B..-4---3. 4
It Pritip Triplett, V
ILL. J. R. Underwood, do.
IV. Sherrod Williams, do.
'V. J. B. Thompson, do.
VI. Wiltis Green, do.
VIL. John Pope, do..
VIII. Wm. J. Graves, do.
IX. John White, do...
X. Richard Hawes, do..
XU. L. W. Andrews, do.
XIL. Garret Davis, do.
XILL Wm. 0. Butler, V. B

Total, 11 Whig, 2 V. B.....58,489 . 32,616........

TENNESSEE.

TENNESSE A-( Continued.)

LOUISIANA.
Panangrr—1840_Concnars

Pars's—1836.
‘Whi, Vv. B

ILLINOIS.
Parsioewr—-A840. Goreanon
Her V. 8 wards.

. a
1838 Par tan.

Oo
(Come ‘ior Franklin, ss
. 72 6

1380 651
(not formed.)
(formed from Schuyler.)
00277 181..

159 80.

7 “(formed from’ Whiteside.)

335. 198....(niot formed.)

effotmed from Sangamon.)
~54

‘Me
(formed from Macon & McLean.
(formed from Cook.)

jot formed.)
* ormed from Greene.)

141
+387

1856
(formed from: Bowen 90
811...

oo med fom. Pome. ‘”
(not formed.)

33; 599, 3 30,505...14,292 17,275
-1,939" Carin....096 VanBuren..2,983
irney (Abolirion) 159.

TelOsahG an.
Gov

MU CHIGAN—[Comtinuca.)

2366. 1965
88. 24
100. 60
151. 198
446. 482
761. 577
251. 153
2057 .. 2352 ”
2237. 998 1587 1578
21,131 . 9,030 17,762 4045 7,332

Majority --Harrison...1,802 " Woodbridge..1,248 VanBuren. ..3,287
Birvey (Abolition) 321.
ABKANSAS.

:
Parsipent—1840—Concarse. Pare't.—1836.
. vB Fowler, #7. Crow, B. A

‘not formed.)
18 108

| Majority. Van Buren.1.606 Cro’ ures ....1,162
‘ Notofficial. 1 Rejected fur informality: @ votes for Van Buren.

D3. “ .

MissouRt,
Parupent—I8@0. — Concarss—1839.
Her. = =V.B Allen, W. Hi ¥.

M4522. coc
{mot organized.)
16... .-2- 64

Harr son....6.232. Van Buren-.3.658

Popular Vote’ for President.

——1910.—__.

46,376 626 26,910
{choos 2 Elec y Legislature.)
24,930

Total in 23 States...1,274,203 ‘37,711 “763,587
Jn 1840. Harrison majority. .145, 906 a 1238. Van Buren maj.25,876

XXVilth CONGRESS—GENERAL SUMMARY.
a

Ney-Hampshire .0
Massacht 2

f SeobobolLoLHe

“es
Toa! (prbcby).--- Senaie.-28 Har 23.V.B. House.. ua Har, 9
* Probablo but not certain. Elections yet to be holden,

GIA—President, 1840.

Har. Covatie. Ha. V.B-
2 164|Newton 351
8B 197
207

Pike -. 624

Pulaski

Mentgemery -167

267|Mergan.....478 280)
457}Murray -....273 452] Paes fea ST
581|Muscogee ..1044 811 N--8e

ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PR ESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT—1840.
Vice Passipent,

Digtized by Google

CONTENTS OF THE WHIG ALMANAC, .
No. 1, FOR 1843,

Pe
Poru.aTion oF THE Usirep Srares:

CALENDAR OF THE RAL
‘With dounct Solar and Lanar
tions for r each section et the Unien;
Of Remarkable Events, Births
tal Beathe of fAntedoes,

Men,

he. Be.

Govenwarnr oF 7HE Deira ‘Srares>
‘Executive, Judicial, and Diplomatic,
Senate of the U. Salter 4 1943,
House of tives,

‘Tar Paorscrion or Home trorar

4 Shieh Shich impel ko cheviok te policy
of Protection, with a brief review
the reasons uaually opposed thereto:

by H. Gansurr,
Gxx. Jacxsow’s Letter in support of Pro-
tection, .
‘Tax Vorcr or oun PRESIDENTS IN FAVOR
or Paorecrion:

Pais}
Facts rox Fanerns, Bursa Free

Manuracrones or tHe Untrep Srarzs,

‘Tue Evexents arp Names or PARTics:
A few simple but important facts plain-

ly presented,

Exectorar Vorks ron PRESIDENT AND
Vice-PREsiDERT :
At the several Elections under the Feder

al Constitution, . .

||Porouas Vores rox Govzanex or THE
Strate or New Youu:
to 1840 inchusive, {total for

From 1792

pPoras Vorg ron Paisroens ov run Saxe
or Naw You:
In 1838, 1836, and-7840,
[Tae Gxetwos or orrrEnence serwaen
‘iplain satementof the
plain statement of the more im
questions on which thie ary is
ti

Tae Lar ov Hemxe Coats
An orig Biography of that | Great
Statesman, written fr the Whig
by Henny J- Rarworn,
Taowas mas H. Bexron's and Jou Teucn’s

YW jons of Henry Cla
tee Rm dew, "Kir 10 AND APPoRTiOraEeT

With bref ctatement of the principle
the App ienmeals beled,

DOWN TO 1842, .
Execrion Rervans or tux Umox, 3¥
24)” Srares anp Counries:

05
P.
frorki Wores yon Passrwen? m” 1896
21) amp 1840, by Staves AND AcoREGATE,
‘Tunes oF motomo Stare AND PaestDEN-
TIAL ELECTIONS IN EACH STATE,
AvecporEs, Erionams, axp Humons or
meTmE, «eee

SKI This work is to be published. regularly as a periodical, and, of course, gutiect to

only. ‘It isprinted on « single extra double sised royal elephant sheet, and

postage under 100 nfles, and a} caats over itemiles.

ery

Sees ays

a
2
a
sy
i

‘cents added to usual postage.

cally divided: by H. Gurzuby, 20-90

31
to

«o

ymat'®
1 tytn i eB wer

miles, ¢ cents
smaller size. Teetlles 6 06a
| Cents per sheet, over 100

‘2 cents. Annual

474.404)

381,102] Total, 17,100,573 |

84,210 Sens Us
67,911.St. Lawrence, 56,706
43,601 |Steaben, 46,138
exis, Be
Bt x
Sui, Pes
=
BSWNne, ies
‘ashing 41
o0/260|Waynee ‘Boer
10,965|Wairen, 13,423.
Pata \Wrestchester, Por
17,387] baa
358 Total, 2,428,921

POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS, BY THE CENSUS OF 1840.

312,710|Mobile, 12,672|Newport, 8,393}Nashua, 6,054

258,892|Charlestown, —_11,484|Portsmouth, N.H.7,887|Colambts, 0., 6,048

102/313}Savannah, ’ — 11,214|Wheeling, 7,885|Harrisburg,” 5,980
7,

\Catexill,
999| Augusta, Me.,

oxtury, 91089 Dover,
18,213|Nantucket, 9,012 Portsmouth, Va., 6,
17/290 Newbargh, 8,933;Plattsburgh,
4 627: Lynchburg,
8,459, Fall River,

4 8,417: Augusta, Ga,,
R410 Thomaston, ’

idye, | 8,409\Cleveland,

Imington, Del.,8,367! Dayton,

Utica, 12,782|Cambri
Rew Bedford, —12,680| Wil

Facts from the Census. In the United States are 584,547 whites who camot read or
write; 5,774 deaf and dumb ; 5,024 blind ; 14,508 insane or idiots; 2487343 slaves,

Our tion. ereasee with great regularity, 34 per cent. in len yuars, “At this, ate
jon will be, in round numbers, ia 1850, 22,600,000 ; in 1860, 30,200,000 ; in 1900,
‘alare population, the last ten , increased at about 25 cent.; the free at 36 per
‘showing & regula’ increase of the free in proportion the Biave, The regular increase
ofthe New ‘States is 14.3 per cent. ; Middle States, 25.6; Southem, 22, i Wester,

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES,

(September 10h, 1642.)

EXECUTIVE.
\JOHN TYLER,” of Virginia, President. Salary $25,000
DANIEL WEBSTER, of setts, Secretary of State. “ x
WALTER FORWARD, of Penn., Secretary of the Treasury. “ 6,000
JOHN C. SPENCER, of New York, Secretary of War. “ 6,000
‘ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. «6,000
| HUGH S, LEGARE, of South Carolina, Altorney General. “ 4,000

| CHARLES A. WICKLIFFE, of Keatucky, Postmaster General. “ 6,000
+ Elected Vice President: succeeded to Gea. Wittiam Henay Haknison, died April 4, 1641, aged 68

JUDICIARY—Supreme Court.
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice. Salary $5,000.

Josern Story, of Mass., Associate Justlce.| Jams M. WAYNE, of Ga., Associate Justice.
Surrs Thompson, of N. “ «"|Joun M’Kinxey, ef Ala., « “«
i Jou M’Lean, of Ohio, «6 | Waturam Carron, of Tenn, “
Henny Batpwin, of Pa., “« « — |Peren V. Danret, of Va., “ “«

(Salary of Associnte Justices, $4,500.]

MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.

{| England, Eowaxp Evenerr, of Mass., 1841 | Austria, Dantex Jeriren, of Md, 1841
I France,’ Tewas Cass, of Ohio, 1896 | Prussia, Henny Waaron, of RI. 1837
| Russia, Cuanzzs 8. Topp, of Ohio, 1841 | Mexice, Wappy Tomrsen, of 8.C., 1842

MEMBERS OF THE XXViIth CONGRESS.

(Term expires March 4th, 1843.)

SENATE.
Hon, Wire P. Mancum, of Nerth Carolina, President.
Members. ‘Termexpires.| Members. ‘Termexpires| Members. ‘Term expires.

‘Marne. "TENNESSEE.
Reuel Williams, - —1843|Richard H. Bayard 1546 facaney,} 7 1885

j/*George Evans, -* - 1847/Thomas Clayton, - - 1847|{Vacancy,] = 1847
EW HAMPSBIRE. MARYLAND. KENTUCKY.

+ 1843|John L. Kerr, - = 1843/*John J. Crittenden, - 1843

1847|William D. Merrick, - 1845|James T. Morehead, - 1847!

‘VIRGINIA, ‘OHIO.
1843|Wrnzzam C. Rives, - 1845] William Allen, - - 1843
1sablf William 8. Archet, - 1847|Benjamin Tappan, - 184
NORTH CAROLINA. INDIANA.
1845|{William A, Graham, 1843|Oliver H. Smith, " - 1843
1847|{Willie P. Mangum, ’ - 1847/Albert 8. White, - - 1845
SOUTH CAROLINA. ILLINOIS.
1845|Wruram C. Pastor, 1843|Richard M. Young. - 1843
1847\John C. Caihoun, ’ - 1847|*Samuel McRoberts, - 1847
GEORGIA, aarss001
WBA3ALfred Cuthbert, | - —-1843|Lewis F. Linn, - 1843
1845|fJobn M. Berrien, = 1847] Thomas H. Benton,
YORK. _ "ALABAMA, ARKANSAS,
1843|*Arthur P, Bagby, - 1843|Ambrose H Sevier, - 1
1845| William R. King, + 1847|Wilkiam S. Fulton, - 1847

NEW JERSEY. MISSISSIPPI wcincaN.
{Wiliam 1, Dayton, 40]fohm Henderin, "= 1S45} Auras 8, Ptr:

Jacob W. Miller,” ’ - 1847|Robert J. Walker, 1843] William Woodbridge ,

INSYLYARTA. LOUISIANA. :
= 1843}fCharles M. Conrad, - 1843}

+ + 1845[tAlexander Barrow - 1847]

‘+ Now Members af the commencement of this Congress.

t Whig gains.—New Members, of course.

+ Appointed pre tem. by the Governor, to fill accruing racanci

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Hon. JOHN WHITE (of Kentucky) Srraxea.

‘essenden,
1X Beajamin Randal,

MASskcHOSETTS.

1. Robert C. Wis

‘L Leverett Sal

2 Cites Cusnine,

“Gee Hadeon
om

6. Osmyn Baker,

1 N, Bape

& Willa B

RHODE ISLAND.

By Coneral Tieket1
om L. Tillingbast,
Robert B.

donvecricun:
1. Joseph Tramball,
2 Wm. w.
3. Thomas W. Willi
‘4. Thomas B. Oxborai,
5. ‘Tromaa Smith,
6. John H. Brockway.
‘VERMONT.
1. Hiland Tal,
& William Slade,
3. Horace Brett,
rAngustes Young,
5. fob Mattocks. -
NEW YORE.
1. *Cheries A. Floyd,
& *Joseph Bi
2 tames 1. Roosevelt,
tCherles G. Ferris,
teka MeKeon,

Taceb Hovek, Jr
‘Robert McClellan,

. Tram P. Hunt,

1. Damel D. Barnard,
*Aarchibeld L. Linn,
*Bernart Biair,
{Thos. 4. Tomlinson,
tHE, Van Rensselaer,

. tJoha Sandford,

V8. Andrew W. Doig,

Whigs in Roma

Locos in. Italics.

17. David P. Brewster,
Joka G. Floyd,

18. Thos. C, Chittenden,

19. *Senxel 8. Bowne,

320: *Sameel Gordon,

31: John 0. Clark,”

a. Bs 5, Partridge,

31 sStaley N.

32. Millard Fillmore,”

433. *Alfred Baboock,
NEW JERSEY.
[General Ticket}
fob B. Ay
{Watian Hates

T. *John Westbrook,
8. Peter Newhard,
9. George M. Keim,
10. Willram Simonton,
IL. James Gerry,

12. James Cooper,

18, + Amos Gustine,

18: iat Saye,

17, *Aimon H. Reed,
18 sJamea M. Ru

18. “Albert G. Mer

BL HEMT Melony,
|. HEMT. Mel

22, *Wu, W. lawn,
33. Wiliam Jack,

DELAWARE.
tGeorge B. Rodney.
LAND.
‘Tones,
: tJames A. Pearce,
. “James W. Wilkams,
. Hohn P. Kennedy,
tAlexander Randall,
5, William Coat Johnson,}
6. *John T. Mazon,

-[19. +George W. Summ

7. whug. R. Soliers.

VIRGINIA.
J pEnancis Mationy,
George B. Cary,

E Joint Jomen

4. *Winien 0, Goode,
5. 4 Ednund W. Huberd,
8. Walter

1. William

_
dee bee
13, * Wm. Smith,
14. *Cuthbert ‘Powell,
15. tRichard W. Barton,
16. * Wm. Ay Harris
17. tA. If. H. Stuart,
18. George W. Hopkins,
a
90. *Semuel L. Hays,
‘21. Lewis Steenrod.
NORTH CAROLINA.
1. Kennech Rayner,
pReare hones,
PPCt Ra
£1. Wallan
SAAT
G. * Archibald
7. Edmund Deberry,
oreo Sei,
10. Abram Roncher
bien C. Caldwell,
Ca Jam 1s Graham,

‘4. *Patrick C. , Caidwel
5. Tames

GEORGIA.~{Gen.
Thomas F. Fost
tRoger L. Gamble,
R. W. Habersham,

B. King,
iwethor.

Reuben Chopman,
George S. Houston,
Dizon H. Lewis,
$Wm. W. Payne,
+Benjomin G. Shields.

MISSISSIPPL-(G. Tick.

Arrington.) 7.

Patrick G. Goole,
‘Jereminh Morrow,

3: tJosbua Mathiot,

. domes Mathew,

J. George Su
Sherlock J. Andrews,
Joohua R. Giddings,
John Hastings,
Esra Dean,
*Samuel Stokeley.

INDIANA.

. Geo. H. Paorrir,
+Robt. WW. Thompson,
toseph L. Whitey

tAndrew Kennedy,

+David Wallace.

Henry 8, Lave.
ITUCKY.

_ Priie th

Thvlett,

9. John ‘White, i
10. *Thomas F. Marshall,
11. L. W. Andrews,

12. Garret Davis,
113. Win. O. Butler,
TENNESSEE.

1. *Thomas D. Arnold,

4 ema, fe

3. Joseph L. Williams,

4 veue Gensel

a) Sant

6. William B. aes |

8. Meredith P. Gentry,

9. H. M. Watterson,
be a gto

Bee

MISSOURI -(Ger
t John Muller,

Jacob Thompson,
Wm MG
LOUISIANA.
1. Rdward D. W)
2% tJohn B. Dawson,

‘Those in sWaLt caritare wore elected ag Whi
* Not Members of the last Congress.

John C. Edwards,
ARKANSAS.

Edward Cross.
MICHIGAN.

‘Taco M, Howard.

igs, but sustained
t New Members who are

Fantannronel Pretdent Syl Vetoc.
iikewise gains to their respective parties.
Recarsretarion~—Whiga 133; Loco Foooe 108 distinetive Tyler men 6; Vacancy 1.
ssvout 127 Van Buren t £18 Whig. New Mombere 114; Members re-elected 127.
Dodge ; FLonipa—David Levy.

Last Congress,

THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRY,

ITS NECESSITY AND EFFECTS.

BY m. GREELEY.

jand points out the tach it be
and points ont the means by whuch it mayb

is sctence is yet in

tnoffe

a fis esay
ent can proper!
the industry of

(reel wreelth Hann fannine Ulaahinesnn

aE B Pare THs 1a es arr Mia fh if aad
Halee afptast ful iu i Hie : ab abe ae
wil eae net ithe ne
bet ated eS EM Eeltguiagl Gre bey
Feet i sonia
it el Hipiae site

ait ee ae nn Pain ra
Hue id all a whey bag tae a
ee eee
ET ee na
jae iM rane ner
ste Ua i See el ell ie
Pont hedhdilh igs ER he ibd

shall have had time to diffuse themselves over|
the country, is to provide a Home Market for|
‘Agricultural products, not merely on the sca-
board or in one scction, but in every section.
‘The reward of Labor and other elements of
cost being substantially equal, Mamufactufs
will tend to that section in which ford, fuel,
aad other elements of production are cheapest,

Actual Cost of the Woolen Goods requred
Unben Fare Taave.

| (Nominal Cost. $80,000,000.)

80,800,0000 bushels of ‘Wheat at 50 cts.

a
el

sumption of Woolens and leave ‘an exces:
costing nominally $10,000,000, wil
‘cost of the same|
costing nominally|
rence is made by
f ket for the farmer's surplos produce, within is
flown vicinity, and in the other trusting to one
H three or four thousand miles off. I have en-
H deavored to state the prices in each instance at
H teast as favorably to Free Trade as truth and
the experience of the country will warrant. If,
the correctness of this or that item, or even of
Hlthe general exhibit, be caviled nt, the essen-
tial truth cannot be disputed, that wwe may buy]
required amount or description of goods abroad|
fl much cheaper, (that és, for a smaller amount of|
{| money,) and yet pay very much more for them
than if we produced them at a nominally higher
Rod this is ‘the vital” element which

ids no place in the Free Trade calculation,
‘The attentive reader will have perceived ere
this that the essential question to be solved by

icy is one of real, and not at all of
Tominal chetpness, Political Economy is the
science of labor-saving, applied to the action
of communities. "Its object is to save labor

Jabor or its products than it would cost to pro.
duce it at home, and that this difference in|
faxor of the forcign article is not casual or
transient, but has a positive and permanent
reason in the uature of things, will prove effec-
Ftually that this article cannot be advanta-|
|geously produced at home. and 1s not a prover|

ITS NECESSITY AND EFFECTS.
thus, while the Farmers are cont:
our Free Tradets that a duty of
sp
will be fairly exhibited by the fol!
Sor a year's

150,000,000 bushels of Wheat at $1.90" $30,000,600

a law universal as that of gravitation. And|

ly told by
ntty per ect.
1 mie for the

pecial benefit of the Manufacturers, the

jon- Woolens would far thein

wal
‘vet of Protection on their vateresty as a
Jnss, and on those of the whole community,

lowing table?

sumption of the Country.
Unver Protection.
(Nominal Cost $100,000,000.1

sel se $25,000,¢ 10,000 tons of Ashes at $1.35 =~ : “7,250,000
1a ne Anon at PF a, goed 200,00 tno Wook Gernght up
90,200,000 Ibs. of Wook texponed) #9 20,000,000 bushels of choice A |
f 20,000,000 bushels af Apples, in the ab- IP sith Hoe acts, wort tear’
fines. “Home - Paiaies i 2,000 16,05000 boa of otaons with |
1,000 bushels "tatoos, wit! on juate Home Market, wort! .
eee cguate: Home Market: wert to cis. per bushel =~ = > = 25,000,000
the farmer 12} cts. per bushel - =~ 12,500,000, |2,000,¢ tons ef Coa), worth at the
300,000 tone of Coal, worth at the nines $2.50 + es = 5,000,000
ee eel neta: 2 2 Figs
‘Total product to the farmers + = $53,500. Kees = soe oe 6,250,000
| Deficiency = = - 5 928,500,
Here it will be seen that the same Agricul- subject of Protective legislation. For example
f tural ts which pay for the year’s con-|Coffee and Spices may be produced in New

York, but only through a forcing process thet
renders the cost of such product one hundred
times that of the imported article. This ne-
lcessity of hot-house culture is not ‘a transient
eondition, pertaining tothe infancy of the eal
ture ; it is fixed and immutable, so long as ou

sent climate shall continue. | So long, then,
it would be idle, it would be madness, to ai:
jtempt fostering the home production of Coffce
iby protective legislation or otherwise. But
[suppose that by sone mutation of Nature the
climate of New York should become suet as
that of the West Indies now is, then it w
be expedient and wise to encoutage the

luction of Coffee, even though its mon:

Eost at first should considerably exceed that of
ithe imported article. ‘The comparison of Pro-
tection, therefore, to the policy of raising
(Coffee in hot-houses, or ‘extracting sunbeans
from cucumbers,’ may be very sinart, but it
fails of becoming effective from its want of
[pertinence and truth.

‘We have the meats of testing
Jofthe Free Trade maxim, that ! trade will best
regulate itself,’ or that individual intersst wil!
lunerringly discern and follow the path which
leads to the greatest general good. if unt

the soundness

‘meled by legislation or publie policy. —«

should Prot be aliowad to bur ‘couts,
is tailor, if he will supply

jan American ane? is the stindiny:

Free ‘Trade
interfere a
pf my own interest? The answer is, simply,
that what he csteonis his. private interest feat
war with the public good ; for while the indi-
vidual may purchase a-coat for) fewer dollars
Jaf a French than he could of sn \meriewn

sheond fects
tn ri

aceon nye re four toats are|
‘obtained abroad than if they ‘were produced atl

ied

publi interest,
It is the frat

Taste to confor to tha general

this, esential rath ina tills

. A. B, is an extensive farmer ‘in|

own, consumption, the
eal ovis

ould then richly adoro poy con't pe
feent. higher, if required, for whatever fabrics|
he she I need. win the abeence of such a

own produce i ey
Omit, he -will do no such thing.
did, his Unsupported individual action would]
bare bo ged et ely fr him or come
mamty. He might might 5000 buying at igh and]
Bs low prices i to ts owa|
Sivided gee ‘and to 0 g
ic. But only i
secure the Home

iy if
ane pay Be ees it
Poker ct
it, For, wi
rear lab labor and ree, materials must always be
‘the price of manufactures, after the dif

on ee fon
Competition, stinmla-| the

oq
ion, will, to a great |

more costly of transy
the nearness or ‘distance

extent, be governed

a dollar and a quarter, it|
AP chat if our Manufactures are

Ly rouge from Bore
cult

con! and that a Discriminating

‘Tariff taxes them for the sole benefit of the

ST ning do Mane
Saenger,

ston ae Merge

Exo]
ut

‘tures, and Land hardly an item, In @ count

‘where Labor is comparatively dear, and Land
a5 in ours, Agricultural products wil

ive

cx a than in I

cheap,

ae
Hint
Hines

those department
stocked, and 80 i i
there is'no adequate demand or reward, but

LET
E
F

‘anh thus|
great circle of]
of a coun.

#
HI
l
i
rt

i
a
LF
i

a
iH

hie

Hi Es

LETT

i 4

suit
fie
Fe Ey
iui
rials th
He i
r He Hy
x BE
f PH os
ebreittee'

;

ger of protration to any throwgit & revulsion} will but inthe
or ice in some far-off market, or throug! men. fe do
the obstacles maritime or other|

Fy
8
pace
8
=

j) Let us suppose, for farther example, that/all departments
H the ‘Americas Pecple, tired of buying tke pro-|ted a nearly.an may be toxe unless some
duets of European mnanufseturing population condition of climatc or soil shall Forbid it; and
fof three or four millions, at an oppressive dis-[if, through unequal eurrencies, diverse instita-
fJadvantage to the producers on both sides,|tions, or other cause, this intermingling of Ag-
should at once resolve'uad proclaim, ‘ We will| ri with Mannfacturing avocations
i buy no louger of Europe, but let the European} to take place naually there it is desirable
manufacturers cone to us, and we will give|that public policy should interpose to secare|
them better employment, better pay, and bet-|it. If the articles ‘which one how buys sball
ter living than.they now have ;’ what would belfor a time cost more, those which he has to
2 The ing their|sell will, at the same time, command mare ;|
and, after a brief evil will

shall be proseca-
ke

Goods. But in course of time, G.
much|H. sets up @ manufactory or depot within &

jon—

“uae ST

a B25 2

can

of whose
pon and gave us liberty

cae eats
it or refase

and
independence.
ze with the moans of Ni

t depressed,

| present

of
sinew with sinew,
1 in cheapness:

Washington City, April 20, 1814.

xed ine
1 bounded.

cc. in roturn, is indeed a

hea}
and

LETTER TO DR. COLEMAN OF ¥. C.

i to solve,

an iil

ae al sata j

38
ile!

8. Ieee he He
wbshit Get oes bad ia

* + * © Heaven smiled w

t-| condition is a mournful evidence.

al with capital, si
Privation, to
that is,
buy] GENERAL JACKSON ON PROTECTION.

him Goods| Wheat,
has hitherto} difficult
this offer,
prin

5
z
3
5
g
3
B
8

mind
‘bat must
par,

‘same rate that
‘amount for
seme

ea ie Nabe He al
He

and offers to
the

Fate ctiri it : :
SHiiainaill He He

mile of A.

THE VOICE OF OUR PRESIDENTS,

IN FAVOR OF PROTECTION.

Geonce Wasumcron, in his first Annual
j esaage after, signing ihe first Tarif’ bill,

rvowedly ‘to protect manufactures;

q safety and intorest of tha People require that

I they should promote such manufactures as tend to|

[| ronder them independent of others far essential, par-
ticnlarly for military supplies.”

‘Towas Jerrenson, in his Message to Con-|
gress of December 15, 1802, thus enumerates|
the proper objects of our Government :

“To cultivate peace and maintain commerce and|
ation in all their lawful enterprises ; to foster|

sheries as nurseries of navigation, and for the
ware of man, and protect the rvinufactures adupted|
‘Oar circumstances; to preserve faith of the ma-
tion by an exact discharge of its deLis and contracts,
‘expend the publio faoney with the sxme care and evo"
Romy we would practice with our own, and impose on|
‘our citizens no unnec burdens ; to keep im all}

our
ai

things within the pale of our constitational powers

H we shall endear to our countrymen the f

oF Geer Constitution, wad promote an ni
ment and of action equally auspicious to their happi-
eos and sufety.”

Again, in his Message of 1806, apprehending
a surplus Revenue, he says:

“To what other objects shall the be}
‘avpropriated, and the whole as of impose after
the entiro discharge of the public debt ? Shall we|

e sboold not be
‘on external supplies.”
idee Moxmox, m his Inaugural Address,
March 6B, 1817, observes :

“Our manufactures will likewise require the
tematic ama forteriag cure of the Goverament. !
sessing a We do all the raw materials, the fruit of
oar own soi aad 79 ought not to depend, in fl
the degre we have done, oa supplies from other
lcountrieg, While we are thus dependent, the snd~ ff
[den ovex§ of war, wnsought and unexpected, cannot f

yaa it may do, i
hhands, would be felt advantageously on agri-

ams, in his Message of De-
thus vindieates the power and
tion :

“Is the self-protecting energy of this nati

btplons, that there exits in te ‘political ‘natitetions|

|| suppress the iinpnet, and give that advantage to for-| ro

| cigm over domestic manufactures ?”
He proceeds to say, that on a few articles he
| thinks the tinpost may be , but that,
with r to the great mass of them, the
|“ patriotism” of the people would “ prefer its
H continuance and application to the great pur-|
| poses of public education, roads, rivers, canals,
f| and such other objects of public improvement|
fas it may be thoug! F to add to the con-|
stitution enumeration of federal powers.”
in his last annual Me sent to SS,
fon the 8th of ‘November, 1808, Mr. Sanrncon
says:
“The suspension of foreign commerce produced
| the injestice of the’ valigret Powers. “ane con
sequent losses and sacrifices of our citizanayWre sab-
of jnst concern, The situation into which we

five thus bees forced hes impelled ve-evapply & por}
manufac)

Tames Mapwson; in his Message of Novem,
fl ber 5th, 1811, thus speaks:
“Akdough other subjecta

prevail
“If the tariff adopted at the Inst session of Con-
ress shall be found by experience to bear 0)
Sively upon the intereata of any one section of the
‘Union, it ought to be, and J cannot doubt will be, so f
modified as to alleviate its burdens. To the voice of
just complaint, from any portion of their constituents
the representatives of the States and the people will
nsver arm away thei ours. “But oo long ee te doy §
the foreigm rate only as a bounty upca tl
omeniesrticle-~whtie the planter, and the me
and the shepherd, and'the husbandivan, shall
thriving in’ their occupations, under th
posed for the protection of domestic manu!
they wil not epine at the prosperity
themselves by their fellow-citivens of othor profes
sions, nor denounce 26 violations of the Coastitution
the deliberate sote of Congress Yo, shield from the
ros, of foreign laws the satis indastry of the |
ion.”
Gen, Jackson, in hia Message of Dec. 7th,
1890, thus asserts the Constitutional power:

Sot bak be wall bento on

The power to impose duties on imports origtsal
eloaged to the several States The 1 4

| hese daties, with a view to the encouragement of
‘domestic branches of industry, is so completely inci-
dental otha yr, that it is difficult to suppose the
fet
fap caesar te ther ce
de wae anterior
|tion, saving the very imeonsiderable reservation rela-|
ting to their inspection laws. ‘This authority having|
is nc ee, hea og
er the purpemof protection dons nt ex
em Br ozo pret, om
ie oer ee ocr,
poten! Sr aie
‘people stripped of the right to foster on

| rreaudly recommended the exercise of this right
} mer the Consttrution, as by the uniform practice of
| Gcasress, the continued acquiescence of the State,
snl the general understanding of the people.”

The same sentiments, in different language,

Manufactures in the United States.
Stare,

Capital

Capital (Starz.
pee Ss

invested.

5
it]
7
'5

6
iT
15)

SDT FHS

Cotton and Weolen Manufactures.
VALUE OF ARTICLES MANUFACTURED IN 1839.

Wont
$7,082,993 |
842,172
2,319)061
795,784
3,537,337
3404 313
440,710}

THE PRESIDENTS ON PROTECTON—MANUFACTURES,

‘without the other. The Siates!

were repeatedly and strongly expressed by
cachof these Paden Last

Join Tyler, in his Message
1841, favors us with the following :

“Ty imposing dution fur the purpose of revenue,
right to discriminate ea to the articles on which the
oty shall be laid, as wall as the amount, necessarily
tnd properly existe. Otherwise, the Goverament would
be placed im the condition of having to levy the same
duties upan allarticles—the productive as well as the
‘unproductive. ‘The slightest duty upon some might
have the effect of causing their importation to cease ;
whereas others, enti ng extensively into the con-

jamption of the councry, might beat the beaviest,
ithoot any eerie divination in the amount i

“So, alan, the Government may be j in 50
discriminating, by reference to other considerations
‘of domestic policy comnected with our manufartures.
So long as the duties alall be Taid with distinct refer. |
fence (0 the wants of the Treasury, no well-founded
objection can be raised against them.” |

‘Who will now assert that Protection is un-j
constitutional? or that it taxes the .other J
classes of the community for the special bene-
fit of the Manufacturers

Pacts for Farmers.

While we have for several years down to
September, 1 842 been reducing our dnties on
Imports until they had reached the horizontal
standard of $0 per cent., the following aré the
rates of duty imposed on the Aqricultural
Staples by the country (Great Eritain) which
has supplied us with the larger share of our
Manufacturee—our own Manufactures having
Ino chance at alt in her markets—viz. :

T
Amt. Agricultura:

scent Value va
Produc

New Vor

Louisiana Sugee..! 3 eouts cor pound. 270 per cont,
Do. Molames.(21 cents 7 .allou.| 400 per ount.
8. Carolina Rie. | 24 cents ver pound| 113 par cent,
Shathorn Tobacco] 6-censs por pound. 1200 ber cont:
Do. Cotton... «-| 8 conta pr puad.| "8 per cent fl
Spirits from Grain!90 cents per gallon./2700 peer cent.
Cider. -|)5 cents persailon.| 973 per cent.
3 [ Whoat -(181.25 per bushel

‘Do. Pork{37.50 per barrel
B T cents per pound.
7 cente per pound.
5 cents per pound.
5 cents per pound.
7 cents per pound.|
[85 centa per gallon
| 4 cents per cubic fy
‘Stavea..|$80 per thousand...

80 per cent:
96 per eat.
110 per cent.

‘Tue existence of rival parties is one of the|
results of Political Freedom. Under

{| Despotism like that of France under Louis|
{| XIV. or Napoleon, or like Russia as she still
flis, there are properly no parties. Factions,
|| cabals, couspiracies may from time to time be|
hatched by tyranny in the Government or dis-
content ainong the People, but they are usu-|
ally of limited extent and brief duration. The
|| rise and continuance of Parties mark the ort.
gin and progress of essentially Popular insti-
tutions, as their degeneracy into personal. fac-
tions evinces the decline of the spirit of Lib-

erty.

‘The first distinct array of parties in this
country, after the achieveinent of our National
Independence, grew cut of the successive at-
tempts to form a Federal Constitution, and
their ultimate success. The question of adopt.
ing or rejecting that Constitution when framed
was referred to the People of the several
} States, by whom it was successively adopted|
after earnest discussion in all, and some hesi-
tation on the part of many, If this discussion
the friends of the Constitution were known as

Convention which fornied the Constitation,|
and having exerted his influence to secure ito|
| adoption, was recognised as the head of the

feral party, though never a strong partisan ;
| Mr. Jefferson’ on his return from « ng resi
idence in France as Embassador, became the
chief of the Anti-Federal Party. ' But new and|
exciting questions rapidly arose, as they will
ever arise, which altered essentially the atti-|

phrensy, teror, and
shed. ‘The name thus affted as’ re-

‘ouch was ultimately adopted by a r
Ron of those to whom the Federdlists had ap,
lied it, when the unpopular Administration of
Jolin Adauns had repelled many ofits former
‘The
| Government passed into the hands of the Re-
uiblicans with the elevation of Jefferson to the|
Presidency in 1800, and the Federalists as a|
party never regained thei former ascendency.
| New questions, founded ou the new measures
Hand events of succeeding years—the Wars off
Karope ; the Fmibargo ; the wrongs and insults
Hreceived by this country from England and|
| from France; our War against the former; the

| supporters from the Federal standard,

Bank, Tariff, Internal Improvements, &.—|
arose to engross the public mind, until, on the
election of James Monroe to the Presidene;
ja 1516, the questions involved in the old Fed
‘ral and Democratic controversy had ceased
ie possess any practical signifigance or rela-

tion to the actual and subsisting differences.
Ina few of the States where the Federalists []
were strongest, the old distinctions and war-
cries were retained ; but in 1824, when five
fival candidates for President, ll professed
Democrats, appeared in the field, these dis.
tinctions were utterly annihilated, ’ Massachu=
setts, which bad just become 2 Democrati ic
/State, took the lead in supporting John Quin
‘Adams, who was denouneed as stheart-s Fed
eralist } while Delaware, almost or quit
only unflincling Federal State then remaining,
east her votes for William H, Crawford, the |
regularly nominated Democratic caucus candi- jf
date, Federalists and Democrats were ev
where intermingled in the suppo
Crawford, Jackson ; though hardly |
jist was found advocating the claims of Mr. jf
Clay, who had been the leader of the Demo- ff
craifé party in Congress, preceding and during.
/a good part of the War with England, and who ff
‘was supported in New York, as in many other ff
States, by that portion ofthe Democrats who ff
rotested against the caucus nomination of Mr.
rawford as absurd and of no possible efficacy.

From that time, the old party designations
Ihave, been used rather as scaro-crows for the
timid, and lures for the uninformed, than other-
jwise.’ Mr. Adams avowedly disregarded them
entirely throughout his Administration. Gen. |
Jackson had long before urged the propriety
Jof doing so in a letter to Mr. Monroe on his

cession to the Presidency in’ 1816—17 ; and ff

jong his supporters were many of the lend-

ing Federalists, including Roger B. Taney, his j
Attomey General and Secretary of the
ury, now Chief Justice ; James Brchanan of

Pennsylvania, Louis M’Lane of Delaware,
Garrit D, Wall of New Jersey, Reuel Wil jf
liams of Maine, Francis Baylies of Massuchu-
‘setts, Martin Chittenden of Vermont, &c. &c.
Since then, the resemblances between our ex-

isting and the old by-gone parties have be- jf
come entirely effaced. | New questions re;
garding both ineasures and men, have divided
‘and continue to divide the country, but they |
bear litle of no relation to those which divided f
Jour fathers forty or fifty years ago.

“The partisans of Celtoun, Van Buren, Ben-
too, generally assume the name of Democrats,
as & passport to popular favor, and endeavor
to brand their opponents as Federalists, ‘The
other party take the name of Democratic Whigs,
jor in some States simply Whigs, and, in. refer- |
lence to the Destructive measures advocated by
their opponents, designate them as Loco-Focos.
Bat names are nothing Principles and Meas-
jures are alone of any real couseqnence, We j
trast every well-meaning citizen will at once j
resolve to put names altogether out of the ac-
[count, and, looking only to what is done and |
proposed By each party, decide betwean them, j
taking hus stand with the one or the other, as
he shall earnestly believe to be most conducive ff
10 the perpetuity of Freedom atd the welfare

lof the Country.

Geo, Washington ...69] ohn Adaws, ress 3

1100 | Om cnimbee) roasting. = 33
0 Adame. esc.

sre Geo, Washinton...192| 20 2

IT. Jefferson, 4, Burr, 1
.71| Thomas Pinckney ..58|

elected Mr. Jefferson Pre

4 Ia the House of Represontati

Jackson, but eschewed Van Buren, and cast her vote
(Unti-Masonic.)

1652—Andrew Jackson.
1896—Martin Van Buren.
1640—William H. Harrison

168,497
166,815}
225,817

Statement of Votes cast tn this State for Governor, at

Votes. Majority,
= 6,301

we + 429)
Ste 109

igston. 13,689
‘Stophen Van Rensecleer 90,643”
ran Renasclecr 90,
| 1804—Morgam, Low segs 9 30,880
i Aaron Burr agii30
1807—Daniel D. Tompkins.
Morgan Lewis...
1816—Daniel D. Tompkins..
Jonas Platt

Stephen
1816—Draiel D. Tompkins...
| Rufus King...

| 1817—De Witt Clinton

ater B. Porte!
1€20—De Witt Clinton

‘Votes of Otsogo and Tioga Counties rejected, which it is said would have reversed the majority,

Votes for President and Vice President.

PRESIDENT. ‘VICE PRESIDENT.
‘Andrew Jackson....99|Joha C. Calhoun ..i
par

328)1636.

1 Rufes King. ......34|tOpposition scattering)|
rizo| James Monroe “2318 SezRD. Tampines 201640
| to opp. bat 1 votell) (Opposition scattering)

1, Adams received the vote of 13 Stato
J, South Carolina voted for Ex-Gor. Floyd of Virginig, and H.

Henry Clay...
1828 { Andrew Jackson.
John Q. Adams.
‘Andrew Jackson.

clay
‘| William Wi

‘Wm. H. Harrison. ..73

Hough L., White .. ..26| Jol

‘| Daniel Webster ----14|
(Willie P. Mangum: 11)
$Me I. Harrison, ..234

a Van Buren 170

Martin Van Buren. .60]
‘Har.19 Sts.V. Buren 7

r Wilkin. 1

1
! Votes of New York for President.

‘New York Elections since 1789.

the several Elections of Chief Magistrate, since the
pion of the Federal Consntations SY OMT

‘Samuel Young.
1826—De Witt Clinton,

‘William B. Rochester.96,135

1@28—Martin Van Buren

Rich’d M, Johnson 147 J
Francis G
Walia Smit,

John Tyler .. -+.+.294
Rick’ M. Johnson 48
Polk 1, Tazewell...11

Jackson of 7, Crawford of 4,
2 of . Pennsylvania voted for
srmont yoted for Wirt and Emaker,

‘%* Teanessee and Georgia voted for White and Tyler ; Maryland for Harrisen and Tylor ; South Carolina
or and Tyler ; Masmchasetts for Webster and Granger. Virginie for Van Buren and Judge

‘Smith of Alabama. Col,'R. M. Johnson having just half the votes for Vice-Presidnt, the Senate proceeded [J
to elect ; whereupon Col. Johnson received 33 votes and Francis Granger 16.

‘Smith Thompson... ..108,444

Solomon Southwick ...33,
1890—Enoe T. Throop.
‘Francis

345
=

92
78

* Under the Constitution as it then stood, there was no choice for President; the votes for Jefferson and j

Barr, the Democratic candidates, being equal. ‘The House, after a protracted aud most exciting struggle, |
mnt ; whereupon Burr became Vice President.

{ Mr. Ingersoll received only the Federal votes; Mr. Clinton those of New Yorkin addition.

. Plumer, of N.'H., voted for J. Q. Adams, who was not a candidate.

hosts now divide the Ame-

mits or tolerates, and in the extremes to which|
ite views are sometimes pushed, Each em-
bodies a share of the wisdom and folly, hon-|
esty and knavery, virtue and vice, which che-
quer human life "Each numbers ‘in its ranks
stern and lofty patriots, who bave no thought
but for their country’s good ; each has alsa its|
self-seeking demagogues, who regard mainly|
their own advantage. He who deems his own|
| party all good, and his opponents wrong éve-
ry way, may be an excellent partisan, but not|
}# very discerning and impartial citizen. Yet,
while many faults and many virtues are com:
thon to doth and to all parties, there are cer-
tain Teading characteristics which at
this time draw a broad and distinct line of
demarkation between them. These charac-|
teristics we shall here endeuvor to exhibit.

‘The first is generic or fundamental, infiu-

en
cardinal conviction of those known as Wurcs,|
(‘Demoeratic’ or ‘Federal’ Whigs, as’ you
please,) that Government need not and should
not be an institution of purely negative, re-
pressive usefulness and value, but that it
should exert a beneficent, paternal, fosterit

influence upon the Industry and Prosperity o}
the People. It affirms that the People can
never expect too much from the Government,
when they expect only that which the Govern-
ment can justly bestow. It affirms that the
interest of the Government and the interest of
the People are or should be identical, and|
ought never to be led as diverse, and, in|
short, that Government was founded, and is|
suppérted, in order that it may protiote the
welfare ahd happiness of the People by every
means legitimately within its power.
‘opposite party (whether termed * Democrats,’
as they claim to be, or ‘ Loco-Focos,’ as is less|
vague and more pertinent) assume that ‘ the
world is governed too much; that, Govern,
ment has properly nothing to do with the con-
cems of the People, except to protect them|
from extemal of internal aggression ; that|
when it has provided fully to repel invasion
from without, and to crime within the
Nation, it has performed its whole duty, and,
should it attempt any thing farther, would be|
orally certain to do more harm than good,
Such 18 substantially the radical difference be-
tween the Whigs and Loco-Focos of this|

country.
II. The question of Porgcriow ro Home|
Inpusray is the firet in importance of those ne-|
cessarily dividing the two parties, in view of
the difference above |. The Whig doc-|

THE GROUNDS OF DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE CONTENDING PARTIES.

g and shaping all the others. It is the| wl

The} four

trine affirms that Government, ought to pro-|
tect and cherish the Industry of the Country to|
the fullest extent, as a matter of legitimatt
and necessary concern; and that the People
Ihave a right to look to it for all the aid wit
its power. Loco-Focoism, on the other hand,
insists that Protection is at once tion |
and folly ; that Industry should look out for
itself; and that Government neither can nor
should do any thing in its behalf, in any con-|
tingency. ‘There are individuals in the
party opposed to the policy of Protection,
ere are in the Loco-Foco who favor that
policy ; but the question no less clearly in-
volves the radical difference between the two
ties. [For the policy of Protection, see the
longer article exy ress on that subject.}

iL, Akin to this is the Cunnzncy question.
‘The Whigs maintain that it is the duty of the’
Government to provide, and that the ‘necessi-
ties of the People demand, a National Circula-
ting Medium of uniform soundness and value,
circulating from one end of the Union to the!
other without discount and without cavil, be-
ing always redeomed in specie, and every-

jere received by the Treasury in all pay-
ments thereto. ‘They hold it ismpossible that
coin alone shall perform this service, because
lof its weight, its bulk, and the difficalty and
[cost of its transmission ; while they insist that
no paper not possessing a National character,
for uot redéemable on demand in specie,~can
jever be sted to do it. The advanta-
[ges of such a Circulating Medium as the Coun-
try enjoyed from 1824 to 1836, and as the

igs hope to restore, must be evident to all.
‘Suppose that the annual exchanges of products
between different sections of the Union, 60 re-
mote as not to possess a uniform local Cur-
rency, now amount to Five Hundred Millions
[per annum, (which it.probably exceeds,
that the average cost of difference of Ex-
change, discount on Bank notes, &., 18 but

‘per cent. on the amount; here, in’ the ab-
sence of a National ;, is an annual tax
of Twenty Millions per annum levied on the
Productive industry of the Country for nothung,
lor to support an army of Brokers, Traveling
Agents, Gc, who would otherwise be employ.
fed in useful industry. It is the same as thoug!
one twenty-fifth of all the merchantable Pro-
duce and of the Country were annually
sunk to the ‘bottom of thy Sea. Therefore, say
the Whigs, object as you may to the powers
or management of this. Bank, or that iscal
Agency, but do not deprive the Country utterly
of great advantages which it once enjoyed and
may well enjoy again, To say that we ought
notte have 2 fational ns because Nick
Biddle was a rascal, or his corruptly
managed, is to trifle ‘with the good sense of
the Country. Nobody so acts.on. such consid-
erations in his own personal matters. If there

ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES OF PARTIES, “17

were defects or perverted powers in a formerjworks can be carried forward, since individual |
institution, experience should teach us how to|capital, enterprise, and powers, can rarcly if |
amend them; bat to argue thence that welever be construction of works of i
should have none, is like insisting that the ex-
plesion of a boiler should put an end to Steam
navigation. On all this subject, the Loco-Foco
doctrine is the ite of the Whig, and the
instances of individual dissent are on either |the latter.
side very few. 'V. Again, there occurs a radical difference j
TV. On Inrenwax Improvemenr, the funda-lon the subject of the Pustic Lanps. Loco-
mental principles of the two parties come again |Focoism asserts, that whatever may be real-
in contact. The Whigs maintain that the pri-|ized upon the sal i
mary consideration whith should govern the|the Federal Treasury, and be used to defray
commencement. and prosecution of Internal|the ordinary and cuirent expenses of the Go- |

the cost of the :
and just to con. |States—the Federal Union not having then been

fgene-|should be fairly and
several States, to be by
1g them as calculated |poses
intended’ to give employment to Labor,|so that they shall annually add to the
secure a market fo Produce and contribute wealth of th be i comtry, ad to the int lteet
general vastly to improve- jan i rantages enjoy ‘our. ,
be county ‘end ik Bivancement io|They cage that the proceed of se raat an
Arts, Civilization, and Morality. Loco-Foco- | precious Public Domain—the noblest patrimony
ism,’on the contrary, although its disciples|ever yet inerited by any People ought not to
i i their full share|be frittered away or eaten up from year to year
of uprofitable and burdensome, uun-|like the estate of a prodigal
completed works, regards with jealoury the husbanded and preserved with care, in such
Prosecution of Public Works, and'sees in them |manner that future generations shall not re-j

only the ludes to taxation, bankruptcy, and|proach us with havil jandered what was
ruin. Ttdestimate of the utility and policy of jjustly theirs, and eft them penni
inal or Railroad is based on the [the i

alienation of this great domain from the whole
People to the sole use and benefit of the States
whieh contain them, and of the depreciation |
lof the value of lands in the Old States through
la graduation or reduction of the price, &c.
AIT these considerations are lost Loco:

j Focoism, which insists that the Land Proceeds
affirmatively the welfare of In|shall be thrown into the ‘Treasury and expended 1
New Hampshire, the party has taken decided|like any other Revenue of the Federal Govern-

not only against any direct aid to Rail-|ment. "On this point also the fundamental dif-

Foads by the State, but also against granting|ference between the parties respecting the

Permission to ies to take the lands over|nature and true ends of Government is clearly

Which their Roads must pass at an impartial manifested

‘valuation This refusal is fatal to any prose-|

cation of Improvement. No Company willlti issue between the two great parties

undertake a work which may be sopped, mid.

way by a demand of ten thousand dollars alstate them temperately, fairly, and justly,

foot for land that they must pass over. But i

here and everywhere, those who are the genu-

ine disciples of this faith, being alike hostile t to be settled by the judgement and

to the involving States or Communities in Pubs|action of the People. Let gvery

lic Works, ‘at the same time hostile to the|rately, calmly assume his position

incorporation of Companies with capital and| which hi understanding shall poin

powers adenuate to their construction, in effect |of the true principles and best interests of the

oppose and Weny all the means by which such| American Republic, i

pro
People.

LIFE OF HE

a HENRY J.

{tiem no master-spirit ; no one upon whom the
rest are accustomed to look with a respect
bordering upon worship ; no one who rales the
rest as if he were ‘bor to rule” They are
engaged in the discussion of some abstract,
question, in'which no one of them feels any}
personal interest ; but around which, by the|
power of their own minds, they have thrown|
something of attraction. Still the debate has|
H been dull, and is now about to close; but a
member, who has never before uttered a word
] at their meetings, casually remarks to his fel-
lows that the topic seems to him not to have
| been exhausted. His words are overheard, and,
for some réason, there is an earnestly express-
ed eagerness to hear him 9 He 1s em
f barrassed and knows not what to do, He is
‘young—apparently not more than twenty-one ;
is tall and well built, has a bright eye and a
fair forehead ; still there is nothing very re-
fl markable in his appearance ; but his fellow|
Hj members are apparently of the opinion that
from his large and unbendsome mouth may|
‘low words it weuld delight them to hear; and
they are urgeat that, on the spur of the instant,
he should make the attempt. He is abashed—
looks this way and that—but lacks confidence
to sit still, So-he rises, and the room is hush.
ed. One whe has been in the habit of fre-
queating the Lexington Courts may remember
to have seen him there, for he is a member of
that bar; but ke has studied and framed in his
closet far mere speeches than he ever pronoun-
ced in the Halls of Justice ; and his mind’ is|
fll of them new; and standing thus confused)
l| before his fellows of that Debating Club, ‘Gen-|
H tlemen of the Jury,’ are-the first words that es-
cape his bleadering lips. He repeats them

Im the year 1798, on 2 winter evening, an{might think the Society had called hum up to
give them food for mirth, But no one smiles.
‘Their courtesy and the sound of his own voice, jf
give him confidence ; and now his embarrass- J
ment falling from him, he is pouring forth, un-
conscious ofthe effort, a flood of impassioned
leloquence, which takes captive the ears and
the hearts of his attentive hearers. He has a

disturb the soals of youth, and.arouse them tolished elegance fall from his lips; the chain}
H life and energy. Yet there seems to be among|of logical argument is compact and strong;

NRY CLAY.

aavaonD.

voice of music and of power; sentences of

his action is energetic and graceful; and he |
sits down in their midst, the acknowledged j

tones of that voice, which for more than forty jf
years has now thrilled with such music}
through the land; that silent admiration off

lof the love and esteem in which the freest na-
tion on the earth holds the name and the ser-
vices of Henny Cray.

At this time Mr. Cray had just come thith-
ler from Richmond, Va., where, in the office of|
Mr. Tinsley, Clerk of the Court of Chancery,
he had studied Law. His father, a respecta- |
ble clergyman of Hanover County—where his |
Ison was born on the 12th of April, 1777,—had
ldied many years before and left his orphan}
Ito his own resources. On removing to Lex-
ington, although admitted to the ber, he felt
that he was not sufficiently acquainted with
the principles of legal science to assume the
responsibility of its practice ; and he therefore
ldevoted himself for some time longer to. its
lassiduous study. His mind lacked discipline,
{for he had enjoyed only a common schoo! ed-

task with earnest and determined energy.

Soon after his speech in the Debating Socie-|
ty, of which we have made mention, he was|
ladmitted to practise in the Fayette Court of]
Quarter Sessions ; and, young and inexperien-
Iced as he was, became the successful rival off
some of the ablest Inwyers that noble State has
lever produced. Ashe says, inone of his latest
speeches, he ‘rushed at once into a lucrative]
practice? In addressing « jury he was more
funiformly successful than any other lawyer in
the State ; and in all the elements of greatness

stammering tone, and you

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

profession, He was fairly versed in the intri-
cacies of the Law, was master of the Science,|
and capable of the closest and most logical]
argumentation. But his great power was in
his eloquence. He held the sympathies and
the passions of those he addressed at his own
disposal ; he threw his whole soul into every
cause in which he was engaged, and rarely
failed to carry’ his point by the persuasive
power of his oratory. ‘The examination of the
records of the Courts in which he practised,|
shows that he was almost always engaged for
the defendant in criminal suits. His generosi-
ty and warmth of heart inclined him to this—|
and his biographer says that he has often been]
heard to regret, more than any other act of
his life, the conviction of a slave for murder|
| which he effected while in discharge of his|
duty as public prosecutor. He was engaged
incessantly in criminal cases, and it 1s men.
tioned as a singular fact that, of the thousands|
he defended on capital charges, not one exer|
suffered death from the law.
It is at just about this time that we find the
commencement of Mr. Cray’s political career,
I The people of Kentucky were preparing to|
form a new Constitution for the State: and one|
of the features of the proposed plan was a pro-
vision for the gradual’ emancipation of the|
slaves, ‘The measure was unpopular ; but with-|
‘out the slightest thought of this, and urged by|
his ardent love of liberty, Mr. Cay plunged|
f fearlessly into the discussion—urging the rights
and defending the claims of those in bondage.|
Regard for the slave had been a marked motive
in his life; m his professional practice he al
| ways volunteered his services in their bebal
{ when they were bronght into an action at law,
[land never failed to obtain a decision in their|
favor. But the measure he now supported was|
‘defeated, and he shared its unpopularity. But
F soon came tidings of the passage, by the Ge-|
U neral Government, of the famous ‘alien and
‘sedition? Jaws: and with all the powers of his
mind and all his wonderful eloquence, Mr. CLay
was found in the front rank of those who de-|
nounced them as subversive of the liberty of
the mation, and as an insult to the spirit of a
free people. in 1803 he encountered in legal}
confliet the late Hon. Fexix Grunpy—at that
time one of the ablest and most prominent
politicians in the State. The election for Rep-
resentative in Fayette County partially turned
‘upon the policy of repealing the act incorpora-|

tine the Tavinatan Teicnranca Camnany Mr

Clay, as the known opponent of repeal, was
selected as the champion of the Company: and
although he did not reach the ground till the
third day of the election, his opponents baving
Jexhausted every art and all their eloquence
before the people to defeat him, by 9 brief but
powerful speech he brushed away all their 20- |
phistry and was elected by ‘acclamation. In
1804 he met Mr. Grunpx in the House upon
the question of repeal: a contest of exceeding j
interest, and waged with the highest ability on
both sides, ensued: but Mr. CLay, though he |
failed in the House, as had been foreseen, pro- |
duced so profound an impression upon the |
Senators who were present, that that body
immediately reversed the decision, and gave, |
without a division, the triumph to Mr. Cav.

During this period Mr. Clay continued his
attention to the duties of his profession, nnd |
in 1806 he appeared at the bar in defence of
Col. Bunn, who had been arrested on charge
of treason to the Federal Government.
‘was induced to undertake his def i
feeling which pervaded the whole State in be-
half of Bung, and perhaps still more. by the [f
solemn assurance, over Buxn’s own naine, that
in so doing he would not espouse ¢ the cause |
of aman in any way unfriendly to the lnws, |
the government, or the interests of his aowatry.’
Bunn was discharged in the Federal Conrt at
Frankfort ; but on afterwards seeing evidence
against him, which would not admit farther
credit of his innocence, Mr. CLay withdrew al!
confidence from him, and refused to receive his
hand once tendered to him in a public place in
this city.

lwacancy. of a single session in the Wnited|
States Senate, caused by the resignation of Gen.
‘Amar. At the time when he first took his
seat, the topic of debate was the proposed |
erection of a bridge, at the txfense of thel
Government, over the Potomac. The general j
princighe which it involved, namely, the Con-
stitutionality of Internal Improvement, had}
awakened in Congress the intensest warmth,i
Mr. Clay's first effort on the floor, where he |
afterwards -won such enduring laurels, was in|
defence of this great principle. It was never
reported, but és spoken of by these who heard j
it as one of his most eloquent speeches. It
was certainly one of the most successful, for it
carried a majority of the Senate—all of that

body, indeed, who were not already pledged to

the annosite nolicv:, His territaxsirine io'1807.4

be wns elected, in spite of powerful opposition, |
by a very large majority to the Kentucky
H Legislature, and was instantly chosen Speaker'|
of the Assembly over a very able and popular

f with the highest dignity and ability, and not
feeldom encountered in debate, with all his|

floor. In 1809 he was again elected by the Le-
Gislature a member of the United States Senate,
to fill the seat of Mr. Taunsrox, who then
resigned two years before his term would have
expired. He now left the Legislature of his
adopted State, to which he never afterwards|
returned.
He took his seat in the winter of 1809; and
f his first effort was mn behalf of that great mea-
sure of Prorscrioy 70 AMERICAN LAzoR,
with which his name bas ever since been so|

sail-cloth, and other munitions of war, and es-
H pecially on an amendment proposing that pre-
| ference should be given to articles of American
Growth and manufacture. Up to this period,
{ithe only import duties were for purposes of|
!/reveuue ; and the nation was, in fact, depend-
H ent upon foreign nations for all the manufac:
| tured articles of which she had an absolute ne-
cessity, This was endurable at that time, 80
Jong as peace and prosperity continued. But,
f]at the date of which we speak, there were
questions of serious difference pending between|
flour Government and that of Great Britain;
| and every sagacious statesman, who foresaw|
the probability of a speedy war with that pow-
fier, was anxious that we might no longer be
dependent on her for the necessaries of civil-
ized hife. Still, the amendment which looked
H towards this desirable consummation met with
strong opposition; but Mr. Cay threw into|
Hlthe scale of Protection his most powerful
H efforts, and the bill, as amended, was trium-
| phantly passed. The boundary line between
the United States and the Spanish Provinces|
Hon our South-westem border, at about this|
time, came into dispute, and engaged Mr.
Ccay’s attention. President Maprsow had, by
‘Proclamation, taken possession of West Flori-
da, and had encountered thereby the most vir-

[up a naval force that would enable us, {{ not to |

long and warm discussion, a re-charter was
refused. Mr. Ca¥ opposed the charter, act-
jing under instructions from the Kentucky Le-
gislature, and being strongly opposed, upon his
Jown convictions, to the feature of the Bank,
|which, while a large portion of its stock was
lconfessedly owned by inhabitants of Europe,
made no provision against its perversion to the
most dangerous purpoges.

~ In 1811 Mr. Chay was elected a Member of f
ithe House of Representatives, his Senatorial |
{term having expired ; and on the very first day
lof his appearance on the floor he was elected,
by a vote of two to one, Speaker of that body.
[For many yearshe discharged with unequalled
ability the duties of that high office. He was
always prompt, dignified, and rigid in his en-
forcement of the rules of Parliamentary deco- i
rum. Not one of his decisions was ever re- ff
versed. ‘The foreign relations of the country ff
lhad now assumed a threatening aspect. The.
lconduct of Great Britain towards the “United
{States was overbearing and insulting. She in- jf
sieted upon the right—which her cruisers con- ff
stantly exercised—to search our vessels, and }]
to impress our seamen, of whom seven thou. |
leand, in 1812, were thus detained ; proclaimed j
all the ports of France, with whom she was at j
fwar, ina state of blockade, without the pre-
Isence of any force adequate to maintain it ;
seized our ships at the mouths of our own har-
bors for violations of the paper blockade of
[French ports, and usurped the whole dominion J
lof the Sea ; treating as an open enemy every {
vessel that paid not deference io her flag. In J
view of these repeated outrages, Congress. was |
lconvened somewhat earlier than usual by the
President ; and on the 27th of November, the
Report of a Committee in the House in favor
lof War was submitted for discussion. A bill f

twenty-five thousand men. It met the hottest ff

lopposition of the most powerful men in the
Ination ; but it was sustained by Mr. Cray, and
passed by a vote of ninety-four to thirty-four. |
Hrhen came a like struggle on a bill to make ff
provisions for a Navy; this too incurred the jf
same hostility, and was defended by the sane [f
lproud champion, Mr. Cray urged, with all |
his zeal and strength, the policy of building }

Igo forth upon the Seas and bid defiands to the
largest fleets, at least to beat off from our |
shores any equadron that could be sent against

lus, and‘to protect at’ all litzards; the naviga-

Desirout ae the had always been to avert]
‘he eile calamities of war, the Ameriean|
Goverment hed

ise securing

reserved to ourselves, and in 1818, rete sepa.
Tate treaty, our right tothe fisheries was satis

Mr. Cay, on his return, was received with|
the warmest public as well as private expres-|
| sion of gratitude and esteem. Even before his

fj embarrassment. The circulating medium was|
at its lowest point of depreciation ; a heavy|

fof the nation were severely felt; and as the|
initiatory measure of relief, President Mapt-
fl sox, in his the ne-|

opening message,
| ceesity of a National Bank. It was referred

ito the appropriate committee, and in January,
1816, Jon C. Catsour, as chairman, reported|

f into their hands a power ‘which might have|
teen used seriously to our disadvantage. Upon
this! ground Mr. Cray had opposed it.

now it was‘ matter of absolute necessity to|
the welfare of the nation, Under the State}

Called for as it thus was by the state of the|
| induced by the war and by the neces-

gave to the J crelatng medium, at once justi- |
fied the confidence with which it had been
established by its friends in Congress,

In 1817 the struggle of the Republics of
‘South America for independence engaged the
jattention of the world, and enlisted the warm-
lest sympathies of the lovers of freedom in
every part of its broad domain. Spain for j
‘three centuries had ruled with a rod of iron the
Southern portion of this Western Continent.

i-} the brutal luxury of a land across the sea, and J

the energies of her people crushed or benumbed 4
[by despotic and corrupt misrule. ‘They had |
taken up the sword in resistance to their ty-
rants, and in a hundred battles had humbled |
the pride of their haughty oppressors. They
had proclaimed their independence, and had
shown an apparent ability to maintain it.

Jdeputed from the United States to the inde-
Fpendent Provinces of the River La Plata, in
}South America.” He was defeated: but the}
strength with which he vindicated the prin-
ciples on which his motion was based gave tri-
jumphant victory to the great cause of Liberty, j
jin whose sacred service his whole soul was
enlisted. j

In 1890 the same subject ngain came up, and |
again did he defend it with all his old ability |
But|and eloquence. The topic was debated for two

efforts of Mr. CLay, was then
The zeal he had shown in their behalf, and the

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

United States with the cause in which he was
engaged ; and administered a lofty reproof for
the ambitious desigus, so foreign to the spirit
of troe Liberty, which had been attributed to
this celebrated man.

‘Toward the clove of the session of 1818, the
question of the power of Congress fo aid In-|
ternal Improvements was again brought before
that body, generally by a passage in President]
Mapnow’s Message, but more directly by a

for its charter by the Bank of the United States.
Mr. Cav gave his artent support to the bill,

and it was passed, but vetoed, on the ground of
[Constitutional ‘objections, by President Map|
son. Acting, as is believed, under the impres-
son produced by this veto, and contrary to his}
previous convictions, President Momnor, in his

inaugural address, reiterated the unconstitu-|

for several days, and supported by Mr. Cray in|
ove of his must effective. and logical argu-
It was carried by a vote of 90 to 75 5

the rights of others, and by acts of general f
outrage and wrong which would have for ever
|disgraced any man in any age. Mr. Cray, wholf -
had before been on friendly terms with Geu.
Jackson, could not look with even the appro-
bation of silence upon these unlawfal and dis-
graceful proceedings, and gave his support to
fa series of resolutions of censure upon his con-_
duct, introduced in 1818-19. They did not|
pass, however, mainly through the interference j
lof the President and his Cabinet.

At this session of Congress Mr. Cray re
newed his efforts in favor of Paorxcrion ro

the completion of our Independence, and to
which he had already given an earnest of his
devotion in the temporary tariffs that had pre-j

viously been established. The principle of
Paorecrion ‘had never before been clearly re-
lcognized ; but Mr. Car now brooght it forward

lof the country on the fact, that the United
[States could never find in Europe a permanent j
market for their productions ; but that to ren- j
lder herself independent of foreign countries,

Ination where it had been adopted, and

.|the poverty and inglorious state of thoee where f

it had never been tried. He proved clearly

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

Hl sguinst powerfiul men, both of the North and the|
i dled, and the whole|

| vcicton, and inthe House for it. A com.
f promige was finally agreed upos, by which it
was provided that Missouri might form a
Gayernment and adopt a Constitution,

not be repugnant to that of the

[during the debate on this topic that Mr. CLay fF
became involved in the personal difficulty
with Mr. Rawoours, whieh, ‘in accordance
}with the universally prevalent temper and cus-

tom of the day, was settled by « duel.

Earnest as was Mr. Ciav’s desire to devote
sd|himself now to the duties of his profession, at
the close of the Session of 1819-20, he found
it impossible to resist the importunity which
e- urged him to continue in public life,
certain land claims came into dispate between
the States of Virginia and Kentucky ; and Mr.
Guay was appointed on the part of the later

.|im conjunction with other gentlemen of

leaown worth and ability, to procure an cae

‘ostifed by g
lsonal worth. It was at this Session that the
lsubject of Grecian came up for
discussion in the House. The whole land had
been aroused by the heart-stirring appeals. for
Jaid and sympathy, made by the descendants
lof the ancient heroes then battling with the
Turk in defence of their rights and their liber-
ties ; and in January, Mr. Weneren presented
Ia resolution providing for the recognition of

ited Btaton, Still, she could not be admit.
[Grecian Independence. To the mighty logic
inJof the mover ‘ef the resolution, Mr. Cuar

‘oveasion for another long and angry struggle,
pending which Mr, Qrar resigned his seat in
Hie returned, however,, just befone|s:

Sea. ‘The appeals of both these great meq
free manly ast power; but they led, and
p ing the main question in dispute to be decided
fl by the legal tribuaals of the State, It was}
| defeated after an angry debate, and an motion|{i
| of Mr. Cray, a Committee of twenty-three was| i
H appointed, himself af its head, to confer with

resentation to which it has been subjected,

Hx Committee from the Senate. The Joint|
f Committee reported 4 resolution not essential-|and the consequent odium it for a long time
ly differing from that of Mr, Czar. It was|
adopted; Missoun was admitted into the Un-_

io, and this this vexed question, which, but(i

k LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.
serving: Pity Ris, there is too much reason|Jous H. Eatos wrote the letter, and thet he

vu made a fault only by the wilfal and
ed slanders of bitter personal and political ene-|
nies,

‘rth 4, and Mr. Cnawronp, beving 41. Mr.|to give hia testimony, a the case wae one
Cuar, being a Member of the House, was, of] over which the House batt no ccatrel! Thee

" question. Mr. Crawroap

ith hi question, for he was

his intimate friende were well in-|s0 enfeebled by diseese that he could by no
formed of it at an early day. But his reserve is the duties of the office.

emned sespicious to suspiciows minds; and]

axes, who was thus elected. The Secretary-
ship of State was offered to Mr. Cray, who
support] wae in fact the only man whoee name had ever

mentioned in connection with it; and it

BucHanan, one of his own friends; but this
gentleman hesitated not to contradict at once,
and decisively, the statement thus sought to
f be supported by an appeal to him. Mr. Cuar

led, most couclusively, that the charge against

| him was founded solely in the base and shame-|tq

less malignity of his political foes.
‘F{ party clamor which, in the eyes of many, dim
| med the fame of a Statesman whose whole life

fj lic service. This prejudice has had its Dy sleet,

| and we'hazard little in saying that there is not}
now a man of candor and honor in the land/by

who will pablicly acknowledge that he feaalthe
no shame for ever having given credit, for -a|
moment, to so paltry a slander.

‘The administration of Mr. Apaws, which
commeaced in March, 1825, though for years!
the subject of vituperation and vague abuse,|
begins to appear, as it will in the view of pos-|
tetity, the purest, ablest, and most patrietic,
H since the earliest days of the Republic. Ecco.

|. His intercourse with Foreign’ Minis-
ters aways dignified, frank, and liberal, im-
presoed them with the highest esteem for him

sented. During his continuance in office
| great number of treaties with foreign powers
‘were concluded—more, indeed, it is said, than
all ly made since the adoption of the

Constitution. In all of them may be traced|i

special care. He sought especially to estab-
lish perfect reciprocity in all the commercial
regulations between the United States and for-
leign nations, and though foiled in the endeav-

. jor, so far as Great Britain was concerned, he

still manfully vindicated the principle, and
lsccured all its benefits from other tations. By j
ithe London treaty of 1815, it was agreed that i
merchant veseels of the two nations should be

lof entire equality; but they were allowed tof
import the productions oaly of their own land.
Tas a British veeel cold ting to the Ua}

dim |ciple so as to allow the.vessels of our 1
te igor

ted States and the West India ports of Great
Britain.

In his official station, Mr. Cv found a new
lield for the exercise of that ardent spirit of
Liberty whieh, while on the floor of Congress,

im-|gained, Me. Car addressed a letter to Mr.
Mrppieron, our Minister at Russia, dated May j

that, through the Emperor's interference, Spain|
lacknowledged the independence of her rebel

jlious Colonies. and a series of measures was

LIPE OF HENRY CLAY.

adopted by which, after the death of Alexan-
ler, the power of Turkey was shivered
atoms. In 182%, at the invitation of the Sout
ern Republics, it was determined to send a|
deputation to a general Congress of American|
Nations, for the adoption of more definite|
rales with regard to their mutual relations.
‘The agents sent by this Government were|
Messrs. Joun Sznceanr and Ricnaxp C. An-
DERson. The letter of instractions from Mr.
Cray to these gentlemen, setting forth the|
Principles which were to govern their policy
and their intercourse with the other cont
Parties, bas repeatedly been cited as one ofthe
ablest papers ever penned by any statesman of
any age. He forbade the iden that the Cap.
{sein wae to peers any lalate power,

been ratified by Congress. He instructed them)
carefally to abstain frosh all discussions con-
cerning the war between Spain and the Southern}
Republics ; to seek to abolish war against pri-
ypte property and noo-combatants upon the
‘ocean, thus rendering the private possessions|
of an enemy at sea sabject to the same humane
regulations as those upoa land ; and to press

upon the Southem Republics the propriety of |

establishing the most perfect and free tolera-
{ion of religious opinion. Mr. Cuay thus con-
tinued to.digcharge the laborious duties of his|
high office daring the administration of Mr.
\ Apaws, At its close, in 1829, he returned to
his home, where he was received with marks
of the miost ardent esteem and admiration, and|
was immediately importuned to allow himself
to be a candidate for public office. He de-
ined howto, m seat i the Keqacky Logi
lature, and in the House of Representatives at
‘Washington, both of which were pressed upon
his acceptance, He retired to private life, oc-
easionally meeting his friends at

to mnfold the principles by which his whole
Piblic career had been govemed. In May,

1689, be thus attended a public dinner at Lex-
ington, Kentucky ; in March, 1890, another at
Npichez, Mississippi ; and in July, a third at
Cavcinnati, Ohio,

‘the antumn of the year 1831, Mr. Cuay,
was elected, by the Legislature of Kentucky,

Pa
Senator of the United States from that Stax
his opponent being Col. R. M. Josmson, wh
jhad distinguished himself somewhat by hi
‘bitter opposition to the Administration of Mi
Apams,and his general approval of the prit
[ciples and policy which had elected Presiden
Jacxson. The principle of Pcracrion, whic!

Ir. Cay had done so much to establish, an
lunder the operation of which the whole countr,
now at the height’ofts glory and industria
prosperity, began to excite the hostility of th
Southern section. It was a favorite dogm
‘with Southern statesmen, that the duties levie:
[upon English manafactured cotton stuffs tende
seriously to injare the production of that grea
istaple at the South. They treated with con
liempt the proposed creation of a Hows MAR
Ines for their cotton, and began to regard th
American System, as it was most properl;
called, a8 a blow direct aimed at Southen
prosperity. In the debate which ensued upo!
ithe revision of the Tariff, all these sectiona
jealoasies were sedulously inflamed, and 1
lstrong feeling was aroused throughout th
lcountry in favor of a policy known only, o!
the face of the earth, as an abstraction unde
the uame of Free Trade. A strong party wa:
formed, headed by Southern men, whove fa
vorite. project was the throwing open all ou
ports to the goods of foreign nations—imposins
loujy guchaduties as might provide sufficien:
revenue ip defray the expenses of Government
land regulating these without the slightest dis
lcrimmation among the articles on which they
lwere to be imposed. Mr. Cray, in one of hit
Imost celebrated speeches, exposed, with thc
clearness of sunlight, the absurdity of theit
schemes. He proved teyond the possibility
lof dispute that the freedom they upheld would
bring us at once to the basest and most abject
dependence upon foreign nations. Our duties
once thrown off, and their products admitted
ree, we should be instantly at their mercy,
land might be impoverished or starved at their
discretion. ‘Their policy, he made it perfectly
levident, would lead directly to a British Calo-
Inial bondage ; our Country would speedily be
ldrained of her gold and silver ; her industry, in
levery department, would droop, and her high
land increasing prosperity would at once be
lerushed to the earth, Anxious, however, to
fheal the dissensions which he feared would
lendanger, in all its branches, the glorious
Janse he had so long espoused, Mr. Cuav di-
lrected his efforts to a reconciliation of the op-

most powerful men in the Union : and Jomm C.|
HCarsoun, who had been among .the earliest
and most ardént friends of a Protective Tarif’
in 1816, was now found foremost among those
j rash spirits who declared that the laws of the
Union, and the Union iteelf, shonld be destroyed
] before the established Tariff should be binding

ings of the Convention, echoed the destrnctive
‘sentiment, and declared thet the whole mili.
‘tary power of the State should sustain and
J enforce it against the forees of the Federal

of Protection, issued his Proclamation enjoin-
ing obediénce to the laws of the land, and de-

to the Govermnent ; and this was answered

‘a counter Proclamation from Gov. Hare, of fraoxsr Br,

South Carolina.”
‘Thus the matter stood at the begianing of

the session of 1833. The preservation of the

principle of Protection, in opposition

lgreat business of the session. The

id |tion party in Congress of course, as such, had

ing.’ Civil war with all its horrors seemed
impending and about to burst. South Carolina,

in|though not formidable by her own power, was

cite tho averting of i overalang ena
ties which now hung over his beloved country.
His noble bear throbbed with the highest love

the limits-of @ State, found no place within his
lbreast. The American Union was his country ;

ive thought.
friends, and invited the counsel of those best ac.
Jquainted with all the several interests of the
Ination. After the most deliberate study, and as

the result of the most-careful consideration, he
brought forward, as best adapted to the exiat-|

Sate of the country, his celebrated Com
settling the policy of the nation
lon the subject of the Tariff upon a conciliatory
land mutually acceptable basis, until the 30th

lof June, 1842—when the whole subject would

Jagain become open for reconmderation, and

when he firmly believed the increased intelli-
jgence and experience of the Country would
fhave semoved all effective opposition to the
principles of Protection to American Industry
and complete Independence of all Foreign
Powers. By the provisions ‘of the act, the
[rate of duties was to undergo a gradual redue-
tion up to the time of its imitation, when 20
[per cent. at a home valuation was to be its
Howest point ; and then it was'to be left to such
legislation as the condition of the country, the
state of her finances, and the necessities of her|
might demand, and the increased in-
j{telligence of the people might justify. At the
time the act was devised, measures had been|
commenced by the Administration party to
| ensare a total abolition of all protective duties,
anda resort to the policy of what was called
'Free Trade. The Compromise Act, in Mr.
!Czay’s opinion, would avert this danger from
‘his cherished system, and would lead the
public mind to more considerate and better
grounded opinions upon this vitally important
subject. “

With these views, and actuated by as true
and self-denying patriotism as ever moved the
heart of any statesman of any age, Mr. Ciar|
introduced his Compromise Bill, and upheld it|
by the sblest hnd most eloquent efforts. It]
was accepted by. the Southern members in
Congress, became u law, and swept at once
from the political sky of our country that black
cloud of lowering war which tind hidden the|
brightness of its morning star. The storm of
more than Apocalyptic horror which was about
to burst upon tho Jand, rolled away in silence,
and again the sun of peace, with ita gleamings
of glory and of hope, shed upon the nation its

i effulgence.

‘The joy which the adoption of this celebra-
ted act spread over the land was general, and
of thrilling intensity. . From one extremity to
the other, the name of Hewny Cray was ut.
tered, in connection with it, with the highest
honor national gratitnde could bestow. The
measure of his glory, for this act of his life, is
not yet full, for the secret history of that act
has not been written. When it shall be given
to the world, by the hand éf some man who
mingled in its scenes, then will shine forth
from the part sustained by Mr. Cay, 0 sacri-
Sce of personal feeling, a zeal for the best
rood of the nation, a love of country, and a
aigh devotion to her cause, which, for subli
‘and worth. will match the nrondest achieve.

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

ments of ancient or of modem times. It call. 4

For years since it has been a standing theme |
for cloquent applause ; and at the present time
it will not be regarded, as in other circum: |
stances it might, as a fact of no significance,
that so lately as in 1839, Jonn'Tyzex, then a

\"It rarely happens,” said he, ‘to the most
lgifted, and taleated, and patriotic, to record
their names upon the page of history in cha-
lracters indelible and enduring. But if to have]

[preserved the Censtitution and the Union from
hazard and total wreck, constitute any ground
for an immortal and undying name among
Imen, then do I believe that Hewmy Cxay has

lings of gratitude entertained by the whole
Eastern portion of the Union for his services, j
were fully proved by the demonstrations of'
[popular respect and love which marked every
step of a visit he paid, in the autumn of 1833,
to the Eastern States. ‘The time to which, by f
its own provisions, the operation of this cele- |
brated act was limited, has now expired ; and
though the struggle which, even on its first |
[proposal, he saw must attend the revision of}
the Tariff, upon the expiration of the act, has |
been rendered fiercer by accidental circumstan-
Jces than he hoped, the sense of gratitude for |
his exertions has not been cooled one jot by
subsequent occurrences.

In 1882, towards the close of the session, f
Mr. Cav, being a candidate for the Presidency
fat the next election, surprised his enemies, but

friends, who knew his unselfish nature and his
uncompromising love ef justice and of righi,
lby reporting ‘a Bill—referred to an inappro-
[priate Committee of which he wag Chairman- -
for the express purpose of setting a trap to
catch his consciencce,’ providing for the Dis-
tribution ef the Proceeds of the Public Lands
to the several States of the’ Union. That a
jcandidate for the Presidency should! not, when
Iso tempting an ity was offered, secure }
to himself the votes of the Western States by
jadvocating the cession to them of the Public
Domain within their borders, was an act of|
voluntary virtue, of which they certainly had
Inever been guilty, and of which they could by
no means conceive the vossibilitv.>\ But thev

LdFE OF HENRY CLAY.

| were disappointed, The bill was reported by| ‘The arbitrary power thus assumed and ex-
] Mr. Cav, and supported in a speech of sur-lercised by the President, created the most
| passing power. It passed the Senate, but was|anxious alarm in Congress. It was a stride
| postponed in the House. At the next session,|towards tyrarny of the most dangerous por-
however, it had become so popular throughout |tent, and oa the 26th of December, 1838, Mr.
censuring

H xy Cray, his rival for the Presidency, had se-|

| cre the glory of it passage, it would have|

f been signed without scruple or hesitation.
The question of Currency now began to ex-|hi

f nation of Mr. Cuay, for he saw involved in| i
H them principles that mast inevitably, if car-|After a long and most animated debate, in
ried to their ultimate results, establish » pow-|which Mr. CLay made another most powerful
f speech in refutation and utter reprobation of|
the novel and alarming doctrines pat forth by
ia|the President, resolutions were adopted, decla. §

of 1833, the President suggested that the U. §.|egainst the doings of either House of Congress, j
Deposites in the Bank were unsafe, The|and excluding his protest from the journals of |

wwarted, the President resolved, to remove| Thong tase ecltions were adeptettic cond
them on’ his own responsibility; and after|ed that of Joms Trix.

| Treasury, before he could find a tool suffcient-|duced resolutions reaseerting’ his often repeat-
ly pliable for his purposes, through Mr. Taney|ed opmions concerning Executive

measures
f Bank,’ the :lepositery scected by Congres roving forthe reseation tothe Bank off

f Banks, directing them to wse the money, thus| adopted in the Senate, bat never acted upon 1n f
deposited with them, for the stimulating ithe House. This Session of 1833 and ’34 was

B thev might demre. Jwith which the usurvationa: of the President

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

were discussed and condemned ; and in all the
debates, clear, loud, and powerful, above all
the rest, was heard the denmciation of Hrx-
‘RY CLay.

‘At the next session, the most important fes-|
ture was the discussion and settlement of our|
Freach relations. That nation had failed to|
falfil a treaty stipulation for the payment of|
claims of oar citizens for losses sustained by|
aggressions upon our commerce; and Presi-

F immediate hostility. ‘That portion of the Mes-
sage was referred to a Committee, in whose
behalf Mr. Cray reported a resolution decla-
ring it inexpedient to adopt any legislative
measures in regard 10 the Executive recom-
mendations. It was supported in a long re-
port of unequaled force of argument, and was

ja close. ‘No candid and considerate man could |
contrast the two conditions of the country—
that in which he found, and that in which he jf
left it—without acknowledging the sad change
Ithat hed come over every interest, blighted
the fairest hopes of every patriot, and cast the
|whole country into a deep shade of desponden-
ley and hopeless suffering. In 1829 the Cur-
reney was safe and equable; our Credit, at
home and abroad, stood upon a level with that
lof any other nation; Industry and Economy
lwere the sure avenues to wealth and happi-
Ines ; the produce of the farmer commanded a
fair price in every market ; the goods of the
manufacturer and the wares of the mechanic j
found ready sales, ‘and gave employment to
thousands of industrious Jnborers in every
walk of business ; and this great People were
lemphatically, and in the best sense of the

perfectly satisfactory to men of every party 1n
f the Senate, who vied with each other in the
warmth of their admiration for its temper and
ability. The resolution was unanimously
adopted, and in the early part of the succeed-
ing year the difficulties were amicably ad-
justed.

On the 14th of April, 1836, Mr. Cray agnin
f brought his bill for the Distribution of the Pro-
i ceeds of the Public Lands before the Senate.
It was ably discussed for more than two weeks,
and passed that body by vote of twenty-five

or temporary interest
before the honorable body of whith he was so
distinguighed a member.

Upon the adjourment of Congress, on the
4th of July, 1836, Mr. Cay retumed to Ken.
tocky, and, im a masterly speech delivered at

complimentary dinner given him by the cit
zens of Woodford, he reviewed, in a clear and
eloquent masiner, the whole policy of the ex.

friends, however, that he should resume his
legislative duties, and the large majority by
which, in the Legislature of his adopted State,
be was re-elected to the Senate, induced him
j to return ; and he accordingly took his seat at

}words, ‘ prosperous and happy.’

Bat’ the National Bank had now been de-
lstroyed. ‘The country had no practical circu.
ating medium of equal value in every portion

the Union. The Deposites of the Govern-
ment had been removed from the National In- f
stitution, where never’ one dollar of the i
Imense amount‘committed to its keeping had
been lost, nor one cent paid for its secure cus-
tody, and scattered throughout the land in the
[Seate Banks ; and these Banks, by a Circular
issued from- the *Treasury Department, under f
the President’s direction, had been instructed
to loan it out to the People ; every man, there-
fore, who could procure an endorser, good or fl
bad, filled his pockets with Bank notes ; new i

til, at the height of the phrensy to which the
Government had urged her, each man owing’
Inis neighbor for purchases made at prices he j
jcould never again hope to realize. The mon- |

sion fell upon the Banks, and all the bagipess
lof the nation was whelmed in ruin, and vast j

the ensuing Session of Congress. ‘The Admin.

Inumbers of the people into utter and hopeless jf

3 LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

destruction of the country’s hopes, could) participation in the iniquities of the Jackson

scarcely have been devised by the ingenuity|dynasty, to carry out that same ruinous poli- f
jjof man. ‘The derangements of the Currency,|cy, and who guve, ut once, a signal proof of f
of course, involved in the ensuing ruin‘ all the|his own imbecility and lack of personal inde-
‘Tariff regulations of the Compromise Act;| pendence, and a forctaste of the ‘relief? the

our credit became stained abroad, and hooted| people might expect from his administration,
H at at home ; the States, stimulated by the pre-|by a public declaration that he considered it

H vailing madness, had plunged recklessly into| glory enough to ‘walk in the footsteps of 80 ff
} debe and consequent embarrassment, and the| illustrious a predecessor” Driven to the act, f
whole internal administration of the Govern-/by the terrible distress which prevailed jf
| ment was corrupted to the core by the prosti-|throughout the country, he issued his procla-

| tive will. q commenced. His first act was an emhodi-
f| ‘The Session of 1836—7 did little to ward off] ment, in tangible shape, and a bold presenta. jf
these gathering ills, for the Administration|tion to Congress for their legislative sanction, #
hada large majority in both Houses of Con-|of the extraordinary assumptions of his prede-
gress. His Land Bill was again brought up|cessor. He devised a bill proposing to place
by Mr. Cuay ; but the desire on the part of|in the hands of the President, and officers ap-
those, who were looking for the Presidential] pointed by him, all the Public Moneys of the
| Succession, to make political capital out of] Union—thus asking Congress to place in his
] this convenient fund, secured its virtual rejec-|hands by law, what Gen. Jackson had seized|
tion; for it was forced to yield to a direct|in defiance of law. ‘The Session at which the
| proposition of Mr. Caxsoux to cede the land to Message, embodying this plan, was received, f
Jf the States in which it lay; but, fortunately|was signalized by two striking events :—the jf
for the country, this most extraordinary bill/defection of a large and most respectable por- ff
| failed to reach its third reading: in the Senate,|tion of the Administration party, and the coa-
where it originated. At the same session, and|lition of the remainder with the friends of]
in opposition to the ardent efforts of Mr. Cuay|Jonw C. Catnour, who had, ever since the ff
and his friends, a bill was passed regulating] Anti-Nullification Proclamation of Gen. Jack- |
the duties on imports; andther passed both|son, opposed that Admunistration with a bit- |
Houses, but was destroyed by the contemptu-|temess and a power which far outstripped all ij
lous Veto of the President, and a resolution, rival denunciation.
| offered in a spirit of truckling sycophancy, of| ‘The Sub-Treasury Scheme, as it was called, f
which few other men in the nation are capa-|was, of course, the great topic of discussion at
ble, by Thomas H. Benton of Missouri, to Ex-|this Extra Session. Mr. CLay took the lead
pilhge from the records of the Senate the reso-|in an opposition to its doctrines, more able,
lution of censure upon the President, passed|and urged with more determined effort, than ]
on the occasion of his removal of the Public|any other measure which for a long time had |
Deposites, obtained the sanction of a majority|come before Congress. Besides the tyrannical j
‘of that body. Upon this question Mr. Ciay|control of the funds of the Government, which
made a powerful speech, exhibiting, in all .its|this obnoxious bill proposed to vest in thej
odium and corruption, this extraordinary pro-|President, it contained also other no less odi-
position, and lashing with whip of scorpions,|ous and dangerous features ; one of these was
the men who would thus disgrace the honora-|a provision that all duties, and other Govern-
ble body of which they were such unworthy|ment dues, should be paid in gold and silver-
members. thus at once creating one Currency for the use
‘Under these cireumstances, the Executive|of the Governmeiit, and leaving one, acknowl. j
power having become, through abuse of pat-ledged by that very act to be worse, for the j
ronage, and all the machinery which cerrup-|People. The speech of Mr. Cray in opposi jf
tion and ingenuity could devise, even stronger] tion to the bill, was one of the ablest he had
[than that of the people, came on the election|.ver made. But the bill passed in the Senate
foc President to succeed Gen. Jackson. It re-/by a vote of twenty-five to twenty, aiid was
fsulted in the choice of Mr. Van Buren, a man| sent to the House. + :
jpledged. by the most active and infinential| Here it was fated to encounter a still sterner

—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_——S

LIFE OF HE!

ordeal. The defection of a small but able and
determined body from the Van Buren party,
who leagued themselves together under the
name of Conservatives, and based their opposi-
tion expressly mpon the ground of hostility to|
this Sab-Treasury Scheme, and the growing
aanifest disapproval of its’ principles by the
People, operated upon the House of Represen-|
‘tives with a force which all the power of|
| Bsecutive blandishment, the influence of Ex-
|eetive patronage, and the strength of the Cal-|
‘hown Coalition, could not withstand ; and on
the 14th of October the bill was laid on the
table by a vote of one hundred and twenty to]
coe hndred and seven. Soon after this, and|
without the transaction of any other business,
save the rejection, by the Van Buren majority,
of a resolution introduced by Mr. Cray, and!
simply declaring that it ‘would be expedient
to charter a National Bank whenever the wish-|
es of a majority of the People, to that effect,|
should be indicated,’ and the adoption instead
of one, by Mr. WaicHr, declaring that it was|
inexpedient to establish such a Bank, the|
Congress convened in Extra Session was ad-
journed.

‘At the regular Session of 1838, the Sub-
Treasury Scheme was again brought before|
Congress in the Message of the President.|
Mr. Cray opposed it again in a long and pow-|
erful argument, denouncing it as a deliberate]
attempt, on the part of the Executive, to es-|
tablish a Government Bank, which should|
throw into the hands of the Executive a com-
plete control of the Funds of the nation, and|
which would thus increase, to a tremendous

that officer. He also declared himself de-
cidedly in favor of a National Bank, and gave|
4 clear outline of the principles upon which he|
would have it based. His scheme proposed a|
strict and close limitation of its powers, an|
exclusion of all foreign influence, a careful!
regard for the interests and accommodation off
the whole people, and suitable checks upon|
the power of such an institution to expand.or
contract the Circalating Medium of the coun-
try. As to the constitntionality of such a
Bank, Mr. CLay avowed his acquiescence in
the decisions of Wassmvoton, Manton, MAn-
suaxt, and the Supreme Court of the United
States. The Sab’

NRY CLAY.

The question of Abolition and the receptior
lof Abolition petitions at this time exciting
great attention throughout the country, Mr
ICuav, with the bold frankness which markec
Ihis whole career, made a most able statemen
land vindication of his views upon this impor
tant topic. They were eminently satisfactory
to all sound and reflecting men, and embraces
the strictest, adherence to Constitutional objec
tions, and the most earnest regard for popula
rights. In the summer of 1839 he made’
[journey to the North—going into Canada a
far as Quebec, and returning by way of Nev
York, His tour was a continued triumpha
procession : he was met’at every town by th
Imost ardent gratulations, and was received a
levery principal place by public demonstration
jof the highest and most enthusiastic regard.
‘The time was now approaching for anothe
Presidential Election. For twelve years th
Whigs had been out of power, and in that tim
the country had bees dragged down, by mis
rule, from the summit of prosperity to th
ldepths of degradation and misery—the lowes!
as it then appeared, that could possibly exist
subsequent events, however, to which we shal
soon refer, have proved that even to this ther
lwas also a ‘lower deep’ The extremity 0
suffering, however, and the darkest hopeless
Iness seemed to brood over the land. ‘The mos
sagacious politicians had the firmest convictio
that a great majority of the people of th
[Union were opposed to the principles ofth
lparty in power. ‘But the fabric of Executiv
[patronage and influence had grown to such cc
flossal dimensions, and had become 80 roote
in the nation, that its overthrow seemed & wor
lof despair: The eyes of the whole Nation wer
turned upon Mr. CLAY as the fittest man t
[place at the helm of State, and there was ever
[where the most undoubting confidence that i
Jonce he could be placed in that station, prot
perity and happiness would be speedily re
stored. But there was likewise an impression
}vague and formless, but genrral and influential
that he could not be elected by the People
Twice he had been a candidate, and twice har
fhe failed. At the last election Gen. HARRIsoI
Ihad been the candidate, and no strong oppo
sition had been raised against him, though thi
popularity of Jacksonism and the power of
official patronage and party discipline had se

tations in Congress, or elsewhere,’ in the em-
whatie words af ana of its warment friends.

lcured his defeat.- The approaching electior
fwas one of the very highest moment ; for ii
Jnnemed evident. that if the Whie naliew friler

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

Hof success then, it could never hope for it
j again. It was a matter, therefore, of the very|
| last importance to select a candidate who,
| while he was clearly identified with the great

principles of the Whig party, should be able

to unite all opposing or dissenting portions of|
! that great party, and secure an election by the
| People.

For the purpose of selecting a candidate,
| therefore, a National Convention of Delegates|
} was chosen to meet at Harrisburg, in Pennsyl-|

for consultation. The members were
chosen not merely to represent the wishes of|
their constituents, as they partially and vaguely|
! understood them, but to consult, to canvass the
| probabilities of success, and to determine upon!
the nomination it was expedient, upon all these|
} considerations, to make, Never was a body]
; of more patriotic, of clearer-headed, or more|
| earnest men assembled together. ‘The Con.
| vention lost its party complexion in the fervor]
} of their feelings in oehalf of the country ; and]
' the solemnity and manifest depth of conviction|
| which marked all their deliberations, seemed|

at onte to identify the principles of the Whigs|
with the true policy of the nation and the fun-
damental grounds of our Republican institu-|
I tions. The deliberations of the Convention

| resulted in the nomi

bat the developments of the firet succeeding|
month swept away all feelings of this natare,
‘and infused into the great mass of the Whigs|
f/an enthusigsm never equaled, in the history|
of the Nation, since the first formation of the|
Governiient. A National Convention was|
called, to meet at Baltimore, to respond to|
| the nomination of General Harrison and John}
f Tyler, as candidates for President and Vice|
President of the United States.. It was an-|

and high-souled determination to succeed never|
witnessed before on any similar occasion. A|
pulsation of hope and energy was sent through
fall the land, Hope sprang up in every heart

convention, each more numerous and more|

| zoalous than the last. Every question of pub-
I Tio policy was discunsed by the living speaker!

before the people. The direct, inevitable ten
dency of the doctrines of the ruling party was
[pointed out as with a sunbeam ; and every
noble impulse, which finds a home in the heart
Jof man, was aroused to life by the most thrill
jing and controlling ‘eloquence. The popular
enthasiasm took every form, and made itself
manifest by processions, banners, music, mot-
toes, significant devices, and in all the various J
modes under which, in every age and nation,
‘it has at some great crisis proclaimed its exist- §
jence and wrought out its high determinations.
The greatest intellects of the nation mingled
in the heat of the contest, Senators and Rep-
resentatives went directly to the People with
their appeal. At the election in 1840 that ap-
peal was triumphantly answered, and Gen.
Harrison was elected President, and John Tyler,
‘Vice President, by an overwhelming majority.
‘Thus, were the leading principles of the Whigs
adopted by the people of the United States, who
thereby declared their wish to have them
established as the law of the land. The leading |j
measures proposed by the Whigs throughout
the contest were briefly these: they proposed
to restrict and limit the power of thé veto,
which had been so ruthiessly employed by j
Gen. Jackson to the destruction of great mea- i

| sures of public policy: to provide for the ineli- }

lgibility of the President for a second term—

;] believing, as they were warranted in believing

Ihy sad experience, that when this was not the
lease, the official conduct of the Executive
would be shaped with a direct view to a re-elec-
tion : to restrict the patronage. of the Execu- j
tive, and to regulate its distribution: toretrench

: to establish a uniform currency, on af
stable foundation, by a National institution |
such as the wisdom of Congress might devise,

the several States of the Union to which of
right they belonged: to establish a Protective

same principles of purity, integrity, and liberal |
policy which 20 marked’ the early
days of the Republic. These principles had
been deliberately adopted by the people of the j
United States. They were the principles to

the advocacy of which the whole life of Hexay|
Cuay had been devoted, and in him they had
found their constant and eloquent champion.
Their execution was now committed to other|
hands—bat to hands believed to be no less safe
than his. ‘The President Elect was known to|
be a man of pare heart and the most devoted
patriotism ; and John Tyler, the chosen Vice|

President, hed made the most earnest and sin-
cere protestations of entire agreement upon all
[these points with the great Whig party by
whom he was'elected. He had given to the
| American People what they considered a sure
pledge of his entire devotion to Whig princi-
ples by his strennous and persevering advocacy
of the nomination of Mr. Cray, of whose pa-
triotism and devotion to these great principles}
no Whig ever entertained for one moment the
slightest suspicion ; and both came into office
with the fairest prospects “of redeeming their
pledge, and restoring prosperity to the Ameri-
can People.

‘At the Session of Congress closing the Ad.
ministration of Mr. Van Buren, Mr. Cay re-
peated his declaration of the principles which,
|throaghout his life, he had endeavored to es-
jtablish, and again brought before Congress
all the great measures, to the advocacy of|
which so much of his efforts had been direct-
ed. The President was ‘on the
4th of March, 1841, and in his Address deliv.

their political history. In consideration of the
pressing necessities of the country, he issued|
his Proclamation convening Congress in Extra|
Session.

Congress assembled on the last Monday of|
May, 1841; but the elected President met]
them not; the sacred stillness of the tomb was
around him ; his soul was in the land of the

great departed.

Joba Tyler, -his constitutional successor,
met the assembled Representatives, and they,
addressed themselves to the business of the|
Extra Session. Mr. Cray was the great lead-
jer in the Senate, and to him the nation looked
far those mengures of relief which her neceasi-

|sidemt for his approval. It was expected to

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

in|serios of Resolutions, setting forth the general

become a law, and the country rang with op-
plause of Hewny Cray. John Tyler heard
ithe shout, and it awakened within his bosom
ljealousies and angry passions, before which
ithe weal of his country faded away like a
thing of nought. He violated the first and
fundamental principle which brought him into
power, by vetoing a bill which the Whigs had
pledged themselves should become a law.
\Mr. Cay encountered the Veto with a frank
fand eloquent speech, deprecating the exercise
lof this most obnoxious power, and in the most
moving terms, lamenting the sad prostration
lof the country’s new formed hopes foreshad-
lowed by its use. Congress, however, took es:
pecial pains to ascertain what sort of a Bank |

}s00n presented such a one for his approval. j
This too was vetoed, and the hopes of the na. |
tion sunk. An attempt to-establish a Tariff,
to which Mr. Cray bent his best exert}

}was ‘attended with the same success; and it j
became evident that John Tyler, chosen by
the Whigs to carry into effect their principles,
had deserted their cause and joined h{mself to f
their foe.

Still, every thing was done that could be for
the welfare of the country, and for the rehef of jf
{the Government from the abyss of insolvency,
in which it had for years been gradually sink-
jing, A Loan Bill, Treasury Note Bill, and}

Inent provision could be made, at the approach-
ing regular Session, for the collection of ade-
Jquate Revenue, by a careful and enlightened
revision of the Tariff. A Bankrupt Law was
passed for the relief of unfortunate debtors,
land to secure the effects of dishonest ones to
their creditors; and an act providing for the
Distribution of the Proceeds of the Public
[Lands was passed, but clogged with a condi-
tion which now renders it inoperative, in order
to escape the Veto of John Tyler. Congzess
ladjoumed in September.

‘The regular Session, commencing carly in
December, found Mr. Cray again at his post,
ldoing all in his power to preserve what: had |
been secured, and to carry on the work of be-
Ineficent Reform. By his vote, the Repeal of j
the Bankrupt Law was defeated. By him, af

Iprinciples on which the Government should be
leonducted, and the specific Reforms, which j
should be effected, in the restriction of Execu-§

LIFE OF HENRY CLAY.

the adjustment of the Tariff, &c., &e., were
introduced and advocated with consummate

‘At the end of March, 1842, in fulélinent of
‘a long cherished purpose, Mr. Cray resigned|
his seat in the Senate, and retired to the shades|

' of Ashland. For the present, we leave him
there im the calm enjoyment of all that peace|
and happiness which the memory of a life
spent in the public service may well confer,

| ‘ells, in eloquent language, of the deep and
| f ardent love with which it is cherished in their
| hearts. His is a fame of which any man may
| well be proud, and which few, in the centuries

i ] that are past, have ever enjoyed. His intellec-

|) John Tyler’s Opinion of Henry Clay,
(When John was honest.)

John Tyler, even after he professed to be-
| come a Whig, expressed the most ardent, de-|
voted admiration of Henry Cray. We met

| him at Harrisburg; at the Whig National Con-

vention, in December, 1839, where he was the

| most determined advocate of Mr. Clay’s nomi-
nation; and even after Gen. Harrison had been|

{| nominated, he tried to upset it, and was one|

of the last to come in to its support. He]

| openly proclaimed himself a straight-out Whig,

fj said there was a great change in the South in|*4

to Harrisburg but in the hope of getting Mr.

| Vice President, as the most ultra Clay man|

there, in order to soothe the wounded feelings je sad

jjof the Clay men. At the Whig dinner to the,
Delegates at Washington, a few days after-
wax, he nes expressed himself:

tual powers are of the highest ordér. His life,
‘a long and most arduous ote, has been devoted
with single-hearted, unselfish earnestness to
{the best good of his country. Every instinct ff
of his heart bears the stamp of a lofty nature.
"The political principles which, from his first
leatrance upon political life, to the latest words
lupoti matters of public concer he has ever
uttered, have been cherished with unwavering
devotion, are those which lie at the very foun-
dation of our institutions, and which were}
lembraced, with all the ardor of thorough con-
viction, by the early Fathers of the Republic. j
No man ever had warmer friends, or better j

it] merited their confidence and love. Few have

had more bitter enemies, and no one ever de-
served them less, A proud and auspicious day

‘she shall witness the advent to her highest sta-
tion of Huwny Ciiy.

‘September 10th, 184%,

Senator Benton’s Opinion of H. Clay,
En Benton’s better days.

In 18%, when Henny Cay was first a can-
ldidate for President, Thomas H. Benton, then
fand still Senator from Missouri, was an ac-
ter of Mr. C. for President, a Mem- |

Wee or tke Chay Central Committee, &c. The
following extract of a letter from Mr. Benton |

it in the Missouri Intelligencer of
Oct, 224 1824. We only publish it t0 show j
jon what! grow Col. B. Mr. Cl
tnd wint policy he then Ri
Here is the document :

H Clay nominated. He was put on the ticket fot tre

foswery far phe
lexeoutor af bi rarer ert,

Statesman who hos sae the Missiesippi tobe
the sea of the West ; the most zealous promoter of
Intemal Inaprovemenis would be the President, who}

successful applicant for treaties with Merico and
[South America would be the eloquent advocate of|

eNuINE Wato, and in the
shown my lava of Whig urinciniaa.”

Genital, yonder, 1 have

their owd independence.
. ay ‘Tadiait Hint Brnrox.

By the Constitution of the United States,
each of the States composing, the Union is en.
titled to two Members of the Senate, and of|
the House as many as its Federal Population|
shall entitle it to choose. To ascertain this
number, a Census of the Population of each
‘State is taken at the expiration of each period|
of ten years, and to the whole number of its
Free White inhabitants is added three,fifths of |
Ql other persons, excluding Indians not taxed.
‘The amount obtained by adding these together
is termed the Federal Numbers of the State,

(2820) °90, 40, and so on) —tat is rarely’ pe.
ied, digested, and published till late in the!
following year, and the Apportionment there-
upoa made in the year succeeding. Thus the
late Censos was taken in 1840; made up and
published in 1841 ; the Apportionment made in
1942 ; and the first Congress elected under it
assembles in 1843.

‘Hitherto each State has been allowed a Rep-
resentative only for each time that the Ratios
could be subtracted from its Federal Numbers,
leaving fractions wholly unrepresented. ‘Thus
if'a State had 98,000 Federal Numbers and the
Ratio was 50,000, it would be allowed but one
Member of the House. By the New Appr
tionment Law, however, a State having a
tion of over one-half the Ratio is allowed an
additional Member. Seven States by this have|
one more than they would otherwise be en-
titled to. ‘ .

‘By the Constitution, each State, however
slener its Population, and however high the|
Ratio, is entitled to at least one Member.

‘The following table shows the Ratio and
the number of the House under each Appor.|
tionment, viz::

‘The number of Members of the House and
Presidential Electors to which each State re-
spectively was entitled under the Apportion-|
ment of $832, and will be under that of 1842,
‘will be seen by the following tabl

Ratio of 1632. Ratio of 1642.

. Mem. P.B.
T 9
4 6
10 2

Sakae’
BBaama’

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS, AND ELECTOR:

Ox agp New Rarros. .

which the number of its Representatives in’
is regulated. R
Census is taken in the decennial year,

S OF PRESIDENT.

a 3 5
ot 3 1 3

a eae 6 5

22 35 uw

15 9 H

9 it T 9

9 ou 8 10

5 7 1 9

2 4 4 6

8 5 4 6

or ee 10 2

213 1S n 13

2 4 5 7

1 3 1 3

[Total Slave States.t00 126 8 ia
“Free States..142 1681356
Totaleessee 22 904 83S

IC7 The present Congress expires March
ath, 1843 but the new docs not assemble wnt
the first Monday in December following, unless
specially called. If it should be, Special Blee-
tions would be needed in several States, as
they do not choose regularly till late in 1843,

Statistics of New-York State Canals.
PREPARRD BY EDWIN WILLIAMS,
Statement showing the progressive increase
lof business on all the Canals of New York, from
the commencement of navigation oa the Erie
Canal, in 1890, to the close of the year 1841:
‘Tons arriving _ Tons going
at de water fim tidewater

e288

302,178

Bees
2

056,083, 70,154

201

433
463,820 1191463.
341,329 596 114,608

848,066
614,336 347 133,796
203,03 611,781 192,130
590,911 640/481 142,808
(616,382 609,128 142,035,
(775,747 669.018 139,580
TAH 168,715

Cost of the Canals, (per Report of the Canal Board,
feeb. 23,1687) °

ELECTION RETURNS.

MAINE. VERMONT.

Govannon, 1942. Parsrpant, 1840. Govaanen, 1(48. Paxstesv, 14.|
Robinson. Feirfield. Harr. V.B.| Comntios. Peine. Smilie. Mer. ¥. Pe
a 1”

red Z

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= A

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Pad a

— ma

46,619 —_

. Solange ts ae eee Seo
mere sf 1848 ar Incemplotn and the twas
cone in Fairtela’s major

Lagilotarecactad fof eure, sng Lace Fo i

NEW HAMPSHIRE. fs . ‘
Canonzss, 1041, Parstomnr, 1840, peter the = for Paine, 33.470, tal,

*J. Eastman. *Sheu. Harr.

* Higher on ach ket.

MASSACHUSETTS,
‘Paxsipent, 1640. Governor, 1899.| Teta, nee
Herr, YB. Everett, Merton.| Nsj,—Cleaveland,..1,04; Harrison,..6,905.

3781 10604 1366] Scattoring, in 1048, 1,900.
3031 276 Tatty being no chet of Geverner by the people,
‘shooen by the Loginlatare by ares

[Cleaveland was
OC 190 to 06 Yor Ebswort.

BEScESES Sui

papal

NEW YORK.
(Showing the Vete by Congre:sional Districts under the New Apportionment )
Sewarens, 1841. _ Pres., 1040.|34th. Niegan,,
Whig. L.F. Harris V.B.| Orleans,
Stn

ugseteutinD
Sia”

Aaa
SaReESEa
BEEEESSESEENE

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Soe

oe
tii

Bs
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Un 1840,
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NES RESRGRUEES

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PENNSYLVANIA.

Goveauon, 1841. Paxerpanr, 1840.
vB.
1938)

=
225

1744
+ Eno}
x

sages
estates

eEbbsoti

rena
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4,573) Ber

NEW JERSEY.
Pagsipenr, 1840, Cononzss, 188.

aie

Z
i

ret

a6 4
‘2,683

pari

{Incl the roe of ila ected
ing the vote of Mill .
+ Tncleding | the vote af Soath Amboy, rejected.
‘Leeistaruar ELectep OcrosEe, 188.

9
2
3
2
1
9,
1
4,
2

PESWewEIE 232

Kr
203
403
407

8:
38,

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Y

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2
ad
4,
W

Resthi
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Maioritios-—Harrison. 1003 : Robinson. (V. B.) 58,

| coedr0 tr wom nate er
81 wemvenune’

2
ine ka Coanot 2: Amenty, 4;
fand joint ballot, 12 Wiig tanjority. 7
MARYLAND.
Govennon, 1841. Paestparr, 1840.
| Counties, $c. Johnson: Thomas. Horrison. V. Buren.
1035
1106
Tat
+ 6886
toot

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Total,
Mi

* Contested.
in 1843, “Albemarle,
“ase » Augusta,

VIRGINIA.

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ASRRORERRESESRRESSCERA CSR LEBTSERB MBSE RITA ARTEASAS ASAE ARAASEMASELARERNTENS

GEORGIA.

1941. Paxsrvene, |
Ti eae ante” trem eine

Govmanen,

OHIO.

Leovetatons, 1841. Paxstpent, 1640.| Washington...
2, B Harrison, V. Buren.| Ways.
1100 1205 1441) Williams
40 76383

739 (3738 ——_
#1332) 2004 148,157 194,708]
2574 3106 . N Harriton, 23,375.
16891708 ident,
2101 * Veto for 1841 could not be obtained ; + No Whig’
1677 Election turned on a county seat ques
3008 in theae four counties the Presidential vove of
2381 {695| 1640 is inserted for the vote of 1841.
2044 —
1847 MISSISSIPPI.
bpd Goveanon, 181. PaxstpEnr, 1668
1009 Counties. Shattuck, ‘Tucker. Har. V. B
or 14 38
tees 453350 500
Boo 15 377
134 or 7 CI
es ‘if Ol 71
Tiss 14 kK
300 487388
47 4k BSB.
6 124

eBs
fa
E]

‘a
™
Ee)
“4
a
Es
2886 2
1479 )
3210 F-
ie Es
roy u6 |
O08 412 414 ST 3
"41 1 a
108 os OL 35)
i so Sm
3145 inew
Cn 1059 OBO
1100 $00 435K IB
3001 ee ee)
104 3 1 (35 m
200 a |
mai 31841
1887 aes 6 108
ng 331 5188500
3357 376 3 3B aes
1574 1000 BT ak
1868 a ns is 4s
931 8001S
1201 nn or —%
1358 ‘61 38l OL ug
1703 2 i 1 17%
1984 4 OT. (1006
581 308 Olas,
Pry 1050 1S
1086 HS 9910
a7 O54
1851 15
4367 oo |e
238 “aM
5 0 0 a8
“7 ST
2901 sm
650 Ca ar
2594 m1
Pid moe OF
im 186k
331 m5 (aL
3061 as
919 zw 8
na 411086
1483 2 lee
= ae
1
‘303 Winston,
Sot 388] Yatotecks, = i
Yr oe Ml
10,518 * 1

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Rerarcentatives.
W. 42 LF. W. "41 LF. Har.40 V. B.
193158

6
Parswenr. 1 0 oo ast
6 8 47 018
° i 2 3 iso apo
1. oo 3 2 0 (700 ae
O° 9 | 703 1 0 om 0
6 43)¥ Oo 1 MT OS
95% 1 2 asi a3
2. 3 1 0 (is oMT
06° Oo 1 (35 ot
7 1a7|We o 2 538 13814
o m3 oT 3 0 30001888
131140] > s uae
a 33 6308 51,
, if mo L.F.6; Har. i308
1 ona os ‘both parties,
1 (765) i.
0 6 3
2 sa 1278
1 38487
1 sen Oe
0 4 sal
a ee
3 I7r 1588
0 196 730)
1 7 168
12 8
1 ie
i imo Be
0 60196)
1 9381166
a g8 ns rT
oo ie ES
return,
o 788M rm
1 470364 be
1 73s 408 0
1 om 688 ‘4 ies
1 mM 87 m8
1 1985 (81 408° (no returme)
; 2 & 2 eS
1 080787 | i oi ff
1 1674 1036 358 OT
1 St sla "oa ibe
0 1 (339 yo | 40380
4 Mar ms 7
1 lor? 658 490475 ae
1 Se rd, nn |
‘M1 228/80. Charles, o s
1 HS 15/8. Helen a a)
32 104 7 of
1 1000640 Bs 45
1 999898 a6 am
1 a o8s 43103
1 16361970 xe 87
1 3366 1
o 3 M4 330080
or 108) ma 76
2 mis 1a 10 1M
1 log 815 13
1 708 879 25386]
ig e a
7938 1189 7,616
¢ 7 ton,..1,597 ; Harrison, 8,689.
1 #8 #8 LrotLarone—1842.
3 1571 1049|Senste, 9 Whigs, '8 Loce-Fooos—Whig majority, 1
1 1068 $53 | House, 33 Whigs, 27 Loco-Pooos—Whig majority, @
© 1000 as zs z ‘rity,
© 1586 1170|Total,..4% Whigs, 25 Loco-Foooe—Whig majority, 7
© (309 361], The eosta.of Gen. Bernard, « Whig Senator from
1 1018 1070 fant Baton Rouge, and of the tan Whig members af
Tea "ARAL SI Uaned! denna Artonee ‘one. dn be onmtoatadd

INDIANA.

BEUaes SERSH ENS

(new county.
‘755
209
134

‘The Election in 1942 turned w the
Relief, and it in said that ne

404
44
362
138
320
07
206
666
208
10
5m

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SSRESES
Bee Saseseds de

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(a0 returus.)
331508)

106)
198

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been

ILLINOIS.

SeRSSRERREESIERERES

MICHIGA
Pagarpenr, 18

Gaew county.)
473

5201
1298
266 | Ss

(new county.)

744 767]

OOOO Me OM eR Onn H CMM OM OME ENN MEM OM OME CNM M OOH HE MM ROM,

MISSOURI.
Sanare 1043, House. Parsrpenr, 1640.

W.LP.W. LLP, Her. VB.

(new county)
m0 a
42002
(new county)
35 ato)
(sow county)
‘401i
(new count
iss}

81
5
m6
515
ar
450
as
8
(new
778
40 (364
136636
Ot
35568
98a
17 a
(new count
‘a ae
(oer oognty)
93335]
mo 487|
374500]
309 4a

TERRITORIES.
Leoiscatons, 1042, Detecare.J0l.
‘Council. House. ee Be
Week Wet, Wag. LF
i
1 i
MI
7 8
S$ sss a
2 ow
1 7
0 335 a8)
3 58 al
0 405 a4
1 30 (ue
1 106
9 a6 a
2 515 a7
0 933199
o 1% I”
2565713)
7018144915 gen
L.P.9; AC. Bode, a

sof

Darreare, 1841.
Totel vote. Arnold.

BBS:

tJ
Hf
E

js Boas

§
§

BetacthQedSeices:

TIMES OF HOLDING ELECT!
Sates Scats of Government. Time of halding Elections, Do. Presidential Election.

bor Augusta, First Monday in November.
\ee Hampshire, Concord, First Monday in November.
Montpelier, Second Tuesday Nove
Hoston and ‘Second Monday
rovidence .
Newport Reprrach. ne pen Marl | First Wednesday in Novem.
Hartford ‘and New Haven, Ist Monday in April, First Monday in November.
Albany, ‘Tues. after Ist Mon. in Nov., Tues or Ist Mon. in Nov.
‘Trenton, 2d Tuesday in October, Ist Tues, in Nov. and next day.
‘24 Tuesday in October, ‘*Last Friday in October.
24 Tuesday in November, Second Tuesday in Novem.

Ist Wednesday in Octdber, Second Monday in Novem.
34 Thursday in April, First Monday in November.

Ist Thursday in August, Second Tharaday in No
2d Monday in October, By Legisla. aboat Dec.
Ast Monday in October, First Monday in November.
st Monday in August, ‘Second Monday in Novem.
Ist Monday in November, First Monday in November.
st Monday ly. First Tuesday in Noveraber.
Ist Thursday in August, First Tueads
Frankfort, Aut Monday in August, Firet Monday in N
Colum 24 Tuesday in October, *Last Friday in October
Indianapolis, Jet Monday in August, Firat Monday in November.
Springfield, Ast Monday in August, First Mouday in November.
Jefforvon City, Ist Monday in Augost, First Monday in November.
Detroi Ist Monday in November, Firat Monday in November.
Bitte Rook, Jat Monday in October, First Monday in November.

IC? All the States bat South Carolina choose their Electors by a Popular Vote.
* We baliove the legal designation in these States is ‘the Friday Ji/th preceding the Ist Monday in Dec.”

Popular Vote for President.

——1840.—_. ——1836.—_.
"eal "qe" reed ve ott
. . i
+ + 26,158 32,761 6 20)
+ 72,874 51,944 42,247 34,474
+ + 31,601 25,296 18;749 19,291
+ 5278 3/301 2710 2
+ + 39,440 18018 20,996 14,
= 225,817 212,597 138, 166,815
++ (33,361 31,034 26,137 2%,
= 144001 143,672 87,111 91,475
a) 4,874 4,733 45153,
+ 33528 28,752 25,852 22/268
+ + 49/501 43 23, 30,261
* + 148157 124,782 105,405 96,948
- 489 32,616 36,687 33,025
+ + 46376 33,782 23,626 26,910
oo (Chooses Electors by Legislature.)
+ + 31,933 24,930 22,196
+ + 98471 33,991 16,612 20,506
= + 65,302 51,604 41,281 32,780
sos 45537 SI 8%6 14,292 17275
+ + 299933 < 2131 4072 7,332
+ + 19518 16,975 9,688 93979
+ + 60,301 48, 35,962 265120
+ + 11296 7,616 3,383 3,653,
+ + 82072 29,760 8/337 10,995
son 43363 6,048 1,238 2,400
Total in twenty-five States, 274,203 1,128,303 Bim 163,587

In 1840, Harrison majority, - - + 145,900 In 1836, Van Buren maj., 25,876

U7 The Elections which have taken place since 1840 exhibit a general falling off of the
‘Whig vote, but no corresponding increase of the Loco-Foco. They simply prove that, under
‘reumstances of great perplexity and discouragement, and in the absence of any motives for
mmediate exertion deemed adequate by.all voters, a great many Whigs have staid away from
he Polls. These will be on hand at the more important Congressional Elections, but espe-
dally in the great Presidential enntast af 1844 Tat mn Whim danhe tha rowlt 1

, before shaking the dust from|
off his feet, seized a bit of charooal, and on the cellar
f door revenged himself in this couplet:
‘What pity Helts gate was not kept by O'Flynn
Somiy Tenotayin 7

Wu rou TARE A Surer?

‘A valuable friend, and an able farmer, about the
time that the Tom reform was beginning to|d
‘exert a healthfal influence in the country, said to his fri
pewly-kired man, ‘Jonathan, I did not mention to you!
when I hired yeu, tar I think of doisg my work this
‘year without rum. How much more must I give you
Ho do without ?®

“Oh,” axid Jonathan, ‘I don't care much about it;

TE Wel ta the rors Tl give you a sheep

% Well.” ssid the farmer, “I will give you
in the fal, if you will de without.”

said Jonathan,

‘The cdest von then sid, “ Father, will you give
me a sheep, if | wil do without ram?

“Yes, tall, you hall havea sheep, if you wil

do without.”
ing, then said, “ Father,
wl de without i too

Presently, Chandler speaks again : “Father, hadn't}
you better take a sheep too 7”
"Tha was power; be hardly thought that he could
grew the ‘ good creature’ yet ; but the appeal waa]
‘8 source net to be ‘The result was,
‘the demon was heaceforth banished frem the premises,
to the great joy and final happiness of all concerned.
Sureu 1 Love !—Who would have supposed that
Smith—yes, Smith—even Suite '—hed ever worn in
‘bosom. a heart susceptible of the “tender pas-|
soa” Ive a fact, though, that he is, er was once,|
bewitched and befooled by “love's young dream.”
fe and touching Melody in the
last Maumee ‘Times and Seasons :
“I loved her—yee, I love her still—
‘Por changed indeed this heart must be,
If years could throw a cloud er chill

it my soft attachment shew—
aad wh Nels mir ras carrot re,
at, by George, I coulda't go!”
But we don't believe his leve was}
“soft attachment”
‘wouldn't have been broken by her “carrot hair.”

Poor aurea
half 90 bed 28 he “lets on,” or th

Goxanne at Hax> Woaps—A Missionary i
1882 stepped ushore from a flat-boat on the Mississippi
‘vith ene trata, to speak fo an old weman who was
Tnitting under a low tree bya shanty. It was the
fone ype whan” aa th ~ he of

My good woman,” said the evangelist, a8
fered Mera tract, “have you got the gorpel here ™

“No, we nan? 't,” replied the

By one physician might your work be dous-—
Bat two ave like oe barred

Errrara on a Musrcran.
‘Time and Stephon are now even:
Stephen beet Time, and Time beat Stephea.

‘A. Swar.—Mr. Snooks was asked the other day how

{ae comld scoount for Nature's forming him se ugly.

Nature was not to blame,” said be, “for when I

}was two months old I was considered the handsomest

eh in the neighbethood but my nure, the ihe alate

aay mvepped me weey fr another hey ao eae
ra whoes child was rather plain-looki

On THE ¢Hemurrace’ Tayens.

Hermits of old,
Bogut heuvon ip eckelceh and is woke
Bat modern ancherites esteem clean linen
‘As decent to repent in aa to sin in.
‘The master, therefere, of this humble call”
Invites his friends to join in living well.
fA Souruncenr perosney.— Mr, Pelham? maid
fs ieurned young lady, who had bee her
fwit'at the expento of dangler for the Test half an
fhour, “you remind one of barometer, that is filled
with nething in the upper story.” “ Divine Almira,”
meekly replied her adorer, “in thauking you for this
{fattering compliment, lot'me remind you that you oc-
leupy my upper stery entirely.”
enigsstCAt—"* Cenar! go catch my big hore
w Zoran Wt yen call he same, cur
“ 3 don't you know wi
about “high Olympus’ nar

{doo Low about Hio—bat be Himpas wuf—dats
for eartin.”

mol Eeviramion. |

“Look in tormorrew evening—do, .

‘We'll have a litle reason after ted?

‘Tay Rervy.

* What doT hear? you've lost your wita this seston :
What! reason after 7” Why, that is treason P
Instinct ov Sripens.—It hes been absorved that,

Jsome spiders, with an instinctive eagaci
the greatest security frem disturbence the lids of the
charity-hores fa churches,

Goon Newi.—A
& marketman

m, the other ay, on afi
re ‘was anewored,

fo hear it wit

‘of you were half
Tuning 65 "A white man and an Taian
company; agreeing to share their

"They killed a turky’and an owl, and on se
iy cones dnc ane Ge

I You may take the owl and PIf bare the turky ; ot
Pu take the turky and you may brve the owl” "Ah
bt” says the nina, You dra" aay ‘tarky” once

one Fre,

NUTS AND

Or an orp Coquetts.
1 did vot lnugh—in spite of Calin's rage.
I dared not laagh—l've learn'd to rev'rence age.

On A Quack Docror.
Reader! Sangrado is, alas! no more :
Hiv visits those he visited before.

Ox 4 Mrsxm.
‘Worth fy thousand pounds eld Gripus died !
"Tie well, for he was nothing worth beside.

An Eanatum.—Miss Biddy Fudge, in her history
of the Fudge ily, recounting the miseries of au-
thors, says, that
‘Thoagh an angel shonld write,
and gives the following instance of the havoc made
by the printer ia one of her effusions :

Bat a week or two since, in my ode upon Spring,
Which T meant to have made a most, beautiful thing
Where I talked of the * dew-drops from freshly-blown

roses,
‘The nasty thinge made it ‘ from {reshly-blown noses.’

A VaLoante Boy.—* What ean you do? asked »
traveller of « country urchin whom he anw in front
of a farmer's house, tickling a toad with a long straw.
"0, Dean do more’n cousiderable—I rides the turkies|
to water, milks the geese, curds down the old rooster,
Ja ap the pigs’ tails in papor to make "em curl,
strings the grasshoppers, makea:fires for flies to
coart by, keeps tally for dad and mammy when they
soold at's mark, and cute the buttons off dad's coat
‘whan he’s at prayer in the mornin’!

Actoat KwowiEnce.—In the Jamaica House of
Amembly, a motion being made for leave to bring i
ball te prevent frauds by wharfingers, one of the
members arose and said, ‘ Mr. Speaker, I second the
motion ; the wharfingers are to aman a set of rogues:
Tres one myself fur ten years.”

Cone rox LovE.—Take of cable about 15 foet—
of the top of a tree about a sufficient quantity to make
one end fast—of resolution bar#ly enough to make a|
runaing noose about your neck with the other—of a|
leap about five feet down: and if fund insufficient to
effect. 2 cure, double the dose every two hours, and
then take a Hygeian pil

Paeor of Crvitization.
m his last work tells a story of a shipwrecked mariner, |
‘who was cast away upon what he believed an unin-
yuddeuly beholding a gallows, he
barat of joy, Gon be praised, Pim in|

‘The “Seven Wonpens oF THE Worip” were)
lnely exhibited at Washington city in. new muscu
of natural) curiosities : .

‘A lawyer of integrity.
‘A moderate doctor's bill.
& A tailor that was never known to cabbage.
aN serman that wished to ddjourn the ses-|
‘ion when there was money in the treasury.

I Wenyss,

famous theatrical manager ia|
Phusdelphia, has quit the business, and opened in-
seat «large sor forthe al of Patent Wodicines
‘end dryly remarks, will no doubt be #uc-
an lies hh bases end wit

“eis devils must print

ster, as
Yea,” was the reply.“ We

of 8

Covenina THE WHOLE oxouND.—“ Gentlemen,”
said an eminent counsel, ‘there are three porate
jupon which we rely for the defence. In the frst
place, the Kettle was cracked when we borrowed it;
in the second place, it was whole when we returned
it; and in the third'place, we never had it.”

‘A Sanr Loox-ovr.—Smollett tells an anecdote of
js half-crazy free-thinker of his day, who, chancing in
Rome, stopped one day before a hast of Jupiter, and j
bowing low, thus addressed the dethroned idol: ‘Sir,
if you should ever get your head above water again, |
hope you will remember that I treated you politely bt
lyour adversity.”

ALMONDS,

Tas Durr Exp.—A farmer once hired » Ver

to lift, the Yankee always contrived to receive t
Jemallest ond, for which the farmer chastised bita, and
told him al the butt end. Dinner came,
and with it sgarloafFndian pudding. "Jonathan

erous portion of the largest art, and
jor & wink, exclaimed, Always take

Reront Courtrous.—When an English lady at
hose house Dr. Johgod was dining one day, adkod
him if he did not think her puddidg very good! * Yes,”
jeyowiad the great moralst, tt very food for hogs”
Shall I help you to another plateful, then? said the
polite hostess.

Nor Bap.—The Wag says, “The Loco Focoe in
the Ohio Legislature undertook to overreach the
Whigs, and the latter submitted to it with entire
resignation.”

I An auctioneer was spoken to about the pre-
sence of sundry ill-favored women in his sales-room.
He replied, that of all hie visiters they were most
for

non for bi
hate hed been 3

ay (marrying |
severely dent |

A man who was in
two wives) complained
with for an offence which carries ite own punishment |

fontesquieu in an argument. “I accept i,” said the
philosopher; “any trifle among friends bas a value.”

“Thomas,” hiceoughed an old Gutzle-fanction to
‘his som, “I fear you are becoming intemperate.” “I
ink i key,” eid thé promising youth, for do we
not read that the sins of the parents shail be visited
fupon the children?”

keep groceries here, sir” asked a pun-
entered the store of dealer in vegetables,
Pi take one.”
bogan a sermon on this text, “The!
ie death an follows! "Poor wage idea, thet

“Do

Dr. South

Ja man annie How be

HENRY CLAY.

On his Retiring from the U. 8.

‘Wau for the glorious Pleiad fled—
‘Wail for the ne’er returning star
Whose mighty music ever.
‘The spheres in their high home afar !
Bring burial weeds? and sable plume?
t—lift the funeral song of wo
Such as should o’er the loved oe’s tomb
In Sorrow’s tenderest accent flow?
Ah! Freedom’s kindling minstrel, no!
Strike ! strike with a triumphant hand
Thy harp, and at ite swelling réll
Speak, through the borders of our land,
‘The might—the beauty of that soul
‘Whose Genius is our guardian light
Through sunny ray or darling night—
‘A worshiped Pharos in the sea,
Lifting on high its fearless form
To guide the vessel of the Free
Safe through the fury ofthe storm,

Pauoe or ris, West! whose claiontone
‘grindly through her forest lone,
‘And waked.to ‘Bounding life the shore
‘Where Darknesgonly sat before—

How millions bent before thy shrine,
Beholding there a light divine—

Caught on the golden chain of love,

From its majestic source above,

Sraz.or our Hore! when Battle’s call
Had wove the soldier’s gor
‘When blazing o’er the troubled seas,
Death came tumultuous on the breeze,
‘And men belield Columbia's frame
Scorched by the lurid levin-fame—
‘Thou! thou didst pour the patriot-strain,*
‘And thrilled with it each bleeding vein—
Until the star-lit banners streamed

Like tempest-fires around the foe,
‘Whose crimson cross no longer gleaned
In triumph where it erst had beamed—

‘But sunk beneath our gallant blow.

Sun or tHE Free! where Summer smiles
Eternal o'er the clustered isles—
‘Where Gurece unsheathed her olden blade
For Glory in the haunted shade—
Where Carumonazo stands sublime
A land-mark by the sea of Timet—
Thy name shall, as a blessing given
For Man, oh! never to depart,
Peal from cur gladdened Earth to Heaven—
‘The warm, wild music of the heart.

Parez or tHe Josr! what though dark Hate

Her phrensied storm around thee rolle—
Has it hot ever been the fate i
Of all this Earth’s truth-spesking souls?

Lightnings may play upon the rocl
star-Liseed forehead woos the'gale,
‘While they escape the thunder-shock.
‘Who dwell within abe lonely vale=-

+ Alluding to his effets as Republidam lender in
Congrone during the late War.
+ Who can forget Henry Clay’s butning eloquence)
‘South American,

Senate. | Lis

unnoted !—not s0 thou,
Chief of the fearless soul and brow !
Yet let the lightning and the storm
Beat on thy long-devoted form!

"Phe silvery day-beam bursts! and lo!
| Around thee c’ .s the Promise-Bow !

‘Look’! on yon hight Columbia stands—
Immortal faurels in ber hands!
And hark her voice—“ Ruse ! Freemen,
‘Unlooge the chain from ev'ry breast;
gee ! see the splendor in yon skies
Flashed froin the bosom of the West !77
Pause. at the one sound, yo! millions, leap
ce giants inglorious s] 1
‘What cries are here? What sounds
| Whose name is thundering on the
(Far in the mountains of the Nort
Far in the sunny South away-
‘A winged lustre bounding forth—)
‘The deathless name of Hewny Cray!

rise! |

revail ?
fle?

‘He is Not Fallen.”
BY 3. 0, WHITTIER.

Nor Faiien! No! ag well the tall
‘And pillared ‘Allegany fall—
‘As well Ohio's giant tide

Roll backward on its mighty track,
‘As he, Colurbis’s hope and pride,
‘The slanderod and the sorely tried,

Tn his triumphant course turn back.

‘He 1s nor Patten! Sock to bit
‘The chainloss and usbidden wi

Oppose the torrent’s headlong onurse,
‘And turn aside th ind’s force 5
But deem not that the mighty mind

‘Will cower before the blast of hate,
‘Or quail ab dark and causeloss ill’;

For though all else be desolate,

Te stoope not from his high estate ;
‘A Marius ‘mid the ruins still.

Hes 1s nor Fautan ! Every breeze
‘That wanders o'er Columbia's bosom,
From wikl Penobscot’s forest trees, .
From ocean shore, from inland seas,
Or where the rich Magnolia’s blossom,
Floats, snow-like, on, the sultry wind,
1s booming onwant to his ear,
A homage to his lofty mind—
A toed the falling never fiad—
‘A praise which Patriots only hear.

Roigenbiasharyptarta
~ lta teming gla unto him;
Te a on dtm
nd
seeing Ue gre
‘Or moteurs dazzling to betray ;
And bow before his purer
‘The camest of a better day.

At Ea Ge hoe hamning on
‘When, vainly tried ‘Slander
oof hl lero
ese cel ol :
scene tele
noes of Bay
‘rhe Siengerer thall be sileat then,
Hin ‘aball leave the minds of men,
a ery a

/ESTREN Patators fature fame.

WHIG ALMANAC,

POLITICIANS’ REGISTER,

CONTENTS :

Calenlations for the year 18 1344.
Calendars for the the soveral Mo "Months of of Ts isda

ae ‘Unnal Saee

Government of tl

History of the Tariff
‘The Tariffs of 1816, 24, ‘28, "22 and ‘42, compared.
The Whig ‘Tariff of 1842,.-----
\ir. Clay's Retirement from the U. S, Senate.
4 National Bank. .-...-..-----------
Hear acre ava eng We Cosckatonicy tad ean
List of Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States.

The Protection of American Industr
‘The qrounds of its Exy ‘and Necomity succinctly fully and forcibly sot forth by Toa. Co

Tipeo scot "
Mt. Van Buren on the Tari

re]
tm
wi
n
>
n
|
)

t
i
|
i
}

FRRRERRRREERE APPR EDPEEEDER

fuk ti Bebe

RBPPROS PEO ASSP EAP AR RG.

‘TERRITORIES,

We eee

STATE STATISTICS.

(Pnmramay rxPRessty ror THE WHIG ALMANAG)

‘otal,.
‘The following States have no Public Debt:— ,
New-Hawesuinr, Ruopr-Istanp, NewJenerr, Nort-Canovou,
Vanaoxr, Comncricur,’ Drnawanr. i

tered to the Act of Congross, in the GREELEY & McELRATS. ia!
et, eer Sales Gone at the United Setar for tae Routers Distt of the aa
fot Mow Yorle. :

Wenner eeevinnntnnnunenunantenanenninnnnnnn!

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
(December 1st, 1843.)

‘wei by Hon. Wittax P. Manaus of North Caroline.)

JUDICIARY--Supreme Court,
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice. Salary $5,000.

Ege eee Warns, of Georsia, event Juin
‘Rapwin, of Peamylvanie, — “* “ maa Geno ice,

(Balary,of Amociate Justioes

Major-General of the Army—Winriar Scott, of New-Jersey.

XXVIIItn CONGRESS.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

a ni ie
aa ee

HISTORY OF

‘expressly affirmed that suck imposition

Gro. Wasmincton, Taomas Jurrzn-|
#0", James Maprson, James Monnor, Joun|

oaly exceptions to the uniformity with which|
hia doctrine as been urged; bat Mr. Van]
Buren is expressly concluded by his vote in|
the Senate for the Tariff of 1828—the highest
sai wost Protective Tariff ever levied in this
» though on some points not equally|
‘tnd wisely Protective. For this Tnriff, Mar-|

'uass of the Jeckeon Membern from the Free|
States voted; by them it was shaped, (Mr.
Wright being its principal manufacturer) and|
by their votes muinly passed. Masachu-|
tts, oppressed in her vital interests by some|
ofit provisions, voted against it, So in 1816,
Mr. John C. Calhoun framed and carried the|

tan in his able Speech in support of the bill.|
New-England ut this time also gave a de-|
{cided majority of her votes against the mea-|
eure. But in 1841-2, whon—the necessity of}
¢ revision of the Tariff being imminent and|
tdcsted on all hande—Mr. Firtwone in the|
House moved the reference of #0 much of the|
President's Message to the Committee on|
|Mewfactures, (a Committee constituted for|

express purpose, and which hed always|
before had charge of this subject) Mr. Ath-

in the preamble to which Act it is|

Jdatcs ia necessary, to pey the debts, pro.
ride a revenue, dec.“ and for thb protection|

i-| Focoe—ell but three of the latter being

ia Vea Boren, Silas Wright, and the great|bi

THE TARIFF.

(erton of N.H. moved to amend by

mabsti-|

Pennsylvania. Had the two great parties;
i the

slightly in details, ‘The bill of the Hou:
Committe, slightly modified by the Com:
mittee of Ways and Means and the subse
jquent action of the two Houses, passed the
Honse by a vote of One Hundred and
[Yeas to One Hundred and Twelve Nayom
jone only of the Yeas (Mr. Parmenter
Mase.) being a Loco-Foco, while of the
Nénety-siz wore of that party, two Tylonzed
land Fourteer Southern Whigs. This bil
jpessed the Senate by Twenty.fiee Yous (all
|Whigs) to Twenty-three Nays, of
Twenty were Loco-Focos and 'Three South
lera Whigs, including Mr. Rives of Virginia.
This bill was vetoed by President Tyler
lon the express gtound that one of its pro
visions continued in force the Laxp Dusta
lsori0n to the States, which Act, by
terms, was to cease to have any effet when-

mustonY OF THE TARIFT.

thirds of the latter being among the stanch-
lest advocates of Protection, andvvoting against:
the bill expressly and only becauge they

‘Constitution

of cach House to pass a bill over|
the head of a Presidential Veto: lot
“This bill had passed the House om the 16th
of Jaly, 1842; the Senate on the Sth of Au-|ti
gust following; been vetoed by the Presi-

Sturgeon,
Wright, the Loco-Focos who voted for the’
Imeasure, bad repeatedly voted to destroy all
its Protective features in ite preceding stages,
poland Mr. Wright made a speech in condem-;
Ination of the bill introductory to his vote in
erie favor, and expresely declared tHat its Pro-

proposed by Mr. McKewwan passed thé|Goverament must have Revenue and he was’
House: Yeas One Hundred end Five, Nays|corpelled to take ths bill or nothing.
One Hundred and Three. Of the Yeas,

llaw of the land. Such is a brief history.

THE PAST AND PRESENT TARIFFS,

REASONS FOR CHANGES IN THE MODE OF COLLECTING DUTIES.
On the two following pages will be ecen|to 40 per cent. by micans of which Foreign
the Rates of Dutie imposed on all the mostlimporters were etiabled to awcar in the gooda’
‘articles by the present Tariff; as|
with each of the Tariffs enacted
jsince the Last Wer. On a fow items the|
mode of assessing Duties was, for imperative]

Stones (7 per cent.) and on Watches, Jewelry |
per gallon, (to prevent the frnndalen i imtro-|&c. (12} per cent) But these were #0 ad

an Silke i ore Sharpe forthe chen chespen At

beter qual 30, and-cer-
Bor Boady vance wll Wehr’ thas pares
‘off the freadulent andervalua'ions under for-(d

‘Tariffs, wherein the duty was some 20

THE TARIFFS OF 1816, 34, '28, "32, AND,'42.

‘A Comparative Statement of the moet iemportant articles bearing Specific Duties, as tar

‘several Kets.

preed by the Acts of 1816, 189A, 1828, 1832, and 1842, respectioely.

It enn-nganentfewverecnnnsna-ietvenecfae

eagattong geattqncTeoonanannntawananene:

3 > 38
Lesmarena gegucatadcoonnnannaiamanadons
é3 é sé odd

alison nenrvanshveononennZe-Hebdonn

¢ 7

aa gnaneaneanen..

4
eocecmacae TER oR aRaR AR

oa a .
Prqodataaars. THe

Qrqueaenaatt~ ane

Z
qrgeqoranata. TTT

gef arnnat ane
goaded sgn

goed acess 8
a eehade gas

Ssassduaasssasagavsusgaeasezesrs

feessssezsss3. 338

1 del

Mil
HAH ry

‘THE TARIFFS oF 1816, ‘24, °28, 32, amp '42—contiNUED.

‘Namesof Riticles, a ae a

fir

H
i

| AZ
10

15
1B

26>
Hsendety

30.

gene DUSseSR eee eeeags,|

350
10

6
S
10
20
7
10

3
5

4
15
13
a
26
75

aeeese Be

Bawwe

=
aad
&

“costing under 7 cents per Ib:..
Woollen Yarn...

Glaze, cut...»
|Giase, plain and other. :

Ei Sane eee

tia then sove omar. ends tod pa me

vintzeay GOORTe
i

pivot GOOgle

cindy GOOgle

pinoy Google

GS.

“

A NATIONAL BANK.

‘Tun first Bank in the United States which{Terif’ and the additional evils arising from
bore a National character was the old Bank|the absence of any National Currency, were:
‘of North America, chartered by the Conti-lthe two great impelling causes of this Union,
jnental Congress in 1780, after the Finances|to effect which the nfost violent and invete-
‘of the States had been utterly ruined by thelrate prejudices, the strongest local prodilee-
burthens and calamities of the Revolution|tions and suggestions of self-interest, were:
fand the profuse issues of Government paper|met and overcome. One of the first acts
known as ‘Continental Money.’ This Bank|the first Congress which assembled under the
‘was projected by Ronert Mornis, the great|Federal Constitution was the imposition of a!
{financier of the Revolution, whose exertions,|Tariff; the creation of a National Bank was:
‘credit and private fortune were nobly contri-lnot long deferred. The chartering of such @:
‘buted to the American cause, and aided more! Rank was recommended by ALEXANDER Ha-|
than those of any other man but Washington|wit-rox, Gen. Washington's trusted Secreta-'
to sustain it. This Bank of North Americalry of the Treasury, as absolutely indiepensa-
proved of immense service to our Revolution-ble to the efficient and economical manage-:
‘ary Fathers, affording » resource in utmost]ment of the Finances of the Union. The bill
‘need, and furnishing large amounts of money|chartering the Bank was warmly debated in
to equip and feed our armies. But after the/both Houses of Congress, but passed the:
‘close of the War it was discurded by the fee-|House by a vote of Thirty-nine to Twenty.
'ble Government of the Confederation and took|In the Senate, the Yeas and Navy were not:
refuge under a State Charter from Pennsyl-|called on the final passage of ill; but a
vania, and ultimately—in the season of gene-|variety of amendments were moved by the:
ral calamity which followed the unqualified] opponents of the measure, the most plausible.
‘opening of our ports to the fabrics and ships|and popular of which was one reserving to
of all nations, while they rigorously excluded|Congress the right to repeal the Charter;
‘our products from their ports—this Bank was|and for this there were Nine votes to Seven-
‘overwhelmed. All the Spocie was drawn|tcen against it, and in favor of the bill as it
from the Country to pay balances for foreign|stood. Thus the bill prevailed in either:
‘goods, and there remained no choice for a|House by a majority of nearly tro to one.
Bank but to wind up or break. The old Re-| An impression has been studiously urged!
volutionary Ban‘, which had braved and|by the later opponents of a Bank that this
‘weathered the desolation caused by British|vote was a party one—thut the Anti-Federal-
arms, was not proof aguinat the disasters in-lists of that day, who afterward took the name
‘duced by aggressive British policy in peace,lof ‘Republicans, and subsequently that of}
‘while our Country offered no show of resist-|* Democrats,’ were united in opposing the:
jance. It was broken, just asthe later United|measure. But this representation is unwar-
States Bank was afley losing its Nationallranted by the facts. Among the votes in fa~
‘charter and in like manner becoming a State|vor of the Charter are recorded the names of|
institution in 1835-6. ‘The parallel is etriking| Elbridge Gerry of Maasachusetts, (afterward
and instructive. |‘ Republican’ Governor of that State and
In 1789 o new and stronger Federal Gov-|Vice President under Madisow in 1812,) Floyd:
ernment was. constituted, avowedly to ‘formlof New-York, Dickinson of New-Jersey,
‘a more perfect Union’ between the States.—| Heister and P. Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania,
"The want of power to establish @ Protctivel&c. In truth, the vote on the Charter was:

Jeause of the opposi

jon. ‘The

jenment, and they considered
tie Bank at Philadelphia calc

uimost precisély a sectional one. The loca.
fn of tho Bank at Philadelphia was, the
thera Mem-|
here were then struggling for a more South-|
Jem location of the seat of the Feder

the pl
ciated to dimi-

ish their chance. Under this impression, all|Democrats—Mr. Clay amon, number—

the Members but sevea from the South of

Delaware voted against the Charter, while alllearnestness and depth of conviction on the:
{fom the North but Mr. Grout of Massachu-lpart of those who had shared in the experi
fet voted in its favor. (Mr. Grout had justlence of the country without as well os souk a:
jtefore voted for the Assumption of the Debts|Bank that n
ofthe States, which was considered a test of|prejudice and party fecling arrayed against’
ries, and his the Federal side of the ques-|that institution. ‘The bill to Recharter passed:

tion

ming its Constitutionali

teen had been Members of the|Clay, then Speaker, und was transmitted to:
Ceavention which formed our Federal Cou-\the Sonate, where an equally energetic strug.
sitation, and ought to have known whut they|gle took place. The Senate consisted

meant by that instrument. Thirteen of them|fwenty-four ‘Republicans’ and ten ' Federal
oted in favor of the Charter, thus clearly af-jists.’ On the final question, the vote stood!

‘With the other|seventeen for and seventeen against the

iz, the local question of which we have|charter, when Vice President Clinton gave:
poken had much weight, and was probably the casting vote against the bill, and thua ter-

Rents of Congress who voted on|including « most effective specch from Mr.

{conclusive-—so that their-vote was not so mucl

psa tig Contitationality ofthe Bank asits}hnd beon averse to the fa
inion|Constitution and to any

jou Constitutional questions is regarded ox|tionul than those authorized by the old Con-:
weighty is Mr. Madivon, and he afterward|federation, and atill cherished the same ten-
a.champion of the Constitutionality|dencies, somewhat modified by experience.

location. The only one of t

ofa Bank. signed as President

that of 1816, and just before his death wrotelential ‘ Republicans’ who m
jx most conclusive letter in support of the|ted
{Consutationality and utility of such an insti-lof Georgia, afterward the leader and cham-

itutionality. The
ere (Thomas Je and

ein whose o}

t the Charter o|

Before this Charter, Prosident
Washington required the opinions of the
Members of his Cabinet on the question of its;man (in 1832) was a most
Constitat ia Mem-|tion of the expediency and constitu!
ferson and Edmund Ran-jofa National Bank. ‘Hix long experience a
fob) gare opinions sgainst

fon and Gen. Knox gave theirs in its favor.|gres:
}Gen. Washington maturely considered tMem|the
all, and then si ‘the bill, though all the}weight.
Members of both Houses and of the Cabinet] So the Bank was killed in 1811; and, not!

Virg'
it; Col. Hamil

his own State had gone against it.

. The Bunk thus chartered went immediately |Charte
ito operation, and proyed of immense service |body

not only to the Government but to the whole|tal to the stockholders
Country. By ite aid, the Finances werclafter engaged in a War with Great Dritain,
brought out of confusion into order, and thc|and very speedily experienced the want

feredit of the Government fully establishe

}No man can teil any harm that it did, w
really felt.

jis blessings were

Prominent and determined
hostlity to it during hin

but on the contrary signed the bill authorizing|notes were worth sixty to ninety cents oF

he eaablishment of ¢ Branch in the recentif|dollar. y 7 me
tired Territory of Louisiana—an act ui-| At the close of the Wer, with eu empty

[44 either unconstitutional
Tn 1811, the Charter of th

er, evince
dminiatration,

iy incompatible with a belief that the Bank|Treasury, an enormous Public Debt, and

af Democratic, and party feeling overruled every

ir. Jef-|Government was forced to borrow moncy at
who had at the outset been its most|12 per cent. interest, give $100 for $83 at}

19)

Federal, le the Government was strongly

thing else, leadi

the young and ardent!

to oppose the Recharter. Yet such was the!

nearly overbore the mountain

the House in spite of a powerful ition,

Iminated the Bank's existence. Mr. Clinton
ing of the Fedcral
tions more Ne-

|On the other hand, among the able and influ-
ted and vo-
. CRAWFORD:

the bill was Wirral

ion of the Radical Democracy, and ite con-
idate for President in 1824. ‘The lust public
aper which emanated from this grvat States

conclusive vindi

lender of the ‘Republican’ party in Con-
nd more especinlly as Secretary off
‘reasury, entitles his opinion to great

{attempting to prolong its existence by a State
up
Har for dolier, end rets

a cape
“The country soon

Ithe institution #0 destroyed. Our Finances
Jagain fell into incxtricable confusion; the:

that, and then tke the proceeds in the notes
sjof Banks which could net pay specic—which

la Currency in every different staze of
jrottenness, the Government set eu.meetly

Digtized by Google

{gee iously called upon, by the highest con-|
ern ‘iat yew the views the
H rie Pals aired Testor dessanded
{This Report was concurred in by Congress
and the subject eu dismissod for tine time —)
But Gen. Jeckson continued to pross it upon
the attention or Congress, and at length, in|
1832, a bill was reported by a Jackson Com-

mittoe of the Senate and passcd through both}£¢

Houses of a strongly Jackson Congress, re-|
‘chartering the United States Bank.
jing champions were George M. Dallas, Wil-
iam Witking, and Flenry Horn—all \eading
Jackson men—and of the Jackson Delegation
from Pennsylvania only one man (Adam|
King) voted against the bil, and he was beat
‘en dircetly ufter in a_ strongly Jackson

‘trict. The Jackson Legislature of Pennsy!
$vania hed previously paseed, in response to|
$Governor Wolf, resolutions unanimously re-|
{commending the Recharter.

4 Gen. Jackson vetoed the bill, but in his|
Veto explicitly affirmed that if he had been|

spplied to, ie would have furnished the plan
‘of a Charter which would haye been Consti-
tutional,

licitly in favor of the

His authority, therefore, stands ex-|
‘Constitutiousiity of a

jatiortal Bauk, though not of the late one—

r re-elected, aml then it was distinctly
made known thit he would conxent to no Re-
‘charter pf that Bank on ony terms.
was determined that the National exintence
‘of that Bank should terminate in the year 1836.

‘The subsequont proceedings in regard to|
‘the Bank—the arbitrary Removal of the De-
posites trom it in 1833; the conseqrent con-
'vulsion and pressure of 183145
ter of the Bank of Pennsylvania in 1836; the|
exaction of Specie for all Public Lands by

ad. {all the Banks in 1

‘So itiCurrene:

‘State Char-|ffree:

A NATIONAL BANK,

Treasnry Circular in that year; the expan-
sion of the Paper Currency under the stimu
lua given to State Banking by the distribution >
lof the Public Moneys arhong them consequent ¢
on the Teinoval of tow Bepontes;, tne excor-
sive speculations, importations, foreign and
domestic indebtedness which ennucd. rerult- Hi
ing in heavy exportations of Sprcie, aud ag
eral prostration of Business and Currency §
in the stoppage of Specie Payment by nearly
75 the Extra Session 0:
Congress. in that year, and the recommenda
tion of the Sub-Treasury project by Mr. Van
Buren at the opening of that Session, are wet

known to the whole Cour:try. The struggles:
which ensued ; the passage of the Sub-Trea-:
lsury in 1840, and the signal defeat of Mr. Van.
Buren at de close of that year; the Inaugu~
ration and Death of Gen. Harrison; the sue-
lcession of Viee President Tyler to the Pres
ldency; the Extra Session of Congress, and
the passage therein of two successiv:
bills, both defeated by the Vetoes of Mr. Ty-’
/ler—these are too familiar to be dwelt on, and:
bring down the history of our Financial poli-:
lcy to the present time. At present, the Reve-’
Inues of the-Government are collected throu,
land Kept on Deposite in State Banks—a poli.
lcy condemned as unsound in principle and
fnsafe in practice by the great majrity
the People'of all parties. This policy can-
not, in the nature of things, endure; the Coun-
ltry’ will resolve to return to the system
Washington ‘and Madison, under which Four
Hundred Millions of Dollars havo, through
ltorty years, been collected and disbursed
without loss or charge to the Government; or;
it must fall back on the Sub-Treasury system,
lof Van Buren, end enforce the collection 0
fall Duties, Land Payments and Po
Specie exclusively, to the destruction, 80
the Government can effect it, of all
whatever. If a return to the
ould be resolved on, doubess

eet

joun TYLER.

ITS EXPEDIENCY

PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

AND NECESSITY.

BY HON. CHARLES HUDSON, OF MASS.

Ina former essay, I attempted to show that|

the expediency, there ean be no doubt of the:

bbe doctrine of protection was designed not so|con titutionality of protection.

‘mach for the rich, as for the poor—not for the
capitalist, but for the laborer; and that this
‘doctrine waa interwoven with our institutions,

jo that the object for which our government|ject,

‘was fornied could not be secured without its
jexercize. { also attempted to show, and I
{think succeded in showing, that this doctrine
was free from all constitutional objection
It was there seen that the power to “lay di
ties” was restrained by nothing but the “ gen-
jer welfare” of tho country, and that this
general welfare required the exercise of the|
protective principle. It was also clearly|
town that the phrase, “to regulate com
eeras"e rrafted upon the constitution, was}

mderstood by the people to include the powerjof other nations, should be annul

fttoencourage wutfactures;” thet this mean,
ing of the phrase was settled by the usage
fall nations, and particularly by the usage
{the States under the confederation; and that,
frhen this power

}was understood by the framers of the consti
{tuton, and by the people who ratified it, that
the commercial power thus granted included|
the’ power to foster our own industry, and|
jfiiest our manuftcturing interests "Tt was
flurther shown that the first Congress which
fisembled unde

the constitution, composed!

fotmany of the distinguished statesmen whio|be borne by a direct tax upon the people. »
famed the constitution, and-who were mem-| Now who r this’ 18
flervof the stato conventions where that in-|willing that all restactions should be removed

ferument was rutified—that this Congress
rere unanimous in the opinion that the con-|
faitution gave full power in the premises; and|
hat they passed a protective tariff bill, sct-
i in the preamble, that duties ‘were!
fimporod “ for the discharge of the debt of the
jUted staton, and for he encouragement and|
iprotection -of' manufactures.”
{wee shown that this cotemporancous con-
faruction of the constitution, given by its au
tion, hel been acquicsced in by all depart-
fmeuts of the government, for more than bel

facentury; that every President and every|American shipping. A duty on tonnage, for
j had given it their eupport; and that|the express purpose of secur

flere hed never boen s moment, since the|rying trade to our own.

{Paseze of the first tariff by the first Cor by the firet Congress provisions

rie protection had mot been the law of the

From tnis viow of th
be acer that whe

argument, I think i

r was granted to Congress, it/cates of free trade avow

it was like-|hence should be removed. But while they

‘The propriety of sustaining our own inter-
lests, and fostering our own industry, is 80 ob-
ious, that little need be said upon the sub-
farther than to answer some of the prin-:
leipal objections which have been made against
this policy. But before we consider these ob-'
\jections, it may be well to take a passing no-
tice of the doctrine of “free trade,” which is
utforth at the present day with some degree
lof confidence. Rnd what is this boasted doc-
ltrine of free trade? If it means anythi
which is intelligible, it means that all duties:
mn imports should be removed and that all:
jaws and treaties whieh secure any advantage:
{to our own commerce and ¢] PPI ‘over that:
rd, this doctrit the led. “hat
word, this doctrine goes on the grou!
jan American Conj should cease to logis:
late for the American people, and legislate:

for the world. I do not say that the advo-
or that this

their design; but I do say that their princi-

ples involve this ic if they were car-'

Tied out, to their full extent, auch would be:

ithe practical result. The doctrine of free:
trade tion; and the:
tent, maintain:

from our commerce, and that no preference
should be given to American, over foreign’
productions? The most numerous clase

jee trade men will probably be found among
lour merchants, and those cngazed in the na-
vigating interest. They maintain that all re-
strictive tariffs impair our commerce, and

pleading for free trade for others, they are
lenjoying protection for themselves. From the
lestablishment of the government to the pre-:
lsent time, a. preference has been given to

Ihave been added, from’ time to time, seeking
the same end. We are far from objecting to;
{these provisions; we contend that they are:

tnaz be thought of wise and nroner—that. in our navigation and:

a Great Britain, since the daye|
tb carey this doo
ii al

ductive of her own
interests of other

interests, less
‘nations. se of our|
de

dong it ty others Ta knot oot are a
‘concerned in navigation willing that all Iaws|
imposing duties ou foreign tonnage should be|cent
repested, and that foreigner be permitted to
eompet with them for oon caring an cow coast,
ingmde? Ae the

then ? ",

adeenages ek

ve
fom Beil
them ih Ul grace:

te shat fron tho necessary corollary

‘who shrink from corel
ry a ome ean cere 2
on imports and hence all revenue
from that source cut off; but, at the same|sti
time, they would-not consent to impose a di-|
rect tax upon the people! Now I should likeli
to know wit such men would have? If thoy
free trade, let them:

are disposed to gi
oh they derive from our from

ee horizontal rae of duty.
$be more absurd then this a to all
restrictions upon commerce, und at the same|rocate
{tinea tar ofa ty ope cou apolar
Sticles! ‘This iss far removed from

$as our prosent system. During the Tantcom!
Zmercial year, the free articles ianported intoled
the counitry exceeded $66,000,000—being but
fein short of one-half of our foreign im-|

ports; and il to these weradd the articlse pay-|on-
Eng lope than 20 per cent, it would ernount t|
fica more than one-half of our entire|i

iow, ing to this notion of
{intosericted commeres, one-half of all our|
imports which are now ffee, or neatly 20, re
$to be ombarranced 7 duty of 20 per cont;
‘and this is called
T montion theso thi
‘tremes into which the

i show the ex-
Ivocates of free trade|

‘are compelled to go. Beginning with a sys-|
tem which i wolly inpracteaie, they al
led to have recourse to alinost ever

obtetug 1 dtd i The her i fe
fa impossible in the nature of things, and un!

rotection iy is exendel Relbeed

iterests.
roeeerae siesta

sipping would Uke construe fre ede?
site wigecaie

open ll our

Eeive ber commodities

a her
roles feo woe of duty? Nowa her revised wal
thelof 1842, she imposes a duty which, if carried
out ad Store would torbunt to he fale
fing rate: Salted beet, 59 yer coat; becom
per cont; butter, 70 per cent; Indias
corn, average, 30 per cent; flowr, a
per o ri Coal pia
fonmanufactured, ma
fifactured, 1900 per cehty sslucd pork, 3
tolcont; soap, 200 per cent; spit rom
ve

per cent; spirits from molasses,
Here is the free trade which Groet Beiie

cor

what can with any CI

ealled free reciprocal commerce: Bat
of looseness in ‘the please, “tee
this =

lone thing; but i they mnean that we
do it towards those nations

fee wade inplicg
fageow, ae wl

give her such an

of all commercial restrictiou- would enable
her to swallow up all others. . Greet Britain
has, in her manufactures, * na’got the starto
jestic world,” that she is able “to bear
the pelm alone.” ‘The same rate of duty which
she requires to protect her manufactures,
would be no protection to us. She has other|
advantages, besides the perfection of her|
manufactures. As compared with us, she|
is densely populated; the capital there om-|
ployed is not worth more than two-thinls as|
much es it is in this country, and labor can|
be lind there for one-third of
here. “Now, under these circumstances, a re-|
oral of all commercial restrictions would
coher advantage, and to our injury,
he English manufacturer, owing to the low
rice of iron for his machinery, the reduced|
.Rls of interest, the cheapness of labor, and|
jother causea. can prepare his mill for opere-
‘tion some twenty per cent lene than the manu-
‘actarer in this country ; and after it is in ope-
‘ation, bis labor will cost him Jess than hal
the stm the American, manufacturer woald|

be compelled to give. ‘The mutual repeal ofjtioned, would average more thai

all duties on manufactured goods, would be|
the rain of our manufactures; and, in’ fact,
bring labor in this country down to the low|
pie given in Europe. - And the same would!

tue of our shipping interest. Remove the]
Protection given to this interest, snd England|
would do our carrying and coasting business
for us, at the ruin of our shipping interest!
Gnrestrained trade betwoen us and Great B
tain would be like free intercourse between
the wolf and the lamb. In both cases, the
stonger would devour the other.

And what is true of Great Britain, is sub-|p!

stantially true of France and Germany. ‘The
low rate of interest, and the cheapness of labor,
sive thom a decided advantage over us in theit|
mannfactures ; and unrestrained commerce
between them and us would redound to their
advantage, and to our injury. We, as a na-
tion, arc’ peculiarly situated.” We are sepa-|
rated froin the old world by distance, and by
the naturg of our institutions. Our leading|
sharucteriatic is, that our citizens are free-|
men, and are laborers. The nature of our|
justitutions tends to elevate the working|
‘lasses, and to secure to the laborer an ample|
remuneration for his toil. This raises the price|
of labor—it makes the laborer a man, So long)
28 we maintainthis, our national character
‘tic, by protecting our own industry, our}
vountry will be prosperous. But let the|
pieating but delusive doctrine of free trade|
ova ‘in our land—tet that policy under}
~pich we have grown up and prospered,
‘abandoned, and let us open our ports to’ the|

ries of tnase nuhona whose wardy labore!
es can optain but a shilling n day, and board
*hemselves, and it requires no spirit of pro-

heey to predict the embarrassment and dit

what it costs|perish

AND NECESSITY.

jtresa which would ensuc. When our navi-;
fgntora are driven from the ovcan, and our
|manufactures and mechanics from their mills,

and. their tnd all ure. compelled:
te caltvate the se the beaution of ree trade

many of the comforts of life, and at the same

time deprived of « market for our produce, we
lshould be compelled to toil for a mere

tance, and should, like Tantalus in the
ah in the midst of agricultural plenty.
But it seems unnecessary to depict the evils
lof free trade, as there is not the least |-;oepect
lof ita beimg adopted, unless we blindly open
lour ports to those nations which close theirs
inst us. The new tariff of Great Britain,
has been hailed as an h to free
trade, does not practically make the avi.
jrmount of reduction that lin gencrally been
e du

nt
le,

supposed. We have already noticed
‘he imposes upon some of our staples.

The rate ofduty on the articles we have men

50 percent’

{

jad valorem. She les made considerable re-
lductions in her new tariff, but many of them
lare of but little practical consequence. Some
larticles which were fonnerly prohibited, she
Inow admits, but om a duty #0 nearly prohi-
bitory, that they ean never come in, except

extreme cases. Another Inrge claxs of ar-
les. on which she has made liberal reduc-
ions, consista of raw materials used in her;
Imanafactures ; and such reductions render her

ley more protective. “On mannfactared
articles, her

juty is generally low, for-the
jain reason that she feara no competition on
such fabrics. But when she comes to any:
article where other nations are in advance of
her, abo in careful to impone a duty wufficient
to protect her own interests, Take sik, fr
lexample.. Fearing the competition of France,
Italy, &c., she imposes an average duty of;
jabout 30 per cent on imported silks, which is:
much bigher, under the circumstances, than:
jwe impose upon the same article. Our duty
lupon silks will average about ‘3 per cent,
lbeing nominally 3 per cent higher than that
lof Great Britain. "But when’ we take the
ituation of the two nations into view, her duty ¢
is much higher in effect—mauich rors protec-
‘ive than ours. Labor and capital, the two:

great elements which go into all manufac}
tured articles, are nearly as cheap in Great

Britain as on the continent; and in skill she
may be considered as their equal, Under?
ithese circumstances, a duty of 30 per cent ia:

bela bigh duty. But with us the case ie" For ¢
lent. Our eanital costa us one-th: andy
four tator taree times as tnuch as it would ing

France and Italy. ‘This, to alt practical pnc-$
pose, brings out duty on silks dows to one-§
alf of the rate imposed by Great Britain, Ing

FROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

\ 6
her situation, 30 per cent is as protes branch of the subject than I intended.
60 per cent would be in ours. If Great Bri-|I will now edduce some considerations in
tain can protect herself against those nations|favor of the protective policy, and notice some
which are her equals or inferiors in tho art offobjections which have been urged against it.
n the first place, there js a class of manu-
‘po means follows same-rate of duty|factures, necessary to national defence,
$

ia sufficient for us, who are England’s inferior|our government ought to protect. No nation:

Britain, which has been hailed as the harbin
$xer of the free trade millenium, is, after all,

"And even ihe reductions which England tl
han edoptd, ave bosavind
love of free trade, but by the fact ¢ how much we suffered in our revolutionary
France, and the Prustian Comme struggle for the want of these, will readily
had adopted,'or were about. to appreciate the weight of this argument, And
tard retaliatory upon ber. Sir jeven in our lato war with Great Britain, some
ofthese evils were severely felt. In looking
lover the expenses of that war, one is forcibl
Istruck with the I amount, and the high
prices paid for ts, and other articles
oollenfor the clobig of tie anny and navy.
These ex; ‘would: have been greatly re
ence thee menufectnre of woollens had.
Jenjoy rotection sovernment prior:
to that periad. ‘We would persue this branch:
lof the argument farther, but most of the ed
[vecates for free trade allow that, eo fer as na-
ional defence is concerned, iti the duty,
the government to protect manufactures,
fow this admission, on the part of the
friends of fee trade, yields the very principle
‘or maaulseture. Ainong the|for which we contend, It is an’ adiisston
Sarticles, are some of our steples,| which will cover the whole round ofthe prow
fective policy. The articles necessary’ for
read,|national defence are very numerous, and ex-
"ltend to almost every deparunent of tnanufae-
urea? td the "sate principle whic, wal
fy the protection of these, will justify all
the prot-ction for which we plead.” The va-
rious menufscures of ron for eannon, mortars,
founkes pistol award uincariages cams
tensile, chaing, cablce, auchors, spikes, bolts,
fools for ship-building, intrenching, and con:
structing works aud bridges; machinery for:
wmships and stcam-batteries—of hemp for:
‘cordage, and tents— of leiher for shoes,
icartridge-boxes, belts, and hamncsses—of salt
forthe preservation of provisions--of clothing
lof all kinde—of powder;--these, and a great:
niety of other articles of manufacture, are.
necessary for the defence of the country.
Soldiers must have shoes, as well ae ering:

land clothing is os essential to a successful
terests can advocate sitch a policy, i= more|cempeign as ammunition. But national de-;
than I can comprehend. fence implies something more than mere mil-_

But 1 have already devoted more specelitary operations. It han becn justly said that:
VALOR VALI AAARAA LAA SO MO VOOR URAC AARAAARRRARA Nr

$78 EXPEDIRENOY' AND: RECESEITY. af

money ia the sinew of war; and in orderof the general aystom for hich we ‘contond:f
Hto carry on military operations, the people! be avoi
must have the ability to. supply the ‘means. {unless we adopt the maxim of

ft is as uch the duty of the government to\the people

tol is mach

yo
lars in time} labor,
frorld, “i
ltion that

7 t staples, four,
7 ato is mctere cx e
ipal markets of Europe. Now self

or would:

ign poli

beens

happy

injurious
eigit nations ts calculated te
‘commerce.

upon our commerce,

i
i
H
H

for vome countervailing measure

‘would be,

f
Sof foreign
$

jiey— if 2 fair competi

protectil

foreign countries. If the manufacturers o

Great Britain con destroy the manufactures
Sof this country, I care not whether this ability}
arises from an ender in Council or an act of|
Parliament—whether it is the result of one
aw, or fifty—whether the poliey was intro-|
duced last year or last century—its eflects

upon our citizens are the seine, and
the.
"The. advi

the duit;

jured’by any one act of lesislation, grow out|
‘of the general poliey which their goverument]
have adopted. But whether it arises from|

their general policy, or from one special pro-| "
frision, the eats is equally injurious, Forex-| These are the average pri
famplo: Great Britain pays # bounty upon|male laborers, female labor wing from 30 to

glass which is sent to this country.
gives the Brit
‘over our own.

‘Thos

who are enguzed in

this species of manufacture here, find them:
selves undersold at their own doors.
compotition, which is se reinous te the glass

manufacturer in this country, arisea, in this
‘case, partly from the direct action of the

British zoverument. But there are othe
causes ia this, and especially in some othe
jeases—nuch as the low price of the raw ms
eriul, the cheap rate of interest, a dense popu:
lation, and cousequent low pi

which give the foreign manufiicturer a deci
ded advai

same rij

FROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

Hore, then, we ‘aks ong stand and we are
in being su intelligent free|
men, theinsclves. It ts the daly of our
t to adopt measures to counteract
effects which the policy of for,

te have spon’ our|

$ If Great Britain or France, o7|
Zany other nation, should enact a law to-|
‘morrow, imposing new and severe restrictions
there in searcely a free
trade man in the land who would.not cry out

the part
at we should eak of

is|one-third to one-quurter of what it costs the
slity arises—whether from a single act ‘
‘rislation, or from their general]

mm is destroyed, it

$is the duty of the government to throw her|
shicld around her citizens, and|

prevent, their being driven from their felds
‘and their workshops by the degraded labor of]

ernment is im no degree altered,
whieh the foreign manufac-|

turer has over our ows, arise, in u great de-|
gre, from causes whieh if they are net pro

This}
manifacturer an advantue

‘This

of wuges—|

over our own. ‘I'he cheap-|
ness of capital and Jabor gives the forcigner
hia principul advantage; and we have the
to come in, and by legislation, will comina

countoradt the influence of these causes, us|
SiN cioen Ct RA AACEUO eC Un ENC C ERROR CAO CS

we have to pass countervailing duties in any
jother case wi ver.
Let the advocates for countervailing duties
[show us uny difference, in principle, between
[provcting our citizens against a single enact-
ment of a forei nation, and thet low price
lof wages which grows out of their gene
policy’or local eondition. Ta the one caro,
‘they ask the interference of the governtoent—:
{they complain that we are injured—that their?
lcompetition is destroyed. But no statute cang
be more ruinous to fuir competition than the
low price ef money and labor in foreiga coun-
,|tries; and, though this may not arise from:
lany One act of the government, itis, in a great’
measure, to be ascribed to the general and
llong-cherished policy of those mations. For-$
eign manufacturers can obtain their cay ital
for ubout two-thirds, and their labor for =

manufacturer in this country. ‘The idea of1
anything like fair competition, under these
lcircumstances, js altogether out of the ques-
tion. Our manufacturers, therefore, muat;
abandon their business altogether, or the price:
lof labor wast como down to the Eurepean
standard. Is this desirable? Do the free

stra of one ehilling, excfusive of board?

the European rate of wages, as ap-'
petes ftom a report made to the English Par-
jiament in 1840. We will give a brief state-
ment of the price of wage s,s gathered from
that report :

|Anerage pricrs ner meck of the hand-loom weevgra ix
Seen chin ihe Soanersah Tinom,

80 por cent less. Here isa picture of foreign
labor in 1840. But as low as theso prices afe,
it appears by u report made to Parliament in|
184ir thot the prices had fallen at least 10 or
12 per cent froin the preceding year. We ask,
fagain, whether the friends of free trade, who

yrofess to be the friends of the people, are:
Besirous of eceing the free, independent labor-
ers of this country, brought down to the
/Europeun standard—to the miserable pittance

feight or ten pence perday? A greuter evil:
‘ould not be inflicted on our citizens—a more:
‘withoring calamity could not befall our couny
try. ‘The wealth of a nation consists princi
pally in the Inbor of its citizens; and, as a!
(general thing, there can be no surer test of;
etional prosperity than the price that labor

Tt will be seen that we deduce the neces-'

Irs Exreprency

tective duties from the disparity;
twoon the price of capital and Is
inthis country and Europe. Tho argument
this source deserves great considsration |
fa, unlose wo: are prepared to have the pri
of labor in this country reduced to ix
eight shillings per woek, we must protect it
inat foreign competition. Iam aware
amant has been regarded, by
five trado man, as desorving of no considera
Gm; and that it has been said that the low
pes of capital and labor abroad furnish an
gainet protection, as that polic
os u9 ofthe benefits oftheir cheap capi
fal and labor, which we might otherwise en-|
Tis objection to our argument for protec-|
ten, drawn from the low price of labor in for-|
eige countries, is founded on the principle|
that sound political economy requires that al
jtaton should, at all times, and under all cir-|

tiny ean buy!
rar, when our;

a citizen might buy

the che
Tea “Bape
, it is far)

‘can obtain
[cheapest of the enamy, and in return dispose|
highest price.
trade would|

‘it prove|
eqcall in time af peace! ‘Out gor
iy proper in time Oar
emu at is instituted for the benost of te
people in peace as much as in war; and pub-|
consideration should have a controlling!
inlaence at ons period as much as at another
‘Again, this doctrine would bo: an fatal tol

its well as factories
Jind the low rate ‘

ection ‘established by treaty in 1828, we

nie
el to the
lowing all shipe owned, instead,

alfree, ‘so far

AND NEOSSSITY. 2
ease of the English convention with, thoae
owns, all ships buidt within their dominions,
to enjoy the privileges of the flag, has nearly:
‘shut American vessels out carrit

sion o a
|Hamburg,) has thrown almost the entire car-
ying trade between that port and the United
tates into the hands of the Bremen ship-
lowners. By an official stateinent of the num-;
ber of vessels arriving at that pore durin tho
ear ), from this count it appears
sere ware niacty-nioo—of which sumbee
seventy-five were Bremen, twenty Ut
[States, and four belonged to other German

rts.
PeTnorder 9 show the numerical propor-
tion of arrivals from the United States, and;
their comparative increase, it may be stated
that they. were, on an average, from the years;
1826 to 1830, inclusive, five-sevenths: fier

lean, and two-sevenths Bremen ; from 1831 to}
11835, inclusive, three-seve: rican, and
four-ovenths Bremen and from 1896 to 1840

States, an roportionate diminution
lour own, since the treaty between the two
countries in December, 1! must be obvi-

ous,’
the practical effect of free trade up-
lon our shipping interest; and what is true
jour commerce with the Hanse tow:
Ibe substantially true of our comme
the other European powers. I will give an-~
other example illustrative of this . Uy
to 1830, there were restrictions upon
lof the United States wi British Ameri-
ican Posseas alone. In that year, an act Lin
28, opening our ports, with-|
lout any’ restrictions, to all British vessels!
from those colonies, ‘provided these colonial;
[ports should be opened on the same terms to:
lus. By this arrangement, a trado perfectly’
ahiy was concerned, was’
ned between the United States and the;

ritih colonies in America; and this ar
rangement has proved highly detrimental to
lour navigation. This will be seen by the fact

jinee that period, the British tonnage:
ig our ports has increased 500 per cent.
while our own tonnage entering our ports bes
increased only about 50 percent. ; and by the
farther fact that, in the districts of Paseama-
|quoddy, Portland, &c. situated near the Brit-
ish provinces, they have monopolized almost

the
See the elabor

rene ieens Urietinminenetanannnennnneenereneeseed,

2»

the whole trade. Evei
this subject, leads to
cheapness of foreign
fenable them not only to drive our luborer
-£from theit workshops, but our ships «nd ina-_
riners from the ocean. This is the result to
which the argument before us would lead ;

e saine reault. The}

for, if we ought to buy in the cheapest mar-
ket, we ouglit also to employ the cheapest
carriers. We ought to avail ourscives of the|

boasted advantages of the cheapness of forei;
labor, in the latter case, as much as in the|
former., But the friends of free trade will
‘probably say that our navigating interest re-
‘quires protection, and that public policy calls)
upon us to support our commercial marine.
But why should this interest be protected|
‘more than any other? According to the late|
‘census, there were yt 56,000 persons engaged
in navigation, while there were 791,000 en-|
d in manufactures; and we demand on|
‘what principle the claiins of 56,000, empleyed|
on the ocean, are ter than fourteen times}
that aurnber, employad upon the land? The:
ne principles of pubic policy which call
for the protection of our commercial marine,
eal for tho protection of our industry a
home ; the latter being as esseutial to national:
independence us the former.
‘Thus we sce that the soundness of the pe-
‘sition that we should avail ourselves of the)

le in political economy,
the cheapest market. {¢
case before us. Such a policy, if adopted
here, would turn 850,000 rnunufactarers and|
mariners out of employment; and this would,
inflict an evil upon the country greater than|
all the blessings to be derived {rom cheap|
purchases. Again—if the foreign market is
‘the cheapest at the present time, there is mo|
jeertainty that it would continue so. When,
by their lew prices, they have destroyed all
jeur manufactures, and driven our ships from|
the ocean, we aholld be entirely at their mer,
fey. By the m they woukd have thus|
acquired, they could dictate to wa such price
fas their own interest might sugges
‘would be necessary to bring abo
state of things, is to have sotme twe or three|
of the great powers of Europe combine ; and
they could dictate to us on the subject off
‘commercial regulations and prices, as effectu-|
to the Grand Sultan, in rele-|

view we can take offmay be nearest at hand, or it
capital and labor wouldlch

it\gerous one ; and whenever it has been fc

PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

y be the beat

market at which fo scli his products. The

spest market for purchase muy requit
ut in specie, while a dearer market a

ive other commodities in payment. The
jou manufacturers at the init pur
Ichase their cotton in India, es they undoubt-
ledly would, to seme extent, if the duty on

lcotton were taken off; and they might find it
Iproftable to themselves, especially an they
lcould buy cheaper, and at tho same time open
Ito some extent a new market for their fabrics ;
but, as this would injure the home market for
the votton-grower at the South, the injury in-
fticted upon the planting States would be
greater thon the benefite obtuincd by the
northern manufucturer. Forrearons of State,
fa preference should be given te domestic vet-
ton, The northern manufacturer who com
lumen one hundred bales of cottou grown ia
this country, not only gives employ indirectly
to those wie Inbor wo produce that article, but
he gives employ to those who rise the ment
and erain which the Inborer consumes while
raising the cotton; wherens the mautfctwrer
| ho consumes one hundred baler of cottos
raised in India, encourngcs fu

domestic industry. In the fernier case, the
{protits of the entire business are kept in the:
‘country ; while, in the latter, half of the pre-
fits accrue to forcigners. ‘The same remarks:
may be made upon other manufectered azti-
eles. He who patronizcs domestic manufa
tures, creates a home market, and so encour-'
lages our own industry. The peeple of Ten-|
rnessee, for example, by wearing American!
cottons, even if they should cost then» trifle!
nore than the foreign fabric, would thereby:
Inot exly promote the interest of the country,’
but their own. By patronizing the domestic

\
I

Hmanufacture, they not only prevent u greater!

on of their great!

competition in the product
rtaples, corn and wheal, but, by sustalning.
the manufacturer, they increase ‘the demand:
fer their own products. The southern plant-
jer, while growing his cotton, and the northern}
manufacturer, while converting it into cleth,;
Jare both living upon the corn and wheat ef;
'Tennensec;; or, whieh is practically ihe name:
thing, om the corn and whcat of sume other!
State, whose bread-stuf comes in comps
ith their own. But if they wear the fubries,
lof British looms, made of cotton grown in fm,
dia, they loee all there udvantages. The ia-
fercet of the country, and the ultina

ividual there, would be prom
the purehase of the domestic fabric.
first. cost were higher, the individval udvan-!
fuges which would result from such a pelicy’
would more than balance the difference

ce. F
PrThe idea that we mut perchase abrosd;
rather than manufacture at home, is a des

Then tho tore elogant one, of purcbe
sy ‘ore elegant one, “of purchas-|
inth; cheapest market.” “If the farmers

great
roducts enjoy as hi
ren, tay the lea

jif we hed ado)

fand|prices, we should bave

pork|mistake.

“And the sume is true o
sot rola 850 000
t employ,
in agriculture ;
consumers of

em.
If we

rm ‘of our own|

pricultural

they will seek|
and stead ofjare
r0-|

of protection much higher.
that these duties are unavailing, as these arti-
lcles need no protection; but this is a great
fnatake.| These articles’ have been imported
into the country, on an average,

five yours, tothe armount of neerly $2,000,000

ia an example in point. The wool-’
ng interest has become an_ important!
and is more widely diffused over the

lwholé country than almost any other. The:
i t may safely be cetimated at

lgrow
jone,

xw protection from

destroy the
lample

} PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

ture; and by the loss of
‘and by the increased cor
ture, the prices of the
‘woud decline to & ruinous extent.

"The furmer has ax direct un interest in the
protective policy” ag the manuecturer. I
the first place, he enjoys as much ion
‘upon his products as the manufacturer does!
‘upon his fubries. But the great advantage to|
the farmer arises from the heme market whieh
maniifuctures create, ‘The grent importance!
of a market is too often overlooked. How is!
¢ that wheat is werth $1 20 in one part of the|
Scountry, and 12 cents in another? Tint an}

acre of land will, for sgticultiral purposes, !
tell for $30 in ewe place, and for but @2 in!
another? Every man knows that this i the!
fact; and why i3 itso? Simply because the
fone in near @ market, and the other remot
Thesitate not to tay that the capital new in
rested in manitacturesshas uvgmented the
value of real estate in the ceumtry to An
Jamount vastly greater than the whole sum in)
ested in mianufuctures., ‘The valuc of the!
Hoi market creat in «great deerce
fmanutietures, will be seen by the fact th
$Massachisetts alone consumes 1s nich
$the beef, pork, hum and lard of her sister!

‘States, 23 the whole amount that is exported!

to.all forcien nations; and that she consumes

fe larger atnount of the flour and grain of other
4States, than the average which has been ex
orted to England and, her provinces for the!
3

1 home market,
tition in agricul-|
ucts of the

years. Take the whole country, and!
‘the amount of ugricultural preduets consumed!
by manufacturers is infinitely groater than the|
amount sent ubroad.

Compared with the foreiga, the home mar-|
‘ket is the most valuable, in every respect. A|

ket in a manufacturing district, at home,
is always moro sure than any foreign market.|
‘The demand is constant, and may always be|
relied upon; whereas the foreign market is|
‘always uncertain. Suppose that one of the|
‘western States had 100,(000 barrels of flour to]
dispose of annually, and they looked to Great!
Britain for a gather. . That market would!
jepond upon the crops in Eurepe. When the
ere ‘was good ‘upon, the continent, England|
would take but 50,000 barrels ; and when the|
‘crop was short, she would want 150,000 bar-|
‘els. Though her annual demand would!
‘amount to 100,000 barrels, on an average, yet)
it would fluctuate from 50,000 to 150,000.—|
‘Under these cirenmstunces, the farmer could
‘make no calculations how much wheat to|
‘sow. This uncertainty, depending upon con-
tingencies which he could not porsibly fore-
see, would heng like an incubus wpot hin
‘and paralyze his efforts, But let the eame|
‘State depend upon the home market created|
by manufactures, and the farmer can calcu-|
late with iret certainty. He knows that|
there arc 160,000 persons employed in manu-|

Ithat’ the foreign market wou!

fectures, and that they will want a barrel

four ench; and he knows that the crops on
the eastern continent will have little or no:
connexion with the demand here. Under

these circumst he kuows, with « good!
Negros of cemtainiy, how much’ to sow; und,
being sure of a market, his industry will re-

double, and he will re:

a greater profit
from his labor. Every practical man knows:

that much depends upon the certainty of a:
market; and, from this glance at the subject,
it must be seen, at once, thet the Lome mar-:
more sure than the foreign. | But thie
ference Letween the foreign and home mar-
ket would be still greater in time of war. In
case of hostilities with a great maritime pow-’
er, like Great Britain, whether our commetce:
vwere with her or with any other foreign ne-’
tion, it would be in « great cut off, 60
fail. ‘These’
jconsiderations show conclusively that the’
home market must, afer afl be the fhrmer’sf
chief dependence—his beet inarket im peace,
land his only reliance in war.
Froin the view we have taken of this sub-
ject, I trust it will appear that the farmers$
jave as deep un interest in the protective ays-§
‘tem as the manufacturers; and that the hardy
tillers of the soil, who did so touch to obtain’
lour independence, will he the lust to abandon
n policy which preserves us a free peeple.
ut it that protection is injurious to’
mmmerce. No ghjection can be more fala:
cious than this. We have already seen that
‘our commerce drew its first breath in the pro-
tective eystem, and that its last respiration is
to he ascribed 'to the samc policy. i
la strange position, that the very policy which
first created, and ‘still sustains commerce, is
injurious to it. But if it be said that the pro-
tection which is extended to manufactures in-
jnres cominerce, we reply that, according to
the late census, there are 791,000 persons en-§
gaged in manufaetures, while there are but:
117,000 engaged in cominerce ; and we know
lof no good reason why the many should be
aacrificed to the few—why the interests of
1800,000 shoukd not be regarded as well as the:
imerests of 117,000. But is the protection
afforded to manufactures injurious to con!
merce? We think not, Our imports will be:
Jaccording to our ability to purchase, and our}
lexports according to what we produce ; and.
the protective system stimulates our indus-
try, and so inereases our productions and
ity to purchase, it will benest rather than
injure comineree. "That general prosperity,
[which protection is calculated ta produce, is
the Iife of commercial enterprise; and what-
lever drives the plow or the machinery tends,
Jat the same time, to spread the ai i
consideration is of itself
the objection that
lcommerce. But

sufficient reply to
tection is detrimental to
re are other considera.

XT EXPEDIENCY

fons which show the weakness of this ebjec-|
toa, Many of the articles consumed in ma-|
jnafictur:s are brought from abroad ; and as|
the raw eaterials are more bulky and heavy|
thao te nanufactured articles, more shipping
1s emplo,ed- in supplying the raw mate1
than would be nec to supply the article]
jminufac'ured, ‘This principle is illustrated
in the exse of refined sugar. Without pro-
fective duties, a large portion of our sugar
would be i din ite refined state; but
duty of six cents per pound upon refined|
jmgu,irduces the sugar-refiners to import
Sthe brow. sugar, which they manufacture into
flows, Now it must be manifest that more

ommeree. Add to this the amount of manu.
factured products which are shipped to foreign|
countries, and I think it will appear that our|
commerce is not injured by stimul
iadustry and developing the resources of: the|
country. The manufactured article, the fruit
the world, amounted the last year to abou
$11,000,000—being more than one-tenth off
our entire export of domestic productions —|
advantages resulting to our commerce
{tom this source must be manifest. On man}
these articles, our shipping have a double|
aplosment, ‘Phe refined sugar to which we
fave referred is mn instance in point. We|
thave already said that more shipping is re-
ed to import the raw sugar than would be
fequisite to bring in the refined sugar which|
all—the brown|
manufactured]

the great objection to the pretecti
is, that it enbances the price of all ar
eles to the amount of the duty, and 60 im

ees a heavy tax upon the consumers. Thi
tion, specious as it is, is far from holding|

ant true in all cases, appears frum the fact
et Any articles, a8 coarse cottons, nails,
have been selling for years at a price lese|
the duty. We admit that duties, self
Ensidered, have & tendency to increase prices|
rl the time being; but to what extent, and|
What length of ‘time, must depend upon|
considerations. Prices depend mainly|
Supply and demand. It will also be

ing. the|h

protection, which are sent to every part of]take

feed to the extent that is pretended. That itjri

ply will raise the price of the whole commo-
lity in the market far above the value-of the
ldeficit; and, on the other hand, a surplus,
thought email, will reduce the price of the
whole commodity in the market far beyond’
the value of the surplus. A surplus of 10,~
1000 will frequently preduce an aggregate re-
duction of the whole quantity of the commo-
dity in the market, to the amount of $30,000.
This principle is 60 important to a right un-
derstanding of this part of the subject, that I
trust I shall be pardoned by the reader if I
lattempt a more full illustration. We will
lsuppose that there are tom shops in a villa,
lowned by as many individuals, and that $}
r quarter is a fair rent for each of them}
ut'the number of traders wishing to oocupy
these shops is ut nine, thereby leaving u sur-
plus of one shop. Now whet will be the prac~
tical result of this state of thinj e
be occupied, and one will be vacant.—
|The owner of the vacant shop, sceing all his
neighbors enjoying an income of $100 per
uarter, while he receives nothing, offers his
shop for $90, on the wise pri that he
better take that sum than This
ofr induoes one ofthe trader, who is paring
to quit the shop he occupies, to:
the one he can have for $90. This
lchenge leaves another shop empty, and this!
fnduces its owner to put that at $90 per quar
ter. ‘This induces another to remove, and
take a shop at $90; and ‘so they will
ith each shop, till al ere brought

lus.
Wy, there is one empty shop, au at the be-

AND NECESSITY.

Itrade, who, under other circumstances, would:
Inot think of engaging in this kind of business.

‘This principle, which every practical man
will readily. scknowledge, enters largely into!
Jour commerce, both foreign and domestic,
land has an all-important bearing upon prices:
Keeping this Principle in view, let us inquire
nto the fect of «Tard upog prices. Sup-
pose an article now paying 20 per cent.
subjected to a duty of 20 per cent. more. Ac-
lcording to the free trade theory, the price will
rise 20 per cent. in our-market. But, in fact,;
this will not be the case. The American’
merchant, who has been in the habit of taking
this article of an English house to the amount:
lof $2,000, writes to his correspondent in Great
‘Britam that, in consideration of the increase:
lof duty, and consequently the diminished sale
which he anticipates, he can now take but:
$1,000 worth of the article, unless the manu-
facturer will reduce bis ‘The British:

Spec
{erad trie, that « sipall deficiency in the
Qs.

sup-|manufacturer, knowing:

worth of this fabric be thrown into his hor

market, it will reduco the price, and I

the value of his wholo stock on hand, imme:
diatcly reduces his price, and so supplies hia
‘old customer with the usual quantity of thel
article. ‘The amount of reduction wil

upon the state of the market—sometimes i
will be more, and sometimes it will be less,
‘The average, perhaps, would be one-half’
le inereased duty. The foreign manufactu-

rer paying one-half ofthe additional duty, the

actual duty paid by the importer wonld

per cent. instond of 40, ‘This would raise the|
$price in our market only 10 percent. But
fan the increased duty would ‘protect our ma-|
$nufacturers, they would embark with Yankee|
$zenl in this apecics of manufacture. This|
}would produce competition at home, and the|
Sinereased quantity ofthe article thrown into
our market would have a tendency to produce|
‘a surplus, und this would serve to keep down|
‘the price. Here would be a double competi-|
tion—a_colnpotition between the foreign and
the domestic manufacturers, and a competi
tion between the domestic manufucturers|
‘themselves. Tho natural tendency of this
‘would be to reduce the price. Its oporation|
would be more or less sudden, according to
‘the character of the manufacture. If it were|
‘a costly kind of manufacture, or one which!
required great skill, it would take longer to|
bring about this reduction. But if the mann-|
facture were of such anature as to require but

tion, and consequent reduetion, would be|
more immediate. After making all due
lowances for fluctuations, from various
sex, we lay it down asa principle which will
hold! good, that where datice aro judiciously
Haid upon articles, the manufacture of whic

in suited to onr condition, the tendency iv ul-|
timately to reduce, rather then increase the’
rice. ‘To this, of course, there arc excep-|
tions; but the ‘case of conrse cottons, and|
many articles of hardware, clearly show the|
truth of our position.

Let any man compare the prices now with
}what they were twenty years ago, and he will
sco that there has becri a great reduction in|
the price of almost every manufactured arti
‘cle. But this statement is met by
Jcompetition has praduced labor-saving ma-

8 of manufactured articles.
‘this, to its fullest extent.

renee enn
=

rrotection c3

n exertea in
have slambered
fages past, hed not manufactur

little capital or litle experience, the competi-

es, und the great improvements in ma-jpy
ry have had the effect to reduce the|

PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

\cessity, which is the mother of invention, de:

Imanded the employment of labor-saving ma

chines.’ It is to protection that we owe com:

petition, and to competition we owe thove im
smenta in machinery,

,, which have conti

uted to reduce prices. Sa that, after all, thi:
fe

reduction is to he ascribed to protection,
the industry which it stimulates, and to th
genius which it excites.

‘The remarke which have heen offered
prices, brief as they are, are deemed sufficien

30|to show that no objection can be made to th

protective system on the ground of ite raisin
the price of the-fabrics protected. In som:
instances, it will not raise the price at all—i
thers, only for a short period ; and if, in otbe
[cason, it does produce a permanent ‘increas
lof price, that is more than compensated for i
the stimulus which this aystem gives to indut
try, in the home market which it creates, a0,
in the general prosperity which it produce
‘There are some species of manufacture
which give employment to women and chil
dren, whereby they arc enabled to #
themselves, when, without this employ, the:
would be a public charge. Every considert
tion of this sort is to bo taken into the a¢
[count, in estimating thr profit and loss of th
iaystem we advocate. Suppose that the #yt
tem which we advocate does increase tb
price of a few articles, 60 that the poor mal
has to pay some five or six-dollars in a yea
more than it would otherwise cost him; thi
policy, by, increasing business, creates ade
mand for his Inbor, and cnables hima to ear
lone or two dollars per month more than h
lconld otherwise earn. Instead of suffering
Ihe is actually a gainer by this eystem.
But, in answer to our reasoning abore,i
may be. said that if protective duties do o¢
increase prices, they afford no protection t
the manufacturer. By recurring to what ©
have suid, it will be seen that we do not tah
the ground. that protective duties do not
lany case, increase the price of the article ¢
lour market. Our positjon is this : that a pre
tective duty, laid upon articles which we et
mannfacture, with propriety in thin count
lwould not ultimately inerease the price, bt

would frequently reduce it. If the datyb

ig that Inid upon articles which we do not manufac

F cunnot manufacture or grow wit
ty, the tendency would be to increas
though, even in such «case, Ut

‘We admit|price in rarely increased to the amount ¢
But what has|the duty. But a duty, ina given case, mi
‘caused this improvement in machinery 1—|protect the manufacturer, and:
‘a competition, and compe-|time prod

has been the efficient cause of there im-|price of
wrovements. That inventive power which has|principle by a fami
rfecting machinery, would

rages to come, as it has forjour market for $1 20. +The elemen
been prose-|make up this price are these: cost in foreie!

the sm

juce an ultimate reduction in th

that articl t illustrate thi

An article, now free of duty, is jing it
cmenta weil

jeuted under such brisk competition, that ne-lmarket, $1; cost of importation, 10 ets. ; im
thoes Dubie Aad Auann ane nuAntnsete att eee

478 EXPEDIENCY

importer—thie. being the cost of the article,
He will willingly forego all profit for the time|
being, for the purpore of crushing the infant
establishments in this country , and the im-|
porter will give up one-half of his profits, ra-|
ther than ‘lose this portion of his business —|
This will reduce the price of the article fifteen|
cents, bringing it down to $1 05. ‘The Ame-|
rican manufacturer immediately finds she arti-|
cle in the market at thi: reduced price, which|
is, in fact, less than he can manufacture the
article for. He must, therefore, abandon hia|
businose, give up his establishinent at a great
sacrifice, and yield the market to the foreign
‘manufacturer, who, fuding his new rival de-|
stroyed, will’ imm
price, and put hie article at $1
jsumer in this country will be compelled to|
pay $1.29, or nerhape $1 25,0 make up the
which the importer and foreign manufac:
turer a during the period of competi-|
{ion. ‘This is the result when the article is|
free of duty.
Now, we will take the same article, at the|

Jsume price, both in Europe and America|
with protec

and the con-

is imposed upon the article, to encourage do-|
Ioetie manuctures. Thi added tothe for|
mer price, $1.20, would bring the article up|
to $1 35.” ‘The foreign: manufactirer fears
that he shall lose the Araerican market ; and
consequently, to prevent a surplus in his own!
home ‘market, and to create a surplus here,
be will at once put his article at cost, ninety}
ents; the importer will forego half his pro-
Gis, and take off five cents, which will bring!
the article down to $1 20, the very price|
which the article brought before the duty was
jimposed. In the mean time, the American}
fmanufacturer produces the article, which he
jean sell for the same price. Here, then, the
manufacturer is protected, and the consumer|
has no additional price to pay. ‘The importa-|
tion will not be materially checked ; and this,
With the domestic production, will create al
jurplus, which will tend to a reduction of the
rice, 'A sharp competition will ensue ; and|
ecessity, that mother of invention, will bring|

t improvements in machinery, co that the|
trtcle can be produced at acheap tate. The
ail, aleo, which is acquired, will enable the
manufacturer to turn off the article at less ex-|
pense, and so afford it to the consumer at a
feduced price. Thus will discriminating du-

ely demand the old

tive duties. A duty of fiReen cents) of

AND NECESSITY.

not experience justify this position? Without
a dutyy the foreign manufacturer sells at the
maximum price—with the duty, he sells at!
the minimum. Without the duty, he could
profitably reduce his price to destroy our ma-_
nufacturer—with the duty, he must come
ldown, to the lowest price ‘to compete with!

jbim.

[Chas often been objected to the protective’
lsystom, that it operaied unequally ; that its
benefits were enjoyed by the north, and that
its burdens feli upon the south. ‘The injue-’
tice of this objection will appear from the fact:
that there is scarcely a northern interest, as:
such, which is protected, while there are scv-
feral southern interests which have always:
lenjoyed protection. Sugar, cotton, rice and;
{tobacco are southern articles, and cannot be
cultivated in the northern section of the coun.
try. Coal and lead are highly protected, but:
they are hardly found in the northern States
|Hemp is among the protected articles, but is:
‘cultivated not in the northern and eastern, but:
jin the southwestern States, The articles
wool, salt and iron are the product of almost;
levery section of the country, and pertain to
the ‘southern as much as to the northern:
States. Many of the articles mentioned above:
lare southern, and cannot be produced at the:
fnorth—all the advantages, then, of their pro~
tection must accrue to other sections of the:
lcountry. But it will be said that the cotton,
woollen, paper, glass, and many other species:

manufactures which enjoy protection, are
located at the north, and hence they enjoy;
peculiar benefits from the Tariff.

‘But why are these manufactures located at:
the north? There is nothing in the acts off
Congress which gives them any particular
location. When Tariff of 1816 was pass-;
jed, there were but few manutactures in the$ -
northern States; arid if that law held out any
jgreat inducements to go into manufuctures,
why did not the south avail themselves of the:
benefits? Cotton caf be manufactured at the:
south as well as at the north. The south:
could sive the transportation of the raw ma-
terial. ‘They could raise the cotton, and ma-
nufacture it in the same neighborhood. And!
there is nothing in the woollen, glass, or pa-;
[per manufacture, which excludes it from the
southern States. They have water-power
‘sufficient to drive machinery enough to manu-'
facture for the world; and if they have not:
availed themselves of the privileges they en-:
joy, the fanlt is not chargeable to the northern!

tates. ‘The fact is, the northern States were §
jin a great degree commercial, and they were’
compelled to go into manufactures by south-:
lem policy. he sterility of their soil forbade
{the idea of competing with the more fertile:
sections of the country; and, rather than leave

tes protect the manufacturer, and at the same

the graves of their fathers, chey embarked in

thie new species of industry. And is it to be
jcharged to them as acrime, that they have|
been more enterprising and industrious then
their southern friends, and have made greater|
proficiency in the arts of manufactures

‘Asto the burdens of the Tariff, they fall
‘upon the middle and northern States more|
‘thin upon the southern. Every one who|
knows the character of southern socicty,
knows thut the dutinle ericles are there
‘used princi by a select cluxs of the popt-|
Intion'; whhe, atthe north, they are used by|
‘almost the entire population, Let the reve:
‘nue from customs be absadoricd, and let the|
burdens of the Gorerament fall upon the
‘States according to fedcral numbers, and the|
south would see at once that her present com-|
plaints are unfounded. | Wo have no disposi
tion to excite local Jeslousiee—we would ra
ther strive to allay them. We have no dispo-|
sition to build up one section of the Union at
the expense of another—hence we are in favor|
‘of @ Tariff which shall protect every interest,
fand encourage enterprise and industry, in
‘whatever business it may be employed, or in|
whatever part of the country it may be loa-

But we arc told that protection diminishes}
importations, and that our exports must cor-|
respond with our importa, and a Tarif is a|
{tax upon the exportation of cotton. We have|
no disposition, at this time, to go at length|
into this subject; but will content ourselves
‘with observing that, if this argument be sound,|
the planting States are more clamorous for|
‘protection than any other section of the coun-|
try. For they ask the Government to shape
their policy no aa to meet their interest alone
—to repeal those restrictions upon commerce|
‘which every nation has found necessary for
national prosperity, and even national inde-
pendence, that they may reap all the advan?
‘tages in the sale of their great staple. But,
‘auppose their request wore granted, it would,|
‘on their own theory, operate in the end to|
‘their own disadvantage. A repeal of discri-|
‘minating duties would destroy our manufae-|
tures and patulyze our industry, eo an to ren-|
‘der us unable to purchnse foreign fabi
Importations, then, would in a measure.

as imports and exports must corre
‘with each other,the exports of cotton would be|
‘diminished. But we have no room to pursue!
‘his subject.

‘We are in favor of the protective syatem,|
because we believe it is calculated to promote
ho interest of our country, and our whole
country. We believe that there ix no one
qcendon of ational policy in which the people

ve 80 ‘an interest as the one we have|
been considering. re _in favor of it, be-|
‘cause it will promote the interest of the mann-|
facturers, and save from fuin the $300,000,00C|
of capit reated in that useful department of!

PROTECTION OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY.

roman indostry, Wo are in favor o ibe
lcause we believe that it is protective of the
lcommercial interests. We are in favor of i
because we regard it as essential to agricul}
ture, that great and paramount interest, which
is the foundation of every other. But, sbee
lall, we are in favor of the protective
because it promotcn the frereet ofthe labret
lof the country. This, after all, is the interest
lwhich requires the most protection. ‘The rid
Iman ean rely upon his money fer his suppor,
Hf the. times are herd, his money become
more valuable, aa it will command a better a
terest, and furnish him more of the comfort
land luxuries of life. But to the poor man, the,
laborer, who hus no capital but his ability
toil—to auch a one, a prostration of business
labsofute ruin. Now, as the protective pobey,
in calculated to revive business, and give tothe
borer the due reward of his toil, we
‘as the poor man’s system—as his ri
inheritance. |
jem has already done much for the,
. There is no article of clothing
into the consumption of the peat
man's family so extensively ex cottone, in thes
various forms; and this policy has redueod
ithe price of common couon cloth more
three-quarters. ‘Those shirtings, which ia|
816 would cont some thirty cents per yard)
fcan now be purchased for six cents ; and otber,
lcotions have fallen nearly in the saine
tion, We commend this to the special
Jeration of thove who eat their breed in
lsweat of their brow, who constitate the great
Imase of the people.

‘We say, in conclusion, that Congress not
lonly possesses the power to lay protective du-
ties hot the good of the country demands the
lexercise of this power. So thought the * Fe-
her of his country”—so thought the parriow
land sages of the Revoluion. “And shall the
Imere theorists of this day, with, their refined
lcloset-dreems, lead us from the paths which
lour fahers have trod, and which experience
hts shown, us to be the pathe.of wisdom apd
lof «prosperity? Every feeling of national
honor, every dicate of pari i
rest in the country,

7 faa Mere

Mr. Von Buren and the Tariff,
“ Aueanry, Feb. 98, 180.

“ My Dear Sir—t thank you very kindly

for your friendly leuer. I kate at ne time

lnor any schere hesitated to express my deci-

Fou

lded disapprobation of the Teri’ Ack of the
last Session, as sell in reagect to the 1c
upon gchich it is founded, as to its .

in good time you will have. my views in re-
lnpect to that “and other subjects before the
Ipublic. In the mean time believe me to be,
Very sincerely,

Pet and gh ere

"Your 7
UREN.

EXTRACTS FROM
MR. CLAY’S SPEECH ON THE PUBLIC LANDS.

The disposition of the Public Lands of the| may safely, however, anticipate that long, if not centa-
SE eee fata |i er roar, rere ra
ie dichargtog whiely was ¢rrincipel fealicemen tol dteo's chikiren may be deliberating in the halls of Gon
hei cexgicin ‘States to the Union, had for some! gress, on laws relating to the public lands.

tine boon 8 sufjoct of increasing slicitude to our wivest| “wry, nun er ae rhage pe te

Prosident Jnrvenson,uscary a5 36, su bjeet in other pol , challenges

gated the approprintion of their proceeds to the cof [fale attention of an, American statesmen. If there
beet th¢!be any one circumstance more than all others which:

jeneral distinguishes our happy condition from that of the me
‘ofltions of the old world,

the possession of this vast
national property, and the resources which it afforded to;

ok jour people and our government, No European nation:
futeen |(possibly with the exception of Rumia) commands such
fom [0m ample resource, With respect to the other republics
oe in lof this continent, we have no informaticn that any
tr them have yet adopted a regular system of previous sur
Cua vey and subsequent sale of their wild lands, in canve-

ki
President, and the t tant and the}nient tracts, well defined, and adapted to the wants
regs Guay, compusng a decided all. On the contrary, the probability ia that hey adhere
{Commies on Manufactures, now resolved to embarrass|to the ruinous and mad systens of old Spain, according
fe reg um wih ene tes ye ferng gat/to which large unsurveyed districts are granted to favor
ie ands. Extreordioary astihcresnution may ie
ree, was carl int eect. and Mr. Cia
amr peers ei ochre! of Osan,

Sa, ‘Spores ty Bie a And ifthere be in the operations of this govern

be i is goverament,
Pee mba fate nol ka! CalSaer cathe one which more than aay other dlplayeconsumrente
al fture time, “In support of thi bill, be addressed the|wiadom and stateamanship, it is that system by which
Secale as BT] the public lands have been so successfully administered,
The entire Speech will be found in Greeley &|We should pause, solemnly pause, before we subvert it
Era edition ofthe LAfeand Spaces f Henry [Wo should touch it hesitatingly, and with the gentlest

Ea wD. o oa

Lang wher we shall cease toe agitated by the Tarif! Tnder the system of the general government, the:

|Ohio was emphatically relied on—its millions of people,
ia canals, and other improvements, its flourishing:
towns, its highly cultivated fields, all put there within
Hes than forty years

Cnt oer ee ee
Ina national point of view, one of the greatest advan
jtages which these public lands in the west, and this sys
{ical surveys and estimates, amounting to the prodi-|tem of welling them, affords, i the resource which they
[ooes sum of one billion and eighty millions of acres [present against pressure and want, in other parts of the
sto the duration of the interest, regarded asa source of| Union, from the vocations of society being too closely’
10 our people, and of public income-—during] filled, and too much crowded. ‘They constantly tend to
ti rear, when the greatest quantity was old that ever|sustain the price of labor, by the opportunity which they:
{este year bad been previonaly sold it amounted to lem offer of the acquisition’ of fertile land at a moderate
tea thre milion of acres; and amaming that year as|price, and thé consequent temptation to emigrate from
eteting the standard rate at which the lands will be|those parts of the Union where labor may be badly re-
{evel wid, i would require three hundred year to| xarded. : .
{vom of heen. But the sales will probably be accele- ‘The progress of settlement, and the improvement in
te! fom increased population and other eanses, Welthe fortunes and con ition of individuals, under the ope

38 ‘MR. CLAY'S SPEECH 01

ration of this beneficent system, are axsimple us they are
manifest. Pioneers of a more adventurous character|
Jedvancing before the tide of emigration, penetrate into
the uninhabited regions of the west. ‘They apply the|
Jaxe to the forest, which falls bofore them, or the plough|
to the prairie, deeply sinking its share in the unbroken|
'wild grasses in which it abounds. ‘They build houses,
plant orchards, enclose fields, cultivate the earth, and
ear up familie: around them. Meantime, the tide of
Jemigration flows upon them, their improved farms rise
in value, a demand for them takes place, they sell to the|
new comers, at n great advance, and proceed father
‘west, with arople means to. ptirchase from goverment,
at reasonable prices, sufficient land for all the niembery
‘oftheir fumiliee, Another aad another tide succeeds,
the fit pushing on westwardly the previous settler,
‘who, in their tara, sell eut their furms, constantly aug-|
menting in price, until they arrive ata fixed and station-|
ery value. In this way, thousands and tens of thou-|
sandé are daily improving their circumstances and bet-|
tering their condition. Ihave often witnessed this grat

‘behold, standing together, the first rude cabin of round|

houge, chinked and shingled, with stone or brick chim-
‘ney; and, lastly, the comfortable brick or stone dwel
ting, each denoting the different oc¢upants of the farm,
or the several stages of the condition of the same occ.
‘pant, What other nation cah boast of such an outlet!
for its increasing population, such bountiful means of
‘promoting their prosperity and securing their indepen-|
dence?

‘To the public lands of the United States, and especial
Iy to the existing aystem by which they are distributed
with so much regularity and equity, we are indebted for|
these signal benefits in our national condition. And)
every consideration of duty to ourselves and to posterity,
enjoins that we should abstain from the adoption of any|
‘wild project that would cast away this vast national
property, holden by the general govermmentin sacred|
trust for the whole people of the United States, and for-|
‘bids that we should rashly touch a system which has
been s0 successfully tested by experience.

Ithes been only within a few years that restless men|
have thrown before the public their visionary plans for
‘squandering the public domain. With the existing law]
the grent State of the west is satisfied and contented,
She has felt their benefit, and crown great and powerful
‘under their sway. he knows and testifies to the liber-
ality of the general government in the administration of|
the public lands, extended alike to her and to the other
new States, * 4
“Amming the duplication of eur popuation in trea
of twonty-five years, the demand for waste land, at the
end of every term, will at east be double what it was at]
the commencement. But the ratio of the increased de-

‘popalation of the United Btates, because the Western|

tion will flow. At this moment Ohio, Kentucky and

ing progress. On the same farm you may sometimes

Jand unhewn logs, and wooden chimneys, the hewed log

IN THE PUBLIC LANDS.

policy, which has hitherto characterized the
lgovernment, bas been highly liberal both towards indi-2
viduals and the new States. Large tracts, far surpaming
the demand of purchasers, in every climate and situa-f
tion, adapted to the wants of all parts of the Union, ares
brought into market at moderate prices, the government
having sustained all tho expense of the original pur-
lcbase, and of surveying, marking, and dividing the’
land. For fifty dollars any poor man may purchase
forty acres of first rate land; and for les than the wages
lofone year's labor, he may buy eighty acres.« To the
new States, also, hos the governmeot been liberal and
generous in the grants for scbool and for internal im-
provements, ai well ax in reducing the dett, contracted
foe the purchase of ands, by the citizeus of those states
who are temptod, ina eprit of inordinate epeculation, to
purchase too much, or at too high prices. $

Such isa rapid outline ofthis invaluable national pro-
\perty: of the system which regulates its management
‘and distribution, and of the effects of that system. We}
might here pause, and wonder that there should be a!
'diposition with any to waste or throw away thit creat
resource, orto abolish a system which has been fraught
with no many manifest advantages. Neverthelos, there|
are such, who, impatient with thesdow and natural ope
ration of wie Jawa, have pat forth various pretensions
land projects concerning the public lands, within a few
[Fears past. One ofthese pretensions isan essuraption oy
the sovereign right of the new States to all the lands
within their respective limit, to the exclusion of the ge-
Ineral government, and tothe exclusion of all the people
lofthe United States, those in the new States only ex-’
leented. It is my purpose now to trace the origin, exe
mine the nature, énd expose the injustice of this preten-
sion.

‘This pretension may be fairly ascribed to the propos
tions of the gentleman from Missouri, (Mr. Benton,) to
| graduute the public lands, to reduce the price, and cede
{the * refuse" lands (a term which I believe originated
with him) to the States within which they fe, Prompt.
led, probably, by these nropostisns, a late Goremor of
Mino, unwilling to be outdone, presented an elaborate:
(Memnge to the Legislature of that State, in which be:
gravely and formally asserted the right of that State to
all the land of the United States, comprehended within
itsTimits, It must be allowed that the Governor was a
moat impartial judge, and the Legislature » most disla-
terestd tribunal, to decide such a question !

‘The Senator from Missouri was chanting most sweet-
ty to the tune, “refuse lands,” “refuse lands,” “refuse
ands," on the Missouri side of the Misisippi, and the
softstruina of his music, having caught the ear of his ex-
celleney, on the Hingis side, be joined in chorus, and
struck an octave higher. The Seoator from Misouri

‘raund will be much groater than the increase of the sohale| wished only to pick up some erumbs which fell from:

[Uncle Sam's table; but the Governor resolved to rasp:

States neared to, or including the public lands, populate|the whole loaf. The Benator modestly clximed only an:

tend] old smoked, rejected joint; but the stomach of bis excel
Hency yearned after the whole bog! ‘The Governor!
pooped over the Mississippi into Missouri, and raw the:

MR. CLAY'S SPEECH ON THE PUBLIC LANDS.

{Senator leisurely roaming in some rich pastares, on bits
of refuse lands. He returned to Ilinois, and, springing
oo the grand piri, determined to claim and occupy
it, in all its boundless extent. * .
"Tho ight of te Unin tothe pbc lade fear
estible. “It ought not to be considered debatable. It
sever was questioned but by a few, whoee monstrous]
heresy, it was probably mupposed, would cecape ant
‘$madversion from the encrmity of the absunlity, and the]
etter impracticability of the succem of the claim. ‘The
right of the whole is tealed by the blood of the Reval
tion, founded pon solemn deeds of cession from sove-|
reign States, deliberately executed in the face of the|
world, or resting upon nutional trentics concluded with|
foreign powers, or ample equivalents contributed from
the common treasury of the peopleof the United State.
‘This right of the whole wag stamped upon the face.
the new States at the very instant of their parturition.
They adinitted and recognised it with thei fit breath.
{They holt their stations, as members of the eonfisleracy,
In virtuo of that admision. ‘The senators who sit here,
jand the members in the House of Representatives from
the neve States, deliberate in Congress with other sena-
toes and represcotatives, under that admimion. And
since the new States care into being. they have recog-
ised this right of the general government by inuuiner-
able net
By their concurrence in he pramage of hundreds of laws

‘respecting the public domain, founded upon the incon-li

testible right of the whole of the States.

By repented applications to extinguish Indian titles,
jand to survey the lands which they covered.

And by solicitution and acceptance of extensive grants|
from the gencral government, of the public lands.

‘The existence of the new States is a fakehood, or the!
cht of oll the States to the public domain is an unde-|
jniable truth. They have no more right to the public|
lands, within their particular jurisdiction, than other!
States have to the mint, the forts and arsenals, or public|
‘ships within theirs, or than the people of the District of,
Columbia have to this niagnificent capitol, in whcse|
splendid halls we now deliberate,

‘The equality contended for between ull th» States now}
jexists, ‘I'he public lands ure now held, aud unght'to be!
held and administered, for the common be.elit of all. 1|
}bope our fellow Citizens of Llinois, Indians, und Mis-'
jsouri will reconsider the matter ; that they will cease to|
take counsel from demagogues who would doceive|
them, and instil erroneous principles into their ears; and |
{that they will feel and acknowledge that their brethren'
jof Kentucky and of Obio, and df ull the States in the!
Union, have an equal right with the citizens of those |
three Etates in the public lands. If the possibility of an|
event so dirful as a severance of thia Union, were for @
Jmoment contemplated, what woul be the probable
Jeonsequence of such an unspeakable calamity ; if three’
jconfederacies were formed out of its fragments, do you'
imagine that the westera confederacy wpuld consent to}
‘the States including the public lands‘ holdiog them ex-|
| cuuively for themselves? Can you imagine that the
tates of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee, would quietly
renounce their right in all the public lands west of them |

VO neta i AAAI SA Annnnnnnnnnnunnnuens

But this pretension, unjust to the old Htater, unequal
jas to all, would be injurious to the new States them-
lstves, in whose belnif it has been put forth, if it were
lrecognized. ‘The interest of the new States is not con
fined to the lands within ther limits, but extends o the
lwhole billion and eighty millions of acres. Sanction the
lelaim, however, and they are cut down and
to that which & ineluded in thei own toundaries, Ist
hio, instead of the five millions and a
instead of the fifleen millione—or
leven for Invi, instead of the thirty-oue or thirty-two:
Imillinns—or Mixouri, instead of the thirty-cizht millions
|-—within their respective limits, to retain tnt interests
jin those several quantities, and also retain their interost,
in common with the other members of the Union, in the:
lcountless millions of acres that lie west or notthweet
lieyondthen? ? 8 te
“The general goverment at a moderate price, is sell-
ing the public lund as fast as it can find purchasers,
[The new States are populating with uvexampled re-
ity ; their condition ixnow much more eligible chan
that of some of the old States. hiv, Lam sorry to be}
joblized to confers, proverment and some
other respects, fits 5 wee of her « ier sister
land neighbor, Kentucky. How have her ervwth and
lorosperity, her indeperwlence, her equelity with the elder:
|States, the development of her resuurees, the texution,
lcultivation, and seitleinent of her soil, or the proper en
rment of her jurbdiction and sovereiguty, been e fect
led or impaired by the federal tie within her limits?
|The federal tide! It has boen a source of Hesings and,
lof bounties, but not ove of real grievance. As to the
Jexcmotion from taxation of the public lands, and the
Jexemption for five years of those sold to individuals, i
the public land belonged to the new States, woukl they
tax it? Andastothe nitor exemption, itis pai fr hy the:
lgcneral government, as nay be scen hry reference to the:
lcompacts; und it i, moreover, beneficial to the new:
|States themselves, by holding out a motive to emigrants
'wo purchase and sctlo within theirlimits, * * * #
‘Whatever may be the sum drawn fror@the sales of the:
lpublic lands, it will be contributed, not by citizens of the
{Statevalone in which they are situated, but by emi-
lgrants from ull the States. And it will be raised, not
lasingle ycar, but in a long series of yonrs, It would
Ihave been impossible for the State of Ohio to have paid,
in one year, the millions that have been raised in that
state by the sale of public lands; but in a period of up
Jward of thirty years the payment has boen made, oot:
lonly without impoverishing, but with the constantly in-
lereasing prosperity of the State.
England bas too little Jand, and too many people.
|America has too rauch land, forthe present population
lof the country, and wants people. The Brith crown:
Ihad owned, for many generations, large bodics of land,
Ipreserved for game and forest, from which but small re-
venues were derived. It was proposed to soll out the:
lcrown lands, that they might be peopled and cultivated,
land that the royal family should be placed con the civ
list. Mr. Burke supported the proposition by convincing
larguments. But what analogy is there betwocn the:
Jerown lands of the Brith sovercign, and the publi

PaaS Renan mince eee

from the people, and, fur the sake of their game of tim-|

én market, to all who want them, at moderate prices?
The complaint ia, that they are not sold fast enous, in
other words, thet people are not multinlied rapidly|
Jenough to buy thers. Patience, gentlomen of the land!
‘committee, patience! ‘The new States are daily rising!
ia power and importance. Some of them are already}
reat and flourishing menabersof the confederncy. Ani,
if you will only acquiesce in the certain and quiet ope
ration of the laws of God and man, the wilderness will
aie toem with poopl, and be led withthe manu
meats of civilization, —* *
"Tore are good ron i dite put, but epi
in the Auantic portion of the Union, who have been in-|
duced to regard lightly this vast national property; who}
have boon persuaded that the people of the Wes are
distisied with the administration of it; and who be
ieve that it wil, in the end, be ost to the nation, and]
that it is not worth present care and preservation. But
these are radical mistakes. ‘The great body of the West|
are satisfiod—perfotly satisfied with the general admin-
tration of the public lands. ‘They would indeed like,
'and are entitled to, a more liberal expenditure among|
them of the proceeds of the sales. But the great body
‘ofthe West ave not called for, and undertand too well
their real interest to desire, any exential change in the|
Jerstem of survey, sale, of price ofthe land. ‘There may|
be & few, ainnulated by demagogues, who desire change;
jand what system is there, what government, what order]
‘of human society, that a few do not desire to change ?
Ttis one of the admirable properties of the existing
m, that it contains within itself and carries along
principles of conservation and safety. In the progress
‘of its operation, new States become identified with the|
old, in feeling, in thinking, and in interest. Now, Ohio|
ja astound as any old State in the Union, in all her
‘views relating to the public lands. She feels that her]
share in the exterior domain ix much more important|
than wonk! be ag exclusive right to the few millions of|
acres lft unsold, within her limits, accompanied by a
vitwal surrerxler of her interests in all the other public
ands of the United States. And I have no doubt that]
‘now, the people of the other new States, left to their
Jown unbiased sense of equity and justice, would form|
the seme judgement. They cannot believe that wha
they have not bouxt, what remain the property of}
[themacives and all their bretliren of the United States
{in common, belongs to them exclusively. But if f am{peop!
mitaken—if they have been deceived by eroncousim-|ierconse
premions on their mind, made by artful men, asthe sales
proceed, and the land fs exhausted, and their pepulation
increased, like the State of Ohin, they. will feel that
their true interest points to their remaining copartners in
the whole national domain, istead of bringing forware|
jan unfounded pretension to the inconsidarable remnant
which will be then left in their own limits. * + 4]
By the second part of the third section of the fourth
article of the Constitution, Congres “have power to
dispose af, and make all needful ral and regulations]
reepecting the territory or other property of the United|

‘MR. CLAY'S SPEECH ON THE FUBLIO LANDS.
lands of the United States? Are they here locked up's

ber, excloded from sale? Are not they freely expoeed jest

/States."” The power of disposition ix plenary, unre-
strained, unqualified. It isnot limited to a spectied ob-
‘or to defined purpose, but left applicable to any’
lobjeet or purpose which the wisdom of Congress shall
door fit, acting under its high responwibilty.

‘The deeds from the coding States, fur from opposing,
fully warrant the distibition, ‘That of Virginia ceded ¢
the land as “a common fund for the usc and benefit of
such of Ue United States ax huve beootne; or shall be-$
‘come members of the evufederation or federal alliance §
of the suid States, Virginia inclusive.” ‘The cession:
was forthe benefit of all the Stato. It omy be argued
thatthe find must be retained ia the common treasury. $
aod thencs paid out. But by the bill reported, it will
{come into the common treusury, nnd then the question §
how it shall be subsequently applied for wie use and
henefit of euch ofthe United Stats canpuse the cou-$
federuey, is one of modus only. Whether the money ix $
ldisbursed by the general government directly, or is paid
Jout upon sume equal and just principle to the States, tof
be disbursed by thera, osinnot atfect the right of distriba- $
tion, IF the geceral giverumont retained the power of $
ultimate disbursement, it could execute it unly by suit:
fable agents ; and what agency is more suitable than that
Jof the States themselves ? If the Stuts expend the
money, the expenditure will in effect, be adisbursement:
for the benedt of the whole, although the several States
are organs of the expenditure; forthe whole and all the
parts ure identical. And whatever redounds to the be-
efit of all the parts necessarily contributes in the same
measure to the bendfitof the whole. ‘The great question
sbould be, Is the diribtion upon equal and just pri
ciples? * * + oe ee

“And now Thavea Sow more worst sy andl be
Jdone. We are admonished by all our reflections, and’
by existing signs, of the duty of communicating strength
land-energy to the glorious Union which now encircles
four favored country. Among the ties which bind us to-
gether, the public domain merits high cousidoration.¢
[And if we appropriate, fora limited time,-the proceeds
of that great resource, among the several Btates, the!
important objects which have been enumerated, a new
Jand powerful bond of affbetion and of interest will be
added. ‘The States will fee! and recognize the opera-
tion ofthe general government, not merely in power and §
burdens, but in benefactions and blewings. And the:
general government init turn will fel, from the expen-
diture af the money which it dispenses to the States, the’
benefits of moral and intellectual improvament af the

so, of greatar facility ia social and commercial in-

. und of the purification of the popalation
Jour country, themselves the best parental sources of pa
jiooal character, national union, and national great-
ness. Whatever may be the fate of the particular pro-
position now under consideration, I sincerely hope ‘that:
the attention of the nation may be attracted to this most:
interesting subject: that it may justly appreciate the:
[value of this immense national property ; and thet,
foreerving the regulation of t by the will of the whole,
for the advsntage of the whole, it may be transmitted,

x mcred eral inestimable succession, to posterity,

igs beneft anit blessing for nges to come.

evsaiceencunevnceene-teal tunel Ueernenes

Rone

ANECDOTES OF POLITICS AND POLITICIANS,

[norep pown yor THE WHIG ALMANAC}

800w after Mr. Jefferson's Inauguration a2
President, the Fedoral party were beaten in
'New-Hampshire, where they had bore sway
for many years, and a *Democratie? Governor,
jand Legislature chosen. The‘ ‘new lords’)
proceeded to turn out all the officers of the:

defeated party, after the most decided fashion.|

‘The Supreme Court was almeet tho only
branch of the public service not within their|
reach, its Judges being all Federalists,
pointed for life or ‘during good behavior,
junder an express provision of the Constitu-|
ftion, and men of the highcat character. ‘The
{Legislative majority paused but a moment to
study the ‘ways and means,’ and then pro-
jcoeded to abolish the Supreme Court and
tablish a Superior Court, of similar dutics|
jand powers—the substantial difference being’
thet the old Federal Judges were sent to

Judges filled the bench of the new Court.

‘The announcement of thie change created|
a prodigious excitement all over the State,
being regarded by the Federalists as a clear!
jevasion and virtual violation of one of the!
most ianportant principles of the Constitution,
Jand as a fatal stab to the independence of the
Sudiciary
blazed, and bar-rooms teemed with indignant
ation against ‘the overthrow of the|
Judiciary.’ Among others, young Mr. C—
1200 of one of the discarded Judges, (who has
himself since risen to some distinction in the|
Political world,) sat one day, as was not un-
‘asoal with him, in a barroom at A—, do-
ploring and denouncing ‘ the overthrow of the|
Jadiciary.’ A rough-looking teameter from)
jap-country, now on his return from Boston
‘market, who had sat hearing him in silence
half an hour, at length broke forth—« My;
friend! your case reminds me of one I fell in

with on my way up from Boston. Coming
F Aelascicen Mule fs creeceereeeetemcos

Gé

grass with the old Court, and new Democratic),

/ Mcotings were licld, newspapers}

alone.”

to the foot of = hill, I saw there a load of bay:

upset, and « boy standing boride it crying —'
‘My Ind!* said I, ‘don't blabber after thet:
fashion! Just tum to, and I'll help, and
we'll have your hay all on the cart again in
‘half en hour.’ — Oh, it ian’t tho hay,’ eaid:
the boy, erying loudor than ever—'I care no-!
thing for the hay, but father is under the’
load!"

—'Mr. H—,' anid Chauncey Langdon, «|
{Federal Member of Congress, in 1814-16, to
ja one‘eyed, rough farmer neighbor, ‘it was!
‘always a puzzle to me how sg senrible a man}
las you could be a Democrat=but now I per
ceive—having only one eye, you can only soe
lone side, or half as much a8 other folks.’ —|
Mr. Langdon, replied the other, ‘we read in|
the Goad Book that when the cye ss single!
\the whole body is full of tight’

—Mr. John C. Spencer, now of the Cebi-’
net, was the Clintonian candidate for the;
| New-York Senate in ane of the severe strug-;
gles which preceded each re-election of De:
Witt Clinton as Governor. In the hong of the:
contest, a political runner from the East rat-
jled into Canandaigua, (where Mr. Spencer;
resided,) and abruptly accosted the distin
guished Gen. D. M— as to the prospecte!
of tho'rival candidates in that section, “i
kuow nothing about it,” was the gruff answer;
of M— to his volunteer acquaintance —'
“Don’t know” rejoined the astonished emis-
sery— why Mr. Spencer of your place is our:
candidate for the Senate.’ Spencer ?—well,
ell, be beaton.”"—'Oh, Gen. M—, don’t
say so: he’s running against Byram Green.’
—“ Against Byram Green, is he?—then he
may be elected—F thought he was running’

eeeenerenenreneninisant

2
Tax Dirrenkece.,

—In the winter of 1890-1, Gen. Thomas}
Armstrong was a Jackson Senator from the
‘Seventh District of this State, and for a time
fa boarder at the Columbian Hotel, Albany,
which he left, and removed to the Eagle. |
friend inquired the reason of this change—
“Oh, I couldn't stand it down there,” was
the reply, ‘too much Anti-Masonry.” ‘Why|
fhow do you mend that ”" pursued the querist,
Shere ate Granger, and Seward, and several
others.’—“O yes,” testily replied the Gene-|
ral, “but those fellows down there actually|
believe in it.”

Joann Ranpoura.

‘The world is full of anecdotes of Mr. Ran-|
dolph’s sarcastic humor, but ibe following|
‘has not, to our knowledge, appeated in print :
During one of the last years of his life, Mr.
R, was an attendant on the sessions of the|
Virginia Legislature, when a bashful, back-|
country planter met the eccentric orator in|
the lobby and exdfavored to introduce him-
self. “Mr, Randolph,” said be, fumbling|
‘and ecraping with especial awkwardness, “I
Live only fifteen or twenty miles frm you—I
‘pass your plantation quite often.”— Sir,’ said
John, regarding him from head to foot with
‘infinite scorn, ‘ you are welcome to pass it as
‘often as you please.’

3
Mr. Cray on THE Stomp 1x 1843,
In the spring of 1943, Mr. Clay returned to
‘Kentucky from a winter residence in New-|
‘Orleans, and found that during his absence
personal as well as partisan malevolence had|
been busy with his fair fame. The wealthy
‘and powerful family of the Wickliffes had en-
fisted under Tyler and come out violently|
‘against him, while the Hon. Tom. Marshall}
had come home from Washington surcharged
‘with bitterness against every body, and espe-
‘cially his eminent neighbor, and was travers-
ing the District making speeches filled with
inted inuendo against and ill-concealed ha-|
‘red of the pride of Kentucky. Soon a notice
‘appeared on the Court House door, setting|
forth thet ‘Henry Clay would Sddress his
fellow citizens of Fayette County on the first
‘day of the ensuing Court.’ A lively interest!

ANECDOTES OF POLITICS AND POLITICIANS.

jwas of course excited, and at the appointed!
hour an immense assemblage had collected |
lon the Court House green.” Of Mr. Clay's
{powerful and triumphant Speech. on this oc-|
lcasion it is lamentable that no full report was
Imade or has ever appeared, but the following:
passage from ite close has reached us:

“It is now more than forty years,” said
Mr. Clay, “since I came here, a poor and
lfriendless youth. I was taken by the hand’
by your fathers, and led to fuine and fortune.:
|All that I am and have been I owe to their:
lgenerous kindness and steady confidence
|And now I have come to spend the evening:
lof my days among their children. I feel like!
Ithe stag who has been long hunted, and who
lreturns at last to die on the spot whence he
Istarted in vigor and hope. ‘The curs of party
Ihave been long barking at my heels, and the
Ibloodhounds of personal malignity are spring-’
ing at my throat, but [rising to his full bight,
jand looking round with flashing eyes on his
\dofamers who had mingled with the crowd of:
hearers) I scons axp Dery THEM Now, as I
Ever pip!”

“1 wish, said the Kentucky eye-witness;
who related ‘this passage to us from memory,
| that you could have heard end seen our gul-
lant Harry say this. He looked at least ele-:
lven fect high.’

Davy Crocxerr was once attending a:
Imenagerie exhibition in Washington, and di-
lating to sdme friends on the similarity
lcountenance between one of the monkeys and
la brother Member of Congress. He looked
lup, and behold! the Member in question wan}
la quiet listener to is
Ipose, Mr. W—,” said Davy,
to apologize ; but I can’t tell whether to gow:
lor the monkey !””

—The last year that Davy was in Congress:
ithe Loco Members’ held a jollification, pro-
fessedly in honor of the Birth-Day of Jeffer:
lson. Davy met several of them going home|
from the festival, and thus graphically de-
lscribed their condition: “They were s0
lbrunk that I'll be — if either of them coulda
Init the ground with his hat in three times
throwing 1”

ELECTION RETURNS,
BY BTATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

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|
TABLE OF CONTENTS. |

}Common Notes, Eclipses, &c. for 1845 ..
‘Census, Population of the World...

do, gof the United States

do, "Gf Indians within the border of the United States,
Revenue and Expenditures of United States Government for 1844.
{Calendar adapted to al tutes and Teritories tm the United Sate.
{Sienna the Future, (Editorial)...
Were the Whigs beaten by Fraud? (Eiditorial) ......
$ Votes for Presidents and Vice Presidents from 1798 to 1844...
$ New-York Elections for Governor since 178
fie DecLAnaTion o7 INDEPERDERCE.,

Names of the signers of do.
‘The Coustrrevion oF THe Uxiren States,
Wasuinaron’s Faneweit Appuuss....... eotenaneeaes
Number of Presidential Electors from each State, and the manner in which the votes were cast in 1844.
President and Cabinet Officers with their Salaries
Judges of Supreme Court und sulaties.
United States Senators, 28th Congres
Masnbere House of Representatives, 26th Congress.......
rare DerantMenr.
‘Salaries and number of Clerks in Secretary of State’s Office...
do. do. do. Patent Office.
do. of Ministers and Consuls and Diploniatic A,
‘Tneasury DEPARTMENT.
Balaries and Clerks...

f Gutieaat otter afi Gotan nib red ir
j Registers and Reccivere—Land Offices.
$ Burverons..
§ Ute Sats ins, Otc and Salaries.
Wax Dzrantxenr.
$0 Number of Clerks and Salaries. ee
Btorekeepere, Masons, Carpenters, Blacksmiths, Inspectors, Phyiicians, Interpreter , Farmers, Gun-
$M tmin, Agena, de. de, de, with Sal :
Anuy—Infanty, Dragoon, Riflemen, &.
Military Academy.
‘Army List—Pay of the Army—Bank and Grade,

Clerks Secretary’s Department..... oe .
Navy List~Grade and Pay, Cominanders, Surgeons, Lieutenants, Pursers, Chaplains, Eogineers, 2. 44-45
‘Vessels of War in United States Nuvy, name and number of guns ......cesseseeve+00

Post Orrice Darantexr.

Clerks, dc. in the Department......+..00.

‘Judges, Diatrict Attorneys, de. with Salaries
MusceLLanxovs.

Governors of Territories, Expenres of Public Printing, Salaries of Members of Congress, &c.
Times of holding Elections in the different States eessneeees
TARIFF OF DUTLES ou articles imported into the United States, alphabetically arranged.
Mr. Clay's Speech at Ashlapd on the 4th of December, 184.
Presidential Election Returns of all the States.

D emeeeennanaaaenmnanaaanaaoaaoanann
POPULATION, REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, £0.

CENSUS.-~1840.

POPULATION OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

69a ‘Females.
141,108 ves
419,108, Total ala

778] Aggroate total.
6

Sear

$8 cn 2
falisbaaes

Tota] number of pensioners for revolutionary or military servi
amber of white persons over 30 years of age who cannot Teud &

CENSUS OF INDIANS RESIDING WITHIN THE BORDERS OF THE U. STATES.
ttve ofthe county west ofthe Missing River,
ie ed State Governinent weal qf

‘cast of the Mussusippi River.

POPULATION O¥ THE WORLD.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR THE
YEAR ENDING SEPT. 30, 1844.

REVENUE. render. end
From what soars PR eti|Guy | Rest 08] oral.
x | 0 7,0
gra a a

our manners. for making a row.

THE 'PAST AND THE FUTURE.

‘Tax year 1644, just ended, has witnessed|
‘ene of the most extraordinary Political contests|

are entirely without parallel. ‘The result

land voted the Polk tickets mainly to that end ;

fover to the opposite party; thousands were:
[Neturalized expressly to oppose Nativism,

}

thousands more, we have good reason to be-
lieve, voted that way without being nataral-
ized at all. Mr. Polk on this single question:

though showing a large preponderance of]guined more than enough votes in the State

Electoral Votes for the victorious party, exhib-
ts no corresponding disparity of moral or nv-|
‘merical strength. James K. Polk is choeen|
President by less than an absolute majority of|
the Pecple’s Votes. Allow him Fifty Thou-
‘sand more than Clay, in a Vote of Three Mi
ions, and there are still to bo considered the|
‘Sixty-edd Theusand votes thrown away on|
the Birney or Abolition ticket—every one op-
posed to Polk’s views on the Texas Question,
‘and nine-tenths of them in favor of the Protec’
tion of Home Industry, and Whigs in every
thing but their Political hostility to Slavery.
‘Bo that, while one party has secured the Of:
‘ces and the Executive power, there isa clear|
popular majority for the Principles and Mca-|
sures of its antagonist.

But this is only an item. James K. Polk|
‘otwes his election to the Birney or Liberty]
Party. ‘Had thare been nosuch party, draw-
ing its votes nine-tenths from the Whig ranks,
‘Mr. Glay would have received at least the
votes of New-York and Michigan, in addition]
to those actually cast for him, giving him 146|
votes to Polk’s 129. To Birney and Co. there,

$iore, is the Country indubted for the election
‘of Polk, and om Annexation, anti-‘Tariff ascen-|
‘dency in the Federal Government.

Yet Abolition alone could not have-made a|
sufficient diversion in favor of Loco-Focoisna|
to defeat Mr. Clay. Native Americaniem, or|
the apprehension studiously incaloated by|
Mr. Polk's partisans that the Whigs, if suc-
‘ceenful, would abolish or greatly restrict the|
privilege of becoming citizens now accorded
to Immigrants from Foreign Countries, strack|

‘as ahard blow. ‘Thousands of Adopted Citi.
zens, heretofore Whigs, were impelled to go}
fete brs ten ay ele ole

New-York to elect him.
Bat all the losses sustained by the Whigs:
through Frandalent Voting, with the diver-
\sions from their ranks by Abolition and repne-§
lnance to Nativism, would have been unavail-
ing, bad the People been permitted to kuow
lwhat were the main questions in difference
lbetwegn the two great parties, and a0 to de+
cide intelligently upon them. But this Loco-
lFocoism ‘resisted and prevented. It conld
Inot do otherwise and not be beaten. ‘There-
lfore, while its public meetings, its speakers,
lardent in their advocacy of the Immediate$
[Annexation of Texas to this Country, regard-
leas of, consequences, this question was wide.
ly declared at the North to be by no means
Ining Post, the most reepectable and ea
[Polk paper in this City, repudiated the issuc
land opposed Annexation. Silas Wright, who
lhad powerfully opposed the Texas Treaty in
Governor of New-York, by which nomination’
the Ven Buren anti-Texas men were drawn
jinto the support of Polk, New-York carried
{for him, and hiselection secured. Thus while:
land Louisiane, the game was 0 played as net:
|to lose him a single Northern vote. . j
On the Tariff question the frand planned’
land perpetrated to prevent a cleur repel
place, a resolation, which right be iuterpreweds
lo mean any thing or nothing, was passed at
lthe Convention by which Polk and Dalins’
were nominated. ‘Ihe Free Traders inter-?

its journals, in the South, were open, bold and$
ldistinetly or decisively in iswue. The Eve.
the Senate, was made the Polk candidate for
Texas gained for Polk the votcs of Gcorgia’
lverdict was atill more glaring. In the firs?
preted it as declaring hostility tw all Prowetives

reece rere rrererrenmrenmnnnreraternrennnenn meen tennennnnnnnsnnnnantennt

‘THE Past AND

Legislation. ‘The Tariff men in the party re,
garded it as meaning practically just nothing|
jat all Thus beth yere mtiafied. Coming|
‘before the.Peeple, those of the Cotton States!
}wert aeered that Mr. Polk was a genuine
Free Trader, and his votes and speeches in
Congress and on the stamp were cited to
prove it. At the same time, Pennaylvania|
‘and other. Tariff States were assured tpat Polk|
was for moderate and reassnable Protection
to Home Industry, end a letter from him to}
John K. Kane of Philadelphia (ibe only avow-|
‘al of principle he made ‘for the public eye’|
‘efter his nomination) was produced to prove}

5
‘THE FUTURE.
lap to the Nation asa gambler, a profane’
Iswearer, and a general profigato in morals
jand life, while those who had through twenty
years sapported and idolized Crawford and
Jackson, cach of whom had killed his man in’
personal encounter, whtle Jackson had tried!
hard to kill the two Bentons without even the:
formalities of « combat, were horrified ét Mr.
\Clay’s bloodless and regretted duels! The:
Jcontest wag widely represented as one be-
Itween a dueling and an anti-dueling candidate,
land thousands were on this ground induced
to vote against their own views of National;
[Policy and practical beneficence. If an un-

it, ‘Thia letter was written after the pattern|jast seizure of- foreign territory, resulting in

of the Baltimore Resolution aforesaid, and,|

ing or Manaficturing sections of]
New-York and other Free States were sav.
‘red that he was as favorable to Protection’ 2s]

peadtiare of sophistry or falschood was deqas-|
‘od tee great to cover this weak paint of their]
line of defence. The succes was such as fi.

often meets in the outset. The ap-|

JGeunty of New-York, New-Jereey and Penn.
eyivania. Let us.s0e-the end before we con,
‘clude that such iniquity. has prospered.

Ari, fet’ so palpable was the cheat prac,
tioed upon the Tariff section of Mr. Polk's

fad new and grease celumnios ware invent
Jed for the oocasion, to be credited on the

lwar and ten thousand deaths, shall be the re-
Jealt of this equeainishness, on whom will rest

the responsibility ?

Bat Calumny and Fraud have done their:
}work, and Mr. Clay is defeated. ‘That is the
jextent of the veedict. Would that ite conse-
quences might extend no farther than their
leathers intended! The People have ‘not in.’
to decide against a Protective T

fie of the Annexation of Texas ; and
ta[7et beth these are among the probable results

lof Polk's election. The Sub-Treasury pro-¢

ject, if there be any sincetity and consisteney

in the.victors, must also be revived and press
Jed "pon the Country. Mr. Polk stands ex.
|pressly and publicly committed to it; his

ledvisors sre Calhoun, Van Buren, Woodbury,
J&c. Pride of opiniow, and the taunts of the:
re reckless Destructives wil probably com-
pel ‘the party,’ however reluctantly, to mareh:
lap to the line of itsformer professions. THoee,
therefore, who hope for » qniet, peaceful,

foonservative Administration. are doomed to’

disappointment. Mr. Polk is not the man to!

nomination ax
[Baltimore regard this as the primary consid-'
Jéretion, and ohoss him for his known devotion

aremgiivof the old ones. Mr. Clay was beld|

ito their darling scheme. He suust do his best:

eanenantannnnnnrnanantennnnnnnnnnrennenwateweenn:

to undermine and overthrow the Protective|

features of tho Tariff, all the time talking}i

smooth generalities and spesious clap-trap|
about ‘ equalizing the burthens of the Govern
‘ment,’ ‘equal Protection,’ ‘ correcting the ex-
‘cesses of former logislation,’ &c. while sapping|
‘the great bulwark of the National well-being,
‘In short, the new Administration will be com-
pelled, by the original sin attending its con-
‘ception, to war at once upon the Public Inte.
esta and the Public Faith.

‘What, then, is the duty of tee Whigs 1—|
Evidently, to stand fast by their Principles|
‘and their Country. They should offer no fac.
tiovs opposition to the new dynasty—no op-
position for opposition’s sake. But they
‘sbould renew and perfect their organization,
‘be vigilant in the diffiision of facts and arga-
‘ments bearing on the great questions which
{must continue to divide the Country, maintain|

Their ascendency wherever the thajority is|
‘with them, and strengthen their ranks in Con-
‘gress 80 far ws possible. To these ends no
noisy or vehement effort is requisite. Let|
them but adhere firmly to their principles end|
‘their measares, discarding all solicitations to|
disband and adopt new names and new pur.
poses. ‘Thus prepared, thas guarded, let
them patiently, hopefally bide their time—
‘The punishment of the temporarily successful
frauds and deceptions of 1844 cannot fail to|
be signal and certain.

Were the Whigs beaten by Fraud 7}

If any man doubts that systematic, enor-|
mons, atrocious frands were perpetrated in
‘our late Election, and that James K. Polk is|
‘chosen President by virtue of these frauds,
‘we sk his attention to the following facts:

‘The total voto of Louisiana in the vchement|
‘contest of 1840 was 18,912; in the late Elec-
tion it was 26,295—an increase of about thirty.|
five per cent Accordingly, it will be found|
by ascrutiny of the Parish returns that the|
increase averages very nearly that ratio—a|
little higher in the new and rapidly growing|

-$Parishes; alittle lowerin those that are old
‘and stationary ; though the strong LoooF

Parishes are apt to swell their vote fod by moans equal rs
jie acl excopsion i in Loe Foo }—~Can such vi 5

‘WEA THE WHIGs BEATEN BY FRAUD?

"Nga ase lage Mate Naan Ci Fil,

o me
‘The vote for Polk exceeds the whole num-

qualification of her voters!
live majority for Polk over that given for hia:
party at any former Election has given him:

residi
P the Ch
fat different Polls in

Hor Potk.

cage
le 3 rong of wom be ventured thal §
bang

Cormen testifies that he went with other!
Whigs to vote, but were deterred
Charles

la Whig vote. There bei
/mob around the

voting.
‘This is the way one Stato was carried for
Polk and Dallas. Had we room, we could’

INTRODUCT.ON TO THE ;
DECLARATION ‘OF INDEPENDENCE.

In the Congress of 176, the great question of American Liberty came first to be discumed. On the &h of!

decisive of the question of allegiance to any foreixn power. On the Th of Sine, Richard Henry Te, seconded

‘by Mr. Adama, moved in Congress the ever-memorable resolutien of American Indepesdence.

}continued until the 16th, vhen the consideratinn +f the resolution rus peaoned sail be a of duly. The
x

}Gommitiee having beer deputed a snb-Commitie to draw up « Declaration, at the dove of Mi, Adame it
was prepared by Mr. Je.terion.

‘On the lt of July, the question on the resolution was agsin resumed, and unanimoualy agreed 20 on the
‘second: Mr. Jefferson has told us that “the Colcerue of that Congrewe—the great pillar of sappert to the Do.
‘cfaration o<Independence, and its ablest advocate and chamipion on the fleer ef the House, was Joba Adares,

Him 5 and he ocd foth tet only ensine eloquence, the eloquence of the soul, which, in the language
Mr. Jefferson, ‘ moved hie hearers from their seats.’ The objections of his adversaries ware seen no longer buy:
fina state of wreck; floating in broken fragments on the illows ofthe tom, and ove tock, over beaker tn
unid ingulphing whirlpools, that every where surrounded him, he brought the gallant ship of the Nation safe:
‘into port.”"* 'irt,
‘The Deslaration already prepared was taken into consideration on the 4th of July, 177¢—a day never te be
forgotten—when it received the sanction of the whole Ceagrem,

DECLARATION.

‘Wurn in the course of human events, itily, all experience bath shown, that maskind
mes one poopie to Saanive| sro more Rioscl te waffer, while evila are

We bald these truths to be selfevident, that has bon, the fiance of theo Calo
all men are created equal; that they are endow-|nies, and auch is now
by their Greator with ceritin analieable|constrains thom tb air thele former

; that among are life, liberty, and|of The
te prema of bape ‘That, to secure tg ue ee of

i
iI

r
t
i

ey oases

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENOR.

Py
hp wore therefore,
‘For imposing taxes on us without our con.|nownces
eats

For depri in many cases, of the ben-|
outa by Jory: ~ a
jor transpurdng’ ws beyond the seas to
offences ;

ii for
jsume absolute rale into these Colonies ;
Por taking away our charters, abolishing onr

pinoy Google

FAREWELL

Fussxos axp FeLLow-Crrizens
‘The

‘your though
in designati: reat trae
with thet impo

appertaining
‘2 dutiful citizen to his Country;|
stay in withdraw ing the tendor of ecrvice,

i my situafion might imply 1
juenced by no diminution

cat
Hy i

aeccptance- of, and continuance hitherto}
have}

er, consiatently
wie bot at liberty 10 pe
retirement from which I had
drawn. ‘The strengh of my
led to the preparation of an Ad,
it to you; but matnre reflection|

Wvice of persons entitled to my confi
tence, impelled tne to abandon tho iden.
the state of

‘your Concerns, ex.

W'ASHINGTON’S

inclination to to the last elec-|
sla this, previous roan

land 2 guaranty of the plans by which the
ywvere effected.

leratho}kens of its henficeneeihat your unioh and
the| yual—that the

ADDRESS.

ons, contributed towards the organization and
of the Government, the best

rom these pervices, let it always be remember-
and as an indructive exam-

freauent af
leapport was the esscnlal prop of the

fw Profoundly penetrated with
this idea, Iaball carry it with ito my grave,
[an a strong incitement to unccasing vows that
[Heaven may continue w you the choicest to-

thon which is yet a stranger to it.
perhaps;I ought to stop. But solic
are: which cannot ead bat

‘agement to it, your indulgent reception of
eotiments of former and not dima ce
mn. :
Interwoven: as in the love’ of Liberty. with|
‘every ligament of your hearts, no recommends.
‘tion ‘of mine is neckssary to fortify or dbufirm|

the atiachment.
The unity of government which contitates
one », 18 aleo

your:
rosperity
g gid eh ee
cm
aoa

conviction

infinite moment properly
ate the immenes value n-
‘ion ; to iv ive an H
why alert ert
attachment to it; accustoming|
yourselves to think and speak of it a of the
‘palladium of your polit ni
ty, watching’ for ‘vith Joon
$ wancing whatever may sug-

any portion of our-
ales the sacred ties
r the various parts.
For this yon have ev ayn:
Joathy and Sniorec enn by birth or
‘choice, of g.caramon Country, that Country hus
8 right to concentrate your affections. The
name.of AMERICAN, which belongs to you in
your national,capacity, must always exalt the
just pride-of' patriotism, more than any appella-|
‘on derived trond local discriminations, With!
‘light gades of difference, yoa have the same

y miducément of sym. [tons

6 WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS. .
plause, the affection and adoption of every na-tples. You have in 2 common canve fought

fand triumphed together ; the ind
jberty you pomese are the work, of joint comm

and joint efforts, of common dangers, suffer-
dja

igiony, manters, habits’ and political princi-
Aap) OAR ARRAN NUMA

‘WASHINGTON’S FARRWELL ADDRESS.

of a patriotic desire. Is there a|
‘8 common Government can exo

In contemplating the eauses which may dis changed by an explicit

‘turb our Union, it occurs as a matter of serious| whole

‘of government ; afterw
-|very engines which have lifted [them to unjust
inion.

cal

|rende

2 WASHINGTOR’S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
been retained, and by exciting jealousy,
ri and « dupe to retalsiy in the, par|
ithe

irom whom equal prveges are wi

A
iblé ways, such attachments are particalariy|
larming 10 the truly enligbtoned and indepen |

Patriot How many opportmnies. do

ic opinion, to influence or awe the public
jcouncila!- Such an attachment of a small or
‘weak, towards a great and powerful nation,
dooms the former to be the satelite.of the
latter.

Against the insidious wriles of foreign influ-|i
ence, (I conjure you to believe me,

defence against it. Excessive for|
foreign nation, and excessive di

suspected nd odious, while its tools and dupes
‘usurp the applause and confidence of the peo-|bl

ple, to sarrender their interests.

‘and enables us to purme a different course. If}
}we remain one , unfier an efficient gov-
jerament, the period is not far off, when we

ial injury from external annoy-
0 sach an attinde

" WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADD&ReS,

your own
‘With me, a pre-
to endeavor to gain

assurance ‘is, that jerror, I am il
. tea belioved myoel to be guided by them |fcts not to think it probable that I many have
to t

yproving voiee,
revontatves i both Hous of Congrom the| County will neve ores to, view thm with

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS FROM EACH STATE.
No. of Hctosin 84

5 Total,..
+ Athy De Otaterin Patios voted for Polk,

H3.

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

(December Int, 1844.) |

EXECUTIVE--President and Cabinet: |

JOHN TYLER, of Virginia, President... y
JOHN C. CaLHOUY, of Soutn Uarlion, Beorelary of y

GEV. M. BIBB,of Kenincky, Secretary of the
WILLLAM, WILICINS, of Fenoaylvani, Secretar af War
JOHN ¥. MASON, of Virginia, Seeretary
SOHN NELSON of Maryland, Aitorney-Gengral..

{CHARLES ‘A. WICKLIFFE, of Kentucky, Postmaster. General.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court.
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice. Salary $5,000. '

eure orapne Ne seongite Fsgon jomtrare aa
1a, OF Ohio, Wittig Caron,
fone hwo Peunsylvsnia, “ S [PRREN® Gitner of vicguas ss

(Salary of Amociate Justices $4,500.)
Major-General of the Army—Winrizip Scott, of New-Jersey.

XXVIIIth CONGRESS.
a Assembled December 4, 1843: Expires March 3d, 1845,

SENATE.
Hon. WILLIE P. MANGUM, of North Carolina, President.
Members. Term expires.| Members. Termexpires| Members. ‘Tere expire}

Se ise DELAWARE. a

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. LYLAND.
1 eae el rn BARA

Ren
fldiom Unham. s.
MASSA NORTH CARO
Rufus Chants IBS| rude P.M ad
Jon oP “180 Willem Hi” Hag wood, Se." 188)
ODE ISLAND.
‘Francie

John M. Berri
Withee i Solan
‘ALABAMA.

__ PENNSYLVANIA.

ine Bachan
Senatore elected for siz years from the Ath March, 1845,
+*John Feirfield .

ext Seaats. Ons of these will give the Loco-Foom a preponderance, as the Vice President (Dalles) hes

Jeasting vote, There can be little doubt of a Polk Senate.
eee cnmeennapnmnnncneenenen

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Hon. Jonn W. Jomzs, of Virginie, Speaker.

Ticket} ‘
oc) “ohn ks Reding. i
| Soloman Boot, ore P. Me
llc Collar, 4 Serr Bidischae te. hye
., 3a
I shat ©. Piatirins od Orman Baker,
{ent tener 9 Galea We Bictkwent, |*°M
atime, Sioa iia
i "Charles Hudson, oe eee
REOD) .
(Wary ¥. Cranston," 3 Blaha R. Potter. 11 yo
CONNECTICUT. 24
| Thomas H. Seymour, 4 Georre H, Catia,
Uietewee nq Semel noon 4
it
oa
he Al
KENTUCKY.
: 5 Sala
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4 George,
8 Same oon
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4 Gee Bom, 8 ul Ce some,
Se TBiown, 10 Pri Kiana
in ILLINOIS.
bert Binith, ectworth,
EL Eioe [EAA
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DELA’ ISROURL.—AGenera! Ticket.
oELAW ARE Goaavas fe Bowel, Fear MeFi,
eae he Sematst Bow a tr
KANSAS.
‘tdlward A. Crom,

KINGDOM OF THE TWO BICILH
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at Naples, Palermo,

[RKISH DOMINIONS..
in tS, DOMIN

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Gottzrron Walébers
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Ingp. and Measurar, |, do.

3p. Col,
EF Un onto abo har i iy
tern ea
ent pars of them only
‘compensation generally about €8 per day.
New-Hampshire.
Superintendent Light Houser—Pertemouth.

pay Cos

Massachuse!
OF The anlaries prid the following off
zonerally u per diom allowance for the tine ea

Which, dure the fast year, were a8 follows
— Newburyport.

‘Menai
nt 48 ner day.
‘ammonntina from @80 to $1000 per year.
Couzcron—fpsich

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OFFICERS OF THE REVENUE Ch'TTER SER. |feid 101

GOVERNMENT OFFICERS.
e

ements. 61,813] 3 Keepers, each.
oe

VICK AT DIFFERENT STATIONS.

90 Captains. each.
0 It euts.

NUMBER AND SALARU
LIGHT HOUSES ANI

‘OF KEEPERS OF lesee’

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North Coral
5 Keepers, each .2» "4001S Laight Shipe,each |

este BT Teme

& Ereensaw¥GssBos Ress

‘4 Keepers, each
REGISTERS AND RECEIVERS.

OCF Salary of Registers, $500 per annum, | Aly

cater ected ae earth

mileage, and for astendance upon bales.

1 pficeistere and Receivers’ Offices ere located at 4

Gina phases
ei eh Fenced Upper Sandusky. Cae, Jefiess
elie (eben a tine

Louis, Pas
ba, Hu
[gumery
New Orleat
jatchitoches, Lwistanc. Dvtsuit, Kaiamaad. Ge
fichigan. Batesville, Jatue Roe

Johasoe C.1

Grean Hay, hiner Poway ‘and

sen econ Be Buaue and Fe
nial TediaumesySt- Atgustive sid Newssan
Florida.
SURVEYORS.
Syxvyron Grx—Cincignati, 0.
Dravelis
4 Glen.
Bun.
ce
|Besangic os :
iv, Gui Lienaldaviile, La :
jot Clik :
pave is
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av. GRR.
ek

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‘at 9800 exch, aint 1
2 8ctSalt Drucuman, Uy a
LL ANA N OA

cltgtratt=Iaslongton City. angel
vt Ces, en¢h#3, 00 | Pat. Ob kan me to

1 8 | tae, a8 per day '
i 100) stensoger i
po

4
gGceueeneas

suEas:

G'd Rapids

Interp’r, T'k. Ap. R-
00/Gunsmith i.

$00) Ase'tFar, Grize'dc

£00| Former, Black Riv.

Wool Bab: Ac. 8. St Mer

SESESATBSSNSESESSRBERELAEEEE!
ae ...:B40TE BFE 2 FZ

————

be GOVERNMENT OFFICERS. i]

Nie Soom, ro stonas by Brovet,

inigadier General,

Se SN aaa

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re (AES
enepace tia ee, EEE fab. |

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BSE

SALARIES, &0. OF

JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT.

Navy Doparttien

309 Printera t Congress.
1,500 [Thomas Allen. .042,791 49 | Calor de Benton 9Bda\s11 28

Zalathe Detret of Colnrobia sere namer. [Printing Supreme Court Records, per ans....., 68,000;
‘aim, te rm ,
{2a Rico col ho Becca taj te], Seats end Members of Coneren,

allowance of 08 for every
Sod reunung Tom the Beet of

Sates Baste nf Comenmsnt ‘Temas af haldine Plectigns, De, Presidential Rlaction.

1X} All tho sStates but South Carolina chooee their Blectors by a Popular Vote.
fifth preceding the first Monday in December.

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‘PENNSYLVANIA-1944-

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elt reat) laldndonnseneane!: seangnetaeadiegela! seowRen

7 F008 ami

(Maj. for Polk,.10,118 ; Edwarts. 6,051 ,-V. R..6,30h

mISSOURI.
1844.
Paxswenr. Goveanon.

31,961 41,388 31,

ths a

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MICHIGAN,

KENTUCKY. *

aay SRESEESENS a Bedstize 5 SeSERSESSEATCE
BARERECS|® MESHURRCEIE OERRETUAN)g BATNESIER SESR=E

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THIG PARTY,

Barely besten in 1644 by a fraudulent evasion of Irmues and equally fruede-
Tene poling end retara of Dlegai Votes ;*
‘Triumphant in the argumect, in the number of Lezei Voters, nnd ia the
fy frankness of its avownls ;
Maintains today tbe ground on which it wis treecherously folled, sever

fairly overthrown ;
AVOWING ITSELF
Stendfaniy and camesty in favor of the Paotzctio or Houx Lavon,
inst Foreign Arts as well as Foreign Arms
In fhvor of « benetlcont System of National Policy, which shall gnosuregs
‘extend ond diversify AwteaicaN InposTRY in all {ts branches to the greateet
Practicable extent;
tn favor of « SouxD Cunnaxcr, mich shall be of unifore value throughout
ation ;
‘Opposed to the violence done to our Constitution and our National Faith ia
ing the territory of Trae, wrested from a weak and distracted ally
Ef the seme of sdvesurere feos th
she eonangamnet of oar Foderal Govgoment in a eb of inde.
"fensioie Foreign Pokey and Aggreasion, of wl ¢ real
avowed objeetls clearly the exzetsion sad perpetuation of Haman Bondage.
lo the Sub Treasury: and ll kindred doviccs to secure a dleinet
ively Specic Currency to the Federni Office-Holders, by means which tend
to reduce the People to a Currency of Irredeemable Paper;
In favor of Equal Rights; of the Constitution; ofthe Supremacy of Law, and
‘of Human Progress by means not incompatible with Publle Order and

General Peace—
STANDS READY,

‘When the frauds by which its opponents in 184 mesked théir position of”
‘the Tariff and Texas questions, 60 as tg win votes by thousands from
ides of cach, shall have been dispelled (as they speedily must be) by 3h
Teaistless march of time—

TO RENEW THE GLORIOUS STRUGGLE

For Freedom and Order, for Peace and Prosperity ; bating 20 jot of heart or
lope - bus strong in its convictions of the Justice of its Cause, and confident
tne t,t must eventually triumph,

Sy SEE bee Fogently save
We town of Silver Lake, Susqns
Toise polled by utaataralis

THE

WHIG ALMANAC,

AND

POLITICIANS’ REGISTER,

FOR

1846

CONTENTS.

jeulations for the year 1846, . . . as i
Wie, Cycles, Equlaozes, ec. ; Movable Fouts, Balipss, de.
;Calendars for the several Months of 1846, . . . » + .3told
Calealetions for the several latitudes of Bortoa, New-York city, Baltimore and
Charieston ; Moon's Phases, &c. Anecdotes, dec. on each page.

ernment of the United Stater—

‘imate of Crops in the several States for 1644, .
of Oregon, .
regon—Our Rightful North. Western Boundary, .
What constitutes Texas ?—Its Western Boundary,
‘Map.of Texas, .
Boundaries of the United States, ee o.
Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United ‘States,
Governors of States and Territories,
lection Returns—By States, Congressional Districts and Coane, 57 to 62}
pular Vote for President in 1844, . . . ++ 62
Times of holding Elections, oe oa ae eee
‘Word to our Friends, . - oa eo - 63 to

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
(Novensen tnt, 1845)
BXEOUTIVE—Paxsroayr ap Casmer:

JAMES K. POLK, of Tennessee, President ..
EORGE M. DALLAS, of Pennsylvania, Vice-Presi

Balary $25,000,
6,000,

AMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvanis, Secretary of State... 6,000,
ROBERT 5. WALKER, of Misisippi, Secretary of the Treasury 6,000
WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New-York, Secretary of We 6.0001
GEORGE BANCROFT, of Massachusetis, Seorsary of the Navy. 6,000
NOUN Y. MASON, of Virginia, Attorney-Cieneral.....+...+ 4,000
CAVE JOHNEON, of Tennessee, Postmaster-General 6,001
JUDIOIARY—Svrarux Cost.
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice....Balary $5,000. q

Saves, Nason, of N.Y. Associate Justice. Janes M. Warns, of Ge. Associate Justice.
Lavi Woopnury, of N. H. «oun MecKixtry, of Ala. “
Joux McL xan, of Obio, «4 FWartias Carrow, of Tenn,“
\— —, of Penn. « 4 [Perea V. Damier, of Ve

[Balary of Associate Justices, $4,500

Major-General of the Army—WINFIELD SCOTT, of New-Jersey.

XXIXth CONGRESS.
Assembled December 1st, 1845; Expires March 3d, 1847.
SENATE.

GEORGE M. DALLAS, of Pemmaylvanie, President.

1849] James 7, Moreheed
:1851|John J. Crittenden -

vine ‘omro.

William 8. Archer -1847/ William Allen.

(One tacancy.} Thomas Corwin
NORTH CAROLINA. INDIANA.

Willis P, Mangum -1847/Eaward A. Hannogan..

|W. H. Heywood, ir .....-1840|[One vacancy.]
sourm canotina. TLINors.

Daniel E. Huger . ~1847|Jamoa Semple.
|George McDuffie. 1840) Btdney Breese.
oroxora. srssouRt.

John McP Berrien. 1847|David R. Atchison
Walter T. Colquitt. 1640|Thomas H. Benton

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

lasalin,
7..Hesektuh Williams.
‘NEW-HaMPsHiar,
*Moses Norria, Jr.
‘Mace

2.*Daniet P. King,
“Amos abbot,

4: , Benj. Thompeo

5. Cherie Hudvom,

6.,George Ashman,

7. 4Juliue Rockwall,
a-*John Quincy Adams,

ome eaney,)

sph Grinndll.

ANODE 84ND.

Moe,
iltiaca B. Maclay,
5..Ta's.M.Woopavrr,| 1

60. Tnesay
“Charles Goodyear,
‘Stephen Strong,

&_ Vacancies, 4.

4.cdoseph Edsall,
5" Wiliam Wright.
PENNSYLVANIA.
1. Lewis C. Levis,
Joseph R Ingersoll,
3. door, Castrozzt,
4:*Charles J. Ingersoll,
5.*Jacob 8. Yout,
6.,Jacob Erdman,

Ritzer,
10-*Rich’d Brodhead,Jr.
11: Owen D. Leib,
12.-David Wilmot,
13-°Jamas Pollock,

'4-* leronder Ramsey,
15..Moses MeCloan,

1.*Archibald Atkinson,

2.*Geo. C. Di

3..Wm. M. Treadway,

4*Eam'd W. Hubs

§. Shelton F, Leake,
james A, Seddon,

Richard F. Simpsoa,|
3.°Joa. A, Woodward, |

ihertnc,

5.*Jobu H. Lumpkin,
6.*Howell Cobb,
Ttdle'r H,
8..Robirt Toombs.
ALABAMA.

jamucl D.
2. Henry W
3.*Willium L. Yencey,|
4:2 Winter W. Payne,
‘5. 8George 8. Houston, |

1.*Jobn Slidell,”
o e
3 Bann. Thibodeas,

6.*Hem

ny Stoke,

‘-*Joseph J, McDowell.
8..Allen G. ‘Thurmen,

9.1 Au

tus 1. Perrill,

Tithomes Ee oyiy, |102,Columbue Betona,
8..Rob't M.'T. Hunter, |11/*Jacob Brinkerhoff,
9. John S. Pondleon, ”|12-*Semuel F. Vinton,

10. :Honry Bedinger,
12: Witlam Tepior,
12.*Augus. A. Cl

sapunan,|15.*Joseph Morrit

13.George W, Hopkins 16..Jobn D, Cumtaine,
14..Joseph Johnson, 17..George Fries,
15. . Wi G. Brown.!18_D. A. Starkweather,

* Mambere of the last Congress.
[Whigs in Relics ; Locos in Roman ; Netives in Satz Cars. Total Whigs, 76; Loces, 135;

4) yet 10 elect.

| 9:.Andrew Trumbe,
10.*John W. Tibbacss.
‘TENNESSEE.

L "Andrew ohmamy

5Jolm Croan
‘$-alvan Calton,

‘*James B. Bowlin,
“James H. Relfe,
Besrling Price,
Johp 8: Phey
Leonard H. Sims,
ARKANSAS.
Archibald Yell.
‘MICHIOAN.
1.*Robert McClelland,
2. John 8. Chipman,
3.*James B. Hunt.

THE TARIFF

Tax imposition of a Teriff, or schedule of
frarying daties on articles imported into the|
nited States from foreign countries, was one
the cartiest acts of the first Congress which]
ybled under the Federal Constitution,
the preamble to that act, it is asserted that!
the Protection of Domestic Manufactures is|
Jona of its objects, and to this no objection ap-
pears to have been made from any quarter,
mechaios and tradesmen of New-York,
‘Boston, Baltimore and other portions of the
ion had urgently and with apparent une,
ity petitioned Congress to levy duties for|
purpose, and ao arrest the tide of exces,
‘sive and ruinous importation, which, during|
absolute Pree Trade (on our side) which|
Jexisted under the old Confederation from|
1783 to 1788, bad inandeted’ our ports with
fabrics, deprived our artisans and le-|
borers of employment snd bread, drained the|
Joountry of epecie, paralyzed its industry and|
‘business, and rendered impossible even the
collection of taxes, ‘The inability of the Con-
}greas of the Confederation to levy duties with-
st the express concurrence of sll the States!
‘as one of the prime incitement to the more|
Union established by the Constitution
1787-9, The old Congress attempted to

1 small revenue daty to provide for thejof that instrument which mede us truly af

tpayment of at least the interest om the Debt|
Pawrred inthe Mevoinon ‘The States
assented to a measure of such obvi
hisdeesity and justice, but little Rhode Ieland|
jebjested, being then largely engaged in for.
‘eign commerce, abd ber veto defeated
measure throughout. Meanwhile, the sbso-
date inability of the People to pay their
and taxes, for want of any adequate cirvalat,
‘mg medinza, led io an alarming popular ost,

weak in Western Masachusetss, known ssjas the Debstes abundantly establish.

‘Begye’s Rebellion’ In New-Hampshire, al
Matte previous, the Legislature sitting at Bxe-
tee was surrounded by an armed mob, en-
esvoring tw extort by intimidation the issue!

¢-fably set forth by Alexander Hamilton, W'
’s Secretary of the Tressary, in

QUESTION.

ral and intolerable distress. The old « Conti-
Inental” paper had fallen into utter discredit
land worthlessness ; the Specie had been|
Jdrained away to pay for Foreign fabrics,
lwhile scarcely anything produced ih o
country would justify the expense of ite trans.
mission to a foreign market, and general de:
lsclation and despair prevailed. ‘The evils ao!
keenly felt on all sides overrnled. the dread|
land dislike of a more powerfal central Gov-
lernment cherished by a majority of the lead.
ing minds of that day. especially evinced by!
Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson and George
Clinton. An adequate and beneficent Na-
tional Currency and Protection to Home. In-
Jdustry were 0 urgently needed, so generally
desired, that abstract notions of Btate Inde-
pendence yielded to the pressing demand for}
the benefits to be derived only from a Fede.
ral Government competent in iteelf to guard
the interests and guide the destinies of the
lentire Confederacy.

Ineld in this city fo celebrate its adoption
lin 1789. It waa the key which opened #
[popular heart for the reception and d

Nation, Its advantages and necessity were}

leleborate Report on Manufoctares, 1790.
was clearly sanctioned by Gren. Washington
d the first Pedertl Congress, in the T.
adopted. ‘Frac, the experimental Tarif
adopted was generally 2 low one, but
oom of the duties wove far higher than
favorage, and somede exproutly for Protection,

wa dtate Paper Onrrency to relieve the gene-

fy affecting our'own maples wi

errr

Horeibly set forth by Mr. Jefferson in his Re
pont on the subject as Secretary of State in
1793. The general necessity of Protection to
Home Industry, apart from all consideration
of the policy of foreign powers, is distinctly]
‘maintained in the Letters and Messages of|
Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Mouroe, J.
1. Adamsand Jackson, {for which see Slade’a|
Spec, Ho. of Reps. Dec. 20, 1841, Am. La-
Sores. p. 6 to 22, or Whig Almanac, of 1843;]
jar me Speeches, &c. of John C. Calhoun, Dr.
‘Thomas Cooper, and other ultra-Southern|
\Statearaen who have more recently uppeared|
Jas champions of Free Trade; and in the
Messages of George Clinton, D. D. Tompkins,
De Wit, Clinton, W. L. Marcy, Wm. H.|
{Seward and other eminent Governors of the]
State of New-York. [For citations, soe Ame
rican Laborer, pages 149-151]

But the broaking out of the great European!
}wars consequent on the French Revolution
diverted, to = great extent, the attention of
- our people from the building up of s self-sus.
taining and symmetrical system of Home In.
Jdustry and Home Markets, Our Maritime|

‘tween the hostile nations, while our Agricul-|
trare-was stimulated by the high prices readily|
paid in Eurepe for food for the vast arma.

Inege gains, the idea of laying broad and
jeep the foundations of permanent and as.
Joured prosperity was overlaid and practically}
led. The frequent and'rainous inter.
:ptions of our profitable foreign pursuits by|
}Orders in Council, Berlin and Milan Decrees,
sjustifiable Embargoes, illegal confiscations,
Jand the various resorts of powvers unscrupu.
in their hostility to cach other and in their|
Jeavy of our fortune, were treated as disagree,
accidents, and failed to make their legit
impression on the public mind. At
, the tempest of War burat upon our|
m shores—a war which would never have|
Jeceurred had our pursuits and our policy been|
as litde dependent on Foreign interests,

‘THE TARIFF QUESTION.

\—and found our Industry an ill prepared a
lour Arms for the dendly encounter. We had
lscarcely any Manufactures—we had hithe:to
purchased the better part of our Clothing trom
the very nation which we now grappled in|
phrenied hostility, and whose cruisers were
bout to seal our coast against the approach
lof any other vessels from abroad except
their utmost peril. Although possessing the
finest and amplest Cotton-growing soil in th
|world, with unsurpassed facitities for the pro}
duction of Weol, Fiax, Hemp and Sik. w
jwere producing none of them but the ino
former, and of these our Wool at least
inadequate in quantity and inferior in quality
|A state of war is necessarily of uncertain def
ration and most unfavornble to the commenoedl
ment of new industrial enterprises requiring a]
large ontlay before any return can be
ized. Labor and materiale are then ¢:

sive, and the able-bodied men of the cou!
fare wanted in the fleets and the armies,
building ships, forts, éc. or in the product
lof the means of sustenance for those or of 4
lstraction for their foes. Yet so great was

-lecarcity of materials for Clothing in 1811-1

land subsequently, that our Government, it
stated, was compelled to send clandestnely
jto ugland for the meuns of elething
loops they were about to raise with tbe i

-ltont of fighting thet country, obtaining d

needed supplies under the pretence of pu
Ichesing ‘Indian bianketa’ to fulfil treaty a
lulations with our Western savages.

lnow commanded such exorbitant prices th
if the People had really been compelled by!
letringent Protection to pay more for d
Jduring the twenty preceding years, #
Free-Treders contend, they would ha
lceived itall back again in the far lower pri
lduring the War which their Home P
tion under seasonable encouragement wo
lnave inevitably secured. Now the bess
lof Manufesturing wan hastily rashed into
|der the temptation hela out by the high prit
lof Cloths, withont experience, without
per machinery or artisans, for the War

{uot allow us to obtain them. Seme
ceesities or caprices as they should have been money, er thought they did, in the basi

THE TARIVE

at far more hed bat just completed the in,
iment of. all they bad and all they could
credit for in mills and factories when|
oe came to blast their sanguine expecta,
as. The Wer duties and the Wer blocl
were at an end ; the contents of British

Britiab fabrics being advertised at Boston to|
be sold ‘pound for pound ’—that is, $3.33 in|
a, duty paid, for what had cost $4.44 in|

fuctares was ati object of National
jtude. An appeal to the Congress of 1816|
cited much excellent talk in favor of Pro-

inimum, or principle of estimating all fab-
to have cost at least twenty cents -the}
yard, and charging duties according.|
) & safficient duty was levied, and 60 on a|
few other descriptiohs of coarse manufac.
fares. Generally, however, only low ad va-
lorem duties were imposed, which would not|
sustain existing establishments against a rain-|
ous Foreign competition, much less call into}
existence the new branches imminently need.
od by the country. The.consequence was al
yeneral proaration of the Manufacturing in.
‘erest, followed in nataral order by an ex.
remé depression of the prices of nearly all
Agricaltaral staples, so that the seven ‘years
‘bom 1819 to 1825 inclusive exhibited the low-
sat average prices of those staples ever known|
America. The large class of farmers who|
aad purchased lends daring the War or other|
veriods of Agricultural prosperity and were|
fal in debt for a good part of them, were|
uined inevitably. There were townships if
vot counties in New-England in which every|
parth farmer was # bankrupt, and his farm at}
he mervy of the Sheriff. Such was our sec-|
nd fair experiment of comparative Free|
‘rade,—thnt under the Confederacy having|
een the first.

QUESTION.

Btrenuous efforts were made at the
{Sessions in 1890 aitd '29 respectively to
ldor the Tariff more Protective ; and in the!
{House they were rendered successful by
lgrent ability and popularity of the Speaker,
Hizwry Cray, who, from his first
into Congress, and even before, in the Ken-
tacky Legislatore, had signalized, himeelf
je champion of Protection to Home Industry.
{He was ably supported by Mesera: Tod and}
Baldwin of Pa. and other advocates of
true policy, but the bills failed in the Senate,{
through a union of the Commercial and Plant,
ing interests, by a very close vote. In 1894,
the effort was renewed, and this time wi
lsocosss. A decided apcession of Nation
prosperity was soon visible, though interrapt,
fed in the commercial sections by the
|Cotton speculations which soon followed. In
1928, a farther revision of the Tariff was had,

generally by this act, and continued to feel i
0 long as the vitality of the act remained
[But South-Carolina attempted to nullify it; a
civil war appeared imminent ; and a Congre:
lassembled (1832-3) of which the majority of
the dominant party were hostile to Protection.
Mr. Verplanck, from the Committee of Ways
land Means of the House, had reported a bill
making most sweeping change in thé
land destroying its Protective featares entirély
Mr: Clay, then in the Senate, and prommeni
jin the councils of the Whig party, saw n
reason for having a desolating civil war on|
leccount of the Protective principle, which
}was to be utterly abandoned as spon

ceeding years, until it shoald reach the uni:
form standard of twenty per cent. ad valorem’
Inot as formerly twenty per cent. onthe For.
eign value of the articles imported, bat twenty,
per cent. on their valus in this country,
which is a very different thing. This propo,
sition was accepted by South-Carvlina and hy|

THE TARIF!

8
a large renjority in each House. By its sdop-

But that day came at last. ‘The extensive
ikflation following a severo compression of
ar Paper Carréncy consequent on the arbi,
trary Removal of the Deposites from the Uni

jesme four-scere local Banks, combincd with
tee diminution of the daties on imports to
}aimalate enermots importations in 1636, and|

jernmeat. The receipts from the Customs in
the three years of tbwest Revenue duttes—|
)1840, '41 and '42—averaged less than Seven-|
(wen Millions per annum, and from all sources

‘cept Loans and the issue of Treasury Notes,
{ell short Nineteen Millions. The Government}
ras reduced to the necessity of borrowing to

fthout finding © purchaser, and were token

it all bat partially and grudgingly on terms|
)which mast have made fortunes for the takers|
Jes soon as confidence in its solvency returned
Joy the enactment and operation of the Tarif

In the formation of this Tariff; the utmost
‘are was used to make it a good one. The
jabers to this end of Warten Forwasp,
of the Treasury, Mian Fitt-

cong, Chairman of the House Committee of|
}Waysand Means, Lvenrtr SALToNsTaLt,
de. of Manufactures, and James F. Simmons,
\Chairma’ of the Scnate Committee on Mann,
actures, in taking immense massos of testi,
nced, intelligent and pe-

ing conflicting evidence,

Jac. were arduous and unremitted, The ses-
‘sions of the Committees above named were|
protracted and laborious. No article was|
{charged more or lead than the general rate of]
birty per cent. on tho value (abroad) unless

F QUESTION.

{for good ressons chown. Of course,’ amid|
Jsach a multiplicity of items it is not presumed

lelaborated and wisely adjusted, is proved

tion of the Country. ‘The three years of lq
|duties, as in the two former periods of rela:
live Free Trade, had been years of gen

lby building, establishing new branches oft
[productive labor, &c. and of healthfal Trade.
"The aggregate number of employed. and re;
|munerated. laborers in this year 1845 must be

hingly idle persons relatively less than in eith
jof the three low-duty years. The R

Jaleo has largely increased, reaching nea
Thirty-two Millions in 1844, and far overbal,
jancing the current expenses of that year.” Ii
}will be somewhat less in 1845,—say Twenty:
live Millions—but still abundant for all logiti
Imate and economical wants of the Gpvern-
ment. "The prosperity of the Country under}
this Tariff has been steadily, palpably pro-
lgressive and nearly universal. If New-Eng-
land first felt its impulse, owing to her large
fmvestments in Manufactares, it has by nof

ments are springing up, giviag valu, to
lwater-power, timber, stone, brick-clay, &c.
comparatively worthless before, farn

employment for the carpenter, mason, brick
maker, £c. and giving an additional develop

Iwealth of the community. The farmer's fami
ly of whom one or two choose some manu:

‘THE POSTAGE REVORM.

g vocation draw nearly as much from

farm as formerly, and find a ready cash|
market for their butter, poultry, fruit, &c. &c.|
Prices which could not be obtained with|

our worksbope in Europe, and which render|
the lighter labors of husbandry far more pro-
fable. than the growing of grain’ tnd‘other|
taples, That this Teriff has not abdlishod all
ils and inequalities of condition, and’ sup-

éd every man with werk at what he may|

sider fair wages, is freely cenceded. No|

é advocate of Pretection, if any,|
represented or claimed that the best pos:

relitical evils, even ; much less the thousand
gs which are beyond the reach of Legis.

tien and Goverament. But that it has work-|
fed well and proved beneficent, not to one|
class or section merely, but to the American|
eople, we caanot doubt, for the evidence is}

‘The beneficent change insured. by this Ts.
is yot in its infancy. Ithas been checked|
it not whelly arrested by the fear that the]
‘Coagress now about to assemble will lay!

jruthless hande on this great mesisare of Na:
lionel independence and progress, and de
troy its Protective vitality. Whether
lapprebensions ahall be fulfilled or dissip

ls few months mast determine. We hope|
that the bickerings, cabals and jéalousies of|
the motley hevt whieh succeeded, by the m
palpable frauds and deceptions, in rallyi
[Pennsylvania with South-Carolina, New-Yor
Jwith Arkansas, in support ef the election of
Polk and Dallas, will defeat every effert to
loverthrow or essentially alter the Tariff, B
in this hope we may be disappointed, and we}
lkmow that the country can never reelize all
the Iegitimnte- advantages of Protection while
its enemies bear ralé im the land, and thei
drawn sword is suspended over the head af'
the Tariff, and only withheld from descend:
ling by the casualty of their intrigues and
rivalries. But whatever may be their cou
for ita results, let the friends of Protection and

Jdistant. For that day, let us BE READY.

,
THE POSTAGE REFORM.

Ar the last Session of Congress 2 bill was}

system. Instead of our old rates of 6,
10 nh 108 aad 95 cents for each piece of]

of which a'letter or beter eed

Each additional haif ounce or fraction, donb!

a
2. Ne
ors

Stich 2 bo charge
distance

respon and other
cents for the frst-ounce, 1 cent
half an

10
neckasnry direction, subjects it to the Letter]
Postage,

—Such are the Rates of Postage established|

the Postage Reform bill. Among its other|
provisions, it abolishes utterly the Franking|
Privilege of Postmasters and all, other per-
jeons except the President, Ex-Presidents,
Widows of Ex-Presidents, Assistant Post,
}mesters General, Members of Congress, Sec.
retary of the Senate and Clerk of the House
lof Representatives

8150 for each offence, but every publisher|
may transmit his Newspapers, Pamphlets or|
‘other Printed Matter out of the Mai he|
chooses.

Owners of Steamboats, Rail-Cars, Stages,
‘&c. who may carry letters are condemned to|

Private Persons are not forbidden to carry|
‘Letters or other matter on their veveral routes
‘of travel, provided they receive no compen-|
sation therefor.

Bound Books are not “tailable matter,”
jand Bank Notes may be transmitted through|
the Mails at Letter Postage or conveyed oth-|
jerwise, at pleasure.

Penalties accruing under this act shall be

‘THE NECESSITY FOR PROTECTION.

paid one half to the informant and proseou:
lor; the balance to the United States,

Mail Contracts shall hereaftor be given to
the lowest responeiblc bidder, in all cases.

Lists of Letters uncalled for must be ad-
vertised in the journal (or journals where two
lor three are employed) of largest circulation |
(By a subsequent decision of the Postmaster;
|General, this is cxplained to mean Girculd
tion within the County wherein the adver-)
ising Post Office is sitnated.

All suits arising under this act are to be
prosecuted in any of the Courisof the U. States.
In order to'cover any deficiency of Post}
Office Revenue accraing under this act, the
lsum of $750,000 is specifically appropriated,

{from the Treasury in aid of thie Department,

lwith © proviso that more may be drawn if'
Inceessary ; but the whole expense of the,
[Mail Service must not exceed $4,500,000 per
lennnm,

Railroads of the first class may be paid
lsum not exceeding thet previously prescribed,
lby law ; Railroads of the second class, not,
lover $100 per mile per annum; do. of
third clase, not over 50 per mile per annum =
Ithe Postmaster General to classify them.

THE NECESSITY FOR PROTECTION.

the bur
then of citizenship, on the implied but palpa-
‘ole contract of the government to protect him,
in the fall enjoyment of those rights reserved

‘demurred to them.

y its arms.
sgislation, cripple the Commerce and|
ight the Industry of « distant Nation, when|

Jopen hostility would bave been wholly una-
filing. The Navigation Act of Great Brit:
in did more to destroy the commercial im-
portance of Holland than all the fleets that|

er issued from Portemonth and Plymouth.

Morel
and Battalions.

! To illustrate this position, let us adduce a!
‘case such as has sal ially happened at|
Teast once in the history of our own country.
‘Let us suppose that the great mass of our|
‘People are satisfactorily engaged in Agrical-
‘ural parsaits, and that they obtain’ their|
‘manufactured goods by an exchange of theit
surplus Wheat for the fabrics and wares of
Great Britain. -No duty, or a very moderate
one, for revenue merely, is charged on either|

side. At length, however, Great Britain re-
solves to produce all her: own grain, and to|
itary daty,|

this end imposes a heavy, a probil
on ite im from ‘abroad. By thia act]
our farmers are left without a market for
their produce, its price depreciates, and it|
remains a drag on their hands. British fab-
ties are atill pouring into our are sold]
for fower ~s than it would cost to pro-
due them here, and thus fil all the channels
of trade. ‘What is the duty thereby imposed
on our Government? Free Trade affirms
that it should do nothing, but simply wait an-
{il the inevitable bankraptoy of our business
classes, the continued decline in price of our
great staples, the withdrawal of our specie
ind the degradation or destraction of our cir.
culating medium, shall have reduced the|
price of American Labor, and with it all re-
salts of Labor, so low that the Manafactures
we need can be produced here at as low a
noney price asin England. This is what is
mplied by leaving trade to ‘regulate iteelt’
3at we insist thet it is neither a wise nor a|

‘TRE NECESSITY YOR PROTECTION.

lcargo of British goods, and ensure a repeti-
tion of our dissters. ‘Now the truo and
nsanitestpoliey
Ipears mont obvious to us, is to meet the ag.

Let us endeavor, by an illustration, to!
lace this important trath in a yet cl

ight, and establish at the same time the wis-
dom and necessity of genuiné Protection —
We will take the case of Great Britain, a!
country of boundless wealth, experience and|
skill in mechanical processes and arts, great
land established facilities for all branches off

of Michigan, Indiang and Dlinois—States as!
lyet mainly agri i

pieldin
lof the earth. If
Ito take freely of these States their graf
lexchange for her cloths and wares, it ‘would,
Jscem at first blush their manifort interest to
procure of her thir sappliae of Manufactures.
jeyond doubt they might thas obtain their
;oods for fewer dollars than by encouraging}
{heir production on their own soll. Bur ex:
perience abundantly demonstrates that, in or
jer to buy their cloths of England at the|
cheaper money prices at ‘which they, being!
of trifling bulk, could undoubtedly be trans.
ported and sold, eur Western farmets must}
ell their grain at such prices as would ad-
mit of its transportation to England and sale|
there in competition with the grain of all
lother countries. Estimating the aver
price of Wheat throughont the world at one
jollar a bushel, it could hardly, under a eye
tom of Free ‘Trade, command more than a!
[dollar and a quatter in England; and, in|
lview of the close proximity of the
grain growing regions of Germany and Po:
land, with their cheap labor, we may well,
Jdoubt that it would be sohigh. ‘The effect o
jabsolate Free Trade would, therefore, be tot.
supply the farmers of the West with British
[Cloths at prices little above those of Leedst
land Birmingham, but to reduce the value o

‘table adjustment of the difficulty. It is not
vise, for it involves our People in an infinky|

their own products far below that of the cor-
anding products of Germany and Po‘

‘THE NECESSITY FOR FROTECTION.

which

inde :
far of tal
and woald!
any faoreus dhe prodace weal and. hep,

i luct,
inom of the: Peopig-aed that two ibrea
lof which the domestic production has been|
adequate Protective duties have;
at

I
i
i
1
iu

good will; and thet obsorrannp and enfore,
al Nadel Independence general well-

AMERICAN RAILROADS.

Bes

Bzse! esse

{Hartford and Springfield
Stonington, (year ending Ist Sepember,)..
Attica and Buffalo .. ie

oSBSRER

epee,

fel

SeReswasozesseRisgasepes! Beit

1,500,000] «
19,457,570 }507,613

ste

OREGON.

OUR RIGHTFUL NORTH-WESTERN BOUNDARY.

Decidedly the clearest and best account we have seen of the Oregon
Boundary controversy is given in the following article from the Edinbur ght
Review of July last. So lucid, so candid, so truthful is it, that the British
mewspaper press (the London Times especially) denounce it as a-virtual
surrender of all in dispute that is material—as in truth it is. The boundai
proposed by the Review is that proposed and urged by our Government at;
different times, but always rejected by Great Britain. We think the Review
demonstrates that it is the proper and just one.

I. Report from the Commities om the Hudsen’s|fact a continuation of the Andes. Between
Bey Company, April 24, 1749, Reprintod|these mountains and the Pacific, from which
ta, Reports from t aeaad ef the House|they aro at an average distance of 500 miles,

non. ron intermediate ranges, some parallel and

Th. Hudson's Bey Company rane, augent| some from West to Hust 40 ate leave lovel
Blom No S40 la vory small portion of the country. The;

Mil, American State Papers, Prosented at differ-|rivers which flow from the eastern slopes 0
‘ent times to Congross in 1826, 1828, and 1838,the Rocky Mountains are the great rivers of
1V. Trovde tn the Oregon Terriary.” By ‘T.2-|Norih Anserica~the, Mackenzie, the Misson
Faawaam, 2 vols. Svo. London: 1643." lri, and the Rio Grande, On the western aide
V. The Oregon Territory. By Joun ‘Duns. Bro. thoy aro few, interra) _ by falls sha rapids,
od at their ment ars, and, in thet
VL Ona ‘he Discovery of the Misstep tnd iueazlier part of their oataen rally con-
Brant the ied Sats. “By T Fax|fned by precipitous bunks of 1000 oF 1500
cowmz, Svo. London: 1844. eet in bight
‘VIL. The History of Oregon and Californie, By|, We have said that the occupants of the ter
R. Garenuow. 8vo. London ory are the Tndian tribes but the greater
VIII. Narrative of the United Saas Boporing Bs cs art of it is under the nominal sovereignt
pedi. By Ceantes Waxes. 9 vole) Rassia, England, the United States and N lox:
i hey
1x. Be Zand tae Temas Sgn he BSR HRA

x, BA Smerson, Sto. London: 1845. fend (lat 4° 40") then rans in a north-west

jern’ and northern direction’ to the Arctict

marae America is prebably the
largest portion of the world yet unsubdu
by cultivation. From about

titude 32° tolof the continent.
cludes all that Moun.
fain, and north of latitude 49°. The boun
-|dary’ of the United States comprises all that
is east of the Rocky Mountains, from latitude
49° to 42°; and then runs in a south-easter-
ing -|ly direction, until it reacheg the rivers which
ior a few English hunting poste, and some|form the boundary of Texas. All that 1
‘missionary establishments supplied by Mex! {mains eouth of the forty-secoud parallel be
co and the United States—are the only pointsllongs to Mexico.
inhabited by civilized men. About 500,000| Between these limits lies the unappropri.
indians, and about 10,000 whites, constitate|ated Oregon country, bounded on the North|
the population of a district more than one-/by the paralol 54 40’, on the East by the
larger than Europe, end situated for the|Hocky Mountains, on the South by the forty.
most part within the tem zone. The|second parallel, and on the West by the Pa.
whole’ is intersected from North to South, by|cific. It is about 650 miles in length, and of
1 chain called, to the north of latitude 42°, the|an average breadth of about 550—narrower,
Mountains, and to the south of that|towards tho North, and broader towards the
the Sierra Anshuac; which is in|South—the Rocky Mountains running, not

18
arallel with the coast, but in a south-wester-|

reland.|were plentifal and the

0,
no refage|

within the Mexican frontier, there is
Yexcept Bulfinch harbor and the Columbi:

Whe soa,
rtion of aoa ureter
st portion is the valle

por Aicz on the North, and the Wil}

amet on the South. But even of this Orégon|
states from|the

that

pastarage, and others
The rivers are full of fieb,
northern part abounds til Ingaly|time

* Vol, iv, p. 490, t Dunn's Oregon

‘between the!

* THE OREGON QUESTION,

Until the last three or

in the beginning of the
lseventeenth century, when the wild animt

Tndjans numerous and
the white traders remained in thei
towns on the banks of the St Lawrence, andi
vere satisfied with the akins brought to them

7 the hunters, As this eupply ciminished,

land as the Indian tribes were thinned and\

—lcowed by the destructive proximity of civili-
to

zation, the traders found it

ec ‘were, pethaps morally their inferi

|—beings with whom they had no thy,
towards whom their only relation was a ma;

sone
lout a license ;
ge fof the license depend on thelr conde
In 1669, an sssociation was formed b;

Prince Rupert ate an Ee
scan and nro merber rae 0

‘THE OREGON QUESTION. 1@

157,000, and their imports to about £280,-/times they merely drove away their inhabi-'

009 ; a0 that their net profit was about £4,000|tants by force, or by cutting i
a year.” At this time the value of the farslof support; sometimes they waylaid and de-
nnually imported from Canada into Rochelle, |stroyed them on their route ; and at length, in'
mounted, according to the rate fixed by the|the year 1814, they organized an expedition
Company, to £190,000, or more than four|against the Red River Settlement, which, af-
times as much.t iter a civil war of two years, ended in the de-
In 1763, Canada was ceded to England.—/feat and massacre of the Governor, Mr. Sem-
plo, with his immediate companions, and the,

expulsion of the survivors.

it was now obvious that the contest be-
tween the companies would produce the rain
i-[of one or of both; and a successful attempt
was made to consolidate them. But this!
-(alone would not have been aremedy. The
i had shown thet the:
ci

lized men as:

the English, and it haa
ricans; and in every

that he would shoot any. Indian whom he,
could catch stealing his traps, was seen one:
morning to kill one; and on being asked iff
ithe Indian had stolen his traps, he answered,
consumption. Conducted as it was by traders‘ No; but he looked as if he was going to —'
nd Indians, anxious only for immediate gein,|An indian was thus wantonly murdered, and|
{who killed indiscriminately the male the| white men laughed at the joke.”*
,, the fall-grown and the cab, it became| The union of the two great companies,
the mischief o

ed their parties and their posta
West. Al

lers who might be allowed to visit the In.
‘on the northern head-waters of the Co-|dian territory, the 1 and 2 Geo. IV. cap. 66,
lumbia. Aboat the same time they advanced| was passed.
North into the territories of the Hudson's Be;
Company, which at length hed also found itland feuds arising from the competition of the
ecessary to establish posts in the interior—|Hudaon’s Bay and North-West Companies,
In 1812, thet Company for the first time made|had for many years past kept the interior o
pa aiempt to exercise their rights of coloni-| North Americ in state of continued disturb-
jain They sold a tact on the shores ofjance, enacta—that it shall be lawful for hin
‘innipeg and of the River to|Majesty to give license to any company or!
‘Lord Selkirk, who planted there the oflpersons for the exclusive pri nf of trading
1 considerable colony. ‘The Norio: Weet| with tho Indians in tay pert of North Amer:
Company, with the unscrupulous ferocity|ica, not being part toric
\which'a life among savages seems to produce|Hudson's Bay Company, or of any of
mony the members of even the most ci

[Majesty's provinces, or of any lands or terri-
ted nations, for some years waged a partiean|tories belonging to the United States. The
)war against the Hudson's Bay posts. Some-|Act then gives civil jurisdiction to the cuurts
cc Révorts trom Comminees of the House off¢f Upper Canada over every part of Americe,
minons, reprinted in 1803, Vol. ii., p. 215. * Mr. Wyeth’s Memoir, Report of
tAndersi p. 237, Pp on, 25eh ‘Congress, 3a, eesion, Report 101.

con. Vol. fil,

‘THR OREGON QUESTION.

courts of Upper
In pursaance

to the

rivilegés which it
hich it imposes
themselves

ginal charter

inhabitants, The a! + Goo Mr. Perry's letter, dated
from its mouth, and acocasible by vessels of Aare, 2, 196% i Simmonds! Clental
# Stmpscn's Travele, chap, vil, [twat te. p S08,

Ganade. ; Fe
the uttons Bog Company, «er
to 's Bay ,
‘fe exclusive trading witi the Indhans ‘in all

¢,|pal fare ly, and b
la considerable one on Vancouver's Leland]
hin|and, others between the Straits of Fuca

offi
region they are lords of the
there, therefore, on the banks of|water
twelve dwel three
-blacksmith’s shop, two eavw-amilla,
mill."t The American

settlement P
[Sandwich Islands with timber, has tar

lout a profitable trade ; and it is om

and a gri

Wilkes states, that in 1849 and 18¢3
lwere merely nominal, and the settlers?

are fod with the
tis wo repeat ae
‘Oregon is valuable ;
this purpose, the
* Witkes, yol. iv, p. 307,

‘THE OREGON QUESTION. oe

conthern portions are reversed. ‘The districts manufacturing establishments in England—|
fo the novch of tho Strultsof Fuca, which are|such as the Creat Western Cotton facta

generally unfit for agricultare and jin Bristol, or Mr. Marshall's in Leeds—whic
till continue to afford a considerabl keep in activity a mach larger capital, employ;
ja mach greater number of persons, and give,

, th, who had been|
‘Shimself a far-trader, bélieves that trade to be
ess profitable than any other in which as|
mach dangerof life and property isiricurred ;
jand he adds, that he has good evidence that|
in 1833, the profits of thé western department
of the-Company, which includes Oregon, di
not exceed $10,000, orlees than £25001 ‘This
confirms Mr. Pelly. —_
‘The fur-trade, as we have already said, is
naturally a decreasing trade. If it was bad
n 1837, it is not likel
this is supported

ling loss, and in others al
Wre

to be better now,
y the testimony of

‘Wilkes, who visited Oregon in 1840,
persons,” says Captain Wilkes, wri,

fom Fort Varcouver, imagi
large gain must result from the Indian trade ;
out this is seldom the tase—the Indians un-

that|

off fifty per cent. in the last
it is indeed reported that this|
ly werth puro.

their importation from Oregon has been
‘57,628 skins, valued at £56,749, 14a,
We have also before us a return of the|
mber of persons in their employ in North
rica'for tle year ending the 1st of June,
i844, Ht is 1212. There are ‘many singlo|
lorrespendenct.—|
Ne. 547, pp. 26,27,

P13.

fa much larger annual produce, than can be|
predicated of a company which is the actual
proprietor of territories larger than the Brit,
ish Islands, and has the exclusive use of at
region greater than the whole of Europe!
But though the Company, as far at least as
this portion of thoir trade is concerned, have|
[been unsuccessful merchants, they have been
[wise and benevolent administrators. “In all,
{the countries,” says Mr. Wyeth, “where the!
Hudson’s Bay Company have exclusive con-
trol, they are at peace with the Indians, and
the Indians are at peace among themselvea.”™
“An opinion has gone abroad,” says Cap-
tain Wilkes, “that at this post (Vancouver)
there is a disregard of morality and religion.
[As far as my observations went, I feel mysel
jobliged to state that everything seems to
[prove the contrary." Ihave reason 1 believe,
the discipline and the example of the
lsuperiors, that the whole establishment is a}

land cheap task.”

‘And yet, under these favorable circum
[stances though spirits are refused, wars are
discouraged, and profligate intercourse is p
Iyented, the preximity ef the white man sti
lexercises, and apparently with little dimina’
hien of intensity, its destractive influence on
the red men.“ They are attacked by new’
eiseases, and their old ones seem to be aggre,
vated.
ca,Daring, my stay at Vancouver.” say

aptain Wilkes, “ I frequently saw Casenovey
the chief of the Klackatack tribe. He w

ce lord of this domain. His village
situated about six miles below Vancouver,
lon the North side of the river, and within thet
last fifteen years was quite populous; he theat
ceuld muster four or five hundred warriors;
lbut disease has ewept off the whole tribe—tt
is said thet they all died within three weeks.
He now stands alone, his land, trite and}

of Oregen Report, p. 14.

tVot iv. p. 232,

Tanker and take

-jof bes
redations|And it is admitted

place will be
al breed
ly dey into the barbar,
fat miore offensive than that of
wage, which degrades the backwoodsman.|
Having given this sbort view of the Oregon
mantry, we proceed to examine the grounds
jon which the very doubtfal advantage of its|
movercignty is calmed. .
It will appear that the facts on each side
e tolerably clear; the difficalty, therefore, if
be any, must arise from the obscurity of]

by Treaty, and by

tone requisite, however, which, as i is essen,
ial to every source of title, ought to be men-|
tioned before we treat them separately—
namely, that the acts by which sovereignty
is acquired, must be the: acts of a govern

THE OREGON QUESTION.

Inot
the| fect

euch treaties give them no right either ag
their own government or against 4
‘We now proceed to consider the difforent

‘when once a
imperfect, eon gene’

‘a permanent one. It requires to be per.
ot by selene . eT tle,” say
“of nar vin voyages ligcovery .
ana furmihed with a competesion, from. thet
‘been respected, pro:
fh esc ater bed 8
lposseasion. But the law of nations
Jecknowledge the sovereignty of nation
|countries, except those in wi it] 0
ments, ad of whieh it miskes actual
jase.’ : .

‘No nations have asserted this more stro:

leny just title by the Bishop of
tion ; or because they hed touche
thet on the coast, built

ment, not of unauthorized individuals. Thelfra1

tion of the territory o!
‘unauthorized settlers]

“Prior discovery,” said Mr. Gallatin,
‘Ameroaa cousterecument daring
‘negotiations of 1826, “gives a right to oecupy,
provided thar occupancy takes place within

reasonable time, and is followed by

they enter into treaties,

THE OREGON QUESTION.

Otherwise fect title by discovery, the imperfect title by
loont no exclusiv

one natic
nation,|
afterwards]

‘THE OREGON QUESTION.

certainly sew it uy
stops
to make use this}
Tiisovety, aha has
4 insisting oni For
the North-weatern coast reniained un-

sap)
<

cumbe,) near Norfolk Bay, and the|

a.
jucare co
aT? to, latitude, es they were dis
in the expedition of Quadra."™
Mr. Groenhow states, that in the charts|
ablisbed in Mexico after Hecet's return,

In 1778, Captain Cook, on his last
artially examined

e
the North-west of America and China, and|
the English and Americans prepared to work

properly |it
ly two cen-|

‘the coast from| th

\gerous,

hia ship, and rowed up
cutter about one hundred miles,—that

rogress of overland discovery wast
“The'fret who penetratzd the

eritnd fifty miles, then strack off in a westerly’

acted aa the virtual commander of 2 mercan-
tile expedition using the Portagucso fi

Meares left Macao for Nootka Sound in the|‘®

beginning of 1786—erected a hat and ¢ kind
fof building-yard there, built a vessel, and
traded along the coast. He searched for the|

river St. Roquo, and actually entered ita

of
despatched for that ‘purpose b:
5| een of the United tae reacke

ached the Pacific in latitude

1805, Lewis and Clarke,
the Govern-|
3d the Backy

direction, and re:
52° 20’. In A

some hute—remained in them during the win-
ter, and in 1806 returned to the United States,
lexplori it of the wiba,

tain ri rd ‘
Tivery avons 0 leacription, convenient|there, and
nds; but no more establishing the }

ring it for more,
further. If it. were trae|dispodseased, were to be reviored.
Article third stipulates that the respective

THE OREGON QUESTION,

not be{changed to Fort

and Spain shell
or in the Pa
on in on
‘im

not alvead;

commerce.

ever the subjects
‘shall hereafter make
of the other

store. All
RonodNentka ‘Sound,
pied.

/hich he was despatched, hav-
ng einai that the whole soe nll be
OF to settlement gland anc spain, |

took exclusive poseestion of nearly” the

ywhole of it on the part of

‘Indeed, the Northern part of the territory]
‘comprised in it is now under the undisputed
rovereignty of Rusia, und the Southern un-

« der that off Mexico.
‘The -next important attempt at settlement!
‘American. He|

and in 1811 erected on its South bank a little|
fort which he named Astoria, intended to be}

this

'In the course of the war between England
fand America, which broke out in the next|
}vear, Astoria was taken by a British force,
the British standard hoisted, and the name

on whicn any Sparta the Bron
lease i which any “p
territory has been occupied
ander te athorty of te teh Cover
ated i that war, provided for the restoration of

lopen to the subjects of both powers; “it be-|
fag understood” continues the treaty, “that
ent is not to be construed to the!
prejudice of any claim of either party to any!
rot the country.” It is obvious that the
right of sovereignty being expressly left in
noact done by either party, duri

continuance of the -treaty, can affect the]
ght of the other.

nts bad oc:

fino. in 1816, important eve
arred in the countries g on Oregon,

Bout
ns were open between Eng-|
and the Us United Bates in 1818. Owe

‘har l had Sossed by ooo
war of 1612, A question aloo existed as t
forther boundary line of the United

a4:

oaks ‘So
food ae we bave alvend
the ‘comntry was dec!

stated, the use

orien yeure—the sovereign
Be in abeyance. On the 29d of February,
1819, Spain and the

THE OREGON QUESTION.

, authorized) ifine thei

‘ed, thu ol

sine any toto Non of tat a

atisted by a treaty with tho United Stato,
hich stipalates that the Rassinne shal
ir. settlements to the re ‘of latitude

ana contipuity.
Inot apply to a country wi

fored tll the end of the last contury.-
lromains, therefore, only cont 5 and thi
claim is’ confined to England and the United]
[States—Spain and Russia, the other contigu,
lous States, having taken their shares andi
retired. But nei

Imiles of the Rocky Mountains ‘Nether
them can maintain that the occupation of the
lcountry to: the Westof
Ineceseary to the secuMity, or would even add
to the convenience, of her territories to the;
[East of them; accessible as they are only by;
la ritariree three and four}
thousandaniles or ¢ voyage of cient months,
Bat an imperet a tile

territory which is not yo yom ee bes
ft is bounded by that which is it
fase ‘bo adoaiticd ‘to ‘be a wouree of ey

of the Rocky Mountains, down to the Pacific ;
and Spain ceded to the United States all her!

lhowever slight, where there is no other, And|
this ia a case in point.
‘The arrangements _for( joint ocoups

THE OREGON QUESTION.

rican|cross sny navigable tributaries of

‘Pt
‘indian far-trade the
of white men, even though be}
to the same nation and governed by|
e same laws, is destractive to the Indi
the farred sni

Indians,]
to the success

exclude!

an American offers goods for bar-
Company. whatovet be the los, un

“We have Ned,” aa}
‘American advent

rofessing to give them
ce Ww

[the part of E:
dary, and
the

it
ition. He proposed that the forty-ninth
should be adopted merely es 2 basi,
line
the
of the

jcount

bia, the navigation of such

-[aleo of the bia, should
in| B ith

ite
rention of 1616, termined)

either

largume: not
(for w@ have already stated their
e exclusive

ions of America. And
the determi

jin 2 reasonable tii

jina-

THE OREGON QUESTION.

29
of which it is clais

exclusively
tion of ‘the
The ne

lation |samed,

Senraring toe
of increase off

proceed.
It is that a man of Mr. Gallatin’s!
bility have relied on the settlement
made by Mr. Astor. Omitting; for the pres-|
the fatal objectiqn that it was a private,

jos established forthe purpose of traffic, and|
followed by actual cultivation, give no|
ftitle. And lastly, it was abandoned by its
creator, and is now @ rainous log-house.|
‘That the erection of a stockade by. pri
ders, and its retention for a few monthe,
a give, thirty years after it has been aban,
doned, the sovereignty of g country nearly
twice as large aa Frince, ia'a position whic!
no statesman educated ox this side of the
Atlantic will seriously maintain. The con-
ecruction of the Nootka Sound convention
not free from doubt. It certainly resemb
the provisions of the treaty of 1783 respecting

that ‘pi
portion belonged

that mode of adjustment could scarcely e
lake place. Assuming the honesty and intel
ligence of the proposed arbitrator, the only
vali “objection to arbitration, is the com-
lviction, hot merely thet we are in the right,
lbut that the opposite party knows that we|
are in the right. If we believe this, we bes
lieve this, we believe his claim to be frauda,

with that
lwhich is

discovery, by treaty, or by}
Feccripton one town. too, that no}
nation possesses a perfect title by contiguity ;
jand we have shown that an imperiect title|
BY contiguity to the portion which lies North]
‘of the forty-ninth parallel is vested in Eng-
land—and to that part which lies South of]
‘that parallel, in America. We think, there-
ore, that thet parallel ought to be the basis of
the boundary; but as, if prolonged indef-
nitely, it would cut off the Southern extremity,
‘of Vancouver's Island, with little advantage|
to America, and injory, if we shall ever|
occupy that idand, to England, we think|
that it should cease to be the boundary’

_ WHAT OONSTITUTES TEXAS
Extracts from Senator Benton's
“These former provinces of
royalty, now 9
lying om both sides of the Rio
£0 ite mouth, we now propose to incor
jas they lie on the loft bank of the
Union, by virtue of «treaty of reannexaiion
Texas. Let us pause and look at our new and im-
yrtent proposed aciuisitions in this quarter.
rst: There is th nt. formeny the pro-
s of the

Grande from its head}

iages—is pepulaied, well cultivated, and covered
‘with flocks and herds, On itsleft bank for I only|
speak of the part which we propose to reannex)
in. first, the fronticr village 3,000 souls, and
'where’the custom house is kept at which the Mis-
souri caravans enter their goode, Then comes|
Santa F6, the capital, 4,090-sonis ; then Albuquer,
gue, 6,000 souls ; thea some scores of other towns|
and villages al more or lees popaiated and eur.
rounded

» futious for its wine,
also becomes ours; 2 part of the department of

Mexican authoritie

‘TRE OREGON QUESTION.

1-ITS WESTERN BOUNDARY.

rate, #0 far
ver, into ouriqualify this reannexation by the
‘with|eome odious and terrible

Coahuila, not popuiated on the lefl hank, which
‘we take, but commanded from :

tine, Tehall ask the vote of the Senate.

|when it reaches the coast, and that thence the
boundary -abould be the sea. This would!

ports, a tolerable climate, and some cultivable,
soil—an ascertained and defensible fronticr-
lund the command of the important atraits, by:
‘which, to the East and to the South, it is sep-
jarated from the continent. That its distanc
from Earope would render it a costly, un:
rofitable incumbrance, is true ; but that ob-}
feotion applies with equal force to every
jot Oregon.

ico, Chibuehua, Coshuila and Nuevo Santander)
‘(ow Tamaulipes;) and the civilized world may)
n

rons expeditions to
been seen near it without being Killed or taken,
jo the last man.”

“wash my hands of all atuemapts fo dis
lthe Mexican Republic by sci:ing ‘rr dominions ia
New-Merico, Chihuakve, Coui:

|pas. “The treaty, IN ALL THAT 2FLATES TO
sounpAny oF THE Rro Gra

ratanienoomace on Meee, rasan
Tory, withqut a word of explanation with her,{
ped csue aa ea wh fpr
byron i Frat

enor Oe ona

days alter thotreaty was signed, and after the Nex:
ican Minister had withdrawn from our seat
Government. shows full well thet ke wos con:cia
lof THE ENORMITY OF THIS OUTRAGE ; know it wa
lwar; and proffered volunteer apolcries tu avert

the consequences which be knew be hud pr

voked.”
pose, as an addhional resohu4
del Norte boundar:
1@ ono whic I will real and send to
the resolution :

cretary’s table, and on which. at the Fe
Revotoed, That the incorporation

of, the left bes

of the Rio del Norte into the dmnericom Union, byt

Inecbportiog would dora prt Of the Meicen dep
would do, a'part of t

incall of New Merice'Chthashvn, Cookeata

ral Be-aw act oF DIRFcT AGGRESSION

long ond some hundred broad—all this cur Presi-
‘dent has cut off from its mother empire, and

lon Mexico ; for all the consequences of which
[United Btaise would stand responsible.”

Seminoles

* yf i

yh
a
=
s
on

Christ yyy |

THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES,
As Defined by Treaties.

As questions of disputed boundary aré frequently arising between owt
ountry and her neighbor , on which the People are called to act, without
{in all cases possessing adequate knowledge of the matters in dispute, we
thave decided to collate and bring together all the provisions of Treaties)
between the United States and other civilized, Powers affecting question
Boundary. -These will be found exceedingly convenient and useful to
the public speaker and writer on our National Boundaries, and hardly less)
so to the Voters of our Country, who, when called on to incite or sustain
War on account of disputed territorial rights, must naturally desire to b
gure that the side on which they are.called to actis not merely dur sid
but the right side. “The Treaty provisions are as follows: :

—] i: .] Apr. 2. And that all di which
Treaty of Independence—Paris,1783.]__Anr.2- And tha ll disputes which might
[The first or Provisional Articles of Peacelries of the said Unit

the Uni vented, it is hereby agreed and declared
on i in, | vented, it ed an hat
ited States and Great Britain, it §

‘ : ithe be their
by which the latter first recognized the In-|'e fll
: ries, viz : from the north-wost angle of Nova-

dependence of the former, were signed atlseotia, viz: that sagle which is bred oy
aris, on the 30th November, 17@2, by Rich-|line drawn due north from the source of Saint
rd Oswald on the part of Great Britain, and|Croix river to the highlands; slong the said),

han . ighlands, which divide those rivers thatt
by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John|entpty themselves into the river St. Lawre
jay end Henry Laurens on the part of the|from those which fall into the Atantic.ecean,},
United States. This Treaty assigned and de-|to the nprth-westemmost head of Connectics
d the Boundaries of our Country, #0 fatlriver to the forty-filth
‘it bordered on possessions still retained by|tade; thence by a line due west on:said|
Great Britain ; but these boundaries were re-|latitude, until it strikes the river Iroqagis
pepitulated more specifically in tho Definitive| cearne ay ere ane ne ee ida
Treaty of Peace, signed by David Hartley|of said lake until it strikes the comm
Great Britain, and John Adams, Benj.
‘ranklin and John Jay’ for the United States, ti
n the 3d of September, 1789. In this Treaty,|
he stipulations affecting Territorial Rights are| ni
3 follows

ticut, New-York, New-Jerscy, Pennsylva-
nin, Delaware, ‘Maryland, Virginia, Novih|middie of said ‘Long Lake and. the water
0 colina and Georgia, to be|communication between it and the Lake off

e, sovereign and independent States; thet|the Woods to the said Lake of the Woods
treats with them as euch; and for him-|and thence through the said lake to the moat
his beirs and succopsors, relinquishes all|north-western point thereof, and thence on
aims to the government, propriety and ter-\a du west courec to tho river Mississippi ;
itorial rights of the same and evéry pariithence by a line to be drawn slong the mid,
a dle of the said river Mississippi until it shall

TRE BOUXDARIES OF THR UNITED STATES.
northernmost part of the thirty-jratified by a constitutional majority of the
‘line !genate and approved by President Washing-;
ton, ‘The clauses which affect questions
[Boundary are as follows: *

sn within the limits of the|
scotia.

Jat any timo heretofore to fish ; and also .hat|bou
the inhabitants of the United States shall have|
liberty to take fish of every kind on such part
the coast of Newfoundland a» British
{oat not to, dry or care the
d,) and aleo ‘on the
othe

‘dry and cure fieh in any of the unsettled
arbors and creeks of Nove-Scotia, Mag

islands, and Labrador, eo long as the same

‘shall remain unsettled; but #0 soon as the|

lers so appointed shall be sworn,

to examine and decide the said

lcording to such evidence as shall respedtive

Ibe laiu'before them on the part ofthe British

Jay's Treaty—1794-5.

‘A Treaty of Amfy, Commerce and Navi,
gation between the United States and Great
\Britein, was signed at London, Nov. 19, 1794,
by William Wyniham on the part of Great| eclaration,
iain, and John Jay on behalf of the United} Petr, bands and seals dy wybat river ig
States. This Treaty encountered a strong/'The said declaration shall contain a descrip-)

Ruler opposition in this country, but was|tion of the said river; and shall pertioularize

he latitude and longitude of its mouth and of]
its soaroe. Duplicates of this declaration and
of the statements of their ecoounta, and of the|
Hioarnal of their proceedings, shall be deliver.
ed by them to the agent of His Majesty, and|
ho the agent of the United States, who may|
tbs respectively-appointed and axthorized to|
nage the business on behalf of the respect
Governments. And both parties agree to]
cs such decision as final and conclu.
e, 20a that the ame, shall never thereat
be called into question, or made the sub-
fect of dispute or difference betwoen them.

Louisiana Treaty (with France)—
1803.

Lodaisiang, originally discovered and colo,

to Spain, under whose dominion it renained|
down to 1800. The People of our rapidly|
Jeetiling Western States and Territories, be-|
jing denied by Spain the right of navigating|
Mississippi and of depositing sad trans,
hipping their produce at New-Orleans, were

‘were often ready to descend their great rivers
jin hostile array, and open by the sword a free
{passage for their commerce to the ocean. In|
1800, Louisiana was secretly ceded by Spain
to France, the two nations being then united|

nce being on the eve of a fresh War with|
|Grest Britain, whose great Naval superiority
sndered the early conquest of this vast but]
nearly defenceless territory morally certain,|
‘the First Consol (Bonaparte) resolved to sell|
t to this country, which was naturally pre-

med desirous of s0 convenient and tempt:
ng‘an acquisition. The proposition having|
made to our Government, was eagerly]
nded to by President Jefferson, by
authority ® Treaty was negotiated at]

eded the entire territory of Louisiana, with|
all its appurtenances, to the United States in
\perpetnity, That Treaty was accompanied
by another. whereby the United States agreed
pay France Sixty Millions of francs, (811-|
80,000.) The United States stipulated to pay|
fan additions! sum not exceeding Twenty]
Millions of francs to our own.citizens who
had claims against France for spoliations of
‘commerve committed prior to 1800, which

ee naviipanare oF aux anvtzo vraras

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES

by France, was by her ceded in 176317

jin the closest bonds of alliance. In 1803,|"Y

Paria, April 30th, 1803, whereby France|thence prosecuted by each party with varidus

Millions of franos, and has long since paid u
Twenty-five Millions for spoliations commit.
ted by her since that time; but our plundered!
merchants, whom we agreed with her to}

stipulations herein relative to his Royal High.
Ineas the Duke of Parma, the colony or pro-
vince of Louisiana, with the anme extent that
lit now bas in the hands of Spain, and that it
lhad when France possensed it; and euch
it should be after the Treaties subsequent
lentered into between Spain and other States:
[And whereas, in pursuance of the Treaty, and’
particolarly of the third article, the French
Republic has an incontestible title to the do-
Imain and to the possesion of the eaid tertlio-
+ The First Consul of the French Repob.
Nie, desiring to give to the. United States
strong proof of hie friendship, doth hereby;
lcede to the said United States, in the name of
the French Republic, forever and in fall sav-
lereignty, the sald territory, with
land eppartenances, as fally and
Imanner es they have been acquired by the
Wrench Republic; jn virtua. of the above-
Imentioned Treaty concladed with His Catho;
ic Majesty.

" Treaty of Ghent—1814.

‘War having been declared by the United|
States against Great Britain in June, 1819, and|

lsaccess ni.! 1814, the commissioners of the

two nations met at Ghent, in the Netherlands,
Hate in that year, and proceeded to scttle th
larticles of a Treaty of Peace, which was sign.
led, Dec. 24th, 1814, by Lord Gambier, Henry’
Goulburn and William Adams on the part
[Groat Britain, and by John Quincy Adama,
|James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan
Russell and Albert Gallatin on bebalf of the
[United States, and ratified by our Senate o

96 ‘TmE novsDARrEs OF

1h of February following. The articles|

of this Treaty which affect the boundaries of}

the two nations areas follow:
Ant. 1. There shall be a firm

6 between
Inited

and univer.

is ‘Treaty, or any slaves or other private
property. And all archives, records, deeds
‘papers, either of a public noture or be-|

0 to private persons, which in the|
course of the war may have fgllen into the
bands of the officers of elther party, shall be,
jas far as may be practicable, forthwith restor-
jed_and delivered to the proper authoritios|

18 16 whom they respectively be.
ay of Pee|

ng. Such of the islands in the B:
maquoddy as are claimed by both parties|
hall remain in the sasion of the party in|
‘whose occupation they may be at the time of]
ithe exchange of the ratifications of this Tres-|
ty, antil‘the decision respecting the title to|
Sthe said islands shall have been made in con-
formity with the fourth article of this Treaty.
Mo disposition made by this Treaty as to such}
possession of the islands and territories claim-
14 by: both parties, shall, in any manner what-
fever, be constreed to aflect the right of either.|
Ant. 4. Wherear, it was stipulated by the
second article in the Treaty of Peace of one!
housand seven hundred and eighty-three, be-
tween His Britannic Majesty and the United)
Btates of America, that the boundary of the|
United States ehould comprehend all islands}
within twenty leagues of any part of the|
b fnited States, and lying betwcen|
jlines to be drawn due east from the points;
here the aforesaid boundaries, between No:

)Pessamaquoddy, which is part of the Bay of|
Fundy, and the island of Menan, in the raid
Bay of Fundy, are claimed by the United

‘THE UNITED sTaTEs,

Iseven hundred and eight
limits of the Province of

by and whh the advice and consent of th
[Sonate thereof, and the said two commission

n ‘pom
laccording to suck evidence as shall be ta
fore them on the part of His Britannic
lajesty and of the United States, rexpect-,
Heels: the wd cammtosoters shall rer a
St, Andrews in the Province of New Brune}
wick, and~shall have power to adjourn §
lsach’ other place or places. as they ab
think Bt.” ‘The said oommiastoners shall, ba
fa declaration or ‘under their bands
decide to which of the.two contracting
parties the several islands aforesaid do re:
spectively belong, in conformity with the\
true intent of the eaid Treaty of Peace of
lone thousaid seven hundred and eighty-three |
[And if tho said commissioners shall agroo’ in
their decision, both parties shall consider such,
decision as final and conclusive. It is farther,
4, that in the event of the two comm

both oF
lor declining.

such, they

report or report

of Hig Britannic Majesty ax to that of the
United States, stating in detal! che points on
which they differ, apd the groun’s opon|
lwhich thefr respective opinions have been
formed, or the grounds upon which they, 0
either of theta, have so refused, declined or
lomitted to act. And His Britannic Malesty|
land the Government of the United States
hereby agree to refer the report or reports of
the sald commissioners to some friendly rover-
leign or Stato, to be then named for that}
lpurpose, and who shall be requested to de-
lcide upon the differences which may be
stated in the said report or reporta, or upot
Ithe report of one commissioner, together:

lthe grounds upon which the other cba
sioner shall have refuecd, declined or omitted
Io act, as the cane may be: And if the com-

3d mniasioner so refusing, declining or omitting to

lact, shall also wilfally omit to state the grounda|
lupon which he has so done, in such manne
Ithat tho said statcment may_bo referred to}
Jsuch friendly sovercign or State, together)

Btates, as being comprehended within their

lwith the report of such other commissioner]

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 87.

United § forty-
‘Ant. 5. Whereas, neither that point of the, fifth degtee of north latitude strikes the Riv
bighlands lying doo north from the source of i i
fhe river St. Groix, end designated in the
iermer Treaty of Peace betweon the two
e north-west angle of Nova,
mor the north-westernmost head off
Connecticut river, has yet been ascertained ;
jand whereas that part of the boundary line

between the dominions of the two Powers,|
which extends from the source of the River|

river into Lake On
lof said lake until it strikes

Ithroagh the middle of said lake to the wat
communication between that lake and Lake
Superior.” And thereas doubts have arisent
Iwhat was the middle of said river, Jakes and!
ater communications, and whether certain!
‘islands lying in the same were within the do-'
minions of His ty or of the!

i ty themselves into the River|
St. Lawrence from thode which fall into the|
}Atlantic Ocean, to the north-westernmost|
fbead of Connecticut river; thence down|
along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth
degree of, north latitude; thence by a line| dc
due west on the said latitude until it etrikes|
the river froquois or Cataraguy, has yet been|
Jearveyed ; it is agreed that for those severa!
purposes two comthissioners shall be appoint-
Jed, Fworn and enthorized to act exactly in
tbe manner directed with respect to those
ceding article, un.
the present nrticle.

mentioned in the next
ese otherwise epecified in
The said commissioners shall meet at St. An-|
\drews, in the Province of New-Branswick,
and shall have power to adjourn to such other|
place or places as they shall think fit. The

said two commissioners differing, or both ort
leither of them refusing, declining or wilful
hands and seals, certifying it to be the truejomitting to act, euch reports, declarations,
map of the seid boundary, and particular-|statements shall be made by them, or either
izing the latitude and longitude of the north-jof them, and such reference to 2 friendly’
west angle of Nova-Scotia, of the north-west-jsovereign or State shall be made, in all reé-{
jeramost head of Connecticut river, and offpects, as in the latter part of the foarth article
wach other points of the said boundary as they| Ee contained, and in es full a manner as if the!
may deem proper. And both parties egree|same was herein repeated.

fo consider such roap and declaration as fi
nally and conclusively fixing the said boan
r. And in the event of the said two com
ioners differing, or both or either of them|
efasing, or declining, or wilfully omitting to|
ject, sacl repors, declarations or statements|
be made by them, or either of them, and|
reference to a friendly sovereign or

‘Ant. 7. Itisfarther agreed that the said
(wo last-mentioned commissioners, efter they,
shall have executed the duties amigned to,
them in the preceding article, chall be, and
Ithey are hereby authorized, upon their gaths,
impartially to fix and determine, according to|
the true intent of the eaid Treaty of Peace of:
one thousand seven hundred and eighty-threv, |

Btate shall be made, in all respects, as in the!

that part of the boundary between the do.

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE-ONITED sTaTES.

midary aforesaid, state their de-
enon the paints referred wo them. and par[pany:; And thatthe Americn fermen sbal

final and conclu-
the said two com-|

Convention of London—1818.

{he Fishing Privileges of the United States|
on the Beaks .of Newfoundland and coasts
‘edjecent, wecured to us by the Treaty of In-|
dependence, 1783, but which Great Britain|
Jexpreasly refused to renew or recognize by|
‘Treaty of Ghent, 1814,considering them
fnvelideted by the War and this refusal,
ite our Commissioners maintained that!
hese provisions, from their nature, revived|
pf course on the restoration of Peace, a Sup-|p
plementary Treaty was negotiated in Lon-|
‘don, by Albert Gallatin and Richard Rosh]

$Great Britain, and signed on the 20th. of Oc-
tober, 1818. Its material provisions are these :|
Ant. 1. Whereas differences have arisen

pecting the liberty claimed by the United|
Statcs, for the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry|
d cure fish on. certain coasts, bays, harbors

vigh contracting parties that the “ohapitantal

Ne ,

the coast of Labrador; but £0 soon as
or any portion thereof,

fied, t shall sot be lawful for the

Difficalties having arisen with regard to|P0"

erdoaSe whatarer ehusiag th privloges bere
/manner whatever iv
re abusing the pi

“Yfor the United States, and by Frederick John| of
it and Henry Goulburn on behalf off

those of His Britannic Majesty, and that th
leaid line shall form the northern boundary 0
Ithe said territories of the United States,
the southern boundary of it
[Britannic Majesty,

-| Woadla ta the Stony Mouatains.

lmay be claimed by either party on

of the southern part of the coast o
fewfoundland, here-abore described, and o

shall

‘the territories of Hit
m the Lake of

‘Avr. » It is agreed that any conaty

weetwe
ther with

ommiscioners on the’ part of Great Britain
nd the United States respectively, under the|
jth article of the Treaty of Ghent, sworn to
jecide impertially, met in New-York, Nov,
uth, and decided thet Moose Island, Frede-
k Island and Dudley Island in the Bay o
ascamaquoddy, belong to the United Stats,
mnd all other islands in said Bay belong to|
SGreat Britsin—which award was accepted
by the Government of eich Nation.

On the 18th of June, 1829, Peter B. Porter
Jand Antny Barclay, sworn Commissioners|

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. a}
rest coast of Am estward of the Steny|of the RiverSt. John, and thence up the mid-t

{In 1817, Thomas Barclay and John Holmes,|"!

rence, in such manner as at all events to!
jconcede House's Point [near Lake Cham’,
plain) to the United States, Thisaward was\
|rejected both by the United States and Great,
Britain.

By a farther Convention, concluded at Lon-
|don, Aug. 6th, 1827, between Albert Gallatin’
jon the part of the United States, and Charles!
Grant and Henry U. Addington on behalf
Great Britain, it was agreed that the arrange-
/ment made in 1818, allowing each nation,
|freedom to trade to or settle in the Oregon!

on behalf of the United States and Great Bri-

in, met in Utica, and apportioned all the
islands in the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario,
Niagara, Lake Erie, Detroit river, Lake St

wing been unable to agree respecting the]
jorth Eastern Boundary of the United States,
Convention was framed st London in 1897,
‘Sept. 20th) between Albert Gallatin on the|

referred to the King of the Netherlands|
On the 10th of January, 1831, King Wil,
um made his award, recapitulating the}
ands of controversy, and recommending|
‘8 line drawn from the head of the River|
&. Croix due North till it strikes the middle!

Territory, should be extended for an unlim-
ited period, terminsble on twelve months
itice by either party. This arrangement is
Inot to impair or in any wise affect the claims}
lof either nation to the territory West of the:

[States mainly for spoliations upon oar com-
Imerce under the Spanish fiag, and Spain for
the overrunning of Florida by U. States forces|
lander Gen. Jackeon and various loases and

lsigned on the 22d of February by John Quin-
ley Adams forthe United States and Don Luis
de Onis for Spain, This Treaty conceded
so much to the U. States, and was deemed 0
Jdisadvantageous to Spain, that her Govern-
Iment refrained from ratifying it till Oct: 24th,

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

1820, Its portions material to our purpose, in|
/hich Spain cedes Florida and her claims on
‘Oregon to tho U. States, are as follows:

aia
PH

nt islands dependent on said
yablic lota and squares, vacant|
fices, fortifications, barracks|
and er buildings which are not private|
roperty, archives and documents, which re-
te directly tothe property and sovereiy
lof said provinces, are included in thie article,
‘The eaid archives and documents shall be left
in possession of the commissaries or officers
the United States duly authorized to receive

them.

ART. 3. The boundary line between the
two countries. west of the Mississippi, sball
beginon the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of
the river Sabine, in the era, continuing north;|
along the western bank of that river, to the
‘32d degree of latitude ; thence, by @ line due|
north, tothe dearee of latitude where it strikcs|
the Rio Roxo of Natchitoches, or Red River;
then following the course of the Rio Roxo|
westward, to the degree of longitude 100}
}west from London, and 23 ftom Washington ;
then, crossing the said Red River, and run-
ning thence by a line due north, to the river|
Arkansas ; thence, following the course of the
faonthern bank of the Arkansas, to its source,
in latitude 42 north ; and thence, by that par,
alle} oflatitude, to the South Sea.
being as laid ‘down in Melish’s
United States, published at Philadelp!

line shall run from the eaiq source due south
jor north, as the case may be, till it meets the
said parallel of latitude 49, and thence, along
the said parallel to the South Sea: ‘All the
islands in the Sabine, and the said Red and
‘Arkansas rivers, throughont the course thus|
described, to belong to the United States; but
{the use of the waters, and the navigation of
the Sabine to the sea, and of the eaid rivers
oxo and Arkansas, throughout the extent o
{the said boundary, on their respective banks,
shall be common to the respective inhabitants}
of both nations.

The twohigh contracting parties agree to
‘cede and renounce all their rights.‘claims and|

, and re-
ims, and

United States all his
tensions, to any terri
ithe said line; and for him:

claims, and
east and o}

the said river Arkansas, in conformi
whats above agrced upon and siymlat d, and
the line of latitude 42, to the South Sea: they’
jehall make out plans and keep journals
Itheir proceedings, and the result agreed upon!
‘by them shall be considered as part of thia'

‘reaty, and shall have the eae force as if it’
pvere inserted therein, The two Governments
jwill amicably agree respecting the necessa
larticles to be furnished to those ‘persons, ‘and

as to their respective escorts, should such
be deemed necessary.

‘AxT. 5. The inhabitants of the ceded ter.
ritories shall be secured in the free exercise
lof their religion without any restriction; and
all those who ruay desire to remove to the’
[Spanish dominiohs shall be permitted to sell
lor export their effects, at any time whatever,
without being subject, in’ either case, to
duties.

ART. 6. The inhabitants of the terri

Pelwhich His Catholic Majesty cedes to the
[United State, by this Treaty, shall be incor
ni

porated in the Union of the United States, ast
soon as may be consistent with the principles
lof the Federal Constitation, and admitted to
he enjoyment ofall the privileges, rights and
immunities of the citizens of the United States,

Treaty of Boundary with Mezico—
18

Mexico having thrown off the yoke of Spain
land established her independence, it was re-
cognized by the United States and relations|
lof amity established between the twe coun,
tries. A ‘Treaty of Limite’ was sabscquent]
Inegotiated between them at Mexico, Jan,
12th 1628, by Joel B. Poinsett op the part
Ithe U. States and Sebastian Camacho and!
\Joaé Ygnacio Estevaonbebulf of Spain. ‘Thi
‘Treaty stipulates:

‘The limita of the United States of America
lwith the bordering Territories of Mexico bay.

ling been fixed and designated by a

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF

of America and the United Mexican|

‘With this intention, the President of the
rnited States of America has appointed Joel
Roberts Poinsett their Plenipotentiary; and
tho President of the United Mexican States
their Excellencies Sebastian Camacho and}
jové Ygnacic Esteve:

‘And sine mid 2 Plenipotentiries having ex:
anged their fall powers, have ‘apon|
conctuded, th Following articles:

ive borderit
ot america in ofthe United Mexican States,
jing the same as wote agreed and fixed
Japon by the abovementioned Treaty of
‘ashingtou, concladed and signed. on the
nnty-second day of Febraaty, in the year
thousand eight hundred end nineteen, the|
fovo ‘high contracting parties will proceed
th wo carry into fall effect the third an
fourth articles of aid ‘Treaty, which are here-
hn recited, as follows:
‘Ant. 2. The boundary liné between’ the
two countries, west of the Mississippi, shall
begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of
the river Sabine, inthe ees, continaing north
slong the weaterm bank of thet river, tothe
legreo of latitude; thence, by a line due!
ue north to the degree of Jatitade where i
strikes the Rio Roxo of Naichitoches, or Red
River ; then following the course of the Rio|
oxo westward, to the degree of longitude}
00 west from London, and 23 from
ncn crowing the anid od River|
Jani ranning thence by a line due north to the
‘river Arkansas; thence, following the course}
fof the southern bank of the Arkansas, to ita
eource, in latinde 49 north; and thence, by
arallel of latitude, to the South Sea: tel

pools being aa aid dovwn in Melia's me
the United States, published at Philadelphia,
ved to the first of January, 1818. But,

e source of

‘south or north, as the case may be, till it meets}
the said parallel of latitude 42; and thence,|
along, the said parallel, to the South Sea. All|
the islands in the Sabine, and the said Red

‘THE UNITED STATES. 4

\thus described, to to the United State
|bat the use of the tnd the nas
of the Sabine to the Mad of tn oldie
x0 ‘anbag, throughout the extent:
lthe sai ad Aang, ron
jshall be common to the respective inbabitan
lof both nations.

The’ two high.
cede and renounce all their
[pretensions t6 th

United States all hie
lsions to any

aid lne sr Sod for ‘De kineelt his heirs, dnd suc
cessor, renoances all claim to the said terr.
tories forever.

Boundary Treaty with Russia—
aa

Great Britain and the U. States, having con

125|sicting claims toterritory West of the Rock:

Mountains, were each desirous to enlist on it
lside, or a least to secure against siding wit!
‘its rival, the Russian Empire, which aleo ha
large and formerly undefined claims to terri
tory on the Nosih-W est Coast of America —
‘Bach nation, therefore, negotiated a Treaty
with Russia, whereby the claims of the latte:
¢|to sovereignty over the coust were admittec
Ito extend from the Polar Ices as far South a:
IN. lat. 54° 40, The Treaty of the United
States was negotiated by Henry Middletor
|for this Country with Count Nesselrode and
M. de Poletica on the part of Russia. « After
stipulating the freedom of trade, of navigation
jand of fishing on the North-West Coast to the
people of both Nations, but that, to prevent
lsmuggling, the subjects of neither Govern:
/ment shall resort to the posts of the other na-
|tion without permission from the local author:
jities, the Treaty proceeds:
Ant. 3. It is moreover

Iter tute hall be none formed by Russian
jects, or under the authority of Russio,

jand Arkansas rivers, throughout the course|

lsouth of the same parallel.

ton Treaty—1842.

arbitration or joint commissioners having fail

this Boundary amicably. He was met in a
‘kindred spirit by Daniel Webster, U. 8. Se-
tary of State, and in due time a Treaty of}
‘beolute and amicable settlement of this long

hetanding

Britain; thence north, following the explor.
‘ing line ron and marked by the Surveyors of
the two Governments in the years 1817 and|
1818, under the fifth Article of the Treaty o
Ghent, to its intersection with the River St.
John, and tothe middle of the channel there-
hence up the middle of the main channel
of said River St. Jobu, to the mouth of the]

‘let of the Lake Pol

which point shall be ten miles

line, and in the nearest direction; but if|Nor

those rivera which empty themselves into the

‘THE BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
lorth-Eastern Bouniiary or Ashbur-| River &t. Lawrence, from those which fill

Repeated efforts to settle the North-East-|crest;
Boundary of the U. States by negotiation, rege cight dey west to the point where;

4 ‘ bran
jed, the British Government in 1841 despatch-/thence southerly by the said branch, to the,
je Lord Ashburton.to Washington on a spe-|source thereof in the highlands at the Metjar-
‘cial mission to make a final attempt to adjust|™mette portage; thenc i

i
(Ocean, to the head of Hall's Stream ; thence:
acwn tho middle of mad ream tlie ine
1 intersects tl Id hi
disputed question, and of other outstanding|surreyed a re old Tine of hound
ferences was signed andratiied, The fline proviouny 10 the yer 1774 aa the 40h
’ . one: jegree of north latitade, and which has been,
owing are its ersential provisions: known and understood to he thé line of actual
Whereas, certain portions of the line offdivision between the States of Ne
boundary between the United States of Amer-|Vermont on one side, and the British Pro:
jen and the British dominions ia North Amer |vince of Canada on the other and from. auld
jen, described in the second Article of the|point of intersection, west along the said di-
reaty of Peace of 1785, have not yet been|vidiag line ax heretoive known and wider
stood, to the Iroquois, or St. Lawrence river.

many Islands, to the di
parties,-with such equivalents and compensa-lat or near the head of St. Joseph's Islan:
tionsas are deemed just and reasonable. —_|thence turning castwardly and uorthwau

jaround the lower end of St. George's or

River St. Francis; thence up the middle ofjof Isle Chapeau which last mentioned islan
‘the channel of the said River St. Francis, and/lics near the northeastern point of Isle Royal,
ofthe lakes throngh which tflows,to the out-|where tbe line marked by the Commision
henagamook ; thence south-|era terminates; and from tho last-mentioned

‘westerly, in a straight lineto a point on the|point eouthwesterly, throngh the middle
‘northwest branch of the River St. John,|tLe sound between Isle Royal and the north-

stant fromleastern main-land, to th i

the main branch of the St. John, in a straighiriver, and at the said river to and thro
irecti rth and South Fow! lakes, to the lakes on,
the said point sha'l be found tobe less than|the hight of land between Lake Superior and
sevon miles from the nearest point, or_sum.|the Lake of the Woods; thence along the
ait, or crest of the highlands that divide|water communication tothe Saisaquinago,
land through that lake; thence to und through

and marked by Valentine and Col

‘York andi

mouth

JOINT RESOLUTION ¥

Cypress Lake, Lac de Bois Blanc, Lac 1a|
Croix, Little Vermillion Leke, and Lake|
Nemecen, and through the several smaller
lakes, straits, or streams, connecting the lakes|

re mentioned, to that point in Lac la Pluie|
the Chandiere Falls, from

Jeaid most northwestern point, being in lati-
rude 49° 29” 55” North, and in longitude 95°
14” 38” West from the Ob: at Green
wich ; thence, according to existing'Treaties,
Jdue South to ita intersection with the 49th

derstood that ‘th water communications,
jand all the usual portages along the line from|
Hake Superior tote Laka of the Woods, and
also Grand Portage, of Lake

rage the industry ofall the inbabi
trles watared by the River|
tributaries, whether living|
)within the State‘ of Maine or in the Proviace|

‘New-Brunswick, it is agreod that where,
by tho provisions of the present Treaty. the
Fiver &t. John is declared. to be the five of
boundary, the navigation of said river shall

"free and open to both parties, and shall in
Ino way be obstructed by either; that all the
rroduce of the forest, in loge, lumber, timber,
Boards, aves, or abingles tv of agriculture’

not being manufactured,
howe pertaof the State of Maine, watered by

the existing Government, in order that the same
be admitted as one of the States of this Union.|

‘2 And be it, resolved, That the fore-|
is given upon the fol}

Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States,

pertaining to
0 be| said ib]
pu-|fands, debts, taxes, and dues

guaran,
to

OR ANNEXING TEXAS, 48,

the River St. John, or by its tributaries, of
which fact reasonable evidence shal, if re-
quired, be produced, ehall have froe access
into and through the said river and ite tribu.

itaries, having their source within the State of,
Maine, to and from at the mou!
lof the seid River 8t John, and to and round

the Falls of said river, either by boat, rafts,
lor other conveyance: that when within the
Province of New-Branswick, the said pro-
[duce shall be dpalt with as if it were the pro-
lduce of said Province : that, in like’ manner,
the inhabitants ofthe Territory of the Upper
ISt. Jobn determined by this Treaty to belong
to Her Britannic Majesty, shall have free e0-

/cees to and through the river for their pro.

luce, in those
wholly

'a where the said river rans
the State of Maino ; provided
always that this agreement shall give no right
tocither party to interfere with any reguls:
tions not inconsistent with the terms of this
‘Treaty, which the Governments, respectively,
lof Maine or of New-Branswick may make re:

lspecting the navigation of the said river.
when both banks thereof shall belong to the
leame party.

‘Ant. 7. It is farthet that the chan-

nels in the River St. Lawrence, on both sides
lof the Long Sault , and of Barnhart
island; the channels in the River Detroit, on
both etdes of the islénd of Bois Blanc, and
tween that island and both the American and’
Canadian shores; and all the several chan-'
Inels and passage between the various islands!
lying near the janction of the River St. Clair,’
}with the lake of that name, ebell be equally’
free and open to the ships, vessels and bonts,
lof both parties. -

‘Second. Said State, when admitted into the Un-'
ion, after cedin, 4
dices, fortifi

the

‘other property and means!
Fublle defence, belonging to the!
lie of Texas, shall retai

‘of the United. States, to be laid before Congress for}
ita final action, on or before the first day of Janua-
7, one thousand eight hundred and forty-six.

entitled to admission un:
Federal Ci

ler the. provisions of the,
sonstitution ; and such Btates as may be

south of thirty-six degreés thirty minutes nort
nitude, comusoniy ken en the Micegurl Conc}
ise line, shall be admitted into the Union,
with or without slavery, ae the people of each!

State or States as shall be formed out of seid terri-|
ory north of said Missouri compromise line,
Jolavery, or involuntary servitude, (except for}
‘orime,) shall be prohibited.

WALKER’S AMENDMENT.

Jeocting to submit the foregoing Resolution to the
}Republic of Texas as an overture on the part of|

‘Be it resolved, That a State, to be formed out o!
the present Republic of Texas, with suitable ox-|

a GOVERNORS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES—1045,

{formed out of that portion of said territory lying!representation. shal! be admitted into the Union,
iby virtue of this act. on au equal footing with thet
lexieting States, as soon as the terms and condition:
of such admission, and the cession 0:
ling Texun territo1
State asking admission muy desire. And in suchiugreed upon by
ithe United States.
And be it farther enacted, That the sum of one
hundred thousand’ dollars be, and the same isi
hereby appropriated to defray the expenses of?
aissions, ad: negotiations, are agree upon the
, E saent|t®7™s of enic ion and cession, either by;
Ane it farther resolved, tr ts judgment aad treaty to be subtnitted to the Senute, or by articl

Sdiscretion, deem it most advisable, instead of pro-|'0 bs submaitted to the, two Houses of Cor

the United States fur admission, to negotiate with| (Tho Walker addenda was set aside by Presi
that Republic, then— Jdent Tyler, who chose to present to Texas
original or House proposition above cited. This

tent and boundaries, and with two Kepresenta-|Proposition has been sccepted by Texas, through,
tives in Congrese, until the next apportionment of her Congress and a Convention.}

GOVERNORS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES—18466:
WiTH THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE AND SALARIES.

7 9 the United Suaten, sll b
e

he remain.

Governments of

‘exas

(Approved, March 24, 1845.]

Statés. Gorernors. 1 Tern.
Maine. . sesees-|Hugh J. Anderson - T yeor.
New-Hampshire lsdhn IZ. Siecie. 1 "do.
Vermont... Willian Slate 1 ao.
Massachusetis .-.......-|Georye N. Briggs 1 do. [Jamuny
Charter, !ovEsons.ecccese| 1 dos {May
{Koger S. Bakdiein -. 11 do. |May..
Sigs Wright. 12 do |Sununr
New-Jersey, [CfBries CS ration. 222201 8 do. |danunry
Pennsyivanie:.......22. Francis Re Shunk.22220221' 3 do. [unvary..2212.18i8 3,000
Delaware ....... \Phomas Stockton ...22221221 4 do. ~ [Januar
Thomas G. Pratt..002202) 3 do. [Januar
\James McDowell. ..- | 3 do. |May
Witiam A. Grakam 2 ao. [Imuary 2
William ‘Aiken . 2 do, [December 3,500
George W. Craoford 2 do. |dnnaarr 3.500
lJochua L. Martin, Ind...-.] 2 do, |Deceinder 21.1847; 3,500
‘Albert G. Brown I] 2 do, [January
[Alexander Mouton. 14 de. anuar
Thomas 8. Drew. 4 do. [November
Aaron V. Brown | 2 Go foctcier j
William Ousley « 2] 4 do. frepiember -.7 1848] 25
|Mordecai Barilry .-....-.2.| 2 do. — |Weecmnber
Indiana... IIL /Phomee J, Whitcomb 1.1.1 3 do. — [December
Minos . IThomias Ford . | 4 G0. eniber
Missouri « Jobn C. Edwards - 4 do. {November
ei jJohn S. Burry ...01. 2 do. |Januury..
22) William D. Mosely «1 2 do. | August.
JJohn Chambers 3 do. 2.500
Henry Dodge 3_do. 2.500

lolina, which are clected by the Legislatures,
‘The names in Itatics are Whige.

lar vote,

Norg.—The Governors in all the Statos are elected by the People except Virginia and South. Car.

Admitted into the Union March 1, 1845, but have twice rejected the terms of admission by popu.

ELECTION

RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND, COUNTIES.

MAINE—Govasron,

iad Seat, Robin, Atte Seat
216 405

Fy
F]
Ed

dlonfieles
*,

Total vote .29,569
Govzanos, 1845.
——
al'n, Toucey. Seat
Fairfield ....4614 Mi...

385.
138.
24s
32%

1B.

‘Total .-20508 BARES TD, BHT DEAT
Baldwin over Toucey, 3250; Clay over Polk,
[2091 ; Baldwin over all. 1108.

RHODE ISLAND.
Govennon—1845.
Counties, Fenner 2.60, Jeckson. Li, Seat

"| Bristol

Kent.
Ne

Total .
‘Jackson over Fenner, 201; over all, 123.

NEW-YORK CITY.
VOTE FOR MAYOR—{Orrictat.]
1648. eet,

| W'ds. Selden. Har

BRGBRrBegesuauees

ELECTION RETURNS.

NORTH CAROLINA.
Conangss, 1845. Parsroent, 1844.

Graham, #7. Cli W. Clay. ' Polk.|
. nie Set

\Graham over Clingman, 326;

Barringer, W. Fisher,
8 420...

3068 Su.
enti ‘maj. 26; Clay's

_ McMillan, Reid.

415}
2a}
219}

Northampton.
Pasquotank
Porquimons.. 355

Total... “SHS.

Biggs? maj. A117; Clay's do.

Entiro vote in 2844—Clay, 49,232; Poth, 39,287
‘s majority, 394

ALABAMA.

Govennon, 1845, CoNanzes, 1845.
erighitttissind. Terry,L, Dune,

ELECTION RETURNS.

Counties. Foster, WW. Brown,L.
498 pc eae

Sullivan .-... 328
Washington.. £32

MIDDLE TENNESSEE,

otal BT... 2169
‘Martin’s wna}......1687; Payne's dc
v. ‘Nooe,Z

[Lawrence.-. 502
Lincoln. 61

|Maury ,.....-1243
Montgomery -1104
JOverton'..:.. 333
|Robertson --:1198

Wilson 3364
‘otal. ,..25,659 GORE .. “27,000
WEST TENNESSEE.
293 466 292

088
464100
75

TENNENSER.
EAST TENNESSEE. i
Govzawos 1945) Paxapeoer, 14 ine 386
Counties, Foster, W. Brown,L. Clay, " Poll, ott
616 34s. 335] ad

Fo 28

Bo 8 168 .. ..74,005,
88.222 -2031 ECAPITULATION.
tora. 2c La Foster. Brown.
é [East Tennessee..18.15 16,390.
Middie
West
Total .. a
Majority for Brown, 1470; do, for Clay, 113.

ELECTION RETURNS.

KENTUCKY.
Conoinas, 1845, Parsrpenr, 1844

Z
wigeBaee
Hutdalhs

dleaguyzsagaas?

Slane

4775
Polk’s niajority, 2533.
ces MeCreery:

#
3

sive #
ay
Bae

olsked

ebage

338
oblaage
slazgdsis

aly

‘Total....6085 “5510.
‘Thomaseon's maj. 513; Clay's

Facto
alaga

464
290|
835|
en|
251
386 |
3
Ga
233
489}
5i3|
‘i
‘a do... 1802,

1108
‘58
S74
a3

BEES $3)

alianneals

Glas

3
gare
alaaeaes i Slgageaguagy

BoBezes!

Entire vote, 144 Cy, 61,255
[Clay's majority. 9,267.
Leorsraruns.—Senate—24 Whige, Mu Loco Fo}

V1. Marin. Aderos, McKoo, lcos. House.of
(Clay... m8. ‘92'co-Focos. - ‘on joint ballot,

3
Slasesagage

‘Total 5888 6302. .
Cathcarts myj....043; Clay's do.
Deming (Ab.)....975; Birney rece

rs any

Jeveee ee 185, 278. .

55.0

2000)
7643
im
1001
1563|

1621,
908
1363]
1006|
086
265}
08
+1005
ore
1436
‘oa

is
a

el
Pra

ee g

6; Polk lls.

1GFe | Birney received Whitley ..... 193 _ a
Davis. Total... ir2 “ESV... BL
759. Kennedy's mu Polk's do.
Worth (Ab, rec'd 343: Birney vee
Entire vote..58,781 | 65,165... 67
‘Abolition vote..1747: do. in Te
soco-Foco majority, 6,384 ; Polk's m
Lxoustatune.—Senote—25 Whiz,
cos, House of Representatives —43 Wi

'Focoa, Majority on joint ballot 10,

BEER

Ry!
N

POPULAR VOTE—TIMES OF HOLDING ELECTIONS.

10WA Popular Vote for President-1844.
Duxxoare, 1665, Derzaars, 1843. Stetes. Clay. Polk. Birney. Clay maj, Polk
Conntie. Lowe, W. Dodge.i. Wallace. Dodge Mune -- 4518 A579 438.
® 1041 3'954.--! ame

IN. Jersey 38,318 37.495,
Penn. ...161,208 167.535
Maryand 504 sere
| Maryland 35,984 32;

Virginia. 43,677 49,570
JObio . «155,057 149,117
Kentucky 61,255 51/988

NCeroke, 41208 90.287
-|8.Carol'a, (BY re.
Goorgias: 42100 4uieT

<a)
290..-.2 S31

1b Toal..1288 501 IIS GAS... 5S

Polk over Clay, 38.792; ‘and Birney
poli, Ti, Boh Carina hot incase

+s1:let Monday in December.
‘3d Monday in November.
4th Mondayin November.

[GP AM the Btates but South Carolina choose their Electors by a Popular Vote.

‘4 The Presidential Electors of each State are hereafter, according to an act of the last C
p be chosen uniformly on the Tuesday,

gf ttHeseneacessanasencenng
iii
|

Epiaieiseteista

i ;

BSEPEEGRRRGSTTE 382 83 28

iaisliyt ba

g
HE
SAMABS"RISRRUSASBESER SRR RAARS

fet

Ets 34

SORA SARSSeaRSRERe SA eeRneaas sae AERaRE ot ‘gi ssatesad Ey

saagh

gARQMARRSRRBRESE TEE Re 88 AgSERROREE By,

fie
a

FEE

3
a

aie

‘E882 A
if
voougtnnete’

SERRRS SE!

. ONTENTS:
|| Calculations for the Year 1847—

‘Custamary notes, cal Cycles, Movable Feasts, Equinoxos and
Solstices, Eclipses for 184

Calendars for the several Month of 1847—
Calculations for the different States of the Union, Anecdotes on each

xico—
‘Being a condensed but truthful relation of the Origin and
‘War, with a Sketch of the route from Matamoros to Point

Webster's Speech on the Tariff of 1846 39
| Valuc of Foreign Coin in the United States..

} Tho New-Tari of 1816—Complete—

The Sub-Treasury Lase— Complete
The wi River sad Hasbor Bil
alist of the ations.
‘Expenditures of the Federal
uenea ‘of Washington in 1789...
Dilbursements of eagh Administration from 1789 to 1845.
‘Annual Appropristione for 1846
Summary of the Census of the United States of 1840—
Progresa of Population in the United States for 50 years,
ram 17010 Le.
spatione of the
Mesto! te Population, Domestic Fadl ities, E:
Eleation Returns 55.63 | Census of the Stato of

Reproduced by the AMERICAN PHOTO- LITHOGRAPHIC Co NY -Oshorne Pro
1867,

GRAIN IMPORTED INTO GREAT BRITAIN.

A BraTEMEnr of the Quantities of the several Kinds of Grain and Meal, in quarters, imported from
each country, in the year 1844.—Parl. Paper, 1845.

Wheat.

Barley.

Rye.

Peas § | Wheatmcat)
Beane.

jor Flour.

T0sase|
10661
94389]

551748}

107200)
72}

iio,
45044
uy

Pre)
0897
40}.
476454)
2947)
'37400|
1658

Tol
Total reexper

‘30zT10|

25304

IMPORTS OF CHEESE IOBNSUS OF THE OITY OF N. YORK.‘
Into Great Britain since 1833, in cuts. | W'ds. 1830.

165814]
136998

1840. ———1845,—_—
Moles, Females. Total.

ig
ie
19770 12/318
19,159 9,501

Ben eg
Sar at
esse

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
(OctoprR 1st, 1846.) :
BXEOUTIVE—Parsipewr ano Casreer:

. ipp'
WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New.’ nor, 8 Secreta
JOHN Y. MASON, of Virginia, Secretary
NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Maine, Gaon key General”
CAVE JOHNSON, of Tennessee, Postmaster-Geners

TUDIOTARY—Soraswe Court.
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Justice....Salary 95,000.

Bauvet, Nersox, of N.Y. Associate Justice \Janxs M. Warne, of Ga. Associate Justice,
Levi Woopnuny, of N.H. jou McKintry, of Ala.
Joux McLEax, of Ohio, «4 WWwintram Caton, of Tenn,
Roneet C. Grier, of Penn, “ « [perer V. Danirt, of Va. «
[Galary of Associate Justices, $4,500 ©

Major-Genaral of the Army—WINFIELD SCOTT, of New-Jersey.

XXIXth CONGRESS.
Assembled December let. 1845; Expires March 3d, 1847.
SENATE.

GEORGE M. DALLAS, of Pennsylvania, President.

‘isaac 8. Pennybacker
‘NORTH CAROLINA.

[Whigs, in Halics, 35; Looos, in Romaxt, 30,]

mares.
1..Jobn F. Seammon.
2:*RotertP. Dunlap,
|." Luther Severance,

EW HAMPOHIRE.
“Motes Norrie, Je.
Mace Moulton,
James H. Johnson,
{One vacancy.)

10." Joseph Grinnell.
MODE 16L.axD,

L* Henry ¥. Oranstom,

8..Lemvel H arnold.
‘cConnecrices.

Wot. W.Campset,|
Joseph H Anderson.

arauel Gord

shoe 2 Be,
Bie Bete

13. Hrndtord Be Wood,

8. Benton,
18.#Presion King,
*Orville Hungerford.|
‘Timothy Jenkins,
'21..Cheries Goodyear,
‘tephen Strong,
'23.- William J. Hough,
'o4:# Horace Wheston,
'25.*George Rathbun,
'26..8am'l 8. Ellsworth,

ives, 6 3 Vacancies.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Joun W. Davis, of Indians, Speaker.

|27..John De Mott, | NoRTH CAROLINA, |
yale

* Daniel M.1 inger, |

3. David 8. Reid,

aa bee

5. ed C. Dobbin,

6.*James J. McKay

ihe er

¢ Smith,
Waskingtow Hunt.

‘NEW.JERSEY. 8..Henry 8. Clarke,
1..James . Hampton, | 9.-Asa Biggs.
2.[George Sykes. ‘SOUTH CAROLINA.

3. John Runk, 1.James A. Black,

4. Joseph Edsall, 2/+Richard F. Simpson,

5.*Witiom Wright, | 2Jus. A. Woodward,
vexxevivanta. | 4..A.D. Sime,

2.,Lewi C. Levis, | 5.*Armistead Burt,

2!¥Joseph R. Ingersoll, | 6.*heaac E, Holuies,
No. H. Canpaeit.| 7(¢R. Rarnwell Rhett.

‘Charles J. Ingersol, croxsta.

Jacob 8. Yost, 1... Thomas Butier King,

Jacob Erdman, | 2.-Seabore Joues,

‘Abra, R. Mcltoaine,

John Strokm,

‘Jobn Riner,

‘Rich'd Brodhead,Jr,

Owen D. Leib, “Alea’r HM, Stephens,
[122 David Wilmot, -Robert Toombs,
13° James Pollock, ALABAMA.

14." Alczaader Ramey, | 1..Sanuel D. Bargin,
152.Moves MeCleun, "| 2. \Henry W. Hilliard,

16-“James Black, Bi dus. C, Cottrell,
‘mee Blanchard, | 3.* Winter W. Payne,

18.*Andrew Serrart,” | 5.*George B, Houston,

19.*eury D. Foster, | 6.*Reuben Cl

20. Join H. Lwing,' | 7. [Vacaneyd

121-* Cornelius Darragh MIssISsInRL. ;
}22..William 8. Garvin, | Jacob Thompson,
}23..Jgmes Thompson, | Stephen Adams,

24 *Joeeph Bufington. | Robert X. Roberts,
DELAWARE. ‘Jefferson Davia.
1..John W. Houston.

MARYLAND.

1..John G. Chapman, | 2..Ban'n@.Thibodeas,

2. "Thomas Perr john H. Harmanson,|
‘Isaac E. Morse,

3...Thomas W. Ligon,

4., William F. Giles, ‘OHIO.

5..Albert Constable, 1,-James J, Faran,

8:2Edword Long. | 21.8. A. Cunningham,
vinaiwia 3.:Robert C. Schenck,

L.tArchibald Atkinson,| 4:*Josrph Pance,
2:*Geo. C. Dromgoole,| 5..Williamn Sawyer,
3.,Wam. M. Treadwas.| 6.*Henry St John,
4tedm'd W. Bubara,| 7-*Joseph J, McDowell,
@.allen G. ‘Thurmen,
Augustus 1. Perri,
10. Columbus Delano,
nes Brinkerboff,
*Sar.uel F. Pinter,
leawe Parrieh,
* Aleainder Horper,
“Joseph Morrie,
-Joha D. Cuwmin

9.lJobn S. Pendleton,
10:Henry Bedinger,
11.4 Willie Taylor,
12\*Augus, A. Chapman,
13-*George W. Hopkine,|

19.* Daniel R. Tide,

120-*Joakua R. Giddings

121. Joseph Mf. Root,
xrwrueur.

1.+Linn

2. Jokn H, MeBeary,

3." Henry Grider,

4. Joshua F. Bel,

10:*Jobn W. Tibbena,
‘TENNESSEE,
L.*Andrew Jobosca,

6.4 John W. Daria

1. Edw. W Mel
8._*Jobn Petit,
9. .CharlesW.
10:4 Andrew -Kent

2. LLINOIR
1.*Rabert Smith,
2. 4JohnA.Ne
3.#Orlando B.
4:*John We
5.4Step'a A.

6. ¥Jcecph P. Horm
1. Edward D. Bate.

14, Joseph Johnson,
15.:Willlam (, Brown.

* Members of the last Congress.

POLITICAL HISTORY—1846.

CONGRESS.

On the 1st of December, 1845, the Twenty-/gress the Joint Resolutions consenting to the;

inth Congress convened in Washington to|Annexation of Texas. Texas on her pi
foommence its First Session. Mr. James K.|had likewise assented to Annexation on the!
ik lad been inaugurated as President|terms prescribed by our Congross and was

ly nine months before, but bad enjoyed|now formally knocking at the door of o
opportunity till now of influencing through| Union, sn entrance through which had al,
[Legislative action, the Policy of the Country,|ready been guarantied her. All beside re-

Jeave by his personal efforts before his Inau-(mained as before Polk's election.

guration (Feb. 1845) ‘to push through Con-

CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.

‘This was, by common consent, prosperous were minutely examined, it would be diff
satisfactory. The National Industry,
rotected by the wise and beneficent Tari
Jof 1842, was better employed than and ae|Industry, Population, Arts, Wealth and Gen:
}wrell compensated as at almost any formerferal Well-being was eo striking es durin
od. ‘The Farmer was receiving in the|the two years 1844 and '45—that is, from the}
erage good prices for his products. Manutime that the Tariff of 1842 had made iteelf
facturing and Mechanical Industry were ad-thoroughly felt in all departments of Indus}
vancing with giant strides, and rapidly dif|try down to the commencement of systent-
g themselves over sections of the Country|atic and formidable efforts for its overthrow.
yhere they had previously been almodt un-In no other two years had more of our
. Commerce and Navigation were|been reclaimed from the primitive wilder-
factive and flourishing, being buoyed up by|ness and covered with industrious and thrifty;
general employment and efficiency of|cultivstors. Never had our aggregates of
jabor and the consequent ability to purchase} Agricultural Products been higher, nor ou
ton the part of the great mass of the People.|general extension of or improvement in till,
Our Exports and Imports were neither sojage been more decided. Yet during the
nor eo small as they bad been in former|two yenrs the abstraction of Labor and Skill
ears, but they were over One Hundred Mil/from Agricultaral to Manufacturing avooa-
of Dollars’ worth each, and the balanceltions had been very great, as is evinced by}
}wason the right side. Our Revenue was|the general increase of population in Cities
jebundant, steady, and our small Nationalland Villages, the activity which prevailed in
Debt, contracted under the Revenue Tariff of|iambering, Brick-making, Building, ke. &c.
1840 to “42, was steadily diminishing at the|the multiplication of Mills, Fectorics, Rail:
of several Millions per annum. Nobodylroads, Machinery, é&c. &c. And. while we
‘or thought of a necessity to borrow|were thus adding millions on millions to the
and all were regretting thet our littlelsum of our National Wealth at home, we]
Jdebt did not fall due at an earlier day, ao|were steadily reducing the amount not ouly
that it might be promptly extinguished. of our Governmental but of our Commercial!
If the history and progress of the Nationlindebtedness abroad—indebtedness contract,

ch and selling little—1834 to 1839. All
in the face of apprehensions that

he advancement of 1843-5 much loss rapid

bern, nod postponed or prevented in some|

POLITICAL HISTORY.
jed daring the improvident era of buying!petition, the reduction of prices on Protected

Tariff of 1842 might be overthrown by itsof things in which Mr. Polk met hi
adversaries, an apprehension which rendered| Congress, composed, by nearly t+

(fabrics which wonld else have even tha
promptly-been realized. —Such was the eu
firs,
rds ip
the House and bya lurge majority iu te

‘aud coustant than it would otherwise bave|Senate, of those who had aided to clect him

land assembled as partisans of his Aduinis

dinstauces, by checking investment and com-ltration.

OREGON. |

‘The Nutional Convention at Baltimore,|
hich’ nominated Mr. Polk for President,
(Muy, 1844,) had gravely resolved that “ our
ciglt to the whole of Oregon is clear and un-
\quertionadle,” wud that the “ reéccupation”
of that Territory is “a great American quee-
08.” gee. [Then why make it a party ques.
tion, when nothing had been said concerning|
it on the othet side?) Tbe simple truth is,
that the nominators of Mr. Polk found this a
National question and deliberately made it a]
party one, for their own use and benefit
They eaid, adroitly but plainly, to all who|
desired the auscrtion at dll hazards and to all
jextromes of our claim to the whole of Oregon,
and to ell who for any cause destred a War
‘with Great Britain, “Help us elect Mr. Polk,
fand you shall have Oregon up to 54° 40/ or|
‘War for it” They doubtless made party}

Jcapital out of this. Accordingly, Mr. Polk inthe Secretary of Staic. on the £%th of Jum
his Inaugural avowed his firm faith in our|last, was involved in the issue of the sarrew}

claim to Oregon and his resolution to main
tain it, (Ze whole’ was implied but not]
‘expressly stated.) In the Fall of that year.
{'45,) The Union, established by the will of
Mr. Polic and sustained by official patronaze,|
aeclaret for 54° 40, the whole or none.”
Eve"y where those who counseled modera-
rn, compromise, conciliation; were scouted
‘as evomies to the Country—British Whigs’
Yet when the Executive budget was opened. |
Jat the assembling of Congress, it came out!
hat Mr. Polk had offered to compromise with

Grext B, iain on the line of 49°, but without war-cry of Northern and Western Loew Fe}

{co.ceding the portion of Vancouver's Island
~vuth of 49°, or the free navigation of the Co.
ambia, ‘This offer being rejected, Mr. Polk
\withdrev: it, rejected the counter proposition|

Oe et?

lof the Rritish Minister, and claimed the whol
again, intimating that he would never a:tia
recede, and would on no accvunt surrewhe,
the free navigation of the Columbia. £2.
bis Message :

“Tho right of any foreign power ta the free m7
vigetion of any of our rivers, through the hear ul
lour country, was one which I wus wuwilling o|
Jconcede.”

“Again ‘he says:

“The extraopdinary and wholly inadminiy
demands of the Brush “covernieon ane ate se
lection of the proposition mado ia defor-nce

ito whet had been done hy my predeccssors
the implica obligation which their met eve!
to impoee, atford eatisfactory evidence that to
lconrpromise which the United Staues cucht 10
Jcept enn be effected. With this con
proposition of compromise which had heen w:
land rected was, by my direction, eubecque
fwithdrawn, and our title to the whole Orezin
story amserted. and, ns is believed, maintainee by
irrefragable facts and arguments.”

+“ Peace or War.” we were aleo told

lder by England of the whole of Orezon.
|the same letter Mr. Buchanan said

“The President will never abandim the ie
Ihe Aas taken in his Message. Clharty conemarcd
the right of the United Stairs 70 THe wutoLe
IRITORY IN DISPUTE, and relieved, by the refe-al
the British Government to accept this otvr
compromise, from the eroberrasement in word]
the acts of his predecessors hud bem,
would not authorize the conclusion of a Treaty
\that basis. (The basis of 49°,)""

‘The leading members of the majority ssd|
the Press of their Party took their cae frum)
this. “54° 40-—the whole or none !” wes

touchstone of patriotism, the toast aod the

lcoiem. To push Great Britain off the C.atif
Inent was the purpose avowed hy rvmy, Fe
to drive her forthwith out of all Oregon. w

the object of the more judicious. All

of intemperate propositions and more intem-
perate speeches were made. Bat the South
\lid not generally participate in this spirit
Her more reflecting Statesmen could not see
Ihe utility of a doubifaland bloody War with
he Nation possessing greater means of assail-|
ing us than any other on the earth—a nation|
‘which buys three-fourths of our Cotton-crop—|
enforce a questionable claim to a few thod-
1d square miles of mountainous wilderness
in the far corner of our Continent. A stand|
‘was made in the Senate by Messra. Calhoun,
Haywood and others; the resolution which
had passed the House authorizing the Presi-
dent to apprize Great Britain that the long.
standing Joint Occupation of Oregon would
jerminate at the expiration of the stipulated
twelve months’ notice, was modified in the|
‘Senate, and, after a disugreoment and confer-
nce, passed both Houses ina modified and
inoffensive form. This being communicated
the British Government, led to an offer on|

In his Annual Message of Dec. 24, 1845,
¢ President boasted of the Annexation o!

“If we consider the extent of the territory in

the Annexation—its protective influence]
Jon Americn—the means by which it haa been ac;
complished, springing purely from the choice of
the people ‘the to share the blessings of
oar Union, the history of the world may be ebal-
lenged to furnish a parallel.”

All this boasting was not merely prematare|
J—it was fulse from the outeet. Mr. Forsyth,
iis Secretary of State under Mr. Van Buren]
nad in 1837 declared that the Annexation of
Texas to
fof her Independence by Mexico, would be!
anart of Wer on Mexico. Mr. Van Bu:
jas Wrizht, as well as Mr. Clay, Mr,

tia and nearly all the Whig Statesmen!

e land, took th: same view of it in 1844.

POLITICAL HISTORY.

force has been reised|

country, prior to the recognition!

PPP RPP

jite part to compromise on the 49th degree.
the roserving the possessory rights of her
people in Oregon, obtaining the whole o
Vancouver's Island and the free navigation c!
the Colambia “‘to the Hudson's Bay Com.
pany and all British subjects trading wit,
them,” without limitation of time. ‘This pro
ject of a Treaty Mr. Polk submitted privately}
to the Senate for its judgment thereon, a

being favorable, (us he well knew it woul
be before he went through the farce of ask
ing it,) a Treaty was promptly sigued by
Mr. Buchanan, approved by Mr. Polk,
ratified by the Senate, and is now the #u-

Ipreme law of the Land.- (See it on page 22,}

We rejoice that the difference las been set
tled, even on such terms; bat what must and
Country think of those who, to subserve a)

party end, pushed the Nation recklessly uo
the very brink of a desolating War, and ther,

[backed out oo ingloriously and utterly? Cun!

they ever again be trusted ?

TEXAS AND MEXICO.

(Mexico, it was notorious, bad uniformly de
Jclared that abe would regard Annexation au
| War upon her, and resist it accordingly. Now’
lsappose the weakness and fears of Mexico
had sufficed to overbear her resentment, 60
jas to prevent any actual resistance to our ab-
lsorption of Texas, would not the escential?
falsehood of Mr. Polk's boasts been atill pal-}
pable? When the troops of Napoleon over

fran Portugal and captured Lisbon unresiat

led, driving off the Royal Family to’ Brazil
lamid the tears and wailing of their subjects,
Iwas it true that ‘the sword had no part
the conquest, because the Portuguese dere

not resist the power of their coloseal invader ?.
When the highwayman obtains your parse)
lwithout a straggle by merely putting his pis-
tol to your breast and demanding ‘your mo-
Iney or your life,’ could he traly proclaim
that ‘no arm of force has been raised vo 7" ¢
lduce this result ”—But events were fas: ri

Ipening calculated to pat to shame the buss
jand the bonster.
The original, aniform, well-defined South.
| Western boundary éf Texes as a province

POLITICAL

resia of a chain of mountains eo as to include|
portion of the valley of the long river|
jown by the Mexican names of Bio Grande,
Rio Bravo or Rio del Norte. ‘There is not,
‘never was, any dispate about this. The lower|
portion of the Valley of the Bio del Norte
formed the province of Tamanlipas, of which]

al; above this was New Leon ; then Chihus-
boa; then New-Mexico or Santa F On|
Yeach side of the river, but mainly on the
}W est, Mexican towns or villages were thinly|
ecattored, but no settlement of Texans, no]

VJohn Quincy Adams, in negotiating a Tresty|
f Boundaries with Spain in 1818-19, set up|
claim that Louisiana extended to the Rio|
1 Norte, bé gave no intimation that Texas|
had that extent, nor any color to the pre,
tence. So notoriously frandulent is the|
claim that Texas extends to the Rio del
forte, that it may be abundantly refated by|
‘Texan authorities alone. We have before|
2 Map of Texas, prepared by Srxruzn F.|
|Avstix, (well known as one of the pioneers
‘Texas and leaders in the struggle for her|
‘independence,) published by H. 8. Tanner
hiladelphis, in E¥P"1837, the yearafter thei
Jdependence of Texas was established by the
Baule of San Jacinto. This Map bounds!
"exas on the south-west by the Nueces, ex-
‘actly as we have stated above, and gives not
the least intimation of a-claim that it should
Jextcnd farther. ‘There Texan settlement, ju-
risdiction and authority have uniformly stop-
ped, save in occasional and usually unsuccess.|
al forays upon the Mexican villages on the
Rio Grande, unless the little settlement o!
‘Corpus Christi, just across the Nueces at ita

OUR BRAVE

‘The merits of a War alway 2hallenge the|
ecrntiny of every free citizen—he 1» bound to]
¢ care that oar rulers do not involve us un-|

Matamoros, lying on that river, was the capi-|i

RISTORY.

mouth, is to be deemed an exception Mr.
[Benton in 1844 denounced the preterice of
lextending Texas to the Rio del Norte as “an
act of unparalleled outrage on Mexico,” of
aggression and unjust war. Yet Mr. Polk
}was resolved from the first to maintain this
atrocious claim. By his own order, without
ls word of aathority from Congress, our Army’
lwas sent to Corpus Christi, across the Nueces,

im the feeble and distracted condition of Mex
ico, to provoke hostilities, our troops were or.
Jdered by him, without consulting or even in.
forming Congress, to march to the Rio del
INorte, over 100 miles beyond the well-de-
lined boundary and the farthest settlement of,
\Texas, driving back the Mexican Corps of
[Observation at the Bal Colorado. causing them;
to abandon and burn their Custom-House, &c.
lat San Isabel, and taking post directly oppo-
site Matamoros, the capital of the Province,
planting a battery of cannon s0 as to com.
mand it. All this while Mexico had commit.
ted no act of hostility againet us, nor in any’
manner molested a settlement of Texas!
IThe result was War, as everybody foresaw it
ust be—and what a War for a civilized and|
Christian People! Give all the force you!
can to the pretexts set up in its justification|
|—say that Mexico owed us for Spoliations,
and had withheld a part of the stipulated In:
Jdemnity—that her poverty and the fact that
she had once ptovided for its payment are no}
lexcuses—that she agreed to receive Mr. Si
dell os Minister Plonipotentiary, (though che,
i not) and then (a revolation having mean-
time occurred) refased to do it—and what mis.
lerable apologies are they all for invading her!
lanquestioned territory, and slaughtering he
feeble, barbarous, wretchedly armed People !

[The History of the War, so faz as it had trans)
ipired when this work went to press, is given in
another part of the Almanac.)

DEFENDERS.

\justly in bloodshedding, and to resist, by all
[constitutional means, every attempt to do so}
‘If one nation makes war on saother, it is ob;

POLITICAL HISTORY.

‘marily caused it, Itis every man's duty
fake care that it reste not on his sggl. But]

tbe Heroes of Pelo Alto and Resaca de la)
Palma! honor also ‘to those who, prompted

to open & passage homeward to our own|
soil, but many think differently, 60 faras they
allow themeclves to think at all. And,
‘whether any allowance should be made fo
year and tear of conscience or not, it must
palpable to every man willing to ‘live|
jand let live’ that the wretched pittance o
seven dollars per month, now paid to our|
'Reguiars and Volunteers, is shamefully inad.
yuate as erecompense forthe toils, privations,
Jand perils of a soldier invading such a Country
jus Mexico. An army finds little food there bat|
Jeuch as it carries along, copsequently detach-
{mente must often be withott for daystogether,

ragged defiles, over the sheer precipices and|
through the swampy valleys of that singular|

yantry, where roads are bridlc- path, springs|
Jas scarce as mines, and internal navigation|
junknown. Mouldy bread and tainted meat|
Jere not to be reckoned unpalatable there; a|

biscuit that the insects within do not walk|’"

off with ranks A No.1. Swamp-water is a|
imxury often to be obtained only at intervala|
lof two and three days; and he who is so|
ice as to strain it through his shirt to take

the larger insects before drinking, will
Jeoon be cared of such finical folly. What-

ever can be swallowed must be takeu with.
lout scraple. - Lying down on the ground,

|day through swamps which take a model

leries. Sach is a rough sketch of campaign:
ing in Mexico.

Now for this service, Mr. James K. Polk,
Jwho wantonly crested the necessity for it

is the pay of private soldiers in our Army,
[while his supporters in Congress have stead-
ity voted down every proposition to increase
thatmiseruble stipend! While he takes his
on some Sixty-eight Dollars per day,
land his very slaves would loathe the fare
which American soldiers in Mexico must{
lsubsist on, his supporters in Congress voted
ldown (May 12th) @ proposition to increase
the pay of privates in the regular service to
|Ten Dollara.a month: vote 119 to 50, Again
lon the 20th of May, when ithad become evi
Jdent that a heavy Volunteer furce would be;

|that the rules of the House be suspended to

Jenable him to offer this Resolution :

Rasolved, That the Committce on Military At,
{aire be instructed to report a Dill increasing the|
Ipey of Volunteers from eeven to ten dollars per}
month, and granting to thoce who serve to the
Jend of the war. or die in the service, one hun-
Jared and sixty acres ot lund.

The.aid resolution was read. And the ques
jon being put, Shall the rules be suspended ? It
led in the neg (two-thirds not vo-

tom, Dan
|Gent
Hii

tion alone.

ts and measares of the Executive with re.

pecial Session of Congres

ablic Moneys entirely independent o

00 Whigs out of 128 Members of Assembl
He pressed the messare upon Congress at

Aitinina, Wood)

‘The paymiént of three dollars more per|
month to privates would have amountéd tol
but $75,000 per month or $900,000 a year for|
jan army of Twenty-Five Thousand men; not]
Jequal to the cost of the California Expedi-
It is-in Provisions, Munitions,
‘ransportation, pay of Officers, éc., that the]
xpensiveness of War consists. Of tlie ag-
regate cost of this Mexicen War, not an|
ighth part will be paid to the soldiers whol

THE SUB-TREASURY.

‘When nearly or quite all the Banks in the]
\Country suspended Specie Payment in May,
1837, owing directly to commercial bank-|
jraptcy and a heavy demand for Specie to go|
‘abroad, but primarily to the mischievous pro}

Jgard to Currency and Finance through seve}
ral preceding years, Mr. Van Baren called a}
nd recommend |
fed to it a total ‘Divorce of Bank and State,’
by collecting, keeping and disbursing the|

Banks. A majority of thie Congress wad
Jeomposed ‘of friends of his Administration,
but they refused to sanction this scheme.—|
The People declared against it in the Elec’
tions: even his own State, ao long faithful,
}was swept as by a whirlwind, aud retuned|
changes, &o. of funds, penalties for exchang

ach succeeding Session, encountering defeat
Jafter defeat, until at last it was carried in|
1840. when the People speedily overwhelmed

POLITICAL HISTORY.

fight our battles. Now the men who refused
this small installment of justice to our Soldiers

-lwere themselves receiving Bight Dollars pert

\day for service far lesa arduous and perilous
lwith Fight Dollars for every twenty miles’

them receiving over 8100 for one day's riding.

lat an expense of $10 or $15. The pay of the

.|Members of Congress for this single Spssion|

lamounted to T'vo Thousand and Twenty.
|four Dollars eack, beside Mileage, which to
jsome was over $1,000. For the sume tern;
lof hard service in Mexico a citizen soldier
Ireceives less than Sizty Dollars! Ought
Inot thip to bercfurmed? Yet a Lill retrench
jing somewhat the enormous allowance to
Members for traveling to and from Congress,

Ito the great improvement in facilities for trav.
lcling,) was lost in this present Congress —
light Dollars per day for Congress, sev
Jdollars per month for the soldier—this will
have to be corrected.

jbim and his party. ‘The succeeding Con;
lpromptly repealed the act. It has beon re:
lenacted in substance by the present Con:
lgross, by a strict party vote, “It is & long bi
providing for new officers to be atyled ‘ As
sistant ‘Treasurers’ at New-York, Boston,
(Charleston, (S. C.) Detroit and 8t.' Louis, be:
sides devolving wimilar duties on the Treasu
rors of the Mints at Philadelphia and New-
Orleans, who are to receive and hep the
Public Moneys, with each a retinue of Clerks,
|&c. to handle and count the coin. ‘The As
sistant Treasurers’ salaries will amount to but
$15,000 a year, the cost of refitting the old!
ISub-Treasary vauits and rafes is limited
312,000, and the Clerks will cost a good deal
more. ‘There are in the bill very minute
directions for making deposits, drafts, ex:

fing the funds actually paid ia, &c. bat the
gist of the bill is all comprised in these two
sections :
Sec. 19, And be it farther enacted, That on the|

This is the pith, the essence of the Sub-
‘Treasury. Hitherto Collectors, Heveivers

}quired to pay over at all times in Specie or
its fall equivalent. Or, practically, the Col-
jlector took such Bank notes, and such only,
Jas the Bank in which ho was directed to de-
Pos? his receipts would accept and credit|
jes the equivalent of coin,

Probably of the Thirty‘Millions collecte.
yin @ year by the Government, not One Mil

thing but coin is to be received. ‘The Post.
master who takes a good bil in payment for!
jcarrying a letter will be guilty of a violation
fof law, from and after the Ist of January,
1847, and subject to removal if not to more
positive punishment. The money of the|
}Government is thus to be exclusively Specie|
(its own Shinplasters excepted;) nothing
else received after January; nothing paid
jout after April, 1847, The merchant who|
has $100,000 to pay at the Custom-House
now sends acheck on the Bank where his
Imoney is deposited, certified to be * good’ by
the Cashier or Teller; the Deposit Bank|
rredits the amount to the Governmenit and
{charges it to the Bank on which it is drawn,
the whole business is dispatched in a
twinkling. After January he must draw the|
specie from his Bank, have it conveyed to!

POLITICAL mIsTORY.

-jsixty dollars a minute, with but another

thence to the Sub-Treasury, thence out tw;

-|cie for it at 10 tomorrow morning !— Yes,

[the Custom-House, there counted out and!
laccepted ; thence conveyed to the Assistant
(Treasurer, who counts and accepts it ; whent
it is pat away in vaults, ready to be count
Jout to the next man who presentaa
ldraft for payment. Allow one man to

lobserve that he counts right, and suppose!
the Specie is counted out four times in taking?
lit from the Bank to the Custom-House,

ithe drawer, and back to the Bank, and th
mere counting of Thirty Millions per annum!
|will engross 6,666 days’ work of 10
leach. And for what ?

says, ‘I wane letter’—
/"Ican't give it,” replies the law-abiding Post,
master; “to take a bank note for postage’
|would subject me to the loss of my place,
lnothing worse.” —‘But, Mr. Postmaster, isn't
the Bank just over the way? hasn't it paid
lite notes promptly these many years? Are
[you not perfectly certain you could get spe

sir; but it is my sworn daty to obey the laws,
land I must do it!” So the man must trudge
‘home with his bill instead of his letter, unless
lhe can find some friend to change the former!
for him. Is this worthy of the Ninoteenth
Century ?

‘We believe the effect of a rigid enforce.
Iment of this law would be to wind up or
break down every Bank of issue in the coun,
try, a8 ite originators intended. ‘The moment
Ithe Sub-Treasury is fairly in operation, Bank)
Notes will lose the character of currency.
That is not practically money which one m:
will accept as such, the next one reject, and

readily accepts it as the equivalent of the!
ldollars it calls for. Let one man in ten reject
lt, and, though its intrinsic value is unchang:

POLITICAL HISTORY.
Jed, its use as currency is impaired if notjemplified in 1840-41 in the case of Jesse
red. And when our omnipresent and|Hoyt, Collector at the Part of New-York,
powerful Federal Government shall have in-|who managed to abstract, through a period
ecribed “No Bank Notes received hore !”|of several, months, over $220,000 of the Pub-
er the doors of its Twenty Thousand Cus-lic money collected by him, utterly unde
tom-Houses, Land Offices, Post Offices, é&c.|tected by the Receiver General. Had Mr.
it must be that a great contraction of our cir-|Van Buren been reélected, Hoyt might, for
fculating medium will follow. The man wholaught that appears, have gone on abstract:
1as twice or thrice been repelled from the|ing until his defaleation rivaled Swartwout’s,
{Post Office because he had no specie, will/The latter could never have plundered
jsay, ‘I will have nothing eleo another time;'jmuch but for the impunity afforded hin by!
ithe emigrant going West will say, ‘Give mejthe suspension of Specie Payment by th
ney that will pay for Public Lands! and Banks, and the consequent cesation of d-
js0 on. Ultimately, if the law is rigidly en-lpositing therein. He was now enabled 1
Horced, it must compel a conformity of thelrun up his dofalcation, previously moderate,
}People’s currency to that of the Government, ito the enormous aggregate of a Million and a}
driving the Banks into liquidation or suspen-|Quarter of Dollars.
cion, This whole Sub-Treasury business s
Quite likely, however, the act never willjto be an utter defiance of curamon sense.
carried fully into effect, but merely held|Thereis not a sane man in America, who if he
in lerrorem over the Banks to force those in-/had income accruing in all the Cities and!
(terested in them into a servile adhesion to|chief towns of the Union, would think of re‘
ithe ruling powers. Thus in 1840-41, after|fusing to receive in payment the notes of thet
the Sub-Treasary had been so pompously|specie-paying Banks of those cities and|
‘proclaimed as a ‘divorce of Bank and Btate,’|towns, or who would refuse to deposit ac;
16 practical operation was this: The Iaw|craing balances in some of thom, and trans.
Jsaid one-fourth of every payment to the Gov-|mit them through the facilities of exchange
ment must be made in specie, and this|thus afforded. There is not a Loco-Foco who,
as the way it was exacted: A merchantican read who would personally act the|
fond $5,000 to pay at the Custom-House for|churlish part in which his party ties fore:
latices : #0 he gave two checks on tho Bank|him to involve the Government. The mers
for the amount, one worded as.uswal for $3,750|chant who should advertise that he would it
and the other for $1,250, ‘payable in specic.'[n0 vase receive in payment for his goods
‘Of course, the other was just as much paya-|the notes of the Bank steadily pay in;
jole in specie as this; either could be but|Specie next door to him and known
‘neither was demanded in that form; but the|be solvent, would be shunned and. booted!
intent of the law was held to be satisfied !—/as @ malignant end narrow-souled being.
jAnd it was for this that several ‘Receivers Yet the Government proposes to do thi
\General’ were paid Two to Four Thousand|in every city and village in the land, treat
Dollars each per year—for this costly vaultsjing the best and the worst Banks pre.
‘were constracted and aseless clerks hired;|cisely alike, including even those from which{
this cannon were fired; bonfires it has exacted for itself special and abundant
jand innumerable toddies imbibed, the patri-/security, and Party compels men to say it is
lotic awallowers disregarding the damage tojall right! Nay : the Government receives!
cir own constitntions in their joy at the|much Revenue in the West which it wishes
Jealvation of their country’s. ‘Hurrah forlto disburse in the South or on the seaboard,
the divorce of Bank and &:xte land in such cases good Notes of New-York
The inutility of the Sub-Treasury as asase-lor New-Orleans Banks are clearly worth’
ard against peculation was strikingly ex-|moreto it than Specie, which it can only’

POLITICAL

a fe Receiver who takes a Bank Note, him-|
running whatever rlak may pertain to

mustoRY. ba

it, must violate his oath and forfeit his office.

THE TARIFF OF 1846.
Not prompted by any necessity of the

hhas rarely been more prosperous, busy ti

snd contented than it wss when Messrs. Polk,
ind Walker set this ball in motion—the Con-

mend the Spéeches of Messrs. Webster,

retary, Walker, which deserved the com-

of 1046, under the lash and spur of pliment it received by being printed for

of Mr. Dallas sustained by all his|

che British House of Lords, by the novelty
fof ita doctrines if not otherwise. The m

'so mach the price of that article and also of
the domestic rival belt up by the Protection

it career; in defiance of the reason ofbeen fastened upon us. Every observing

‘Congress, for the Senators who voted for the|

were indefensible. It was, carried by, the
iignation of Senator Hay wood, who, though|

Jwould have killed it if he could; by the
ote of Mr. Jarnagin, who utterly condemned
be mocsure bat voted in obedience to the|
plicit instructions of his Legislature; and
‘the vote of Mr. Dallas, whose vote oat,

d every thing bat his ambition. ‘Thus|

is the Tariff of 1946 fastened upon the Coun,

"We have in previous ianies of the Whig|s

cad, “yo oer eho onl som i

lman who bays five dollars’ worth of dry. goods

lwhich'a high Protective duty was imposed,
by. the Tariff of 1842, in place of a low Rev-
lenue duty before, which are nevertheless!
Jcheaper since than’ they previously were.
JOf there are Cotton-Bagging, Wovlen fab-
rics generally, Pins, Wood Screws, Mousse-,
hin de Laines, Printed Cottons, Floor-Cloths,
J&e. &c. On some of these, as on other arti-

__ POLITYGAL

eeption to the rule; but the simple trath is]
at the immense extension of Railroads and|
‘uses of Iron since 1849 has carried up|
price all over the world, and sot more in

mand; and Iron would have been higher in
46 than in’42 if no new daty hed beets im,
posed on it. Had we not protected it by the
‘Tarif of '42, the. British price would have|
aled still higher than it has done, as wel

rectly on the ability of our Iroa-makers to

their operations under the new act.
If they or a large portion of them are forced|
‘to give up, leaving the Foreign producers
undisputed masters of the ficld, we shall see
a still farther advance in the Iron of Great
Britain.

Every man who raises Potatoes knows]
that their price is not enhanced ten cerita per|
Houshel by thié duty of that amount affixed by|
‘the Tariff of 1642, although some ‘Potatoes|
Ihave every year been imported from Ireland

‘Nova Scotia paying that duty. 80 with
other articles. Indeed, Mr. Walker's. own|
‘Report, while it maintains that we pay 40]
percent. mote for our home-made Woolens|
by reason of the 40 per cent.daty in the
(Tariff of 14%, at the sume time embodies
jevidence that these same goods were flowing}
‘into Canada, paying 15 per cent. duty there,
jend competing still with the Woolensof Grest|
(Britain, which are admitted at @ nominal]
duty if any. And Mr: Hale of the Journal of]
|Commerce testifies from personal observation
(chat this exportation of American Woolen|

fabrics, generally of tae cheaper but sub-btin

stantial kinds, (‘such as poor men wear’)

msroRT.

-|tain; is it possible that we are paying 40 per,

lcent. mote for them than Great Britain
leapply us for in the absence of « Tariff 1—|
|Surely, this question cannot be hard to an,
Iswer, nor can it be answered two ways.

lcent. Protection is to state what is grossly
luntrae.

But there are important branches of oar]
National Industry to which there is not even}

|dles, Blankets, Flannels, &o. &c., charged
frith datiesranging from 10 t0 $5 per coat
Yet let any one object to the

land balefal changes made by this act, ‘and
Ihe will be met with the insolent interrogato-
en|ries, What are the manufacturers grom|
1 about? Isn't thirty per cent. Pro}
leection enough? If they don't stop thei
Imutterings, we will abolish ald duties what)

m our Lake ports to Canads, was actively|

. POLITICAL
‘Well, sirs! try thatifyou like! No

ty fears your threats or supplicates your|
cy: , Doss youson i ofars you berg

‘the act itself evinces an utter dis-
whatsoever. The)
ling in one bill of such duties as 20 per

n Wool and Woolens and 10 to 25 on Silks,

is justifiable on no principle whatever, least i

of all on the Revenue principle. “This would

‘and Silke than on Iron and Woolens,
the former are more generally im-

154
ISTOBY.

f before deliberately imposed such

|Ad Valorem duties, bat only becauze the ar
icles so, charged were deemed, incapable
ecific assessment. The Ad V1
le was sul bmitted to as a necessity, neve
ladopted as a choice. The New Tari
weeps away all others.
But that ided act is the law of the;

‘throw the Country
ere the Tan of 42 found it freee
ranches of Industry, then feeble, ave since
attained a strength and maturity which e
ble them to defy fair competition, even an}
sc {equal grounds; it will take discriminations
in favor of the fore,

jequal to thirty percent. on
eter efocts reall be

GOO!
gle

jany well-informed man doubted that war|' nol exercise jurisdiction at the period 0)
would follow the act of Annexation, his rea-|' Annexation, or shortly before that event.”

‘The Army of Occupation remained at Cor-
pas Christi for about six months, entirely un-

ed and unmolesting ; but this state

jcepted the termsof Annexation proffered by}
‘this Government, on the 4th of Jaly, 1845,

St. Joseph's Island, (Aransas Ialet,) July|
25th, at the head of a considerable force, and|
after established his camp at Corpo

this act was, that he bad “received such

at{‘information from Mexico astendered it prob.

‘time have|‘ able, if not certain, that the Mexican Gov,
|‘ erument would ‘refuse to receive o1

pment.
in the 11th, Gen. Am)
{tamoras with 1,000 Ca

‘THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

z
=
&

-(pine men were killed and

pEioe
ef i ite

the enemy's lines, in which L
taken prisoners of War and

‘and intended to!

were
lmarched to Matsmoros ‘This command of

it. Har

"6 consisted of
one

Captain Thornton’

dee, Lieuts. Kane and Mason, with:
‘and non- i

While Sen, Taylor's forces were

Mio bomansication wil

and|

arrived.
Previous to this, on the 28th day of April,|

of a amall|

‘ation| brave, would have sank under this accumiv-

tai
‘As was anticipated, the Mexicans took ad-|

-of the departure of the great bulk of]
the Army, and at daylight on Sunday morn,
jing, May 34. opened their batteries upon the
Fort. “Tite holy quiet of that day,” says a|

'a blaze, as gan answered gun; and in twenty
‘minutes’ time, one of the Mexican twelve-|
ders was seen leaping twenty feet into|
air, accompanied by arms, lege and man-
led bodies” ‘This cannonading on th

‘TRE WAR WITH MEXICO.

moust/until

tlto deliberate.
Death!" broke

19f

Jout much effect. The cannonading lad
ligated more than half an hoor, when Major
Brown's Artillery enced the enemy's pune
lhaving, greatly damaged three of the embra.
lsares, dismounted several guns, and killed 9
number of men. The Mexican batteries open-
led a fire early the next morning, which lasted|
len hour, and was promptly answered from!

-pounder battery, anda six;
witzer. Both baticries ceased at

@ same time., The Mexicans now sur-|

s had been fired as directed by’
Nor, and the gallant Brown had re-
ceived» mortal wound from a falling shell,
At half past 4 o'clock, parley was counded,
land the Mexican General sent a eammons to
the Commander of the Fort to surrender “ for}
the sake of humanity,” offering him one howr,

fn case hiss

Iwas a most
lbe done?

inf
n less redelate, |

threat into execatio~” Mer

lation of difficulties, and surrendered: No

forth almost. simultaneously
from the lips of that daveted band ; and with-
in a few minutes they had returned the la.
Iconic reply that they didn't understand
‘Spanish ; and another shower of shet and
shells was raining down upon them from the|
|Mexican batteries, while

Ikilled, (Maj. Brown and Sergeant Weigart,)
land thirteen wounded. But we must now

look after Gen. Taylor.

‘THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

fof the enemy, drawn 0}
jaretching 5 mile and rf
long the edge of a cha
edvance of i on the left w ple
‘Lancers, a thousand strong, while throu,
the rest of the line were masses of In!
da battery alternately. Our Arm;
nomediately formed in colama of stack,
ne dint Inmn of attacl

. ep the
and lea;
ead and there aa arm, an
dier quailed, but cool and resolute
wrans, kept their position without
or 8 look of complaint. In the m
let. Duncan set the prairie on fr
ne smoke-balls, and the thick rao

fried his artillery throo
ins}the flamesrolling ten

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

live!" Noble words that deserve to be!
written in letters of gold. That feeble carti-}
i son, which bad for 2 whole week so firmly,
by miutaal consent, cegeed, and the|withstood the close siege of the enemy, lay,
Battle of Palo Alto was over. Our lite army lon bis brave heart. and he resolved to succor
camped on the field where they fought,Jit or fallin the attempt. There spoke out thet
amid their dead and dying companions. lepirit of the trae herothe same that on the
“This was ono of the most singular battles|Hights of Beunington exclaimed, an tho
e records of our military history exbi ‘Tt\sword pointed’to the enemy moving to battle.|
was @ pure cannon fight, in which our In-“Those red coats, men—before night they
fantry, thoagh cool and steady throughout,lovrs, or Molly Stark’sa widow!’ ‘The same!
end ready at any moment ‘0 pour themeelvesthat uttered Tn tho very blaze of the bats
jn a farious cbarge on the enemy, took scarce-|worked batteryvat Lundy's Lane, “I'll try.
any active part. Appointed simply to sas-|sér/” the eame that onthe rending decks of
tain batteries, they and saw the artillery|Chesapeake, faintly murmured, “ Don’t give)
contest the field. Gen. Taylor, who evinced|up the ship.” It wasa noble resolution to
the utmost cdolness and bravery, evidently/save that garrison or leave his body at the}
feared to engage the enemy mass with masa|fobt of the walls, and right nobly wes it car.
‘with eo inferior a force—hence there was notirled out.
4 single colamn of Infantry sent forward| “The next day the army recommenced ite}
fagninst his lines—no concentrated movement{marcb, and found the enemy gone, leaving!
‘on either»wing or the center to break his or-(his dead unburied. The number of bodies}
de attle, and convert a retreat intoa rout|lying around the spots where the artillery;
‘When night closed over the scene of) was posted, showed how terrible the fire
Commanders saw thatjour guns had been. and with what steadiness}
land bravery the Mexicans had stood to their|
ieces. In one place, fifty-seven bodies wi
found in a heap, or abont the entire number}

pond #0 as to prevent the porsibil
utflanked on that side, Fi

is . struggle was to
jon the ficld of their fame, wounded or dying.|batteries were
/hile hundreds of the enemy made the night/and breastwork in front, efnforcements
Msideous with their crics and groans. That|2,000'men had arrived during the night, and
was an anxious night for the brave Taylor.[here, within three niiles of the Fort, the Bat.
He had advanced to within a short distance|t/e of Resaca.dela Palma was foaght. The
‘of the fort, and found the enemy strong, and|victory of the day béfore, and the recital
resolved to dispute his entrance. He had|the gallant deeds at ‘night, bad filled every,
‘fought ope battle, lost onc of thc most efficient|bosom with a fierce desire to perform some,
‘cers fa the army, and was far from rein-|brave act, and thé troops defiled past the wag.
forcements, and without a protecting breast jons and deployed in front of the cueray, with
work, while the enemy were in reach of help|an alacrity and ardor which showed thet wild
{from Matamoros, and could choose their.poxi-|work would be done before night shoald
ion at leisure. With 2,000 men he iad beat|close over the scene. Scarcely were 01
6.000, and killed and wounded neariy €00;|troops in order of battle, before the arilery
bat be knew that loss would be more thanlof the enemy opened and rained s perfect
made up before morning by reinforcements.|shower of balls on our ranks The road we
In this trying positionshe called a Council offswept atevery discharge with
War, composed of thirteen officers, and asked|ball, that threatened to carry entirely
them what he should do. Four only out of|tbe daring squadron which shoald preeum«
the whole number were in favor of advanc-|to advance along it. To the left of the road,
ing—the remainder advised either to intrench] the conflict at once becawe ficrce and bloody.
here thoy were, of retreat to Point Ieabel|The 4th Sth and 8th Infantry, and a part
Jand wait for reinforcements. When all had]the 3d, were there, mowing dawn the enem:
spoken, the brave old veteran exclaimed—with their stendy volleys Strewing the r
'"T will bp at Fort Brown before night, if Ilside with the dead, and steraly forcing bac!

Ra.

jere—“ Men, we must take that battery !" Int
those eighty-two stern riders were”

ry
ane but so eertain
ld not

cou

ght with anparalleled|
as brave officers as ever|

“Ah! you should have heard
then ‘rose from the little

Jcannonading advanced steadily nearer, and
the rapid volleys of musketry every moment]
ret clearer, naying in accents more triling
language, that our brave troops were
crt length, when tho cavalry, plangi
“At length, w! 1 cavalry, plunging|
wildly over the plain, emerged ‘ito view
mounted the ramparts, and under the|
js of their fag, that still floated proudly in|
breeze, sent up a huzza that was heard|
wen in Matamoros—the shout of victory.
“That was a joyful meeting, when our|
}wearied but victorious army, emid loud huz-
eas, marched again into Fort Brown, and in-
anions.’ Three
thousand five hundred sbots had been fired|
into that single fort, and yet but twomen had
been killed.
Gen, Taylor’svictory was complete. The
Mexicans lost their whole A:

janknown—but it could not be much short o
1,200. ‘The battle of the 9th was much the
more severe, as.is evident from the greater|
that attended it—our lose being|

ly double that of the day before, Gen.
had thrown up hasty intrenchments|
his train, whiclt had been left on the|
‘battle-field, by foar hundred
+0 that be brought but abotit 1,600 men
‘the fight, while the Mexicans, notwith
: ing their severe loss, had received such
fheavy reinforcements, that they showed a|
yusand stronger than in the previous on.

agemen
ia evident from their heavy lose—nearly one-|
ird of their entire army disappeared from
ranks before it broke and fled. The great
aisproportion betwoen the killed and woond.
fed two armies was owing entirely to|
the greater precision of our fire, our soldiers
ving hit or killed each his man. * * *
“Phe charge of May was one of the most|
t deeds among the hundreds performed
in thete fiercd fought battles, and decided the|
ietory- Hed bo not succeeded, we should
}doubtleas have gained the day ; for from the
teet, oUF troops never once fell back or
wvered, but steadily gained ground. The|
\conflict, however, wonld have been protract.
fed, and_our loss much greater, but for this
jeaccessfal +e ee
“All honor to Gen. ‘Taylor, and May,
land Page, and Dancan,* and Ridgely, and
= Inthe Common Council of the City of New,

.|Our army has won endaring renown, but o

on Gur loss in|were panic-stricken, and fled ‘in every direc),
illed, wounded and missing, in thesetwo bat-|tion. In their haste to escape our bayonet
ties, was not far from 170; that of the enemy and bullets, many rashed to the io Grande,

it. That the Mexicans fought welll

23)

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

Churchill, and Inge, and Indon, and McIn‘
tosh, and Chadbourne, and Cochrane, and|
[Walker, and Browne, and last, though no
least, Ringgold, and a host of others. Green
be the grass over the fallen, and ever gree

the lanrels that twine the brows of the liv.
ing: Noble men! Ye who sleep are not
ldead—the brave and patriotic never dio—
they live in the carts of their countrymen,
[Not a recreant con was found on those battle-}
fields; and all honor ought to be paid to our}
little army, every man of which was a hero,
[With such eoldiers we can never be con.
Jauered, nor our arms disgraced. Palo Altoj
land Resaca de la Palma will be bright pages

in the biography of Gen. Taylor. All honor.
lwe eay, then, to our army and its officers,
We toast the men, bat not the cause; and
lwhile a curse resta on our Capitol, a circle of
hight: surroands our Army of Occupation,

Government enduring dingrace.”
‘As may well be supposed, the Mexicans)

land in attempting to swim that stream, foand|
a wat ve.

After the Batioof La Resacadela Palma,
the Palm Ravine, the right wing of our Arm;
lremained on the’ ground two dave, occupie
in barying the dead and eecaring the troph\
lof theengagement. Among Gen. Arista’s pap-
lera were found higofiicial correspondence with
Ihis Government, fall plans of the campaign,
land instructions authorizing him to sen:

‘The Resolution was supported by Mr. McElrath!
lon the ground that Capt. D. was a native of the
State of New-York, a graduate of Weet Point. haa
lbeen tong stationed at Governor's Island, nem
INew-York City, was well-known and highly es
jteomed, and was truly a gallant officer.

‘The Resolution was carried, and the sword will
be presented whenever Copt. D. scturng ta New.
York,

‘as Gen. Taylor was preparing to cross and
attack the city, a parley was sounded, and a
message received from the Mexican General,
roposing an armistice until he could hearfrom|
ifezico, expressing the opinion thatthe bound.
could now be settled. This Gen. Taylor|
declined. Hebed proposed an armistoe when
he was weak, and it was not accepted. He
should now dictate terme, The Mexicans then
ropoeed to surrender all the Pablic Property,
Amosunition, dc. provided Gen. Taylor would
‘nat cross the River; to which he replicd that!
Ihe should cross, that “the City must capi
} Inte, all Pablic Property, Ammanition, Pro-
} visions, &c. must be given up, and then the}
Army ‘might march out and retire.” The!
Mexican Commander returned no reply to|
Gen. Taylor's last proposition; bat during
the night evacuated the City with his Army,
jand retired toward Monterey, taking what-
fever of munitions and public property be
‘could find meansof transporting.
jen. Taylor has deemed it advisable not

‘to interfere with the municipal laws of the||

}Mexican people; and Matamoros, as well as|
‘Camargo and other small towns in the vicini.
which tendered their submission on the|

igious
iy have ever ‘sell their;
jucts for cash at high prices, and buy!

rod
eis goods cheaper then ever,
‘ot them cherish an implacable
jnvaders. ;
On the 11th of May, after hearing of the first

1d of the|

Jouibreaks on the Rio Grande, the President!
jeent a special messae to Congress, announc-
jing that a state of War existed between this!
country and Mexico. The Message recom |
pended tbat the War be recognised by Con.
)grees, that the President be authorised to call

made ; aathorized the reception of 0,000
}Volanteers, about one-half to be immediately|
mastered into the eervice, and the balance!
kept asa reserve, and voted an appropria.
tion of $10,000,000 to commence operations|
with. The call for Volunteers was pramptly|
responded to, and the Government soon
Hound that it would be nnder the necessity o
‘declining the services of thousands who were|
jenxious to enter the service

‘Gen. Taylor has now some 20,000 troops un-
der bis command, about 5,000 of whomare Re-
jgalars, and the balance Volunteers, who have
enlisted for one year or during the War. This
Army is so dispersed in different encamp-
ments, and ao mach onthe move, that it wo
be dificalt to state its precise whereabouts,

the mass)

THE WAR WITH MEXICO

though it seems to be concentrating mostly at
Camargo, a Mexican town of about 3,000 i
habitants, situsted on tho liank of the San
Joan River, threo. miles from its junction
(with the Rio Grande. This is now Gen. Ta:
lors Head Quarters, and is desigurd 10 be
his principal dépée It in undereiued that
he is to advance. wi
Monterey, a town 210
Imargo, where the Mexicans are conccntratiny
lan armyof such materials as they have. Here
he will probably have to do some more fight
ing; possibly he will meet with resistance!
efore reaching Monterey, as tiwre are sai
to be defiles on the way which, it taken ad,
vantage of, may prove another
to those who attempt to puss. Cin
be left at Point Leabel, Burrita, Nacamvoros,
Mier. and other places now in onr possessio
While Gen, Taylor a moving toward Now
terey, Geu. Kearney, at the bead of some
5,000 troops, is marching upon Santa Fé, the
Capitol of New-Mexico, a town of about 5,006}
inhbitanta, situated on the east bank of te
io Grande, 1,000 miles from itsmouth. Gen
will most likely take tho town with itt
if any resistance—possibly he is even now in
possession of it
Vera Cruz has been under a blockade ove
since the 16h of May. and at the latest a4
lcounts our whole equadron under Com. Con-
lner, with the exception of the St. Mary's,
{which is employed in blockading Tam,
ico] was off Vera Cruz. This blockade,
wever, is of very little importance, as Al:
}varado, Tobasco, and three or four other po
lon the Galf, are open to the ingressof foceign!
vessels, and to the coasting trade.
‘On the 8th of June, the St.
jauiack on Tampico, bat it di
lapything in particular. On tho 7th of: nszust)
Commodore Conner attacked Alvarado witht

San Francisco. Gen. Castro made an attempt
to dislodge them, but retreated after a slight
jekirmish.

While we are pushing tho War in all di
rections, our Government has sent a messen:

r to Mexico with overtures of Peace,
Meanwhile, the expatristed chiof (and only
Ihcro) of Mexico, Santa Ane, and his friends
Ihave returned to that country, and are now
lunqnestionably in possession of the veins o
Government.” What effect Santa Ane’

‘THE war W1

reiteration to power 4will have ®n ihe pros,
pects of ant amicable settlement of our diff.
cultion, it is impossible to tell, though the

Since the above sketch was written, and|
first edition of this Almanac was put to
, considerable progress has beon made
ia the War, bat we ne only space to state|
2 few ofthe more prominent acts connected
vith it.

an,
thority of the President, declared Ney Mex.
ico a part of the United States, and appointed
the following Civil Officers for the Govern.
tof the Territory. Governor, CHARLES|
Bent ; Sceretary, Dow Aduciano Vigil ;
Marvhal, Richard’ Dalam; U. S.District At}
Horney, Francis P. Blair; ‘Treasurer, Charles
Blummer; Auditor Pub. Accounts, Eugene|
Leitensdorfer ; Judges Supreme Conrt, Joab|
Haughton, Antonio Jose Otero, and Charles|
Baubien. "Such of the Alcaldes of the small
towns, and officers of Santa Fé, as chose to|
take the oath of allegiance tothe United States,
continged in office, | Gen, K. left |
jatromg garrison at Santa Fé; a por’
ion of his force, under Col. Doniphan, to join|
‘Wool 9 Chihaahua; and with o small|
6 atarted bimyelf for California.
The whote of California is now in the pos
ian of the United States, having been tak
gppostion. | Com. Stoel
Chief of the Pacific Squad.
has declared himself Governor of Califor.
ia, and has issued a sort of Constitution er|
|Cade of Laws for the government of the Ter.
itary.
Gen. Taylor, with @ force of about 7,000
‘men, arrived before

Jments; the “Artillery with one batte
\pieces and 21 rounds of ammunition

r munitions of wer and supplies should|
be tarned over to the Americans; that the]

in this siege was a few.lessthan 500. Among|
the American officers killed and mortally
wounded were the following :

sneral impression is that it will be favorable, | ™

-|took possession of Tampico without opposi-

ITH MEXICO.
Lieut. Col. Watson, of the Bultimore Volun-

KteKeaven, Buh Infantry; Capt. Hatem, Iet Fence,
Leute

Lieut, Armatrong, Oho Regiment;
pie, of the Texas Rangers.

Gen. Wool, who had bee
march at the head of about 3,000 troops upon
IChibuabus, arrived at Mouciove, the Capital
Jof Coats, onthe 20th of Octber, and took
military possession without o - Mon:
Glove iv& town of aboat 5,000 tahabiteata,

Inthe Gulf, our Squadron has made another’
labortive attack on Alvarado, On the 23d of
October, Commodore Perry, with the United
‘States steamer Mississippi, Vixen, McLane,
land several other vessels, arrived at the mouth

the River, and demanded a surrender. whict
jwas refused. A few shote wete exchanged|
Ibetween our Marines and a handful of Mexi-
|can soldiers stationed at Tabasco, and the,
town was soon in the ion of the Com.
modore; but, findin itary possession,
lof the place of little or no importance, het
withdrew, destroying such Mexican vessel:
jas he could not conveniently take with him.
'He left the mouth of the River under block.
lade. During this expedition the followin,
[vessels were captured and manned: Ameri-
ican bark Cooma; Mexican echr. Telegraph
lsteamers Petrita and Tabesqueno; herm
rodite brig Yanante; schrs. Laura, Virgini
‘Tabasco, and Amanda ; American brig Ply-
mouth. ‘The following were burned : Mexi-
lcan sloop Campeachy, brig Rentville, a tow-
[boat and a schooner. Lieut. C. W. Morris and{
three seamen were lost during the expedition.
On the 14th of November, Com. Cone!

tion, the Mexican troops having previously!
levacuated the town. ‘possesion of this
place is considered important.

Sante Anna arrived at Vera Craz in Aug
last, having passed our blockade by consent
lof President Polk. He was received hom
from exile with great demonstrations of joy.
land the revolt against Paredes’s Goverament}
became general throughout Mexico. Paredes
left Mexico an exile, and Santa Anna was

lchosen Gencral-in-Chief of the Mexican Ar-

my. He is now (December) understood to}
be at San Luis Potosi with a large force—|
Jsome say 30,000 men—awaiting an attack;
from Gen. Taylor. ‘Thus matters now stand,

BINGEN.

BY HON. MRS. NORTON.
A Soxprer of the Legion lay dying in Algiers,
There was lack of woman's worsing there was dearth of woman's toars;

Bots comrade sood beside him, wha hla Iie blood ehbed aw

t, With pity 108, to bear what he might say.

‘The dying weldigtlatered as ho took thet comrade'e band,
‘And be sid, “I never more shall see my own, my native end;
‘Take a message, and a token, to some distant friends of mine,
For I was born at Bingen,—at Bingen on the Rhine.

“Tell my brothers and companions, when they meet and crowd around,
‘To hoar my mournfal story, in the pleasant vineyard groand,
‘That we fought the battle bravely—and when the day was done,
Fall many corse lay ghastly pale beneath the setting sun.

det the dead and dying were some grown old in wars

‘The death-wound on their gallant breasts, the last of many ec:
But some were young —and suddenly behold life's morn decline, —
‘And ons had come from Bingen,—fair Bingen on the Rhine!

“Tell my Mother, that her other sons shall oomforther old age,
And L was aye a traant bird, that thought his home a cage:
For my fathor was a soldier, and even as a child
My lieart leaped forth to hear him tell of etraggles fierce and wild;
‘And when he died, and left us to divide his scanty hoard,
Tet them take Whate'er they woald—but kept my father's sword ;
And sit boyish ove T hung it where the brirht Tight used to ine,
On thé cottage-wall st Bingen—calm Bingen on the Rhine.

“Tell my Sister not to weep for me, and sob with drooping bead,
When the troops are marching bome again, with glad and gallant tread,
But to look upon them proudly, with ¢ calm and steadfast eye,
Yor her brother was a soldier, too, and not afraid to die.

‘And ifa ‘seek her love, I ask ber in my name
To listen to.him Kindly, without regret or shame ;
‘And to hang the old sword in its place, (my father’s sword and mine,,

For the honor of old Bingen,—dear Bingen on the Rhine!

“There's another—not a sister;—in the happy days gone by,

‘You'd have known ber by the merriment that eparkled in her eye;
‘Too innocent for coquetry—too fond for idle ecorning,— :
Oh! friend, I fear the ligntest heart makes sometimes heaviest mourning !
‘Tell her the last night of my life—(for ere this moun be rise,

My body will be oat of pain—my soul be out of prison,

T dreamed T stood with her, and’ saw the yellow sunlight shine

‘On the vine-olad hills of Bingen—fair Bingen on the Rhine!

“Leaw the blue Rhine sweep slong—I heard, or seemed tq hear,
‘Tho German songs we used to sing, in choras swevtand cloar;

And down the pleasant river, and up the slanting hill,

The echoing chorus sounded, through the evening calm and still,
‘And her glad blue eyes were on me, a8 we passed with friendly talk,
Down many a path beloved of yore, and wellremembered walk;
‘And ber litile hand lay lightly, ofnfidingly in mine,

But we'll meet no more at Bingen,—loved Bingen on the Rhive.”

His voice grew faint and hoarser,—his grasp was childish weak,—
His eyes pat on a dying lookehe sighed aud ceased to rpea

His comrade bent to lif him, bat the spark of life had fled,
‘Tho Eoldier of the Legion in a foreign land wes dead |

‘And the soft maon rose op slowly, and calmly she looked down
On the red agnd of the battle-field, with bloody corpses strown ;
Yee, calmly’on that dresdfal scene her'pale light secemed to shine,
‘Asif shone on distant Bingen,—fair Bingen on the Rhine!

AD VALOREM DUTIES.

EXTRACT FROM MR. WEBSTER’S SPEECH ON THE TARIFF OF 1846.
In Beare, Juzy 25,

)_ Mr. President : I now proceed to that’branch off possible. Standing here in his place Mr. Buchan.
the subject to which I propose fir to call he at|am said : m me

ram duties, entirely. Now that has not been the]
ractice of the Government, at any time since ita

ry
‘as u lezen on this sabject wi

the ean
fimporting, and placed it almost exclusively ta the
aa ec dusan ot fF and a/bendn of he enmnu of Bren mapelacarery
an circumstances tol am porter produces bir invoice to the gol
}have been then of the Gbvernment from| lector, containing the actuul price atwhich the im-

‘and ‘duty upon this invoice. ‘th
connected with the Government so far aa know | Brian Quen. ‘The foreign toanufectrer, tn he fr
coght, periaps to make an exception i olga reduces the pric ofthe aca bch be i
case of Mr. Clay. Tasid here, thet] tonde to import into our country poe
‘Thad never heard a public map advocate a systera| sible standerd which he thinks wil enable thes to
the Custom-House withau being seizes

fan sataricon rece =
faged ‘with to muc i to en
mad Pati dstection. The cousequence fs, that the Bat
Jey rrevoe ig th Gna ata in, andl ates elt STs pices
ver been expressed by him; and if they are ‘the fair American Merchant is compelled
jorrectly reported, I am very sorry that such!ty pay’ tn this manver he a undersold io Be mas
by him. kel by te foreigner, and thus is driven from th
‘Mr. Carrrewpen here said, will the Senator| eons fe the public revenue ie fraud

‘explanation * ‘ad valorem duties deprive the American
order to ofer an 1” Nr. Clay's re, ins et soar ans
‘Mr. WenerEx proceeded. Ah! that explains|provection where it Js most required. When,
the whole matter, and it isa great relief to mylernsens” and wien tie price of forsign erties

mi ike to far lose than their Coat, your duty sinks in
Senator. Mr. Clay's ion, then, was, “If|the same proportion, and you aro also deprived
ou will bring the article here, and value it here,| revenue at the time when it ie most needed.

steady incidental protection. When commodities
fare usually sold by weight or by measure, you may:
jalwaya subject them to «specific duty ; and this
fought always to be done.

‘'Letus, then, abandon the ides of a uniform hor
zontal seaie of ad duties; and whether tho,
[duties be high or low, let us return to the ancient
practice of the Government. Let us adopt wise!
Jdlscriminations ; and, whenever this can be done,
{impose specific duties.”

‘WEMSTER'S SPEECH.

feeth of February, 1817, the House of Represen-[And here is the efreular which, in consequence
ftatives, on motion of Mr. Ingham of Pennsylve-/of that, Mr. Crawford addressed to the collect:
nia, came to thid resolution lore:
(On motion by Mr. Inghama- 5 VTONT 21157 Ly dipcarwtily, 25h May, 3018
jon by Mr. Ingharo— “TREASURY 25
_Reroloed, That tne Sceretary of the Treasary‘be| Gra; Ae the revenue of tue United States ie
WJirected to report to Congress, at the next session, exclusively derived trom
ch meaauros x4 may he necessury fur the more|from the sale of the public
efluctual execution uf the lows for the collection of! Bock
ho dutics on imported goode, wares and merchn-
sen
In answer to this, Mr. Ceawford, the then Sec-
tary of tho “Hrousury, after having recom
fed various new provisions for the preven-| :
ion of fraud, said : pglerem duties upon all articles
“Whatever may be the rellance which onght tolchange. >
vo placed in the eficacy of the foregoing provis-| Sensible of the
ions, It is certainly prudent to dimiuieh, a2 far as
racticable, the listof artietes paying od valorem du

=
“tinge best examination which circumstances
ave permitted, has resulted in the conviction that|”
ino fhtowing let of articles, mow payie ad cafe
im duties, may be eubjected t0 epecite duiea™
‘Then follows the list, amounting to seventy-|
onc in all. Here, then, in answer to the call of 7
the House, as to what measures ought to be:
oa for the ‘security offment aunexed |
tion ting I think to[expeueo of oleh
feations, mount tole
sags“ After al the tuo course {2]the Faia of ad

si ‘WM. H. CRAWFORD.
‘eso to subject cloths af wool,

os Me, Topham” AP 20 1018,

“00 moti ;

eleds Thar ihe Bactoney of the Treanary be #0me of tho,

directed 19 report to Congress es their next res.|practicable
improvement {t riay be practica-|#ructed for

ble to make in the tari of dual riod

pigirewer]
‘Tarasuny Deranrment, Nov. 11th, 1817,
Sra: The House of

‘Taeasuer Deranroren, Feb, tb, 1819.
8: In obedience to a resolution of the House of /*Ures soot
Representatives of the 20th of April, 1616, directing|* cution
i ‘of ibe Ereesury ‘to. Feport to Gout
¥ bo practicable to make in the tar duties
ucticable to. make ct
i rébandise,

mer by]
Guties upon articles which
surged with utice ad valerem, 1 have, the|T

rox
tel
r Periatending. the imma
"You will evefore have the goodness, {i
15 ot existing defocus, to present 10 the Deyartment
the provisions best calculated, in your opinion, to
eft the object contemplated by tie National Leg-
re.
‘An early attention to this eubject is requested.
Thave Tam, reapeethuly, Re
‘Your most obedient serrata [Signed.] rM. H. CRAWFORD, ke.”
‘WM. EL Ci
(rhe Hon. the Speaker of he H. of Reps.”
articles amount to 155in number. [See]
tate Papers, Finance vol. 3, eee 45-16, &e.)| |, whem 1} the honorable chair}
Following’ the ion in Mr. Crawford's} joramittee of Finance (Mr. Luwrs)|
letter, that here might be w propriety in tncreas-[ea, that he did not believe that a case of fraade,
6 the lit of apectfic duties, this resohution of the|lent under-valuation had ever been made out !—|
House, as you sce, sir, calls for farther informs-|Why if ls the notoriety of a thousand such cascs|
‘don, and expression of opinion, on that point,—loccurring every year in this Government, and in

WEBSTER’S SPEECH.

y lao, of the
seated inuncen 1d. hundreds of instances, |
raorated iP of
Trbich goods ware seized and forfeited for un
: Tknow no. limit to. thet ist,

-Orloans, for the We

fern trade, with the understanding that be is to have

(thom atthe foreign cost, the duties andjtle
rges added.

bers. This letter, I
honorable: chairman. It must
[quite a new view of things,

Le Guunp Cumor, 2
Joa the benedt of

“ Bostox, Jaly 1
Deax Sie: Tam informed hale ronpaga

‘erere yesterday.
Thareino doubt of the entherty from which T
ceived ths, information, but do not wish to
quoted for

pal
Hoo, D. Wensren, Washington, lAnd I cannot avold expressing my decidea

- BS T boar that Br. Lamsoe a the co Henin favor of specifi duties, “as chen the fore
Sir, one case more. “A Grn |anaczrer we PAY Shs sume aulea ao

n Boston (Messsrs. George ‘& Co.) have| American: ter,
boon dealers many yours in Say Coo Rere[Amerisanin’gigoed, BENJ. MARSHALL.”

TARIFF OF DUTIES,
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.

SCHEDULE A....(100 Per Cent.)

Kirschenwasser,
‘Maraschino,
Ratafa,

(40 Per Cent.)

‘Scagliola Tops, or other|
furniture of,

Segars, tobseco, paper,

factures of, do
Vepetsbien prepared,
re .
encased, | Wines of all kinds, and
Wines, Burgundy. sham:
nes, a

of wines,

Wood, manufactures, of]
cedar, gravadilia, ebo-|
ny, rosewood, satin
‘wood and mahogany,

(30 Per Gent.)

Cloth, oll, of all kinds,

lure,
Coal and culm of do,
Sorapselbon ” paste,
om 0
milan | ase nly

chip, erase, pulorleat | Copper, eartuctares of
chip, "grass, palialeat, | Copper, manviactares
fr ether vegetable sub: | Coral, cus or mauuleer

tured,
Cork, ‘manufactures of,
Boxes’ of paper, except corks,
Boxes, vbell, Corks, Cotmetics,
‘Bracelets, ' Braces, | Gorton cords,

Braids, Cotton, manufactures of,
Brass, manufactures of, | Court plaster,

Broome, Brushes, "| Crackers, fire,

Brussels carpets,

‘Capers, ,

Caps, of fur, or of which

fur {ea component part

f gold,

silver, or other metals,

Emences, Epauietes,
Fans,

ts
Snuff. tobacco, all manu-|'

Goact) harness and fur-|l

rena composed ofetraw
satin, chip, grass, paim
Seat,’ hale’ Shalzvone,
willow, of other vege
table substances,
[Hata of fur, or of which
| fer 4s component part,
a

jearth rag
Hemp unmenufactured,
Honey,

Horn, manufsctares of
Household furniture,
Homan hair, ready for

‘whole or in

Do pigs,
2 ples,
ibe, ifactures of,
wor, manutachaves of
[Tapetined ware and imi-

‘chat,

yet, manufactures of,
Do imitations

seer and titans
oe

Excoe? 8° Ee

Lead pencils,
Lead, manufactures of,

Loggia,
Linsea, marmnfactares of,
Marble paving tiles na

tiles an
fait magufectires of do

Do Ve
Do Wilton, ‘ke. and | Fi :
all kinds, Fire wood,’ Flats,

finished or unfinished

Metallic Yesssis,

Hata, men’s and child- | Pr

use,
lindia rubber shoes, in | Pickles,

; MaNaiactures of

dry
Oit'cloth of all Kinds
Oil volatile
‘Do essential
Do Olive in cask
do salad

Pac
Painters’ colors, ary, or
round in
em leaf, manufactare,
Paper, and manufac
tures of,
Poper boxes,
jo envelops,
‘apier mach, manufac-
tures of, =
Paper of all kinds,
Parasols, finished or un-
finished,
Parciment,
Paste comporition
Pearl, manufactures of
Pencils, bair
Do lead,

epper,
Pepper, Perfumes,
Pewter, manufactures

Pimento,
Plaster, composition,
Plated tind gilt ware’

Baddlery of all kinds,
Selmon, preserved,
Stunages, Bolgeyes
logs,
Snuces of all kinds,
Saxony cerpets,
Bowing thie th
jewing siksin the gum,
cor purged,

sheli boxer,

‘THE WEW-TARIFY.

T
t
z
T

fi
v

(
u
¥
y
¥
¥
¥

f
¥
¥

|
¥
v

i
¥

1
a

‘
iv
%
v
¥
¥
x
¥
x
¥
¥

Cotton, manufactures
‘compored wholly of,
ot otherwise provided

EO n De nn Bn Sn BO LOOSE

aFostcal” instruments ot
‘strings of whip, or eal

Briating "or: repetli
tonin ©. 6.

‘THE NEW-TAnIFF.

factured,
1] Wool hat bodies, or o
‘which Wool is the

Gold ‘beaters? okins,
Gam, Arable, Benegal,

a
Rarer ie
Einaett eite a
Hair of all kinc

bound or unbound;
ral rater 2

or stuffy, not oiberwise
vided fur,
fosnics, or imitations of,
Bot wc
‘Mesie and paper with
4 Snes, bound or unbound
ANatroa,
{gs iMustrated,

‘Doupd or whbound, not
ot rvine provided for,
trate potdrl, soda, re:
fined. or partally’ re-
ded,
tx vom

Pamphiets,
(Paste, compositions of,
in

SCHEDULE G..

ne,

(Argol, oF crude tarvap,
Belis'when old, or bell
Peta Gt only tb be re-
‘anafo

factared,
Rerrice used exclusive.
4y for dyeing,

“ries, unmanufactured.
ries "pe aad toe,
‘unpiuna feta
Frau in pigs or bars,
}Brase when old and fit
only to be remanufac-
tured,

rail wood, and all dye-
“wood, in sticks,

f
sopper in pigs and bars,

id when oid end only
to bo remanufactur

i
‘for

‘THE NEW-TARIFF.

Polixhing stones,
Pumice mone,
Rapeseed, ~ "Rattane,
Reels, unmanufactured,
Rotten etone,

Rubies, or imitations of,

tially ‘retined,
Senegal cum,
joupegre or|
tual snot otherwise|
+ provided for,

Stones, «balding,
jtonos, « building, burr,
roiten, precious and all
fnttations of, not eet.
Sulphuric acid,

Tallow,
Tesrejéponica,
‘Watches, parts of, mate,
rials, of all kinds not
‘otherwise provided for,
‘Woad ‘or pastel,

factared,

Fotash, nitrate of, erade|
0,

Lage, of whatover mate.
‘Raw hides, and skins of|

‘all kinds, dried, salted
oF pickled, ‘uot ouber-| ol

wise providodtor,
Root, madder, & ground,
gattower, de
peo, er
Seed acy’ Shellac,
‘Shells, unmanufactured
Bulk thle oy ether tae
fuctares of cloth aul,
le for manafacearing|
theeer
orbutions, xclutvely|
stingy raw of all
dried, or pick
Jed, not otherwise pro-|
vided for,
‘Soda, nitrate of, grade,

Tin in piga, ‘bars, or|
blocks,
Tortoise & other shelle,|

ule H.}
fed | Coins, gold, silver, or

| United “sates mint,

Bpoltor er sine, tomar 10g

not otherwise provided

for,

Turmeric,

twist, alk or cloth, snita-

ble for the manufacture
es; bouts, boot

fF buttons, exclu

sively,

Vegetables used exclu-

SCHEDULE

Animale imported for

Antiquities collections of
Bebe profeestonas not

00 onal
merchandise orfor sale,
Botanical specimens,
Bulbs,

under reciprocity trea
fee, Ke, [See Act,Sched-

copper,
Copper tbins,
[Copper insported for the

Abie
ty id lathes wide, an
weighing fom if to 4
unees to the square
foot,

Copper ore,
[Cotton,

Felt sheathing, adhesive
[Garden seeds and all

‘other seeds not other-
Srise provided for,

1a, gaan
[Household and personal
effects of citizens of U.
abroad,

7
broad and bot intended
for sale on arriving in
‘the United States,
Junk, old
implements and instra-
‘ments of the profes
occupation or ex
sof persons
fving in the U. 8. for
Use, not in a manufectu-
‘eatablishmeat or

sively for dyeing, un
thunttactnrede

Oil, spermaceti, whale,
‘and-other, producta
dmorican slueries,
Old -junk,

road,

Planta and roots not
erwise provided for,

Plaster of Paris ‘am

and weighing from 1

Shine mt
felis sam
ae

Beane,

mation [See Ach
0. het,
Seaiton |
Metal sbeazbing,

conte,
ite, fee
ors

porte Google

» Google +

vino GOORle

ANNUAL
EXPENDITURES or tae FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

SINCE THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON 48 PRESIDENT, 1789.

(Mar. 4,to Dec. 30,1791) Sane ee a Dae rena

be. -1.877,913 68. 9,141,569 a

_—
SUMMARY OF THE CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES,
JUNE 1, 1840.

Free or Non-Slaveholding States.
Free Colored.
35.

PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN THE. UNITED STATES FOR FIFTY
YEARS, FROM 1790 TO 1840.

First Census, August |, 1790.
Free Colored.
-26,551..

UNITED STATES CENSUS.—MEXICO.

Second Centus, August 1, 1800.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE CENSUS OF 1840.
Number of Persons employed in Agricaltare. Manatecnses

Beates, 414,138.
fe aes ‘odes
650,546.

Other Occupations, by the Census of 1840.
Number of Mining in the United States, .
umber of Peryots employed ia Mining in the United Sates

ternal Navigation,

Internal N:
“ “ “ Learnbd ions, including Engineers,

‘ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONA

NEW-HAMPSHIRE.
GovenNon, 1846. Goveawos, 1845.

ring 385, 1€45—ecattering 1003.
Concness, 1846, Paxsipewr,1844.
Whig. Loco. Abo

‘Loco, Ind,
Woody. Hale.
3709” 1844.

Good's,
eo

slitz
ileus

Slais 3

Se. “ Clay. Polk.
lay. Pol
150....6168 4500
216.

238
|euaaees

tee
|

L DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

MASSACHUSETTS.
<—————-Govaayox, 1845,
‘Sewall. Shaw. Beat,

Barnstabie -1U75
Namtucket.. 498
Dukes Co...24 155
Total.5168 “START ~ RAIG
Brlsge over Davis 14311; all others over Drigge

VERMONT.
Goveanox, 1846. Govenxon, 1845.
Baton Senlth.Brain'd Blade Kel She
4

966.
22711555

‘Total, 29,885 17,016
|Enton over Smith 5869

ave last yoar 370 majority against Gi .
if Loins avon Senatead 17 L.oco-Focos|

RHOEF ISLAND. .
Govranox’ 1840. Govranas, 145.
Dimun, Jec’s'n. Seat. Fenner. Jac’n. Se.

NEW-YORE.

———1816—____.,. —18u_. -1846-——.
Govzanos. Lt. Gevganos. Govganom. Constrrorion. Eq 80
Loco. Loca: -

eakee

BERS

deabpnueget?

(P68.
31. 27-9589
23570... 118650
2255.2.,9067
50p4- 7726061
5915. ...588
3ek
res
298
93.

ppeEteece
Be

wekeedeeaegee

!
ee bde

waegte
SPRUE ESE
sunegasee

Perse PUP PPLE ta

Bras

SESEREE
Ee

Beec#
Saeeee
aie

10,88, For Come. 194000. ap 5
EGF This ts not the Official of the State Canvamers, but of the several County Desi
(srate Canvass may vary the result a few votes, =

ELECTION

NEW-JEESEY.
Concarss, 1846. Pnzs's, 1944.

Whig. Loco, Native. Whig.
Hampton. Thoms. Hols, oy =
Britt

‘Newell. Comba, Risdon,
63 1963 276....3790
3.-.321
1883

XV. Van Dyke. Kirkpatrick.
lesex ..2076° 142.

NEW-YORK CITY.
Govraxon Lr. Govesxon.

ede Young, Weight, Raw. Fish. Gard. Fa
6g" 3009 3B... Tag

Foe Teste 21,755 4,03!

over Young, 5044; Gardiner over
|. Wright over all, (7 scattering) 379 ;|

ars over Gardiner, (14 1,402,
Abe “-ndley) 60, Land Re!
rier) 8. Lieut. Gov-|

Fr eee in State, 16” Houston's do, du. 147,

FLORIDA.
1846,—Concarss—1845,
Counties. Cabolh i: Kaimte “Cabell. We Brve.L-

123
400

ee co]
[Santa Rosa -103 35
[Cotambia...212 208
5 Yo

‘3

Washington 64 0
etferson «241 908
9

‘Total... B78
Gabci's ma, 9, ‘Brockcnbraugite do. 45

Conoxrss.—N. ¥, City.

Discs.
HIE. Wards, Phonnix. Nicoll. “Miller. Rowe

905 5
oor 36 1
oxt u rr
1508 9 1
ee) 1
4000 a

‘Williams, Mecley. Prall. Smith. Com'd

a ae
ihe aero
Wom 34a

Toul, 5 0 TS au
Monroe. Jackson. Camptell, Monta
705° 1361. rn

Kets,) 605,

Etforion RETURNS.

‘The Next Gougress.

BL. [Vacancy |
3. phsae Belaher

Neeeney
5. fscaney
ean!
fea tah Williams.
ennox?.

‘Witlium Henry
TYaganicy]

waneactserrs.
“Robe. C. Winthrop

5:4charles Hu
6.*George Ashoun
T.sSalius Rockwall

10.-* Joseph Grit
NRW-ToRK,
1... Frederick W. Lord
22H. C. Murphy. gain})
inoll. gaint

D. 8. Jackson, gaint
‘William Nelson. &

8..Corneliue Warreng| 3

9.-Daniel B. St. Jobng)
10. .Eliakim Sherrill. ¢
11: “Peter H Sylvester. g|
112. .Gidoon Reynolds
i Slingeriand,
14. Orlando Kellogg
15..Sidney Lawrence
16. .* Hugh White
17. Gronoe Petare
18.-Joeeph Mullin, gate
19. WViliam Collins
0.*TimorHy JENKINS.|

25. Harman 3.Congerg|
26. Wm. T-Lawreneeg|
John M, Holley. ¢
Elias B, Holmes
Danil amaey
janicl Rumsey,
“Dudley Marva’
'32.Nathua K. Hall
3. Harvey Putnam "
“Washington Hunt,
NEWJERSEY. .
1.James G. Hampton!
LW. A. Newell, gatn|
3-*Vaseph Edsall

ta in SMALL CAPS}

4. John

Van Dyke

5.Dudiey S. Gregory

22...
23° Jumne

“John

TT Jon
{18.*Andrew Stowart

Cs Chas. J. Ingersalt
5.-Jobn Freealy, gain

Horabeck,

‘Thompson

a4. .Alexander Irvine.
DELAWARE,

‘W. Houston

SOUTH-CAROLINA

--Edw/d. C. Cabell, ¢|

OHIO

1AJames J Foren,
2..David Fisher, gsi
3.*Rubert_C. Sehenck
Richard 8. Canby
= Wiliam Sasover
-Rodolph's Dickcnson|
‘Thomas L. Homer
James L. Taylorg

15._ tiem Kennon
16.*Joha. D. Coramina
‘George Fries

“18. -SawueL Lanse

39: Jokz: Crowell
:Toshua R. Giddings|
‘aI-*Joseph M. Root.

W. Johnson.
‘© Members of the present Congress. | Galn{ran}
piasive. _—
RECAPITULATION.
1846——

conmoworSuccuns]
Bl netuorcBeton ore

Ml oooHSocccoucce
* alocococcowcsc oo!

FF
z.
z

MASSACHUSETTS.—[Not complete}
GoveaNon—1846._ Govennor—I8
‘Briggs. Davis. Scat. Briggs. Devt.
(S460. 1087 1455....5615 21S

ABAMA....1[1d Congressional Distrit.
comties: Soma 7. Comrel, Z-

eeeezegad

‘Total.--...3269
(Cottrell's maj.90; Polk's do. 1488.

eee

ELECTION RETURNS.
GEORGIA. Crook. Lumpkin.

Concaess—1 846. Concxrss—1844,|Dale.......-

King, ¥. Cohen,L. King, #5 sp'id’g.t| De Kalb ----- 37

~ lt 131 si) ent 8 f

: 2 Gwinnett =...

Murray...

Cleveland. Cubb, Underw
\Ciarke....-.. 413,

Morgen. 22222 336
Oglethorpe -- 438

Puan.

Washington.
Wilkes...... 414

‘Toul....--3960 TWAT... Tat
Eloya. Haralson|

195 530 NORTH CAROLINA
| Leorstatune, 1846-7. Whigs, Loco

[LeorsLaruae, 1846-7. ign Loca
Senate.
House

‘There axe five or six counties not

ARKANSAS.
Lxorezarvnr, 1046-7. hig Love
independent Loco-Foco| SeU8t®.--+-+-+++ ++ +0020
refused to vote for either,

Crook was, an

ELECTION
INDIANA. 7
1846. ies. 1644.
Govruxon. CoXaness.PaxsiDENr,|
Mars Wh Wil wore Polk.
417. 42 7

bal}

Vandorbarg.
Warrick .... 314 £06.. 304
Total ...5638 7302, CL FHG..57V7 7765)
Whitcomab’s mej, 1654; Owen's 1015 ; Polk's 1972)
Martin Henley.
rmagj. 181.1041" 1906,.1132 1417]
921 92.. BAT 973.. 956 Yell
20. 602. 593.
HURT 1G36 1AM 1S
HT G9. TL Gs.
5 Sh Gaeta et aa
FWeshiagiaa 1009, 130-1051 1608..1149 1660
Totul..-5957 173 6370 TIM 7087, 7643)
Whitcomb's maj. 116; Henley's 43; Polk's 556.
‘Eggleston.Smith,
219 1615139 1500.. 1016

[1109 1981. 973. 1967..1325
426 390/2 307 “405-2 193

‘smiths Finley.
752.. 976 G25... 088
71332 8121.1458 1005)
Ente. ge ora

Tara anes OI SSI AT
Maraball' tan 1308; Shah's 1601s Cy

Foley.
aso. aad Tes 035° 1069

o74..59

6. 659

ng.) 19

1048.. 659

‘797.. 813

1498..1715

1252. "1107

/Tipton

‘Total ...6153 TAT. 5883 _7559..0966 7089
Whitcomb's maj. 394; Wick's 1676; Polk's 1016.|

lLecrezaroae, 1846-7. hi
209; Senate.. ae

RETURNS.

Bidaug’y.Wricht.
59.

stares 008, A 1S OOD sa
Marshal's mt} 501; MeGughey' 17; Cyn

263.. 682 1048) rx,

-|Whiteomb's my} 109; Cathoart's 26; Clay

Thompeon-Kenund

Se eS BIB. 198
79. 843

269.

EPEEE RES

ow connZ|Whitcomb's maj. 776;. Kenned;
Total vo. 37,596 0,494 58,731 65.165

‘Whitcomb’s majority 358
ty for Congress 6,384 ; palit maersy Bt
Lace Foon.

ELECTION RETURNS.

MARYLAND.

Concarss, 1845, ‘Parsioewr, '44.|

1690 3870.
1574 BLL.
TL648 661 Part of Aane Ard’
3000 S02H.....-4086 4410)
ae
Hire mess. Giles

Cswardey $4962 S804

Maori
et Giles 992. Duncan, (Rative,) re-

—lDist.

LOUISIANA.
Goveanoa—'46. Prus'y—44.

PR PPOR EEE

ILLINOIS,
Goveanon—46, Pararpenr—'44.
Kirkpatrick. French. Eells. Clay. Polk:
Total vote... 36,939 58,576 5,147. 45,58 57,
French over Kirkpatrick 91,537; Polk over!
[Clay 12,392,

Menmens or Conaazss.
Whigs. Loco-Focos. Abolitionists

SSGI5 SR Sse T SBE

ELECTION RETURNS.
Cennticn Graham W. Shep 1. Oh
1350 eo ooe LS

S8885

RSUBEZE SESS
i

[Crawford ..

{Franklin

gagseugusageecsavees

[Cumberland -.1961

691

Fayette... -2136

BLL

Philadel. City .5684
Philadel. Co..-5874

Tait
1559...---2312

Gudundeiat

i
“Ki

#
2
2

San isl ge
Poglig
EB

fog

Fy
3
ee

SNab HES. 828
SB3ga¥

seeeaus &
8

ton « -
mbiana.1572 2195

Hours
oa.

OS moan

fou

Lace.
6
6
°
4
3
4
‘4
a
5
6
a
1

Al-ssorooranaaa®

s
atlouncuw
5
i

ery
York .

oonTEnTs:
senior hore 1" | Valngot Foreign ins, Wei
Syria ico speakers ofthe Haase of Ror
eg acre peee

‘0f 1848: with Calculations for

itudes of the U. 5; Anecdotes. &¢,....3t0 13
Government of the U. States
+ Alief me agree ofthe President, Cab
{bet Oflcer, Supreme Court Junices and

House of Representatives

Seeiscommarenct,

of the Mexican Ws

? a Narrative of Events con- a meee
ocel cenrthe Wing Altus Yor ve Closing of the Hudson
Arnold's Pass to André, Eanibig the ate gn which the Heder
Polk’s Pass to Santa Ana, eT -
( |Amouni

Imported and exported from 1881 to 2046.
|State Statistics: A Table show-
ae eigenen anor et oo

of Principles: Hos:
Elections of Presidet and Vice-

j ‘Prosident: giving the time when elected
fad bow loge

” Reprodueed by the AMERICAN, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHIC. Co NY (-Osborne'sProceds}
1867.

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
(Novemsex 30, 1947.)
EXEOUTIVE—Parsmnaxr awp Casmrer.

raaeees,

JUDIOLARY—Surazme Count. i
ROGER B. TANEY, of. Maryland, Chicf Justice....Belary €400.
ISamuer Newson, of N.Y. Associate Justice |James M. Warne, of Ga. Associate
of N. H. “ « \Joun McKin ier, of Ala. “
foun McLras, of Ohio, “ « |Witius Carron, of Tenn.“
[Ropert C.Grirx, of Penn. « - |Perer V. Danret, of Vo. .

[Salary of Associate Justice, $4,500.]
Major-General of the Army—WINFIELD SCOTT, of. New-Jersey.

. XXXth CONGRESS.
Awembles Décember 6, 1847; Expires March 3, 1849.

SENATE.
GEORGE M. DALLAS, of Pennsylvenia, President, ex officio.
Members, ‘Term expires) Membere,

.1849| William Allen
1851| Thomas

1851)
1853
1849}
1853|
1849/
1853}
1849)
1853}
1849| Lewie Case.
1853}
851)
1853}
1849)
1853
cree)
849}

1853] *
in Roman, 34° -

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
ROBERT C. WINTHROP of Mass, Speaker.
28.* Elias B. Holmes, NORTH CAROLINA.

7.
}. Hampton, | &.. Richard 8. Donnell,
1.t Anos Tock, 9. David Outlaw,
2. Charles H.Pesslee, ph SOUTH CAROLINA. :
1.* James A. Black. -Richard Freuch,
2'+Richard ¥. Simpeon,|10.-Jekn P. Gaines,
rensevivanty, ” | 3 tJorphA.Woodward,| . _TRUNEssEE-
1.*Lewss C. Levin, 40 ). Sims, “Andrew Johnson,
‘5.*Artemas Burt, William M. Cocke,
3.*Geatge P. Marsh, G.*lesac E.Holmes, | 3.*John H. Crosier.
4..Lucius B-Peck. 7-*R- Barnwell Rhett. L. W. Hil,
ororai. 5.*George W. Jones
‘1.* Thomas B. King, james H. Thomas,
2 -Alfed Iveco, ‘Mrredih P. Gentry,
John WH Jonee! Washington.
4.*Hugh A. Haralson, | 9.*Lorenzo B. Chi
5.*John H. Lumpkin, [10.*Fred'tck P. Stan!
6.*Howell Cobb, LL... William P.
TEuTeor8.«
1.*Robert Smith, 1
2.*Johm A.McClernand,|
3.*Orlando B. Ficklin,
5."Wane A Rlekardaon|
Wn. A.

Thomas J. Turner,
|. Abraham Lineoin.
missouar

‘1.*Jumes B. Bowlin,
21 John Jameson,
3.“James 8. Green,
4. Willard P. Hal
5..*Jobn 8. Phelps.
INDIANA.
1..Elisha Embree,
1,*Emile La Serg, ‘2.*Thomas J. Henley,
2.*B. G. Thi , | 3..John L. Robinson,
3.*J. M. Harmanson, | 4:*Caled B. Smith.
4 -RobereM. Mekane,| 4.*laeac E-Morse,” | 5.*William W, Wick,
Soin Cried | 1-*Jamen TE IP Thompoon,
Toke W. amen J.Faran, | 7. Rich
‘VIRGINIA. ‘2.. David Fisher, 8.*John Pettit,
1.*Archibald Atkinson,| 3.*Robert C. Schenck, | 9.*Charles W.Cathcart|
‘2..Richard K. Meade, | 4.. Rickard §. Canby, |10..William Rookbill.
E: Rodnps Dickson] 1.+nobert MeClalana|
“Rodulp's Dickineon,| 1.*Rtabers Met
mar 7 Jonathan . Norrie] £ Ghee F Sar
mg) . Kinaley & Binghato|
Na ee Ds Tagan.
daa 1.*David 8. Kawfinan,
‘Timowby Jenkins, {1 Bedin Bemual FVinien, | eae
% ‘ (owe
G. A. Starkwoather,|11.-Jamee McDowell, |13..Thomas Richey,” | 1..Willam Th
Birdeall, 14° nathan ans,

Futon,
14°{Rob't A. Thompson,
115.*William G. Brown.

ORIGIN OF THE MEXICAN WAR.

ACTS TO BE CONSIDERED.

From an early period—prior even to Asron|
IBurr’s celebrated though bafiled expedition
dventarors'in the United States have re-
ded with covetous eyes the rich, warm|
rairies of Texas, with the fumous mines and
glittering churches of Mexico. But for a
generation this spirit was repressed rather|
han encotraged by our ralera. When in
12 was delivered up by the|
Spanish authorities to France, in pursaance|
of a Treaty of Gession just made by the im-
becile Spanish monarch, Charles IV. with]
Napoleon, and immediately sold and deliv.
yved by the latter to our Government, it was|
nsimated in some quarters that Texas, and

jeed the whole region East of the Rio
nde, cught to be included in the cession,
Bat no single point or post West of the Sa-|
bine and South of the Red River was deliv.
d by Spain to France, nor by France to ont|
|Government, nor even demanded on our part.
a the other hand, Spain claimed that Me:
ce, inclading Texas, rightfally extended to
Mississippi. Natchitoches, on the Red|
|River, within the present limita of Louisiana,
jwas formally.surrendered to us, while Nacog-
ches, 2 few miles fariber West, remained|
lin undisputed, unquestioned Spanish posses
down to the overthrow of Spanish domi-

In 1006, there were serious forebodings of| b
ja collision’ between the Spanish forces underlformation of the ‘Treaty which gave us Flori
[Don Antonio Coderp, Governor of Texas, and|
|Gea. Simon Herrera, and our troops under|
|Gen. Wilkinson. ‘The Spaniards appeared
lin force several miles East of the Sabine,
aiming that the provisional or traditional]
lboandary between Louistana and Texas ran|
through the Arroyo Hondo, seven miles West
of Naichitoches, and considerably East of the]
. Gen. Wilkinson, on the other hand,
lacting under instractions from President Jef-
|rereon, insisted that the Sabine was the right,
| boundary, and the Spaniards niiilt

jacrosa it. After standing some time face
face, it was agered tht the Spaniards should}
retire scross the Sabine and oar troops fi
back to Natchitoches. From that time the
[Sabine was the acknowledged provision
boundary between the Anglo-Saxon and!
Spanish power on the Mexicay Gulf. Th
|was in 1812 an insurrection in Texas agai
the Spanish domination, which was pat down:
lbut our Goyernment claimed no right, and
manifested no desire to meddle with th
lcombatants. In 1816-17, our Collector
INew-Orleans wrote to the Secretary of th
Treasury at Washington, complaining tha
[Galveston Bay had become « resort and re!
lage of smugglers, feeebooters and hard case
generally, to the serious detriment of the|
commerce and revenue of New-Orlean
ISuill, nothing wes done by our Governmen
in the premises—not even a vessel dispatched
to the Texan coast to discipline these eat
laws, as it was our solemn daty to do if thei
rendezvous was within the United States. Y
in making a treaty of Boundaries with Spai
in 1818-19, of which the chief object
the acquisition pf Florida, our Go
leet up a claim that Louisiana (net Te:
rightfally extended to the Rio Grande; an
this tlaim was ably argued and enforce
by John Quiney Adams, then Secretary o
[State It was surrendered, however, in

lda, and by which the United States solemnly}
lrenouncen ‘all rights, claims and pretensions

Ito any torritory lying West of the Sabin

land South of the Red River of Lovisians|
this same boundary was restated and]
lagreed to by our, Government in its Tresty
with Mexico in 1628. ‘Thus, if we ever bad
lany color of right to Texas, under the Lovie]
iiana Treaty, we deliberately renounced soil
leurrendered it in 1819, and reiterated the
lsorrender in 1828. Yet in 1645 our Embes
Jsador Shannoa declared in an official comm

ORIGIN oF THE

to the Mexicen Government that the|(

with our Goverament for the last

uty years!

"in 1830, the designs of 8 portion of oar
Jpeople upon Texas had become quite trans
lparent. A considerable namber had’ gone|
Iihere as settlers, and had obtained large

ta of land from the Government of M

mn condition of settling thereon a stip

iniod number of iiamigraats ef the Cathollc

faith. Some of these grants of land were ob-|

lained under the false and groundless pre-|

that the applicants were Catholics who|

ere not allowed the free enjoynment of their

IReligion in the United States. and therefore]

lwished to migrate to a Catholic countey. Of

ours, ‘of these immigrants wére not|

lmorely undesirable settlers but tarbulent and

ditiousand were regarded with suspicion,
by the Mexicans.

Tn 1834-5, after repeated attempts bad|
been made by our Government to purchase
"exas, and been met with indignant refusal]
lby Mexico, one Sainue} Houston migrated
to Texas. He had been Governor of Ten-|
lncsace a few years previous—bad married a
jwife and snddenly abandoned her without!

ublicly known cause, retiring into the far|
restern wilds ainong savages, who mado|
lbim a sort of Chicf. Becoming wearied of
ithis, he returned to Little Rock and ultimate-|
lly to Washington, where be renewed his
liormer close intimacy with Gen. Jackson,
jthea President, and with other prominent!
imen of the same stamp. When he departed,
it was quite notorious in well informed circles

Washington that be had set out for Texas
to raise an insurrection there and wrest the
joountry from Mexico. On reaching Little
Bock, on his way thither, this design was no|
llonger concealed. The Arkansas State Ga-

tte, in announcing his departure for Texas,

ignificantly remarked : * We shall doubtlens

[bear of his raising his flag there shortly.” Bo
lwe did.

‘The Texas Insurrection, the open and. os

of men, munitions|

1¢ South-west to sus-|

nspiracy over the

MEXICAN Wan.

etUements, which gradually spread west

-lward to the Nueces. In two instances only|

[did the Texans cross that River in force and|

Aectin,
from

ng
more from the United States and even Africa
Conscientious men became aroused, and ap.
pealed to the moral sense of their country.
men. Prominent among them was the great
De. Wittiam Exteny Cuannine of Boston,

i
IDr. Channing says:

leLoop. Acs MAY
lene TRAGEDY, THe
[sd READY To ENACT.

‘This wes ho outburst of fanaticism, bat th
lcalm dictate of an enlightened understanding
land conscience. Ita substance was affira

Union, It was laid by Mr. Van Buren befor
hia Cabines. who unanimously decided tore
t it. Mr. Forsyth, Secretary of State. com.
cnisated this deciion to the Texan Mint]
tera, in-a letter of which the following extract
ives the import:

red legions of Mexico on the field of San|*st

jacinto,are all matters of public history. San
ta Anna, surprised with his advance-guard,
cut off by a sudden freshet from his

lmain body, waa routed, taken prisoner, thres)- |i

jeved with’ death, and constrained to order a

ur aeeaet
ear ete pe
Hiebert
zara

i Mesien) ifthe
rel orf

‘ORIGIN OF THE WEXICAN Wan.

This decision, and the reasons assigned for
lt; were received by the American Prople|
‘th universal approbation. ‘The positions|
pf Mr. Forayth were so manifestly sound that|
t even the most anscrapulous instruments
the Texas land specalatora and slave_job-|
bers dared publicly to controvert them. Need
lwe now argue that they emphatically con-|

[Bear in mind that this was after Mexico
had committed, or permitted, most of ali the
poliations upon onr citizens eo jnat

tly com.
Ipained of, aud before abo hed adjusted them|tow

treaty and commenced paying them by
tallmente—a process only interrapted by|
our Government's assent to Annexation
Mr. Van Buren in 1844 relffirmed aad en-|

Cai the bearing of this on the right.
|wrong of the present War be misunderstood
fl: About the eame time. (April 17, '44,) Mi
Clay, in atter ignorance of Mr. Van Baren's
leligoncer'a ask asd’ brit expection of
telligencer « fran
bis owga reasons for opposing the Annexation

henfe, whence the following is an extract:

partin politics. ‘That meeting, after fall deli
eration, on motion of David D. Field, chair;
Iman of'a retiring committee, unanimously

Such was then the universal sentiment off
the entire Whig party and a majority of th
[Loco-Focos who had any opinion of thei
lows, throughcut the Free States at least.
‘Mr. Clay, writing (Sept. 23) his last publie
Newer before tho Presidential Election, reiter|
lated his inflexible hostility to Annes
while Texas should continue at war with

land her independence unrecognized by Mex

“T think itwouldbe dchonarads,
end road be Gangeroca to oe agg ad
In perfect accordance with nis, Gen, Hons}
ton remarked in the United States Senate,
lwhen Congress was deliberating on Mri
[Polk's War Message, (May 13, 1846,) that il
lwas too late now to deliberate—that ‘Te:

land Mexico had long been at war, and th

might invotve we |
might wel

"Ithe United States became a party to

War in consenting to Annexation.

‘Need we add one word to show the impe-
ldgut falsity, the utter absurdity, of the p
fence that this war grew out of Me
liations, or was instigated any act
Mexico whatever? byesy
—A single word on the Rio Grandé bound-
lary of Texas, ip addition to Senator Bre.
[row's emphatic testimony : (See Almanac fo
46.) Sitas.Waicut, in bis famous We

‘user |tertown Speech, in 1844, observed :

Between the writing and the
f this letter, while we were all

1 fle it my uty to vote agaioet the ratifcation of
‘De Aneeration “ft

Can these men have been grisly mi

An-|taken t Or did they mean to utter ontr

falsehood? What temptation bad they
lswerve from the trath 1

MR, CLAY’S SPEECH
At the Lexington (Ky.) Mass Meeting, Nov. 13, 1847.

‘After the organization of the meeting, Mr. ition, while they lat, but Soc!
AY Fose and addressed it sfbstantially aa|from their te. Ws

‘to the unnate rit

tblio mind {a agitated and anxious, and|

fd with serious apprehensions as to ita

finite continuance, and especially as to

‘consequences which its termination mag|

forth, menacing the harmony, if not the
mristence, of our Union,

“Ie lg wader thcso cirumstances T prosent

from the bloody fields of batile, from engaizin
in the industrious and peaceful vocations

from the}
it

months’ existence, is equal.to one-half of

whole of the American loss during the seven]
\years’ War of the Revolation! And I ven-
ture to assert that the expenditure of treastre

‘unbappil ‘involved in thie
ied ante consequence

no great-

calamities which can befall our species were the War be

snd War, as the most direfal, justly stands|tween Texes and Mexico had not been ter,

most and in front. Pestilenceand Famine,|minated by: a treaty of peace; that Mexico|

-latill claimed ‘Texas as a revolted province

fposes, are inflictions of Providence, ichland that, if. we received Texas into ou

tis our duty, therefore, to bow with obe-|Union, we took along with her the War ex;

H and resignation listing between ber and Mexico. ‘And the
ravages|

great

pinoy Google

;
i

|Convention, which framed our Federal Con-

that it had been often arid greatly abused

Ht had scen that War had often been com.
lmenced upon the most trilling pretexts; that
it had been frequently waged to establish or|
lexclade a dynasty ; to snatch a crown from|
Ithe head of one potentate and place it upon|
[the head of another; that it bad often beon|
lprosecuted to promote alien and other inter-
lests than those of the nation whose chief had
roclaimed it, as in the case of English wars!

lor Hanoverian interests; and. in short, that]
lsuch a vast and tremendous power ought not
ho be confided to the perilous exercise of one
ingle man. The Convention, therefore, re-
ved to guard the Warmaking power
lagainst those great abuses, of which, in the
lbands of a monarch. it was so susceptible.
st those abuses which|

ipower.
‘The Constitution provides that Congress

il have power to declare War, and grant
Neters ofmarque and reprisal, to make rales
lconcerning captures on land. and water, to
lraie and support armies, and provide and
lmaintain a navy, and to make rules for the

wernment of the land and naval forces.

lAnd, if a War be commenced without any
wvious declaration of its objects, as in the
of the existing War with Mexico, Con.
gress maust necessarily possess the authority,
lat any time, to declare for what purposes it
Jshall be farther prosecuted. If we enppose|
ICongress does not possess the controlling au-
rity attributed to it; if it becontended that
‘War bavin

determining
‘the objects for which a War shall be|
|. There ie no other alternative.

MR. CLAY'S LEXINGTON SPEECH.

laitution, had learned from the pages of his-|it for objects

-|thé instance of the last War with

-|seas the

-Jecsses the War-making power, withont re|

been once commenced, the|it

[by attributing to Congress’

—3
Tf the President poescss it and may proseente|

inst the wil of 86,
where is the difference between our Fre
Government and that of any other natiou|
which may be governed by an absolate Cear,
Emperor, or King? .
Congress may omit, as it has omitted in the
present War, to proclaim the objevts for!
[which it was commenced or has been sincel
lprosecated. and in case of euch omission th
President, being charged with the employ|
ment and direction of the national force, is,
nocessarily, left to his own judgment to de
cide apon the objects to the attaioment of
‘which that force shall be applied. But. wheu-!
lever Congress shall think proper to deca
by some authentic act, for what purposes a
war shall be commenced or continued, itis
the daty of the President to apply the national
force to the attainment of thoeé purposes. Io]
Brit]
fain, the act of Congress by which it was d
Iclared was preceded by a Mcssage of Presi|

jwithout it the well-known objects of" the|
War, which wasa War purely of defence]
rendered it unnecessary that Congross should|
jarticularize, in the act,the specific cbj
for which it was proclaimed. ‘The whol
world knew that it Was a War w
Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights.
Ttmay be urged that the President and
Senate possess the treaty-making pqwer,
jwithout any express limitation as to ite exer.
cise ; thet the natural and ordinary termina
lof a War isby a treaty of peace; and there,
fore, that the President and Senate must
wereto devide what stipalatian
land conditions shall enter into such ‘a treaty,
But it is not more trae that the President andl
Senate posmess the ‘tresty-making power,

without limitation, than that Congrese pos!

striction. ‘These two powers then oughtto be|
so interpreted as to reconcile the one withi
the other; and, in expounding the Constito,
tion, we ought to keep constantly in view the|
jnatare and stractare of our Govern.
Imeut, and especially the great object of the|
[Convention in taking the W ar-making power|

ofthe hands of single man and placine
in the safer custody of the representatives!
the whole nation. The desirable recon,
ation between the two powers is effecied
right to declare!
Jwhat shall bo the objects of a War, and tol
the President the duty of endeavoring toob-|
tain those objects by the direction of the na
tional force and by diplomacy.

Tam brosching no new and spect ’da;:e|
theory. ‘The statate-book of the United Sate

fall of examples of prior declarations by|

Le.

\Congress of the objects to be attained by ne-
eptistions with foreign powers und the tr
ives of the Execative

Congress adopted. against the two great bel
htigerent powers of Europe, clauses were in-|
lserted in the several acts establishing them
|tendering to both or either of the belligerents|
ithe abolition of these restrictions f they would
repeal their hostile Berlin and Milan Decrees!
je2d Orders in Council, operating against our
lcommerce and navigation. And these acta
lof Congress were invariably communicatei,|
.-:rough the Executive, by diplomatic nctes,
[to France and Great ‘Britain, as the basi
|;apon which it was proposed to restore friend.
i}, intercourse with them. Bo after the ter
mination of the War, various acts of Con-
grees were passed, from time to time, offering,
“We foreign powers the principle of retiprocit
jin the commerce and navigation of the Unite
[States with them. Out of these acts have|
rung a class, and a large class, of treaties)
|tfour or five of which were negotiated while
T was in the Department of Staie,) commonly]
valled Reciprocity Treaties, concluded under
‘sil the Presidents from Mr. Medison to Mr.
Van Buren, inclusive. And with regard to
mmercial treaties, negotiated with the sanc:
i rior acts of Congress, where they;
lcontained either appropriations, or were in
conflict with unrepesled. statutes, it has been|
ver held as the republican doctrine, from|
IMr. Jay’s treaty down to thé present time,
at the passage of acts of Coygress was ne-
to secare the execution of those trea,
f, in the matter of foreign commerce,
Tespect to which the power vested in Con:
to it and the treaty-making|
may be regarded as concurrent, Con,
can previously decide the objects to]
hich negotiation shall be applied, how mach
er is the case of War; the power to|
are which is confided exclusively to Con,

eet
I conclude, therefore, Mr. President and
\fellow-citizens, with entire confidence, that|

MR. CLAY'S LEXINGTON SPEECH.

cline or refuse to do so, and, in contempt of
{the supreme authority of Congress, should|
persevere in waging the War, for other ob:
jects than those proclaimed ‘by Congres
jen it would be the imperative daty of thal|
body tc vindicate ite ‘authority by the most)
stringent and effectaal and appropriate me
fures. And, if on the contrary, the enemy
should refuse to conclade a treaty, containi
eipalaions securing, the objects designate
by Congress, it would become the duty of
{the whole Government to prosecate the Wa
‘with all the national energy, until those ob
Jeo were attained by a treaty of ‘peace
ere can be no insuperable difficulty i]
Congress making such an authoritative dec!
aration. Let it resolve, simply, that the|
‘War shall or shall not be a War of Conquest
ind, if a War of Conquest, what is to be con|
yrered. Should a, resolution pass, disclaim)
ing the design of Conquest, peace would fol
low in less than sixty days, if the President
‘would conform to bis constitutional duty.
Here, fellow-citizens, I might pause, hav
ing indicated a mode ‘by which the nation|
through its accredited and legitimate repre
eentatives in Congress, can announce fo
what purposes and objects this W ar shall be,
longer prosecuted, and can thus let the whole
people of the United States know for what
lend their blood is to be farther shed, anc!
Itheir treasure farther expended, instead off
the knowledge of it being locked up and
concealed in the bosom of one men.- We)
lshould no longer perceive the objects of the)
War varying from time to time, according tt
the changing opinions of the Chief Magic
trate charged with its prosecution. But 1 do
Inot think it right to stop here. It is the priv!
ilege of the people, in their“primary aseem
lies, and of every private man, however
murable, to express an opinion in regard 10
the parposes for which 1fe War should be
lcontinaed ; and: such an expression will re-
lceive just so mach consideration and conse:
quence as it is entitled to, and no more.
Shall this Wyar be prosecuted for the pur
pose of conqzering and annexing Mexico, iy
all its boundless extent, to the United States
Iwill not attribute to the President of
[United States any such design ; but I confer
Thave been shocked and alarmed by mani)
{estations of it invarious quartera. OF all he
[dangers and misfortanes which could befall
thie
‘the|

uation, T shoold regurd that of ita becom
jing © warlike and conquering power
rabsesgiefal and. fatal. History” telle the
Imournfal'tale of conquering nations and coo;
[querors. ‘The three most celebrated conquer

g.jors, in the civilized warld, were Alexander.

Cesar,'and Napoleon. The first, after ovet
lranning a large portion of Asia, and sighive
land lamenting that there were no. more
|worlds to sabdue, met a prematare apd igno-

eto

cious members of his famil
from the heads of other monarchs, lived 4o|

each, His Heutenants quarreled andi
Ivarred with each other asto the spoils of his|
Irictories, and finally lost them all. Cesar,
lafter conquering Gaul, returned with his tr-|
lamphant legions to Rome, passed the Rabi-
|con, won the battle of Pharsalis, trampled
lupon the liberties of his country, and expired
by the patriot hand of Bratus. But Rome|
iceased to be freo. Wat and conquest had
nervated and corrupted the masses ‘The

'spirit of trae liberty was extinguished, and a|

loug line of emperors succeeded. some of

whom were the most execrable monsters that
jever existed in human form. And that most]
(extraordinary man, perhaps, in all history,

after eubjagating all continental Europe, oc-
rapying. almost all ta capitale—serioasly
(threatening, according to M: Thiers, proud
[Albion itself—and decking the brows of va-

E with crowns torn!

‘own dear France iteelf in the pos-
is onemies, and was made himeeli|

ive, and, far removed from|
nds, breathed his last

Helens, The Alps and the Rhine bad been!
lclaimed as the natural boundaries of #'rance,|
bat even these could not be secared in the|
treaties to which she was reduced to submit.
Do you believe that the people of Macedon|
or Greece, of Rome, or of France, were ben-
lofted, individually or collectively, by the tri
‘amphs of their great Captains ‘heir ead|
liot was immense sacrifice of life, heavy and

intolerable burdens, and the ultimate loss of|
iiberty itself.

‘That the power of the United States is com-|
|petent to the conquest of Mexico is gaite pro,
fable, Bat it could not be achieved without|
;‘cightfal carnage, dreadful eacrifices of human|
vife, and the creation of an onerous National|
Debt; nor could it be completely effect,
‘ed, in all probability, until aftor the lapse|
(of many years. it would be necessary” to
‘scompy all its strongholds, to disarm its inhab,|
‘tant, and keep them in constant fear and
sabjection. To consummate the work, I pre-
same that Standing Armies, not less than a|
Jhandred thousand men, would be necessary|
Ito be kept perhaps always in the bosom of
thelr cogntry. ‘These standing armies revel,
‘ing in a foreign land, and accustomed to tram.
pleeupon the liberties of a foreign people, at
‘some distant day, might be fit and ready in.
stramenta under thé lead of some daring and
Junprincipled chieftain, to- return to their|
(country and prostrate the pablic liberty.
Sapposing the conquéat to be oneé tade,
what {s to be done with it? Is it to be gov.
:rned, like Roman Provinces, by Proconsul?
Woald it-be compatible with the genias,
aracter, and safety of our free institutions,

each a great country as Mexico, with!

MR. CLAY'S LEXINGTON SPEECH.

2 population of not less than nive millions, ti
fa state of constant military subjection 7.

Shall it be annexed to the United States}
Does any considerate man believe it possible
that two such immense couutrics, with terri|
tories of nearly equal extent, with popule|
tions #0 incongruous, #0 different in race, in|
language, in religion and in laws, could’ be|
blended together in one harmonious .mass|
land happily governed by one common author
ity? "Murmurs, discontent, insurrections.
rebellion would inevitably ensue, until the|
incompatible parts ;would be broken asunder,
laud possibly, in the frightful struggle, cur|
present glorious Union itself would be disse
Jored or dissolved, We ought not to
the warning voice of al history, which teac
the difficulty of combining and consolidating|
fogether conquering and conquered nations|
After the lapse of eight hundred years dur.
ing which the Moors held their conquest of|
Spain, the indomitable courage, pereevor
land obstinacy of the Spanish race’ finally tH
lamphed over and expelled the African inva
lders from the Peninsula. And even within
pur own time, the colowal power of Napo
leoa, when at its loftiest hight, was incompe,
tent to sabdue and enbjugate the proud Cas
Iilian, And here in our own neighborhood,
Lower Canada, which, near one handred|

loverbeariny
Emerald Isle. Rivers of Irish blood have
owed, daring the long and arduous contest}
Insurrection and rebellion have been the or
diay ; and yet, up to thi time, Ire
lien in feeling, affection and|
sympathy toward the power which has
long borne her down. Every Iri
with « mortal hatred, his Saxo: |
JAlthoagh there are ‘great territorial differ
Jences betwoen the condition of England an
Ireland, as compared to that of the United|
States and Mexico, there are some points of|

the former; the Protestant among both the|
latter. Religion bas been the fruitful cause)
lof diseatisfaction and discontent between the!
irish and the English nations. Is there no|
lreason to apprehend that it would become ao|
between the people of the United States and
those of Mexico, if they were united together!|

Why should we seek to_interfere with them|

‘MR. CLAY'S LEXINGTON SPEECH.

n ther mode of worship of 2 common Be-lproaching the others with thwarting and die|

ar! We believe-they are wrong, espe-leppointing them. ‘The Mexican represents;
eially in the exclusive character of their faith, |tion, in Congress, would probably form a sep
nd ‘that we are right ‘They think that they| corps,
lere right and we wrong. What other rale into the scale of any other par
can there be than to leave the followers of

geography have pro-|
fnounéed should live asunder, co ld ‘never bo

varity.|
conform to the “doctrines which they
lprofees, wi!l ultimately secare an abode in|were too dense far our territory, and there
|tbose rugions of bliss which all aim finally to| was difficulty in obtaining honorably
reach. I thik that there is uo potentate in}means of sabt there might be’ sor
rope, whatever his religion may be, more|excase for an aliempt to enlarge our domin|
enlightened of at this moment eo"interestjng|ions. Bat we have no sach apology. Wel
the liberal hoad of the Papal Bee. have already, io our glorious country, a vast
Bat I suppose it to yat those|and ulmost boundless territory. Beginning|
who favor, if there be any who favor, the an-|at the North, in the frozen regions of the Brit
loexation of Mexico to the United States, canlish Provinces, i

‘ Resour Fos]
e the other. ‘Then, Mexico is|its mouth to the gorges of the Rocky Moan
la oer councils end equally|tine. It comprebends tho. greateas variety
bare in our legislation and government. Bul,|of the richest soils; capable of almost all the

tatives .
par soldiery to follow the electora to the bal-|varioty of climate which the beart could wis

and b; thelor desirs. We have more than ten thousand!
of the bayonet, to deposit their ballots ?/rillions of acres of waste and unsetiled land
JAnd how are the nino millions of Mexican|—venough for the subsistence of ten or twenty!
lpeople to be represented in the Congress of|times our present popolation. Ought we not|
ne Uaied Bus of ‘Aterica and the Con-|to be satisfied with such a country? Oughi

quota of representation between the two Re-|in a spirit of rapacity, to acquire other lands|

who can foresse ot foreteli, if Mexico, volun- [object of such a conquest, beside morigagine|
ly of by foroe, were to share in the com-|the revenue and resources of this country for
lmon government, what would be the conse-|ages to comie, in the form of an ongroas Na|
nonce tm her or to us? Unprepared, as I|tional Debt, wo should bave greatly to ang.
fear ber population yet te, for-the ment that Debt by an assumption of the sixts|
lor seventy mailtions of the Naticnal Debt of|

-|Mexico. For I take it that nothing is =|

Jcertain than that, if voluntarily of
by conquest a'foreign nition, we acquit
‘Welit with ‘all the inca ‘attached to it
to my homble opinion, w# wre now bound in,
Ihéddor and morality to pay the just debtof Tex.
And wre shoald

Party, en Atlantic P,
Jother partios which
threa:

* MR, CLaY’s Lex!

Of the possessions which appertain to Man,
in hia collective or individual condition, none|
lshould be preserved and cherished with more}
lsedulous and unremitting onre than that of
lan aneallied churacter. It is impossible to}
estimate it too highly in society when attash-|

d to an individual, nor can it bo exaggerate
or too greatly magnilied in a nation. ‘Those|
lwho lose oF ure indifferent to it become just|
pbjects of sco’ and contempt, Of all the|
\bominable transactions which eully the pages|

history, none exceed in enormity that of
the dismemberment and partition of Polaud
by the thtee great Continental Powers—Hus,

ja, Austria and Prussia. Ages may pass|
‘way, and centaties roll around, but s0 long
human records endure, all mankind will
lanite in execrating the rapacious and detest-
ble deed. ‘That was accomplished by over-
lwhelming force, and the unfortanate exist
ence of fatal dissensions and divisions in the|
[bosom of Poland. Let us avoid affixing to
Jour name and national character a similar, if
Inot worse, stigma. I am afraid that we do
Inot now stand well in the opinion of other|
lparts of Christendom. Repndiation has!

brought upon us mach reproach. All the|
Inations, 1 apprehend, look upon us, in the|
lprosecation of the present War, as being|
jetuated by a apirit of rapaciy, and en inor
dinate desire for territorial aggrandizement
, ir

[Let as not forfeit altogether thei opin,
fon. Let us command their applause by |
lnoble exercise of forbearance and justico.—|

lhe sterile lands of Mexico. To her the lose
pf them would be humiliating, and be a per-
Ipetual source of regret and mortification. - To|
las they might prove a fatal acquisition, pro:
dacing distraction, dissension, division, pos.
sibly disanion. Let, therefore, the integfi
of the national existence and national torr
ltory of Mexico remain undistarbed. For]
ne, I desire to see no part of her territory|
m from her by war. Some of our people|
Ihave placed their hearts upon tho acquisition|
pf the Bay of San Francisco in Upper Cali.
fornia. To us, as a great maritime power, it
lmight prove to be of advantage hereafter in|
lrespect to our commercial and navigating in
erests. To Mexico, which can never be a|
lgreat maritime power, it can never be of|
ach advantage. If-we can obtain it by fair|

INGTON SPEECH.

the War ceases, Mexico onght to be required
to pay the debts due our citizens, perhaps an|
equivalent for that Bay may be foand {a th
ldebt, our Government assuming 10
izens whatever portion of it ma}
lapplied 4o that object. But it shoa
in- the ‘prosecution of thé War,

‘vbich I would not continue a solitary ho

the sake of that harbor. :

But what. it will be asked, shall we mak
peace without any indemnity for the e:
penses of the war?’ Ifthe published docu
ments in relation to the late negotiations be
tween Mr. Trist and the Mexican Commis|
Isioners be true. and T baxe not seen them any,
where contradicted, the Executive prope:
waived any demand of indemnity for th
lexpenses of the War. And the raptore o
that negotiation was produced, b;
lernment insisting upon a. cession i
Ico, of the strip of mostly barren land between]
the Nueces and the Rio Bravo and New|
Mexico, whioh Mexico refused to make. §

lars, and it is, in my opinion, worth more than|:
all Moxico together. We bought Flori

{ive millians of dollars. and a hard bargain
was, since, beside that sum, we gave ap th
boundary of the Rio Bravo, to which I think]!
]we were entijled. as the western limit of the

-|Province of Louisiana, and were restricted||,

to that of the Sabine. ‘And we are now,
not seeking the conquest of ali Mexico, to
continue this War indefinitely for the\incon

leaniary indemnity, if the justice of the
lon our part entitled us to demand it. He
[country has been laid waste; her citics burned
lor oceapied by o her means #0 ex-
hansted that sho is unable to pay even her
lown armies. And every day’s prosecation]
lof the War, while it would augment the
lamonat of our indemnity, wonld lessen the
lability of Mexico to pay it. We have seen,
however, that there is another form in whic!
we are to demand indemnity. It is tobe ter,
ritorial indemnity! 1 hope, for reasons al
ready stated, that that firebrand will not be|
brought into our country.

Among the resolutione, which it
tention to present for your consider
the conclasion of this address, one proj
Hin your bebalf and mine, to disavow, fn t
most positive manner, any desire, on our pa

hase for a just equivalent, I should be|
to see it'so acquired. As, whenever!

to acquire any foreign territory whatever,
the purpose of introducing slavery into it,

jot know that any citizen of the United
tates entertains such a But such a!
motive has often been imputed to the Slave!
|States, and I therefore think it necessary to|
notice it on this occasicn. My opinionson the|
abject of Blavery are welf known. They
itave the merit if it be one, af consistency,
uniforminy, and doratic a T have ever!
regarded Slavery as a great evil, a wroug, for
ithe present, 1 feat, an ‘Fremediable ‘wrong, to
jits unfortonate victims. I should rejoice if|
ota wingle slave breathed the sir or was|
jwithin the limits of our country. But bere
dealt with es well as we can,

and happiness|
asthe nap

lbetween the two races, woald be inevitable,

, after shocking scenes of rapine and car:
inage, the extinction or expulsion of the blacks}
would certainly take place. In the Btate of
Kentucky, near filty years ago, I thought the
proportion of slaves, in comparison with the
white thet we might!

twenty-eight, and daring their sérvice were
io be tan

instead of belng thrown upon the community,
lignorant and unprepared, as would be the|
case by immediate emancipation. they would|
Ihave entered ufon the of thei|
liccedom, capablein some degree of enjoying!
it. After.a bard straggle, the system was.
feated, and I regret it extremely, as, if it ba
lbeen then adopted, our State would be now

pa.
daughters, torn and di sd from their native|
land b; ence

-}count of
| mitiy

to read, write and oypber. Thua|j

hice

fama
Col

re, which, in point of cotnposition,|

in careful attention to the public affairs of]
their Republic, would compere advanta
lgeously with the Messager of the Governors|
lof our owzi States, J am not very ‘super
stitious, bat I do solemnly believe that theee|
Colonies are blessed with the amiles of Provi
dence, atrat,
His all

y lawless violence.

It isa philanthropic end consoling reflec-|
b tod condition of

tion that the moral and physical

the African raco in the Cnived Statos, even i
a atate of slavery, is far better than it would]
Ihave Been if their hhad never been]

the Universe that
made instraments in His bends to the estab
lishment of Civilization and the Christian Re}
Digion throughout Africe, our on ac|

original be greatly

‘wrong. wi
that, fn admitting the in
of an|

Pzertionss bot, after its consummation, there]

ernative left us but to de.

MR. CLAY'S LEXINGTON SPEECH.

lriod of more than a century and balf, and it|
Imay require an equal or louger lapse of time|
lbefore our country is entirely rid of the evil.
JAnd in the meantime, moderation, pradence
lund discretion among ourselves, and the bles-
lsings of Providence, may be all necessary to]
lascomplish our ultimate deliverance from it,
Exumplesof similar infliction of irreparable|
lnational evil and injustice might be maltiplied
lo an indefinite extent. ‘The case of the An-|
lnexation of Texas tc the United States ia a|
lrecent and an obvious one, which, if it were
lwrong, cannot now be repaired: Texas is|

wn voluntary consent. Many of usopposed
lthe Annexation with honest zeal and most
farnestexertions. But who would now think
fp srpetrating the folly of cesting Texas ont
f the Confederacy and throwing her back
fapon her own indepéndence, or into the arms
‘Mexico? Who would now seek to di-
lvorce her from this Union? ‘The Creeksand|
lthe Cherokee Indians were, by the most ex.
lceptionable means, driven from their country,|
land transported beyond the Mississippi River.
[Their lands have been fairly parchased and|
cupied by inhabitants of Georgia, Alabama,|
Mississippi and Tennessee. Who would now|
ive the injutice of expoling
one inhebitants and restoring the Indian
jantry to the Chorokees and Creeks, under|

‘of repairing ori

the War of oar

Itinwed, by the importation of slaves from Af-|the
rica, in spite of Colonial resistance, for a pe-|it

jnow an integral part of our Union, with its|all

-|and, especially, to disabuse the public mind|

a by any
lof Congress, as to ol
to be prosecuted, in the conduct of it, is, ne-
lcessarily, left to ‘his own sense of what the|
national interests and honor may require.
34. ‘That the whole war making power of
‘nation, ax 1 moliven, causes and objects
confided by the Constitution to the discre-
tion and judgment of Congress
th. That it is, therefore, the right of Con,
Jgress, at the commencement or during the|
Progress of any War, to declare for whatob-
jets and purposes thé War ought to be waged!
jand prosecuted.
Sth, That it is the right and daty of Con
to annoance to the Nation for what ob
ects the present War eball be longer con
tized that it is the duty of the President, in
the exercise of all his official fonctions, tol
[conform to and carry ont thisdeclared will of
Congress, by the exercise, if necessary, of
c high powere with which bee clohed
and that. if he fail or refuse to do so, it be
lcomes the imperative daty-of Congress to ar
rest the farther. progess of the War by the|
most effectual means in its power.
‘Let Congress annonnce to the Nation thel
lobjects for which this War shall be farther!
tracted, and public suspense and public
inguletude will na longer remain. If it is to
bea War of conquest of all, or any part of
Mexico, let the people know it, and they will
Ino longer be agitated by a dark and ancer'
tain fatare. But, although I might havg for!
loorne to express any opinion whatever as
be purpance and objects for which the Wear|
should be continued, 1 have not thought pre
per to conceal my opinions, whether worth|
lanything or not, from the public exemi
‘me that it is the daty|
lof our country, as well on the score of mode
ration and magnanimity, as with the view ot|
avoiding discord and discontent at home, to|
labstain from seeking to conquer and annex to|
the United States, Mexico or any part of it

any quarter of the Union of the impression,
if it anywhere exists, that a desire for con
[quest is cherished for the purpose of propa,
gating or oxtending Slavery.

I have embodied, Mr. Prosident and fellow,
lcitizens, the sentiments and opinions which]
Thave endeavored to explain and enforce, in
la series of Resolutions, which 1 beg now to

6ci-|sabmit to your consideration and judgment,

hion of the ‘views and opinions which f en.
ertain, I have shown—
1st. ‘That the present. War was brought]
laboat by the Annexation of Texas and
subsequent order of the President, without

They are the following :

ited.
the United States of the Republic of Mexico,

the Ai a of Texas to the former; an

amedinte occasion of hostilities between the t

tho previous consent and authority of Con-|

[Republics arose oatof the order of the Pi

pinoy Google

+ Our narmtive of tho War, in last year's
publication, left Gen. Taylor in camp before|
Monterey, which place ad been surrendered
to him on the 21st of Soptember: Gen. Kear.
Iney on tho march to California, after the cap.
tare of Santa Fé, (Augast 18,) and the organ
ization of a temporary Govemmentin New
Mexico, Charles Bent bei

axecauive offices: | Commadore, Stockton in

ition: and Santal

ga otosi_ with a large|
force, awaiting the advance of Gen. Taylor.
From this point (November, 1847) we con,
tine our narrative.

Gen. Paylor, having established his head.|
lquarers.st Monterey, ordered Gen. W orth,
|with 1,200 men and & pieces of artillery, to|
advance to Baliillo, 70 miles from Monicroy
toward San Luis; and Gen. Wool, with3,400
men and 6 pieces of artillery, to take pow in|
the town of Parras, aboat 70 miles north-eau!
Jof Saltillo. Gen. Pattorson having been or-
dered to join Gen. Scot, on tho’ the|

Butler, -with Monterey for his headquarters
No opposition was met at Saltillo and Paras,
ithe Mexicans having retreated toward San
Luin. Vera Craz was in close blockade ; and|
Santa Auna had executive control in the
Capital.
‘On the 15th of December, Gen. Taylor|
marched for Victoria: on the 17th ho joined
Itho 2d rogiment of inffintry and the 24 Ten-|
Inesseo regiment at Camargo. . At Montemo.
relow, 48 milos from Monterey, Gen. Taylor
earned tat Gen. Worth momentarily ex-
[pected an. attack on: Vietoria by Senta Anna,
land ordering Gen. Quitman, with a field bat-
ery, to meet Gen, Patterson at Victoria, Gen,
‘Taylor fell back on Monterey, and on the
20th advanced toward Saltillo with Gen,
[Twiggw’s division, . The errival of Gen.
'W ool with reinforcements at Saltillo, and the|
retirement of the Mexicans toward San Luis,
Ichanged thie plan, and Gan. Taylor directed
his marci toward Victoria, where he arrived
December 30. .

appointed chicf re

‘Taylor himself’ was directed to full back tol
Monterey and await recruits: he hid but
ulara when he again reachcd Montere:
All of January and u portion of February
lremaided almost inactive at Monterey—r"
inforcoments occasionally arriving, until his
force reached 6,000 effective men, mostly;
new recraits.
‘Anticipating an attack by Santa Anna to
cat off his cémmunication with Matamoros
Geu. Taylor advanced rapidly toward: San
Luis, and on tho 20th February encamped at
Agua Nueva, 18 miles south of Saltillo. with)
fa force of about 5,400 men: Santa Anna, with!
lan army of about 20,000, being at Encarnacion,
lonly one day's march south of this position,
Having reconnoitered the Mexican position!
jand strength, and oajisied himself that hie
camp at Agua Naova could be easily out
fanked by this immenso force. Gen. Taylor|
fo}! back abdat11 miles and took a position in
front of the hactenda of Burwa Vista, wherel
the road passed through a narrow defle—the|
valley on the right being impracticable {or
riley,
tous ridges

command of the reserve was allotted to Gen.|effo

while the Indiana trigade, Gen. Lane, th
Mississippi riflemen, Cal. Davie, tho Lat and|
2d dragoons, Capt. Steen, and Lt. Col May,
land Capt. Sherman and Bragg’s 3d artillery]
light batteries, were held in reserve.

"Thus sitaated, Feb. 22, (the anniversary of
the birth of W asinoron,) at 11 o'clock A. M|
Gen. Taylor was summoned to surrender by|
Santa Anna, asfollows: :

[Taanstarrox.]—" You are surrounded by
120,000 men, and cannot, in any humen probability,
oid sutiering a rout and beitig out WO piec
with your tropa; but as you deserve cons te
tion and particular esteem. wish to save youl

Wading wo rel BP
acter, to which end you. will
our's time to make in grea
Thovvidges and
Forni in our rear. At this moment G

a artiller
into action.

ze. shia pompous demand, Gen. Taylor thus| et ie Ist cam ae
lee ‘of

re ieapava sarens Anarr oy OOOTETION, m3 [rc
nese Burma Vista, Februny

“sm: ‘Jn reply to your nove 1a ot te janeed be spp aPPOTE
may fervoe at
Hvoy ave toe ede frm a nr to your|shock of tbe splendid
request. — With high 2, Bi repulsed with a fic
ar Gert 8. try. Comma See cae A
Seftor Gen, D. Si |e
cacy Meroe eae ” the Arkenma
Some time elapsed after the return of|
fhe Mexican messenger before Santa Anna| ‘he ooncentration|
howed a disposition to open the battle. siirane me
ll was thrown into our lines, ‘Yetormined resistance, bad
it lereatod confasiod in their ranks, and some of
nish among thé light troops, with small loss| P
6 our side, occupied the time until dark.
Gen. Taylor, with the Mi 10)
4 \d ‘dragoons, returned to Saltillo; onr|
a i ca irouscked without fires, and laylof

rene

"On the morning of the 224, Gen. Taylor,|body of
lnaving carefully provided against the sarprise|
of Saltillo and other points in the rear, moved|apon our eae
forwatd vrith al kis available force te Bucns| Vista. Lt. Col. Mi
Vist atriving jut after the commencement
of tbe action. Daring the night the Mexi

vance

or force, and did aan vith theta
. About # o'clock a strong!

;|men, and gained the mountain S oppose, while

\the other portion regained the base of thet

that the gallant Col. Yell’ was killed at
over of the ridges a large foree, with telbend of his column. Lt, Col May, with dra
pbvious intention of turning our left. This|goons and portions of the Arkansas and In.
‘of onr line was formed by the 9d Indiana| 1s, now approached the base of
2d IWinois regiments, covering fee ‘in check the Mexican righ
feces of light artillery under Capt. Brien—|fank,
e whole immediately commanded by Brix.
Iden. Lane. ‘The Indianians and srtillery| TI is ;
[were ordered forward, but were overborne| most critical position
the greatly superior Mexican force, and|—the lage force which bad galned
fasion—one piece of artillery} being cat off from the main in body,

recite eferon—ons lace of Thela hope of reinion. At this moment

‘THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

Anna, to gain time for his men to get back,| Taylor's amall force rendered pursait tmpoli|}
sat t Hagiof trace to Gen. Taylor wiha mesic. An offer was sento Beata Anna, end|
hag hime whet be wanted! Ordersjan exchange of prisoners effected, and the

, at Mexican army of 20,000 men, having

ined the main body.
ndid Mexican corps of cavalry un-|by our army. .

jinon was sent aver the distant; ‘The Mexican force was about 20,000—Ior
labout 2,000, beside deserters. American force,

at, intangil

a
can-| territo! bas transpired since)

second]

r iste, suficiently imp.
ad third drove them back in disorder, and|tant to claim a place in oar brief record.

wed the day. ‘The 24 Kentucky regiment, .

ol. Clay, switch hed edvanced beyond aup:| Gen. Scott reached the Rio Grande’on the
porting distance in this affair, was driven back|ist of January, and began to concentrate al
a by i ‘|large force to aitack Vera Cruz. He appoint:
“Jed the Iale of Lobos, 95 miles north of Veral
(Crux, to be the rendezvous, and on the 15th
lof Febraary 4,000 men and 18 first-class ves|
-lsels had arr'ved there. On the 7th of
oper Gen. 8. bad collected 12,000 men, embarked!

ans, which them onnestly 100 vessels, and arrived safely]

isorder, and gave ng the victory.lof Anton Lizardo. After an examination,

the beach due west from the Island of Sac:

rificibs was selected as the Ianding-place|
land oxi the 9th March this great force w

ldebarked without tho emallest accident. Not,

mock si
the an,
land on the 14th the investment was comple!
land two morate were landed. By the 17th}
ten or twelve mortars were mounted, an
the next day at night the trenches
Gen.lopened. On the 29d, st 2AM, Gen.

TER .WAR WITH MEXICO.

‘and a0 eighth, also|
bombardment con-|
234, when Com-

Iries—and the whole ten were kept in quick
tion, doing fearfal damage te the city :
ome ef them being bat 800 yards from
lwalle, Notwithstanding a heavy returh of
lre'from the city and castle, up to this time|
our loss was only two killed and five wound.
ed—one of the killed being Capt. Jno. R.
Vinton of the 3d artillery, a brave and intolli-
gent officer, honorably distinguished at Mon,
ey. On the 24th a naval battery of three|
-pounders and three 8-inch Paixban guns
opened fire. This fire continued until 2 P.M.
four sailors were killed and one officer|
wounded. The mortars worked slowly to-
day, wantiog ammunition, which could not be
roughness of the sea. Gen.
received application for a trace from|

e consuls of Great Britain, France, 8;
land Promsia, within the city, that the neutrale|
land women and children mist withdraw]
lirom the scene of havoc. Gen. Scott declined,|
unless the trace should be asked by Gov,
forales. with a view to a surrender. Next
day « battery of four 24-pounders and two
inch howitzers was added, and all were|
lpat in active motion—the fire from the city
d camtle continued with utabated spirit]
[On the 26th the Mexicans proposed aud ne-
otiations were opened for a surrender with|
Gen. Landero. on whom Gov. Moralen had]

IGen. Pillow, Col. Totten and Capt. Aulick (of
Ihe Navy) were the commissioners on our]
art, qndSen'r Villanueva, Gen. Herrera and
[bof Robles on the part of the Mexicane|
{On the 27th the Articles were signed and ex,
Ichanged, and on the 29th Gen. Worth took
possension and command of the city and cas.
lle: the Mexlean garrisons were permitted to
lmarch out with the honors of war, after lay.
ling down their arme—their officers tp retain]
their side-arms and private property—and all
lo retire to their homes on parole of five|
ir flags were strack under salute|

+ the rank and file of

ra were di ‘of as their

ble to be restored by a treaty of peace : the

sick and wounded remained is the

1¢] 4,000 men, 704

ech aticodens as wero alo

Protection 10 persons and private property,|
find freedom af religious worship snd ocr
monies, were solemnly guaranteed.

Thos fell the City of Vera Craz and the|
Castle of Sen Jaan de Ulua—the strongest
fortress (save Quebec) in the Western Hem|
iapbere. ‘The logs of life on the part of oo
larmy was miracalously mall—net over siz
{ie in killed and wounded, and many of
latter recovered. ‘The loss of the Mexican:
could not be ascertained, bet is supposed
lhave exceeded 500, They surrendered over}

ieces of artillery, 10,000 ntand:
lof arms, and a vast quantity of public stores.

Between the taking of Monterey and tl
capture of Vera Craz, some incidents of lesser|]
pote transpired in Eastern Mexico... . .
[Near the close of December é lieutenant wit
12 of Capt. May's dragoons. in going through}
la narrow between Montemore'es aud|
‘Linares, fell into an ambush and lost 11 men.
|—himeelf and 9

4 2 ilo, early i
January, with very important diapatchen to
Gen. Taylor from Gen. Scott and the Wi
Department, containing the general plans of
the campaign, was laseoed, dragged into al
|cornfield, killed, and the papers fal into Mex]
ean herds...” . Onthe 23d of January Maj}
{Borland, Maj. Gaines, and Capt. Cassius M.
Clay, with 90 men of the Arkansas cavalry.
were surrounded and captured at Encarnel}
icion by Gen. Mifion and 1.500 cavalry. They]
‘were marched to the City of Mexico. Capid
Henrie, being mounted on a metiled steed,
made a bokd dash through the Mexicans,
hanced their feetest horsemen, and escaped.
|... : A severe encounter occurred at a fur}
Iiied bridge near Modelin, on the 25th off
March, between a detachment of Col. Har
ney'sdragoone and a lege Mexican fore of
jabout 2,008. About 100 Mexicans were di
land woonded ; the dragoons lost two killed|
land eight wounded. On the 2th of
[February a battle of small moment war|
fougbt at the Pass of the Sacramento near
Chihaahaa. Our force {ander Col. Doniphan)
wis about 900—loss two killed and seven
wounded. The Mexicans lost about 300 killedl|
and ag many wounded. On the lat of Marc
(Col. Doniphan took formel possession of Chi
bushos. ‘The result of the battle chows thal
it was planned and executed with consum
mate care and skill on the part of our office:

‘After the fall of Vera Croz, Geo. Worth

pointed its governor, and occupied it
part of hia brigade. Tho port w.

lopened to alluations, and ti

ted. The nect

Digtized by Google

position in front of their fortications ;
lbut Gen. P. 8. Smith’s brigade #0 vigorous,
ly, attacked! their infantry as to fore them
[within their works with heavy loge. While|
this battle raged with great fary, 12,000 Mex.
ficans, led by Santa Anns, appeared on the|
lef of Contreras, threatening the safety of Col.
Riley's command. Gen. Pierce was now or,
ldered to support Gen. Smith, and Gen. Cad,
Iwallader came to the aid of Cal. Riley. Abont|
{4 o'clock Gen. Scott reached the field, and at]
fence ordered Gen. Shields’s brigade of Bouth
Carolina and New-York volunteers, from Sen|
pone

[it kad been one continuous roar for more|
Hithan six boars. Gen. Scott retired to Sen|
ugustin at 8 o'clock. Gen. Smith set the|
of battle for attacking the Mexicans|
in the morning— opposing no more thaa|
men, without artillery oF eavalry, to at|
12,000 ef the best troops of Mexico,
gh the night the cold rain fell inces
tly, and our army anffered severely, being|
pelled to bivoasc without tents, and many|
the men with not even a blanket.
‘At 3 o'clock on the morning of the 20th,
id entirely unexpected by Valencia, Gen,
mith assaalted the strong werks of Contre.
So sudden and determined was the on-
of oar treops, thet the Mexicans were
dly in action befere the fort was carried
the point of the ba ‘No less than|
Mexicans were killed, and more than|
‘were taken prisoners—emong them sev-|

e ALE

of|
i

of artillery and a
fssnall-arme fell into war han

at_quentit;
Buch of

pieces by Gen. Shields’s brigade, be-
fre whose postion chey pamed. What or
ized force was left of the enemy now fell
Ecck in great confusion to Churubusco, (er
I$an Pablo.) endeavoring at several points on|
the road to make stand, bat eo vigorously]
pursued by our army as to fail in evefy at-
fempe .
Charubusce was reinforced by
||from the city, and the Mexicans
fltermined to make their Inst stand at the for.
Imer place, where in the short spare of 38
hoare they had raived a strong. fortiicatin,
which was completely masked by trees and
fields of corn. ‘The church and other strong,
buildings were filled and covered with in
Hantry, and every point was carefally guard
led. “At the church Gen. Smith's brigade|
_lepened the action, end wat soon followed,

naw icoepel
e-

Iade-—thoee two pomporing the

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

farther to the lef Cel. Riley's bri
te the la, by Col. Riley's brig toon

a half, losing 23 of bis company, whom
fwere Liouts: Martin, Boyatou and Sens, and
lbree sergeants, 4

Gen. Pillow, with part of his division, wasl
sont round by Gen. Scott to assualt the oppo|
site side of this work, but as he, with bis com
lmmand, emerged from the mud and mire of the
lcornfields, (having waded, some of them|
[waist deep,) into the road, he met Gen. Worth
lcoming up from Sen Antonio with bis divi
Ision, and the two Generals went hand ia
fhand into action,

‘At the same time, Gen. Scott ordered Ges!
Bhields to attack the enemy's extreme lef
lwhere he was heavily intrenched, reinforci
his command with tbe 9th, part of the 12
land 15th infantry, under Gen. Pierce. Thi
movement was executed as soon as the ne}
tare of the ground would admit—the wh
command having to pass through com-ficld
lof high growth, intercepted by ditches
ing through them in every direction.

we sction uow became general, ead
fethin
the Met

ity of the conflict was never e

recollection of our oldest sol
cans were more than three ti
Jour number, baside their

Generals. All their camp equipage, 22] posal

than two hours, which is proved by the fee!
that oar Ices at this point was nearly 1,000
fmen, in killed and wounded.

After the contest had Insted shout
hours, our troops had got'into such « positio
jaa to be able to closo with them at the p
fof the bayonet, which decided the ef
lour favor—Gen. Pillow and Gen. Worth ear
Irving the works on the road, an officer 0
[Gen. Pillow’s division taking down one fag,
and one of Gen, Worth's taking down 8
lother, and the 8th infantry planting their ca
lors instead: Gen. Twigge's division carrying}
the work it attacked at the chareh, Capt.
JM. Smith ofthe 2d infantry receiving the
render with seven pieces of artillery, 1
Jsands of colors and Gen. Rincon, togetl
with 104 officers, and upward of 1,100 now)
lcommissioned offeers and privates, as prisn
lers of war. Gea. Shields bad his work mo
to himself. His volanteers stood and mo
lander the fire with the regularity of ¥
3. South Careline sustained a hear I
Col. Butler was wounded twice before

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

red the fatal shot. Twe color-bearers were|

theltation of

ther $0,000,040, foam not spectied:} That th
United Staten i ‘al the cata Of her ot
ens agninst Mexico: That the United Stated!
ine in perpetuity, fee of tex, the traneper|
goods through the Isthmus of Toft

forts|tuantepec, to or from the Pacific, by an;

ns at
. Shields succeed
from their position the large
ich he was contending.
dragoons were now brought forward,
nd drove the Mexicans to the gates of the|
pital, thus closing the most brilliant viétory
hieved by our arms during the war,
which will vie with any schiovement of|
lour arms in times past.

The Mexican loss in these engagements
Iwas about 5.000 in killed and wounded. Out)
lof 30,000 men. they had but between 6,000

ft,and they in confasion, with-|
Tendera—the balance killed, wounded,
lprisoners, or totally dispersed. Oar lose is|

t down at 128 killed, 866 wounded, and 33

ment, with ample power for the purpose) en-
deavored to conclude « treaty of pence with
fows J. de Herrera, Teuacio Mora y Villamil,|
[Bernardo Couto and Miguel Atristain. Com-|
latissioners on the part of Mexico, appointed

for the same et
Negotiations for “were forthwith!

be ‘That all prisoners shall be
beraved on both sider: That all por owns
‘and property captured (except that
comprised in the sew boudary) shall bo re
pred to Mexico: That the dividing line be-|
ween thotwo Republics will ommence in the

alfof Mexico, thres leagues off land frontin

1¢ mouth of the Rio Grande, thence upweai
by the middle of said river to a paint where!
lit touches the meridian line of New-Mexico;
ence toward the west to the longitudg of
be southern limit of New-Mexico, at the an-|

ts discharge into the River Colo,

downward b:

do, and thence the Colorado|
ind the middle of the Gulf

California to|

and|termipate it on one

conveyance now in *xistenee, or to be estab-H
lished bereafter, by canals or railroad: That
;oods brought into Mex:i:o daring oar occap
tion be free from daties and confiscation : Th
the Commercial Treaty of 1631, be renewed
eight years, with right for elther party i
i rear’s notice: That this
treaty will be ratified by the Government o
the United States. the part of Mex:
ico tho propositions were—That all prisoner
be returned : That all ports, towns or torr
and artillery taken from Mexico be return.
That the dividjag line between the two Re,
publics hall commence in the Gulf of Mex
co, three leagues in
lsouthern mouth of the Bay of Corpus Ch
Ito ran in a straight line through said Bay t
ltbe month of Itio de las Nueces, to follow
thence the course of said river to its source

part; it will thence follow the actaal frontie
jot New-Mexi ont,

That Mexico do not establish new settlement
lbetween the Rio Grande and Nueces: Thi

the United States pay $0,000,000 f> Mexico
lon the ratification of the treaty: That th

property shall be res

hory ceded to the United

[cabs retarn to their country withoat hindrance

lor taxation: That grants of fend made by|
be resi bby the United States

THE WAR WITH MEXICO,
‘would be recommenced. Santa Anna|sionally

breplied, retorting the charge of breaking the|

ei ‘upon our army, but declining to|
meet Scott's requirements.

“After tha capture of their forts at Contreras

id Charebussn the Mexicans. intrenched

" ly at Chapultepec, at the|

of the aqueduets, near the southern side

pf the capital, erecting works apparently iin

prognable, at ledst to so emall a force as ours,

On the &th a portion of our furce, about 3,000

fin number, encountered from 12,000 te 15.000

aed, which resulted in # compl
he Mexicans, who lost nearly’ 3,

and retired with

= examination Gen.
don the place altogether,

jfrom :he castle with grest earnestness, and|
ontianed frem both sidgd throughout the|
ag the fire was re.

-|fects of so short a batt

F [tion of the sie}

rushing out where they best could, over thet
lwalls and down the procipices: Our men, i
the heat of tho moment, shot every one b
them, and the scene was indescribable ;
works sud buildin;
wwered with ibe’ dead and dying. The ef
ing speak volumes
for our ordnance and ry. Our own
icge tin of -pounders and siarge mor
ed by Huger iagner, and a por’
Koa ef the siege tain hen Bora the Mest
lcans, mi by Capt Dram of the arti
Nery, performed wonders—eve

Jeane were in great numbers along the aque!
lduct, with defences thrown across the road j
these works were carried in
land at akput the same time. i
‘The Goneral did not halt long at Chepal
tepec—just long, enough *° give some d ol
tione—avd leaving @ small garrison, followe:
‘{dexicana; Gen. Quitman'd

fojand,

ing wet ind marshy on either side, the fr
from their batteries was very ‘destructive

sd| But they were not permitted to hold any 0

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

rion in the taking of Ctapalcpes snd
the entrance to the cay

large.|and Tedien As Col.

‘be a stop pat to
tt sent out al

with the prions
to our officers all

aredes and other leading
xicans went each his wa}

of our fleet in the Galf were]
ttle moment after the captare of|™™
rex. Aboot tho lst of May Com P

:nd only 62 raen, was threatened with extermina.

ot ta” Mors, seer Santa 4 betwen

-|Col. Fremont, announcing
of ifornia by the forces

‘alejtry 5 in of a vast
ry: yet in spite 0

nearly 2,000 insurgenta and Capt. Morris’
lcommand, in which the latter were com
'—Ipletely successfal, with mall loss. ‘The town
lof Mora was destroyed by oar troops.

On the 24th January, at La Canada, thirt
miles from Banta Fé, an eng:

baa

rice approac!
village, he foand the Mexicans posted |
lis in every direction, in advantegeon
sitions ‘The artillery was soon brought to
ear upon them, and the fight lasted abont
jan hour, when they fled over the hilla, where
it was impossible to pursae them. Col. Prico
lost not a single man. The Mexicans ac.
Iknowedged nearly 90 killed and wounded.
On tho 29th there was a severe fight ai E
i|Embudo, between a large Mexican forcel
land a handfall of our men under Col. Burg,
win. To dislodge the Mexicans, oar men|
lhad to climb a steep mountain, supporting]
-|themeelves by the bushes. The Mexicans]
lwere roated with a loss of 20

killed and one wounded,
On the 3d Febraary there was an engage:
Iment at Paebla de Taos, which Insted from 2|
IP. M. tili dark and all the nextday. Distance|
prevented any serious loss and the nexy
morning the Mexicans sued for peace and the|

‘am_|Place was delivered ae
Afr the murder of Gov. Bent, Col. Price]
r, took execative com-

events were taseriting ie he i
Several 4 Geren battles hed ose ugh
whict our army in fall possession o

the eee of New- rile New-Loon ‘ad

sae from the points at a which the Arserieane
lcommencei their movements. After the re,
lduction of New-Mexico, Gen. Kearney, with]
1300 dragoon:

lof Santa Fé he twas met by an express from|
e capture of Cal,

ia conjanction with, mall

Sloets fleet. Kearney sent back two-thirds
s force, and with the remainder pushed!

lon surveying expedition, with a force o

tion ‘if be did not immedi eave the coun-

he determined

dsition on a mountain abont thirty miles fromjof small moment, have, as a matter of course,

‘onterey, the capital of California, where he}
trencled himself and raised the flag of the|
nited States. On the 14th Jane,

ad 200 horses en route for Castro’s camp.
n the 15th, at daybreak, the strong
*Sanoma was eurprised and taken with 9
rnnon, 250 muskets and several officers and
eu, Leaving & small garrison at Sanoma,
‘remot advanced 80 miles, to the Sacra,
ento, where he had scarce arrived when an|
xpress overtook him, saying that Castro was|
reparing to attack Sanoma. He immedi.
tely retarned, with a reinforcement of 90]
iflemen raised among the American settlers
1 the valley of the Sacramento. A party

0 men was sent out to reconnoitre, who fell
a with 70 of Castro's dragoons—all who]

Ad crossed Ban Francisco Baye and totally|of Sonora, most of Vera Cruz, part of Pueblal

efeated them, killing and wounding five|
rithout harm to themselves. Castro now re-
seated to Santa Clara, an intrenched post on
ne south side of San Francisco Bay: be had
00 men and two pieces of artillery.

The country north of ther Bay-was now
lear of hostile Mexicans, and Fremont, on|
he 6th Jaly, led bis command to the attack
fCastro. In three days he reached the Amer-|

can settlements on the Rio de los Ameri-\on farioagh: Gen, Scott in
8| sion of the City of Mexico,

-anos, and learned that Castro was retreatin
‘oath, toward Ciudad de los Angelos, (City
f the Angels) 400 miles distant. Fremont
‘solved to pursae him, and at the moment!
sf atarting, heard for the first time of positive
war between the United States and Mexico—|
hat Monterey (in California) had been taken|
ry Com. Sloat, and the Stars and Stri
‘ained there on the 7th July, and that the
would codperate in the pursuit of Castro.
Shortly after the occupation of Monterey,
Dom. Stockton took command of the Paci
iquadron, and Com. Sloat sailed for the United
3tates. The parsnit of Castro was unremit
jing, and the flight of that chief equally #0;
ind on the 12th of Augast Stockton and Fre-
nont entered the City of the Angels with
oat resistance—Pico the Mexigan Governor|
1nd all other authorities having fled. Stock
‘on took possession of the whole country, and
ippointed Fremont governor.
‘Thenceforward the Californias have re-
nained passably tranqnil: here and there a|
‘eeble attempt at revolt, and a few skirmishes!

ARNOLD'S PASS TO ANDRE.
‘Hxapquasreas, Rostvson's Hous,
eptember 22, 1780.
Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the to]
the White Plains or below, if be chooses, he being

THE WAR WITH MEXICO.

dozen mea| dination, that our officers have found safficien
"Fremont’s party captared an officer, 14 mon|timo for jealovsios and quarrels among thefn-

pass|resalting in the formal arrest of Fremont by|

hhis: All her Gulf and Ocean ports, excep
those on the Pacific south of San Blas, (mouth|
lof the Tolototlan,) are in our

“af |the Provinces of Tamaulipas. Co:

-tovith intangible guerrilla parties. who aa

marked our occapation. In fact. so little em,
ployment had the sword in enforcing sabor_|

lvelves-—as yet undeveloped in their canse:

Kearney, and the arrival of both at Washing-|
ton—Fremont to be tried by a Court-Martial|
now in session,) and Kearney as principall
accuser.

Our present position in Mexico is, briefly,

ssersion :
uila, New|
‘Leon, Zacatecas, Durango, Chihuahua, New-
Mexico, Alts California, Old California, ps

mand : (Gen. T. about to vinit the United State

jinforeements now on the

ing nothing to-do except transport our troo
land ammanition : Santa Annu retired from
Presidency, and, with the remnant of an army,
wing “small by degrees and beantifally|
an,” still vowing vengeance and destruction|
to the invaders: Pena y Pefa, nominal Presi
ident, neither able nor willing to end the war}
all our lines of communication hedged i

lopportunity to kill and plander anything and
leverything American: all over Mexico the|
people ofall clases hating us more religion!
ly than ever—more ready than ever to resis
lour overtares and defy our power: and, final
ly. Peace, in any probable form, distant al|
Imost beyond the hope of overtaking:

lbeing no reliable Government in Mexico
make a treaty with, should one never #0
lceptable be proposed.

POLK’S PASS TO SANTA ANNA.

‘The Commander of our Naval forces in the

Gulf is hereby directed not to obstruct the

Jage of Banta Anna and Suite to Mexico,
ihe desire to return thither.

on Public Business, by my Direction.
Benkpicr AmNoxp, M. Gen'l.

James K. Poux, President.
May 15, 1846.

THE WAR ON MEXICO.

SPEECH OF HON. THOMAS CORWIN) DELIVERED IN THE U. 5, SENATE FER. 11, 167.

«1 aw somewhat at a loss to know,

iona gentlemen baving|

he tend to proceed. We bear|
jmach said atthe teror of yor arma. The af:
ighted Mexican, it is sald, when you shall|
we drenched his country in blood, will exe
br peace, and thus you will indeed “ con,

lations comes to us with the smooth phrase
agit by the. gentle ee) eroquital do, we,
ro rt or, make

jairman of the Com-

procession, through the Tells of t
amas !

tor from Arkansas, (Mr. SEVIER) covered
from head to foot with as robe, glit-
tering and embossed
lshining gold, patting to shame “the wealth
Ormus or ‘of Ind.” The olive of Minerval
his brow, in hie right hand is thelan:
tia rebeck, from which ere breathed in
[Lydian measure, notes “that tell of nought}

bat love and peace.” I fear very much, you|
will scarcely be able to explain to the sim-|
ple, savage mind of the half-civilized Mexi.|
cans, the the puzzling dualon dtalism of this scene, at
p ir, I scarcely
lendersiand the, manning of all this myoell
Lf we are to vindicate our rights by battles|
in bloody fields of war—let us do it. I
that is not the plan, why then let us call back
nie into oar own teritory, and pro

‘with Mexico, based! upon the

money ia baler for ber and

(conex.vsi0N.)

[Mexico like an equal, and do honor to on
lselvos, But what is it you ask? You have
taken from Mexico one-fourth of her terri
ry, and_you now propose to run a line com,
prehending about another third, and for what
{ ask. Mr. Prosident for what 1 “What b
Mexico got from you,

inrds er domain? a

‘ He tak
ossession of some town in Califor
nia, and ot of teachin “

ree millions offatonement and the way oft

ignorant Celt, be presents Calve pistol to biel
ose and callyon bina to take) “tril by, jury
beas corpus,” or nine ballets’ in hi

heads "Okt Mr Pronigcat are goeenoe to
lights of the earth, if not its salt? You, yoo
lare indeed opening the eyes of the blind in|
Mesxioo, 9 with a most emphatic and exoteric|
power. Sir, if all this were not a sad. mourn.
fal trath, it woald be the very “ne plus ultra”
of the ridiculona.

Bate let us see, what, a8 the Chairman
lof the Committee of, Foreign Relations ex.
plane it, wo are to gct by the combined pro|

rou propen

for ue Thos we oan treat|ms

hillian master. His Bunker-Hille and Sarato-
lzas and Yorktowns are there! The Mexican|
van say, “There I bled for liberty! and]
shall IF surrender that consecrated home off
ny affections to the Anglo-Saxon invaders?

[Texas already. They have possessed them-
kelves of the territory between the Nueces
land the Rio Grande. What else do they
want? To what shali I point my children es}
lmemoriats of that independence; which I be-|
|queath to them, when thoee battle-fields shall
Ihave passed from my posstasion ?”

Bir, had one come and demandéd_ Bunker-|
IHill of the people of Massachusetts, bdd Eng-
liand’e Lion ever showed himself there, is|
hero a man over 13 and under 90 who would|
loot have been ready to meet him—is there a|
Iriver on this Continent that would not have
jran red with blood—is there a field but woald
lnave been piled high with the unburied bones|

f slaughtered Americans before these conse-
rated battle-ficlds of liberty should have been
|wrested from us? Bat this same American
into a sister Republic, and says to poor,
weak Mexico, “ Give ap your torritory—you

re unworthy to possess it—I have got one-
alt elready-—all {ask of you is to give up]

he other!” England might as well, in the|
lcircumstances I have described, have come|
land demanded of us, “Give up the Atlantic
|slope—give up this triffing territory from Al-
Hlegany Mountaing to the Sea; it is only|
from Maine to St. Mary’s—only about on

have this. Why, my worthy Christi
ke. ‘on, what principle of justice? “I want

Sir, look at this pretence of want of room,
|With twenty millionsof people you have about!
ne thousand millions of acres of land, in-
lviting settlemont by every conceivable argu-
sat—bringing them down to a quarter of|
fa dollar an acre, and allowing every man to
Iqaat where he pleases. But the Senator|
Irom Michigan says we will be two hundred
millions in a few years, and we want room.
If 1 were a Mexican I would tell you, “ Have
!you not room in your own country to bury

‘oar dead men? If you come into mine we
‘will greet you with bloody hands, and wel-;

me you to hospitable graves.”

Wh: the Chairman of this Committee |
ign ion: the most reasona-{
ible thing in the world! We ought to have
ithe Bay of San Francisco. Why? Because
lit is the best Harbor on the Pacific! It hes)
lbeen my fortune, Mr. President, to have prac-
jticed a good deal in criminal courts in the!

THE WAR ON MEXICO.

hat do they want with it? They have|Car

"its moral. "Anamot

arse of my life, but I never yet heard al

thief, arraigned for stealing a horse, plead
that it was the best horse that he could find
in the ‘We want California. W hat
for? Why, says the Senator from Michigan,|
have it; and the Senator from Squth|

, with a very mistaken view, I think,|
lof policy, says, you can't keep our people!
from going there. I don’t desire to prevent
them.” Let them go and seek their happiness
in whatever country or clime it pleases them

All I ask of them ia, not to require this Gov-|
Jernment to protect them with that banner|
consecrated to war waged for principles—
leternal, enduring trath. Sir, it is not meet|
that our old flag should throw its protecting|
folds over expeditions for lucre or for land.—|
But you etill say you want room for your peo-|
le. This has been the plea of every robber
lchief from Nimrod to the present hour. II
dare say when Tamerlane descended from|
bis throne built of seventy thousand haman|
skalls, and marched hia ferocious battalions
to farther slaughter, I dare say ‘he said, “1
jwantroom,” Bajazet was another gentleman|
lof kindred tastes and wants with us Anglo}
Saxons—he “ wanted room.” Alexander. too|
the mighty “ Macedonian madman,” when he
|wandered with his Greeks to the plains of In,
aia, and fought « bloody battle on the very]
|ground where recently England and the Sikbs|
lengaged in strifedor “room,” was no doubt in
Jquest of some Califorgia there. Many a Mon
erey hd he to storm, to get “room.” Sir, he
made quite'as mach of that rort of history as}
you ever will, Mr. President, do you remem

the last chapter in that history? It is eoon|
read. Oh, I wish we could but understan
's son, (so was Alexand.
named.) after all his victories, died drank i
Babylon! ‘The vast empire he conquered to|
get room,” became the prey of the Gener,
fals he had ‘trained ; it was disparted, torn
pieces, and so ended. Sir, there is a very sig.
nificant appendix; it fs this: The descend-
ants of the Greeks, of Alexander's Greekal|
are now governed by a descendant of Atila
Mr. President, while we are fighting for|
room, let us ponder deeply this appendix. 1}
was somewhat amazed the other day, to heay]
the Senator from Michigan declare that Ec.
lrope hed quite forgotien us, till these batt
fvaked them up. suppose the Senator feel
grateful to the President for “ waking up’)
Europe. Does the President, who is, { hope|
read sn civic as well as military lore, remem
ber the saying of one who had pondered a
lon history long—long, too, upon Man, his n2-
tare and true destiny? Montesquieu did
think highly of this way of“ waking up.”
“Happy,” says he, “is that nation whose ax
Inals are tiresome.”

‘The Senator from Michigan has a differe
view of this, He thinks that a nation is no
distinguished until it is distinguished in war|

to atoms! Bi
rons

|pose on no one at

or
Do we not know, Mr. Pr

, ever to

CORWIN'S SPEECH.

shell be short-lived Was it not ordained of
lold that trath only shall abide forever.
‘Whatever we may say to-day, or whatever
]we may write in our books, the stern tribunal
lof History will review it all, detect falsehood,
ing us to judgment before that poster!
leas or curse us as we may|

hope there, like the foolish bird

s b
‘happy bomes, sbooting|bides its head in the sand, in the vain belie

is waer—and shoot

be ‘repealed,

a
resident, that it is
| that falaehood|

ty
lovely
of

ir, I do not charge my/is
en" who]

ting|that its body is not seen, yet even there thi

excuse of want of “ /” shall}

barbarian strikes down the conquering
leagle of Home. Terminus at last recedes

lowly at first, but final!
Rome, and from Rome to

man Deity, eo recently taken under the pa-|
ltronage of’ American Democracy, may
lample gratification of his curiosity in the la-
Iminous pagesof Gibbon's “Decline and Fall.”
ach will find that Rote thought as you now
think, that it was her destiny to conquer prov-
inces and nations, and no doubt she sometimes!
jsaid ae you say, “1 willconquer a peace.” And
where now is ehe ; the Mistress of the World 1
[The spider weaves hie web in her palaces,
the owl sings his watch-song in her towers,
[Teutonic power now lords it over the servile}
|remnant, the miserable memento of old and
nce omnipotent Rome. Sad, very sad, are
the lessons which Time has written for us—
[Through and in them all I see nothing but
the inflexible execution of that old law which
‘ordains as eternal that cardinal rale, “Thou
|shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods, nor any
Icking which ishix” Since Ihave lately beard
lso much about the dismemberment of Moxi-|
ico, 1 have looked back to sce how, in the|
jcourse of events, which some call “ Provi-
jdence,” it bas fared with other nations who
lengaged in this work of dismemberment. I
lseo that in the later half of the Eighteenth
ICentury, three powerfal nations, Russia, Ace-
ria and Praasia, united in the dismember.
Bay,
room.”

lace. Austria may now|
er power trampled upon

land sleeps in his
remember how
Poland. Did she not pay dear, very deer,
ber California ?

Bat bas Prussia no atonement to make ?—|

t of Europe, aro seen flying
e sandy plain that surrounds their|

ila of Poland? No. Suddenly wel
leee, sir, six hundred thousand armed men|

ito look for the jadgments of Heaven in the|
ldoings of men than mine, cannot fail in thi
to see the Providence of God. When Mos
cow burned it seemed as if the earth
lighted up, that the Nations mi
lecene. As that mighty sea of fire gathered
land heaved and rolled upward, and yet hig.
ler. till its flames licked the stars, and fired||
the whole Heavens, it did seem ax though the
God of Nations was writing in characters 0
fame on the front of His throne, that doom
that shall fall upon the strong nation which
Itramples in scorn upon the weak. And whi
{fortune awaits him, the ap}
hia work, when it was all done? He,
lconceived the notion that bis destiny pointed
lonward to universal dominion. France
too small—Enrope, he thought should b
own before, bm. "Bat as sgon as tis ido
tool ion of his soul, be too becom:
wwetless. His ‘Terminus must recede
ight there, while be witnessed the humi
sion, and doubuess, meditated the eabjo
tion of Basaia, He who holds the winds tn hia

lconqueror.
to that! His last hour is now come, and hi
the man of destiny, he who had rocked

for| world as with the throes of an earthquake, i

now powerless, atill—even as the beggar, 20
ie died, On the wings of « tempost
raged with unwonted fary, up to the throne
lof the only Power that controlled him while
be lived, went the flery soa! of that wonderfa)
lwarrior, another witness to the existence

the -too has found “room.” Her “
Inow no longer scream along the banks of th
Danube, the Po, and the Boristhenes. They
Ihave retarned home to their old eyrie, b

tween the Alps, the Rhine, and the Pyren

marching to Moscow. Docs his Vera Craz

lees; #0 shail it be with yours. You may

CoRWIN's SPEECH.

Iry them to the loftiest peaks of the Cordil-fhazards of internal commotion at home,

‘may wave with insolent triampb in
if the Montezumas, the armed men|
may quail before them, but the|
Mexico uplifted in prayer
to the God of Justice, may call down
on a Power, in the of which the

n, “the way of the trans,
Tnordinate ambition, wan-

exalted—the i

ited op. It is by faith in the law of elt
, and the practice of ite precepts, tha

seria clone ean be caved. All the annels of

ith] not. cannot consent

the path of de
isturbing question|
power ex-

--| You nor I cannot alter or chi thi

is} not seek to distarb you in that institation.

n-[(and I confess I tremble when the

which last I fear may come if anotber prov,
ince is to be added to our territory. ‘There i
lone topic connected with this subject which]
IT tremble when I approach, and yet I canno!
Horbear to notice it. It meets you in every|
step you take. It threatens you which way|
eorer you goin the Prosecaiton of this war
Inde to the question - Opposi|
tion to ite farther extension, it mast be’ abvi
lous to every one, is a deeply-rooted dete
mination with men of all purtics in what wel
\rail the non-slaveholding States. ” New-York,
ennrylvanie and Obio, three of the most
powerful, have already sent their legislative)
finstractions here—eo it will be, I doubt-not|
‘in all the rest. It is vain now to speculate about)
te reasons for thi. Gentlemen ofthe Boat
may call it prejudice, passion, iy, fa
naticiem. T'sball not Qopate with them tow]
lon that point. ‘The great fact that it is eo, and|
not otherwise, is what it concerns as to know |

it we would. These people only say, we wil
you shall carry slave-
ry where it does not already exist. ‘They d

it existe in your States. Enjoy it if you will,
land as you will. This ita og i
Ithefr determination. How is it in the South 1
Can it be expected that'they should expend|
in common, their blood and treasure in the|
ton ‘of immense territory, and
willingly forego the right to carry thither thei
Mlaveat cod fabanit the sonquered terrnor if
they please to do'so? Bir, I know the feel
ings and opinions of the South too well to cal
yn this. Nay, I believe they would|
leven contend to any extremity for
right, bad they no wish to exert it. I believel
‘convietion|
me) that there is equal obstina,
les of this fearful question. If|

70)

which ‘at once this con!

this bill would seem to be nothing lees than a}
iil commotion. Should|

jof him who can realize the possibi

la conflict without emodions too

le by continuing
f which musi be to force

ir, rightly considered, this is treason,
on to the Union. treason to the dearest inter

ldent, it does ecem to me, if Hell ‘itself could
‘yawn and vomit up the fiends that inhabit its
nal abodes, commissioned to distarb the|
armony of this world, and dash the fairest
prospect of happiness that ever allared the
opes of men, the first step in the consarama-|
Kon of this diabolical purpose would be, to
ES ap the fires of internal war, and plange

w
he sister States of this Union into
tomless galf of civil strife. We stand this|
jay on the crambling brink of that gulf—we|

jee its bloody eddies wheeling and boiling]

|before us—shall'we not pause before it be too|
late? How plain again is here the path, I|
lmay add the only way, of daty, of pradence,|

Juuge H—, an old and respectable citi
jzen of Franklin County, related to us, some|
-|lyears since, the following anecdote of Gov.
\Corwin, which we dé not recollect ever to}
Ihave seen in print:

Boy” was first|

received “thirty-nine
lwell Inid on.” ‘Tom was made
{he Judici

[with considerable
[ankers?” among’ whom

islyon say you desire nothing by conquest. She

resi ldisarb you here. Tender her peace, and my

bot-|thi

TOM CORWIN—PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION.

book|see young men of

lof true patriotism. Let_us abandon all ideal
lof acquiring farther territory, and by conse,
lgnence cease at once to prosecute thia wi
‘Let us call home oar armies, and bring
lat once within our own acknowledged lim
its. Show Mexico that you are sincere when|

2s learned that abe cannot encounter you in|
fwar, and if she had not, she is too weak to|

without her consent. "It Je your invasion thal
made wer, your retreat will restore peace
Het us then close forever the approaches

internal fend, and so return to the ancient
lconcord and the old ways of national pros,

perity and permanent glory. Let us here, in|

lcan blood from our hands, and on there altars,
jin the-presence of that image of the Father of]
Ihis Country that looks down upon us, sweat}
to preserve honorable peace with all the|
[world and eternal brotherhood with each other

feat-—the House completely electrified wit!

ithe eloquent powers of the young orator.
od Yankee rose, and replied as follows:
nas ania is well enough

away,
ee

wit those feelings of
tieman has so eloque

lexplained it to my entire

Corwin's bill passed.

Digtized by Google

ELECTIONS OF PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT.

Presidents. Time of Server. Vice Presidents,
1. George Washington... 1789 to 1797 Joba Adams...

‘2John Adams... 1791 to 1801 ‘Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefersoa «. 11801 to 1809 Asron Burr..

‘James Madison... 1809 to 1817 George Clinton.....
SJames Monroe... -1817 to 1925 Elbridge Gerry.
1825 to 1829 Daniel D. Tompkins...

1829 to 1897 Joba C. Calhoun...

1841 to 1845 Joho Tyler.
1845 to 1849 George M. Dallas....e..e.e0.+s

1789..George Washington 69, John Adams 34, | Vice President.
Jobn Jay 9, R. H. Harrison 6, J. Rutledge 6. ARE; George ‘lintun . 11;
Jobn Hancock 4, George Clinton 3, Samuel . Pinckney. 47 us Ring.....+ 47|
Huotingion 2, Johm Milton 2, John Arm George Clintva.... 6iJohn Langdon... 2
sivas 1, 2a. Pelfuir 1, Boa}. Lincola 1. emee fitaaa: 3
number of Electors voting, 69.— Hames Monroe...
Grune Warkinttad tested Presidesi ead | ISU James Mafiana....120 brides Gerry.
| Soha Adams Vice President. " ‘De Wite Clinton... 89iJared Ingersoll. 38
L816.James Monroe. D. D. Tompki:
1792,.o00r48 Washington 132, John Adams 77, ‘Rufus King.. . M4lJobn C. Howard.
§terge Clinton 50, Thomas jefferson4, Aaron Jaren Rist... ee. 4
soho Malian:
"ole mamber of Electors 12 —— het taper
1820.James Monroe ....291)D. D. Tommnkina.21
1906. John Adame 71, ‘Thomas Jefferson 68, Join Q Adeata.s.. t] Richard Steekton a

Pinckney 59, Aaron Burr 90, Sam [Daniel Roduey .. 4
wel Aduine 13, Oliver Elleworth ll, John jrebieg. Harper. 1
Jay 5, George Clinton 7, James lredell 3, Richard Rush... 1
George Washington 2, J. Henry 2, R. Jobn‘|y 24 Andrew Jackson «.."9:
son 2, Charles C. Pinckney 1. ‘John Adee... 81 for
Whole number of Electors 198. Win Ht Crawford-a)'Nathaniel Macca 2

Henry Clay |Andrew Jackeon,
1800. .Thomas Jefferson 73, Aaron Bure 73, Jobn| —Electiunof Pvesideatde.|MertinVanBuren
‘dace Charles 6."Pinckoey 6 John |" ehded by the Hone of Henry Cl
iy Repeancnatives, ie Adan 1S Sian,
‘Whole number of Electors 138. jackson 7, Crawio
tmber of Elec 1825: Andrew Jackson ..172!John C. Cathoun.171
Tie voles tor Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr being Johu @. Adame.... 83/8 Richard Rush.... 83
ste deeton devolved on the, House of Representa: Willian srath 2.
Sn when om the 26th bl, the votes of ten Sates | LSB, Androw Tackeon«.210/M, Vay Buren
eu pre for Jeffrven, fur States for Dart, andtwo tates | Henry Clay ...-.-- 491Jabn Sergeant... 4
. Soha Floyd. co00020 Ji] Willines Wltlas 2
re blank votes, Whailiom Wirt...2) 7) Henry. |
iets section the Constitution was sniended, vo Unt jAunor Ellunaker..
teh Prdeatial Electr chosen by the Sten voted for {1836 Mertin Van Burew.170j Rich, M.Johneor. 1a
Tretdet and Viee Prondeat seperately, instead of the or Wa, H. Yarrisua.. 73|}rencie Granger. 47] H
fal meet voting for two rertons. without deugsatig | Dutt Vebaterocs 14] Willisey Siaith
‘ih waa bs cheice for President and Vice President. The Qillioe Mangan, tt! Richard Me Toba!
‘arcing the greatest mare of vote, by te orignal ‘on elected Vice President by he Sonate
‘ein samajoity, was vo be President andthe ner highest Johsuon 32 votes, Granger I

Yee Predent-Waen no choice wan ade by de Bleciom, {1840.Wn. H. Harrison. 24|John Tyler.

ne of Beprevetauves fartin Van Boren, 60(R. M. Johraoa.. 33
a ot Rese decided the question Lineman T,. W, Tazewell.. 11)

Vice Presidents, James K. Polk... 1

‘sot momar date gon. .1G2| George Clinton 62 | 4844. James K Polk ....170/Geq, M: Dallas
has. © Pinckney. 14lRufus King... 14 ‘Henry Clay .....-105IT. Frelinghayeou

[By a recent act of Congress, the choive of Blectors of President and Vice President

amast be made in all the States on the “Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November

Langdon Cheves, Soath Carolin...

mane Waited tae
fer ona your,
Soom Bagh i thre Bop

Hlear. Tn Meal. wi eats Ln. Corn,

175 yRom New-Yone for some period.
‘Britain & [reldbd. ‘To France.|

Bes)

"475|

bars

Beta
=

JSxronrs raow New-Ontzans for same pried.

oF Bregpsrurrs from the ports of the
Vnised Seatce Cowntriea, From Sept. 1,

10M te Sept, se
Flos. Ind Meal. Wheat Tnd Corn,
ie He tat, g ban
79,601 Teen srsise4

‘ng s42 31

eee 815,490 ai

[John W. Taylor, New-York:
Philip P. Barbour, Virginia.

Andrew Stevenson, Virgitis ..

ltJohn Bell, Tennessee.
1800| James K. Polk, Tennessee...
|sRobert M. T. Hunter, Virginie.

i420
‘OL
300

sense
‘Total. ¢ ily —kapererpeatien
By changing the

ling 3 oyrucis of Whept we barclet
td 4 bunheltof Indian Cota fo barrel
fend adding. the same to tbe Wheat sad
Hbave tue following resales’

Comparative. Exronrs of the shove eric
nf, fromthe aed Sth
~ Countries, from 10S? to 1646, xclere.
Flour Tad Maal. Whee Ia

Year endi
‘Sf. sletis wees Has

Sent, 9, 18

1,897,501 206,063 1.728980

siete
Total,5 yours. 5,105,549 935,297 3,709.9 Ie
Sept. 30, 1842.1 soe 178
exe ie tana

CANAL STATISTICS, &C,
Thal la of the Deforomentioned sports. 4 ‘Tende on the New-York Canals.

6 Total.

340,504,178

5 1osed s24

es oe 2 897,166)

Toda... 950,071,353 $44,504,014 $85,265,907

evil be observed that the value of exports off

ithe siciaatraat staboat fet yee
ro $ tt

port ctin rand Meal the

Receirts. or Peopuce at tide water, (Albany
‘West Troy,) from the co ry

hn
site ie ain
vets oi Se

"Brie Canal opened from 1
October, 088

‘Tolls for the
edie fellowing, etatom:

antes for the Siscal yeag
on the S0th of Septembe

Ceynsa k Sor
Chemung Canel....
Grooked Lake Canal.
Chenango Canal
Genesee Valley Gana.

Onelda Lake Gaual ...-
Oneida River Impr:
Seneca Riv-Tow’g-path

Total Canal tolls.
Railrobd tolls.

STATE STATISTICS.

Governor.

Tem] Expires,

John W. Dana.

Milledgoviic-

[fallabassco =
jontgommery-

fackson

Witham D. Moseley .
Reuben Chapinen.
Joseph W. Matthews
Teasc Johnson.
IG. T. Wood :
Thomas 8, Drew..
Nashville ....
Frankfort,
IColurabus
indianapolis:
Seria

ichigan.
Monroo City |
“etterson City’

Jomes Whitcomb ,
Augustus C. French -
Epaphrodita

[Aneel Briggs. .

JJobn C. Edwards. -

Jan. 1803]

y
fist Monday in A

fist Mondey in Now.
lst Monday iu Nov.
tat Monday in Nov.

Let Monday in Aug
Let Monday in Aug.

Aa wR GwAwE DA DNWNE NEC ROBE EEN

‘Aug.
Now. 1648]

ion wii

Yorginta is noarly ted.)

oe -8
in the yer 1648.)
And New-Haven alternate

a Wty Lopiiatur

PRESIDENTIAL STATISTICS.

Presidential Electors trom each State.
No. Electors Staten No, Electors,

[North Carolina.
‘Total

‘New Srares since 44:
++ Sllowa.
4] Total:

the election go to the House. 14 States have Loco-
[Foco. and 12 Whig Delogations: 3 tied

Popular Vote for Presidemt—1844.
Polk, Birney. Cl
ane 488." “ise
27.160 4,161...

ae
ace

ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES.

MAINE, NEW-HAMPSHIRE.
GovenNon, 1847. Goveawos, 1846, Goveswon, 1647. Govenwox, 1846,
Whig. Love. "be. ¢" Whig. Loco. tod ‘ae. cst ae
Coowier Brome. Dana. “Seat Browgn Dane ~

Blat “7o4| Belkmap.
496 3310|Carrolt
3559 3525

1896
2061
2082
1981
1967 3377

$8) Total....21,109 30.206 8531-17.717 87,140 10.40
Williams's maj. 1,166. Will'ms's plurality,
SoMa Taag|Dt __CoNoRESS. 1847. Govenxon, 1846,
Tor)... AGO STATA T51T. 2896 GA905 9343) 7." tuckstna Sennen Le Scot. Colby. Willa Dt
Deon ma) ,680. Dane's plaraity.4918. [Rocingh adds aed

Goncnxss, 1847, Pere 1044

351 5490 1165...5 103 9,513 650) $ Laid 40191520
j-.--724. Polk's maj..3,550, ‘Total. 1S .. 3,] 7
STusbdate os Goan vous van ar(tacelpbaa| Bota = Sete” Wiliarare magn ast
u Tete ch. Fen an Maat dS
ambert'nd 3,023 4; 1,010.. 4,483 6,367 _ 695) Hillsboro’ ..3650 ‘309...3402 5045 1259]
a8 Manon ---0-208. POIs ma). 1109. [Cheshire 2276 idee ae ante or
Belcher. Cutter. Total... 5996 5086 555.. 5690 7,161 1850)
tenneboe 4572 FH 1192...5393 3535 561) il
iF salS_ 1141 ‘60. yy tson's ma). .285, ‘Maj. agaipat Williams. .548

Toul... 5,687 5487, 18 ja a55| Cove .... amiga Be 1598
Rel mn). B88. Gratton: beiected by about’ [268 3768 1:
bay sete} 10 aah C900 1000_ “or

Norse, Clark.
Mota 5S SASL

3764 7,194 2510
‘Williams's maj...

CONNECTICUT.
Govennon, 1847. Govraxos, 1846,
Counter, Basal Towcey Le Seat. Banl WFoney Leen
Frirfield....4169 4110" "935.--4140 4108 5

‘Total .

jurality.....696. 06 Pole gy bese ws me
Raoteest AT "30 mn9p...2078 4905 ol 3425

Pecan ‘792 918 —368...1074 1136 298] Total. SOT HAO 2135. 278

3615 4817 1560... 4450 6051 px] DBissell's maj.
Ty eee or Fakes) 656"| Toucey chosen by Legialnure fa,
yu Pike, Wiliams _ Coron Ie
1468 148 $56. 1849 2608 195]
Nashington.1905 2359 2005 77
‘woomook,.. 367 998" ie ed a
Tea Sug 5009 Hi. | 6 190 904
283. Poll

lurality . .619.
1846.

-Sanil W-%

164
75594 2020 Plu. 435}

Hiocted on « necond trisl by & handsome majority.
feseeretentetertom

ELECTION RETURNS.

/. ond Trial—J
Okina Updike 8280 8: 8. fimreton

RHODE ISLAND.

> Govanxos, 1047,
Sorento ae ine. mA Lmeg Ore Dorrie. Law Ova faberat.
ton Cowien Hatre Balion. ‘Dienam Seckoon Sout
'366| Providence 0298 2985
New “1063 348 p
ingron. 9 4a
Rew 116 280 a
Bristol....-. 414178 EI
‘Toul... 6863 4047 755... TAT 7201 1

‘arria'’s maj. 1,763. Diman’s plarality..86
Cononsss— Zest Disrie.

Law§Or..96) B. B.Thurstan, 1.184

‘arnold, W.ol..448 Hal, Abel
‘No choice.

[Seattering......--...-68 {Plu
‘Thurston's plurality, 65—lacks 4
Larqiatuas,—Both branches Law and Onisr

NEW-YORK—{Orncut}
omic Eagcr'n—Jown,47.—Courr ov Ar

‘Lect.
ea. 1, Jordan'.127519 jardiner -..1
+P. Whittlesey «128,044 6. 3. Bronson. 144
1B. D. Noxon ....124,998 Rugster

IM. T. Reynolds -123.933 e
Weg. Clerk. face.
+3... Lamport..131,031 C. 8. Benton....19314

alnas

Whig over Loco..21,166; over all-.10,901.
* Kreetol on seoond trll—wo chee het bllot,
Exorscargne, 47.—Senate, all Whig; Ht
bout 109 Whig majority

Leormtarone, ‘47.—Benate, 21 Whig, 9 Loco ;
House, smal! Whig ma. over Loco 4
MASSACHUSETTS.

Goveanon, 18 Texnon, 1846,
1 5 iis 1033
1 8 ae? 270
1 2 6005 2299)
4 33 $090 so
Boies 453
6 178 HEI
Br 2479 388]
9 +2810 436]
1 38. 2986 990]
52 IT 975)
19 2054 599]
19 845 906)
2 91 86
==. 331810]
“Tota. SFE 30689 1908. Ta 5 704 33196 3.65
‘Briggs over Cushing, 14,060; do. over all, 1751,
+ One town not retaraed.
ee ig CONOREAE TEAS, so
; eee, Ae A
{. Winthrop.5900 Homer ‘Test 2608]
f] Ui. Kings. 608 3506)
TIL Abbod.--.4965 Bout 1308” 480]7,
Iv. 14513 Robine’n. 3754 650
rant ...410T- 1604
iss
213
980
3205,
X. Grinnell --3806 aoe]TR8 "408
‘Total. ..--+-5%111_ ....-» 30,904 10,958 11

‘i

wid slesisl dese

- avaneh alenead

Heese] P

Levancal alu.

a 186 —
Lz, Gov, Conrnonirs, Sec. Stare. GovEanon: ” Goveawoa, Passio

of ae a ae at aa a

1634.

ge yabausepuwuatie
aa
SRESUEEE

Be
Senn Tan ay
288

a) 29
4453. -5164 64a (6089: oes
. Feed 6476 6805,
_ 1640. </3163° 1650. <3808 4560 4568,
g993."3em1 3003-374 4004 4626
1908-72979 1926:.3300 39009 2600
‘9302;°°3250 9889. -/3170 ‘3731 am.
4004.°°3097 406! - “3804 "4703 4743"
797... 559 798... 687 72 979
1138...1950 T180.-.1657 2504. 547
‘B9ra.S 46 "Sea lead 4308. “6903 00
1319.2 565 © 693... 692 71044 1049
008-2486 «809... 722 1169... TR 74
5845.8 048.23450 5143. "aan, 4673
S07. .13666 3135...4054 a 4350
1307-2114 1455.771090 1419121279 184
Y15..-1873 1990_-!a012 a1" a316 a
3289. -.3909
1598.-.1413

Ea SHSESERE SERGE

‘Total ..170,072 139,623 174,796 136,087 169.470 144,135 196,878 187,306 AI, 059 941,089 2.49 357,
Majoritioe—Fisn 90.449. Fillo. 38,729... Morg. 25,337. . Young 11,575...Wright 10,090. .. Poll, 5,106

3647, hoaxzoates—Whe- ATUaE, 1647.
Attorney General. Jordan’ 14S ‘«, Howse. Joint
cet 33 “i
35 a
Ea
we elected for
for one year.

‘Vote for Prison Inepectors nearly the same ax f¢
Scattering Vote—Abolition, 8,518; Anti-Rent, 4 .
= Tear cundidaten wore eo onthe Ant-Rent Ticket

Le.

New-York
AST Uciragttée. Sea Beare!

FEEEEELELES

Rett

29385388

(Total -4,200 2.490 1,426|
‘Hall over both . 374]

746 9406|Total ....4A77 3,555)
.-1,260| Johnson's maj.....918|
“AsaeMsLr.

Whig. Loca,
17 Ta11.J.P. Phoonix.-1167 H.Walbridge, 775
SIMIAVE- ne, Bowes. ..1768 We Shaler.-1184
3...-1V.*T. H. Burras. 173 F.M'Carhy... 624
Jolin H, Bowie 740

1.1X_Wm.B.Meech.1498 C. Van Zandt. 087
Charlock

X-Thad.C. Davis. 922
XE-McGowan.-.. 478 D. Garrison Es

ho....X1-! Si Recedal #8 Morg. L.. Mott. 431
Jobe H. Riker 191
hi... XIM1.Cromwell .... 659 Alex. Stewart. 881)
iui. X1V-Jobn Colvin. 579 Mich'el Walah 732|
‘Dan, B. Taylor 402|
h3....XV-E.C. Benedict.1299 John E. Ross.
RJ. Depuy. 276
4. .XVI-B.G.Catoy

XVIIL.MiR, Brewer148 8.
jax. Brooks... 641 a
‘Total Whig.

‘oral ..-91.310

XVI... 604

Aseern!
Hien Sioa

79.867. ..-- 19465

‘Maj. for Brady..1,443. For Leonard.

a
0
1
a
3
a
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2
S
2
8
318
mm
iy

‘Toral 17500 22574 4048...18518 213
‘Wilght’s maj..5,044. Gardiner’s ms).

12
1581
a

ry
ae

gute:

=
=
10

gnewuer

‘i
gee

Senaasduaesl
BBS 35

£7

a
ES

5539]
‘2080|
‘9000|
‘340
300)
mal
1585]
304]

Kenery
"Kean...
lortham pton. . 2359

21
a

ixt
a
atgclaegy

Guepddsieeghbusnd

EGP P. F. Cansey; Whig candid:

"loc tu bouts om socal qeavions A Lod

. Whig in both branches was chosen st
Loco maj. on Joint Balict.. ‘23|timo, a well as a Whig Member of Congress.

gj.

aaulg, RERRRCEUENE

Figg RRSRCARAE My 38RS8 ‘ RURESSIE: BSS8028 5

“anes 298

onal
f85 i
Pau rsa]

Danie over Arriogiun..417. Polk's ma}
© Toole deoliand resting ; Whigs gvmerely voeed

IV. hele all
br | Stokes... . BA
Siar
$31] Davideon ---.) 718
2) Tora Ce]
FB) sheppard ima).1.308,

v. Kare, 7. Vena,
SES nan” "Ser"
10" 1

Grenville 98

ICaswett =e
‘SAlPoreoa....-... 506
rea] Totl...... 4035 4508.
‘365| Venabio’s maj.
348] PL Tuoke,*|
(684) Warren 13
700| J
156 36
30] “
163) ao

744} Total.

XV. Wm. G. Brown, Loco, elected. Mo seri
A few votes were cast in three or
for Hawking, Whig. Polk's una). 600.
RTH CAROLINA.
oo ‘1847. PaearDEne, 1844.
aie, Cay. Pelt,
pi)
Fit)

SRBEMHENG

Toul...T 887 36 19... 3357__ 6TH
McKay over Hiall..2067. Polk's unaj..9,190.

4 St
=. m8
7a. [3
200) :
ae 3
Clingman’s maj.1,1%. 2
I, Bogiesrr.W.
2 A $4

FE flag

wuzaga I

g:
3

fat

8
sesensnsnay 8

aeessaal?

Lo i
pre Hau! i
FS eesesneeess = a Ssssansaase BREE zig

deenacaana aE; aaaecereesale,

i
E
i
5

a feaeeelaeees

sare! jacacuaanses K 2

i
a

Lig
6
£

eae

Vv. ‘Tuompe'n 6709 ‘Wickiiite -6019. 6013
VI. Adams.

‘Trabue Bin 3143.
1X, Gor... 6

EAST TENNESSEE.
Govzanoz, 1847. Govaanon, 1845,

uenenRunie rf

ol
EI

‘Whig tnaj. 589 ; do. in “45, 622; Whig lose,
MIDDLE TENNESSEE.

gases 8

Loco thx 1,977; do. in°45, 9305 Whig g. 252.|

LECTION RETURNS.

INDIANA. -
Concazss, 1847, Paxsrvenr, 1844.

sala?

6408 6204.
Ttompectiemy).178."Ciay'ma)1.00,

agna8e

segkegeut
Pakchvers

ATL "Pettit...
7070 *Catheart. 7474.

Whig:

Ee TE
Sos
a
ow
15
2907 Ta
: ST 48
mL Bk
133
i. ag
3%

so ao ee
sa

To 20

Fo cS es

a os Tm

sos me 7a)

= 5 ans

208 3 oe

3 as be

a3 e ‘s

45 mS

J see 513

ao 01 43,390

in 1280, Grow

= ame,

oo “

‘206

23 3

ra
MARYLAN

a 7 LauEnon 1647,

lm 49 "Bs

oan)

38 Te

ae)

‘307 307|Calvert

813 360{Caroline

et isloscl

637 - 654|Charies «

99 9561 Dore

S17 644] Frederic

475 493) Harford.

4484] Kent.

424 443|Montgome

ceenaseuee
dausaeensaeeeranne.

Leorszarone—Largely Whi

ALABAMA.
Govmanos, 1847. Fursrpewr, 1844,
Coun, Dav. Cosas, bs Cig," Pole

469
35
m0
1087
357
726
190
162
403

PEPE ERE

IShelby .....--, 529
|Samter’ --:7713020
a2

+, S304 HOS... 2
Chapman’ 909, Polis maj...11, 036
Dist. Concazes, 1847,
L. John Gayle, Whig, 5.080 ; Taylor, Loco, 4490.
1. Henry W. Hilliard, 7. elected without opp.
UT. No opposition to’ Samson W. Harris, Loco.
TV, W.M Murphy, 7.410; 8. W. Inge, 4.508,
, £2,923 Houston, £. 4,746,
en, 2747 Pope, ‘bb,
3 (all Locos.
lei, Pepe, 1901 SF Rice, 4004; F. W. Bow
don, 419 (all Lacot)

‘TEXAS-1847.
D.B Miller elected Governor over G. T. Wood,
jabows Loco-Focos of course, We have no def

._ Whig majority on Joint Ballot.
MISSISSTPPI—1847—Coxcress 1

con, 2S

Itawamba .-. 569 941)

\Tallahatchie. 210
Valobusha... 676
‘Totl.....5 587 6415|Gen. Quitman, now!

Reathersion smn}, 646ling in Mexico,
‘State Oficers-—No ticket in pomination bot &

[rogular Loco-Foco. Mathews Loco, hoes

ELECTION

or by some 5,000 majority over Bradford,

olunteer. Four Secretary of State, the vote (com-

te except Wayne Co.) stands—

Patterson, Whig vol.

‘Sampe cheed... eevee els

‘The Loco-Foco Auditor and Treasurer had no
|Whig opponents.

IOWA.
Concnzss, 1847. Goveanos, 1846,

M'Kugt Bag if

F986 5,500.

mnaj..544.” Briggs’s maj..905.

. 6.
‘Whig. Loca Loco Maj
President of Board of Public Works

‘Wilson .-10,053 H.W. Sample10,297....244|

Secpaary of Sate:
IMadieom Dagger 9,538 ee onkery0733. 1.144

| State Treasurer:
[Pieree B. Fagtn.9,786 Paul Brattain.10,631...845)
oonare.Waigzomi 9.830 Loco de,10,689....830]
\RKANSAS-1846,
Robert W.Yebasom Love clstiet to Congress
it opposition.

RETURNS.

MICHIGAN.

1847.—Returns incomplete. ‘Hon. Epephrodt-

23,714 Stampa, Loco, 25,845} g

Jamazoo District over G. W. Gordon, Whig. The|
fnew Legislature stands—

30
Concazss, 1946, PaxsrpEwr, 1844,|
L Whig. Love. dba,

Counties, Lawrence, MeCiol Stew’. Clay.

Hilledaie ... 892 1026 168,.._ 958

[Lenawee --1640 1830 169:..2177
Monroe... 313 1163 “11,7. 870
Wesbtenaw18s3 1657 971.

wwrence, 1,435. Polk's inaj. 1,228.

4 ‘Gondor : Hlaaaey.
Total... 8078 9515 L197. 8795 9,448 1.467
Bradley over Gorden, 837. Polk over Clay,
i Wiser ‘Centeld,

cite
960

‘Total. 780 6492 | 9B1.. 6.527 8.214 1,06
Bingham over Wimer,712, "Polk ov. Clay, 1,687.

‘WISCONSIN— .
Wear, Deusasts
Loco, “Abel,

36... 569
125.2. 300

405 1,364)
‘Strong, 1,01, Martin's maj. 960. Whig guia, en]

10670 9.648 973.

11867,

Digtized Google

Digtized by Google

‘Tne year hastening to a close as this
‘Almanee is prepared for the press has|
been signalized by memorable revolu-
tion in Europe and Americe. Dissimilar|
in sonie of “their aspects, they are yet]
identical in their most vital principles.
In either case, the esséntial end wes the
replacement of dynasties which had
coased to regard Brnzricence and the
widest diffusion of blessings as the chiof
end of government by othors which should
prove more ealightened and faithful. In
Yaonarchical Europe, the security or ag-
grandizement of the reigning family, the
maintenance of Aristocratic caste, or
power, or affluence, had come to be practi-_
cally regarded by most Governments as
their “being’s end and aim,’ to which the|
happiness, enlightenment and content-|
ment of the unprivileged millions were|
made of small account. Hence Ministerial]
and Court intrigues, rigid Censorehips of
tho Press, the increase of Armies, the|
multiplication of Police, the exhanstion of
‘Treasuries énd the increase of National|
Debts, until Public Credit was with ditt
culty sustained, while Employment for the
Poor became scenty and precarious,
‘Wages depressed and inadequate, and
the condition of immense masses’ insup-|
portable. Yet while Bread grew scarce
Knowledge was day by day more widely]
weminated; the Steam-Press, the Pri-|
mary School, even the Railroad, were, in|
spite of every obstacle, rapidly though
silently educating the People into @
clearer understanding of their rights and|
wrongs, their misery and its authors: and
when the train was at length fired, partly
through accident, partly through kingly
infatuation, and the despotiem af Louis
Philippe had provoked the ‘Resistance of
Febraary, all Europe (Russia excopted,)
was foand ripe for Revolution. The torch

THE ELECTION OF 1848.

the whole atmosphere, not of France only,
[but of Italy, Germany, Hungary and the
Principalities of the Lower Danube, and
their skies were lurid with the glare of
one general conflagration. - That copiflagn-
tion may, be checked at this point and
driven back on that; it may even seem b
be overpowered and expiring’; but it can-
not be extinguished until it has burnt oat
of civilized Europe the last vestige of des-
[potic and aristocratic power. The burning
fof the French Throne alter thé taking of
the Tuileries typified the approaching de-
struction of all the thrones in Christendom.
The American Revolation of 1848 differ.
ed from that simultansously proceeding in
Europe only as dictated on either side by
{the circumstances and genius of the Peo.
ple. Here, as across the Atlantic, 0 caste
lor clique’ had seized upon the reins of
Government and perverted the power of
[the State in subserviency to their own
sordid onds. What Legitimacy and Di-
vine Right were to the governing class in
the Old World, that Democracy and the
lated catch-words were to the governing
lclasshere. Instead of being a spirit of free-
/dom and investigation, Democracy had be
come a mask for self-seeking, acloak foran-
bition and grasping intrigue. * Weigh what
‘is offered on either hand, and judge im-
‘partially between them,’ says ever Troe
“Democracy. ‘ Ask no questions, but sup:
‘port the regular nominations,’ says Sham
[Democracy—the Democracy of caucuses
and office-sceking combinations: ‘You may
‘indeed weigh testimony and jadge; but
“if you decide that we have not governed
‘faithfally—thet our measures are not
‘wine and betieficent, you prove yoursell
‘an enemy of Popular Sovereignty, and tho
‘unfit to judge of the matter at all.-
That ncne aball suspect us of mistake ot
exaggeration in the premises, we quote

flung up by the workmen of Paris ignited|

the following passage from the letter of

Convention

the party opposed io us_of howe principles

ist4
8

party has existed and doos exist in the

alarmed people

the self-styled Democracy and the election|

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

tion for the Presidency of the Baltimore|ment of our internal communications, this
Half Million of Votes told on that side ;
“From the dase of Gon. Hamilton to our days |since it has, in the course of the inceasent

iberal appropriations for the improve-

‘was the great exponent, if not the founder—| Mutations of party interest, become Demo-
‘has chiuged its ntme, bee Preserved er-|cratic to oppose thoae principles or men,
hh entertained and taught of the capeclty of mui sores, these votes are cast as unhesitating-
fRiouce Spon ls actions snd epinions Hore fal On the other side. Bo in regard to other,
ry starting-point of the, diflerence between | questions. It is within the trath to as-
Dut subordinate and | sume that the which, in litical

Sillery to this, and may, in fact, be resolved straggl Party which, in our politic
Here you perceive the assertion, the|™ocratic name, has thereby secured an
implication, and may discern the practical|®dvantege over its antagonist fully equiv-

improvement. The assertion is that a/Slent to One Million Votes.

has possessed iteelf of the, De-

And yet it became evident to keen ob-

country which distrasts the capacity of |Servers, at thé very outset of the late
the People for self-government and {y|Prosidential struggle, that the party wrap-
secretly if not openly hostile to our entire|Ped iti the mantle of Democracy was
Republican system. Bat how shall an|doomed to defoat unless saved by somo

tingujsh these traitors|Palpable blunder on the other side. The
to Liberty from their fellow-citizens?—|Teasons for this may be briefly summed up
Very easily : If you find a man opposing|*4 foliows :

1, The expiring Administration came

of Gen. Cass to the Presidency, you may|into power tainted with frand. Mr.-Polk
know there is one of the recreants. Sup-|was elected President by the aid of voters
port to Gen. Cass and his codjutors is the| attracted to his atanderd by the resolation
touchstone of fidelity to Human Freedom.|of the Convention which nominated him
The practical improvement follows in-|affirming ‘that the right of this country to

evitably: If you wish to be regarded as|the whole of Oregon is clear and indisput-
& friend of Liberty, of America and of |able’ and the clearly implied pledge that
Man, you must vote to make

ident and keep bi

party in power,|the canncn's mouth if necessary; by the
though you may honestly believe their| aid of voters who hold to the Protection
line of policy pernicious and the measares|of Home Labor by discriminating duti
they advocate most adverse to the public| who were deluded by the Kane letter;
interests and general welfare.

Preposterous as this course of argument|posed to the acquisition of Texas pales
is, it has by skillful iteration acquired and| with the free consent of Mexico, and on
exerted an immense influence over the|terms which should relieve our country
popular mind. It is not too much to say|from the dishonoring imputation of having
that more than Half a Million Votes are|loaned her flag and her arms to the cause
thrown every year for the candidates|of Slavery Extension. When the just ex-
termed Democratic because they are so|pectations of each of these classes were
designated,-and without one thought as|blasted by the Oregon Treaty, the Tariff
to how fer their professions of superior|of 1846, and the pushing forward of our
Democracy are justified by their acta or|troops to the Rio Grande, in the heart of
their opinions. When it was Democratic, |a Mexican Department, sind directly op-
in the vecabulary of party strife, to aus-

Cass|he, if elected, would enforce said right at

by the votes of ten conscientiously op- ft

posite its chief city, leading inevitably to

6 THE ELECTION oF 1848.

lating War, many- thousands who bad
hitherto ‘gone with the party’ were re-
jelied and alienated, and thoagh with &
large proportion the ties of party were too
strong for the dictates of conscience, yet
their support of tle Administration
Heir beceme colder, more hesitatmg, le
effective ‘than it had been, while many,
openly an utterly renounced the whole
concern. When, on the meeting of the
XXXth Congress in December, 1847, an
Opposition’ majority in the House was|
evinoed by the choice of a Speaker,
the discomfiture of the place-holders was
almost ensured. We bolipye there has
never been an instance under our Federal
Constitution in which » President has|
been elected of adverse politics to those
af the Speaker of the House lest before
chosen.

But a ing cause of weakness and
dissolution had already been developed in
the ranks of the professing Democracy of
the Kmpire State. Here, in 104%, the
name of Sitas Waront had been in-|
volved in aid of the election of Polk, and|
he, an original and earnest opponent of|
tho Tyler ‘Troaty for the Annexation of|
‘Texas, had been ran as Governor, in order
to reconcile many Democratic opponents
of Annexation to the sapport of Polk and|
the arty. The plan mucceeded but too
well. Mr. Polk carried the State by 5,106
votes, and was thereby elected, while
Mr. Wright ran far ahead of him for
Governor, rocoiving 10,030 majority. Al-|
though thig disparity evinced in the clear-
est manner the immense service which
Mr. Wright had dono the party in con-
senting to ran on tho ticket, yet there
were not wanting sycophants and adven-
turers to poison the cars of the Pre
dent elect and his coterie with tales
the treachery of Gov. Wright's especial]
friende, who (they asserted) had placed him
at the head of the poll at the expense of
other candidates on the ticket, and even

lotted to defoat the Electoral Ticket !—
Vers Potty a weak man, was like all weak|
jonty and unessy

‘tinder’a sense of oblig. intima-
tion that Mr. Wright ha im was
an agony. A misanderatanding followed,
as wes natural. It is currently underatood|
that the President elect felt constrained|
to offer n choice of places in his Cabinet to|
Gov. Wright, who declined it in view of
hia obli;

men, jealous of

ade Secretary of the Treasury instead.

if not: absolnte'y promised, was vir-
tuclly ussured; but Mr. R.J. Walker, to
whoin the Attomey-Generalship had been|

aasizued in the original cast of the C

net, refused it as unequal to his deserts,
ted ox Gov, Wa. L- Mercy, ‘notonously
adverse to Van Buren and Wright in the
internal politics of New-York, wes called
to the Cabinet, with the portiolio of Sec-

of War. It was understood that
the Gollectorship of New-York would be
bestowed as Messrs. Wright and Van

Buren should prefer ; but this expectation
‘also was blasted; Mr. C. W. Lawrence,
& politician of the Croswell and Marcy
lachool, pointed instead of Mr.

Jona. mm. The aliepation thus
originated was fed by a thousand follow-
ing occurrences, until at length, in Novem-

ber, 1846, Gov. Wright was signally de-
foated in'a canvass for reélection, and it
was assorted that the Administration had
connived at and promoted hia discomfitare.
Gov. Wright died a few months after.
‘ward, but the fend thus commenced. was
fought out over his grave. “A State Con-
Yention assembled at Syracuse early im
‘47 to nominate ‘Democratic’ candidates
for Btate Officers; each wing made the
most desperate exertions to necare =
majority of the Delegates, and there were
‘several contests for sents, the settlement
of which would determine the character
lof the Convention. Superior management
and tact were clearly on the side of the
Croswell or Conservative faction, now well
known by the appellation of ‘Hankers ;?
while the more Radical or Wright and
Van Buren faction were equally well
known as ‘Barnburnors,’ (in allusion to
‘an anti-Radical story of 2 thick-skulled
Dutchman who had burnt barn toclear
it of rats and mice.) The ‘ Hunkers’ car-
Tied most of the contested seats,.and pro-
ceeded to nominste « State Ticket on-
‘tirely of their. own faith, substituting
Orville Hungerford for A.C. Fs
Controller. In the election which
od, the leading aid more ardent ‘ Barn-
bumera’ refused to support-the ticket so
formed, leaving the Whigs to sweep the
State by an average majority of over
Thirty Thousand. .[See Returns in last
year’s Almansc.]

Bat the Hankers, beaten, claim-
ed to have got possession of the
machinery ; appointed a new State Cen-
tral Committee, and in due time called
another State’ Convention at Albany,
which framed an Electoral Ticket and
chose the State Delozates to Baltimore.—
Meantime the Barnbarners had them-
aclves called a State Convention at Utica,
the eall being made by a majority of the
‘Democratic’ Members of the Legiala.
ture, and as such held to be regular and
according to‘ the usages of the party.’
This Convention chose a fall Delegation |

to the National Com
while the Hankers chose Repres

was fully and st

represented, and th
conflicting claims’

large Committee, then in fall Convention.

‘It was finally decided that neither should|his nomination.

be admitted to cast the vote of New-York
in the ballot

President.
ed to its work, apd on. the fourt!
nominated Gen, Bewts Cass of Michigan

for Presidont, and Gen. WitLiam O. Bur-|throaghout the South an
ter of Kentucky was afterward nominat-|cluding most of the

ed for Vice-President, The ‘ Hunkers’
hominations; but, thé ‘ Barnburners,’ to
whom Gen. Cass was especially
ious, utterly repudiated them, .

ly called’ a State Convention, which as-

sembled at Utica, (Mey. 22d,) and nominat-| uniformly successful in
resident, and decisive victories over a

ed Marri’ Van Buren for
Henry ‘Door (ex-Governor, and ‘now

U. 8. Senator) of Wisconsin, for Vico-|has anifor K
President. Gov. Dodge declined the nom- pimple, 40, modest, 50 scrapulatis in his
imation and adhered to Gen. Cass; but|obe

Mr. Van Baren, though accepting with
unfeigned reluctance, resolved to abide
the issue. Several gentlemen from other
States participated in the doings at Utica,

bat ‘New-York slone was regularly and|for President onthe fourth bala the votes
“ork Dele-|ranning as follows: :

fally represented. The New.
gates were therefore empowered to attend
nd take part in a more general Cenven-
tion called ice to 1
Buffalo in August, and which did meet
accordingly. ;
‘Meantime, (June 1, 1848,) 8 Na.
tional Convention asembied at Philadel-
hie, every State in the Union being rep-|
Fesented; Texan, which slong, hed no
Delegates present, having

stray

Patriotism, and unsurpassed public ser-|concoded. But it was objected.to hint that
vices. A less numerous but most respect-|his “Military achievements formed, after
in New-England, | all, the basis of his aspiration to the Presi

ction, |dency, since without these his personal

regarded the transcendent abilities and|merits and virtues would never have made
‘world-wide fame of Danigt, WessteR os|him a formidable oandidate—and to eleva-

able boty, especiall
but by no ‘means confined to that

éthinently calcalated to shed lustre on the

THE WHIG ALMANAC, 18
at Batimoro,| Chief Magistrasy, wh
Delegates by. tessional ‘were deemed, fairly to entitle,him to tl
Yontous. When the Baltimore Conven- °,

tion assembled, ‘(May 1, 1848,) each side|perceived in the brilliant achievements,

ere urged with ability |of Gen..WixrigLD Scott, the
and desperate earnestness, first before | of Mexico, the elements of unquestionable

3 for President and Vice-| advocates for tl
‘The Convention then proceed-| withdrawn their name:
allot | And fins

0 Congres
promptly and heartily conpurred in these|life of Gen. ZacHaky TatLoi

obnox-| withstand, and deemed his nomination
prompt-|equivalent to an election. I

‘upon farther notice to meet at Ly

instructed Loni-lbeen aottled from ‘the beginning. Many
siana to vote for her. Hon. Joun "M.|Delegates who voted. for other candidates
Morxnap, Ex-Governor of North Caro-|at first were
Tina,-was chosen President. An excitedjof Gea. Taylor, and only voti

for the Presidential nomination | iv deference to the opinions of their constit-
had long. been anticipated. A large ma-|uents.

i |dogrse porenal. Tho merits cleimed fot

his: signal and
Jong-continued labors for the\Whig cause

recognition of bis worth. Another class
‘the blameless life and the sound-principles
mnqueror

jand merited success, and ri Ipurged
Jonx McLxaN-nand,

Txomas Conwin of Ohio had each of theih'
Presidency, but they had
the canvane.

ally lange majority. the promi-
‘nent politicians of the ps ecially:
ata

‘Whig Members of
discerned in the character and
e ol
mentsof apopularity which nothing could

aot alone
the aes been
fieli, winning
jes numbering
{treble and quadruple his own, tut that he

ly shown himself’ so. wise,,40

or-maainly, thoy urged,

obedience to the civil A
jis nomination, ledge to it the sup-
port of « large majority of the People. =
‘These considerations prevailed with the
Convention. Gen. TarLon was nominated

et, that we urge

Sona BL Clayton:
"Sohn ReLean.

Toul.
Winnarew .
In point of fact, this nomination had

‘known to be really in favor
for others

Miviarp Fir1More of New-York was
jon the second baliot nominated for Vice-
President by a decided majority.

¢ opposition to Gen. Taylor i the
Whig ranks had been in noconsiderable

aim by his

nds were very generally

tion tc high civil traste on the strength af

THE ELECTION oF 1848,

brilliant Military achievements the Whig
arty had ever been strongty opposed.

Teves farther arged that bis on
the great leading principles

Policy bad, een clearly

uor Bis

station conclusively a
especially that on the great absorbinj
} «meation respecting the admission of Hu-
fl mann Blavory into or ite exclusion from the
‘Territories of the Union just acquired from
}| Mexico, his opinions were not known to
{| nccord with those of that great majority
fj of the Whig party which stood -firm for
Froedom, but were with reason suspected
lj and even confidently claimed to incline
| the other way. The objections thus raised
| were strengthened by the refusal of the
H Convention ‘to pass a resolutionaffirming
| the principle of the Wilmot Proviso, ot
|| even to pat forth any formal declaration of
|| fandamental Whig principles at all. On
‘these grounds, many Whigs felt constrain-
fjed for months after the nomination to
H} withhold their support. But by letters
subsequently written by Gen. Taylor the|
doubts of [his delity to Whig’ princi
ples and the apprehensions thet he would|
veto any bill which Congress might pass
embodying the principle of Freedom
the Territories, were pretty generally dis-
pelled, and a very general. concarrence
of the’ party in his support ultimately se-
cared.

‘We return to tho dissenters at Belti-|
more from the Cass and Butler nomination.
In the progress of the Wright and Cros-

} welt controversy in this State, a difference
f| of opinion on a great National quo
had been developed. Whén,|
after the victories on the Rio Grande
|| and the simultancons declaration of War|
against Mexico, it became evident that|
an acquisition “of Territory would be
among the results of that War, the dis-
ition aad fature institutions of that

‘erritory become objects of general con-|
cern. Just as the XXIXth C as
closing its first or long session, Mr. David
Wilmot, @ Representative from’ Ponn-
sylvania, after a hasty cousultation with
several of his Northern ‘Democratic’:
friends, moved to add to a bill before the,
Honse, dosigned to give the President,
control of Three Millions of Dollars where-
with to make Peace, a Proviso in the
words following : .

And be it further enacted, 7B shall be
ager vooy nor involtaary serene th an

continent of Ammorica which shall
Pais Oprepeasee et ee

"whatsoever, excep. for crimes
‘shall have bee duly

‘chsoye, That way person ¢

This Proviso was adopted with little

’l discussion (but not without evoking mach

feeling) by the House, nearly all the
Memory Kom the Pree Beste support-
ing, while those from the Slave States op-
posed it. The bill thus amended was
lsent to the Senate, and wes promptly
met by Mr. D. H. Lewis, of Alabama, wit
Js motion to strike out the Proviso. Mr.
Daria of |. ose in opposition to this
mot was speal tit
fwhen word was brought that the House |
lad adjourned without dsy—the hour of |
adjournment (noon) having been atruck by |{
the House clock, ‘not yet reached
the Senate's.” The bill thus failed for
the session, and among the most vocifer-

The next Session witnessed « revival
lof the bill, and of course of the Proviso
[both of which again passed the Hous
but the Iatter was now defeated in-th

nete—Gen. Cass now ranging himeelf |]
with ite opponents, but in’ kis speech |
Jayowing his concurrence in the principle
lof the while be regarded the at-
tempt to establiah it as untimely and
auspicious. But soon after the next Co
gee assembled (Dec. 28, 1847,) the same

m. Cass addressed an elaborate letter
to Mr. A. O. P. Nicholson of Tenn., avow-
fing that a change had taken pleco in his ||
views, and that he was now opposed to
the Proviso altogether, as at best of

dn se.
curing the defeat of the Proviso when the
close of the war had removed most of the
loriginal grounds of opposition to it.
doubtless exerted ax infuonce also in
‘winning Southern support to Gei
‘and thus securing his nomination
‘ident.

Long ere this, however, the Proviso or
Free Soil question had become a potent
element in the feud which divided the
partyin New-York. ‘The Wright or Radi.
eal wing hed never cordially
the policy of Annexation, thoagh they had
tcacleced in it ner tho songney of
2 necessity, giving pledges to their
Flowers ‘that, thet svenisitios of Ronee

Cass,
Pres:

g|should not be permitted to operate as an

WHI ATAANAC, 1349,

distinct pledge that Mr. Polk wi

}] OF course the

of having Mr. Tyler make. the solection| Van

hered to it
fares fell away from it, At the Syracuse] érgum
Cqavention which rejected Flagg and|sally

by the Bambumers which affirm
Principle of the Wilmot Proviso.

from both the Philadelphia and Baltimore

tion at Buffalo of all devoted adherents to
the ‘ Barnburnera’ naturally responded to| Jority

support
and was imposing alike in numbers, in

all the Free States, with several of the
Slave States, were represented. The de-
liberationa of the Convention were con-

President, and Cmanurs Francis ADAMS
of Massachusetts, (son of the late venerat-
ed ex-Prosident,} for Vice-President. A
series of resolutions were adopted pro-
claiming the most devoted attachment to|
rhe principle of Freedom in the Territories,
Ito the exclusion of Slavery therefrom ;
| declaring i

country, and which, we hazard nothing in|the
saying, wore comavended t0 the Jadgnrent|tebore
and approval of the People to an extent| ment,

is an irresistible tendency in
‘and engrossing Political cont

the call, as did the Liberty party and «| hei
The Bathale Cae,|i#latore would choosu the Taylor Electors.

vention assembled on the 8th of August, enone ted a jority of

sands who wor

to reason’ thue— Trae, 1 prefe

unbalanced aggrandizement of the Slave! more than two parties are engaged, to fall

Power. . Their votes in Congress had|away from the weaker into the ranks of

bean gained for, Annekation, upon althe ‘two principal parties. Many thou-

7 id se- have preferred the elec-

lect the mode of effecting it prescribed|tion of Van Buren to that of either of the

by Mr. Benton’s alternative joint resolu-|leading candilates, were constrained ulti-
pledge falsiied by the maneuver | mately

juren, but my vote -will’ not elect

Just as he was bidding adieu to power.—|him, while it may decide the
Redicels unanimously and|between Taylor aad Gass, and Tea

cordially supported the Proviso, and ad-|prefér one of these to the other that can.

throaghont, while their adver-|not consent to throw it away.”

contest as

‘That this

ent did not prevail still more univer-

‘striking proof of tho strength of
nominated Hungerford, one of the leat/the Free Soil scutiment“throaghout the
‘acts was the laying: onthe table by the|Free States. Only by convinciag ithem
Hunker majority # resolution, proposed) that the election of Gon. Cass wotld not

i the|prove detrimental to tho cause of Free-
in the Territories, could the great
‘When, therefore, a call was issued by|mass of the voters be brought co sustain
[an Ohio State Convéntion of dissenters one or the other.

~ On the 7th of November, Blectors of
Agminations for « more general Conven|pregident were choreu in every State,

re that in Massachusetts (where a ma:

of all the votes is requisito to
) no election was made by the Pro-
it was well known that the Les-

Divine bi

as Pres

Electors. so
having been nominated and anp-
ad. m i2|ported by the as
ability and in character. Nearly or guite|/Dorred PY ie WHS Party

tors, theso candidat

ally god will s ata be sctuel on
“ . spectively President and Vice-Presidert,
Hanne amie gota Toaniged | while the Congressional Blectionstnus ft
the nomination of Manrin Van Bonen for| mdicate & very decided pre}

in favor of

wLaRD Free. |
are already virtt-
y chosen res]

favor of free grants of Public! -On the Sth of March, 1849, (the 4th fall-
ll Lesds in limited quantities to Actual Set-| ing on Sunday,) Gen. Taylor will doubtless
tlers; in favor of the Improvement of {be inaugurated
Rivers and Harbors by the General Gov-|more as Vice-President, and tho former |
ernment ; of the raising of an adequate| will immediately form his Cabinet and
Revenne'by Duties on Imports, &c. &c.—|enter upon the
‘These Resolutions constitute the Buffalo|concerns.
Platform, which was ably and forcibly com-|ing, the XXXIst Congress will assemble
mended to the People of the Free Btates|to consider and edopt such Legislati
thenceforward to the close of the Presiden. | measures as the condition of the Country,
tial canvass, by a number of the ablest and] of its depressed Indastry and dilapidated
most effective, public speakers in the|Finances, may render necessary. May
jensing attend their mutual

lent and Mr. Fill-

iirection of our National
On the 4th of Decomber follow-

lative

, content-

fd goneral thrift, plenty
\\appiness, crown their efforts with

far beyond what was indicated by the vote|that true glory which springs not from car-

for Van Buren and Adams Electors. There|nage and desolation but which results from
rotracted|exalted power wisely and unselfishly de-

wherein|voted to the lasting good of Mankind

EUROPE

IN 1848.

‘Tax year now, closing, will in all time
to come remain an epoch ‘in the History|
of Bexgpe. Within its compass are in-
sluded events of more importance to the
fature than any which’ have occurred for
centuries, and the fapidity with which the
entire condition and relative positions of
the European nations have been changed,
is something for'which we find no ade-
quate parallel in the records of any age.
The history of the two-or three previous
years, it is true, demonstrated the ex-
jstence of the causes which have led to
these conclusions, but even those who
‘were most contident of the result, did not|
‘droam the crisis was s0 near at hand.

‘Tho first token of the approach of these
changes, was given on the first day of the
year, though its catse may be traced back
to the Amnesty granted by Pius IX. ‘The
Milanese, who had never, borne the Aus-
trian yoke patiently, toward the ‘end of
December, 1847, formed s lengue by which
they bound themselves to abstain entirely
from the use of tobacco, after the first of
January. This league would have drawn
an important souree of revenue from the
Austrian Government, and in order. to
break dows the growing opposition, Ra-
detsky, the Military Governor of Milan
took measures to bring on a collision be-
tween the troops and the pele. Cigars
were given to the garrison, wi:a directions
to smoke them in the public streets, and
on, the afternoon of the 3d, bands of
soldiers, thus provided, traversed the
promenedes. The people gave vent to
their
hisses ; the troops fell upon them, and a
massacre Commenced, which lested till
midnight. ‘The-indignation of the Italians

at these barbarities was not confined to
Milan. At Brescia, Pavia, and other
cities of Lombardy, disturbances occur-

isepprobation in murmurs aud|,

sides. ‘The troubles increased from day to |
day, and Lombardy was declared by the
Government at Vienne to be in a state of
jinsurrection. The army of Radetsky was
increased, and on the other hand, the
King of Sardinia, whose sympathies were
known to be in favor of the Italian cause,
called out an additional force of 25,000 men
lon the 10th of the month, and concentrated
his army on the line of the Ticino.

In ‘the meantime, similar movements
hed taken plece in Sicily. The people
demanded concessions from the King of
Naples, whioh were not granted. An at-
[tempt was made to force them into sub-
mission, bat the Swiss troops refused to
{fire on the people, and the Duke of Serra
Capriola declined accepting the Vice-
royalty, unless he shoald have power to
make the desired reforms. Signs of ro-
sistance soon began to show themselv
on the 4th a serious outbreak occurred in
[Messine, which was followed on the 12th—
ithe time secretly appointed for a general
rising—by the descent of the country
people upon the gartison at Palermo—
The Cavalry which attacked them, was
repulsed with a loss of fifty, aud; aided by
the citizens, they commenced barricading
the town. A Provisional Government
was appointed on the 15th, and the troops
soon after opened a bombardment, which
lasted twenty hours. A temporary sus-
pension of hostilities was procured by the,
intervention of the Foreign Consuls, but
the strife was finally terminated on the
uth by @ sanguinery battle, which re-
sulted: in the taking of the Bank aud
Royal Palace by the people, after wliich
the soldiers withdrew and the whole city
was surrendered to them. ‘Trapani, Ce-
{tonia, Syracuse, and other towns, followed
the example of Palermo, and the struggle
now commenced in earnest, fot the Indo-

red, in which persons were killed on both

pendence of Sicily.

. WHIG ALMANAC, 1849.

‘The news of this Revolution created a|
eat sensation throughout Italy, and|
fltstened the fulfillment of promises which
othes Princes had made to the People—|
The King of Naples resisted the demands
of his sabjects for » long time. Roberti,
Governor of Naples, and Statello, Com-
mander of the Forts, having refused to
obey his command to fire upon the popu-
lace, he was broaght to terms, and on the
29th a Constitution was proclaimed, based
mainly upon the French Charter of 1830..
A general rejoicing followed this declare:
tion. Early in February, the Grand Duke
of Tuacany, who had. previously given’
token of his liberal designs, granted a|
Constitation to his dominions, and the
Dukos of Parma and Modena. proposed to|
do the same.

Lombardy, whose example had partly
contributed to bring about these changés,
was now in turn sustained by them—
Martial law was proclaimed by the Aus-|
trian Governor, and the most stringent
measures taken to suppress the revolu-
tionary feeling, but without effect. The
Manicipality of Milan addressed a request
to the Government at Vienne, that they
should grant a separate jurisdiction to the
Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, that. the
Government be administered by an Aalic
Council, independent of that of Vienna,
and that the Austrian employés be wi
drawn, and the stamp and excise laws
abolished. This received no immediate
attention, and the troables increased so
rapidly that on the 15th of February the
Austrian Government issued a manifesto
to the Italians, bidding thom remember
the fate of Poland, and admonishing them
to obedience. The activity of the Liberal
party, however, was not in the least dim-
Inished, and the Government found it im,
possible to suppress the manifestations of
sympathy with the movements in other
quarters. The King of Sardinia proclaim-
ex a Constitution in his dominions on the
8th of Febranry, similar in its features to
that of France: The general rejoicing on
this occasion was strongly expressed in
Milan. The troops of Sardinia continued
to increase on the Lombard frontier, and it
was now evident that their assistance
would not be denied, when the Revolation
should openly break out.

At this time, public. sentiment was,
aroused in Paris, by @ question involving]
the right of free ‘assemblages of the peo-
ple to discuss ‘moasnres of political re
form. The growing oppression of Louis
Philippe and his Government had not
heen able to prevent the rapid spread of

nlightoning its fllowers in regard to the
character of the desired reforms, the prac-
tice of public dinyers arose, at which they
wore freely distussed. ‘Theso dinners
soon grew into “ banquets,” which were
held in Paris and the Provinces, and at-
tended by large numbers of persons.—
The health of the King was purposely
lomitted at many of these, and- addresses
ofa bold and energetic character tre-
quently delivered; reports of which found
their way into many of the public jo

yur
nals. It was at length decided on the
part of the Government to suppress them,
and a stormy discussion on this subject
took place in the Chamber of Deputies on
the 8th of Hebraary. Itwas again taken
up on the 3th, when 100 Deputies ofthe
left, many of whom had already taken
part in the banquets, resolved to attend
them. .

‘Tne Reform Baumuet of the 12th Arron-
dissement of Paris, which was appoiited
to be held on the 20th, on a grand scale,
gave the Government the occasion they
desired. It was forbidden by the Minister
lof the Interior, and ia anticipation of any
resistance, the fortifications of Paris were
sileutly inspected ‘and put inorder. The
Banquet was postponed to the 22d, and in
the meantime a body of 250 Deputies, with
Odilon Barrot at their heid, went to the
‘Minister and declared that his course was
illegal. They obtained no satisfaction,
however, and after some discussiou, it was
resolved to abandon the Banquet and im-
peach the Government. On the 22d the
city was filled with troops, between whom

nd the people there were soveral culli-
sions, though without bloodshed, and to.
ward night some barricades were erected.
A charge of impcachment, signed by 50
Deputies, was handed to the President of
the Chaniber, but not rexd.

‘The next morni

dies of the
with the
people, Barricades were again erected
‘on the Boulevards, which were attacked
by the troops of the Line aud carried with
considerable loss. Fighting also took
place at other points, and at'3 o'clock the
King was constrained to empower Count
‘Molé to form a new Ministry. A tempo-
raty pause followed, but toward night
the crowd before the Hotel of the Ministor
of Foreign Affairs were fired on, and tho
Revolution began in earnest. ‘The dead
bodies were Lorne along the Boulevards:
the night was spent in arming and build.
ing barricades, and several companies of
the Line having fraternized with the Na-
tional Guards, the city was next morning
in the hands of the people. At 12} o'clock

liberal principles dmong the people. As
@ means of oreani wz this oprosition and.

the Palais Royal was attacked and token

aC
1OC
gle

took plac ‘Woops held in readiness. But the:
barricades|ing on Kennington
‘and|are in
fod the

ly restored, but the dead
bodies were carried in solemn procession|

tional Assembly, elected by the poople.—
Biniler revolt Yok place in Magdaberg,
Halle and Erfurt. ;

Up to this time Lombardy Hed rempin-
ed in a highly inflamed and unscttled|
state. On the

4 the Pro ¥
considerably emberrassed ita
ttle| yet the country was prési
rious difficulty ‘by the admirable 1
policy adopted by. Lam
‘were also dissensions’ in the Government

a Tease |
itated on this subject, that the rany
wis beaten and the Nateual Guard called
lout. Nevertheloss, the elections peseed
lover withqut

‘The King of Bavaria abdicated his}
throne on te 29d of the month, in favor
of his son, Maximilian II, Four days af-|
terward, the Duchies of Schleswig and| Works
Holstein declared themselves free of al-

es, incre:
nev , andon the 15th of May the ||
National Assembly was invaded i

er on the}
vedition.—

goes and advanced to Vallegio; on
Tthot May che ‘King croeved the A
and on the 18th commieneed the sic

EUROPE

IN 184

litan fleet immediately commenced
‘bombardment of Messin: A most im-|
minent riot broke out in Rome on the 1st!

etoeeret Eerie the Polish Youd
er, end. the. Ger Hungary and!
open. rebel [ol

of the leaders of the Rebellion were ar- |
imy

offering
ith

nations, |On

and the Principalities of Wallachia and
Moldavia, on the Danube, forced their

Talers to fly, and appointed’ » Provisional] at
Government. The war

ork rendered this quarral
some to Prussia,

‘The condition of Ireland
citing and momentous.’ John Mitch
from his cell in Newgate, continued to|
write his bold and defiant epistles to Lord|
Clarendon, which were published in the

United Irahman. | Toe mn, arm

ate ing of clube was carried ona

tly in aeeret, and. the population of

Bouthern Provinces was realy at any

moment to Break oat th open, rebelion —
‘The Irish Confederation addressed
friends of Ireland in America,

very

PHeped!
& Revolation was

agree upon a ver.
dict. On the 97th, John Mitchel was
ntenced to fourteen|

years’ ion. He was immed-
intely put on board of a war steamer for
Bermuda, The coantry continued in
highly excited state throngh the month|
of Jane and July. The papers devoted to
the Trish cause were one by one-suppress-
ed; small collisions took place between
the peasantry and, the , and many

between Den-|i

el, rere tos and

[the Sth of At
sated at the

armed ‘opposition was concerned.
State Trials, which opened at Clonmel in|
the ently part of October, haver since re-
sulted in the conviction of Smith O’Brien,

'rance, after the insurrectionsry |
tempt of May 15 had been overcome, the
‘position of the Government was,
by no means ended. The thousands of
/workmen who were cog in the Ne:
tional al Warkshere seein, ‘would

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

was given for the long-gathering storm to}
find vent, by the draughting of 3,000}
operatives tothe Provinces. These men
retamed—and large numbers of others
joining with them, the eastera portion of|
the city was barricaded during: the night
and next day, so that by the morning of
the 24th about 40,000 insurgents were

armed for ie, ted by formid-
able dofencens ‘ke Wavional Guards were

On the 25th, after terrible conflicts at t
Pantheon and the Clos St. Lazare, the
insurrection was quelled on the left bank
of the Seine, the. Archbishop of Paris
Having been killed in endeavoring to me-
diate between the opposing partics. The
‘insurgents were finally subdued on the
26th, after great slaughter in the Faubourg
Bt. Antoine, and at the Clos St. Lazare—
Four Representatives and seven Generals:

dead ia variously estimated at from 5,000]
010,000. About 8,000 persons were taken
prisoners.

‘The Executive Power was confided to|
Gen. Cavaignee, upon his resignation of
the ‘Dictatorship, and he has since con-
tinued to exercise it. The country hi
|been at times seriously disturbed, prin-
|| cipally through the endeavors of the Le-
| sitimiats and Bénapartists to advance the|
|| interests of their leaders. The Legitimist
H rite were mainly confined to the Sonth|
ll of France, where the support of the peo-

le was relied on. The National Guard,

\owever, proved true tothe Republic, and
the attempts were soon quelled. A great
deal of apprehension was felt, on account|
‘of the election of Prince Louis Bonaparte
to fill one of the vacancies in the National]
Assembly, and the Government ‘prepared
itself to subdue any violent demonstr
tion. The crisis passed over, noverthe-|
less, without di and the Prince|

ietly took his seat in the Assembly.—|

sturbanc

nietly
The measures of Gevaignas, 10 suppre

ing @ number of the journals belonging to
the Legitimists and Bonapartists, and in|
] protoosing s siato of sioge, drew apon
iim much censure, and his situation was|
|] ors time not without danger. The re-
Hl port of the. Commission, of Inquiry con-|
corning the Insurrections having been laid
before the Assembly by M. Bauchard, that|
|] body decided on the 26th of Au
prosecite Louis Blanc and Caussidiét

jcomplicity in those movements. Tl
men immediately, made their escay
‘London.

The condition of France hi
comparatively tranquil.

‘upon the Constitution was hastened by
the Assembly, and the entire instrument
‘was completed by the end of October.—
‘The 10th of December was appointed for
{the first Presidential Election, and public
attention is, at this writing, taken up by
the claims of tho various candidates for
the office. ‘The main struggte will lie be-
‘tween Cavaignac and Louis Napoleon,
and there is much reason to believe that
tho latter will be chosen.

‘Trning back to Charles Albert, whom
we left in his victorious march against the
army of Radetsky, we are obliged to
change the character of our . On
‘the 10th of June the Austrians appeared
before Vicenza, which capitulated after
a bombardment of 18 hours. Padua aur-
rendered on the 15th, Palma Nuova on the
‘25th, and notwithstanding partial victories

ined by the Piedmontese at Rivalta and

voli their course was completely chéck
‘ed. A month passed without any decisive
‘action having taken place, but toward the
end of July the Austrian army, reinforced
by fresh troops, drove the forces of Charles
, after # sories of severe engage-
ments, beyond the line of the Mincio.—
Following up his sdventage, Radetaky
‘besieged Milan, which city capitulated on
the 4th of August. The Sardinians, re-
treating constantly before the Austrians
reached the frontier after great losses, and
fby the 9th of August Lombardy was re-
Jodcupied by ite old rulers. ‘Tha fogaof the
Austrians was set down at 2,700, and that
fof the Ttalians at 2,500; but the actual
number who perished from their wounds
and from sickness, ‘must have been mach
greater. An Armistice of eight weeks
‘was immediately negotiated, to give time
for mediation. B: and France unit-
ed to settle the question of Italian inde-
pendence, and within a short time the
Jcentral power at Brankfort has also offer-
ed its interposition. ‘The Armistice has
‘been renewed from time to time, and the
‘terms which it is.stated will be finally
accepted, are, that’ Lombardy shall con-
tinue an Austrian province, yet with a
feparate logislatare, and thet she sball at
the same time be’ represented in the
Italian Genoral Diet. :

Provisional Government was appotated by

RUROPE.

am 1848,

16
‘Yhe people, and the Government was
me s0 threateningly that the King|
sent his treasures to « vessel of war in the
harbor, and held himself in readiness to 8
at moment. This disturbance fi
Bios i, eae tar
faples there was some prospect of a
tlement with Sicily, on the basis of the|
Constitution of 1612, being successfully
scoomplished.
suppression of the Jane in
f| Paris, and the unsuccessful termination of|
the Irish Rebellion, has been transferred,
to Central and Eastern Europe and the
movements which are going on in Ger-
many and among the.Sclavonic nations,
continue to excite a deep and universal
interest. . The Federative Diet of Ger-
many, which met onthe last day of March,
g1ve place on the: 18th of May to the Ger
man. Parliament, whose members were

@ e over the nations
which constituted’the Union, resolved to|
it the, chiot execative authority a
nt, elected by ita members. ‘The
fell upon the Arch-Dake John of]
‘ia, who was installed at Frankfort, as|
Regent of the Empire, on the 12th of July.
H] Some. difcalty ‘was experienced in ob.
taining the acknowledgment of his authority
in -Prassia and Hanover, but the matter|
was finally settled by compromise. An-
other source of trouble was the armistice
agreed uj between Prussia and Den-
mark on the 10th of July. The opposition
to ite ratification, b oe Se Power
was a0 great, that ‘istry resigns
and the Regent had ar diffealey in|
finding substitutes. © measure was
my, emeennrad 1th oe September,
© ture majority, and. che opposition
among the liberal membera and the popu.
aoe of Frankfort and the neighboring citte
essay road that tho moxt day's lege
body_of People collected before the gates,
and penettating the city, began to ereot
barricades. A sangninary con

Government rose to such a pitch that on|

eatre of Revolutions, since the| meas

tal and established himself at Innspruck
inthe ‘A revolt broke out in Pragut
fon the Gree + EoroD . i
and the
Windia
a, 01
bara
Be BEeaps
ito Vienm
yaret
roved
from
dittorbar
{sth of Oc

1°
le
co
we
|
od |]
™
he
at
ns
cy
be

the 78, when the Arsenal, which wasl
trongly garrisoned, surrendered, and the |
city was in possession of the peopl
Latour, Minister of War, was seized by
the: mob and murdered, during the fight.
‘The Emperor fled to Olmutz, while bis|
army, commanded by Gen. Auersperg, en-
camped near the Tellachich, the |
‘Ban of Croatia, advktted with his forces
to aid the former; and Windisch
with another amy, efterwarde
them: Vienna being thus surrounded, an
tempt waa made to come to terms, This
failed, however, and the bombardment of |
the city. by the combined armies com-
Imenced on, the 28th of October. After af
sat deal of severe and desperate fight-
jing at the gates, and the defeat of « portion
lof the Hungarian army whichhad marched ||
te the assistance of the besieged, the peo- |
were finally overcome, and the city |

lcapitulated on the 30th,

movements have

ing for years. The

but, the inter j

je must necessarily be loag

these
been

final issue is
vening

and severe,

the 18th of May the Emperor left the Capi-

December 24, 1848.

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
(NovEmsen 90, 1968)
TEE EXECUTIVE.
JAMES K. POLK® of Tennessee, President of the United States,
GEORGE M. DALLASt of Pennsylvania, Vice-President.

HE CABINET.

CAVE JOHNSON of Tennessee, efi baal
XXXth CONGRESS.
Assombled Dec. 6, 1847; Expires March 3, 1849; The 2d Session commenced, Monday, Dec. 4, 198.

SENATE.
GEORGE M. DALLAS of Pennsylvania, President.

Test
YC.

NG.
Sou:

4 Bat entered ia Blue Book, 1645 aa « oative of Vermont,

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849.

TEs Continnt) VIRGINA,
"Rative State [Term e ative Bia
‘ha| 1851. James M. Mason-s.--+
Cong, tans“. Hunters...

iiileage, 2 Seu
Icdngrost bai and $8."

i, wisconsi
‘Gon'|1840..1sanc P Walker.

Seam férmer|1851; Henry Dodge.
a [Mileage uot knowa)”

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
ROBERT C. WINTHROP of Massachusotts, Speaker.

tune bn
er igh ex

for wagon, were’ pd to Uioas
ring ly fons, amounted to

patie for every twenty miles he travels between Washin and
em Ta srem.mlog ie aralabtneen Washivgion tnd
lng, Tae ales a oman fe mene gate

was thus: Members 218; for Winthre
14; MeClornand 8; others 221 een ”

pivot Google

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

Orricers or THe Srwate.—Asbury Dickens,
N.C. Secretary, $3,000; Lewis H. Machen, Ma’
Chiet Clerk, ; R, Beale, Va. Sergeant-at-
Arms and D sper, $1,500; and tweive others.

ac OTRICERS, ‘or tie Houre.—"Thomae Jef.

3, Notban Sargent.
Napa, serena, sso
B. Hornor, NJ. Doot-keeper,
Liseanian To Concness—Jotn 8, Meehan,
N.Y. $1,500. Assist. E. B. Stelle.
CnarLams—Henry Slicer, Senaie; R. R. Gar-
Howse.

Exrenses or Concress.—The expenditure
‘during the XXIXth Oongress—Dec. 1845 to March
8a fro saasions—in wages of members, their

end gre ae of officers,

ents follows
‘Birot Seseion.—We 10,4068 5
mileage of Senators, ‘Repre"
ros, 945708 5 nlleage ont Reger Rae

yl Samat,

RPERTRT HTSEQPTRIEH S| V

reventatl 2 xpens
a ain ing pee for
#5LB Contnsont E gxpenses of the
spresentatives, $2it ‘Contingen-

aon senna

DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

*
L
P
é
g

¥ P3y_2ePpaeges

eMErE.

vinizeay GOORTe
i

RETRENCHMENT—THE JUDICIARY.

ECONOMY AND RETRENCHMENT.

Successive Administrations, professing extrem
Democracy, have sought to retain power by |
profuse and lavish éxpenditure of the publi
money.

Mr, Morehead’s ‘Senate Report, in 1844, on Re
‘trenchment, states, that of persons employed i)
offices from 1828 to 1843, the rate of increase is-
E'S, War BoP Gry Navy ao” 6; Tubicary a
‘76; Printers 11 per cont; Post armen
raineut de exaployed 11,14 peveones and et
into "ithe increase since ie beyond all proce

ent.

Tn 1935, the U.S. Senate appointed = Commit) purougy:

tee'to inguire Into the extent, tc, of Executive
Patronage, who were Messrs. Calhoun, Southard,

» Webster, Benton and King of La, which
reported tha the public expenditure hed ‘doubled
in'eight years, and that

sc Wbn eee, Itad of Sing comired us pul
colitis tert
tet a ade Serer sa
SEs a Ae cece pierces
SS serene
eet ela pr acer ee eure a oP
rolgd pel ee
Sr Bes el erie ote shen sce
cope polcunnieatrwmius eC poe aed
stotena ret and meee, pene, ed
ameter enc Serena
nema obra fh et ee
ost te et nn api here
Snip, cuneeees meteor ra te

repare or the subversion of Lib
zeotl scheme more prfct co

‘clabihmant of
te doviaed™
Mt Cahoun's Commitee showed, tat in
re were raons in the employment
‘of the ‘Bxecuive. Departments, (die Stale,
‘ar, Navy, Treasury and Post Offce;) and, that
in 1883, their numbers had increased to 100,v79.
‘A similar Committee eat in 1838, which conslst-
ed of Mears. Benton, Macon, Van Buren, Dicki

JUDICIAL DE

‘Revenue,
sand’ the Fe
4 in number
Commitee Sescribed the 174 Custom houre
cere in New-York ns & form dable lists that list
fas since Increased to 600. Men who. assume
the naime of Democrat’ have ed the power since
1628, without making & single effort to arrest the
fide’ of corruption, of whic the effects were, in
168, so cleanly foretold. in the twelve yeare of
Mr’ Van Buren'e power, and. in’ tho Cight of
‘Meoere, Tyler and Polk's, who can named solitary
efortof Wemseives or their friends, to arrest an
‘Gril that more than threatens to crush the spirit of
Republican Freedom
‘Committee of 1828, to give the

poole. the pincr sppoinistont of tho Prewudent;

tw fonal munjority bas over. yet
dreamed of alowing ihe citcen of the U8. to
NomINATE and appotut the President? “or Con-
[gree torefuse to propove the amendments to pre
Featdecision, and tonctupon the principle thal the
people are incompetent to decide.”

PARTMENT.

[Novemaen 90, 1848,]

THE SUPREME COURT 0:
‘ROGER B. TANEY, Baltimore,

¥F THE UNITED STATES.
‘Maryland, Chief Justice, $5,000,

Associate Justices, $4,500 each.

Names. Residence.
Joun McLean, Cincinns

Jas. M, Wayne, Savannah.
‘oun Garnon, Nashville...)
oun McKintiny, Louisvilie,
Parse V. DanteL, Richmond.

‘U. 8. Teanc Toucey, Con.,
Reed, Scot., $1,600.
pueraicr sunges.

Attorney
‘Washington,
Clerk, Jobin

Namen Residence.
Samuri, Netsox, Cooperstown...

Ga. | Levi Woopsury, Portsmouth,

Romar C. Gnirk, Pitsburg. Seeve
Clerk, Wm, T. Carroll, Waal ie

a
Reporter, bi. C-Howend, Baltimore, 7

Va. Ale, $3,300!

* to he pubic accounts we find Crawford entered an J
‘Bor hook or ler: bo in entrod aa Judge of the Northern
inopreoned 44,00) for Ford, altos a
itigan, gid tor Kentucky; tnd tn touch tn
‘3,84

adge of the District of Alabama, at 63,200; in page 29 of
‘Dstrct of Alabama at_ $9,200, ‘ot Jedge of the

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849. :

pistaicr sunaEs_{Continned

Green, N.
Jno. L, Dawson, W.

";
Wart 6
noes

fee Foe

Sale

EEEEESEEEE

eter

ea ee

aaa & Blythe.
‘Thomas J
Etc. oes, 2:

‘Ten. j

inte

Wee

‘Attorn
ionic,
sonal services Re incomes of Clerks of U. 8.

do. not appear in any recor 2 10:
Ns | goed a Stes ayant
; part ‘public in erieniend
eae “| larshale in mote he

ceived as fees
| cases. Th 1046
3] Gee
3Jothers, and all

back $538.

Gaines got

ns, now U. 8,

pled and

but B. F. ‘Bauer oa

at ‘and 10 cons ts “the Treasury.
Bonatar (or ey wea Distrci
‘in 1246-1, ae paid back 17, charging,

9, eae of his ofc, $11

tor prety

repaid $4,216 inte the

$2,842 for
Rorneys and Marahals have ums

ae th
Toba ‘which abl} sed. Vol
Pet Suite anaes
Seat a oes gute eel ge
being an agent in 3 Waker 0, 82,500,

i], Wm. Crane!
ig, Morselh

Bunk

a J

Co.

D6,
sree,
‘who are

‘ay, 100, &

STRICT 9F COLUMBIA,
ay Mis. Chet Justice, $7005

Mautrany Curses.—Tho 0-8. Statute March

1825, provides for the of mi
35, Pr paniahmacat of mitary,

to the United ‘States while in,
ports, eonepiracy to burn or destroy ahigping, &.

om 1847, throws
‘he fusotion of what we oe

‘the District Attorneys, ealy paid

“Beane the > 819319 for were paid

‘services 40." Dy Court; Ke Mt.

f mon a
tne get Su Rene Ar coo” aE

Clerk of the District Court of Louisans was paid
‘attendance, ke beside foos. ‘The At

vi eae was Eagar”
o Bele ravenze to he amount of

Gi Sotumbt
‘salaries,
anes ng
gee

Digtized by Google

| WHIO ALMANAC, 1849.
‘

ARTILLERY —RIFLEMEN—INFANTRY,

Tncwrouone iv; coevins snouounne ames see ywmuon wits wag voras ut suroussmaioa
tives of the United States, 5. ‘Commandanta at fixed posts get double
‘The pay of Foot Rigemen is the same as that of . . i
Inf ure being,

5 18th dos,

— mustered out of service at New-Orieans:
‘at Mobile; 15th do,, at Cincinnati,
‘The Statute of Aug, 1848, re acti

h of

Bri 13,104, authoring Yan igereuny of toe rank sad
B. 5,| file of the Army,” but provides, that the President
Ge 5 | may, by transfat from other regiments, increase
et 7| the umber of privates in five regiments to 100
bre 2) per com
Ge Mer,

a
bet
8.
wi
bre
Ger

* tn Nov. 1844 there wore but sight , with 10 Socend Lieutouants each. ‘To Nev. 19¢7,

were sinteon—eight with 19 and aight wi

30, 1944, town bat, the ay,
or wee
whict should be

Tegor oo

MILITARY EXPENDITURES—THE NAVY.

REEQEERR

2
SFR

BrqaRsoesTe

.THE WAVY.

‘The world has farished no exempl lourishi VESSELS oF Wan—Oct, 1948.
contterterttatace timtime protecuee; and ammodarate | In the Pacite.—Ohto, 74 ans}, Con 4
Inwigdge af man and vatry "i conrnanny oe tot | Independance, 64; Warren, 20; Fredonia 4 St
Bowen frodigy ever can aria.” -A morcantile marioe and | Mary, 20; Dale, 16; Le: (atore}

ny mae alo op tonetbersoe canes ere | Southampton, 4 ‘Commodore ‘T. Ap. C. Jones,

Croat Avis Mevenge, Neve 3, pion
*Mediterransan—United States, 44 guns; Marion,
Gioghans asc: Brie, tore) ty Supply, (ore)
Y'a0.; Brie, (store) 4; Supply, (store
Gontnodsre W. Botton, commanding’
Coart.-Brandywine, 443.8% Louis, 20
Perry, 10. Commodore G. W. Storer, comman's
Geatt™Poriemout, 29 guna Tamer
town, 20; Decatur, 16; Porpotee, 18; Bainbridge,
10, Commodore Ben. Cooper, commer
‘Home Squadron ————Ranitan, 44 ra
toger2); John “Adame, 20; Albany 4; Gormaa-
town, 205 Flirt, 2; Iris'and Waterwitch, (steaxr
tone by "5 | ora) coch 1; Electra, (tore) 2. Commodore Wilk-
afr fr td saat 8 neon, com ee. vi
eratton, correnpoe “ ‘Sureey— Weve, 14, Phorni ren,
Es oidanof eneniac| (tesmer) Lake Serve —Michigan,(tcamer)
cy reine ‘Soar=St, Lawrence, 44. int Indie—

ve Jour nero
J wbich

roles tnd

Bee Sere Bade

ot re proves, a0 commer. Sea.—(At New-York) Relief

calmer, can dre £8 cate seed | samo tat eign) Contin, (a Noro
‘atood in tbe United States as anywhere....1 cannot refrain Columbia, 45 Vandalie, 2.

from beileving that the Anglo: Americans will oe day be- etn, Commiarion.— Penney vanity

‘come the first mardime power on the giobe.—Aiaxze Ds | 120 guns; Fran) 14; North Carolina, 74; Oo
Caan

Toreernuts

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849.

83.

amber Of giicer’, 9¢ the grade tobe given them?
Of course Were. waa but fitle responsiblity.”
‘There are some limits now."

"We have been uneble 16 find any oficial ilst of
tn officers, crows, ue. of the several ships. The
Bureau of Construction estimates the pay of off
ora and eaten for 10 at 80008 Gat anys
Sothing as to tho number of men and. boys, nor
how many are in enclt ship.

Secretary of the Navy—Joun Y. Mason, Vir-

ginia, $6,000,
‘Chief Clerk, Rober: W. Young, $2,000; other
11 Clerke, at” 81,000 to, $1,500. “Eatimnate ‘of ex-

pense of the Secretary's office for 1848-8, $24,790,
PORE OF NAVY. YanDg AnD pocas
Commodore. Foren Sith, My 89,500.—
Py ne eg a Ts
Five Clerks, Ke, $100 t0 $1400; Six Civil Engi
heors, at New-York, &c at 81,500 to 82,500 enclt;
Six Agents, for preserving live onl, at 200 (6
Bete ig hal any as
ane . for the ‘Dr
Dock at Brooklyn. i
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE AND HYDROGRAPILY.
Ohief, Lewis, Warrington Vay (who took the

tm
7 Pa. J.P. Zantzinger,
Y.;'C. 8, Macauley, Pa}
'E. AF. Lavalette, and T.
Me; JF Aulick,
Dt Vas 8. H

‘Ma.; W. Mer-
Crabb, Ma’; Thomas Paine,
UL} James Armstrong,

spac’ May

| band at the Navy.

Bb Breese, ina bie, Fret jon

NY g.§
Gwinn, Md.; T. W. Wyman, Ms.; Andrew Fitz-

tf Was aprointed Lieut jp March, 1798, and Capt, May 98,1790,

miuhall, D. ¢ (Fhiiadeiphia.) ‘They

sxpenses of repairs for 1649, and fuel,

‘at $2,500,000 ; and for the 4 first-class stgamiers on

the sfocks 1,200,000. "They value the Stores on

ards, July 1, 1847, at $6,168,058,

besides stores, value $i, under the care
of the Ordnance Burew,

ENGINEER CORPS.
Pagincertn Chie) Charice H. Ueswell, NY.
. 7 Chiek-Engineers, at 81,200 to $1,573. 43

istanta, at $580 to 8975 each
"Nasal Storceeners, hey 15. at $1400 to $1,200
conch at various statlons:
NAVY AGENTS AND THEIR STATIONS,

TUREAU OF PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING.
Chief, Gideon Welles, Con, 85,000. Six cierke,

es $10 to $110 enc .
‘ihonls Secretary Mason states tint there are

‘but 8,000 inen in the Navy, this burean makes esti-
mates of provisions for 10,000, also for 1,018 ott-
cere in the sea service, aud 1,113 marines,—total,
4,427,815 rations at 20 cents, .
ca EAN OF MEDTSINE, AND FURST
f, Thomas is, Pe, 82,500. Surgeon,
clerks and messenger, $700 to $1,400 each.

List.

ins 68; natives of Va. 14,
FS NE 18 8.0.2 Eng.
or Cay

NINETY-SEVEN COMMANDERS.
Of whom ninety-six are natives of the U.S, and
Rrenty nina th Gen srvic, at #257.,....814817
‘Pwanty-threo in Navy-yarde, kc. at $2,100 48,900

Forty-three fors, or absent on
Teave (on shore, doing nothing,) at $1,800 77,400
$i0917

S27 LInUTENANTS— Oct. 1647.

Of whowt $90 are natives of the U.S. three of

the W.1, two of Ireland, one of Eng., oné of Spain
'* Wore appointed Ligatenants, July 24, 1813,

‘THE NAVY.

Seventeen Lieutenants Coming, at $1,873. .$51,041
eraetatsee service, OLB Seiou|

oye, $1,560,
HS do. ‘ordera orca leave
hate, ealiore and unemployed,

ct Meg cetera eco a
ei cn alpen ect
“7 ho extimate for 145; 76 coma

‘abeonce Ui
'$1,200..111,600] the United States, 72; Ireland, 1.

Have greatly increased.
‘SURGEONS—Oet. 1847. 2,
Surgeons 69; Passed Assistant’ do.85; Assiat-| 6009 ‘rivates, at’ $7 per moms, $168,000 5 8 of

‘Of whom 154 are natives of the U.S, 4 of Ire,
W.L, 1 8cot., 1 Spain.
some 20 rates of income,
s-year up to $2,700, with 873 for a rat
Sis tnd we, have 8222 of
‘we. have ‘ayoar
eons 14, and of the sasietant do.
foyed,* waiting orders?
‘This was in war time:

araiy,

from $650| officers in this corps, for a year, sda the in-
onsen conse of 10biof Ue privates by $2702
tho a2 to be

rere] Amount for 1846-7, $123,252. In°Ex. Doc. 1.
‘abeont oa leave.

orders’ of abeent oa leave. |pec. iter, these allowances ‘fall

TWENTY-FOUR CHAPLAINS.
18 at 61,200, on duty; 6 at $800, ashore, kc.

meAwenM se Se

" 229 upsnreses— Ott. 1847,
If tn sen service OE ayer; land do.

hve echoed) 90 were

amination ‘Om an

There wore Wo at

‘Netives of the U.8. 221; 8. A. 15 Fr. 1.

‘iho Act of Aug, 164
ment of 464 midehipmen, who are to be
‘as possible from’ each Congressional Dis-| moat

Provides for the 21

‘of Which are far inland
jeat mode to encours

Pet oplatoce "More than
Tobolve pay, under @ sapension of

OTHER MAVAL OFFIC
81 Masters, at $750 to 81.173; 147 Boatswains,
pontere, tad Saliiaere a $600,

‘ith a ration, value
‘Pay, or more, when idle.|

‘Arctiibald Henderac
revet); Major P.G.

(Brigadior-Gen. by

Va.,. tant; G.W, Walker, D C., Paymatters
onlout Cola Mijore 17 Capaie, 2 fin
ats Col rc eh
fonania; 26 Second Lieutenants. Natives of

‘The pay of the Colonel is: month, with
lida ead allowances, and te sume ped

1807; bas the estimate ominissioned
oficers, pay and allowances, $66,145 ; S24 eer-
corporals, drummers and ‘Sfers, $40,295

_g| cere’ borwants, at 88 20 per mont, food and clotb-

4 ‘etira rations to officers tve years!
rSiy, @1S72M. ‘Tie income of hers commissioned

MAVAL PENSIONS.

detail. A’ ‘widow

to fare maimed
down in the naval or military service.

NAVAL EXPENDITURE,
From pages Si to 82, of Ex. Dec.7, Dec. 187,
[we select the following particulars of payments

soeeeeed

ay
|
i
3
:

vy
dough certain purer!
aod that 616.255 remalued
OW not lo, Cnr
=

%
a
i
oo
=
a
=
2
500 ibs
a it
aratory
ably, 223 were &
to thoes -
In Ex.Doe.1, Dec. 1947, Secrotary Mason ed-
of tery 10
| moves:
i |at oF the a bat a
i] Whether |cjear account is given of the Marines Ba tele
‘and roward| pay.
‘aa mae wt
SAct | a
E ay
1 é
} E
H 4
tg =
H tat
t i
e it,
é
H iy
! ™
4

ie,

vind GOORle

ELECTION OF POSTMASTERS—CHEAP POSTAGE

oo ae
‘there were, in July, 1847,
ie mile im oxtey by Tae end

General show
‘mail routes of

thet

‘Water, and ihe statutes of last session hive added
jOusands of miles additional, in Texas, tc.
dl contractors employed, also

* ELECTION oF POSTMASTERS BY TE PEOPLE.
In ‘times past, when & state officer displeased
the people, te was’ often placed in « non-elective
‘office by the party he acted with, or transferred
to @ post office or other appointment in the gift
of the Federal. authorities; men. whom wellsin-
formed public opinion hiad proscribed, were thus
Provided for, and enabled to act efficiently for
Yeurs against the popular will, ‘he evil is lose-
ened in thie State, because more offices are made
elective. Why should Whige not push forward
‘and carry out their long talked.of reform of giv-
tng io the poopie the slontion of every Fostmas.
{oF throughout the Union -
If the people in their localities nro capable of
choosing thelr Presidents, Governors. Senators,
ongresemen, Sherife, Surepenie, Sudges and
Reyiatrare of ‘property, why hot also their Post-
muastora 1” Very often, indeed, persons are pelect-
ed at Washington in’ whom ‘a majority of their
fellow-citizens have no confidence; the Post
Office ie not seldom made the rendezvous for tho
Politicians of the party in power, and tho sus

uly | Rtrue American, such Tasting

POST OFFIOE DEPARTMENT.
(0. | picion is, audibly exprossod
fe, | ihe President of Yates, dowhward,

i se ae

‘We are too sparing in this way. A brave sea-
mun, who signalized himeelf on Goard the Ocean
Monarchy bas iia true, obtained special marks of
public approbation, but what gold could equal, to

(ondrs as the civic
‘crown and crown of gras, oF their equivalents?

im mang sats pul Socuments are in-
jnlousiy widhhold hom aon orssers ad oven
private ‘correspondence concetied and personal
confidence violated.

*Wint Getter eiedy could be found for euch
compltias than to enable the quaiited Siocuis
of vere rlage and han! a Unig
choowe as Wilt Povmaster tbe ian in'whom,
from thorough personal knowledge, bey hed hs
ghost dopfee'of eguidoncer ate, ede ute
empowering the Postmaster-General to tke
Proper sureties for fulfilment of the dutjes, as at

it, and to remove incumbents for cause 1—

‘a eo.
bo practised through a cordon
\fieh officials, whose ome of
pe vole ox
{ent of tein “mbservionce to the leedoneeri
schemes of unprincipled party chiefs Wes
fain Hope tha some mertoer will urge the Bley
tion ofthe principio involves, upok Congrem,
find press thd question to an early Fote.

'Wa"ntend fo personal censure on any ind
vidual Postmaster’ oy these Femmurke.” ES Eye
Thuster-genecal's remarks teladve to “an org
{ized corpe”” of politicians, in dur 16,000 post of,
Boe, we wit try to fndeeooan for,

the CREAR POSTAOE tae th
cooly reason. known 10 us for giving the
Federal Goveroment ihe sole contfol of the
rails, pout afices, and newspaper and lower car
Fying Urroughout’ the Union, is, to asaociaie to.
Serkan estoy benedict parposer cokers ike
Sgonta can perform tho service Foquired better,

ieker, safer, and cheaper, then any individual,
Private company, or single State could. “If the
Community guarantee to every public servant or
gent employed in, or by, the Lost Ofice Denar
mont, a fair end moderale recompense for ins of
Ter services, out of the proceeds of the postage
rates collected, what more 1s wanted: than that
there rates should be equitably proportioned, and

high enough te meet the cost of tho establitmen,
when prudently administered? ‘To exact higher
Taten is either fo encourage a profligate expend.

Enter of fo: fulno a revenues or rater ceying 19
ralsé iy by inereasing the dfieulies of commen
Eaton between one place and anotier, resting
the vest intann reely free trate of tae-Uaion,
bitdoning ihe tetra) of Tdendshi, aftcton
Duninesn{innocent pleasure, and often’ very often,
of tne poorer classes nthe Fer Weet with thet
frende nthe old setiementa by stax, culeuated,
te far'as it operation extends, to work es i
Sfrjously to the publle ‘aa stosmbonts, the tole
ips da lovodotvey hare, worked fori
ok” Cheap postage benefite commen; afr
Eniture, home manutectareey helps to uphold
lout fiendehipa: ‘brings the distant places oe
‘rst empire like cura closer together; ves a"
vor ne. opinions adaivonel wing to. needa
Enowedge; Eheers the new sever is his wilder:
evo aie powertuly "he efcaton of e
Whele people, “One of the surest prope of Aor-
ernment by. the ‘million, in the best senso of the
| fornia Well organtasd and ofeient yet econ.
toulcal Poot Ofice Department. ‘The easier it 6

pivot GOORle

THE WAR WITH. MEXICO.
Narrative of Events Concladed from Whig Almanaé for 181, p. 38.

Springs, near
troops havi
of dl

Governor. The Mexican porta in the
Galf, and also on’the Ocean, with few e:
ceptions, were in our possession. Gen.|

‘ool had joined Taylor some time before
the battle of Buons Vista vai

n.* Scott, whose pradence, military
experience and bravery, at the head of the|
army, had schieved many brilliant victo.|

‘wos rewarded by a letter of recall|
from Mr. Marcy, Secretary of War, and
Gen. Butler took his place.

On tne 22d of Feb. 1848, the President]
laid bofore the Senate of the United|
States a Treaty of Peace, which had been|
negotiated by Mr. Nicholas P. Trist of Va.
with Commissioners appointed by Mexico,
whose Government was fully aware, on
the 24 of that month, when the Treaty

was signed, that Mr. Trist had been pre-
viously recalled. Mr.Polk spoke of “ the|
magnanimous forbearance exhibited to-|
ward Nexico,” advised , the ratification
of the compact, with some modifications,
and communicated a copy of his instrac-
tions to Mr. Slidell of the, 10th of Nov.

1845. Mr. Polk was then of the opinion,|

thes “it would be difficult to raise a point

of honor between the United States and
lj #0 feeble istracted a power aa Mexi-
co;” and oxpressed a desire that Mr,

Slidell would endeavor to obtain the Rio
}| Grande as boundary, from its mouth to|

ita soarce, and thence North to 42° North

letitude—and authorized him to ‘offer the

jj Mexicans twenty-five millions of dollars,

if they would also consent to oéde Upper
a

age 8,

Polk mentioned that “Paredes had evad.
ed the vigilance of our combined forces by
land and see, and made bis way back to
Mexico from the exile into which he had
been driven.” On the 15th ot May, 1846,,
the President thus provided for the retayn
lof Santa Anna :
quits Siracted aot to obvauct the pensoge ot

oe a ol
Senta Anne and suite to Mexico, shoul be deeire
torrebirn thither.” ;

In Yocatan, the Indians, under a°chief
lof the name of Jacinto Pat, had obtained
figoal succensosovor the whites, but were
effectually repuleed in July, 1848; the
Mexican adthorities, in the previous
month, having advanced 830,000 and 2,000
muskets, with munitions of war, in aid of
the Yucatahese.

Tranquillity being established through-
lout Mexico, the United-States force evac-
|unted Vera Cruz on the lat of August.

Texas is estimated as containing 32:
520 square miles of 640. acres each; Cali-
fornia, 448,691 aq. miles; New-Mexico,
77,387 sq, miles. ‘The Commissioner of the
Land Ofiice computes the extent of coun-
try added to the Union West of the Rio
Grande, at §26,078 aq. ms. making the area
of our Republic, 3,311,110 aquare mil
The grea of the Federal States in 1840,
‘was 1,337,000 aquare miles.

On the justice of our quarrel with Mexi
leo, we gave to our readers last vearthe
reasonings of Henry Clay and ‘Thomas
Corwin, Mr. C. M. Clay thus describes

| the condition of the Mexicans :

“ treme dryness of Mexico makes it
tion macontaty in nbet pant of the county, sod

the scarcity of water and the habits of the people.

TREATY WITH MEXICO,

PERSE

ee
te
a
ot
a
of
bh
m
of
mM
a
a
a
de
a
ry
ar
™

YER S48 ER RSENGESLSSSIAERSH SR NSRTERE SEGRE RES

of our bravest citizens hed perished in the| pointed by the Goneral-in-Chi

| Stewszle with n feeble people and an un-| oe Uened Sauce seat aac Suet be
friendly climate. Provisional: suspension of Reetlites shall
Mexico was our sister Republic; she

had adopted odr form of Government, and Pisa, ote area coral

fonzht our alliance. We were strong and| 4 regu tis Potica earn

powerful: she was weak, and badly gov-| cial br t

Bracil. We might have given her friendly‘ cifeumatances of military ore

counsel, but preférred to. foment Anz. TIL, Toxmodiately upon the raiteaion of

‘War in Text i 31 os ? ‘the Government of the

Slavery i

TRRATY WITH MEXICO.

VwFESORI®

OER aheER

Anz. VIL. The River Gila,
Bio Bravo det Nous lying’

ound jew-Moxieoy, bein
tho Sith arco, divided in te middie Between
two Republics, the navigation of the Gla
the Bravo below aald boundary vbali be tree
‘common to the vessels and citizous of both coun-
fries; and neither stall, without the consent of
the other, construct any work thet may impede
co interrupt, in wholy or itr part, ihe oxereise of
this rigitinot even for tho Burpose of favoring
‘now methods of navigation. 'NoF shall any tax oF
Coutribation, under iy denorainution er tle, be
levied upon’ vessels or persous uavigating the
sume, or poo inerchandise or eftects transported
Uisreon, exept in the case of landing upon one
oftheir shores.. Tf for the purpose ofmaiag th
Sul rivore cavivable, of De maikiafelng tesa
Stich stats, I should be neceesa-y or ndvanta:
to establien any fax or contrition, this al
be wlone without the consent of bot Gover iacits,

"The stipulations contained in the present 9:"icie
shall not impair the ‘Territorial rights of cithoc
Republic within its established Limits.

nant, Vu. Daxicane, now fatablighed in Ter.
ries previously belongin icy
which remain for the furare within tr

Tints c2

Territori
Bf the United Sates.

a the uid Territories pr
rritorice
‘fo Menicane not ex

Arr. X. [Stricken out)

‘Ant. XI. Considering that a
errit t

the Government
Gorerument of the

wo eldeens.
Tain not be lawful under any pretext wha.

oven for aly folabitant of toe Unliod Slates to

Purcheso or Logue any ar any force.

Er eal in Alexie who mayne

Seed ny Sia ieblting' the ‘Terr

feliner of the two Republiens nor to purchase of

seaulve horsen mule eat or Probert aay

Svihin Stonleah Terntory by

the exert of 208 OF persons ca
dt wit Ble lean Tortitory by Taian, boing,
ie! iste ie Teuritary of the United States,
fe Cuverniment of the tater eugages and binds
ivat solemn manner, © soon as it

‘ow of cuch captives being Within its Tore
‘and “shad be able so to do, through the
2 Oxerelue of its in tence and power,io ree

ath

nieuw thea and remy thera tothett country, or deli
the Mex-

ican Gover nent,

|astar sa pencte:

rite Sates

shall pay the expel

{nnd tFansraissive of 20 reccued captives, who, in
the meantime hull rc uroated wirh the unos

nent of the nie
Inotice from

th
by ti

WHIG “ALMANAC, 1849.

Mexican ci within its ‘Territory, it will
‘ced forthwith to effect their release and
ery to, tha Mexican agent, as above stipulated.

"For the purpose of giving to these stipulations|
the fullest possible efficacy, thereby affording the
Searity aid" reltows' dexabled “by: their crue
spirit and Intent, the Government of the United

lates will now tnd hereafter pac, without ute-
ly enforce,
may require.

delay, and always vi
cousary delay, and always vi mt is
‘Govers:

uch laws as
‘And, finally, the sacredness

‘shat! never be lost sight of by the said

‘uent when providing for the removal of the In-
dans from uby portion of the sald eritories, oF
for its being settied by citizens of the United
States; but, on the contrary, special care shall
then be taken not to place iis indiat occupants
under the necessity of seeking new homes, bi
committing those invasion which the U1
States have solemnly obliged themselves to re-
strain,

Any. XII. Jn consideration of the extension ac-
ural by the boundaries of the United States, as|
lefined in the fifth article of the
the Government of the: United: States eng
pay to the Mexicat Republic he eum
initiions of dollars, :

by the Gov of tho Mexican
‘iree millions of ~doliars|

installments shall be paid at the expiration of oue|
year from the sane day. ‘Together with cach
‘anna installment aw it falls die, the whole inter-
‘est aceruing on auch installment from the begin
hing shall aleo be paid.

Aur. XIIL ‘The United Sthtes engage, more-|
over, fo armigis and pey to the claimants all the

become div, by reason” of the claims ulrewdy
Maidated aud decided against the Mexican Re-
lic, under, the Couventions between the isva|
Reputiics sevorally concluded on the itn day of
eighteen lnindred and thirty-ni ‘on.
Ae thiectn Gay "of deusary, elghioen ind
and forty-three; so that the’ Mexican Republic
shat be absolutely exenmt, for the futare, from
all expenae whatever on account of the said
ine.

Any. XIV. The United Stains do furthermore
discharze the Mexican Republic from all clatme|
Of Sitizane of the United States not heretofore de-|
Cided ‘against’ the Mexican Goyernment, which
fay have wrleenprovicily 0 te ato of the
sienarare of this Proaty; which discharco shall
be final nn perpetual, wiether the said claims be
Fejected or be allowed by the Board of Commis.

| siowers, provided for in the following article, and

‘whatover shall be themotal amount of those al-
lowed.”
Ant. XV. The United States, exonorating|
Mexico from ali demunds on necount of the
cclanns of their citizens mentioned in the preced._
Sue article, and considering them entirely and |
rever canceled, whatever their amount may
undertake to Make satisfaction for the sarao,
to an amount not execeding three and one-quar-

‘Treaty,
precont Brodry,|the

ty |eervoe to itself the entire. right

Amounts now duv then and those hereafter. to| be

‘er millions of dolare, ‘To
‘tnd amount of those cl

inno caso ahall'an award be made in favor
‘aim not embraced by thoes principles

sionecs, or of the claimants, any books, recorde,
or documents, in the er of the
Government of the

Art. XVI. Each of the contract pastivs
to Tokay

everypoint within its erniory it may” judge
Propet oto fordty fore sseuriy. NY S08
‘Ant. XVII. The Treaty of Amity, Commerce,
and Navization, concluded at the City of Blexies
fon the Sth duy’ of April, A.D. 183, between th
ited States of Anverics aiid the United Mexica
States, except the additonal article, and exceyt
fv far'as the atipulutions of the seid Treaty nay
incompatible with any stspalution contaived 10
the present Troaty, fe hereby revived (or the pe
‘of eight years from the day of the exelmige
Of ratifestion of thie Treaty, witht same force
ad virgo af incorporated therein; ie being wx
(Mersiood thet each of the contracting parties re

fed |sorve to iteelf the right, at any time after the suid

period of eight years shall have expired, to ter-
fainate the samo by giving one year’s notice of suc
intention to the other party.

Ant, XVIII All soppliee whatever for gor
of the United Sintew ih! Mexico, arriving xt orts
ft the occupation of roeh troope previons ty the
ial evacuation thereof. although mibsoquentiy to
the rentoration of tie enstom-houses nt uch ports,
shail be entirely exempt frana du

OC any. kind: the Government of

the “Uiitled:
its faith 10

ward
Froventing.

ounce to the Mexican authorities at 1
ve porte nny atiempts at a frandulent
this Stipulxtion whieh they may know of or may

the validity of ‘each claim, tho Bi
fuided and governed, by tie principles and rales
fof decision prescribed by the first and fifth arti.
‘les of the untatifed Convention, concluded at

‘und charger |

ERSGRIGATZ ZASSTLUSELAARESSELDSAUEMORS . VRGEWEDA BHSRRLASETR NST SToaTS AG seeeaeTS

TREATY WITH México.

f LSSSRGSE CRQTET GOBTEA BECTQSHSA PAFSRAS FAPLTSES TESHTGISAS ATTA VonwAaca sests

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

ft
a
a
ry
&
m
n
a
nh
or
n
w
B
ro
w
it

C
1OC
gle

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849, .

‘and Oregon is seriously talked of: it would cost jthe Hudson River, New-York apd Erie, Baltl-
{eas-than 10 miles of Massachusetts ralroad. “ ~ |more and Onio, Pennaylvania Central. New-York
‘The steamer and the railroad, ike the telegraph, |and ‘New-Havén, Lake Champlain and Ogdeu-
coutinte to increase in speed and usefulness; the [burg, Pordand aid Montreal, Kennebec and Port.
titan B0hobrsr charging bu 9 1 per passengers |New Vark eeantte generat Inwo for tncurporse
an 30 hours, ut 7 e; | New-Vark requires goueral Iawe for
many lines-lave been recently Fe-iaid with | tlons where possibler and that Staio. has passed &
jwavy 'T or H rail. Where human life is endan-| general enactment for the formation of railrond
seve an Talwaye from enrelonmoss, we rejoice | gompasica. ‘he ine of steamers from Orefon
ive that juries give exemplary damages. [to New-York being now in operation, a
‘vestments Yn ralifoads make ail immeneo | Panam Tethmusralifoad in fair way tobe speed-
sum; Massachusetts alone has over 40 millions | ily built, tvoey at, length be sald that railronds,
‘nvested in 940 miles of road; and throughout the |canale, coasting aud ocgan steamers, and the te
Union about 160 millions are thus employed, yield- egraph, uuite together almost all we countries 1
ing a fair average revenue, Among many rail-[ the world.
now in progress towards conipletion, are,

IMPORTS, EXPORTS, REVENUE, DEBT, POSTAGES.

‘Tur imports, exports, revenne, Ke , during the | batch of doctors, ke. to cure them, and the neces-
ticular endtoge Dane 30th were na law's | sary quasaty of late clea to profess fo look over
thal Reeouuts. Borrowing, to be pald out of the
blood and sweat of the joneer of the west, is

payin

muimed amount of foreign goods
jeccipia into the U- Se Treasury,
exclusive of borrowed money 8,
From dition at the custom-houses, 83,
sales, | $5.525,642—other sources,
penditures, exclusive of pavinenis ol
Gehit and interest, in same pe "od, 8428(1,970,
Messrs. Polk and Walker » estimate of U. 8. ‘ly believed, would soon restore quiet.” In uther

ir Gur money mnarket ea $100,500. ‘Bhero were 4,017 mail contractors, 208
to think different, and ascribes our snfety to the | mail azenia, ost-ofices and posimasters,
Sul-Treasuey! ‘nd ofthe lster 4121 had been appointed withi

‘Mr.Pulk states that the national debt, on July| tle year; 1,909 new offices had been opened, and |
6, 1848, amonhted to 865,778,450, of which he rays! 206 old ones stopped. ‘The letter postage of 1817-£
! inifa milion has been ‘singe paid. Our debt ie| amounted to $i860S04—the newspaper do. to

niall, be ade, as compared to thai of most olher|S107.534—n. steady increase, caused by lowering
nations. Including the debts of the states, and| the oid absurd charges on letters. John L. Gra-
fome of the cities, it is 900 milllons, payine a ham's charge, of $49,787, for fitiing up the old
yenrly interest of nearly 17 millions, much of it he-| Duteh Church, New York, on lease, for a post-
Ing die to persons residing abroad. - office, lias been paid to bim. ‘The estimated post-
ice resources of 1849-50 amount to $5,211,407.
araiy proper,” during 1819-04, at $4,492,206: ihie| The 4 cents extra, clarged for advertising in New
it exchisive of pensions, a vast sin s0:d to be[ York, and tho two cents. in mang places. for but
to Indians in the Wwiklerness, ke. &c.” Noj one delivery of letters, daily, over and ahove the
Rependence can be placed on much siatements| postage rateh, migitt bs rediced, and fair meeines
| sadging by the past.” Mr. Marcy's zoal for the| alowed ta fathful carriers in large-citics, for
Dayomsters extra is 20 overflowing: that instead| mipt service. Private posvoffices, se in
jeoping thom a.year ‘dle, as has been done, be Yought not to be required, with s sur

New Yor
wants them added ty’ the army lumber, with al lus cent levied on each letter.

i. Marcy estimates the expenditures for « the|

Prepared Ezpressly for the Whig Almanac. i

a Vinaerens B21)

MASSACHUSETTS.
1848. an 1944:

cn oy,

a far “i

87 885401

2170 OS 6H

ig ae

an 2 un

oe Se ‘ss

3 Be rl ‘Total. .14,781 27,763 7,560 17,866 27,160 4,161
oa Sit aM ogcr at ulizecasegy ase en
51 ‘287 98g] Polk over Clay 9,304; over Clay & Birney 5,085.
as a3 fs CONNEOTICUT.

bead ‘782 24 | 1848. 18445

ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

VERMONT. By Congres Districts.
PursoENt—1848.

1248.—Taylor, 25,122; Cass, 1
Ivan Buenist- Taslor over Van Buren, S38)
lover Guse, i2,[74.
Total vote, 1841-—Clay, 28.770; Polk, 1841;
Bier. Satk iay over Pelt, rah; orer Po
"ha and Bifnoy, 471

N&W-HAMPSHIRE.
1848. 1844

Dut & Cox Taylor.
milo Sore
1064

Topas [PBs & Con, Taslor. Casa.

2B. Clay. Polk. Bice,
6000 BAS B10....625 5621
11864.

Aaland... Ie

‘over Case 5,288; Cuan and Van Buren
sisa| ate" Ws.
3 "Cay ore Fok am; ove Pak Bie 1,

‘Bil

for Gosernor, Binsell, Whit,
fend Van] 9051: Catin, Loco, 28005 ($55; seuteriog te. BP
salt 0

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

gees eT5I 4882 817....5107
yal <.21099 860, 123.7: 11049 1083
New-vork ciry.

and... .. 918 1064
7 Wesichssiir 412 2008 4
a

‘20.Delawarc.....2832 790 2908....9071 4230 205|
Ubater «--.2-c A850 1910 2277... 4804 4189. Ta]

su gaunt y
}:2-Renssclacr... 621 2585 2900,...6960 $618 181
'13.Albany..... 124
W4Essex. 2512 108 143

‘Washintou 4486 1225 2024....6024 3210
15.Clinton

Ware
Herkimer.
16f Hamiltor

2LOtwego..
se Schohurie...

9845 4013
1651 862 1489. !/2086 2110

TF Long Lake t’p te in District 16,

ne Sama

Dia’

Data.

NEW-YORK—y Congress Districts NEW-YORK.—(Contiaved.)
Paeswent-1848. 1844. Parsioer7~18 48. 1844.
Con. Cans, Poli. Bi" . Came. Van .
Dee & Sg Fo 87 | Date & com lor. Case. Yan %:

“zee 13 20n0... S100 2589
1212402 918 1722... u00 B11 276

Total Fotel048:, Taylor 218008; Cane 114312
inith 2,545." Taylor over

Van Buren "120,510
Cass 104,285; over Van Biiren 88.005 ; Van Buren
ever Cass 6,192; Cuss and Van Buren over Tay-

i ony etn

lor 16,235.

gittey wat,
Bing 8
2 gr tr uh:
serra: goer
es, Bact
Goat BY Ses Mac
ea

et Se ie Raw fot
es Eon a. ya

‘Monroe 477

NEW-JERSEY.—By Congres Districts.

eres
LAdantic.<--..
‘Camden,
Cape May,
Camber
Gloucesior
Salen...

2. Burlington.
ath

A Middiusox.,
Morris
Sounerset *.

S.Bergen...

1848.

1844.

or. Case, Van R. Clay. Polk
T30 498
13

40015 96,901 “819 Sa18 57,495

Taylor over Cusu, 3,114;- Clay over Polk, £23.
PENNSYLVANIA.—By Congrete Districts

18.

Gliy,4 Wave Stat
2.Cinysin part ane
‘Spring On «2a
NiLiveriens $006
4.German’ae 701
15 Diateeta™ Sed
S.Delavrare .. 2191
‘Montgomrry 3040

‘7.Chester ..
S.Lancaster ..11900
9 Berks....., 5082
= Phitadeipbia,

48.

885
43a
sea,
3085

0,
aa

eu
sd

6080
ned

1844.

Taylor. Cara, Var, Olay” Paik, Bye
1.Go. in part 4005 5358

in
16 S43 14
ula 4820

O88 18 8a Bae BER

LECTION RETURNS—VOTES FOR PRESIDENT.

PENNSYL,VANIA.—(Coatinned.)
Parspent—-1848- 1844.

it's, & Coe. - Taylor. Came. Yen B Cig. Pott. B'y.
10.Carbon..... 889 1181 Bi 5
‘Monroe ..:. 518 1890 8... 414 1906
Northam'ion S191 4203 98... 2776 3870
Pike 316 790 3... 151 7608

92.02 900

ereelSS wSol BBABH BI al

‘16.Cumberiand $242 3178
‘Franklin ...° 4006 3190
Perry ...+2 1562 225

Can
ire

2 Rp Ree oa aR Biot BE,

2 388 Rs. ep

‘Taylor 185,513, Case 171,176;
‘Taylor over Cass 13,587; over

Total Vote, 1948 :
‘Van Buren Ii
Cass and Van Buren 2274. * Belongs to 734 Dist.
Total Vote, 1844: Clay 161,203; Polk 167,535

Birney 3,138. 6,332.

MABYLAND.—By Congress Districts.
1848. 1844.

‘cme Van B. Clay.
aa

Polk over Clay’

MARYLAND.—(Continued.)
nce EPTASAB. 1844.
Dies. or. Cam. Yon BC.

ry ity.
TE 4 Baie ci. i 10565" 72. DAIS
rol ine ior

612
1se7 320
1413. 1005,
76 719
1851 1130

Total,.......57;02 458 125 35,904 526% |
‘Taylor over Case 3174; Clay over Polk 338. |
DELAWAHE.
1848. 1844.
Cara. Viburen. Cag.
is
m7
1465
"1
‘Taylor over Cass, 523; over Coss and V.B. 40.

VIRGINIA.—By Congros District

1848. 1844.

Pinte econ, Tale ase lags a
Lalo of Wight... 105° “S88... cl
‘Nensomond ...-- SIL 280.3.. S61 mM
Norfolk Gouniy.; 629 630.... Gz Al
Norfolk Borough 652448... 6M a3
Princess Anne. 573 ZW... S29
Southam Sor. sw
4 Mella 18
2
36s Woe... 89 |
BS Sin ae]
a ee
TT 1 6
Pe Aer MC
i or aS
St ee
en ed
oe ee, ox
us. 14
35 1 See
Ser sy
cr on

19922... New Co,
Se SIs es
™ Beles oe
BO Sse oe
Blew
: 390.05. 50S 3
2169 is 38
Prince Edward, 11 350.... 240 57
rT ed
ae aS att
a ee
rs se &
° sot
a “6 om
Orauige.cccconss 26 = =
G.Chosterfeld..... 298 me
‘Goochland ...2.. 168 1s 519
Hanover....s-s0. 410 a
2 ee me
7 5
i ad be
008 sm

WHIG ALMANAC, 1849.

VIMGINIA.—(Continued.)

aesiveNT—1848-
& Gm, Came.

Sy.
ma

PPSEr rity
EPL R EL Et

1844

Polk,

MEaNee!

Miluaaburge 0
cs 3
& EE

2 elm fs

2 ecg 8

2 gce &

2 BOB

e 2:2
foBoe

43 1 “a2

8 $58

SB morgue

2 9S

85 oor

‘SOL

neg z
Su Lees 6)
10.Rerkeley. rod 9)
banger z
= 3

Lay

. 3)

oa =
end iM co
se :
Hard; Bid
a

2 8B

1Ba8¥

Highland fp

eesseeue: us 9

85 GUSSET SS SN:

16s

VERGINIA.—(Oontinued.)
Paesipent—1 848. 1844

213
is
is
14
o 30,
a a
a ois
3
161 *
4 on
8 34
o 7)
a7 402
ear
20 1
ET au
CI

pee iss om
oie fe se a
RELI At Om oo Pom wom

NORTH CAROLINA.
1848.

1259 300.21
1049 400...1012
1357

eer 503.0171 Pas 1688 139
TT MG Stas TS sno re. 215 os

104 1400,,.. 135 15003

05
MS 790... 106 887... TH

RLECTION RETURNS—VOTES FOR PRESIDENT, &c.

NORTH CAROLINA.—(Continued.)
1848. 1844.
PRESIDENT. GOVERNOR. PuES'T.
p Lees.
ed. Oly. Pott

‘ape... .1044 1974
690.:: 128 810]

S16... 20 498

‘Taylor. Cane. Manly.
-1028 1247... 901
158-657... 172
280 341... 281
Brunswick
rmbus...
Gunmerland:

Iubecoa
‘Sampson...

S.Beaufort.
‘Craven.

ma, "
‘Taylor 48,519; Cass 94,860 5

‘ote, 184,

janly 42300; Reid 41,480. "Taylor over Cast
8,650; Munly over Reid 574.” Yancy gave St me-|
Jority for ‘Taylor, but the return Was informal.

‘Total Kote WA: Clay 43,252; Polk 99,257. Clay}

over Polk,

ALABAMA,—By Congress Districts.
Pagsivent.— 1048 —

833)

Covington 2...
Dale...

288
Pagee2

ALABAMA.—(Contimed.)
Paesext—1 848. 1844.

Dit’ & Con Taylor.
"510

2 246
‘St Chair...
‘7-Benton
Chambers.,.--1823
Cherokee... 650

705... 6
Total Vota ibid. Taylor 304833 Case 5S.

[Case over Taylor #81.
tat Vote, 1844: Clay 26,084; Polk $7,740. Polk
lover Clay 11,056. Van vauren (1940) 38,301. Van

Buren over Harrison
GEORGIA —By Congres Districh.
1848. 1844.
Punsipewr. Concnsss. Paas'n
Whig. Loco
Dnt's. & Con ‘Taylor. Cron. King. Incknon, Cay. Plt.
SLADpting wosene Mi 08 ASE HG 182

Balen.

a8,

2
spy

E2E282, a:
3

BEie8

8623888

388
B2622 RBBRESS

Bit
SERSESMEN

9
3
$

£3
B8eageets

ir
t

a8F Seseeeeee

Es}
Et}

| WHIG ALMANAC, 1849,

SB2H288 pUR=BRS RAR Bey, e8ansRagg® <ga2ea5ga |]
_fusnnaagae SEER PSRR Hn [Pace Beusggaza (ay
inte sidaiiindae 233 geteuieegee edddddceees|
f japaenazeceszacren t 1G He SaReHEES SEBSEEIER"E
¢ Sasesseansnees S8Rs nsBnaNags Banana” 2 ni Ba
A ddd eaUanTEci tp a ark
ual ail uel Boe
uly Wha aly aga fake Mee :

# ane Hee aa Et tf ages Wahi aifyita © ‘ F

gf ZERCSHRE AUDaRbCHREMES Sega auAER BeBARzaETe THREAT! | =

ZA jeonneda gtzasagagacs HSEGUGUS*RE AAAULEHRS BURERLASERS 8 pee

iddscaras sits te SRRUREE

SENBTHIEES ones -vasusnnngeanencodl? #5 (Fl ae

SE ARECHATA SARRRECEZESRe SARTLESARTE HE!cx-nes~ te
ri piecargy Wueteranetaet sxnatdansez “ee
gf i ll
S

imei al

Diat’s, & Con.

Erna" Cay. Podk. Mar, V.RiDit'e& Com Taper. Cane. Clay
416.. 71d 903.. Tao 6D MipeLe TEMWe

CJ
os
ry
a6

‘os

m Van Buren..: 130 198, mR

Bu S-Bedtord......1497 1981. 13134

, 7. rouklin .... 990 1207, oa ear

‘om. Lineotn..s-. 680 2384.0. G38 2491... G77 2400.

. 73. ‘Maraall...2. 790 Waod2, 635 1996... 702 1431 |
a8.

25.

= ae ie at
te a Cee ee Boe
Brite Ve ee eS

Bg
aBeSe

See 1218 Sas

oon 18 964

185. “=

) on
& Wilt TERNesser.

R + S92 450... 202" 481... SOL 468

& 2 960 1849... B95 1812... 720 1909

z 2

3 ss

ou,

1848, 1844. m™

PRESIDENT.

Eifie

1178 1314
365 93] KENTUOKY.—By Congrom Districts.
S23 1363 1848. 1844. 1848.
84S L008]
Gorn,
325... 656 930] Pam. Cee Pav.
735,..1082 734 0. 3m Sa
257... 634-38 T.: 30 78
$18... 408 4a 98. 778 857
B4s.*-1007 6a $08.. SH4_ 501
247. :1582 SA 380. 4A
92 186: 905 1057 140.. 143" 428
29 382... 197 230 814.: 835: 500
mm 7B... 890 104 SE 4
508 ae... 27 3551 ‘
700 OB... G41 978) em
eas 634... 628 Tal Si: as see
2140 $0T...3198 B73} 24.. 509 604
‘52 ‘81:2. 595 S01 $4.. 900. $00
rr] 620... 194 635} 20. 373 S38
980 1081-.. 811 1040 $35./1200 752
so7 468... S18 548 a. 2 730
4 735..; AS 806) Blas es
EJ $08... 360 378] oa. 3 ae

‘WHIG atmawac, 1849.

i
a?
i
wil 8

Pist's, & Com.
“Kenton.

631
Pendl So Soe. aT 50,
‘Total Fote, ibis ‘Foyle oh; Co
majority for ‘Taylor, 17421. Orittande
Powell, 31,945; "majority for Cristendes
Total. Vote, 16H: Clay, 61,255) Pou
majority fot Clay, 9360.

@HIO—By Congres Dineejote.
Presipent—1948.

| BERR:

aa eeE!
aag0 88s 2958
eezsia g

2
BEbegaes 398:
§

EEA

SS B
Et

2
BES GaNSREee:
Fa

a5
ReIeREHE

1g SSASRSSBR SERRE ERS:

eae

BY
at

agugeeaeg as
aed &

aH
sSuz, 33

rt
288
HtRoBwe || Biol Ae) oo RSBES BAR!

ga SES8 HME

Boghed
PPE Eee]
faba!
aE28:

8
iy
a8

S54 oy

BSE RH aNESe SERRAMRBE E
8:

BASES
Ngee ee eG ENS

SUCRE yee ePaske Bo8S:
£29 gabe!
eae
UBS gad

5S eBageaa ge:
eee

ESBASEB a DBSSSRR SBR

495
43}
|
2
2
208)
=
761
2)
g
F|
as
=
fe
sg
=
745}
535]
ss
™
64
Pau)
et

}11-Knox......-

2298

115.Belmont....... 278
‘Harrison «-.-- 1564
‘Monroe...

Sabaes Feaeeg:

Columbiana. 1880

Jefferson «2.2147

1S.Stark.
‘Wayne .

INDIANA
‘PRESENT —I

Di con Tee ec

AGrawford.

Weahiagion 2118 1088

‘B-Dearborn.....1378 1901
‘Decatur 5

Baa 2505 £58 25 Be
dee SUSI REE va eS

A a

ists: & Cow.

aB¥sin’ oishs ote 988 gE 8—

Dias, & Cox.

TLLINOIS.—By Congres Districts. ~
Parsioext—1848. 1844.

KAlesander ....-701 “212

‘Thaige Care, ane

one

Eases sadiez

eleeleie. 28 Sisags 5.

eae:
Pere eer

Fi
BBE Phones s- S8E—

de SEB. 8
2 288)

Ben:
BAS:

Seaygeeeke Baw:

Bea
saeeae

EE
Baw 2H wteBuoe

un
ae

2810; Vas Basen and Tu

‘Taylor. Cans. Van B. Clar. Poth Be
2. 138

SOeSRRgERHR gE:

WHIG ALMANAC; 1849. i

ES ESP Sy tg] NOUN“ Gage Dae
, ‘Witliamsea ,... 211 51 Yt “78 1%) md
= = eon
Fs cae a
2 3 a3
z 2 ae
Ble 8 28
102 189 me Be
Becks 2
Fa #3 22
FY = 38
2028 a
2 = ze
BOSBa ge
eee ae
8 Se oa
Bok 8 a3
Bees ‘Be
ge Be
2 SRS a ie
3S 15... 515 00 1
MS aoe 3 3
ae eo 3 FS 2
| aoe Fe
| oe maid F FA
oe ee | z
28 23 8 zl 2
BE So 2 # # :
gigc22 Ey Fa
gee c28 Fi &
SREc28 g =
Bg SO 2 8 F =
ee eS z Fo
Sui 3a a8 #
BS ESES = Fa
Ma tar, Swi... 608 HI0 sa &
02 2205 251. 1200 1485, ia a
408 666 20.... 320 551 m2 4
215 257 3... eT 288 St He
1695 1684 634 1597 63s) Ef
Gre Be 3
Mecodpia 0 No ee Se ea om 4 s
Ee eee 3
Pike. +1609 1696 150....1411 1456 3) an
‘807 804 S4.... CLO 743 361) at
4% (222 116.... 221 178 3421 Total
22 tag Seb "eke, Tes:
eo ack & \ ae
L250
1772 1302 14] 20
Se e222 pa
48) 200] 14,985; Polk, 10,074
Se 8S nom ‘Di
[CHIGAN.—By Congress Districts.
Be S88 g
$3 Sz Pagsipent—1848. 1844.
RR ESE E ee
BREE E g ra
Pe ics g
Fe ece EE r
68 240 ‘546 3B 152) =
‘Tel 7H ie 9 ed
+» 45 S88 310 SI u
£8 cB f
S242 H
80S 488 ‘387 378 35
1572 1309 1443 1421 39) =
286 185 290.... 237 228 140) cS
1943 1896 47....1897 1571. a
232 e 2
eS Ene é
188, LA 53. ve. sm 3] *
Si i See
1s774; , Case’ over Taylor, 92531 4
patriot ea eR a
3,370. Polk over Clay 12,882. |S.Chippewa .. 51 =

ASTUAKS—VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS.

Bir'y.) Diet & Con.

Resuay ant
NE ba bi
$1 Fae" Se:

<
i
*

Fe) wi

The.
Gese over Taylor, Le;
[Peplor und Van Brea. 30k.

WISCONSIN: Cosgron.

El So

DELAWARE:
{Houston, Whig, 6.463,
ie 5 total, 12.86.

B
F
3

q
=
™
o
i
os
a
me
m
a
ris
=
rs
m
tf
i
m
4H
2
2
=
=
=
"

MAINE: Aggregate Fote for Congress.
se ronteCore

3084} E. Gerry. .5897| D. Ger J
eee cee
Scanian ts

PRR TENE dr as Geom

Robertsond77@
4: Vendyke.7282 Hilliard.
G, King.....9679 Hollingw
"Taylor, $8,068; Cass,

ARKANSAS: Cope

ES $f Pt PPO TP

MASSACHUSETTS: Vote for Congress.

S-Ashraan*. 7073] Alvord.

well” $865]
B.Fowler.,

10.Grinneli* 4719! How? ndice 478

‘Total Vote: Taylor,

Cass, 26,19;
; Free Bollere.
Mr. Ma

Case.

salsa ee

amet
site Pe
goa gma
1h received the Free Boil vote,

Taylor,
Newted...0.30 Jobnere..ue5

pot

pind GOOgle

ome cope, tary cant

CONTENTS:

Branch Mi
Galendar for ordand

for Portiand, Boston, New:
islet

by te People...35,Publio
of yye and Conale serose N. Ani.
{Recruiting for the Army ..

24
id Gt. Britain 20, SofRevenue (of U.S) Collection.
4+ {Senate of the United States,
1

ia't Taylor. 1

Election Returns made
Maine, 08 ee tor,

a
Kewilampeie, to. Row Jory
‘Vermont, Benoa frase “s

‘Reproduced vy the AMERICAN PROTO-PITHOGRAFHIC Co NY (-OsbornesProces
11867,

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

(Mascn 4, 169, To Mancu 4, 1889)

ZACHARY TAYLOR, of

SUPRENE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES,

ROGER B. TANEY,

Joun McLxan, of Obio,
James “Was

‘of Georgia,
Jour Carson, of Tennesses,

Joun McKinuey, of Kentucky,

* MILLARD FILLMORE, of New-York, Prosident, ex oficio.
in Italics; Locos in Roman; Freesoilers in swat cars.
ators nnnie denote the year when his term closes. Whigs, 25; Locoe, 33;

[Whige

€39..Jeremted Clem
1659..Jerem!
1655, , Willotn Rufus Ridg.
Willis Sebastian,
1853... iain K.
1856. Solon Borland.
‘CONNECTICUT,
1e51...<Rager 5 Baldwin,
‘11855... Truman Smith.

‘@zoncus.

‘Wate armamac, 1850.

THE EXECUTIVE.

Louisiana, President of the United States
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New-York, Vice-President...

THE CABINET.

f Wer.

THE JUDICIARY.
of Maryland, Chief Justice.

Associate Justice. Pres V. Dantet, of Virginian, Associate Justice,
Sasvet, Netson, of New-York,

1 Woopauny, of New-
meat

Rostar C. Gares, of Pe
Salary of Associate Justices, $4,500 each.

XXXIst CONGRESS.

‘Assembled Monday, December 9, 1849.

SENATE-G0O Members.

ovrsrana.
1853, Solomon U. Downs,
11855: “Pierre Soulé.

‘MAINE.
1851..Hannibal Hamlin,
1859. -James W. Bradbury.
MASBACHUSRTTS.
1851...Daniel Webster,
1653.-John Davis.

"New-HaMPonrEe.
1853..Jouw Paxwex Haze,
11865. ‘Moses Norris, jr.

1851... William L

Appointed by the Governor te fll»:

3 Wes motractod to vacate hie oat by the

1853. -Jaceb . Miller.

vacancy til the Legilature meet
the Legolatere tet lactod in

Expires March 3, 1851.

ster

antl

Salary 98,000.

‘The figure before wach Sen- ;

NORTH canons.
Wilts P.

Toke. H. Clarke.
Sours canoziNa.
.-John Caldwoll Calhoun,
‘Andrew P. Butler
Hopkins L. Turney,
- Hopkins L. 1
John Bell
* TEXAS.
Thomas J. Rusk,
Samuel Houston.
.- Samal 8 Php,
Wiliam Upham.
YINOINtA,
--Jeaned M. Meson,
Robert NT Heater.
‘WINCONSIN.

Tana? Woe,
udm rpg EH coro

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-231

4, Bpeeker.

14 George R. Andrews,

15 Joke R. Thurman,

16 Hugh 7 hit,

17 Hetry P. dlacander,

It Prxcron Kino,
harks B. Clarke,

‘Thomas L. Harris.
“UMDIANA.
fathaniel Albertson,
ymas L. Dunham,

awn Semsennaue

igs in Bedioe
obs Con

eae Ios
ierthe XXXie Congrers,
Loses lie. Veeuney 1

HOWELL cons,

SACHUSETTS.

CuaRLes ALLEN,
john

t Xen 8. Brown,
musope!

1 Jamen B

2 Willan ¥.

3 James 8. Green,*

4 Willard P. Hall,*

5 Youn 8: Poeipe,s

1 hee taut.
wos Tueeys

4 Chaos Hr Fouste,+

4 Harry Hibbard.

‘Sileeeter,

9 tele

wtecnan= cesecnann SORTESRIRRERE!

:
ii
Z,
5
3

‘H.

W. Venable,*
William S. Ashe,
John R. J. Daniel,*
Edvard Stanly,
‘David Outlaw:

Sonatnan D. Morris,*|

11 Jokn K. Miller,

12 Samuel F. Vindon,*

13 Wm. A. Whittlesey,
fathan Keans,*

PENNSYLVANIA.
1 Lawl G, Legit [Nat
2 Joseph R. Chandler,
3 Henry D. Moora,

4 Jonn Robbine, jr
3 John Frenley

‘9 William Strong,
10 Milo M. Dimmick,

it
12 Dav. Wilmot,* [F.8.}
13 Joseph Casey,

SOUTH CAROLINA
1 Daniel Wallace,
2 James L, Orr,

a
1 David 8. Kaufman,"
2 Volney E. Hor

wEnuont,
1 Witton Henrys
2 William Hebard,
5 Jame Meacham,
4 Lnelus B. Peck
Vinginias
1 John 8, Miteon,
2 Richard K. Meade,"
3 Thomas H. Averett,
£ Thoinas 8, Bocock
ulus Powe}

Jamon A: Seddon,
4 Thomas i. Bayly,"
@ Alex. R. Holley,

‘ai Morton,

16 Richard Parker,

11 James McDowell,”

12 Henry A, Ednmudeou

13 Fayevte iicMultin

14 James M. H Beale,

15 ‘Themes 3. Rayman?

wisconsin,
1 Cuanues Duncce,

sstennesota—UI, H. Sibley,

{it Reman; Freesollers in sMaLt cars, The figures prefixed to the nani |
‘Districts. An asterisk (*) i added to the name of each Member who os |

Seat contested. Tay

‘when elected, but not Whigs, Whigs 111.

fot classed 3—Mestrs. Allen, Giddings, and Root. * Reviected
RECAPITULATION.

‘States,

WT.) — States,
33

States,

WHIG ALMANAC, 1850,

« PRESIDENT TAYLOR'S

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

Ow Monday, the 5th of March, 1849, General
‘Zacuany Tavton, having been: doly elected
President of the United States, was inaugurated
in the portico of the Cupitol. at Washington
‘The chief-justice administered to him the oath
of office, as follows :—

‘offer of President of the United Stales, and wi
Rect of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend, the Con
stitution of the United State

_ The President then delivered the following
Address, in the presence of about ten thourand
citizens -—

Blected by the American people to tho highest
cofice knowi to our lore appear here to take th
‘uth preseribed’ by’ the Constitution, and im com:
Plisnce with tivelimored custom fo addrons
ice wa afe how tasomed

‘conddence and respect shown
tobe the Chief Magietrate of

‘nealing
& Republic holding a high rank among the nations
OF the enrth, have fospired me with feelings of the
Most profound eratitade; but, when I reflect that
the ge of the office which their partiality
bas bestowed imposes the discharge of the. most
arduous duties, involves the
Hone, I'am cobsclous that the position whlch
have been called to fill, though sufficient to satisfy,
the loftlest ambition, ie surrounded by fourfal ro-
sponsibilities.

Happily, however, in the performance of my
pow duce Tahal not be witout able coopera
tion. The Legislative and Judicial branches of the
Governmeat present prominont examples of die
Hogulabed civil attainments and ‘malured expert
fengovand ftahall be my endeavor to call to my
‘assistance, in the Executive Departmeuts, individ.
Tals whose talents, integrity and purity of charac:
ter will furnish ample guaranties for the faithful
td honorable performance of the truata to be com.
mitted to their charge. With such alds, and
Honest pornese to do whatever is right, 1 hope to
execute diligently, tmpartiaily, and forthe beat in
terests of the country, the manifold duties devol-

inthe discharge of these dutk de will
“tn. the discharge of these duties, my gulde wi
be the ‘Conultalon whieh Tine dayeowear to
USproeerve, protrct and defend” For the uterpre-|
tavlon of that iatrument, I shall look to the dacis:
Jone of Wie Judicial tribunals established by ts
authority, and to the practice of the Government
‘ndor thé ‘earlier Presidents, who bad 20 argo &
share in its formation, “To the example of
Mlastrious Patriot { shall always deter with rev-|
ference, and especlally to hs exemple wno was by
Se manly ttle “the Father of hie ;
"zo cotamand the Army and Navy of the United
Statoe—with the advice and conseatof the Senate
iS niake ‘Trealice and fo appoint Emiaseadore and
oluer oficere—to give to Congress information of|
the state of the Union and recommend such moas-
fares as he shall Judge to be necensary, and to take
Gare. that the las Shall bo. faitiuly executed
Giese are the ‘moet important fanctione Intrusted
tthe Preeident by the ‘Constiition : and It ma
So‘opected that Tobell briety indicate the princ
ples which will control me it thelr execution.
‘Chosen by the body of the people, under the ax.
surance thal my Adminietratfon would be devolsd

my cou.

Sine fanreaee rel
i eet cotta a es th Ra aves Ras
read Republic.

tof any particular section” or mprely I
Enlerest, lune 4ay renew the declaraton { have

selomoly awenr that I will uithfally execute the|
id wily tothe} £8

mnoat ‘weighty obliga-| f

heretofore made, and proclaim my
tion to maintain £0 the exteat of my ability the’
vernmant im se original purity, abd to adopt af
alic policy, those great,
heonatitate the strength of eur

2e Army and Navy, lately’ em-
1distingtion on active service,
© insure the highest condition
7 furtherance Of that object,
wal Sehivols, sustained by tbe
tam, shall Yeeeive the special
cutive,

fen we ean nei but sympathize
idithe blessings of civil and

‘at tho same time we are
we nonitions of history and the
Yoice of oir own beloved WasMngton ‘to abstain
from gntanglig allancee with foreign nations,
Tn all disputes between conficting goveruments,
its our interest mot leas than our duty to remals
sicily neutral; while our geographical positon,
the genius'of our institutions and our people, the
advancing spirit of civilization, and, above all, the
dictates of religion, direct us to the’ cultivation of
eaceful and flendiy relations with all other pow-
ra. It isto be hoped that no international guos-
tion ean now arlae which a governiaen!, confident
ia'tus own atrength, and resolved to protect
‘own just rights, may not settle. by wise negot
ion; and iteminently becomes x government like
‘our own, founded on the morality and iutelligence
of its citizens, and upheld by their affections, to
exhaust every resort of honorable diplomacy be-
fore appealing to.arms. In tho eonduct of oUF
Forelgn relations, ¥ shall conform ‘to these view
‘as Tdellevo them essential tothe best interests an
tthe trae honor of the country.

‘The appointing power vested in the Proside +t
imposes delicato and onerous duties. So far as it
is possible to be informed, I shall make honesty,
capacity, and fidelity, indlapenanble prerequisites
to'the dleposal of offe; and the absence of elther
of these qualitios shall be deemed sufficient cause
for removal.

‘It shall be my study to recommend such con
tutional measures to Congress us may be neces.
sary and proper to secure encouragement and pr
tection tothe great Interests of agriculture, com.
merce and manufactures, o improve our rivetw a
Rarbors: @ provide for tho speedy extingulahinent
of the public debt to jet accountabill.

the part of ail o

‘utmost economy. in. all
But it fe for the wisdom ol

alt look ‘with confidence to
jotiam of that body to adopt
ciliation as may harmonize
onflicling. interests, and tend. to perpetuate that
‘Taon which sbould ‘be the paramouct abject of
‘our hopes and affections, In any action calculated
fo promote an object #0 near the heart of every
‘ong who truly loves. Nie country, Z will zealously.
tunlte with the co-ordinate branches of the govern
ent,

{in conclusion, I congratulate you, my fellow-cit-
zene, upon the high state of prosperity to which
the goodness of Divine Providence has corducted
our common country. ‘Let us invoke acontinuance

the enlightened pat
‘such measures of

of the same Protecting Care which has led ws from,
q

Emall beginnings to the eminence we thia day oc-
jeupy, and lat as seek to deserve thet continuance
by'prudence and moderation in our cuunciia; by
weli-direcied attempts. to ‘he bitterness
which too often marks unavoidable differences of
opinions by the promulgation and practice of just

‘beral principles, aud by an ealarged patriot-

of our own wide-spr

1
Hl

i ippé. Rossi set about the business of sup-

f it was believed that he-would succeed. His |,

EUROPE

Bioutere RUNDRED AND FORTY-zIGHT
began with revolutionary agitation and end-
ed with the state of siege in nearly all the
south and west of Europe. EicHTg4s HUN-
DRED AND FORTY.WiNe has fallen short of|
its predecessor in hope, bat far exceeded it
In disaster. Treachery and violence ber
accomplished their work; ideas have been
suppressed by bombe and bayonets; the in-
sargent people have been conquered, and
‘what is celled order again established. But

3 no man knows what the
next day may bring forth, and the reinstated
potentates live only from hand to mouth.

‘The Anglo-French mediation which was
to have tranquiliged Italy, having for some
time dragged along esa mere formality, and
given a deal of useless occapation to the
diplomatists of several nations, finally came
to nothing through the superior speed and
eamestness of events. The good under-
standing which the measures adopted by
Pias IX,, at the commencement of his pon-
tiflcate, had created betwixt him and the
Roman people, was greatly weakened by
his course during the war of Sardinia against |
Austria, in the spring and summer of 1848.
The Roman people felt a nataral desire to
participate ina war waged for Italien inde-

of the peninsula, and the Chamber,
of Deputies voted todo so. But Pius 1X. re-
fased to engage in that cause, alleging that
his position as bead of the Catholic Church
rendered it impossible for him to declare war
‘against a Catholic power: the reply wes
that he was not dosired to do it as Pope but
as Prinoe, two distinct functions. However,
he evaded the demands of the people, and
finally appointed as his prime minister
Count Rossi, a former agent of Louis Phil-

pressing the democratic movement, and from
his eminent talents and resolute character!

avowed hostility tothe people caused him

IN 1849.

‘assassinsted in the street 2x he was pro- |]
leseding to open the Chambers. It is not |
known whether this act was the result of a|
|conspirecy, or of sudden impulse on the
part of the assnasin. .

‘The plans of the reactionary party were
deranged by the death of their leader, while
the smouldering indignation of the Roman
people broke out inopen revolt. The next |
day they surrounded the Pontifical palace
in large numbers, demanding of the monarch
the promulgation and fall adoption of Italian
nationality as the basis of his policy, togeth-
er with the convocation of a Constituent As-
sembly and the formation of 1a federal com-
pact for the whole Italian peninsula, the
declaration of war against Austria as voted
[by the Chamber, and the appointment of |
ministers possessing the public confidence.
/Mamiani, Sterbini, Galetti, and others of
the like stamp, were proposed as such
ministers.

To these demande the Pope first replied
levasively, and then, being pressed for an an-
lswer, flatly refused.” This was followed by
a querrel between one of the outer senti-
[nels of the Swiss guard at,the Quirinal and
the people near him, in.the course of which
fhe was disarmed; the guards then closed |:
the gates of the palace and prepared for «
decided resistance. Demonstrations were |]
made of a design to attack, whereupon they |
fired and scattered the assailants, killing a |
{few of them ; but the number increased, and |
retamed the shots. At last a trace war

[far as to appoint the minlatry required, and |
the multitude quietly dispersed; nor was
lany violence subsequently offered to either
his residence or his friends.

Pius, however, refesed to participate in
the action of the ministry which he bad thas
lappointed. He remained in Rome eight
days after these events, and finally, on the

of Naples, the
{| Bourbon, received him with great satisfac:
ll tion, and provided for his entertainment and
f| that of his suite in the moet Invish manner.
}| It was a great triumph for him, and for the
} whole band of European tyrants, that the man.
ll who had set the revolution on foot should

yer | Homaa.

ir banners,
‘While the
the

lj met at the frootiers by some agents of the
King of Naples, who would not permit thems
to cross, ly consented to
courier io carry to” Plas 1X, the
ils retorn. "To the rogue
ed by regrettin
the depatation; he.
intent of
invoked the
ly occasion-
where all

erg into the bands of the Assem-
which, alter some debate, vote

i . Bignor 8

moved a decree tothe purport that the P

had fallen, both in law and in fact, from the fi

temporal government of the Roman States;

that the Pontiff should enjoy all guaranties
IRocessary to the independentuaxerciee of bis ||
wer; that the government of the H
an States shonld henceforward be a j
pure democracy, under the title of the Ro- [
man Rey and that it would have with [|

mi
of

tioneering campaign was being prosecuted
fm ouace hiro Cevelenee was waking &
tremendous i

tothe at-
electi

RUROPE Ix 1649.

resulted in the choice of Louis Napoleon to/ti

the presidency 5,534,520 votes out of|
7,449,471, of which 1,448,302 were given to,
|| Cavaignto. .

‘The elevation to such an office of an ad-
ventarer, without character or remarkable!
talents, whose previous history had been di
creditable where it was not ridiculous, is
moat singular fact. ‘There is no doubt tl
it was due immedintcly to hia relationship
with the emperor, his uucle; but the reall
cause was deeper than this. France was
weary of the sterile government of Cavaig-

ler which industry an} commerce|

34, and all parties desired a chan

the royalists, including the great ody of the]
Priestiood and the igaorant peas try onder
their control, wanted Napolcon because be|
was astep toward monarchy ; and-the radi
cals, because they hated Cavaignac, and were
willing to adopt any candidate who would
beat him. ‘The eocialist jouruals all opposed
hhim, bat many of the socialist voters went in|
bis favor.

President Bonaparte was inaugurated on
December 20th, and the next day appointed
hhis cabinet. This was a body of mixed opin-|
ions and tendencies, and evidently destined
to ashort existence. Its head was Odillon

ministry of Publio I ei id We

of Publio Instruction and Wor.
ship; while M. Bixio, an Italis
ate repablican, was made Minister of Agri.

we mys the fi decided step toward H
suppression val jirit was ta-
ken by the king of Pruse. Boon ater the
revolutionary disturbances of March, 1848,
fhe called together an assembly, whose office

‘as, in conjanction with the crows, to form
/s constitution for the fatore government of

isters and re

which one cal

retire. - Finally, on No
barg, © pataral eon of the

, and moder- | constitat

caltare ; and the other offices were occupied | atid

by mea equally apposed tosech ober. Loot
‘alleville, the ‘ister of the Interior, an|
intimate friend of M. Thiers, in a fow
days led with the President, -who|
demanded from the pablio archives all the
documents relating to his attempts at Bou-
ind, when they were!

letter to min-

ver,
retin thelr places. Only Malievile i
insiited tga rediring: Leon Fauober, a violent

took bo ft

Nappleon, and ise man of apright character

‘bat fot remarkable for ability.
‘Notwithstanding the result of th
credit an commerce oct with
ment; the agitation opinion
mental ec

d; and the grand trial of j
between the crown and the democ-

\aracter, became at once edingly popa-
Jnr, and the praises of its authors ore

WAIG ALMANAC, 1850,

the body than to allow its business to go.
Khor cajporsig fom ty ecday e he re
Sdjpurnin
a nen germ oui ope ny ie
Simanee an the Sth of Deoeunber: 1848. The
cometiati

aTitiste

faction by the
Sederie ook

2394

ad uf

5
3

i
A
ara Waren maeease

wras confident predicted.

Revie

‘waa duomed to dis-

three quarters
- Inthe mean-
intimate friends

supplanted by young men of skill and ener-|tbo war, and providing for fature defense
GF ndibe eoslent Folch General Henry| aguas the greaier danger What menaced

jembinaki, who had come to Hungary at|tbem. ‘They knew that tho defated inva-
the inning of the campaign, had tal dere had in the aid of Russie, and that
the chlef conmmand of the forces. Windisch.

fi dinate, Marshal Schlick, was substantially |sin, ado} i
defeated at the defiles of Sirok, near Erlau, |of Hapat from
as he wes attempting to join the main army, |and declare the independ:
thoagh he was allowed to effect the junction | The d
at the close of the d

pol he obligations under
relic of his| ustria lies toward Hunzs ql
rian forces, Hi
the order
toward|

ince in Hungary captared by
which Fenvained in ther

ands.

Ibe rat in Traniyivania, the easteramost
lependency of Hungary, was daring
time prosecuted with iar reelts. It be,
gan {a November,

‘6 army, which was twice bia
own in number, as well ag that of the Bus-
sian General Liiders, who had come in to

SEO a bvag tna vcaphy
acrerted tod right 27 tMapendeat satel
ce, their ite

amity to th
‘onsath made all possible efforts
ack, but in vain.
¢ in which the Russian autocrat
be shall intervene for the as-
ria inthis contest, boars date
m6. chief reason given for 20 de-
dhe danger to which the Russian do.

eerian ea seaheteed werent
2
a

jumph of the Magyara,

Preys

Q59ae TREE Ee

v
of |
o
a.
re
e.
3)
of}
a
nl
of |
10]
a
ue

remnants of the Austrian ar-
under Clam-Gallas, a new
fader; and at the same time, another amall-
er Humien corps, under Gen. Grotenbelm,|
came into that province on the northeast,
‘The Austrian armies were also recruited,
jn put in motion, in the west under|

had already astared
infamy ; in the eoath-

fhe spath|of

burg, in all reckoned at 90,000; that of Aul.
ich, ‘about Lake Balaton, 20,000; that of|

in ‘the ‘south ead southeast, 40,000;

6,000.

gti people mas

‘the east, others of ecarce inferior im;
ring in France, Italy, and G

and he did
sistance was hopeless.
insolved for

lowed. In Saxony the democratic sentiment
‘vigorously displayed iteetf. ‘The legislatare
bavi 1g been by the

, on

rs
‘rassia decided to reject

Frankfort covetitation took immedi

ares to be rid of the assembly, wl

latence hed become amberrassing.

Prassian members were ordered home,

[step which the allies of thet goveramen

E ‘The de representatives,

itatec. lemocratic
to] holding their office, as they believed, by

, fo hia own retetab- har
je. In the latter}

[| Things being in thiestate,the Freeh ‘xin | mod orate te repul

‘ry iatrod ne inte the assembly « propos. pote rea a wate of valine end end’ ©

tend an armay to Rome-—nnt, as they| between the

'ald the Poperor put down the Homen

bat to prevent Austria from do-
Viberty there, to secure constitu:
jareaties to the people, and to keep|
timate inflaeace of France in|

tay ther inapace of wicket pee
mognanimity has been exhibited, as
n-|case the ‘weaker in material

sal functions:
‘not have the
an easeult
i on the 36th A) which the
2 of 500
hundred

Roman Republi
1b. ofthe former legislature “that the expedition
shoeld ne loger be diverted fom icrigina

rae ae a fat not to be at

wunors

a 1609.

ection arith. sallciéns Jjadgment they|

gies

Fad

wi
the least point in|
the repbieans bound to| for

ibtedly |of all the
rho}

th couuitaton i cereaels|

Bat yet in no sense was|

high cout at Versailics, bat the acctfsntion|

grows, ‘and more groundless as the in-|
Featigetion goes forwan.

‘Rome finally capitulated to the French;
on the 30th June, its prominent citizens and|

jxana cama to: America. The French at
ones restored the Pope without any condi.

oa en
teas Ruse

tions, and the old order

tent ‘without prec
was virtually ended on August 13,at Vig-
gem, by the warrender of with
entire army to the Russian prince Paskie-
This was followed by the surrender
in the hands of the

to returm peaceably to their home
officers were guaraotied « safe con.

sath, Bem, Dembinski, Ga;
other eminent

allowed
‘and the

der of the ‘Baltan in order that they
panished as rebels, but the damend was
complied with. It

Tee

*
&

themselves against the

defenders lea the city; Mazsini went
fo Switseri

render. Kossath aud

PETA UTn En eee eerie erie oy

Bal

WHIG Atsawad, 1850, ,

2
2
z
g
4
3
g

ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC CENTRAL RAILWAY.

_aALGPSAACES SF BEST ASSLT RECN BASSE RES PRSCASTASUAOVAT ABET SS 8A80R RE a

Charleston 1,096—New-York 1,141 f]
1,040.

it ‘The
1648 preferred « point
termbrun because eof the superior
lands, the abundance of timber, the settlement
{the nearness to and cheap water-commanicat
‘with the Atlantic cities and Pittsburgh, and
‘ite central ition.

But is the timber thus abundant? Much
ry id the bored ore te

‘nd the generally
before Mr. W. could locate his route, indi
would have obtained possession of the. th

ighway, [which he would have ta buy. Would
Giving it the most national locality, and one which | enough i
accommodate the grentest number of per-| western
tons, and the largest amount of trade,

‘Mr. Whitney has done much to prove that a|
central railway is practicable; has pent much
time about it; and ought to be associated in the the
surveys, and connected with its future progress, [times to the left, in order to ct
receiving avery liberal annual recompense not, |through lands the sale of which Ww.
however, es the owner of the work, but as an/| build it, instead of locating the work whe
agent of lie. Bo also should the tcle-| merce most required Would he be able to
graph, which +. O'Rielly hee carried beyond |duce population to advance into the wilderness
Sie "iiariesippi, be continued to tte Pacific with at the rate of 100 miles per annum? Less than
all possible atch. Surely no railway will be| that would not complete his work in 25 years.
authorized or in until its course been| We agree with Haste Magetine as to the in-

i
int ahbee

ee
fet

marked out, the physical difficulties ascertained, | ferlority of certain other routes :
tad detailed eetinates of the cost carefully pre-| Th reste from Memphis, fm Tor Sith in Avkup-
t

pared from well-known facts. Of three resident | sss, and from Texas, pursue the valiy of the Rio Grande
Commissioners, ative, inteligent, and truscwor-|veson stn Fesnt tbe rive Gia. Thi rout, ft te
thy, Mr. Whitney might be one. The experi-|Practey seu? trom t {oko Lieet Emory, woe |
‘ence of the management of the New-York cenals, iter auinbabstabe, Considerebue portions ef
corruption though there has been in the man: |ik’roce auc oy thy Menon rrr ning ee
‘agement, would furnish very useful hints, could | tia rexion, ‘om inberpoes quite aa,
Me but fed another De Wit Clinton. i mr ae el
Mr. eybitney states, that from Lake Michigan |is excessive. ‘Thia route is destitule of timber, and we
to the South Pass, 1,150 miles, a railway may be| ‘the toate,
built ona straight fine, where all the streams %
can be bridged, and where there areno soft bot-| Mr. Bayard Taylor, now in California, wrote
tomlands; but’ that the streams could not be|to the N.Y. Tribune, Aug. 27, 1849, “I find that
bridged south of this route, while soft bottom-|all who have traversed the’ Gila country, com-
land would cause much dificulty. From the|aider it an impracticable route for =
lake totwo places where the Missouri can be|'Those who took the South-Paas route, made the
‘bridged—the distances are 500 and 650 miles—|overland journey in nearly helf the time, not
the te of ground fs sald to be eary and gradu. | withetan
al; thence to tho South Pass atl more so. From| Mr.
the South Pass, 7,490 feet above the Gulf of Mex-
{co, the descent on the Pacific side is more dif.
cult. Col, Fremont gives his unqualified opin- | and that it would cost $60,000,000, or $30,000 per
! ion, however, thet the Oregon route ie fie | mile—G20,000 for making the rosd, and 810,
‘only true line of communication between the|for machinery, repnirs, and expenses, til it
Pacific and the interior of America; and that all| would maintain itself; that be would expend
‘operations of war or commerce, of national or |the $60,000,000, more or lees, and be disposing
social intercourse, must be conducted upon it."|of the lands, under the supervision of an officer
| ‘Mr. Whimey would prefer. to the above route|to be named by government, receiving as his
anollier afill further north, He would cross the|recompenso tho read, and all the land near it,
Miseouri at Whito river, thence pass to the head. |Trom Lake Michigan to the Pucific, 30 miles on
‘waters of the Yellow Stone and Missouri, to and |each eide of it, being a breadth of G0 miles and &
|! down the Salmon river and the Columbia to Pu- length of 3000; equal at leet, to 3.200 townahips
get's Sound—being (he sags) & 300 miles eborter | of 6 miles by 6, oF to ten states of the Union, 1
Toute than through the Bouth Pass—eay 1,820| miles by 120 exch—nearly 80,000,000 acrea.
tiles between the Pacific and Migeissippi, which | Of the fizet part, 600 miles of Innd are said to be
| ister he would eroes near Prairie du Chien, trom |of the very best quality forthe production of the
which to Mobile or New-Orleane the distance is | food of man; the eurface beautiful. Why should

Digtized by Google

‘FRIBUKAL FOR THE ADJUSTMENT OF

IVATR OLAIES.

THE LAST SESSION OF CONGRESS.

‘The Second Session ‘of the Thirtieth Con-
‘grees commenced at Washington oa Mon,
day, Deo. 4, 1648, and adjourned sine die on
Sunday moming, March 4, 1849.

It members, a4 a whole, deserve greater]
commendation for their firmness in the pre-

srention of mischief, than for any very remark-|{

able achievements in the science of legisla
tion. Blavery, and its effects oi society and
human welfare; were their principal themes:

‘ened the brighter morning of fair and yet free|
realms on oar western continent. We hope}
their successors will be equally true, 80]
that the times of 1819 and 1820 may not find|
their ogtnterparta in the men and measares|
of 1649-50.

‘The estimates, reports, and other execu-|
tive representations and statements, submit-
ted to Congress, and briefly reviewed by us,
wore the work of the out-going Administra
tion and ita supporters, not of thelr succes-
‘sors, who only came into possession of power
when the labors of jhe sension of 1848-9 and
the XXXth Congress were at an end.
‘Tribunal for the pajnetme, t ef Claims

against the United States.

More than one third of the whe time of Con’
Sarthe merits oF humint enna SoU ‘States
$o1eT pene an glo fl for wright rented:
any Shouends Of clam aera r=
‘their j, and could sire

validity, an only inguin Tactic

ing other essential matters

women to, be Hon
‘uch ofthe valuable tune of rtanding [and

i
i
i

Up Ete
in i
{

Hal
Ses
iH

eEEae
I

ee
ie

ge
af
i

H ek E
Heil wlln f

[=| bagesaussazacteneayeae asaraanaaesa

i
i
:
a

2053 KO FUASHURGRUSEASAIS ONSGCVISESASUASTESRSUFS “CLEC STHAUTPGAAE EA RSS ESE I

oatmnadter
duty it shall be «to
such forms and

FEESETLAEE
seed saa A

oitisto ‘Garough to tho|
Senate the
1840

Sao bin hur hod tr bocume slaw:

‘The Home Departmer
On the 3d of March, an act
ive
t of the In-
terlor, the head of which, the Secvetary of the|
Interior, ls eppointed in ‘the same manner as
‘and forms en addi-

‘nas
tate

Election of President and V!
‘dent directly by the Peo)

F
hi

£
a
z
8.

i
;
Zz
anil

Elec 1 Om + 8H
Usvoramont diseetiy. bys the Fouple: |
In the E. of R, John W. of Ile, mov-

y| ed, and it was resolved, Dec. 13, “ that the Com-

mittee on the Judiciary be inatructed

{into the expedienc:
for the election of

‘WHIG ALMANAC, 1850,

‘The committee, Dec. 98, asked to be dischar-

‘without reporting, and the resolution was
‘without comment.

‘No proposition was offered to enable the peo-|

to assemble in any official form to NominATE | ti

‘fo
pragma tame tae rome
weds"

Gevernment of Califorain
‘Mexico—Boundary of New
asit did the question, whether sla-|
inted_on the banks of the Pa-

Invol

five labor, but wi
sentation which should be the

Of New Mexico, hold at Sauta FS, Oct. 14, emon-
‘the diememberment of their|

they had|
‘they wished to

‘The
‘and referred, 33 to 14. On the 6th|
january, the plea of New Mexico was backed |

g in

same day, in the House, J. M. Root, of]

racied to repor ile provdlag terior gor

report tog |

traments for California and: New Merion, |

therefrom as-in the country’

Tula, which was ordered, by a Vole

lays after, a motion to recon-

b to Bi.” On the 20th, C. B,

Smith, of la, introduced a bill for the 9
‘ment of California,

Fesolutions agreed to. in the N.Y. Le-|!

iis

F.Vinton, of Ohio,
for bt

Feet

i
E

tree

Cong. Globe, 247 to 2497) -Vinton's
‘Mr. Trist, when negotiating with the

‘portion
Tnguisition be
oot pot gate tmore

by the
tnd. one individual

admission. On the let of

lawful
power of

are,
when Wan, Uphain, of VE, while the Mex:

‘was pending, moved, in Senate, ‘that
be neither slavery ‘nor involuntary
servitude in any territory which shell hereafter

‘annexed to the United Btates,

from|ly for freedom to the

ded. Democrats

| asidlously to plant slavery on the Pacific, and

absorb New Mexico in Texas,
Those in aatice mete from free states

AEVENUZ—COLLECTION—AND AUDIT —sNWUAL SUPPLIES.

Hl Celtection ef Revenue in Callfornia.

pt
Jou. 24, W. P. Hal,
hola“ a! government fro California, refuse
people the benctit of our laws, leave them ny
tected, and without. ives here, a

Collection & Payment of the Reve
An act was passed, Mar. 3, requiring thet all
the public revenue should be Pall tmtsodletely
into the ‘Treasury by the agent receiving the
same, without eduction for any sala.
any kind. act
retary of tho Treasury i to erat ope
ry is to mul
arate eananl cetimates to. Congrose of the eX
pense of collecting the customs and land reve-|
‘ue for the ‘year.
lecting customs duties is limited to. $1,500,000;
and Ui expenditures at each customhouse, the
persona cmployed, and thelr occupations’ and
sa to be stated’ annually to Congress.

aressional Board of Andit.

In view of the defective checks on expendi-
tures end accounts, and of the nocessity there
thet the pablic funds should not be wasted, N.
K Hall, of N.Y, moved, and it was resolved,
that an inquiry be made whether [in addition to|

the ight auditor, comptruller, and eevretary of.

the Treasury] an annual examination should not
tke pluco ‘by n comumitice of Congress, of all
the necounts, vouchers, sud warrants paid out of|
the Treasury during the preceding fisea! yorr,”
to ascertain Whether tho expenditures wero law-
fal, and whether the officers who drew the war-
rants had proof to authorize the allowances
made, ‘This was on Dee, 21, and on the 17th of|
den, Mr. Hudaon, from the Com, of Waye and
Means, ened that it be discharged {rom the in-
ity. The resolve was then tabled, Te anny
uted whether It isnot more regular to oust
the best accounting officers e country can get
and the checka by Congress committees and

‘The cont, of col-| Cag’

survey, x, to pus
|customhouse at Portland, E
{$29,000 ; to continue. the building of o custurr:
erat Charicnban, 89800; Congreve! Globes
er 5 i
feau00; for'n ots for-s customiouse nt Norreie,
$13,000 in part for a new customhouso at New
/Orl $150,000; to correct fala: eurvoys ix
|Michigan, $10,000 ; bounties to otticers pre
‘vates, &¢., $300,000 ; epproprintions in Washing-
ton city, for buildings, courts, police, and im.
ea SR refed
; for relief of American seamen ebroa

publicity, than to it, through the Speaker,
mh Vegaatve Board of Audit to at al
fashis n, Much complsint ts!

18106,000; M88. of Monroe and Weshingto:
$10,800; books bought for members of Howse

Typha late
i any a eee

WHIe ALMANAC, 1850.

| AHSSR RAGS 3 55S SSHSB CAS ATATE TESS ILS

ein ay Pau ah
ral f sea G Hie Le be fh Pall

SGUSERRSRERISESEASSS SEeSsIGEa <7

Digtized by Google

EMGISLATIVE REPEXDITURES—MILEAGE OF MEMBERS.

THE MILEAGE

‘Bamix. in, December last, having been
|| elected to fill a vacancy in the then’ House
of Representatives, and being in attendance
on its sessions at Washington, I called on,
the Bergeant-at-Arms of that body for some
money on account, he being paymaster of
the House. The Sehedule used by that
officer was placed before me, showing the
amounts of Mileage respectively accorded’
to every Member of the House. Meny of
there amounts struck me as excessive, and
L tried to recollect if any publication of all
the allowances in « like case bad ever|
been mae through the journals, but could
not remember any such publivity. On in
quiry, Iwas informed that the arhounts wore
regularly published in a certain document
entitled ‘The Public Accounts,’ of which no
considerable num' was printed, and which
was obviougly not intend&d for popalar dis-
tribution. [lt is even omitted in dkis deca-
‘ment for the year 1848, printed since I pub-
lished my exposé, so that I can now find it
in ne public document whatever] I could
Rot remember thot I had ever-seen a copy,
thoagh one had been obtained and used by
my Adsistant in making up last year's Al-
manac.* It seemed to me, therefore, desira-
Be that the facta should be brought to the
knowledge of the public, and I resolved that

it shoald be done.
}| But how? Tohave pickod out a few of

what seemed to me the most flagrant cases
fof overcharge, and print these alone, would
be to invite and. secure the repatation of
partintity, partisanship, and personal ani-
nosity. No other course seemed so fair as
to print the Mileage of each Member, with
neccasary elucidations. I accordingly em-
ployed anex-lerk jn oneof the Departments,
and instructéd him to make ont « tabalar|
expote a8 follows:

of each Member of the Houses

for wich he te ailowed'and paid MUe-
of Mileage received by him ;
201 wl

OF CONGRESS.

The exposé wes made out accordingly, |
and promptly forwarded to The Tribane, in
which it appeared, Dec. 22d, 1848. . The f

The Secretary of the Senate (Asbary Dick-
Jens) refused to permit a copy to be taken of
hhis Schedule of Senatorial Mileage, though
requested bya Member of the House. The

chives of the Treasury Department,
plication to Secretary RB. J. Welker, and the
table thus made (errors excepted) very near fl
ly complete. It was found necessary, how-

ver, to resort to the Table of Post-Offices
‘and Distances issued by the Department in
1842 for the basis of comparison, as no book
of later date contained » fall list of the Post-
(Offices in the United States with the dis}
tance of each from Washington by the sbort-
lest Post-Ronte. Ofcourse, several Members,
embracing all those from Texas and a dozen |
lor 20 beside, hail from Post-Offices not estab- ||
lished in 1849, or not then within the United
‘States, and no comparison could be made|
{from any beok in thei: cases. ‘The deficien-
Jeies have since been supplied in the follow-
jing table directly from the records of the
Post-Office Department, to which access was
cheerfally granted by the present Postmas-
terGeneral, The table, as here prosented,
shows the amount of Miles charged and
Mileage pocketed by each Member at the
ast Session, with the Actual Distance by §
{the shortest Mail-Ronte according, not to any
Jold beok, bus to the present official reconda
lof roates and distances in the topographer's.
'burese of the General Post-Office at Wash- j
ington.

‘Whoever imagines that-a Member has
intended to charge excessively, because he
Ines received more Mileage than he would
fhave done if hie travel had been computed
by the mest direct Mail-Ronte, will be likely f
1%0-de infastice. The law does not preseribe BL.
& compatation of Milage by the nearest

Poat-Roate, but by ‘the most USUALLY fraw-
jdled road.’

vor Google *

Digtized by Google

pignzeavy GOORTe
3

1850.

‘Wale ALMANAC,

's Te
nays.

ya on Ashmun’

‘yous and nay

afreemail for within ofr-
60 miles diameter. "The" House refused:

ide
of

=
3
ie
:
Ext

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i
i

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38a

4
us

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ail
EE

gees

Hid

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of & con;

Hl
see
Fide

il, in
8

the

ae offered a
paid where inl
cents. In cities yic

igreesional

cg are
3 cents, I

persons, whether the circle in w

was larg
should

, if
iy.
a

the eender,
‘The frank.

editors of

carried over,
letters by

spared by the de}

and only one cent would
on

ivertived letters. Newspay
periodicals might exchange

and other
hich whe

‘not heavier than half ax ounce, half a cent, whem
‘were to be

‘were to convey them free to the cit
fcuriers ‘were to deliver levers. for

‘were to pay a cent when

Houston, Hunter, the three John: jf
, Mason, Pearee, Sebaatien, Sprumee, #

right, Butler, Jef. Davis, Downs,

.
Foote

ict

as
fi

aike

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Et]

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i

3 $3

dist

2
2

iat

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fi

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8

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ped

more
than one| Senate, and

weighing| | Mr.

the United
‘and all lettore] same benefit everywhere to

ghout

tance
‘and not more

each letter weighing more| It providea

postofiice shall be cbr

of dist

the
letter

two cente; each
alf an ounce

‘chall be uniform throu,
irrespectiv
Pyretsnt eek
‘an ounce,
‘ounce and not more than two

afer the first day of July next, the:
half

‘more than hi
‘ounce, four cent

Benton

for er| wise tobe.

four cents additional

Post | these cles only,

t for sale in eack| chargeable on
ay

in the United States. And he mi

ble |
ale

prepayment

them to be kep

ae
shall
ion would have secured|

eae

Postma

to the labor performed to|comveyed under 50 miles:

‘several postmasters a c:
‘now receive.”
iti

‘proportion

ise

aut Breese,

nable,
‘resolve modified, 20 #6 tol mons;

'W. Cobb, Ver
reform.

Ee pana

AR.

piney GOOgle

‘WHIG ALMANAC, 1850.

2
w
a
mh
pt
to
g
e
tic
in
ad
"
re
fo
ca
by
re
wi
wo
hy
i
ar
ti
Bi
gi
M
Pr
de
a
ais
re
e
co

i capitate |
ihe cotk could nut stat

iis pafate, and was ried up and tocolved \welve

10." Most of tue| atripes of ie naked Uack, to improve bie aku?

fe waa not carried | O0 board tie Germantown, one sattor vot seven

tod another five lashes for not bong ‘prooerly

\dressed at quarters, Had they forgutten to pucthé

‘proper tle un their navel ersvat} care wot thoes

ty daye|Inew ourbrethren? They are wot the © econdants

‘sy the marshal, 9a slso moncr in the | of the ccriy-euded African, on wheat iehalf it is

prize agenta. The law for their ay-|20 offensive here lo ullzr age word of aympxby—
pointmen! is repealed. they ure the fnir-bairec, rosy-chavked sons ef Now

bigizeaey GOORTE
i

wule atmawac, 1850.

‘cuted and unacquainted with our laws and habits,

{athe army. tie men are now punished by. the

clinin and ball, by suspension by the thumbs [tor-

ture}, and. by what is called the gag, with ol
rebimenta 3 de adiogas any

fhe fman cen suf
reaableh the he gag, ke, may be
mt

ty
ted.

Ir. ry return of punishments
fil an oclavo volume of Sil pages. The tnstra
ment by farthe mom generally used to scou
the seamen js the cat-o-nine:

stopped for atime. Many returns are full and dis:
finer: in other ‘cuses the offences are stated, but|
the punishments eft blank—or the punishmenta
Elven, andithe offence and rank of the culprits
‘Withbeld. Sometimes no offence is alluded to, but,
Wwe are told that eo many men got 12 lashes cack,
‘order of an officer named,
hier cauto of all insubordination ta painiy
geen to be strong drink—drunkennese ; drunk}
drank on duty; alaling liquor; Sighting while tx
toxieated ; forgetful, disobedient, ‘msolent, while
drunk; smuggling fiquor; doubling the grog al-
Towante; these and similar offences ara every.
‘where met with. Commander Shubrick, after
enumerating "very many abolications tthe
‘scourge; on the Sara
ause.of ihe majority of thes
Ged, either directly or indi
Riguor, little or no punishrner
sary at sca where the men
Commander Du Pont arrives
Reside tho above, desert
sleeping at the wrong tit
aidsrderly "Conduct, "mutioot
without leave, are offences
Ewelve strokes of the cat,

FPcontempt ale

ner 12; drunkenness,
roken inte aapirit-rom 2 (p72 aay
jore ail night 12; striking a midshipman
quarters 6; neglect of duty 12; inso-

ico 12; missing muster 12; improper I

12; overstaying his liberty [ea

ditty and unwashed clothes (Boy) 12;
out ‘when watch called 12; spitting on the paint
10; being out of his hammock after-hours 12; seal-
tng water 12; asleep on post 12; leaving boat 12
tirowing overboard top’ of a spittoon 6; taking
brond out of oven 95 neglecting his mess utensils
12;'bolow on his watch 12; treating ‘Mr. Myers
‘with contempt 12; taking clothes on shore to sell
12; ekylurking on qr-deck 6; do. on gun-deck 10;
drankennese and desertion 12; smoking pipe af
42; naked on epardeck 9; ‘purchesing’ clothos
without permission 9; eight mon 12 each, by order
of commodore—offence not stated [p. 248]; fifteen |

ii lonly twenty members

do. do. [p. 249]

[shot about

Ip. 254] 12.
wall 42;

| yard

of the national domain for the
, but nothing essential was accom
10 loan act of Jan, 28, 1847, pl the unsold |
national estate for the payment of certain debta
thereby created. The eupply-bill of 1648, § 3

Stats. p. 67, iat
Deer 2, 1648, in the House, J. A. M'Clernand
moved a resolution, which was adopted, 104 to
60, aa follows:
ba! ‘That the traffic in the public
‘should coase, and that they should be le
posed of to ita and cultivators on ir
Zonaitions, at such a price. as. will nearly
aify the. cost of their purchase, manegenment and
Feb. 27, 1849, W. R. W. Cobb introduced a bill
to graduate the price of the public lands. If|
three years in market, the price “to actual set-
flere and cultivators” waa to be @1 por acre al
July, 1850; the remainder 75 cents till July,
1852, and so on till the price reached 19} cents
‘in 1856. The session was near its close, nothing
‘was done: as drawn, the bill would have given,
millions of acres to speculators for a trifte. *
ley's bh (Od) te dncosrage spoctlston ise
z iscourage speculation
public laude and secure homer thersee te nuke
‘Vators and settlers, was referred to the commit-
tee on lands, and not again-heard from till Feb.
27, Mr. G. said that it was the only bill before.
the committee proposing to recognize the prin.
ciple that a man is entit to live somew!
although he has no money to buy land with. It
provided that Crary, citizen or applicant for citl-
zenship might settle upon 160 acros of the ne.
{tional domatn, subject to private entry at lowest
rice, and get a certificate of pre-emption there-
to for next seven years. On proving that he
lived on the land, and had improved it and built
1a dwelling, he was to have 40 acres free, if sin-
glo, or any 80 acres of it if married, without
pay. qeBk.. The other 80, or 120 acre, he might
'y during aald seven years at 614, and interest.
Anybody night buy at $14 any quantity of the
Dublic ads, on mnaking afta it that he Lir-
‘ed it for his own use and improvement. If not
for his own use, the minimum price to be @5

moved to table the bill: Mr. Gree-
Ney asked the yeas and nays: the House refused
to make a record of the yeas and nays upon it
ig in favor of the

Proposition. The bill was lost.
In this free republic there are millions of peo-
ple landless, and living anywhere only by others?
fon while al fround them end a raing
‘value as population increases, Wages in ma-
ny sections are falling, while rents and food
grow dearer, and employment becomes more
and more scanty and precarious. It is a hard
chance to-day for any mere laborer to buy and
[pay for a decent farm in any well-settled portion
of the country. To remove to anew rogion is

Branch Minte—Gold Cotuage.

st years of On the 3d of March, it was enacted that dou-
Price-cl for wild land | ble eagles and gold dollars ahouid be eoined #t |
away the sctiler®s little all, 104)

is of the bankers and brokers,

emnc-|are Kept in elrculation instead.” Perhaps there |
pay ten shillings an |have not been many of them struck off aa _yet
‘for land, theugh often dificult, can hardly |In the House, this measure met with considers.
; but to pay the twenty- i
‘to this ie in-
3Y men who have been
ie theee twenty years, are now further| | Inallhigans
‘ruccess than ever. bad strongly 3

‘Congress should act. Even in mercy to the|s branch

ty and of |
Hem raed by heart vemen anal
il tare sales except to act settlers,
ahetild sell to these only on conditions which
ion. It should alow
if but, forte mitnout a neg
Loaner re
It should allew no eettler, ‘even, to)
rend one hundred and sixty acres except
anced price. In short, it should |
the public lands would become pri-
‘only in the hands of those who really need
vent, and }

em.
In the Commissioner of the Land-Office’s re- ions more j
rt, Nov. 30, 1648, fie states that in that year|hed there been a branch mint in New York. My.
450,741 acres had been proclaimed for alc, | Walker estimated the com brought into the U.
‘and that about as much more would be brought|8. by uemzozants from abroad at” 8,000,000 }
into market in 1649. “He earnestly recommends| yearly, and intimated that the assistant-treasurer
‘that the pre-emption privilege be extended to all at New York would become the treasurer of
blic lands, whether eur-|braneh mint there. The government had ¢:
‘that to the |acted from the merchants of New-York, ins
wall of ‘yeaa, $35,300,678, in specie, for duties, and a mint
ld render their p far more easy.
‘A bill to establiah

L255
it

Z
i

ements. On British empire—half n dor-
Tan. 1, 1849, there, were 245,913,344 acres re-|en would only be useful in the way of increas-
untold, of oftered and unappropriated |ing executive pstronege, eo bften and so etecax |

lands in the twelve Innd states, the Whole con-|ally used to soften the petriots finty heart
[| tents.or area of which were 992,579,200 acres ;|Why would not a mint st New-York, with «
74,812,986 acres were then unurveyed: 100,-|brmch st New-Orloans, serve for the’ Union |i
4 ‘The mint should be located in New-York, where jf
bullion and furcign coin are mainly received and |
bold ; and whenever n raint shall be establiebed ff
Gulf coast, within the U. 8, at 3,500 miles; the | at New-York, there will he no more use for one j
extent of the Pacific coast at 7,620; and the|im Philadelphia than in Versnumt. We ha.o feur
ore line of the United States at '33,003 miles :! mints already, which is st Teast two too many. |
l| Texas be divides into, Texas proper, between|A bill retrenching our mint expenditures by i
fi the Sabine and Nucces,. 148,549 square miles;| abolishing the North Carolina sud Goo
between the Nueces and Rlo Grande (no purt of|branchos, and removing the chief mint to New
f Texas), $2018; and porth of Peao and Ensenada York, would secures far ager eggrerate coi
B river to 42° north ‘Senta Fé country. New Mex-|age, at a taucl. amaller expense, Was there ev.
feo}, 194,833: toval 3u5,520 square miles. Since|er another guvermment in the universl world
ft frer and nine siave states have|thet supporied a mint and three branches in or.
California will doubtless apply {der to coin five and a helf millions’ worth of
for admission ‘thts winter: Oregon and Minne-|specle per id ever another nation
sote are fast Ailing up. brench miats for the sake of a ccia-

pivot GOORle

RLECTION RETURHS.

ELECTION RETURNS,
BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.
Prepared Ezpressly for the Whig Almanac.
on MAE Cras ia icra ete en Soa
tele, at
wt eee pee
James.

‘e118 a
4716; Har
over

er" Tylor. came. VB

‘Franklin.
Hancock «.---1662
Sa17

SESQELEE Ret

Barnstable 1714
134| Berkabire «318
Sd

Dz. Hubbard over Hamlin, 9,274; over all, 1249.
‘Taylor and Van Baron over Cass, 7,248. The ag-
arognie voto ofthe Stat fale eho of that of the

residential lection 15,41 —the Whigs loving
7,018; Locos, 2672; and ra, 441

NEW-MAMPSHIR!

lor, 12,369.

RHODE-ISLAND.—[ fetal}
[ASQPEMOR TIM. FaeeDexr—148,
counties. “Ww aE Tiny and sect Taglor. Gass. V.B.
Cn eee

a sis

frotl......500 290i Bl om a
“Anthony over al, 1,558, ‘Taylor over Case and
sDinmmioey ove al, 418; Caer ovr a, 48i0 VagnBuron 2a, knew
‘over Clay and Bituey, 5 ro in It Distriot—King, :
Folk over Clay and Birney, 500, Roce tor hey-| Brow" L. F200; Borden, FS, and sceitering,
fon daa Gases 27709; and Van Buren, 7,960." |p. Hig Diairet_ Pires ti (ADD
VERMONT.—[0ftcat | Be Aas aston a Caugua)~ bison, W
— peslering? 106. 2
Govennon—1040,_ Presioens—io4s,| #22; ead Thurston, Coalition, 2,197

ecte, Necdinm, Clark, ——
re Re : CONNEOTICUT.—{ Qeial]

wi As 616 11! Goveanon—1049. Paesipet—It
Goa] Di Com Te Se a

New-Haven ..4874
Middiesex...:-1481

11.
|New-London.9623
Windham

mapas
Fairfield, .....4358
Litchfield. ....978

Else ga a3 Bs

AAAS BAGd SoHs...26122 19957 10948]

PENNSYLVANIA.—[Qfeia)
1849—Canat, ConMtse'R—48, GOVERNOR—1648,
‘sMiadle- “Sohne

BEES Eres (ne
'

8
ss VEEEEDEUS Ss

1951
cut
1001:
243.
ass.
‘209.
21
131
250.
1389.
245,
2865.
‘047.
1390.
1230,
870.
1099:
eu
1788.
204.
314
2130.
365.
1905.
Its.
08
na.

ree
as

deseo’:
E

RHEE S8e8S2082

a582

Al essay

zane aoe

‘ote for Taylor was 185,518; Cass, 171,976, and Ve
Buren, 1,

MARY LAND.—[Qficial)
Concress—It4, Paesivewt—1948,

arei'W. pea. cue. v.n
pe a en

Bl aady:
tel aaeuee

:
zis Gleslis § 219582 alZER Elsusegs

il Rhee
ainay”

a als
a

‘The vote for Taylor was 97,708;
Buren, 125. For Governor, 1847,
received $8,970 votes; ‘Thomas,
emmor, 1844, Pratt, W., 35,0405 Carroll,
J.D. Roman, W., had 818 maj. for Ci

que
ie
Hie

iid District tn 1027, although i
Lice, 654 en. a’ 1 "Alnert Constable,
nad 260 maj. {0 the Veh District tm 1045, and in

1145] the Whige carried every.

earn A

ree
ota Ballot.

ded ride tinen tanh

{ 1

i (Ts }
ay
ent a {
bi i es
ne He
Hil Se tu
| _paniannnaicaaggginainttnnannaneaaaanggiia al

;

coustizs.

| ia 25

fongazsaae2 |g MHSRERRERE|t eee
SCUE SE Sa |g (UNAGERSEIETS [gp 0 anewnnnn [HG

ifarmanrnns jpiganeannenes | Is ig

{gaeunaguan (gjpatsnesenen |pjpeninceacen Ith a

‘votes, fn the ViIth District, ba 1047,

atta HE Metal lilalaty

(ld SRRSHR[G BER TeR=|y GEHRE [REST HS|y BOSEARE RT 31

Wule ALMAmac, 1850.

| 3

4 AE feed Ga | ul

ban HfaeaHO 9 Ut g EERE S S084 gata fg ara pataas |

Zz 5 ol: : | i piiges iy: a ¥ a: H
SHEA cattle itil» SUfEe vib Ulla RH

ELECTION RETURNS.

le JHRESPREESSERRAGSAASERSBR ES BEST ART a3 |g 4 é

juutce 64 ig dsdiddias |e snide (g:

af 28 “ ‘Hiomnerna |g {.uugeen |g fenettce |3 84

devuaatis gt pe shancddea |g jedan (9 Lyeeuddd (g
pees ypnnsega fy seaeea |e gosta 8 eceresel caere eel kL.

hla dle sain itl

Hal &
$588 paar paren
i 7 Bese By

fi
BeSeRS Age: be
HSSRRARESSERRRR®CESRER RAS sBRASRORESSEE |g aa

for
221 votes,

fotal. eee
Judge C
sition,

NonEss—i847. Pars'r—1e4s,| Total .

SSgRRERRRAES SE te

7 7
—Polk?
ALABAMA,

SORRABBSRSEASES FSSGBRR2RIBRE

1649—Co!

PRRaBe RSSS2R5“RRRABEBR

a:
i
fag:
des

Ware ALwamac, 1850.

i rail A i @uASeGGR da dE200E8 ZEGFENEA® FSSELEARGBZES SRUERER | Hea
38g Hi f
fe = it

Lijerseseenes: SEGRE!

ie fstbaibaillalialatili mh
ge? RES RezaReREES ib |g RSBEUSRR egreng sngrgocaugeTagaR
gyan ss9 Bracgueans RESRVSERSLRER toll seg ORE beer RaBnRacenss bri we

yatta

Sos seeeneene oe sans agEgsosageos:

| apililedliddiaclia Jul

‘
a
k
a
5
E
z

{pisniddics ‘cue plu joatsaeti gf GRARGSSES |p
fewwneon-o-- i FARREUET |B fyeaucnie ig SAREE gAETRRE |g Feemrore—— a

garvrononnneo I {taduguad |e Ulduancad 1g (edacea

pprrae*aacncs |g ee lat me |g faBRuaMaeRe |g fs
7 i ae
. ae A

SES551 ij ifs Hl fallbe i KaCCoMMEE BF i

padascancaeien jeff g [eSGeaReeER ys |g He ueds [g4gibad
Bg fyaagemazee gfzeaan

Pana aa sageine l2 anal = % BIE

P pa

Poaiton,

‘Thomp- No o
W.

piney GOOgle

5
i
3
Hy
H

Aid H ppetteaensneggeemcs tine ies 3 ‘iil

S58

: enthonaenaane eon 8

hi dt sedlatty iy TEL ccssastes 1

ane

SERRASTSLRRE |E *egs Sar SASARSSRSTER |§ PHBERRBRREHOSO=sEREORN |g

Et
EaRas* picuell | Tanieciietenssall) fOOORECRAAGHESEREARERES [2

‘25809 Sims]

aaetestne ial sl "acddesdaaddn ‘s ddge —

Grand total 29298 38001

piney GOOgle

‘Reprodueed by the AMERICAN, PHOTO- LITHOGRAPHIC, Co NY -OshnnesProtear!
1867.

o1,

STATE GOVERNMENTS—1851.

state Goversor, | Termespiron Salary. Revenue, Rxpendites. Sita Debt
Mainz. -Jobn Hubbard - Jan. 1852. .$1,500.. $525,688 .. $478,802... $979,000
N. Hamestine. Samuel Dinsmoor Jun
Vermont.....-Chas, K. billiams. Oct. 750... 119,386.
Massacuus'ts . Jen. 152... 2,600..1,078,341 1057) 407... 6,134,556 |
Ruove [s.anp. Henry B. Anthony May, 'S1-. "400.. 161,648. 16,413...’ ——
Connecticut ..’Thos. H: Seymoar.- Mi 11o0-. 199347/. 118.392. |
New Yor« « Washington Hunt .Jan. 4,000.. 992,688.. 849,316..2 ,128945|
Naw Jensny... George ¥. Fort ....Jan,

Pannsvivanta . Wm. F. Johnston -.Jan. 688. 4,084,792. 40,874,413
Datawane ....Willlam H. Rose. --Jan, ——|
Manytanp ...-Rnoch L. Lowe 71,315,440..1,631,385. 16,164,815
Vinaivta .....-John B. Floyd .- —T114/400,507
N’tH Carotina.David 8. Reid .....Jan. x ‘251,717.. 175,402..

8'tH Carouina.John H. Means ....Jan. 613.. 418,724,
Groraia... 290,000.

Fuoripa 39,260..
Avanama.....-Henry W, Collier--Dec. #179;989..11,765,856

284,999. 7,971,707]
Taalsez,000

Misnissierc<-- John A. Quitman...
Lovistana...--Joseph Walker ...-Jen.

Onto.. ‘Reuben Wood . °58.. 1,800..2,511,119. -2,338,196.. 19,173,223,
Inprawa.......Joseph A. Wri "b@.. 1,300. ‘872,243. .1,137,398.. 8.892.997
Ictinors....... August's C. French.Jan. ’53.. 1,500... —— +216,661,795
Micuiaan - ... John 8. Barry 52,..1,500.. 494,165.. 490,399.. 2,374,733

Wisconsix ....Nelson Dewey. 1,250.

Towa .........Steph. Hempstead. -Des. 1,000.

Kentucky. .--0J: 1. Helin (Act's) -. Aug. 2,500.

‘TENNxssag William Trousdale . Oct. 2,

ARKAweAS . -.2-John 8. Roane. ....Nov. “1,800.

Texas...... Peter H. Bell......Dec. 2,000.

| Missount ‘Austin A. King .... Dec. '52-. 2000. —

Catironwia ...Petor H. Borett. -. Dee. 'S1,.10,900. . 1,525,000. 700,000.
‘The Governors in italice ahove are Whige ; the residue Opposition. “s Foe two years.

IMPORTATIONS UNDER THE TARIFFS OF *42, AND 746.
245, following aatement exhibits the value of certain articles imporied during the
the Sou June, 1b4,.'45, "40, and '50, (after deducting the re-exportation the Tatease ot
‘whieh accrued in each during the satne periods reapectively.

9,313,495 | 19,504,423) $8,731,014 | 18,505,720] 3,726,984 (6,900,916 | 4,682,457
‘tant | ae ISiiegsie| Sot] seas | dees
"acnt| Pantani] onal] 4on's| "oer | 'sa'ae| "ioe
1,697,118] 4,075,142) 2,415,008! 9,189,743} 2,636,923 ‘aes 4

57 085
To1s98] “"iao2| "es'as| "are20| 'iteo| “sre| "ins
Gsuael| seR,350| 678,069] 1,424,529) 2a4,o0d| 1,287,518) 245,504
isha45| 187;962| 190,221) ‘387,370, 116,211 | ‘381/885) 108/557

|
‘Total dollars... (Ee $4,009,956 | 14,671,418 49,204,750 18,162,751 161,835,321 {16,900,698

EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND TONNAGE OF THE U. 8.

‘The following statement exhibite the total value of Imports, and the Imports consumed in the

United States, exclusive of Specie, during each fiscal year, from 1841 to 1850, both inclusive ; and

thaws also tha valuo of the Domostio and Foreign Export exclusive of Specie, and the ‘unnage
cinployed during the same period (1849 ia for'9 monthe ending June 0)

anricurs,

pe
2
:
ae
Be
tee
:
i

114,776 309 108,696,396, 2,181,235 12
“iimese | Sstmbae | Smee |Nadstter
357,296,129 ‘71608 354 5,189,395, 4:946.480
96,500,548 8Q,031,774 6.214.098 | 111,200,046
105,309,541 98,455,590 7,584,781 114,646,606
110,048;85 101,718,042. Fossa | sane 518
116,257,505 150,574,844 9,180,754 152,648,622
140(651.902 190,288,709 Jaeseo2 | 154002131

x 108 181,710,081 8,641,001 |-145,755,
134,900,382 Sass | Isteeecran

wnie Atwarac ver 1851.

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE FXRCUTIVE.
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New York. President of the United States. .Balary 825,00

THE CABINET.

DANIEL WERSTER, of Manenchvsctis, Stcretary of State. coos Malary @6,000

THOMAS CORWIN, of Ohio, Seerrtary of the Treasury... PEIN ‘000

ALEXANDER H. H. STUART, of Virginin, Secretary of the Inicrior, “6.000
WILLIAM A. GRALAM, of North Carolinn, Secretary of War... “6000
SHAHLES M. CONRAD, of Louisiuno, Scerctary af the Nary. 6,000
SATHAN K. HAIL. of Now York, Postmaster General..... «6,000

NDEN, of Kentucky, Atorney-General...-.-.

THE JUPICIARY.
SUPRENE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Chief Juetice +. Salary 5,008,
lowe Sclaas, of Olio, | Asvaciate Justte.|Peven V, Daxirta of Virgiin, Aevociate Justice.
lames M. Warne, of Georgia, laamors, Nrsson, of New York,
ome Carmo, of Tennessee Lrvt Wooosuny,of New Hamp.
louk McKixr-ev. of Kentucky, Rovenr C.Gnixe, of Pennsylva, ©
‘Salary of Associate Justices, €4,500.

XXXIst CONGRESS.

Pinst Sexstow assembled Monday, December 3, 1849. ... Adjourned Septamber 38, 1860.
assembled Monday, December 2, 1850. «Expires Mareh 3, 1081.

SENATE.—62 Members.
WILLIAM R. KING, of Alubama, President pro tem,

[Whigs in Zatica ; Locos in Roman ; Froe Rollers in smact cars. ‘The figares before eneh Ben-
nora name denote the yeur when his term clotcs. Whigs 25; Locos 35; Free Sollers 2)

ALABAMA. LOUTSTANA. | NORTH CAROLINA.
1859..Jeremtai Clemene, 1853..Bolomon U.Downs, | 1853... Willie P. Mangnm,
1855.:AVililom Mufis Kise. /+1855. Pierre Soule, 1855. \Georga B. Radger.
ARK Aseas. INE. 1
sn cheatin,
5 Mo A "| 1857..Uannihal Harlin,
#86.-Solon Borland, 1853. Jumos W. Hradbry,
1951..Jolm'G. Premio masnactuserrs.
sins. Witliana Mt ¢ Robert C. Winthro
connecticut. John Davis,
S51... Roger B. ftatdiorn, MARYLAND. ANODE ISLAND,
“It.. Truman Smith, ++ Thomas (2. Pratt, BSL... Albert C. Greene,
Ton AWARE James A. Pearce. 1853. John Hf. Clarke
rey aptwance, MICHIGAN. Icon ROUTH CAROLINA.
FLORIDA, Lewis Casa, 11859..R. Barnwell ithet,
1851. David Levy Yates, Alpheus Feich, 1858..Andrew P. Butler,
"Ibs. facksoa Blorton, se smniret TERNFSER
GuORGIA. jerno Dax 1851. Hopkins 1. ‘Turney,
1858.. John Murcpherson Rerrien, ‘Henry Stuart Foote, | 1852. _ John. Bel. i

SWiltion C. Daween.

THDIANA, mIssocnt.

‘Thomas Ifart Benton,
David R. Atchison, "|

ast. Sense Br
Beamon Whiteons,

LH itiam Lipham.
tinct
185)..e0, Waal James Mt Mean,
NSs::Augustus Garnar Dodge, William Henry Seward. ..Robort Ai. T, Hunter.
eee eH
158. Jone Ie. Underiood, r. Henry Dodee
SIE." Henry Clay, 1850... Jacob W. Miller. U yet. toeue Ps Walker.

* Had not geate im the XXXth Congreak. — f Appuinted by the Governor to Gila vacancy {ill the Laialatere mest
Patherst'Bemtor bigest tween f 7 y il the Lagiat

tows.

MEMBERS OF CoNeREss.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 233 Members.

4 Loren P. Waldo,
ALTER BOOTH,

3 Chaua. F, Cleveland,
‘Thomas B. Buller
GALIVORST

Rdward Giver,
Geo, W. Wright:
BELAWail
John, Howaton.*
"yrataD
award C. Cabell
‘GEonGtA
yore W. Jackson.
[farduall J. Welborn,
len B. Owen,
fagh A flarelson,*
jomas (: Hackett,
fowell Cobb,*
heer m4
fobert Teombe.
Ta
Jno. A. MeClernand,*
Timothy K Youne,*
fol Wentworth,

¢ SREBTR

wr Seessonawe we Semsaenuw

Ey
E

aL)

ap i

MOWELL COBB, GA., Speaker.

AS
RE

lecander
in B. Kerr.
|ASSACHUSETTS,

ili

‘Vacancy,
GMARLES ALLEN,

2 ee
Ei

i
“Iucob Thompsce,
Win 8; Fenthorsion,
William MeWillle,
Albert @. Brown”
SOURL

EES SPS shai:

Poe:
r

Amos Tucx,* le

t2 Samad F. Vinton.*
Goarion Ui; Peasion,*/13 Semed F Finlons
14 Nathan Boans,*

1 —|Kontacky <1
1 —{Loutaiant Y
3 | Maine.....2.. 2 5|N.-Hampahire .1

‘Messrs, Booth, Julian, Presion Kiog, and Dut

BSeesectawe maw wo SSeedeoaeu- seuson~ w~ SUNSBESSEORER

s 5

es
=

7
i

ro
H

‘|

wae am

ANAC, 1651.

MILEAGE OF XXXIst CONGRESS.
Firat Hesston.

‘Tue Committee on Mileage find the follewing
lembers of the House of Representatives of the|
Initod Staten to be entitled to Mileage for the!

Members.
John R. J. Daniel, N.C.

‘umber of miles opposite their respective ames —|

Members, ies
Tathanicl Alberteon, Ind.... 998
B. Alexander, N. Y.. 450

harles Allen, Mase
Wiffiam J. Alston, Ala.
‘righ M. Anderson, Tenp...10
Joorve R. Andrews, N. Y.. 536
Willie 8. Ashe, N.C.

Jeorge Ashmun, Mi
Thomas H. Averett, Vi
D. Beker, Ill

inta Hi. Bissell, ill
1S Bocock, Vi
id A. Bokee, N. Y.
alter Booth, Conn:
Franklin W.
ichard J. Bowie, Ma.
James B. Bow!

Linn Boyd, Ky. 1382
Daniel Breck, Ky. 962
Feorge Bri : 226
inmen Brooke, N.Y. 226

Albert G. Brown, Mi
William J. Brown, Tn
Alexander W. Buel, Mich.
Gorenzo Barrows, N. Y.
Armistead Burt, 8. 6.
Shemer Butler, Penn.
Thomas B. Buller, Conn’
2 Carrington Cabell, Via.
foseph Cable, Ohi
Jeorge A. Caldwell, Ky
joseph P. Caldwell,’ N.

loseph Cane
meh R. antler, Pa.
Sharles EK. Clarke, N.Y.
Shauneey ¥. Cleveland, Cl
Thomas L. Clingman, N.C. 587
lowell Cobb, Ga.
Williamson It. W. Cobb, Ala.
William F. Coleock, 8. C.
‘reamus Cole, W is.
darmon 8. Conger, N. ¥
3hastes M. Conrad, La.
Moses B. Corwin, Ohio.
fukn Crowell, Ohio.

Kdmand Deberry, N.C
Jesse C.
Mio a Dismich Ps

Miage.
9840
360.00]

David T. Disney, Ohi
Nathan F. Dixon, B. I
396.00|Jaines Duane Doty, Wis.
1029.60} William Doer, N.
817.60|James H. Duncan, Mass
420 80| Cyrus L. Danham, Ind.
ries Darko, Wis. -
Henry A. Edmandson, Ve.
Alexander Evans, Md.
Samuel A. Elis

Graham N. Fitch. Ind
Orin Fowler, M
John Freedly, Pi
‘Thomas J.
| Meredith P.
Elbridge Gerry,

180.80
180 80'Herman D. Gould, N.
1864.00|Jamea 3. Green, Mo.
791.20' Joseph Grinnell, Moss.

Daniel Gott, N.

864.80|"Thoman C. Hackett, Ga,
‘20' Willard P. Hall, Mo.
592.00 Ransom Halloway, N
219.20) William T. Hamilton, Md.
217.60, Edward Hammond, Md
1007.20; Moses Hampton, P.
344.00; Hugh A. Haraleon,
856.00 Andrew J. Harlan, Ind.
357.60' John H. Harmanson,
224.00 Iabam @. Harris, Tenn.
675 20 Sampeon W. Harris, Ala.
375.20 Thomas L. Harris, 10.
225 60 Androw K. Hay, N. J.
109.60 Thomas 8. Hayinond, Vw
436.80 William Hebard, Vt.
304.00) William Henry, V
469.60| Harry Hibbard, N.
641.00| Henry W. Hilliard, Ala’

862.40

1040.00] Mosca Hongland, Ohi 399.20
523.20] Alexander R. Holliday, V1 82.40
1548.00] Isaac K. Holmes, 8. C. _ 443.20 ff
147.201 Jahn W. Hon 160.00 |

60! Voluey Ee. Ho 2400.00
720.80|John W. Howe, Pa 376.80

708.00' David Habbard, A

MILEAGE OF XXXIST coNeREsS.

Members Mileage.
William F. Hunter, Otto.
Samuel W. Inge, Als... .
Soseph W . Jackson, Ga. r i
jam Jackson, N. 424.00 | Gideon Reynolds, N.
€90.40| William A. Richardson,
.00 | Jalius Rockwell, Mass. -
1968.60| Joseph M. Root, Ohio. 6.0
£32.20 | Robert L. 490.40
16
458
as2ru
a 5 49£0
Preston King, N.Y. S120
Emile La Bere. Li os
Bhepherd Lefiler, Towa. ry. 30000
Lewis C. Levin, Pa [Sohn L. Schoolcraft, N.Y... 3% 30020
Nathaniel 8. Littlefield, Mi James A. Seddon, Va...... 132° 10560
Horace Mano, Mass “Anguatine H. Shepperd, N.C. 400 290.00
Job Mann, P. Peter H. Silvester, N. Y. 29200
Hompbroy Marshal X Elbridge ’G. Spalding, N. 36000
John C. Mason, Ky. William Spragae, Mich. 960.80
Ortamus B. Matteson, N.Y. 482 Edward Statly, N.'C.. 26400
John A. McClernand, Til....1243 Frederick P. Stanton, Tenn. 1607 1285.60
Joseph H; McDonald, Ind.--1194 Richard H. Stanton, Ky.... 785 62400
James McDowell, V Alexander 1. Stephens Ge, 755 6400
Hiwrd W MeGuaghey 1a8186 Thaddeus Stevens. Pi 100 00
‘Thomas McKiesock, N.Y... 295 , 561
James X. McLanshan. Pa. r 15600
Robert M. McLane, Ma, ¥ 39047
Finis E. McLean, Kj .00| John E.. Taylor, Ohi : Besa
Fayette McMallen, Va. '20|James iH. Thomas, Tenn. 260
John McQueen, 8.C. (148) g6q _4g9,¢0|S8eeb Thompeon, Mise. 132000
miles deduct’d at his req'et) .60 | Sames Thompson, Ps 628 20
William MoWilig, Misn....2963 1650.40|John B. Thompson, Ky. 1H20
James Meacham, Vi 354 443,20| William Thompeon, Iowa...1868 1494.40
Richard K. Meade, Va. 154 123.20|John R. Thurman, N. Y. 66 ST BD
John K. Miller, Ohi 2571 456.80|Robert Toombs, Ga 18s
John 8. Millson, Vi 2 937 189,60 Amos Tack, N. H, 410.40
Henry D. Moore, P 1137 109'0] Walter Underhill, N. ¥- 180.80
Charles 8. Morehead, Ky.--. 972 777.60|John Van Dyke, 'N. J. 160.00
Jonathan D. Moris, Ohio... 851 680 90| Abraham W. Venable, N.C. 295 “£36.00
Tasae E. Morse, Li . .00 | Samael F. Vinton, Ohi sie ane
Jeremiah Morton, Vi [100 80,00] Hiram Walden, N.Y. 12 329.60
William Nelson, N. ¥...... 284 227.90|Loren P. Waldo, Conn 200 60
Henry Nes, P. 2100 80.00|Daniel Wallace, 8. C...... 759 9872)
Willa. A. Newell, 'N.J.-- a0 16080/ Albert G. Wathing Tenn... éue 4300
Andrew J Ogle, F 2246 196.80|Marshall J. Welborn, Gi
Badvon B. Olds, Ohio + #20 302.60] Jahn Wentworth I
Tames L. Orr, 8. C. 2790 632.00 ‘White, N. Y-
Tobn Otia, M 2 640 512.00| William A. Whittlesey, Obio 516
David Outlaw, N.C. 140 | Isaac Wildrick, N.J.....-- 313
Christop'sH-Willase Tonn.1513
David Wilmot, Pr a3
Charles H. Peasiee, N. i [James Wilson, N.H.
Lucius B. Peck, Vi Robert C. Winthrop, Mass... 462
John 8. Phelps, Mo. |Amos E. Wood, Uhio. . 1048
J. Phillips Phoenix, N. ¥- 180,80 | Joseph A. Woodward, 6.0... 700

Charles W. Pitman, P:
Emery D. Potter, Ohio.

‘W. Wright, Cal.
eieciby W. Yoosge i

Wale ALMANac, 1851.

DELEGATES.

Members. Mies.” Mileage.

$1880.00)
overnment of Oregon.) (Brot
der general law, by act of
eptember, 1850.) ‘The Commit-
ze allow him . s++4315 3452.00)

Ovum former pnblication of the Mil

the last’ (XXXth) Congress, with te!
cs assomed to have been travelled, in
trast with the actual distance by th
‘text post-ronte from each Member's resi-
sce to the Capitol, to which was appended
solamm showing how much would have
m saved to the Treasary by compating| |
eage uniformly on the most direct mail-| '
tes, was reganied us personal by many|
mbers, and es impelled by an unfriendly
rit. “The fact was not so. We only wirhed|
‘et fally and clearly before the pablic whet}
‘med to as a very gross wrong—an abuse
ich needed but exposure to insure its cor
ion. We trast that correction can not
g be deferred, although an effort to secure
'y the present House, was defeated by’
pertinacious resistance of the Senate.
n the foregoing table, we have avoided
plausible ‘oceasion for complaint or offense.
a have simply transcribed from tho uflicial
ords ia the ‘Treasury Deparment the
cunt of Mileage awarded to each Men
of the present House at its firet (long)
ion, with the wamaber of miles which fy
# assumed to live from Washington, and
which eighty cents per mile (forty each;
y) Were allowed him as expenses of trav
'g. We have not contrasted them with

2 others. Bee likewise the great d
ity between the charges of the
mbers from Western Pennsylvani
na, Tennessee, &c. The charges
mibers and Delegates from Louinana,
xa, Minnesota, California and Orevon,

ibably no part of Ohio, for instance, 3
sv farther from Washington tl 3
2 part, and 4
te receive Mileage for 500 miles more| 5
2
H
H

most instructive. People of the United] ,*,
tes! this Mileago business ought to be| "4
‘thauled and corrected, and you must take| Ro
dorit! will act tly upon | Ste

whenever it ahall be understood that it]
st, Shall not that be soon? *

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
AXXUD CONORESS—INCOMPLETE.

Vi; iy
vacancies aro to be ied

MILLARD FILLMORE,

MILLARD FILLMORE.

Mr, Fintaoz was born at Sammer Hill,
Cayuga county, N. Y. January 7th, 1800,
ond is accordingly now nearly 50 yenrs old,
His father wos a farmer in very limited cir.
cumstances. The family removed to Aurors,
Erie county, in 1819, where the father still
carries. on a farm of moderate dimensions;
the writer hereof has often passed the mod-
eat boase where reside the family of the
President, in « style not more pretending,
than is common to thriving farmers of that
prosperous district. The narrow means of
the father did not permit the bestowal on
the son of dhy other than a most limited
ecommon-school education. When 15 years
old, he was set to learn the trade of a clothier
at which he worked for four years, improving
all bis spare time in reading books from a
little library in the village where he lived.

|] Atthe age of 19 he made the acquaintance

of Judge Wood of Cayuga county, who de-
tected the latent talents of the young man,
ahd induced him to stady law, for which he
generously farnished the means. Mr. Fill-
‘more remained in Sudge Wood's office above
two years, stadying with that industry and
perseverance which have distinguished him|
through life: during this time he also taught
school in’ the Winter montha in order him-
elf to provide for his expenses as far as pos-
sible. In 1622 he entered a iaw office at)
Buffalo and passed a year studying and
teaching, when he was admitted to the bar|
‘and removed to Aurora to commence the prac-
tice of his profession. In 1696 he married
Abigail, the daughter of Rev. Lemuel Pow-
ers: she now presides at the White House.
|| Several years were now mainly employed
Hl by Mr. Fillmore in ditigent judicial studies,

and in the limited legal practice of a country
}} town. In 1829 he was elected to the Aesem-
} bly of New York and for three years (during,
which time be. removed his residence to
| Baffalo) held a seat in that body. Here he
}] was remarkable for constant devotion to
and unwearied industry in his duties. He
took a prominent and influential part in the
enactment of the law abolishing imprison-

ment for debt. In 4632 he was elected to
the XXHId-Congross and-served creditably.
In the Fall of 1836 he was egain returned
to the same office and acted as « Member
of the Committee of Elections in the famous
New.Jersey ‘Broad-Seal’ case, and in that |
capacity established his repatation in the
House. He was reélected to the next Con: jf
[grese, and now assumed the responsible po-
sition of Chairman of the Committee of W aye fl
‘and Means. In the duties of this post at a |
trying crisis, he manMested the industry, dig- j
nity of bearing, efficient practicel talent, and |
ability to secure the confidence of his col j
leagues, which had before distingnished hina,
His public reputation perhaps reste more j
‘upon the manner in which ‘he filled this poet [|
in the XXV1Ith Congress than on ariy other
portion of bis career.

After this, resisting the importanities of
his friends and the Whig Convention of his |
District, Mr. Fillmore retamed at Buffalo |
to the practice of his profession. In 1844}
Ihe was ran by the Whigs of New York for fi
Governor, and was beaten by Silas Wright, f
st the same time thet the socalled Liberty
party threw the vote of the State for Polk, |
Texas, the Mexican War, and the Exten-
jion of Slavery. In 1847 he. was elected
Controller of the State, and removed to Al J
bany to discharge the daties of that office,
which he held till February, 1849, -vhen be
resigned it, prior to hi
/¥ice-Presidency, to which post he had been
elevated by the Presidential election of 1848.
On the death of Gen. Taylor in Jaly last, Mr.
[Fillmore became President. He appointed
anew Cabinet with Daniel Webster at its
head, and varied so-far from the course pur. |]
sued by Gen. Taylor as to throw the infla-
ence of the Administration in favor of the
Compromise measures before Congress. Ati
the same time he rebuked with firmness and
decision the threat made by Texes against
New Mexico. His course bes been guv-
lerned by an carnest desire to concilinte the
warring sections and restore harmony to

the Union.

Walo aumaNac, 1851,

*Stockhobi s2
SURO += Oscar Ly King.sseeeseeses

‘Two Sicilies.
Greece.
‘Turkey:

tA.
Millard Fillmore, President.
‘Manuel Arista, Bresident..

few Brunewick... Ihr. Prov. 21100.

fown Scotia .2....-Be. Prov... baii(ax...--..8ir John ilurvey, Lt. Governor... 18.600..
PrEadwant’s inland. Br. Prov..... . Campbell, Lt, Geveror.c. SIH.
‘Newfoundland Ps s. G. Jas Marclint, Tat

‘Juan Leade, President,
‘G. St. John Francourt, Goveruor.

SOUTH AMERICA.
-s++Ropublic.....Caraeens.......Jose G. Monncas, President
Republic. A Fe deBoxota Jone Iuaro Loper, Presi

Reput “General Ascasthi,

joaquin Suarer. Prewid
Lopez, Dietntor
Pedro Ii, Emperor.
Barkly
Governor General.
"Province... Cayenue.......M. de Mestro, Governor... sss.

WEST INDIES.
Conchn, Capt, Geers.
‘ : nein, » Gane (ener.
Gane liaytion’
‘Ban Domingo.

ne.
Curague.
ia Craz, ie, . Oxhoim, Governor.
<—— Hamtten, Ut Governor...

Be. Prov... Hamilton.

comonnss

1m 1850,

CONGRES:

Tue Firs Seasloa of the XXXIst Coa-
| grees, which commenced Nev. 34, 1648, and
H closed Sept. 30th, 1850, was one of the long-
fj eat and most exciting ever held. Its ten
[| months’ daration was in good part devoted
{| to speech-making—nearly the first: montt|

baving been consumed by the House in in-
effectual ballots for a Speaker. The Oppo-
ition had a emall plorality im the House,
with a very decided majerity in the Senate ;
| bat the number of ‘Free-Soil Democrats,’
| who could not vote for a Speaker so thorough
ly adverse as Mr. Cobb to their vierrs of
Slavery Extension, rendered the result doubt.
fal, and would have secured the reelection of
| Mtr. Winthrop bat for the defection of Messrs.
| A. H. Stephens, Toombe, and Owen, of Ga.
| Morton of Va., ond Cabell"of Fle. who re-
{| fased to vote with their party on Spenker

without a distinct committal against the Wi-|
mot Proviso. This could not be conceded, 0
Mr. Winthrop was steadily voted againat by|
soveral Pro-Slavery Whige on one side, and
Anti-Slavery men elected by Whig votes on|
the other, while Mr. Cobb lost vetes on one
| side ony. Several other candidates were

tried on either side with like saccess, though
one (Mr. W.J. Brown of In.) come very near
Hai election, having succeeded ia uniting beth
wings of the Opposition apon himself, by sat-
iafactory private assurances on the Blavery|
Question. ‘The fact that euch cross-eyed as-
surances had been given became pablic bare.
ly in time to prevent his election. Finally,
the Honse decided to try « plarality vote,
agreeing that the highest candidate at the|
next ballot should be thereupon elected ; and|
1 this vote Howell Cobb of Georgia had 102
votes, Bobert C. Winthrop of Massachusetta
f 100, and there were some fifteen scattering.
{| —Howeit Cos was thereapon declared]

Speaker by renolation moved by Edward]
Btanly (Whig) of North Carolin. THomas|
J. Camesett (Whig) of Toonesseo was, af:
ter a tedious struggle, reélected Clerk, but he|
soon died, and Ricuanp M. Youne of Ill
{once U. 8. Senator) was choson in bis stead.
Congress being fully organized, a protract,|

SIN 1850.

‘ed, vehement struggle commenced with re
gard to the Organization of the New Tert.
tories, Admission of California. &e. Genera
Taylor at an early day tranmnitted «Special
Message, recommending in substance tlut
California ehould be prompuly admitted with
the Constivation ber people bad framed and
Ithe boundaries they had designated, and that
the Territories atioald be leR under the Mil-|
tary Government which ad been established
lupen their conquest, uni such time as they
shoold be entitled to and, desirous of adzie
sion into the Union ve ABtates, when they|
should be received with whatever Republt-
Jean institutions they might present. This
plan made no provision for the settlement of
the Boundary of Texas, which State claimed
te include most of the People of New-Mexiro
and her entire territory east of the Rio Grande
within the former'a limite and rightfal jis
diction. ‘To this assumption the People
New-Mexicu manifested the most determined
land active hostility. Mr. Clay at an early dx)
made a speech to the Sensie, concayrng i
General Taylor's preference that each sub-
ject should be considered and decided by
iteelf, bat insisting that the Territories should
be promptly organized under regular Tert-|
torial Goveroments, and the Texas Bounla
ry settled. In the progress of the discussivo,
Mr. Clay waived his own preference of sepa
rate action, and assented to the combination
lof the Admission of California, the Ocganits
tion of the ‘Tertitories, and the adjustment of
the Texas Boundary, all in one Dill, which
thence obtained the nickname of ‘the Oru
bus” A grand Commitee of Thirteen was
raised, with Mr. Clay at ite head, from which
smiitee the project known as the Omi
bas’ was in due season reported, and thence
forward contested with desperate resulution
by all dhe strength and a good share of the
Jweakneas of the Benate. When the strog-
gle was-at the fiercest, General Taylor died,
land it was aupposed that his decease and the
feaccession of Mr. Fillmore, who was esteemed
moderately favorable to ‘the Omnibus,’ would
secure ita passage, bat that expectation woe

‘WHIO ALAMac, 1851.

trealized. On the contrary, after various}
sondmenta bad becn proposed, and mainly]
ected, theagh sume of considerable impor
ree were adopted, a motion to strike out
that part rolnting to the Boundary of Tex-
wan curried, and the bill thas erippled wan]
membered limb by limb, until notbiug re:
tined bat the sections organizing Utah (the
ormon * Deseret’) as & separate Territory,
rich wae’passed and sent to the House.
Jowever, the California admiasion, the New
rxico Territorial, and the Texas Boundary
We all sabsequently passed as independent
spositions— the Texas Boundary bill giv
3 the same amount ($10,000,000) to ‘Texas!
‘relinquishing her claim to New-Mexico
at ‘the Omnibus’ did, while it secured to
sxas a larger and more desirable area thaw
e would have had by that bill. ‘The other|
ls were nubstantially the same as when in
aded in the Omnibus. ‘The Texas Boun-
ry bill evcountered a formidable resistance
the Housc—the most determined oppo
sata and the mom zealous champions of
avery Extension uniting in that resistance
‘but it was carrried through by a small ma-
vrity, after two failures, by uniting with it
.e bill to‘organize New-Mexico as a Terri-
ty. Thie union was concarred in by the
nate, afta all the bills became laws. Two
\Witional bills, reported separately from the
sunte’s grand Compromise Committee, were|
kewiae passed. Ove of them abolishes the
lnve-Trade in the District of Colombia,
hile the other (known as the Fugitive Slave
itl) provides more summarily and rigorously
sr the recapture and roturn to their masters
Tall ranaways from Slavery who aball have
ken refage in the Free States, (All thes
ills wil be found in full or in sabstanc
nother pert of this Almanac. They are the
Tincipal redalts of the Session of 2850, and
“ill enuse it long’to bo remembered.)
‘Toward the close of the Session, a strevu-
as effort, or serics of offorte, was made for al
evision of the existing Tariff, with a view
o affording additional Protection to the most|
lepressed branches of our National Industry.
pecially the production of Tron and of Cot-
on and Woolen Fabrics. The revision wes
Jefented in the House by vory close votes.

No attempt for it was made in the Senate
Cheap Pestage,
lcther desirable changes, wore attempted, but
failed for want of time or want of favor. Bot
@.arenooas attempt to break up the system
of exceuting the Printing of Cougresu by Con-
tract was resisted and defeated in the House.
much to the relief of the Treasary ; anda Pro
viso was fastened to the Naval Appropriation
Dill prescribing that Flogging in the Navy
should henceforth be abolished. ‘This. pro-
viso ia now the law of tho lund, and likely to
romain so. Attempts to cngraft the principle
lof Free Grants of Public Lands to Actual
/Sculera on our Land System were made, but
strongly voted down. The Semion, which
had been wnamally excited and stormy, closed
calmly and quietly.

—The Second Semion of the same Con:
grees opened a fow days before this Alms-
noc was prepared fut the prow. The Annual
Mossage of President F11..moke was trans.
mitted on the day of meeting (instead of the
Jday after, as ia afunl), ond appears to have
[been received with general favor, though
many disecot from ite emphatic support of
the Compromise measeres, and the expressed
[determination of the President to uphold and
2 Slave Law. Its brevi-
ty, lack of pretense, and clearness of state-
ment, are generally recognized end commend-
ed. ‘The Reports from the several Executive
Departments give 1 favorable impression of
ithe capacity and fitners of the authors. Post.
master-Goneral Hat's recommendation of
lower Rates of Postage (three ccats for let-
tera if prepaid, five conte if unpaid, to any
point this sido of the Rocky Mountains) is
hailed with general and lively approbation.
‘The Heport (from the Treasury Department)
lof Secretary Conwx, showing the impera-
tive necessity of a change from Ad-Valorem
10 Specific Duties, and vindicating the policy
lof « more systematic and eflicient Proteotion
to our National Industry, is also wannly com-
mended. The Reports of Secretaries Stu-

ANT, GRAHAM, and Conan, aro all cred
be to their authors, and ought to exert a be
neficent influence on the legislation of the
Session. As yet all ecems calm in the Capi.
tol, and there is a prospeet of a quiet and

usefal Session. May that hope be realised!

IMPORPART ACTS OF CoxeR:

IMPORTA

NT ACTS,

Passed at the First Session of the XXXIst Congress, which commenced |

December 3, 1849, and closed Septem

Admission of California.

AN ACT
For the admission ofthe State of California into the Union
‘Whereas, the people of California have presented]
a constitution and asked admission into the Union,
dehich cnatitution wag submitted to Congrons by|
resident of the United States, by message,
dated Februury thirteenth, eighteen hundred and |
fifty, and which, on due examination, $s found to
‘be republican iu its form of government—

"He tt enacted by the Senate and House of Represen|
tatives of the United States of America tm Congest
‘Gusembled, ‘That the State of California shall be one,
‘and is hereby declared 10 be one, of the United
States of America, and edmitted into tho Union on|
sn oqual footing with the original Sites in all re
Spects whatever.

Sect. 2. dnd be it further enacted, That until the

tatives in Congrens sball be apportioned

to an actual enumeration of the tnhabit

fe" United States, the State of California|

‘shall be entitled to two representatives in Con-

tree
Secr, 9. And be it further enacted, That tho asia
State of California is ‘admitted into the Union upon|
the exprene condton ta he poopie of ead ita,
Intovirewrth fe primey depose! et the public
rere with the primary dieposal of the public
Tanda within st Hata, av shal pase no les, and
do no act, whereby the title of the United States|
to, and zit diepoee of the sume, stall be tm:
pied orgucwonedy und thy sal ve ey any
‘or assesment of any description whatsoever,
no the United Sater aad
ent proprietors who are
tizens oftho United States, be taxed higher than
fenideuta; and thet ail the navigable waters within
Bie sid Siatoahall be commos nighvwayey ad for
fer free, an weil to the inabiuanta of etka Stato
sr o the citizens ofthe United Staten, without any
faxsimpostyor duly ievefors Provided, That not
tng nerPin Gontaived shall be construed ax recog
tiging or rejecing the. proposious tendered
the people of California us articles of compact i
the ‘ordinance adopted by the convention which|
{Bemed the covstitation ofthat State
“Byprore, September 92

‘The Texas Boundary.

AN ACT
to the Suate of Texas the eatablsboent of ber
ferent Western Honuiee’ tre rhngunh test
aid Stet al Terry claimed by her extnor
8 ast Bosndaric- and of al ber Clams gpon she Wer
tel Nateiand to coabial's Friiral Governmn]
‘Beit enncted by the Senate and Howse of Represem
tattecof the United States of ameriot te Congren
Gutembied, ‘hat the following’ propositions avail
Secand the mime horeby are;offercd to the State
of Texne, which, when agreed to by the said Stale
{fh an act peauod ‘by the general assembly all bo
binding and obligatory upon the Uaited States and’
pon tho sald Stato of Texas: Provided ‘That aid
agroetent by the said gengval assembly shail be
Sironon or before the Sra day of December, elgt-

toon hundred and Sty.
that her

Proposi
TK
by

‘Firt. The State of Texas will agro
boundary on the north shall commence at the

by| United 81

30, 1850.

zwhich in meriien fone narod degrees wos |
from Greenwich is intervected by the parallel of

[thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north lati
‘and shall run from said point due west to the me-
Hidian of one hundred and three degrees west from
‘Greenwich; thence ber boundary. shall ran due
‘south to the thiny-second degree of north latitud
thence on the sald parallel of thirty-two degrees
fof north latitude to the Rio Bravo del Norte; aod
fuenes with the channel of eid river to the’ galt
fexico.

‘Second. The Stato of Texas cedes to the United
[States all her claime to territory exterior to the
Hiimite and boundaries, which sho agrees to estab
ih by he Gt article of this agreement,

‘Third. The Siao of Texas relinquishes all claim
pon the Unitod states or Habit ofthe Gebea of

sxas, and for compensation of Todenmity for
Jeurrender to the United States of her ships, forts, ar-
senais, customhouses, customhouse revesue, are I
aod munitious of war, nnd public buildioge, with |
their eltes, which Decarme tho property of tho Un |
tod States at the time of the atmexation.

"Fourth. The United States, in consideration of said U
establlghment of boundaries, cession ofclaime toter-
‘tory, and relinguishment of claims, will pay tthe
Biato of Texas the sum often millions of doliare ina
frock bearing five por cent. incres, and redecrma.
ble at the end of fourteen years, the interoat pays:
ble half-yearly at the treasury of the United States.

Immediately afer ‘Ue President of tbe
‘United States shall bave been furnished with an ff
fauthentle copy of the act of the general aasembl
of Texas, accepting these propositions, be hall
[cause the’ stock to be issued in favor of the Stare
fot Texas, as provided for in the Ie of shi

agreement. Fans
‘Proslded ale, That n0 more than five millions |
of said stock stall be iseued outl the creditors of
te Bie olding bonds and other cortiatos of
tock of Reza, Yor when duties on porta were
fhe Unived

lodged, sball Set fey at the treasury of
‘States, releases of all claims against ihe
fe8 for or on vccount of satd donde. or
certificates iu spch form as shall be prescrived by
the wecretary of the treasury and approved by te
President of the United States.

Organization of New Mexico.

A bill proposing the organization of New
Mexico ax a Territory of the United States,
which had passed the Senate separately, was
fastened to the above boundary bill in the |
House, and thus, after two defeats, finally car-
ried through (Sept. 6th) by a vote of 108 to
98. The Senate concurred in the conjunc-
tion, and the double bill became alaw. ‘The
flowing are the more, mater ii
of the

[portion of territory of the United States, bounded
fas follows, to wit: beginning at a point im the
Colorade river where the boundary line of the re-
[public of Mexico crosses the same; thenco east.
Svardly with sald boundary line to the Rio Grande

thence following the maixi channel of said river to
the parallel of the thirty-second degree of worth

Ware ALMANAC, 1851.

erected (non-residents be taxed higher

rxicot Provided, That notbin
hail be cooearued to. Sb
‘he Unized States from dividing
said Territory Into two or more ‘erritories, Ik
ch matin snd al tach timer ae Congress thal
joem convenient and. proper, or front aitaching|
shy portion thoreof to aly olher Territory or States
ae'aaid Torntry, or ang portion of the
an ory. 2 seme,
sbeulbe received ato te Uno, rth or erin
Slavery, ao thelr constitution may prescribe wi ie
Sime of their admission.
tons of lu'set be suepented wat ho bofncary
ma of the act be ‘wat tho
‘the United States and the State of Texan
jused and. wien ‘such adjustment
fected,

stall procoed to ap)
bbe appointed for the said Territory.
cored, September 9, 1850.

Organization of Utah.
AN ACT
To ertabink x Terral Governmet for Uta

Be kt enacted by the Senate and Howe of Repreten-
tah of the Untied Stef marica te Congres
smombiae. That ull that part of the territory of te
Gnived States eluded within the folowing mit,
Tuiwit: bounded on the weet by the State 6 Galt
fori on ihe north by he Perrfory of Oregon, co
fhe enet by the sammit of the Rocky modotane,
and on the south by the thirty-seventh parallel of
fori aliade be, kad i eae ie boroy,crestod

fo a temporary goveroment by the Date Of the

rritory of UN and wher emitted ea'a iat
the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shail
be received into the Union, with or without Seve:
ye gate comttain may prescribe athe tine

their edmiesion » Providat) Tat nothing mn tie
‘Sec eontained shall be construed to iehibit tbo gor.
Srntment of the United States front dividing Sed
erritory into two or more Terriorion, i
shiner dad at such lime te Gongras ball docm|
convenient or from afoching any por.
Son of sand Territory fo any other State or Fer
tory of the United States

[The act proceeds to provide for the appoiat-
bat of territorial governor, secretary, marshal
Frdpos be bead forth election ofa counetl
a awe dn tena of representa ow

raix membarey also for u delegate in Congrets

i recoguised citizens to bo voters]

‘he goveruey sal recive an annua! wary of
stteen funded dollars as zovernon and one dow.
sand ‘Gollars as superintendent of Indian afer
‘Tho chiefjuntice ald assoriete Justices shall exch
fees ad annual eiery of eigen hundred dot

scoretary alll recefve en an 7

of siphons, bed doles, ‘the ead eared
‘uarier-youry, atthe treasury of the

United Sites ihe members of the egiaiatire ar

| sombiy shal bo enttied to receive each tnroo dub
ise por day during hee aitodance ate eneona
tortor, an) threo dollars each for every twenty

miles travel, im going to and returnin
‘aid sessions, estimated according to
Usually travelled route.
‘cr 6 dnd belt Parthr
Highindl oubjecte of legitaton, co
righ oubjecta jou, eona
constitution of the United States and the’ previ
fons of this act; but no law shall be pasecd inter:
fering with the’ primary dispoeal of the soll
top gal be impsead aon te property ef toe
ted Sato; nor ald lade ltt pro ay
chay ‘the fait
‘of residents, il the In
lative seemly and- governor shall be
to the Congress of the United Sates,
proved shail be null and of no effec.
"SECT. 1. and be it further enacted, Tint the com
stitution and laws of tho United States are herehy
extended ever and declared to be in force in sa
{Territory of Utah, 90 far a the same Or any pro-
vision tere may be uppleabie.
fyproved, September 9, 1500
[We have omitted several matter-of-course pro-
visions

from

lotber pi

[United States Laws
tem for ©
AN ACT
‘To provide fr extending thn Lame
‘Tm of the Bnited later ute st
abies of the Untied ote of mecca te Congroa
e Untied Storer Co
Jemembled, That ail the laws of tho United States
which aro not locally innppitcable stall have tie
ame force ond efived within te sale State of Call
fornia an ceowhere within the United Ststen,
‘Seer. 2. sind bet further enacted, That te said

State sali compose two districts 10 be called the
Inorthers and southern datricls of California, divi
dea by the thinyeseventh paraltel of north jaieude.
‘And forthe puryose of tring all sues of fuck tr
abe by a jury in ania diutticta, w district court
shalt Ue héld In sald district to coneiet of one
datedvand be called district judge, ead
he fe appointed, dist ,
shal! ia ail things have and exercieo tha earn. jor
isdiction and powers which were by law given

dpdge of the southern date of New Forks

ff adge ahall appoint m clerk at the place af
which a-coupt ie holden within the district, who
suall reside dnd keep tho records of the court at
the place of holding the same; and atl ecsive
{or the services they may perform. for the fret four
years after the paseage ‘of this’ act, double the
Bmount allowed fo tte cierk of the southern dle-
tic of New York; and thereafter shall ceive

sEuch | only the fees allowed to the clerk of the said south

erm district of New York, and may appoint a dep-

ary

Snct.8. And beit further enact, That the ud go
of the dines of Californie shal hod exizn sow
Sions at any timo wien tho public interest may
Bc a dnd Seitguriher ented, That th

tan Beit further en he
orthe north datcrof Golifgrainatal hoe ee
Texuiar seesione antusity at San. Francisco, and
ono regular session anally at San José, Sacre
mento,und Stockton, af the times following, "0
twits tt San Franciecor on ale frat Mondays of
Becemiser and Juvey al San Jos6,on the Brat Mowe
ay in April; st Sacramento, on the fre Mond
{a ’Septembery and at Stockton, on We see
Monday ta Ociober,

Brew’ 5nd beat further enacted, That he judge
ofthe southern dittet of California shall hold of
fault tenon anual ste following pi
SAG A Money. ov the he Montag

ince,
jane
find ai Loe Angelos, on the second Monday in De-

‘a
in De

Jcomber.

vind GOORTe

ware ALMANAC, 1851

15]

marshal refuse to receive such warrant or other
tender ‘means

bla deputy, such marabal sball be liable om bis off
elal bond to be prosecuted for the benefit of such|
laimant, for the Tull value of the service oF labor|
Of eaid fugitive in the State, Territory, or District,
‘whence be escaped ; and thie better to enable the
aid commissioners, when thus appointed, to exe-
gute their duties falthfully and efficiently, in con-
formity with the requirements of the constitution |
of the United States and of this act, and they are
Bereby authorized and empowered, within their|
counties respectively, to appoint, in writing under
their hands, any ove or more suitable persons, from
time to time, to execute «il such warrants and
Other ‘process as may be lasted by them in the
Tawful performance of their respective duties, with
iy to such commissioners, or the persons to
be appointed by them, to execute process aa afore-
‘said, to summon and call to their aid the bystand-
fora or poste comitatus of the proper county, when
ecenatry 10 Tasure a flihfal dovervance ‘of the
lanso of the constitution referred to, ip conform.
‘with the provisions of thie act good
reby commanded to ald and aes
{fb the prompt and efficient execution of thls law.
‘whenever their services.may be required, as afore-
(taid, for that purpose, and said warrants shall run
Shi be executed by ould ofesre anyorhere in the
Btate within which they aro issued.

BECT. 6, And be it further enacted, That when
porson held to service or lahor in any Stato or Te
Hiory of the United States has beretotore or
hereafter esca
the United Sta
much service or labor may be due, or his, her, or
their agent or attorney, duly authorized, by power
‘of atiomey, in writing, ackaowled ged and certified
‘under tte teal of some legal officer or court of the
Btate or Territory in which the same may be ex--
‘ented, may pursue apd reclaim such fugitive per-
son, either by procuring warrant from some one|
Of the courts, judges, or commissioners aforesaid, |
of the proper elreull, district, or county, for the
‘apprehension of such fugitive from service or'la-
Bir, or by seizing and arresting such fugitive,
‘where the same can be done without process, and |
By taking, or causing such person to be taken, |
forthwith before such court, pidge, or commission: |
Orr wlove uty ithall be to beat'and devormine the,
azo of such claimant ine sammary manner; and|
‘pon tatisfnctory proof being made, by deposition|
‘or affigavit, in writing, to be tuken and certified|
by such court, judge, or commissioner, or by otber|
sisatactory teitimny, duly taken and cerned by
some court, mi ie, Justice of or
‘ther legal Oficer authorized to almninjater sn cath
Sad take depositions under the laws of the State or|
Territory from which such person owing service!
for labor may have escaped, with a cel
uch magistracy or other authority, aa aforesaid,
‘with the teal of the proper court of officer therets
‘Muached, which sen! shall be suffickent t0 establish
the competency of the proof, and with proof, also
by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose|
‘service oF labor is claimed
{iar the person so arrested doos in fuct owe servics|
or labor'to the person oF persons claiming bia of
‘bar, in the Btate or Territory fram which ich fo.
gitive may br ‘ts Bforeanid, and that sai

Into enother State or Territory of

the. person oF pérauns to wi
she person oF pét

| said,

iGcato of | the

i
sotting forth the substantial facts us to the i
lor lavor due from sucb fugitive to the cl |
Jand oT bjs or ber escape from the State of T

in whieh such service or labor was du

Btato or Territory in which be or she was ar

‘with authority towuch clalmant, or his or her

oF attorney, f0 use such reasonable force

‘straint as may bo necessary, under the circus

le
and the certifea
ued ehall be conclusive of the right of

= “-*oee favor granted to
fate or Territory from whlch
prevent all molestation
‘ns by any process issued by
intrae, or other peroon whowe

‘urther enacted, That any per-
igetyabd wrilingly oberacty
ch chatmant ia agent fae
‘or persone lawfully

am Arresting euch fa

f, elther with or without

F ghall rescue, or attempt 10
from’ service’ or labor

riedge of
ton as « fugitive from service oF
el, for cllher of eaid offences, be subject to
‘fine not sxceeding one thousand dollars, and. tt.
Prisonment not exceeding six montha, by indlet
nent and conviction before the district Court of the
United States for the dtrict in which euch offence
"Eay have been commited of Before te, oper
court of criminal jariedleti, ¢ committed within
{ny one of the organized Territories of the United
Seley ae al moreover fri aod ayo way

‘of civil damages, to the "rad
fel conduer the wu of ome toured Aeliars for
fat fugitive eo lost a aforesaid. 'o be

ty action of debt in any of the a

313, witbia whoee
‘heon commatited.
farther

for territo-
ton the

stay
as

for eimilar services in‘ther caver; and
ferviees are rendered exclanvel
Enetody.and delivery of too fugitire to
ant, his He agent be dischay god. wl 4
Fu tive may be diciar fed out of
Sy'ir tho want of euttelont prot ep aforenai
such fees are to be paid in the whole by such
tat, nie agent, or aferney sand in all cagee
roceedings are before commissioner,
shail be entitled 1.8 fe0 of ten dollar in fll
fs services in each cave, upon the delivery
tad cortical tothe elnimunt, bis or her oge
tiorasy; or a fee of five dollars easeetw
fc proot ebll uot, i the opinion of eye
ore warrant sch corsfents and delivery,
{lusivd of all vervicen incident to wich arrest
examination, tobe paid, in elthor caso, bY
claimant, hie or heragent or attorney. The pet
tr persone authorized to execute the process

iat
nl

Heerlil

Bias

0c
Person escaped, to make out and deliver to such|
Glaimant, bis or ber agent or altorney, a certificate:

be Issued by such commissioners for the arrest
detention of fagitives from service or labor

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wee
‘Approved, Septesber #1, 458,

Free Grants of Pabtic Lands to Actual

Settlers.

Tue following additional sections were

‘Mr. Ware, of Wisconsin,
‘an amendment to the Oregoa Land Bi

jected—only Mosere. Dodge and Walker,

f] of Wisconsin, and Sewant of New Y

| voting in their favor. They embody the
firat principle of Land Reform, which is des-
tined to exert « powsrfal influence on the

tate will grant and coavey the|
Secupants only, of the |
tt hn oceu-|

78 age

ty| of June, eighteen bundred and twelve, or in

graaiod to any
remain for ever ex-
stles, extent, or levy, on execu
‘thy court of law or

2
is eee ieee
rears ae ene

‘mich water-po
ay be Ho Io Tor the se of each

ighbortiood, as tbo Stato may decree OF

cr B fed be i furor uated, That aa pave
2 practicable afer thn President shall ave beam
oficilly noted that’ any or either of ihe said
ates ban made the provisions sad stipulations
aforesaid, hal be bs duty (o couse to be made
Jout, aud properly certified, copies treaties,
aja, plats, records, eurraye, ani notge, oF ote fl
ounimenta or evidenece of ti
[Stales, aed to forward the anme to the marsbal of
{the proper Siate, whioee duty It sball bo 10 deliver
Us ‘hae ww tha Goveruor of atc Sie, upon Te.
jeslving, for tho uae of the United States, ie cost
of transcribing aod making euch copies, aud tbe
rransmisaion a aforesaid.

cr. 3. Aud be if further enacted, ‘That from

ant afer the delivery of auch copies ea af
@ inconsiatene wht. oF rePug?

ft sets of Con
fright lor and interest ofthe Vaca State,

of the Dated Sato, io
fof thw stad tande shal ‘secoo, und de eee

shall veat in such Bate.

‘Tho Bounty Land Bit

Aw Act

JOrasting Bounty Lan te ceriaia OB:ers aad Soldiers whe
Tes gaged tthe ary Sec of te De
aia

Be it enact by the Senate and Hone

tana of he Belial Stoke of amorion

aay

‘of tho. commissioned officers who
ia the military eervice of the United

late war with Mexico, shall be eet

tied to lands an follows: Those who

orve twelve mon

lof the Indian ware since seventeen undred
jainety, and

Was enj
States in

‘served uine mont

‘consequence

in the ration

‘one year
o each occupant,

of sore

SESSLES PPISG EGG ALTE GERASERS dedacwevaa=eeaswa euea 2 Preaunenuaerda aa

WHTO ALMANAC, 1851.

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Ware atmamac ron 1851.

templated. And the cootracting perties likewise
ree that each shell onter into treaty stipulations
with such of the Central American states as they
way deem advisable, for the purpose of more
eMectaslly carrying out the great design of this
convention, namely, that of coustracting and main-
{aining tbe ‘said exdal as a ship communication be-
tween the two oceans for the benefit of mankind,
on equal terme to al, and of protecting the same:
and they also agree, tliat the good offices of either
shall be employed, whoa requested Uy the her.
siding and ‘uslating the nogotintion of euch
alations: end auld any diference ariee

rty over the territory throug!
cael dail paaebetwveen the nates
"America,—and each dif-
"way, impede or obatract|
‘he execation of the said canal, the Goveroments of
the United States and Great Britain will use their
offices to settle such differences in the man-

partion,

"Ant. Vit. It being desirable that no ti

suppor ent to such persons oF|
Comapany as roay Gret offer to commence the same,
Grits tre necessary cepa, the consent ofthe focal
‘Suthorities, and on such principles as accord with
{the spirit and intention of this convention ; and if
say persons or company should already bare, with
‘aay state through which the proposed ehip ‘canal
‘may pase, « contract for the construction ef such a.
‘canal’ es that specified in this convention, to the
‘stipulations of which contract neitber of the con-
tracting parties in thie convention have any just
‘cause (0 ‘object, and tho said persons oF compan:
‘shall, moreover, bave made proparations, "an
‘apeuded time, money, and trouble, on the faith
of such-contract itis hereby agroed that such per-
eons or company ehall haves. priority of elaim,
‘ver every other person, persons, or oempany, (6
protection of the. Governments of the Untied
Biarle nod. Grout Britain, and bo: alowed & year
from the date of the exchange of therratificailons
of this convention for cone their arrange-
ments, and presenting evidence of sufficient capl-
fal subscribed to accomplish the contemplated
ebderiaking
expiration of the aforesaid period, such
‘be. not able to commence

Feons oF

Eas

‘Ant, VIII. The Governments of the United

States and Great Britain having not only
uring into Uhl convention, actompioh pa
cular ebject, but aloo to eatablish « general prin-
ple, they eroby agree to Extend tel protection,
by woety stpul to any other practicable
coun ong, whetber, by canal or railway.
the isthmus which “connects ‘North and
peeialiy to te interocoanle

fa the same prove to be

artic

‘same,
‘shall impose no other char itions of
traffic thereupon than the aforesaid Governments
shall approve of as just and equitable; snd that
the same canals or railways, belng open to the citi

it being understood that if, at the| Pas

| Pricing and other Gonttagont
the vee

desired, in| Ne

ford.

The Fatifications of this convention

Sxchenged at Washington within six

socatha tom tla day, or egonar Hf poesia,

ret, Wwe, the ve

tentiaries, have, signed this convention, abd Bave
hereunto affixed our seals.

Bane’at Washington the nioetoenth day. of

April, Auno Domini oné thousand eight bundred

and finy,
JOHN M. CLAYTON, fu sy
HENRY LYTTON BULWER. [t. s]
‘And whereas, the sald convention has been duly
ratified on both ‘parts, and the respective ratifice-
Hope of the same were exchanged at Weshington, |[
Clayton, Beers
my. he 5. and the Tit
Honerable Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, Envoy Bx-
inary and Minligr Plenipotentiary of her
Britannic Majesty, om the part of thelr reepective
eramen 4
Now, therefore, be it known that I, Zachary
‘Taylor, President of the United States of America,
le ctused the ead convention tobe made public,
10 tho ‘end that tho saine, and every clause
frticle thereof, may be observed and fulblled with
food faith by tho United Slates ‘and tho citizens
root.

Jn witnees whereof, I have bereunto set my hand,

‘and caused the seal of the United

[ts] be affixed. Done at the city of Washing.
ton, this fifth day of July, io the year of

our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fity,

and of the independenes of the United States the

toventy-fith,
Z. TAYLOR.

M. Cuarron,
Secretary of Stata,

Civil and Diplomatic Appropriations.
‘The act making appropriations for the civil
and diplomatic expenses of the government
{for the current year provides as follows: —
Pay and mileage of Con;
Piluting and otter Contingent Expenses ot
the Senate...... e seeeseeeses 100,000
Bupenses ot

Houee......
Addition to Gontinge

‘Fund of House.
‘and |To continue the construction of Custom-

House at New Orleans...
Survey of Delta of the Mississippi
New Customiiouse at Bar
Guatormbouse at Mobile; Alabama,
Customhouse and Postoffice, Norfolk,
Gustomhouse at San Francisco, Califora
Customhouse at St. Louis, Missour
Custombouse at Cincinnati, Ohio...

ohington see

Ecpensce of WarDepartm'tat Washington a5 300
sxpenses of War Departm'tat Wasi

Contingent Expensosof do. dowsss-- 48360

Expenses Navy Department Te50

Gontingent Bxpensee of do

Salary of Postmaster-Geveral,

IMPORTANT ACTS OY coxeRxss.

‘and their Clerks e
8, Mint et Poiledetphie, a. I

iment
riations for, My nerinen Taub,
“te Tinted Slater

a ions for Tatercourse with For-
a ri
Ben abroad.

2
wire sid’ Improvemoads' ia and” about
‘City of Washington, 7
ppropriaiion for Exlousion ofthe

Ayah

mf and Otic"

Exponacs of loane Noise,

ey desclencen i find for ee of tick
five new Ma

ran eee

. ° 0
For Surveys of the Goust of the U,Siates.. 25
or the cotpletion of the Eastern Wing of

the Patont Office.

istry, 2a

ini

Bor taking the Seventh Consus...
For the Annals of C

He al

page,
jepartment.
Tneidental exponses.
Horses.

oHRERe

Bee

Ordnance und ordnance stores
Ordnance current expenses.
‘Manufacture of arms.
Repaira ut Bpringtl
“ar rat Harper's Ferry.

roenal
For lot purchased at Springfield...
Surveys, ke...

‘Total anny bill...

=
Pinrire

Bonee8333
Se5becé

WHIC ALMANAC, 1851.

NANCES OF THE U. STATES,
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES
For the Year ending June $0, 185),

eipts from custom
tipte from public

miscellaneous sources,
ta from calla of stock insved
.cie deposited ..
‘pte from avails of Freasury notes

447 421,708 90
Toa hs say Fay 78. Bodo
spenditares for te same fecat

car were fn cash

wary notes fund

ving a balance in Treas'y July 1. 6,004,544 49|

‘STIMATES FOR 1851—Ewpine June 90,

Total Bathunated Means......... $54313,504 45|
Expenditures,

Rxpendives (or First Quarter Fy)

Moneferbustcgoryoutergs eee

terconree and Miscellencou

scogoe of calecting the Ravens

iy Proper, ke.

chase of Stock of the Loan of 1047

cipts from Customs.
eipts from Public Lande.
eipts from Miscellaneous Sources "200,000 0v|
‘muted bal. in Treasury July 1, "61 458,996 99

otal Estimated Means .. $47,258,996 95

wpe of former Appropriations ts expended
inite Ai rept aaa) 1
cife Appropriations aaked for... SO/Ga

faking a total of... r
imated Expenditures’ over Esti
lated Meane up to July 1, 1852... 105,00 19
tie foregoing docs not include the interest to
Puid om the Texas Boundary Stock,

‘o1mer oF

Demestio Experts and Importm.

gine following re the Export of Prod
Manatecrares of tho United Staton for tne year
fending June 9,165

Products ofthe Sea

Naval Stoves".

Prodi
{anuf. of Cotton, Iron, ke. enumerated. 11,
‘Manufactures not enat en
[Coal, Ice, and all other articles but Coin

Total Domestic Merchanlise...
Exports of Foreign Merchandiso .

otal Export of the United States... 814
importa. (oxelgslve of Specio) at

oar ttoaee Valuation. toss esos
Undervalued, aay

‘Making the-total Imports for the
‘and excooding the Export

‘The Public Dobt of the United States,

Five prict Stock red'mable Az.

Five pr. et.
gir pr ct Loan
et. Loan

Six pret, Loan 12.2
Trewsury Nota

Total Amount of Public Debt. .

2sssaeess

$01,228,258 $7
Popniation of American Cities,

1850. 1840,
Bemaker MB pssRMNm F220 e200 on
28,
‘ei

Philod, etty and cd, Pa.406,385.
Baltimore, Md...

BASES:
PERE

iz
isk

{Willhnmaburg, NOW.

Chieago, 1 Sao
Portland, M Tye
New H BAq9
Detroit, 196
Mitwauiheo, 18,325
farttord, 5,058
11,908

11,529

f | Reading, Pa.
Bangor. Me.
Lautastor,

‘THE DEAD oF 1650,

THE DEAD OF 1850.

Gen. Zachany Tarton, Prosident of the
United States, died in the President's House,
Washington city, on the evening of July 9.
in the G6th year of bis aze, having been
in Orange county, Virginia, September 24th,
1784, but removed uext year to Kentucky,
where moat of the survivors of the famil
still renide. Zachary entered the United
States army a8 a first ientenant in 1808, was

to Margaret Smith of Maryland in
1810, distinguished himself by his gallant
dofense of Fort Harrison on the Wabash in
1812, and rose to the rank of major during
the war, Being reduced to a captaincy after|
the peace, he resigned, but was soon rein-
stated, and placed in command at Green
Bay; ‘in 1819. made lieutenont-colonel ;
1832, made a colonel; remained in the norl

war of 1832; w
Plorida, and there dist
the Seminole war by his ski
hardibood; was made brigadier general by
brevet, after winning the battle of Okeecho-
Dec. 25th, 1837; was appointed to the
commend in that war next year; re-
mained in Florida till 1840, when he was
relieved by Gen. Armistead, and appointed to
the command of the south-western division,
with bis hesd-qanrters at Baton Rouge,
Louisiana; whence he was ordered down to
the new south-western frontier upon the an-
nexation of ‘Texas in 1845
Christi on. the Nacces in August; marched
thence to the Rio Grande, in pursuance of
orders, noxt month; encamped opposite Mat:
‘amoros on the 29th of that month; fought
the battle of Palo Alto on the 8th and that:
of Resnca de ta, Palma on the ath of May:
took Montercy after severe fighting on the,
21st, 22d and 23d of September; and on the
20d and 23d of February following defeated
at Buena Vista Santa Anna’s 20,000 choice
Mexican troopa: Gen. Taylor's entire force|
not exceeding 6,000, mostly volanteers. He
returned to Baton Rouge the ensuing au-
tumn, and next spring was nominated for}
President of the United States by the Whig
Natioval Couvention, as he had prevjously
been by several pablic meetings irrespective
of party. He wae elected President Nov.
7th, 1648, receiving 163 electoral votes to|
127 for Gen. Lewis Cass of Michigan ; re-
paired to Washington the following Febra-
ary, and was inaugarated on the 5th of
March, 1849. His administration encoun
tered muny embarrassing di
great personal popularity Fe
death, being founded on his
intre

vulties, bat his:

nf ington on the Sst of Mai

lof heart. His loss was deeply felt by bis
countrymen.

—Hon. Jouw C. Catnoun died at Wash-
aged 68. Mr.
Calhoun was born in South Carolina on the
1th of March, 1782, of an Irish family, hie
father (Patrick) having borne an active
though undistinguished part in the Revolu-
tionary straggle then closing. John C. gradu-
lated at Yale college, then studied law at
Litchfield, Conn,, \dmitted to practice in |
1807, elected to ch
twok’a leading part among the advocetes of |
a war with Great Britain, and ever after |
bore a conspicuous part in the councils of the
nvtion. He was Becretary of War from i
1el7 to 1824-5, when ho was chosen Vice
President; reglected in 1828; resigned the
Vice-P: in 1831, and entered the
Senate as a Member: retired at the close of
hie term, and in 1843 was summoned from pri-
vate life by President Tyler, on the death of
Mr. Upshar, to take the Department of State,
which he held till the close of Mr. Tylers
term in 1645. He was thereupon redlectes
to the Senate, and there remained until his
death, He was a man of the very loftiest
abilities, unsurpassed in logic nnd in force
lof diction ; of the most anqucstionable probity,
and of intense thoagh sectional patriotism.
South Carolina was his country, not the |
United States. He was the most formidable |
[champion of Slavery, Free Trade and Nalii- jj
fication that oar country has known.

—Col, Ricuarn M. Jouxson died ati
Frank/ort, Ky., Nov. 19th, having been in
broken health and of unsound mind for soume
days before. He was born about 1780, frst

lected to Congress in 1807, and for twelve
yours a ‘Member of the House, transferred }}
in 1819 to the Senate, where he remained |f
till 1829, when Mr. Clay was chosen in hia
stead. In 1813, Col. J. commanded a regi-
ment of mounted Kentackians under Gen.
Harrison, and did good servico at the batle |
lof the Thames, where the British and In-
diane, undor Proctor and Tecuniseh, were
Jcompietely roated and Tecumseh killed. Col.
Johnson was long proclaimed tha slayer of
the savage chief, but never directly claimed |
‘that equivocal honor. In 1836-7, he was
chosen Vice President with Mr, Van Buren |
ae President—having failed to receive ma- |

Of the electoral votes, he was the Grst |
fand ovly Vice-President ever yet chosen by
the Senate. in 1640, he was a candidate
for re€lection, but badly beaten; when be
rain retired to private life, though earnest

forts were, mado, by cer admirers to
bring him forward for President in 1644.

ALMANAC, 1851+

He was elected last August to the Ken
tacky Lezislatare, and vas in attendance

on its sittings at tho time of hia death. His|~

fare rest principally on hi reported kiling
of Tecumseh, whou ho probably never saw,
and his production of tho Report against stop-
ping the Mails on Sunday, which be very
certainly never wrote. He was a kind,

erous, single-hearted man, and much be
feved by those who est knew hit.

—Sir Ronxut Pret, late Prime Minister
of Rnglend, and her greatest statesman re-
maining siuce the death of Earl Grey, died
of a aevere fall from his horse, July 3d. aged
62. He distinguished himself years ago by
bia able opposition to Irish Emancipation
|] end Parliamentary ‘nd more re:

-Wittiam Worpsworts, Poet-Lan-
reate of England, and one of the greatest
poets of bis gountry. Hed, at Rydal, Moan

‘eatmorelatid, April 23d, aged 80. His
‘Ode on thé Tutimations’ of Immortality,”
‘Bob Roy, - Sonnets,’ and other Poems will
Jong be-read with admirstiou wherever the

i ge is spoken.

OxaNt 8. Pranriss died ve
Mise, Joly lat, aged 40. Hi
native of Maine, long resident it
sippi, and thence chosen to Congres
bat bad of late practiced mainly in New Or-
leans. Ho was ono of the first orators
whetber in Court or on the stump, that’
America has known.
Saray Manoauer Forusr D’Os:
l| was drowned, with her husband and child,
in the wreck ‘of the brig Ulizabeth, on the
south shore of Long Island, during a severe
H storm on the morning of July 19th. Sbe|
was the davghter of Hon. Timothy Fuller,
MC. from Middlores, Mans, and from early
uth distinguished by the vigor uf her intel
fect and the rapidity and scope of her ac-|
nirements. At eight years of age she wrote!
atin verse with facility, and later in life
was extensively acquainted with German,
French and Italian as wll as Englieh Liter-
ature. Among her writings, ‘Summer on|
the Lakes,’ ‘ Woman in the Nineteenth Cen
tary,’ and ‘Papers on Literature and Art’
attained wide consideration; but the work
on ‘Italy in 1848’ and subsequently, to
|| which she had recently devoted herself, was
H lost with her in th8 wreck. She went to|
i] Europe in 1846, and in Italy married Count
I] Giovanni D'Osholi, 2 Roman, by whom she|
had one son, also fost with ber. Of a mas
caline understanding aud generous impulses,
| America has produced no other woman her
| equal in conversational power or general

ability, Bhe wna a little over 40 years of
lage when she died. f

—Hon. Samuxr. T. AnwstRono of Boston, fl
| Mass. who had been Mayor, Btate Senator,
Licutenant-Goyornor, &c., died March 26th,
aged 66.

Hon. Witraam H. Brocrexsnoven,
late M. G. from Florida, died at Tallabasseo

‘Jane, aged 37.

—Hon. Tuomas J. Campnert, formerly
jin Congress and latterly Clerk of the House,
Jdied at Washington, April 13th, aged about
64.

Rey. Ponte Cty, last surviving bro-
ther of Hou. Henry Clay, died at Camden,
Arkanas, Feb, 1th, aged 70.

—Hon. Danret Cairuan, a writer on
Law, formerly in Congress, died at Ripton,
‘Vt, April 23d, aged 85.

“Rev. WiLttam Coaswett, D. D., died
Jat Gilmanton, N. H., April 18th, aged 62.
He had distinguished Limeclf aa « preacher,
Jwriter and editor.

—Com Bens Corer, U.8 Navy,
at Brooklyn, N. ¥., June Ist, aged 87,

—Martunw L, Davis, Eeq,, the intimate
friend -and biographer of Aaron Burr, died
in New York, Jane 21st, aged 84.

—Dr. Bans. W. Dwight died at Clinton,
N. ¥,, Nov. 18th, aged 70.

—Hon. Fuantin H. Ermone, an eminent
Member of Congress and Prosident of the
Bank of South Caroling, died at Weashing-
ton, May 29th, aged 50. "He had just before
tekon bis seat as successor to John C. i
Calhoun.

—Hon. Jamas Emort, distingoi
Federal leader in the Legislature of New
York in other days, a Member of Congress
from 1809 to #813-ond since an eminent
Judge, died at” Poughkecpsic, April 7th,
aged £0.

‘—Hon. Paxstox W. Fannan, Speaker
lof the Louisiana House.died at Baton Rouge,
Marchi 7th, aged about 50.

—Prasces SARGENT Oscoon, one of the
most gracefal pocts and most beloved women
lof this country, died in New York on the 12th
of May, aged 36. She was the writer of sev-
feral volumes of prose and verse, and a very
eautifal and nearly complete edition of her
works appeared in Philadelphia in 1849.

—Jane PortER, the nothor of “The
Scottish Chiefs” and “Thaddeus of War-
saw," died near Bristol, in England, at_an
advanced age, on the 24th of May. Sb
was never married.

‘AnowinaMt Junsox, the laborious and uc-

—Lovis Puirirer, Ex-King of the
French, died at Claremont, England, on the

261h of August, aged 77.

| briefer and far less interesting

wr 1850.

EUROPE

Eronrexn Hunpnep Foty-Nine in Eu-
rope was © year crowded with stirring and
momontous events; Eicutzes Hunprep
Furry has been a year of collapse, intrigue,
and expectation. Its history, as we have to

it in a manoal for popular use, is thus

Bat there is this to be eaid in reference to
these two years: Though they appear to
contain little else than mighty defeats of the|

[| People, and the constant labors of the mon-

farcha and their abettors to give consistency

}| and permanence to their regained authority,
|| no reel success has crowned the efforts of the

latter. Their dearest bought victories baye

|] been fruitless. For the truth is, that the con-|

sequences of all events irresistibly tell on the
ther sterfle, or else yiekds|

thre2fold calamity to those who welcomed it
with blasphemous rejoicings. And, by the
sure compensations of Natare, in the social
and political world rich harvests of Good ever|
spring up from the black desolations of Evil.
Enrope is at this moment in a far more
promising condition, as respects the ultimate|
shment of complete Liberty and Jus-

tice, than at any former period; and yet du-

| ring this year wo can record but one or two

H popular cause.

H popular men, and made every effort to secure

‘Those events, it is scarcely necessary to
say, took place in Paris. ‘They were contests
aa fierce as any yet waged in the atreets of
that city ; but the weapons were not cannon
and musketry, but votes. The occasions were
elections to fill vacancies in the representa.
tion ix the Legislative Assembly. The first
took place on the 10th of March last: the So.
cinlist-Democrats put in nomination M. Car.
not, former Minister of Edacation under the|
Provisional Goveroment; M. Vidal, a well-
known Socialist writer; and M. De Flite,
who hed been accused of partici in the|
insurrection of June, 1848, and punished ec-

IN 1850.

their election, but they were defeated by
large majority. M. Vidal having been also |
elected in another department, chose, accord-
ing to agreement, to sit for that, and a new
election took place in Jane to fill the new
vacancy thas created. The stroggle was]
leven more spirited than before. On the part |
of the Socialists it was carried on at a disad- [
/vantage, matters having been so mannged in
their nominating committee as to secure the
nomination of Eugene Sue, who was far from
being the best man they could have brought
into the Geld. ‘The other party were more
discreet, and ran egainst them M. Leclerc, a
paper-dealer, whose amociations connected
lim with the people more than with the
lbigher classes. Whatever money and inge-
Inuity could do was done on their side. Wh:
lever force they could assemble was brought
loat. ‘The result was their totel defeat: Ba
}was returned by a large majority.

Hereupoti the “party of Order” took the
falarm. ‘They saw that the power was sarely
passing from their control, and that the oper- I
lation of universal suffrage must bring aboat f
the permanent triamphof the democratic mas.
ses and of Socialism. Accordingly they deter-
mined on the destraction of universal auffrage.
But, as ihe constitution expreasly guarantied
this right, it was necessary to destroy it indi-
rectly. ‘The plan decided upon wasto require
fa fixed residence of three years before any
citizen could be entitled to vote. A bill to
that effect was introduced into the Assem-
bly, discussed at length, and finally passed. |]
Its effect was to disfranchise above two mil-
ions of voters, composed mainly of the work- |
jing classes, whose necessities oblige them
more frequently than others to change their
laboder. Soon after, a new blow was struck
lat the liberty of the-press, by subjecting it to
more severe restraints than ever. One of the

of the new law was to compel ev-
lery article in the journals to be signed by its
Jwriter, who, as well as the publisher, was

cordingly without trial, but aflerward par.
doned. Tho anti-repablican party eet up|

made legally responsible therefor. ‘This de-
Istroyed the anonymous character of editorial

}writing, and was loudly resisted by the press

‘WHIG ALMANAC FoR 1851.

B with but few exceptions. ‘The electoral law,
fon the other hand, had been sustained by all
the reactionary newspapers. On occasion of
passing both these bills, the government at-
tempted to provoke the people into an insur-
fl rection, but in vain. Another
measure was the donation to Pr

being a reduction of 55,000 men and 6,354
horses within the year. ‘The naval force
now 125 vessels, ini

in 1848, and employ

29,331. "In foreign affairs, eaye the President,
the honor of France has been full
tained. In conclusion, he disclaims all desire
to do aught

will of the peopl.
question of re

Iu Gaumany mattershave remained through
the year in a very chaotic state, until recent
ghee ® crisis has been, bronght oo, which i
mat just disposed of. attempted, in
« doabifal and vacillating way, to keep up
the Federal Union formed under its anspices,
and having ite aeat at Erfurt. Austria, on

the other hand, with Bavaria to sustain her, | Ds

revived the old Confederation, having its
tral authority at Frankfort.” ‘The crisia
was reduced by the Elector of Hesse, who,
y

man who had been tried and found guilty of
forgery and peculation, sought to overthrow
the constitation of that stale. ‘This prince|
had always been extremely unpopular, 23
hhad hia encestora befere him. He was also
In favor of the Frankfort Confederation, while
the people were in favor of the Pramsian Fed-
eral Union. ‘Tho latter, with the judges, and
j slmoet tho whole body of public offer op
posed the conspiracy of the Elector and his
minister in a legal and orderly way, and the

-|to prevent the

Pre minister Hessenpftog, «i

prince fled to Hanan, a frontier
ldominious. The diet of the quai
ation ordered a Bavarian and Austrian army
to enter Hesse Cassel and restore the Elec-
tor and“ pettic order.” Prussia in the mean:
while had sent an army into the Electorate jf
try of the Confederative }
forces, While this was pending, a confer
d been held at Wareaw, under the
ion of the Rassian Ersperor, to settle
difficulty, as well as others connected
with the internal affairs of Germany. Pras- }
in aad Austria were both represented. It
was there in fact decided that ould
admit the pretensions of the quasi Confedera-
tion, though the verbal terms of the agree-
ment were that matters should be allowed i
to remain exactly as they were, and that aj
new conference shoald be held in Germany,
between Austria and Prussia, in order to ar-
rive at a definitive settlement of the entire #
bosiness.

Conditions with reference to Schleswig: ji
Holetein were also imposed on Prussia. Tho
armistice which at.the close of last year ex-
jisted between Prussia and the Duchi
the one hand, and Denmark on the other,
lexpired, and hostilities between the Duc!
jand Denma.k had been resumed : but throug]
the influence mainly of Rusia, a treaty had
been concluded at London, in the beginning
lof June, between the representatives of Den-

mark and Prussia, the latier acting in behalf

lof Germany. By this document Prossia and jf
the other German powers had been obliged f
to refrain from directly aiding the Duchies, jf
thongh at the same time collections of money
lhad been set on foot in their favor among the
German people. and voluntecra bad flocked |
to their standard from almost all of the Ger
‘man states. Indeed, the commander-in-chie!
in the Duchies was General Willisen, one }
lof the moat distinguished of Prussian military
men. Under his auspices a bloody battle was HI
foaghs wt Ldetet, an obscure country town |
in the north of Holstein, on the 2th of July. }
‘Neither party had a decided advantage. The
janes were coramanded by General Krogh.
There were sbont five thousand killed and

they be resi

Denmark. ‘To all these requirements
Brandenburg, who represented Prussia
the conferenee, assented. When he retarned
to Berlin and laid them before tho cabinet,

Radowits, the Mit for

‘oreign Affairs,
[being opposed to yielding so mach, and ineist:

ing on calling out the army reserve and pre-

aring for every eventuality. Hi
negatived, and the decision of the

MUROFE Im 1850,

agreed to, This resalt canted universal dis
gust throughout Germany,
SYK day oF two afterward Coont Branden-|
borg died, and at the same time there ar-
rived fram Vienna certain demands, which,

}] though substantially agreeing with the de

H cision of the Conference, were couched in

f| crm too blant and imperative. Herenpon
the Prassian cabinet met and reversed its
previous decision so far ax the calling out the
‘army reserves was concerned. The entire
disposable force of the kingdom wus sum-
moned to the fleld, and in little more than a|
week some half a'million of Prussians were
tuder arma, animated with an enthasiastic
caire for a war in which they hoped to wipe
off the disgrace of Germany, and for ever
{ceo her from foreign, dictation. Already an
accidental skirmial between|

‘had happoned
tho Prussian and. Bavarian forces io Hi

termined to avoid it, and preferred to be dis-|
graced in the eyesof all the world ratber than
yeuture into the
contest. It finisbed by submitting to Austria.
‘The only other country where the year|
has been marked by events of mach impor-
tance is Iraty. In the year 1848, Charles!
Albert, King of Piedmont, conferred a Con-
atitution upon his subjects, one of whose pro-
visions waa that all citizens should be equal
before the law. But according to the Concor.
dat, or treaty between the country and the Ro-
man See, regulating tlie conditionof the priest-

from its mover, Bi
tice, the Siccardi Law. 'Hereupon the Cath-
oli hierarchy protested against this law as a
Violation of the Concordat; and Merongia,
‘Archbishop of Cagliari, addressed a circular
to his clergy, calling on them to it the ac-
tion of theYaw. or this he was tried and
H ponished as guilty of sedition.
HP Things went on till the beginning of Au-
gz, whem Coont Sante one, Miniter of
ablig’ Works, being at the point of death,|
sent for his parish priest, that he might re-
fecive the last sacrament.” ‘This the priest re-|
] fused to administer, unlose the minister would
publicly recant bis adhesion to the obnoxious)
ij !nw, saying that in this demand he was only|
faltiing bis orders. Santa Rosa refused, and
| died anabsolved; but even this wasnot enodgh |
for the Church, and his body was re
burial. This becoming known through the|
city of Tariz, where he resided, there was a]

with’ specimen of Lynching.
government interfered with troops to preserve
order, while they endeavored to induce Arch-
bishop Franzoni, whose directions to the ||
Priest had caused tbe dificulty, to permit the J
JCorpee to be duly buried, bat ho still refused.
‘The authorities then compelled the priests
belonging to the dead minister's parish church
to perform the funeral rites, and further pun
ished them by banishing from the city the re-
ligioas order to which they belon;

In the execution of this decree of banish.
ment, certain papers were found implicating
the Archbishop in a treasonablo conspiracy
against the State. On this he was arrested
and imprisoned. Tho Archbishop of Cagli-
jeri was also arrested about the same time
lon a charge of seditiously resisting the law
for the collection of taxer, and with being im-
plicated in a design to overthrow the govern-
ment. Both these prelates were tried by a
summary process provided by an old law, bat
not allowed by the constitution in force, and

perilons chances of such a] banished the country.

Fora time it was sa}

government has prosecuted and iroprisoned
fevery prominent man suspected of entertain-
ing liberal opinions. In tho States of the
Church, the restored clerical authorities have
[continued to exerciee an unaparing vengeancé
japon all their political opponents, In Tus
|cany, the Dake, protected by bis Aus-
trian allies, has taken means to restrain great-
ly, if not altogether abolith, the Bborty ofthe f
press. Austrian Italy has remained under
the hand of Hadetzky. .

In the other countries of the Continent, no
|movement or event of great moment has oc-
lcarred. In Srain, the birth of « prince royal
(though of paternity more than doubtfal) wes

fused | awaited with anxiety, bat the child lived bat

few maments. The King of Deemanx bes

married a dressmaker of

ALMANAC, 1851.

Léis Rasroussen, a lady of rather doubtfal
fn BWADEN, there has been e
political contest between the friends
| of constitutional reform, who desire to relieve
their country of Ituasian influence, and the
Hl Conservatives, who wish to remain as they
Hare. ‘The Legislature met on the 13th of
November, and it was thought at the last
‘advices that tho Reformers would have the
me ‘Tho question is on the abolition
Hof the distinction of orders in the legislatare,
{| which 4a now divided into foar, the nobl
H clergy, citizens, and peasants, This change
H would havo Leen made two years ago on a
H proposition of the king, bat as that propost
tion required a property qualification it wa
| rejected. Nothing has happened ia Hur:
] cary, and iu Acetaua ger the govern.
front haze only shown their contempt fer the
constitation pat furth by them in March of|
| last yenr. In the Tunis dependency of
H Rosnia thors has been an extensive revolt,
| mented mo donbt by Rossian agente, and
rat yotwholy mbiued. Korenthand hitcom-
‘are atill retained at Kutabia, in Asia
nor, imt it ie thought thet they will spon
tbe relcased and allowed to same ta tha Uni-
Y tad Baton Thore bas been» fficlty be
tween the American government and Pon
‘TuGAr,, growing ont ofan old claim for dam.
‘ages sqaiaiued iu the déatraction of a veanel|
at Faye), during: the lest war with Great
Britain. “Thé, Pormgnese government, af
ter long delay, refused to cme up to the
mark, and our Charge at Lisbon, Mr. Clay,
reocived hia prasports and left. At one time|
it was supposed that Lisbon would be block-
aded by Amcrican abips of-war, but the mat-
ter has since beon pat in the way of amion.
ble arrangement. i
Fenavann hn bal a religion excitement
growing out of the appointment by the Po;
I Sr 'corSlete not of Brahopa for ie kingdos,
I] with Cardinal Wiseman as Arebbiabop at
| theirhend. ‘This hes mightily stirred up the
Protestant feling of press and people, and
H] ‘No Popery’ bas been and still continues to
|| be shouted with groat vehemence. We have
Jeb to see whether any tanziblo practical re-
| salt will follow from the effervescence.
H| ‘The I.abor Reform movement has gone on|
|| with tolerable success at Paria; of the Asso-

I itl needed to esiablish workshops and pro-
lj vide matcrials. Altogether, the principles of |
Matoalism and Codperation have made great)

EXPENSES of the MEXICAN WAR.
‘Mr. Secretary Corwin in his annual report pre-
sonte some interesting Sgtires in regard to the cost
of the taza was with- Tt appears by the
Teper that the actual and cetimated expenditures
eC the Gavorument for the seven yoara wuheequont
ta the declaration of war srith Mexico and ending.
fon tre 9th of June; 1882 amount 10 $204,107,407 85.
|The expenditarps for 1845, the year preceding the
war, having bee $21,890,049 38, the aggregate ex- j
penditores for the seven succeeding yeere, upon }
thas besia; would have been $149,060,915 52, show. |
Hog an qxoees over the Posce Establishment of fl
1esS-of $145,17,002 ©, This oxcess of expandh f
jrares:the Becretary accounts for as fullowa: The fi
steel and eatimeled expenditures of the Warf
Departspent for: seven years subsequent to the j
}war with Mexico, are $117,876,495 31. Under the
| Peace establishment of 1845 they should hays been
$25,003,729 44; showing an excess occasioned by f
the war of $82,232,745 77. ‘The actual and estimated i
lexpenditures of the Navy Department forthe same
period show on excese of $19,088,858 11 over what |
they wanld have been under the Peace establish
ment, taking the yeer 145 as a criterion. ‘The ff
lone paid under ects
Fb SoBurty peas Ye ato cna tof

versa
ian
idnigo, #163

elaima
at

262,719 08, to which should be
fwar debt'to 20th of Juno, 1852, $1
Tans ad amen
anda granted and to bo granted shee
pending eatimated at $765,009

Stock 16 ‘ve Toned Hyecntos

seen

lar? and sightyrnise cme ex expenditures ant Uf

Habilitios chargeable directly to the war with

Mexico and the scquisitions of territory couse
‘upon the tresiy of peace with that count

ere are very many cl
be By
}whleh are not

‘fn that most unrighteous war.
fmate each man to be worth as much as a
‘South Carolina, about $1,000—ar
‘considered a low estimate, fe
chew the col

dd twenty millions of dollare more to Bfr. Cor [

Progress in the course of the year.

‘win's Sgurea,

CALIFORNIA: 1m 1850.

CALIFORNIA IN 1850.

‘Tux history bf California for the past yenr,
thoagh it has not the exciting freshness of,
the marvela of 1849, prese points of
interest. ‘The opening of the year found the
country pedceful and the emigrants, as well
ja the gold-diggings, as in tho newly-created
then, generally prosperous aod with new
prospects nhoad, ‘The first legislatare, which’
mot on the 15tli of December, 1849, at San
‘José, the capital of the State, was in session,
and the steamship Oregon, gbich sailed
from San Francisco on the tat of January,
took away the Souators and Representatives
elegted to represont California in the Con-
gress of the United Btates.

The City of San Francisco, during tho|
past year. has been visited by several disas-
trees conflagratiyns, which consumed a large
‘smount of property, and for a short time em
Iyarrassed tho operations of business. The
first of those took place on the 24th of De-
cember, breaking out inn gambling-honse
‘on Portsmouth square, and rapidly sprending
tothe adjacent buildings. In a short time,
the finest portion of a Targe block of hoases
was burned to-the ground. The fire pre-
sented a fonrful apectack Fortunately the
weather was calm, as the sligbtcst wind
‘would have exposed the entire city to almost
iwevitable destruction. The lows was esti
sgated at ono million and a half of dollars.
‘With the genwine spirit of Yankee enter-
ptise, many of tho saflerers by the fire
conimenced business the next day ia tents,
and others on the.same day prepared the site
of the rains for the erection of new buil

On the same night, a fire broke out
Stockton, destroying property to the amount
of $250,000. In the opinion of some of the
citizens, this fire was the work of an incen-
diary, bet the fact has not been proved.
“Another fire took place in San Francisco,
on the, 4th of May, which destroyed over
two hundred buildings and property to the
‘amount of over four millions of dollars. The
fire commenced in the United States Hotel,
‘and spread with terrible rapidity in every
direction. Tt. was found impossible to arsest
its progress, except by tenring down a large
nomber of houses that presented materials
for its fary. More property was consumed
than could have been done within equal
‘space in any city of the world.

‘The third destructive conflagration which
visited the city of San Francisco took place
‘on the 13th of June, laying four larga blocks
of buildings in ashes, anf consuming: a great
amount of valaable property. A. portion of

the district which had suffered from the pre-
| vious fire was again burned. With great!

difficuky the wharves and shipping in the
harbor were protected from destraction

total los by this fire bas been estimated at
about 65,000,000.

‘A fourth disastrous fire was’ experienced
in San Franoieco on the 20th of September,
by which a loss of property to the amoust

$1,000,000 was occasioned. The build-
ings consumed were mostly old and of an
inferior order.

In the month of January a great overflow
lof the Sacramento river occarred, deloging
the country both above and below the city
lof Sacramento, the flood extending in many
places like an immeuse sen over the whole
breadth of the valley. ‘The coarse of the
Fiver was indionted only by the trees and
shrubbery with which the banks were ‘eov.
fered A great number of horace and cattle
were swept awty by the flood and drowned.
‘The wood catters and cherconl-barners cp
the banks of the river were obliged to climb
into trees in order to sate their live. On
the night of January 9th the city of Sacra-
mento was entirely submerged, aud remait.o4
under water fer several days. The streets
jin which the principal business oper
were conducted were swept cumpletaly
throagh by the ragiog torrent. Every de-
scription of merchandise was borne away
fin the mighty rash, Boats navigated the
streets, taking passengers from the second

of the dwelling-houscs. The ridge

the rear of the city was stad-

nd man and boast, seeking

‘were crowded together ia

fire confus Satterville was overflowed.

‘The ranches back of the river suffered the

same fate. A large amount of property wes

destroyed by this inundation, bat it is be-
lieved that no lives were lost.

To the month of March, several expedt-
tions were fitted out from San Francisco for
the purpose of exploring tho const of ‘Trini-
find Bay. altuatod at about the forty first de-

ee of north latitade. The entrance to tis
fay, efter a good deal of dificulty, was a
length discovered. It was found to be Bve
miles in length, though not much more than,
half a mile in width. The river empties in
fat the head of the bay, being about
lyarda wide at the moath. The herbor is
regarded as the finest on tho Califurnia
coast, with the exception of San Francisco
and Ban Diego, being protected from the
north and west by a bigh, bold headland,
‘and with a good anchorage in every part of
the bay withia a quarter of a mile from the
shore. This bay has since become the seat

of prosperoas settlements.

ALMANAC, 1851.

Another noble Bay, which has recoived|
the name of Humboldt Harbor, was discov-

ered by

Marina service in tha month of March, Thi
is in lat. 400 45’, being eighteen miles
and from two to ‘ive miles wide. The}
shores are surrounded with beautiful land,|
and excellent timber abounds in the vi-|

‘A good deal of trouble has been expe
fl rienced from the incursions of the Indians
in the vicinity of the Colorado, Humboldt
harbor, Trinklad bey, and the ‘Sacramento

dy, of Indians at Clear
in May by a dotach
8. garrisona at Sonora a
cia, Eleven Americans were mane
ered by the Yuba Indians at the crossing!
of the Colorado in the month of April.
‘The attempt to collect the tax of twenty
month iraposed on miners
was mot with decided hostility by the Mexi-|
an and Chilinn population. 7
In various places rich veins of gold imbed-|
dod in quartz have beon discovered, which
Promise to yield an abandant harvest to the
iner, Same veins have been
feet in width, produ-|
gold to an ounce of

ing miner,
not less than thirt
‘Gallar’s worth of,

rock,
The emigrants to Califtenta by the over-|
land roate have been oxposod 2%
‘sufferings from famine and disease. The
number at one time on the plains has been
from fifty thousand to one hundred thousand|
soals, not one half of whom were able to|
reach the place of their destination without!
being exposed to the greatest hardships.
Almost every party was obliged to be put
‘on short allowance. ‘The roads were lined
with the bodies of dead animals, which had
either perished from exhaustion or had been
dlanghtered for food and partly consumed.
‘Many emigrants who had ir animals
packed their scanty supplies on their back
and attempted to continae the perilous jour.
vey. The women and children lagged in
the rear, many of whom found a grave on
the desert plains. Great sympathy was ex.
cited for the condition of the emigrants in

ent
foun
cing

es were no doubt)
| preserved.

A serious distarbance occurred during the
month of August in the city of Sacramento,
growing out of the disputes between the|

them ani ns

city was placed under martial law and it
‘was several days trangaillity was

y Capt. Ottinger of the U. 8. Revenue| restored.

r
‘The intelligence of the reception of Cali-
fornia into the Uaion was welcomed at Ban |
‘Francisco with expressions of universal en-
thusieem. ‘The steamer which bore the ti-

vos of arillery and the waving of fags soon
fr the joyfal news to ever of

eye Al! cleoes of ihe iohebiebte shared
the general hilarity, and with exchanges of

ad | mutual congratulations exulted in the acoes-

sion of California as thé thirty-first atate of

October, in which the citizens generally par

ticipated with patriotic joy: A procession

‘was formed in bonor of the occasion, salutes

were fired, banners displayed, on oration
need, a national ode sung, and the
ies cleod with a ball and

ph teribe disaster was occa

to incredible| chol

month of October and spread to different
parte of the city. .

From estimates predicated on « portion
Jof the mining” districts, from which at least
two thirds of all the gold obtained from the
mines of California has been taken, it would
appear that the whole amount realized dar-
ing tho past apring and summer ia $30,240,000
ts tho product ofthe Inbor of 57,000 _
averaging about six dollars per day to eact
person for five monthe. |

‘The present condition of Cslifornia may
be regarded as rich in hope and promise.
The mines contiaue to yleld their golden
tribute to the arm of strenuoas industry with-
out stint or failure. New sources of the
precious metal are constantly brought to
light. Society is rapidly sseaming a regular
shape. The love of adventare, the thirst for
ain, the desire of change, and the prompt:
ings of an aspiring ambition, are crowding
the region of golden sands with the stardy

to stride forward with the steps of a

were shot anil come mortally wounded. The

healthy giant to the matarity of its strength
and the flush of consammate prosperity.

‘CENTRAL

Wut is-now the Republic of Nlosragaa|
was formerly a province of the Spanish Vice-|
Royalty, or, as it was sometimes called, the|
Kingdom of Guatemala. The remaining!
provinces of the Vice-Royalty were Guste-
mala, San Salvador, and Honduras, on the
north ; and Costa Rice upon the soath. ‘The
city of Guatemala, in the province first named,
‘was the seat of the Vice-Regal court ; while!
Leos, in Nicaragua, was the seat of a eubor-
dinate establishment, at the bead of which
was & GovernorInféndant. Columbas dis-|
covered Central Amica in 1502, and coast:
od alang negrly lis enflre eastern shore from|
Cape Honduras to Obirigni Lagoon. In 1594
Cortez despatched one of his Lieutenants,
the famous Pudro Alvarado, to conquer the|
aboriginal nations of the country, the fame
whose power and riches had penetrated into]
the heart of Mexico. . He entered the coun-
try from the north, and established & colony|
in Guatemala. Tw ye a
ever, Gil Gonzales de Avila (in 159%), sailing}
from Panama, with a band of armed adbe-
rents, entored Nicaragaa from the south.
He was well received, bat was too weak to|
aitempt a conquest of the country. Hoe was]
followed by Cordova and others, who re-
duced, the Indians, and founded the cities of
Granada and Leon. In 1529 Captain Diego|
‘Machucaexplored Lake Nicaragua,and went
down the river San Juan (one of the rapids
of which still bears bis nante) to the ocean,
at the point where now stands the town of
San Jaan de Nicaragua. Machuca proposed|
to found a colony here, and it is believed did]
make the attempt, but was interrupted by
Robles, then commandant st Nombre de
Dios, who also meditated the same enter-
prise. These facts are mentioned here as

‘abowing the absurdity of the claim to that]
port recently put forward by the British Gov.
ernment.

On the 15th of September, 1821, the prov.|
inoes of the Vice-Royalty of Guatemala de.
olared their independence of Spain, anda gen-

CEWTRAL AMERICA, NICAMAGUA, AND THR OCEAN SRIF-CANAL.

AMERICA.

NICARAGUA, AND THE OCEAN SHIP-CANAL.

of March following, Meantime the seweral

lamplo of the United States. The meeting
lof the Congress did not take place at the time
proposed, in consequence of the intrigues of
ithe Aristocratio party, since exlled Serviles,
}who sought the aid of the epbemeral Mexi-
Jean Emperor, Itarbide, to procare the aggre-
[gation of Central America to bis broad do
minion. A Mexican army was sent to en-
{force the union, but was dispersed, chie8y by
the forces of the little Stato of San Salvador,
which has'always been distinguished for its
jsardy republicanism, and which, on this oc-
Jeasion, formally decreed its own annexation
to the United States. Tt does not appear
that any notice was taken of this step hy our
Government. After the expulsion of the
Mexican troops, atid the defeat of the Aris-
tocrats, the delegatesof the several provinces

how. |or States met in General Congress, and adopt-

Jed a Constitution of Union, under the name
lof the “ Republic of Central America.”. This
[Constitution endured until 1838, when, in
lconsequence of dissensions in und between
the States, industriously fomented by British
agents; it was dissolved, and the five States
again severelly assumed their sovereign char-
acter. ‘The three States of the centre, how-
lever, viz, San Salvador, Honduras, and Nica-
jragua, the strongholds of the Liberal or Re-
publican party, have, since the dissolution,
lkept up relations more or Jess intimate, and
Ihave recently agreed upon plan of Union,
funder the old National denomination. The
States of Gantemala and Costa Rica are ac-
taal dictatorships, although claiming to be
republican. ‘The first is controlled by the
Indian General Carrera, and the latter by
/monarchical refugees from South America.
Geographically, Nicaragua is the largest
jand most important portion of Central Amer-
ica. It extends from one ocean to the other.
and embraces within ite borders the great
[Lakes of Nicaragua snd Menagua, through

eral Congress was.called to meet in the month|

which, it is mow gencrally admitted existe

Wate ALMANAC, 1851.

the only feasible roate for « Ship-Cansl acroas
the continent. Its northern boundary is an
irregular line ranning from the Golf of Fo.
nesca on the Pacific, t0 Cape Gracias « Dios
on the Atlantic; and its southern a right line
extending from the head of the Gulf of Nico-
88, toa point on the Atlantic midway between
the mouth of the San Juan and the port of
Matina, in Costa Rica. It has « diversified
surface, and a soll of unbounded fertility.
‘The great basin of the lakes consiats of plains
‘and undolating slopes, relieved by high and.
steep volcanic cones, in which may be fond
All the productions of the tropics in the great-
est abundance. ‘The northern departments,
called Segovia and Chontales, are more ele-
vated and mountainous, abounding in miner-
als, producing uny of the fruits of the tem-
perate zone, and baving an atmosphere ‘com-
paratively cool and bracing, The Atlantic
const, or what is sometimes called the Moe-
quito Bhore, ia generally low, and the rain
falling doring the entire year, itis hot and leas
salobrioas than other portions of the State.|
Tt is very sparsely inhabited by Indians of
the Chorib stock, ranaway Negroes from the]
‘West India islands, and 0 squalid brood, a
mixtare of both. The principal, we may al-
mont say the entire population of Nicaragua,
in situated upon the Pacific slope. Here the!
soil is not only fertile and easily cultivated,
bot the climate is favorably modified by a
variety of causes. There nre two seasons,
called the wet and the dry : the former com:
mencing about the middle of May, and lasting
‘until the middle of November. During the!
reat of the year scarcely any rain falls. ‘The
temperature is very equable, averaging about
#2” of Fahrenheit. There is probebly no
equal extent of country under the tropics
more salabrious, or possessing a more delight
fal climate.

‘The Btato is divided into five departments,
and haa an aggregate population of not far,
from 250,000, residing chiefly in the towns
The principal city is Leon, which is the scat
of Government (although the Legislative
Chambers meet at Managua), and has a pop-
lation of fram 28,000 to 30,000. The second
in size is Masaya, which is essentially an In-
dian town, remarkable for its manafactares ;

jand the third Granede, on Lake Nicaragua,
through which a great part of the trade of
the country, via Lake Nicaragua ‘and the
Fiver San Juan, ie conducted. It has about
12,000 fobabitants, Managua and Nicaragua
(or Rivas) are both considerable places. The
most important port on the Pacific is thay of
Rerlejp, between which and San Francjaco
valuable trade is springing up. Indegd, it
ia very evident that Central America mast
be to California and Oregon what the West
Indies have hitherto been to our Confederacy.
Sager, cotton, coffee, cacao, rice, indigo, to-
bacco, maixe—in short, all the staples and
{fruits of the tropics—are produced in Nica-
/ragua in the greatest abundance and perfec-
ition. ‘There are a large number of cattle-
estates in the country; and hides, with indigo,
coffee, and Brazil-wood, form the principal
articles of export.

‘The Constitution of Nicaragua is excecd-
ingly Hberel, and the best feeling toward the
United States pervades al classes of the peo-
ple from the highest to the lowest. They
are kind and hospitable. ‘The Government
consists of a Supreme Director, elected Ly the
people biannually, and the Legislative Cham-
bers, consisting of a House of Representatives
and a Benate,—the latter elected for two
years, the former for one. ‘The officers of

‘The first Executive officer of San Salvi
of Honduras is styled Preeident. The President
of the former is Don Dororro VasconceLos;
of the latter, Don Juan Lino.

Since the acquisition of California, the pro-
Jectof opening a Ship-Canal through Nicare-
‘gua, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oce
via the river Son Juan and Lake Nicara
has not only been renewed, but iuvested with
‘an immediate and practice) importance. A
great number of contracts had previously
been made for constructing such a work, but
nothing was effected ander them. General
‘Taylor, upon his election to the Presidency,
was deeply impressed with the importence
of facilitating communication between our
Atlantic and Pacific territories; and one of

the Boyal forces
Nicaragua, pei
le of that State, and,
lockaded

good |ery, 1846, by & British force under the

a contract was entered into by a New-York
Company, styled ‘The American Atlantic
and Pacific Canal Gompany,” onthe 27th of
‘Augast, 1849 ;, and-on the 2d of September,
following Mr. Squier signed a tresty with
the plenipotemieies of Nicaragaa (riled
by the Goversmem ofthat State on the 37fb
of the sme month), which provided for the
neutrality ‘and protection of the Canal. it
also provided for the frec transit forever of
the citizens of the United States end their
perty throughthe territories of Niceragus,
Br ihe catire freedom of all the ports of the
country, and for-extending the same liberal
concessions to all nations which should enter
into the same treaty stipalations, Thistreaty
was approved by General Taytor, and sent
in to the Senate for ratificétion, but ‘hes not
|
‘wasnegotiated
‘State of the Unt

of British territorial pretensions, and the with-
drawal of the British establishments,oa the
coast of Central America.
‘The British pretensions consist in an al-
leged protectorate over a mixed brood of In-
dium and Negroes, which have maintained
‘miserable cxistence on that part of the,
Atlantic const of Nicaragua ig, the
apbical designation of the “Mosquito
hore,” and whom, it is-claimed by the Brit
ish Government, are entitled to be considered
asa sovereign people. ‘They have, bowever,
no written Janguages, no religion, bo lawa—
not a single feature toelevate them above the
lowest orderof savages. Under the pretense
above indicated, the agents of Great Britain
have andertaken to fix the limite of the sup-
positious Mosquito Kingdom, as inclading t
entire coast from Cape Honduras to the boun-
dary of New-Granado, a line of more than
800 miles, and extending inward indefinitely.
Thia preposterous claim, of course, takes in
the mouth of the river San Juan and the port
of-8an Juan de Nicaragua, the only possible
Atlantic terminasof the proposedCanal. This
, which, as we have seen, was occupied
y the Spaniards asearly as 1529, and which
was subsequently, by royal decree, made
port of entry, end ited by the Spanish
ernment, and afterward captured from

mand of Captin @. C. Loob, of H. B.
fty's ship “Alarm,” and has since ‘been oo-

tained
-degree relaxed ia consequence of our
sity with England above referred to; bat ff
‘we are refiably assured that they have been,
nd that the British occupation will eon be
abandoned.
Previows to 1763, Great Britain made some
prstensions upon the Monaeito Shore, —not,
protector of ‘eny Indian tribes,
but in abeclate sovereignty. These were
disposed of by the treaties of 1763, f
‘between Great Britain and
}Spaim, in which the former not only
to evacaate the Mosquito Shore, but to with-
draw ther protection from her own subjects

who should ‘be eo daring a8 to presame” to f
remain there, or " to obstract the entire evaca-

The le
commen

yy Mr. Squier, in bis roy
partment of State, at 313 miles, as follows:
Length of the River San Juan... - 2 miles. f
Part of Lake Nicaragua tobe reversed 110 a0.

io Tipitape. T18 do.
Length of Lake 30 de
Frost skeve Realejo . i.

‘Total. 13 miles.

Frou this must be deducted 25 mikes, in
case the line is terminated atthe port of Taze-
arinds, In case it should terminate in the f
Galt ot Fonacce, iis ponible k would not |
be many miles longer than to Reslejo. The fi
extent of actual canalization, therefore, would
be, to Reelejo, 120 to 140 miles; to Tame-
rinda. ‘90 to to Fonseca, 100 to 120.
leara thar the eneineet of the Com
jearn that the -engineer any has |
discovered. and surveyed «most favorable |
route rom thelake tothe Pacific, passing near fl
the city of Nicaragas, and avoiding altogeth- fl
jer the Lake Managua and the oatlet thereof.
This route is only twelve miles from Lake 0
Ooean, and requires'a cutting of but sixty. f.
ight foot atthe bighert to cause the water
lof Nicaragua to wiogle with thatof the Pa fl
fife. The adoption of this route. will d
fdedly shorten the Ship-Canal, and expesite
the pasange of vowel rom ag to se. We f
trast it will soon be accomplished.

C
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RLECTION RETURNS.

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RHODE ISLAND.

2 om fa this Bite did not contest the | B
‘on of the Whig Siato chet. A.Free Bot ek. |B

= ‘out, on which candidares
‘Placed ; but it received only a few of thelr
and leas than 1,000 of all sorte.

Guonara.
2 oly important slechon bald in thie Stato in
Towne, to consider the ection of Gongross|
‘Sevag, to consider: the ection of Gon
subject afectod by tho question of Slavery.

4, however, that there was a Unio majorit
2 Stato of fill 30,000; and that the Di
tot elect $0 out of th 280 delegates,

FLORIDA.
1850.—Concnese—*1948, Paes.—}1642.
abe, Bean Cabal Deval, Tyler,

atte:

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KENTUCKY,
Menbers of tio Lag

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Opp.

Members

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CALIFORNIA

1 Gon. Clerk, kc. im October, and
the Legislature, ‘The
lassen

it
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‘two houses ax follows:

majority,
Eoustor is vory doubtfal.

Index te Election Returns.

Teproduced by the AMERICAN, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHIC Co NY (-Osborne'’sPiocess)
1867.

STATE GOVERNMENTS, &o.

ing Sats Legale Soins nny, vas Dearan Vegi, Morb Cursin eor, Fie,
SSE TEAL ats, Kees, Toon fas, wikiets owe, snd aoa © Wr

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT.

BS 8 SSMASe"waesasas Law SEGA) FP -

TEREIBI

WHIG ALMANAC, 1852,

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
‘THE EXECUTIVE.
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New York, President of the United States. Balary $25,000.

THE CABINET.

JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky, Attorney. Geners

THE JUDICIARY.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, Clef Justice,......-.....-.-Bal
Jou McLean, of Ohio, Associate Justice Peres V. DANIEL, of ‘iri Siiorlate Pasttct
Janes M. Warne, of Georgia, «') Samtunt Nason, of New York,“
‘Jour Carson, of Tennessee,’ “. [Ronger C.Garen, of Pennsylva, “
Joun McKimrzy, of Kentucky, «| Bansamw R Contras, of Massach, “ “

‘Balary of Associate Justices, $4,500.

XXXIId CONGRESS.

Finer Sxasron assembled Monday, December 1st, 1851.
Sxoowp Skastow assembles Monday, December 6, 1855..........Expires March 3, 1853.

SENATE.—62 Members.
WILLIAM R. KING, of Alabama, Presideht pro tem,

Whigs in Jtalics, 24; Opposition in Roman, 33; Free Soilers in Saatt Cars, 3: Vacancies,2.
‘The figuros before each Senator's naine denote the year when his term closes.
van tet oy, ve 9iguittn Moar xno
}. .Jeremi }..Solomon U. Downs, ‘1853... Willie P. Man,
IRS Witham i Ring 1855. Plerre Soulé, 1885..George E. Daiger”
ANE, Sino,
ig. wittn Sebastien, 1853..Jamen W. Bradbury, | 1885..Satnow P. Case,
ton Borland. 1657. cHannibal Hamlin.” | 1651-0" Benjamin Fe Wade,
125s, within Be Oto, ‘agsucuuserrs. Pewnsruvaniae
IHor.[Vacaney’] 1853. John Davis, 1855. "Jenes Cope
CONNECTICUT, ‘1857. .*CHanLes Suan. 1857..*Richard Brodhead, jr.
155... 2yuman Smit MARYLAND, ANODE LAND,
te beurrans Ieprsciomee Grek, | esr. Ghat Io
. : harlen Te James,
1. Prey tpruanes, =|, MORGAN. SOUTH CAROLINA.
--*Jemes A. Bayard. 1853.:R. Barnwell Rhett,
ess. deat Caos. 1655.-Androw P. Baller,
HS. Spe Rtattory. sreaworrt, anvesae.
CEOkoIs,

1853..3amuel Houston,
1857 Thomas J. Rusk.

1853..so1tn P, HALE,

1855. ‘Moses Norris, jr.
VIRIGINTA,

1853. Robert M. ‘T. Hunter,

1857: James M. Mason.

‘WISCONSIN.
1855. Isaac P. Walker,
‘tHenry Dodge.

* Had wot soata fn the XXXIst Congress,
$ Father of Secator Dodge of lowes

vintzeay GOORTe
i

Wai aLwawac, 1852,

CONSTRUCTIVE MILEAGE.

In 1641, « single Senator of the United States
‘was, for tho firet time, allowed Mileage for a
Journey he was known not to have made. Geerge|
Evans had been a Member of the House for
several yeara preceding the 4th of March, 1841,
‘when hie took his ecat in the Senate then con-
‘ened to act on General Harrison's appointments
on bie innuguration, and was allowed Mileage as
if he bnd come from Mine on purpose. ‘The

ject does not seem to have attracted any pub-
fic attention. John Tyler wis Vice-President,
and probably certified that the accounts of the|
‘several Senators were correct.

In March, 1845, n new Senate was in like man-
ner convened, on Mr. Polk's accerrion ; and. for
the fiat time, a general sllowance of Constructive
Mileage was made. @. M, Dallas being now Vico
Previcent, and officially passing the accounts,
which were made out by Mr. Dickens, the Sec:
retary of the Sennte, About half the Senators|
thus Tiherally compensated for n journey they
had not performed refued thir several quotas,
though two or throe of these afterward relented,
and took the money. ‘The amount of Alileage
‘hus allowed for journeys nover made was some
Forty Thousand Dollars.

In March, 1849, there was another Called Ses-

ston of the ‘Senate, on the ocension of General]
‘Taylor's accession ; and the accounts of Senstors|
for their attendance on that Session were

again
made out as before, Mr. Fillmore had now
become Vice-President, and_his opinion aa to
the justice and legality of this ‘Constructive’
sMlowance wae informally sought, and freely
given, Itwns adverse to the whole job. In con-
sequence of this, the accounts were not officially
Presented to him fur approval, but beld back
‘until he had vacnted the Chair of the Senate, to}
enable that body to choose a President pro tem,
l] ne is its uniform custom. Mr Atchison, of|
‘Miseouri, was thus chosen, and by bim the’ nc-
unta were prseed as made up, Conetractive
‘Milengn included, Mr. Atebison's individual eharo
thereof being $1,696.

At the close of the regular Session of 1850,-1,
smother Extra Session of the Senate was found.
Recessary and called, for the dispatch of Exe-
cutive business, Inid over at the regular Session,
for want of time. Meantime, a provision of aw|
‘nd been passed, cutting off Constructive Mile-
‘age in future; but #0 worded as not to prevent
{io allownnce of such Mlonge at thle Boseiont
‘The accounts were made up bry Mr. Dickens, as}
before, Col. King, of Aln., being now President]
fro tem and he though he ald not txke the al

wance himself, enabled others to do #0 by the
following cortificato:—

“Wasnincrow, March 18, 1851,

“1 certify that the compensation allowed hy
foregoing schedule, to Senators of the Unt

Buates, ie according to lav.

Whereupon twenty.fve Senators who hed not
trazeled the Journey for which this allownnce
‘was made, nevertheless took the money, viz. —

Whigs, in Malfcs, threo: Free Soil Indepen-
dent (Hale), ono. Total recetved by all these,
$2,403.60. "The twenty-one remaining are enlled
Democrats, though between R. Barnwell Rhett
Jand Picrre'Soulé on the one hand, and Hannibal
‘Hamlin and leaxc P, Walker on the other, there
can not be any very thorough coincidence of

inion... ‘The aggregato amount recelyed. by

‘twenty-one is 6206.90.

Twenty. four Senators, who also held over, did
Bot acerp thie Conatractive Milage a the tims,
Jand wo trust have for ever rejected i, Theit
faames and the amounts offered

Hue

aunt
eeehhi

pad amt amen te
ue:

guacuauael

“Winutam R. Kine,
“President of the Senate, pro fempore.”

lima

— This whole subject is eminently dc
fof public. attention, and we trust will receive it

wart aM a wae.

WHY I AM A WHIG.”

REPLY TO AN INQUIRING FRIEND.

My pear P—

You have been pleased to express your|
surprise that I, whom yoa conalder in other|
respects Liberal and Progressive, shoald yet]
sympathize and act with the American Whig
party, rather than its great antagouls.. The|

pression

reply ; you will excuse, therefore, the mediam|
and method of my anawer. I bope to be able|
to present to your mind, or at least to the
minds of others lems prejudiced against my
cooclusions, some considerations hitherto]
‘overlooked, or inadequately weighed and re-
garded. May I not fairly claim of you a)
pationt and, if possible, a candid hearing 7
—Two grand and fraitfal ideas attract and)
Aivide thE political world. On the one hand’
Liberty, on the other Order, isthe watchword
of a mighty boat, impatient of resistance'and
eager for universal dominion. Each bas bad

H and Marius, of Marat
and Robespierre, have been folly parallcled|
by thooe of Alva and Claverhouse, of Sawar-
row and Haynav. An infinity of cruelty and
crime'bas beon perpetrated in the abused

name of Order, and hardly less in that equally |i

abased of Liberty. But neither of these
eaffices without the other. Each is indis-
penseble to general contentment, prosperity, |
‘and happiness. No good is secure in the
absence of either. If without Liberty baman|
existence is bitter and irkeome, withoat
Order it is precarious end beset with con-
stant perils. Few men will clear, and plant,
and build, withoat a reasonable esmrance|
that they shall likewise reap, and inhabit,
and enjoy. For Liberty, a nation wisely]
and nobly discards presont tranquility, thrif,
‘and peace, just as it welcomes the tempest
and the thunderbolt rather than endare eter-
pal drouth and consequent sterility, bot,
fl baving achieved Freedom, it finds itacl
| coropelled to rebuild tho abettered halwarka

of Order, and reiffirm the sacred majesty of

Inival of unbridled last, bratelity, aod raffan-
fam. As an escape from this, the govern- j
ments even ‘of Egypt or Naples would be j
{joyfully accepted by all who prefer t7 w:
in the quiet paths of indostry and virtae.
Now republics have their pecaliar perile
Jno lees than monarchies, and they, thoogh
diverse, are not unrelated. What the syeo- j
plant, the courtier, isto the Sovereign Prince,
the demoagogue
The maxim that ‘ The King can dono wroog’
is as mischievous in a free state as in any
lother. Nations, as well as kings, bare their |
Jweaknesses, their vices, their temptations ;
thoy, too, need to be frequently reminded of
the Macedonian's admonttion—’ Remember, j
Philip, thon art mortal!’ ‘They. too, are sub-
to the illasion of false glory. ‘They are
loften impelied to kill or to enslave their
Ineighbors under the pretense of liberating
them; they are in danger of mistaking the
of

[a young, powerfal, and martial Repablic.

Tt was by no accident, or fortuitous concer:
rence of events, therefore, that Washington,
Knox, Hamilton, and the great majority of
those who had baitled bravely and persaver-
ingly for American Independence during the
Revolution, became afterward the foanders
land champions of the more conservative and

lof danger and of daty. ‘That they committed
lorrora in cithoe case is quite probable, bet
the patriotic instinct which sammoned theen ‘to |
the defense of enfeebled Onier was identical

wate atmamac, 1852. 7

swith that which bad previously called them/ affixed to the other. This vast dead-woight
to battle under the flag of Liberty. festened in one scale naturally attracts thither
And while it is quite possible to err on the/s large class of young lawyers and other as-
side of Order as well as that of Liberty, the | pirants who are more anxious to be on the
tendency, the temptation, in a Democracy |winning than on the right side, and whoso
Vike ours, ia almodt wholly on the sido of the |guze is fasclaated and fixed by the prospect
latter. Where the king is ‘the fountain of |of jadgeships, seats in the legislature, &c.,
Lonor,’ the selfscoker fatters and panders tole. ‘Thus the party tormed Democratic
the ‘monarch; where the People are the|commences a struggle for ascendency with
source of power, the courtier becomes a dem- [nearly or quite one-third of the votes attached
‘agogue, and labors to ingratiate himself|to its standard, not by any enlightened, unpre-
with that active, daring, reckless micority,|jadiced jadgment that the Coantry will be
who habitoally attend political gatherings,
Give tone to the public sentiment of ber-rodms,
always vote and solicit votes at elections, obtains few or no votes bat those of reading
direct the most efficient party machinery, andlor thinking men, who, jadging from ex-
thas virtoally stand for what they assume to be | perience, and the doctrines propounded and
—the People. The danger of erring lies inev-|measures promoted on either side, ear-
itably on the same side with the temptation. |nestly believe the ascendency of that self:
Strictly speaking, there is but one organized, |styled- Democratic party fraught with evil
dinciplined party in oar country—that which |to the nation. And yet, in spite of its im-
‘assumes to be the champion and embodiment | mense advantages aside from the merits of
of Democracy. This party enjoys cortain| the case, in spite also of the prestige of for-
‘vast advantages in a contest over any which|mer triumphe, almost unbroken, that Demo-
can be mastered against it. In the first place, [cratic party has been beaten: in two of the
it has the more popular name—one which the
most ignorant comprebends, in which the
most depressed finds promise of hope and|been the fact, if its distinctive principles and
sympathy, and which the humble and lowly practices had not been decidedly adverse to
immigrant, just landed from his Atlantic|the plain requirements of the public weal ?
voyage, recognises as the watchword of| Let me here briefly indicate, according to
liberty in the beloved land whence be is for/my understanding of the facts, what those
liberty’s sake, an exile. Of course he rallies | distinctive characteristics are:
under the flag so invitingly inscribed, and| 1. The party styling itself Democratic is,
suffers his prejadices to be enlisted on behalf|es regards Foreign Powers, the more bellige-
of one party before he knows wherein and|rent and aggressive party. It takes delight
why it differs from the other. Not one-|in shaking its fists in the face of mankind
fourth of oar voters of Earopean birth ever|in general. It made all the foreign wars in
primarily considered the claims of the two| which our country has been involved since
parties respectively to their support, and|ber independence was acknowledged. In ita
gave an impartial jadgment between them. |secrot councils the wresting of Texas from
‘They were never fairly in a position to do t0.| Mexico, and her annexation to this comnts
Hero are half'& million votes to begin with|were plotted. ‘There the Mexican war
secured 10 the solfstyled Demooraay by| precipitated by the abeurd claim that Texas
their name, and there are at least as many |extended to the Hio Grande del Norte, and
natives of oar soll who vote ‘the regular|by sending General Taylor down to take
ticket’ because of ite name, and woald at| post in the very heart of a Mexican depart-
least as heartily support Protection to Home| ment, under the gans of its capital. In thono
Labor, River and Harbor Improvements, &c.,|councils peace was refused to Mexico after
1s they now oppose them, if the democratic| she had been beaten into a conocasion of the
label were taken from the one side, and|Rio Grande boundary, unless sho- would

wart ax 4 wuts.

farther consent to sell us for money vast
areas of territory which it was not evan|
pretended that she owed wa which, by offer.
ing her fifteen millions therefor, oar ralers|
plaloly coofeased that we had no jost claim

property of peaceful and harmless Spanish
residents was destroyed, their asfety en-
angered, and their consul barely saved from|
a violent death by taking refage in a prison.
‘For these shameful outrages Democrary had
never a word of regret, though it was eager|
enough to drive our government into hostile
dereonstrations ageinst Spain, because ber|
warsteamor had compelled oar Falcoe to
Nenve to and satisfy them that she was not|
engaged in Iandiug invaders on the Cuban

pt
like circamstances, would have been justified
ia omitting, and wliich none who carried the
American flag would ever have thought off
‘omitting, hed Spavianis been the invaders}
and our coast the scene of action, has been
trampeted through the land ax a wanton and

Iawtess aggression, for which the fulla
aration should be exacted, ond whi
Whig Cabinet evinced great po
not promptly reseuting. ‘This ie x fuir eample
of the spirit by which that party is animated
Nearly twenty years ago, it threatened
France with war, in ease the money she
owed oar merchants for spoliations committed
under her flag, since 1800, were not promptly’
paid; choagh an equal amount due oar mer.
‘chaniafor French spoliations Lefore 1800, anv]
which oar government for 2 valuable consid-
eration, by it received, hed promised « halt]
centary siuce to discharge, thoagh often pei
tioned for, then remait.ed witpaid. and still re-
maine so, one bill providing for ite payment!
having Leen vetoed hy a Democratic Pres

-| to atir ap revengefal passions in their bread

to test partisan ‘Democracy’ bes
evinced a disposition to belly other nations for
the payment of doubifol delite, while refasng
00 frivolous preteate to pay indispatable debts
of oar own.

No reproach has been inore commonly p-
plied to the Whig party by ite enemies then
that of being a ‘peace party,” and of ‘taking
the side of the enemy,’ and nothing cveld be
Jeaid, which, rightly regarded, redounds mar]
to ite praise. It is enay.end popatar, ia case
lof internsifonal disputes, to take extreme
groand, to insist on all the points which faver
four own country and slur over those which
make for its antegonist—easy to rove the
dogs of war, and cry havoc amidetthe does
lof excited and admiring maltitudes. Bet to
Junge that there is another side to the pictare,
which aleo demands consideratioa—thet men
are not necessarily demons because they
hive across a river, or speak a different ln-
[guage from ourselvee—that we have sotcaly
Jendured wrong but done wrong, end that tbe
claims pat forth on our behalf are beyoed
the measure of justice,—this is not the way to
]win bosses nor elections, yet it isthe cose
often dictated by duty and genuine patrixian.
Honor, then, to that party which bas repeat
ledly dared to stem the mad torreat of re
venge and lust of conquest, and to receire
{nto its own bosom the darts aimed at freige
Peoples, States, and Nations, and

jin tarn! ‘Blessed are the peacemakers’ aed
[blessed also are they who for half « ceatory
[have stood forth the unsbrinking antagocists
lof Aggression and Wer! ‘We area kod
[stealing race!’ was once exohingly po
pounded in Tammany Hall, by a chief scum)
‘in the theft of Texas, who is bow a formi

aspirant for the Democratic nomination for
the Presidency. With oar covetoss, aggre
sive propensities thus broadly procaimed,
who shell aay that credit is not dae to thet
party which dares entreoch itself scros the
ath of nations! rapacity, and receive the Ort
harge of the headlong bost apon ite owe
thinned ranks, rather than pecrait it poet
iteelf anckecked scross the inviting pout

, aud auother defented in the House by

ions of oar acighbors t

Dercocratic’ opposition. And eo fiom fire! 2 Opposed to the instinct of boonies
————

WaIs atwamac, 1852,

acquisition stands that of Internal Improve-|
ment. A nation can not simaltaneoualy devete|
its energies to the absorption of others’ terzi-
tories and the improvement of its own. In al
state of war, not Jaw only ia silent, bat the!
pionecr's axe, the eanal-digget's mattock, and
the bouse-builder’s trowel aleo. Vainly should
we hope to clear, and drain, and fence, and
fertilize,our useless millions’ of atthe
fame time that we are intenton bringing the|
whole vast continent under our exelasive
dominion. It is by no accident, iherefore,|
bat by an instinct profoander than any process]
of reasoning thut the Democratic party arrays
itself egainat the prosecation of Internal Im-|
provements. Individuals in that party may
demur, aud local or personal interests may
coverbear party tenets and tendencies; bat it
is none the lees trae that ‘the party’ is esson-_|
ally hostile to the Improvement policy. We|
is evinced in its votes against and vetoes

of river and harbor improvement bills, in its
repudiations, its hostility tw corporations, &¢.,
&e. Individuals in the party will pretend to

be in favor ofthe prosecation of such improve-|
ments, but not by the General government,
nor by the Staie government, nor yet by a

company of citizens, unless clogged with con-|

tions which render auch prosecution morally
impossible. ‘Thus, New-Hampshire, under]
‘Democratic’ guidance, undertook to saddle
all corporations with the individual liability
ofeach stockholder for the fall amount of every!
debt incarred by the Company, thas repelling,
men of large capital or caution, and effecta-
ally obstencting progress. ‘To thin succeeded|
2 party attempt to make every railroad com-|
pany bay every foot of land it wax compelled
to cross at the owner's valuation, in effect
giving ove rapacious oF perverse landbulder
on the line of x projected railroad a power to
prevent its construction. This ground was
finally receded from, when the combination
of local interest with W big resistance threst-
eneil to revolutionize the Siat
which dictated the effort still ives and reigns,
though deterred by fear of consequences from
that particalar moue and measare of* sell:
exhibition.

I watched with intense and painful inte

the last hours of the late Congress. A bill

bad passed the House, supported by a few
Democratic’ and vearly all the Whig votes,
making appropri for the farther im-
provement of rivera and barbors throughout
the country. ‘That bill came-ep in course to
Ibe acted on in the Senate. Every question
involved in its passage bad been heretofore
discussed in either House, no as to bo per-
{fectly understood from thie outeet. and nothing
lcould be effected by ite discussion but the
consumption of time. Bat though a decided
majority of tre Senate was of the party termed
Democratic,” yet that majority included a
number who, if this Lill were pressed to a
final vote, would be impelled by local interest.
lor personal’ conviction to aupport it, 20 that
such a vote would insare ite passage; while
several ‘Democratic’ Senators, representing
‘States deeply interested in the prosecution of
these improvements, but themselves aspirants
to the Presidency, and depending on anti-
Improvement support, were unwilling to vole
either for or against the To this dilem-
/ma, an understanding was had, in caucus,
that the bill should be talked to death. no
matter at what cost, In parsuance of this
plot, day after day was wasted in time-
killing talk; amendment after amendment
‘was moved, merely to hang speeches upon;
and even old reports and vetu-messages sent
to the clerk, to be read throagh. Nearly all
the important business of the session remained
unperfected. At length, on the last morning
lof the session, Mr. Clay, on behalf of the
friends of the bill, one and said substantially :
“Gentlemen opposite! We know you can
talk this bill to death if you will; and it

‘understood that you have agreed to do so. If
this be your determination, tell ua so fraukly,
‘and 1 myself will move that thia subject be
Inid on the table, and the Appropriation bills
taken op instead.” He paused, but no one
responded. ‘The men who lad no scruple ua
to the deed were ashamed of its appearance,
lor afcaid of its responsibility. So the detate
Went on, and the game of ataving ot! wax
persisted in, until four o'clock cf the morning
after the session shoul! baveclose Non all
liepes of ita passage having died out, a snw
[jority voted to lay the iLarbu: bill on the tub

‘and proceed with the ordinary appropriations

which were rushed through somebow by
noon or @ litte afier. Can a party which
thas fights Internal Improvement and skolks|
from responsibility, have any jaat claim to be
distinguished a Democratic?

3. So with the question of Protection to
Home Indastry. Iam tolerably acquainted
with all chat has Leen arged on behalf of the
policy known as Vreo Trade; but it has
never shaken my conviction that a tariff of
dutics, wisely adjasted 90 a8 to afford both’
Revenue and Protection, is essential to the’
national growth and well-being. What do
we mean by Protection? Simply the restric:
tion of importations of foreign manafactares
to such an extent that their younger and less
hardy American rivals may take root and

jegitimate
wants are supplied by her own labor, eo far|
as Natare may have interposed no impedi-
ment. We never proposed nor intended to|
aturalize here any branch of industry for
which Natare had indicated » different eoil
or climate than our own, such as the growing of|
coffee, or apices, 1 fraita; but wher-
ever Natate is a8 propitious to the production
on our owa foil as any other, we maintain
that selfinterest, and the interest of Labor
universally,demand the encouragement and
fostering of Home Production, ap to that point
where each prodactioa shall be fuand to equal
the Home Consumption. In other words, we
hold it the interest of Labor universally, that
producer and consumer should everywhere
be placed in as'éimple and direct relations a
possible, #0 as to relieve them from the neces-
sity of paying transportation and three or
foor profits upon the interchange of their
mutual products in different hemispheres,
when those products might with as little
Inbor have becn prodaced in the same neigi-
borhood. We contend that in this great!
work of bringing consume:
nearer cach other, and thus diminis
cost of a factitious commerce, Government!
hhas an important aud benvficent fanction we
signed it, which it can not alyjare withoat|
gross direliction and serious detrimest to the|
public weal.

greatly benefited and enriched our own and |
other countries, | ean no more doubt than J can
my own existence. Idefy any of its ndversa- ff
ries to point oat an instance wherein x branch |
lof industry, required for the supply of oar ow:
legitimate wants, has been naturalized among j
tus by means of Protection, where such transfer |
has not decidedly condaced to the general wel |
fare of our people. ‘The reason of this is too
plain to escapo the discernment of any who
witht unprejadiced eyea will attempt to see. |

Jeoautry thaa they would if we imported |
them, is not more self-evident than that the |
Cloths, Silks, Wares, Crockery, &., which
[we.now import, would coat as less, if made |
lon our own soil than they do while imported |
from Enrope. For to make them, whether |
in Kurope or America, requires substantially |
the aame amount of Inbor,-which, in ejther |
lease, must be prid for by oar furmers, &c., |
with the fruits of their labor; but, so long as
they are made in and imported from Europe,
another large amount of labor will be re- jf
quired from one class'ur Loth classes of pro- f
Jducers, to pay the Leavy cost of transportation
from producer to consamer, and to carry
back our heavy staples, in which the pay-
‘ment must mainly be made. It may easily
be, that the nominal or money price of oar
wares and fabrics sliall Le lower, while they
fare mainly prodaced abroad, and yet their
real cost be far higher. We aay, the farmer
pays sotmany dollars for his Cloth, his Wares,
Tea and Coffee; but practicelly he does
not pay money, bat grain or meat,even thoagh
he sell the latter for cash. and hands that over
for his goods. The vital question with him
is, ‘Under which policy can I bay what If}
lneed, not for the least money, but fur the |
least agyregate of my own labor, as applied jl
tothe improving and tilling of my land 1" and
this question the money-test does not cow }
jclusively answer. Suppose an Illinois or]

Is of Clothe, Wa
eighty dolins while we buy them mainly
fnbrond, while it would cost him one handred

Now that Protcotion, wisely directed, has

to bay them if prodaced (ander stringent f
Protection) at home—what then? ‘Then he

WHIG ALMANAC, 1852,

saves twenty dollars by sticking to Free
Trade, saya an advocate of that policy.
Ah no, sir! You have snewered quite too]
hastily. For the change from Free Trade io
Protection inevitably brings markets for hia
‘own products nearer and nearer to his farm,
increasing their cash value, and extending.
hia range of profitable production, With Free
‘Trade and ‘oar workshons in Europe,’ he
had 0 choice bot to grow wheat and cattle
for exportation, and to take such prices for

orld in
ia would

pou; bat let Protection sapplant
Free Trade, and now be begins to-feel the
stimulas of near and nearer markets urging
him to produce other articles far more proft-
able than wheat growing for the English
market. . Should a manufactory of any kind
be established within a fow milés of him, he
finds there a market for Wood, Vegetables,
Pouhry, Verl, Fresh Batter, Hay, &e,,&c, at
prices mach better than he could have ob-

Enrope; hie Inbor ‘produces more annual|
valae; his farm is worth more than it was or
could be while we were dependent on Europe
for a market. Many things are now turned
off from his farm at good prices. which had
no money valae while snocean rolled between
him and his market; he becomes thrifty, and |
Days more, far more, than formerly, because
lie is ableto buy far more, Instend of ove or|
two banared dollars’ worth of Wheat or
Pork to sell at one particular season, he ia]
tarning off a handred dollars, worth of Milk.
Froit, Timber, Vegetables, &c., each month,
Keeping out of debt at the store and else-
where, and laying up money. He improves
his buildings, and thas gives « job to hi

with farnitare, 10 the satisfaction of hi
bor, the cabinet-maker ; he sends his children

neigh-

of the teacher. On every side. the farmer's
Prosperity overflows, and conduces to the
Prosperity of his townsmen. And the bas

tained while we were baying our goods in|is

1y a benignant policy,
adequate markets have been brought uearcr
Iie doors, whereby be receives eighty or|

ninety instead of forty or Bity per cent. of
what the consumer of his products pays for
‘them, and is enabled advantageonely to grow
many articles which, with our workshops
in Europe, must have rotted on his hands,
had bé grown them. Every dollar thas
saved in the expense of needless transports.
tion, by drawing the manofactarers nearer
and nearer tothe side of the farmer, ia a new
stimulasto production; and the hundred acres
which gave scanty employment as herdsmen
and wheat-growers to two or three hands,
afford ample employment fur @ dozen to
twenty, when, by reason of the neighborhood
lof manofactories, wheat and grass bave been
in great part supplanted by gardens, fruit,
and vogetables. There is no snore mystery
in the increase of Production and Prosperity
undera jadiciously-directed Protective Policy,
than in the fact that a team immediately be-
fore @ wagon will draw a heavier load than
it would if fastened forty rods ahead of the
load. Protection diverts Labor from on-
productive to productice employments—that
the whole story. By diversifying industry,
it calls into active exercise a wider range of
capacities, and develops powers which woold
otherw ise have lain dormant and unsuspected.
Thousanda who, in a community wholly egri-
cultural or wholly manefactaring, would find
nothing to do, are satisfactorily employed
‘and remanerated where diverse parsuits are
being prosecated all around them. Protection
‘and Internal Improvement wark from op-
posite directions to one common end—namely,
the dimination of expense ia the transporta-
tion from prodacer to consumer. Protection
sims to bring the consomer,wherever this may
be practicable, to the side of the producer
Internal Improvement essays, where the
not practicable, to bring the prodact from the
latter to the former at the least poesible cost
— Now there was a time when, out of the
narrow circle of Importing influence, these
tratha were ndmitied and acted upon by the
whole American People—at least, through-
lout the Free States. Nobody pretended! that
Protection was anti-Democratic fifty, forty.
thirty, or even twenty-five years go. On
the contrary. Pennsylvania and Keotucky,
then ranked among the most ‘Democratic’

wHr tam a wae

States, were the enrliest and most decided
champious of Prtection, throayboat the ear-|
lier decades of the struggle. Gen. Jackson,
when acandidate for President, and cven afier|
be hed heen transformed fiom a ‘Federal’
into the * Democratic’ candislate, wag vaunted
by his friends x sturdy Protectionist. His
letter to Dr. Coleman, of North Carcline, was}
repeatedly published to sustain the claim.
The Tariff of 1828 (the highest and most
Protective we have ever had) was framed by
& Inckson Committeo, passed by a Jackson
Congress, and boasted of as a Jackson!
measure. Party exigencies, and the supposed
jing the good-will of the
Cotion-growing interest, have since veered
‘the Party’ completely off the Pratective|
track, but it la non’ the less casentially *Dem-
cratic’ on that account, Men are mutable,|
bot Principles are eternal
‘as Deinocratic wr-dny,
dlorée:! aud commended by five regiments of
ravenous office seekers, styling themselves
Democi atic National Conventis
4, There underlies the practi
our time and country a radical diversity of|
sentiment respecting the appropriate ephere!
of Government. On the one hand, Repub
licon Government is regarded ue the nataral
friend and servant of the People, whose!
proper fanction it is to lighten their burdens,
to increase their facitities of intercourse or in-|
telligence. and to contribute in all practicable
ways lo theie progress, comfort, and hapy
ness. On the other, Government ia regarded
with jealoogy and distrust, ns an cnemy to be
watched, on evil to be restricted within the
narrowest limita. ‘The mottoea of this latter!
school are significant: ‘ The world is governed
too much,'—-' The best Government is that}
which governs lesst’—'Lvisses ficire’ (*Let us|
alone’), &e., &e. Now these maxims seem to
me unwisely transferred from Governmen
directed by deapots to Governnients controlled
by and existing for the People. ‘They are|

nowhere recognized by the Democracy of|
Earope, which plainly contemplates the

tation of Governments more pervasive aud
efficient than the world has yet known, Free
Education, Insurance by the State, the Right
to Labor,—these are bat n part of the ideas of|

Tike tendency, which the Rempesn Deme
racy stands ready to realize whenever it sin?
have the power. Its policy is eonstrective,
creative, and beneficent, while that of oer
sclfatyled ‘Democracy’ is repolsive,chilize,
nugstory,—a bondle of negations, restric
tions, sind abjurations. Can there be
rational doubt as to which of these

trae Democracy? Who does not vee thet
the fandamental ilens of oor party Democrary
are as radically bostile to Common School,
and to tax-sustained Common Ronds, as 02
Protective. Tariff, a National Bank, or 1 the
National Improvement of oar Rivers snd
Harbors, if it dere but fullow where int
principles lead?

5, There ia another point on which I moat
speak frankly; and 1 sak you not to take
offense at, bat earnestly ponder it, Yoo
aud I prefer the eociety and counsel of thoee

-| who walk, 90 fur gs we may jodge, ia the

ways of Virtae, to that of the reckless osx2-
satios serviturs of Vice. You, { so cov
fident, will nut etigmatize this preference ss
Aristocratic, nor seek to confoand Poreny
with Vice, in the paltry hope of makiag|
Jeapital out of the naturel indigeation of the
former. The great city of my resideoce ix,
perbaps, a fuir sample palitivally of the while
country—its partics almost equal in nerobers
‘and each composed of rich and poor, netiresnd
foreign-born, informed and ignerant. Dosbt
less, the great mars, of whatever party, si
cerely ‘esire the public weMare; doabiles,
rogues and libertines are to be found in the
ranks of each of the great parties But priat
‘wherever you please to an election district
which you will pronounce morally rotte—
given up in great part to debamchery and vice
—whose voters subsist mainly by ees
policy-offices, gambling houses, grug-shnpt
and darker dens of infaray,—and that diatriet
will be found at nearly or quite every elee-
‘rion giving a Inrge majority for that which
Denwtratic’ party. Thea
ia the moet * Democratic’
| district of our City; ‘The Hook’ Sillrws ot
\very far belind it, and soon. Take ell the
hannts of debauchery in th
will find nine-temths of th
active partisans of Unt same * Deworrscy’

wate amamao, 1859,

W hat is the iontinct, the aympathetio
which attarhes them so aulformly t
party? Will you consider ?
Democracy is, I know fall well, a w
power. I know that it has a charm |
hopefal, the generous, the lowly, ar
aspiring, oe well as for meny darker api
know that he who sapires (o inflaen
and honors, rather than to usefulness «
approving conscience, will natavally
enlistander its banner, often dragging hit
sense with the sophistry that he who
do good must put himself in a position
the power to do good will most. proba
tach to him. Bat I koow alan thet
must lose thelr potency as intelligence
be diffased more and more widely. 1
that to be traly Demooratic is of mo
portance than to win and woar the 4
tages connected witl the name. O
Democracy which Inboreto protect the
and uplift tbo fallen T will endeavor not
H wholly destitate, while of that which ch
monopoly of office and honors as the é
ward of its devotion to equslity,I amc
to be adjadged Incking. Of that Dem
which robe the effeminate Mexican of h

sistind

& @ SSS.8sugeeTs

Ba
38

the abject and powerless negra, and bt
axe after the flying form of the plan
| bomelees, and desulate Indian—may
written on my grave that I never was
H lower, and lived and died in nothing ited

Eouecsatesteses

8.
cy

yours, [ can but ope that time and refi:
may bring us nearer together, and tt
whatever your views sre hamaner,
H conducive to general well-being, more
‘ine, I shall learn of

imbaod with your spirit. ‘That our oot
country may discern and follow that
which leads throagh Truth and Rig
Prosperity and enduring Greatness, is
the prayer of Youre traly, spe that of usala
Houace Greet: merical lores.
Noises, (tober Js, 031, teivute to Tarkes.

UMITED STATBS BAWS FoR 1851.

UNITED STATES LAWS FOR 1861.
TITLES AND ABSTRACTS OF THE PUBLIC LAWS,

Passed at the 2d Session of the XX XIet Congress.

yer

‘38 ME DALd VEL £ ROR MRO KR sheseapecavatesessiey

ASCIASHREES VOET SOPMILUASERILSAIE FVASE GATE FR8SS0 9892738

3
fe
He

t
fe

Bl oes sacanBescAnosSED SPOOF FOTO ESUAT AST AUNT ADOMES NOBENTSFUEESS STENTS SRST sans |

S7atee-Laws ron 1851. 4
for the eatablishinent of towne or cities

jem :| commissfoners are to bo conclusive only between
be final. | the United Stntes and the clnimant, and will not
ri

ing
id to the ctive miles Liat

the third ‘Tuesday of May, ‘hereafter it an end to the construc age #w!
mence on the third Tweedy n.cnae of called Seerions ofthe Senate on the Ath

To limit the Liability of Skipéion
other .7- This net provides
owners shall tok be lable for damage

to proceed to California, and there
jeclde all claims to land in that state. The

“lr
i

jovernments, are required to|
[Sith the evidence of tile,

decision, tal ct
talact An
Gietriet in| fime, tnt

<
i]

Ht
ne

BREE

Hl
£
z
HE

‘Amang the Reroluiions at the second Besaion of |
the XXXIet Congress, was one ntthorizing the
President to place ate dleporal of Kosruth, and

compaaiuns in ceptivity, a national vessel,
tehich toctigeats from J Turhich domisons te
nied Grates, He embarked with

iF f
3
22.2

:
fl

| fornia has attracted the attention of the world.
On the 14th of December, 1850, San Francisco|
was visited with another conflagration, which at
first threatened to destroy a considerable portion
of the elty. The whole population rushed quickly_
to the spot whero it broke out, and by dint of|

f the amount of $12,000,000. The spectacle
| one of terrible subtimity. With great ditticulty,

of property.

A third fire took place in San Francisco on the
924 of June, being the sixth within two years,
destroying property to the amount of between
‘two and three millions of dotlars.

‘The of erime in San Francleco led

necessary to the, support of society. ‘The first
{] instance’ of thelr sway was the execution of a
robber, who was tried, condemyed to death, and
{|-heug on the same night.
‘Quartz-mining bas been attempted in many)

number which left during the same time by ||
Salling vessels and steamers was 26,503 males,
jand8'females, The clearances. for one
from San Francleco were nearly half those fr
New York, and the arrivals 368 more than

‘Nor bas the devotion to the pursuit of gold de-
stroyed all interest in the more ireportant occu-

industry ; the soll ie fertile and casy of caltiva- W
tion ; the climate ie agreeable and’ stlebrions;
jand the labors of the busbandman are rewarded

5,000 bushels of ‘barley, 108,000 solid-headed jf

Jeabbeges, 600 chicken, 1.90 denen cae en

vec 1,000 pounds of gurden-seeds,

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SOSPARSRSPARRARS

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s HAPS SNSEAUERSSSSSUMSSARSNSEAGEE | HESATEGORSROTIR? reli 3883

wate aLmamac, 1852, |

SAAR ERRERERSRESSS

Digtized by Google

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3

30 FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES.

Went does not wee that
Sovwered by reopens
priety of the atepe ta
Ercole the probanio!
geo rary, SJastige to hit
ig oriedy ot
Steper and to shew the!
teal alley whieh hes
randeot of the United
{iene ae well a wit
ted prine!ples of nation
‘tho undersigned iil
andre
ident ts pormeded, Ht
‘Renin, Soee noc thine
United States ought to
extrnordinary event
inte donisione
arope, since Febriar
and people of the Unit
fentporerament and
feria the movers
merbebie age: tr vlan
mmeyroe eativiseg” Bu
nied States in thowe
from any deposition to
(owen! Drelgn Power
fat principles and the 9
the political history of |
taney eect te
Grout emeciven, wi
the tention of tcl
twit doubtee i'n sp
But the underagned
Bate that in propor
rene upearsd toh
eas of wnponaie ey
whieh the Aine ean Cc
holy founded. thoy 6
Wann sympathy of
mi bases creams
deed their whole histor
feconinives of pure!
Strmont tot
Sore mney ou
Their character: their
‘They could not it hey
tho visw of mankind A
them ino sorte
webiel they now old
of the world. They eo
Sippress ether the to
ee eats rine,
{Smplating. thelr suc
croments that very in
personage, he Empero
Errone i06 frat 10 dit
ftaene® of the" Anmeriet
Sons ent opinions of
Sietor to ig Minar
Roccbuerven tat itis t
teertscutes which 6
cane, gave Ul
Sect, which ibe
sp eariy saay
intelligent Powers all «
deed, {t is, shat the prev
pent of oettineats fe!
creat of the reac
Tedibonaures end

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1 1851.

EUROPE IN 1851.

brief or very tedious; brief as ft records only the
general tendencies and few salient points of the
year’s history, or tedious as it expands in « wil-
|| dernese of details. We prefer the former.

In Ganar Barra, though some ‘reduction|
hhas been made in the burdens. of taxation, the
Tevenue has not fellen off; The decennial census
hhas revealed facts of an alarming nature, The
Population of Irelend alove has fallen back to
where it was twenty years ago, the decrease by’
famine and emigration being counted in mil-
ions. People still continue ‘to emigrate in vast
numbers, a-conchusive commentary upon the
system by which the kingdom is governed.
During the year the ministry have once re-|
signed, on occasion of « parliamentary defeat ;
but as no men could be found to take their pla-
coe, they rerumed office again. The World's
Fair has boen the grest event of the year. ‘This
‘unexamplod exhibition lasted six months, and
‘was every way successful. The United States
carried off a full share of the honors of this
great industrial tournament, it being admitted
that the most useful inventions with which the
Fairmade England acquainted came from Amer-
fea, At the same time the schooner America,
‘a yacht built in New York, beat out of sight all
the yachts of the Royal Club, and established the
superiority of American ship-building. Shortly
‘after the closing of the exhibition, in October,
Kossuth arrived in England. He was received
triumphantly by the working classes, and the
more liberal part of the middle clas, His
speeches, mado at public banquets and recep-
tions, were admirable, and produced a profound
‘sensation everywhere.

In Faance, the year has been mainly occupied |
‘with the intrigues of President Bonaparte to
procure the abolition of that clause in the Con-
stitution which forbade his election, and in the|
‘suppression of those liberties yet remaining to the
people.. The effort to obtain the revision of the|
‘Constitution having falled in the Assembly, the)
President, in his annual Message on Nov. 4, as &
last resort, proposod the restoration of universal
suffrage, in order thereby to bring the republi-
an menibers to, the support of his schemo for
his own reelection. This proposition was voted|
down in the Assembly, and then seeing that bis

‘Tur chronicle of Europe in 1851 must be very

lance of legality, Loals Napoleon deliberately
Jexecuted one of the most atrocious schemes of |
[usurpation ever recorded in history. On the j
morning of Deoeinber 2 be violently dissdived
the Assembly, arrested and imprisoned all the
members who would not acquiesce in his crime,
‘and, with a mockery of universal suffrage, called |
the whole people to vote Yes or No on the ques-
tion whether he should be President for ten years j
‘with dictatorial powers. At the same time he
suppressed all the newspapers except his own
organs, and ‘not only Paris, but a great
number of departwionts, in a state of siege.
‘There were attempts at opposition in the capl-
tal and the provinces, buta vast military force put
them down with bloodshed. ‘The end is not yet.

In Grawany, the main fact is the complete
restoration of the old Diet at Frankfort. ‘This
body ta to be strengthened by the addition of a
federal police to ita other machinery and meens
of suppressing “anarchy and demagoguisim.”
‘The course of tyranny has been continued in this
country, while the people hare generally fallen.
{into a state of phlegmatic indifference. Hano- |
vor and other States, which have before prac
tised free trade, have come- into the Zollverein,
Jand become protectionlit, ‘The question of the
succession in Schleewig-Halstein, on which the
late war mainly tarned, sill remains unsettled.

In Averata, the Constitution of March 4, 1849,
has been abrogated by a decree of the Emperor,
who rules henceforth by his own absolute pleas.
tare, as he did before the revolution. - This ex
[pire has hed to make a now loan, an very bed
terms, and it seems imposalble that it should
Jescape from open bankruptcy. It is already
benkrapt in fact. Prince Metternich hes re-
turned to Vienna, Kosruth and his companions |
were hung in effigy by the government at Peath
nt the time that they wero set free by tho Turk-
lsh authorities, and allowed to go’to England
and America.

In Inazy, the year has boon marked by the
Jdrearlest tyranny. In Lombardy this has been
exorcised by Marshal Radotzky ; at Rome by the |
Pontides! goverament; in Naples by the Bour- |
bon who reigns there. ‘The prisons have boes
erowded with victims, who have suffered abuses |
lmost incredible; and thousands, especially in|
Lombardy, have been put to death on offenses

ambition could not be gratified with any sem-

thiat, undor atolerable state of things, would not

‘WaIe ALMAMAC, 1852

he deetbed worthy of notice, Never w
tice worre outraged than in the proce
Rome and Naples. As respects the latt
nation has been excited throughout the
‘woild by the exposure of the crueltics
on men of venerable age and high ¢
whose sole offense wan belief in cont
freedom and attachment to the cot
which the monarch bimeelf hed grat
evror toobeerve. This exposure was
Mr. Gladetone, an eminent member of
parliement ; the Neapotitan government
‘bd to confute it, but felled. The go
of Sardinia has alone remained faithf
stitutional principles, and Sardinia “ha,
through the year a degree of internal
prosperity unknown to the rest of It
arrangements for the complete anne
Tuscany to, thé Austrian dominions a
have been completed.

In Spain, a concordat or treaty has!
cluded with the Ses of Rome, by which
religions than the Roman Catholic are
‘ed inthe kingdom. The affair of Cub:
duced a general fermentation. Itis said
‘authority, that Bravo Murillo, the prime
| is in favor of selling Cuba to England, «
|| the United States. The quecn is abou
H| an beir tothe throne, whereat great ext

Tn Poetucat, « revolution hes «
‘whore only effect has been to send «
H Thomar, the head of the ministry, and |
Duke of Saldanha in his place.

In Bwepen, an attempt bes been ma
form the natioual legisletare, which 1
tists of four houses, the representatiy
knights, of the clergy, of the citizens, a
Peasants, The reform was defeated.

In Rostra, one or twro conspiracies b
detected. The railroad from St. Pet
to Moseow hes been opened, and at
Warsaw beg.2. The former occup
years in building, and the latter will re

‘The revolutionary elements of Eun
been active, under the guidance chiefly
‘inl and his associates at London, T
ence of these exiled’ leaders of the pe
deem devoted to restraining all merely
‘onstrations, til the gime when the grer
val of France, Ity, Hungary, and ¢
shall take place: It is impossible to 1
this wil be, as we can not calculate th
of Louis Napoleon's downfall. That
‘Bot however, long be delayed, and it w
signal for the whole continent to begin.

BERERSYSOBaSRES:

oFSaRSSRY MESSRSRBRRST scoHAeSsoRasFaseesse:

SBRILSTSESATS

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jexys, by Honace Gaeeiey, is published ina tfma
ta -Guances at Evnors, ina Se-

tion, in the United States, ten thousand and eighey-
Jsoven miles of railroad. There are also soversl
{thousands of milee in process of coustrection. Of
[of 400 pages, by Harper & Brothers: Price. @L.
the Abolition of the Death Penalty, the Protection
that the Workers shell becouse their own Eapiay-
ors, ke, kc. Those who care to keow what ere
its options on the most important practical quan
dona will fxd them sot forth tn this volume.

Swicseriand, ke. dusing the summer of 1082 ; to-
‘eluding notices of the Greet E@hibities, er Werkine
Fair; is published by Dewitt & Davenport, How

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CONTENTS.

‘SSeadar Page lobed to every part ofthe Voted Suet
Government of the United States, Exreutive and-dudicial.
Senato of the United States, Nembers of, znd Duration of
House of Representatives, Members of, classified.
Mileage of the XXxXIld Congres ’
Members of tha XXZILa Congrese
{Catedian and Nova Seotia Statice, tra the Cons

ey Hairs, Religions, Agree feta Be
Constructive Mileage, and who took It.

Haway Cav and Dainzt. WaseTes, Brief Biographical
‘National Platforms, of the Whig and Democratic Conventions

iNly eo
nd compared with former Elections, expressly for the
‘Almanac,

‘Showing t' imber of Charchen, equregate

Exons rion af tn vous Deotosave ote Vata Sioa
Sonrain chortgtae yon or Foes of bik

‘Guvarametta of the soveral Hates for 1853.

1867.

Per rewrrroretrrer) (reer. Sr rc ats

rE
lane,

He iy
i
He ae

dehiiis He

wee, Ohio, Tal

STATE GOVERNMENTS.
bos
Co

(hia Era di
or 746 RC. acoorsing

"The yea

|
i
i
i

rs contained 345 day

Wee

ae
: te

ing Statambold
Alabama, SUckigue, i

‘Wigs i ba
CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE YEAR 1853.

Babylonish Era of Nabonassar,
‘chua and Ptolemy

day, February

Chrouol

ual
roe

“The follow

Fe
Han aun

3856

Wie ALMANAC, 1853

GOVERNMENT OF TIE UNITED STATES.

THE EXECUTIVE.
MILLARD FILLMORE, of New York, President of the United States..Balary $25,000

THE CABINET.

EOWARD EVI of Maamachuartn Seratery of Site.

PROWAS GORWIN, of Oblos Scraary of the Trewniry esto “
ALEXANDER HHL STUART of Virginin, Secretary of the Intrlor * 000
AGAIN 1 KENNEDY, of Narrland « 600
CHARLES Mt NAD. of «60m
XAMUELD. Bi of * 6,000
JOUN J. CRITTENDRR, «6000

THE JUDICIARY,

‘Jon Caron, of Tennessee, “ |Rosear C. Griea. of Peunsylvante,
Vueuncy w | |Benzamtw Ro Custis, of Fee
flery of Antociate Tustcen 81200,

XXXIId CONGRESS.

Frast Sesstow astenibled Monday, December Ist, 1851....-.+-Terminated Aug. 90, 1852
BeconD Session ussembled Monday, December 6, 1859....... Expires March 3 1853,
SENATE—62 Members.
DAVID R. ATCHISON. of Miscouri, President pro'tem.

Whigs in Halles, 23; Opposition in Roman, 26; Free Boilers In sMALt CAPITALS, 3;
sri tgutee befire ench Senator's name, denote the year whew his term clones

Auamama. LouIstANA, NonTH canoLIM,
1859. Joremniuh Clemens, 1853. .Solonon U. Downs, 1859.. Willle P_ Mangum,
ness, Ben), Ferzpatrick) 1855. !Pierre Soule, 1855 |. George E. yer,
MAINE ‘Onto,
tag... Sabato, iame- W Bradbury, 1855..8anaon P. CHasr,
188. Boetiroenta, 1857.-Uannttal Hardin, 1857." Benjamin F Wade,
William My Gwin, Massactoserts. PENRAYLVANTA,
John B, Weller. 1853. John Davis, 1855. James Cooper,
‘CONNRCTICUT. 1857.."CHARLus SUMNER, 1837..*Richard Broadhead, jy
1935.. Traman Smith MARYLAND. ROOK ISLAND.

LWT. Tuane Toueuy.
ORLAWAKE.
“1938... Presley Spruanse,

James A. Poores, 1853..John H. Clarks,
Thomas G.. Pratt, 1857--*Charles T. Jumes,

+ Pray mreuronie bin
a er -Aiphias Fetch, 1859.94. F, Dresnusrure
1835. .Jacken Morton, Lewin Cars, * 1855. Andrew P, Butler.
Wah eiepien R blatory, aresnrert, reNNEAGE.

notte enone tesa Joke le

A f " - .
1835... William 0. Daveson, patra

INtAW

1355..2J0bn Patt

1850. Soane D. Brick
ULLINOTS.

1853..8amuel Houston,
1857-:Thomas J. Rusk.

53, Steph. Bongl 1951..Joun P. Haze, s*umuel §. Phelpst
18. Futhes Salokda "| 2855.5pMoeee Norris, J. 1B5T.-*Solomon ‘Foot,
go W. Jones, 1855, William Bt Seward, 1859..Robert M. Hunter,
3. Wd William H _ :
1883::ARpustas C2 Dodge, 1857.*Hamilion Fisk, 1857. James M. Mason,
‘NEW sRusey, “WiRCONAIN.
1853.:Jacob W. Mller, 1855.-Jenac P. Walker,

1857-/*Robert F. Stockton, | 1857--fHetiry Dodge.

+ Had in the XXX Cov r We Governer to Ail aca
PRRs seat GREE UE Cm APptine by te Ooveroer to A acer

MEMBEMS OF CONGHERS.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—C33 Member.

bi bovd, xy. Speaker on W. FoRAe ra. Clerk,
ALATAMA, 3 Alexander @. Penn, | 3 Emanuel B. Hert
John Moore, oo 1 Hobart Hes, | 4 Tha

2 Shumen sherevomibe,(U| PB 13 Willams Rare, |

39S. W. Tarra, lNetid , 6 Jamee Kr 16 *Jug X. MeLanshan, ||

4 Witham 2 Juhn Appleton, 7 Alratiom P, Stevens, [17 Andrew Parker.
Geo 3. Hest U.]] 3 Robert Goodencw, 8 Gi rt Dean, 18 John L. Dawson,

& SW. RW Cutn, [UI] 4 aaa Reed, 8William Murray, |18 Joserk M. kekery |

1 Alccander White. (U.]] 5 Epliraim K.Smart, |10 Marine Schoonmaker, |20 John Alison. |

ee ell Be Rte,
HANSA fg pi] 7 Thee dD. Faller
! Rawnrd c Marshall, } aa fala ie if Hoya

eeph W. MeCorkle, | 2 *Wm.T, Hamilton, f ueeell,

21 Thonn 34 Howe

pe 4 Thos. Yaure Walsh, "|17 ‘Alexander H. Buell,
4 Chasteg Charman, |S Tiidsender Keane’ [ta Speen ke ae
i Gieveleon (ie s}] 8 Jeaegh 8. Cottman, 119 Willard. Iveee Daniel Wat
{Origen 8 Seymode, MASSACHUSETTS. — | Timothy Jenkina, Bares Li Orn
CaAIRAT | Win pao 1 Wial Wet, | BAW arr
| George Rend Riddle, | 5 Fraveie fou. * Bennet, 4 John M-Quern<
be 4 Yorenze Rabines” |B Lene Frmen? | § William Aiken,[O

3 tChas Auten 1e.s.|2s

T Wan F Coleork]s 8

EM, Cha

Paniae We

Fete stephens. [UA]
Robert Taomine [UL]

Taisen Museo $4 * Lorenzo Burrowe. Wiliam Cotton,
1 yeulat Bian, | eae |
3 3 Sane nisler” | 3 j
3 nC. Biller, 3 Hiram F
‘ 4 With That | 1 Bongo Sbenton, | Rlchardenn Searry
& ruomyaon Campbell, | 9 *Jubn 8. Phelps.” | 5 Alfred P. Edverton, | 2 *Volney E Howard
4 Ticked Pate wists & Frederick Green aed
Teens, 1.8 Sabon [U,
. bBo AAWede De
H 3 Jolin BFreemma qt
i | a aalhen 6 Seow 0
titanate peri
5 Phan A, Hendricks, Nathan 4 Seaton,
ANUS A roan | & Ba Sia 3 “Rhee Me
3 gain Davin F Stare tv tnek, 4 SThomes 8 Rees |
J bamiet ee 4 adie 1 ra, 8 SPaclus Fowen

a Grainm Nuch. | 3 Rodman M. Brice,

1 Samuel Bentody (E.S.)} ° Aone wane es

7 “Thomas H Berly.

TOW A, 4 tAlex. KR. Tellvlar, o
1 Lincoln Clark, mes F. Strother."
2 Bernbart th 3 one e
Went,
1 Linn i
IB te arte Grey, it CBee A eigenen
1 a tana i if Bane Ro
Rreteeriets, [2
‘Amos Tuck, “
Iuln G: Breekenridge.| 2 «Cine: A Peustoes » | Je 8 “Jus, Duane Doty[ta}
“John GC, Muson, ured Perkins, (F.8.) | 8 * RGA"
em | Sagara es | 2 pane
LOUIStANA. sa yon a iy
i tie ier” | Mirnawota "it H

‘our Dek Batok vote Fue Rest fre te amen ino
ir Det , ies before Ube samen, ins
a Distriin {sents contested. YU" Camm 8. He Sontbore Rytee
FS, Free Soil. Roget TULATION. ne
stir WO Won

ad UWS
snd Alina of Mnarachanetta, Gnidtngs, Of (ibe, and
‘Guikee, of Wistonain, in the Opyookon Cee ad

> ulin" the above eixselteation, Mrsare
se are placed in the Wh
re elaaced aceon

—

wate AuManac, 1959
MILEAGE OF THE XXXIId CONGRESS—Finsr Sxssron.
SENATE, Names. Mile Miteye
Kame ene | atexamier Five... oi grt
Stephen Adaine..or arin Bi 8 we
Bebid Re arches sano ist
“om
i tn
Li on
vin Floydserss 3091
lin Povsteeeel aig Sa an
Jantoo Brainy an 5 ‘ip: $82 :
Jeese Daria 38 fa iin Ane
iGehnrd Broslhoad: a 188 40
Wolter Byokersss ste) 2b
Andrew Ps Buticr.-tam a an 5
ee bet a Eis ao| Meron devsryatee 913 a0
Ste S15 gbldecinn RGuidinee. Boe BS 80
Bu Altre ; Sut ao
So 55
iieary Clue iam ain 00
Several 18 ten
Stine Geoper. va on P 154 $8] Pred: Gronntess mot 385 Sn
Sein bavi $12 00 Willinm H. Binwel- 1344 1343 31] Bon Edwanis Grey. 14s) 1368 80
Willits CrBawraongar G90 tol Thome & Bocaek ae "ae anlisluge Agee? be "Hes 8
WF Desnanesure sis82 S32 | Riclart J Bowles: sg doi Wiand Pome rs 3
Hoary Dangers Obadiah Bowwnene:: 248 198 40| Wins. Hamer 8 60
Sizunue Gad oie Boy : 520
| Sropnen ADs Tann Bioyd.? se
Sutonvon WV bowasseon Son tres it
nN 3.0" Brocktnridgos. a8 #3 fo
Samuel Brenton: 10e3 133 6
Georve Privgersc2. 232 Sat 60
Srones Brewers ccc. ane 531 60
‘Abert Gr Biwi. 203 15 6
ergs tt Brow ico
‘tio fh Buell 2 2
Tiamilincciat 9 46 Siem
Sungel Hess -6e4 2496 | 4 2 0
owen Peituncere 210 “ng fe 6 0
I ci 960 08 aie ‘Holliday << 160128 00.
George SV" Jemea:-s0 1G 04 00 Seren Horaford. G90 336 90
feoncsCdomeses-32tt 1988 Go| 33 S| Georse'S. Houston.3300 140 00
Wiltem Te ikine:.2o0 lan | 20] Voincy B Howard Sm 2400 00
Splint Matoryame 1470 at] Khompy is-2060 160b 00|Tlrome'Y-Hlowe Jr 645. “498 00
wie ee Sr fo] Davia’ ks Castor’. soe "00y $0] gue 3 60
iN oR a Goin: ey om Ea co
1128 to|Joeopit R, Candicr. 190 112 00] Wiltum F Hunter. S243 60
Bis (al Ghadon Ghapmaners 345 de 0] Guilin M it 0
Jacob W. Muller... 564 225 60] E,W. Chustain....1084 $27 20|Willird.ivemcress. 360 448 00
Jachrsem, Mert. bun 3S Sor o|Jorenh We dackaon. Gos 834 90
Binwes Nerrecjeessc1tan “ans iste 40|Timathy enkinesss 1 400 20
Janes A. Przees. ¥en ° “Se 'Sit tol Andrew dmosoass: fez 411-29
Tuna Gh Pratt... "et ~ ‘33 60| Chon fe Clima. Set 489 Go|umes Tohmonens.. fed SeF 30
A ibarmvec Riic“3200 12 90/W RW Covber-cihig $21 [John damoniccsc 18 Je 6
home's. Rusk-ss tage 29¢7 20] Wine Fe Goleuek 86434 99 2m 1608 08
Wank” Setaati-aamm 1eat oe [Jamee i Comger.cc1Na 920 2 a "ao 40
Wan I Seward ston ‘aes La/domepir 8 Cuttwai. ais Av Yo|Grorce W. Somesccts13 S90 49
F) Sant 1 Gop a01S Clancy Joncas. 198 tae 40
m0 60 Si
25 Teo 0 on
Preniey Spriance... 39) 5911219 29 Se oo
overt FStakien. 384 3 “ase 40 20 a0
Shtarce Samuersce. $24 iis bie to 1048 60
franc Toncey "°° So) zap tr{dohn Lc Daweoa.... ee 28 bo 23 on
Joe Underwood. tag gaz onl Gubee! Demon... 3m 343 go me
Wiliam Gpiizw'’s"t3m S20 gu SMle M. Ditomick.” Sit 348 90 3 80
Benjamin F. Wado'img _4r3 an| avid DI 7a 00 sr 60
tee B Walner ‘Alfred Ducker<. "400 368 00) en
in 8: Wellies Sig dl fumes Duane Doig’ 1680 18¢ 6 215 20
ines Whitcomb. 2002 412 4[Jamoe A Dunean’. eg. 359, ait 20
Tow i Stat E, Dunham.-1002 33 60 ou) 6
2 Glrrles urkoo-ss-1680 1598 00! sera
tttinnteitace Gand rom B Ben Paar tay 169 0, sae af
rence eons ‘34 40 :
| Anioust of Hileage received. |. As Edmiuttivans, S89 Sth $0! cE)

Tarmer-tHi

‘Miles, Mileage

coset VA

i 4
hyo s

$0 ray

J.D, Nabere....

‘Waltama H. Polit...1162
Gulebriat Purwer... 1657
Paulus Powell. ..... 260
Rodman M. Price. 231

bert Rantoul... 465
Was A. Richardeon.1764

Joh B.

re.

D3 eeseseun-

Jotiah Even, SC.
Robert Toombe, Geo.

SENATE.

Thompern. Ky.

9.53 | Gru
33 6 sere ‘re
443 21| Reuben Hobie

David Ie Seymuar.. Sm
Orivan §, Seymour. 3
wriee Skelton

Ssesese

secaciersa
csruateuttlss

2
geegesseeuase:

i
Richard H Stanton.
Abra. P. Stephene...
‘Alex. H. Stephene.
‘Thaddeus Stevens. 125
Janie W. 3tone .--1100
Loute St, Martin. ...2357

EREIRS:
auzeessessysessuaes?

EES,

gEsie
23.

W411 30 Jos. Sutherland,

‘Names,

i| Charlee Sweeter...

eee?

Chrie, H
Soak oud ward, 78

MaPleseFodgmareweuesyseseus

VET AVS sagTEee Teas

MEMBERS OF THE XXXIIId CONGRESS—Incomplete.

John BM Cl fon, Det. 10 Ner Mi

1 Chriatian M4.

HOUSE OF REP!

Y 12 Hendrick B.
REKENTATIVES, [12 Hendrick B.

15 Janes Garab)

1b Chusles Hagle. ” 18 John ae
‘Perkins, "20 John Lu

ze Oeatir Suivi, (2 Jahn Dek
Bt Bane X Sone, Draws
25 Kawoin 1. Meo

roam
38 Anarew Oliver,
27 Jobo J. Taylor,
128 George Hustings,
2) aasectah Bondy

§ Samael La
4 Georee Ya on
3 SC Pekntngton.

14 Galuslia A. Grow,

18 Hume 16 Willan
Tf Rufus We Fckham, |It Soma 1 Resa
ioc,

16 George 4: Simmons, |19 agama» Dru,

5 Jolin M:Nwin, 18 George Bliss
8 Wilom eehare, [19 Eowsnn Wror,
G.G. Atheros, NH. | 7 Samuel A. Brides, |20 Jusnca R, O10DiNcs,
Wim K'Sebaatian. Ark. | & Hen. A. Mulienberg.

BLN Kony mn, Miss. | & Jonas JS Hester,

Straub,
Wright,

Michael G Trout, | 2 Juho Wentwort.
y Bennett, 24 Curiton B.Curtisy | 3 Jase 0, Rordom,

4 Samer Krez,
ne. 5 Win. A” Richardoon,
ne § Kohard Vata
7 James C
8 Willams H Biel,
9 Willis atien.
cory
1 Bernturt teen,
2 dake &0
wien
1 Datel Weta, Je

ae Alfred P_ Edgerton, : Enema,

135 Reuben E Fenton. | § Andrew Biiieon, | 3 Patt, G: eee
NEW JERSEY. ‘aren Harlan, su an

1 Nathan 7. Stratton, | 3 Moses R Cerring | 1 Davul 30

2 Chaelve Skelton, Ferrick. Oroen.| 3 David A Nai,

8 Samuel Chart,
4 Heator L Steven
1 Tlaanas H Bene,
2 Alfred W Lamdal

Lith Wits, UF Winon shanien, 15 Sti Pete,

‘Free Soller Cara * Lmlcpernert Laat Reto

ALMANAC, 1853

CANADIAN STATISTICS.

FROM THE CENSUS OF 1852 |

LOWER CANADA.

‘Total Canadas...1 248,28
RATIVITIEG,
Canada,

A SCOTIA, 1am.
ee Popul

“s
echt ana

Mi
oo

crest
it

S Beassssssy

auedSae

unwary

cxas.

HENRY CLAY.

Wewny Ctay, born in Hanover county, Vir
ginla, on the 19th of April, 1777, dled at Wash-|
ington, D. C., on the 28h of June, 1852, aged 75]
years, He was the son of a poor Baptist clergy-
man, John Clay, who died when Henry was bat|
five years old, leaving seven children to the care]
of a moet excelent mother, who married again|
ten yeara afterward, and romoved to Kentucky.
Henry remained some years in Virginia, and at
fourteen years of age, was employed in a small
store in Richmond, whence ho was soon trane-|
ferred to a law-ottice, where he attracted the no-|
tice of Chancellor Wythe, He left Richmond tn|
1797, with a license to practice law, and emigrated
to Lexington, Ky., where he opened an ofice as
‘lawyer, and, though poor and friendless, rapidly
oquired an extensive and lucrative practice. He|
was very soon attracted to the political arena, by
the agitation precoding the exchange of a Terri-
torial for a State Government, in which he boru|
aan aciive part, distinguishing himself by hls pub-|
lic efforts in favor of affixing a constitational limit
to the existence of Slavery in the embryo State.
Defeated on this point, he embarked most heartily
in the cause of the party then mustering under |
the banner of Thomas Jefferson, in opposition to’
the Alien and Sedition Acts of John Adams's Ad-
ministration, Here he had the popular current|
on bis side, Kentucky being almost unanimous in
{te adhesion to Mr, Jefferson and the Republican
Party,

His first public station was that of ropresenta-
tive in the State Legislature, to which he was!
nominated and elected while absent from the
county. He served two years in the Assembly,
‘and was, in 1806, chosen by the two Houses to fil
‘short vacancy in the Senate of the United States,
‘where he took his seat on the 29th of December,
1806, serving but « siugle term, in which he pro-|
Posed resolve looking to a comprehensive ays-|

‘The next summer he was choseti again to the
State Legislature, where he served two years
[| more, submitting a series of resolves approving,
‘the Emabargo and the general course of President}
Jefferson, which were adopted in the House by a
‘ote of 64 to 1 He also introduced a resolve
Proposing that each member should clothe him-
self entirely in American fabrice, which Ukewite
rovailed, but was 20 acrimoniously denounced
‘ta to involve him in a duel with ite chlof an-

tagoniat, Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in which both f]
‘combatants were slightly wounded. H
Mr Clay returned to the United States Senate fl
in December, 1809, baving been again elected to }
fill « vacancy, and again distinguished himeelf by fi
‘hia efforte in favor of the encouragement of Home
Manufnctures, He spoke and voted in favor of
‘assuring the River Perdido as the ‘true line be-
tween Louisiana and Florida, in opposition to the
pretensions of Spain, and at the following session,

In 1811, he was for the frst time elected to the
House of Representatives, whereof he was, on
ite assembling, chosen Speaker by a large ma-
Jority. He was one of the misster-spirite of the

ted. He remainod in the House as a leading ad-
vocate of War measures, having been re-choeen |
Speaker on the assembling of a new Congress,
fn May, 1813, unt January 19, 1614, when he ro-
signed, in order to proces to Europe, as one of

ingen and afterward at Ghent, where = peste

was signed on the 18th of December, 1814, though

the battle of New Orleans, which practically closed

the war, was fought three weeks afterward Mr.

Clay remained some months in Europe, return.

ing in September, 1815, to learn that he had been
reelected to Ci

fend deranged the industry of the country,
Srorgtiing in chaos Congress progecdea
adjust tho tariff with avowed regard to
nt of Home Manufactures, and
ter a new National Bank, both with the
Jconcurrence of Mr. Clay, who

frankly confessed
‘that the experience of the war had oom

bearty
vine
{him that such an institution was

Housees which excited great dissatisfaction.
|defeated most of those who stood for

Mr. Clay was, therefore,

first time in several

strugete.
Me Ciay remained a momber of the
its Speaker, up to the 4th of March, 1

TPL
F
i
[ie

eaLees

ire

n uominadad by a meagre Con-

fonal caucus, and was thereapon commend.

Elves the regular’ a" enoddate. The

‘antienucus votes in the Northern States. were

mainly conoentrated on Mr. Aduma ; in the South
eat on Gen. Jackson.

the sng os cin oc mot
uation,

in nomi-
and received only the votes of Ohio, Ken-|

tucky, Missouri, and four from New York—thirty-| his

sevon inal. six more wonld have carried him into

vading Florida and capturing ite chief poste
without authority, “Mr. Clay in favor of
Mr, Adams, os be ha ‘months before informed
Lafayette that he should do, if compelled to
choose between him and Jackson. 80 Lafuyette
testified in a letter to Mr. Clay, written in

iy be
"2 Houses on the 3d

Crawford, and Calhoun,

Oppgaition which Smburranod Me

‘Adams's Ad-

ity. “Mr. Calhoun was |
‘and Mr. Clay retired to

his seat tn the enste,
irft during the greater part of
congress. ‘The two
cessive bille chartering « new Matiousl Buk,
Land Distribution, &c., revel
ippurt, and he was among the
denounce the duplicity and treache
calamity whom the death of Gen. Har
elevated tothe Presidency. Ou the 3let of Marc
1842, believing that there was no farther nud
his remaining th" the public service, ihe tok
formal and affecting furewell of the Suate,
Teturned to his home in Kentucky. He spent the
tw

shEesaeeee

ich he took ground |]
het the ‘Annexation of ‘Taxa
measure then pending before the Senato on a ff
Treaty negotiated under the muspices of Prosident }
Myler and bis Foreign Secretary, John C. Cal: ff
fhown. "Mr, Clay was unanimaurly noninated for |
President by the Whig National Convention, ff
which assembled at Baltimore in ay, and the
‘nomination was received with enthusiaem by the |f
Whigs of the Union, it wes not destined, bu |
lever, to be successful. ‘The Democratic Nutional |
[Convention inet at, the sarne place four werks fl
Titer, and proceeded to throw over Mr. Ven |f
Buren, whom a majority of

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‘The ¢ Whig! National Convention met likewise
‘at Baltimore,on the 17th of June, and after four days?

for President, with Hon. Wittium A, Gnanam, of
North Careline, for Vice-Prebident. “The follow-|
fog Declaration of Principles had been proviously|
adopted —the Rasolvee respecting Slavery and
Foreign Policy being distastefa) toa large minority
of the Convention, but generally acquiesced in for
the sake of harmony. Sixty-six Delegates voted
eqcainet the Slavery Resolve, and It was repudiated
fn the subsequent canvass by a portion of the party.
Ite wdoption undoubtedly repelled some votes from
the eupport of Gen. corr.

trolled, and and now, a8 ever,
spin the intelligence of the American
‘abiding coufdeace in
ovorument, aud thelr continued
‘ESnatitution and the Union, do proclaim the £-
ig he pole sentiments and determy &
the establishment and maintenance of
their national oF asa pary fs

ona
forcarry:

c me
spect wich they elaiar andl

in their character.
'VIl. The Federal and State Governments

scqa
fBres'of each, are datiee required by the
soneiderstions of Notions, ot Stat, aod i

"he series of acts of the Slet Consrese,
[commonly known as the Compromise oF Ad
Taser (eta deuy are recclved cod tequicneed |
ncluded), are equicsced in by H
the Whige of ba United Bestes us al ectiomeed,
in prinetple end substance, of the subjects 1o which
teleio und 0 far an ibeee acta cro-concemned,
fro will maintain them, and fnolat on thelr strict en:
Feresment, until time tnd experience shall domon.
frie tog tocol of fuer legato ta four
grisea the evasion of the jawe-on the one and,
paicity thelr prowvat etciency to carry xt the re
“ r a carry ott the £0.
aiferteats of toe Constitution tnd we deprocare
farther agitation of the ‘hue settled,
ae danxerous to our peace, ed willdisroontonancs
fll‘etorwe to conthiue er revow such
[thanover, wherever, or however. mas
wir mafuialn te patloment te esscntial othe ne:
Fonaliy ofthe Wie party aad te tngrty ofthe

‘The ‘ Free Democracy’ National Convention ss-
Jscmabied at Pittsburgh, in August, and nominsted
Jou P. Have, of New Hampshire, for President,
with Geonon W. JuLtan, of Indians, for Vier-Pree-
Ident. It adopted e very long Declaration of Pri-
letples, in favor of Free Soll, Free Land, No Ex-
tension of Slavery, Internal Improvements, k., ke,

‘UNITED stares

Laws ron 1859.

LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR 1852.

TITLES AND ABSTRACTS OF THE PUBLIC LAWS
Passed at the 1st Session of the XXXIId Congress.

An Act making Appropriations to mest the Ex:
pense incurred in consequence of the late Fire ai
the Cepitol—Appropriates five thousand dollars]
fortimporary repairs of the congressional library:
room, and ten thousand for the purchase of new
books, to roplace those destroyed by fire,

An Act to provide @ Room for the Congressional
Library—Appropristes twelve hundred dollars
for fitting up the Document-Room as a temporary
place of deposi for the library.

An Ad authorising the Payment of Interest ta
Noo Homp-hire for advances mads in repelling In-
vasion, and suppressing. Insurrection et Indian
‘Stream—Provides for ent of interest nut]
exceriling tix thousind dollars), to New Hamp.
shire, on expenses incurred for the protection 01
the Northeastern (rontier, iu Coos county, New
Hampshire, in the years 1635-67,

An Act to carry into execution the twelfth article
af, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Appro-
Priates three ‘millions one hundred snd eighty
thousand dollars to meet installinent due Mexico|
per treaty on the 30th of May, 1852.

An Act for the Relief of American Citizens

Imprisoned and Pardoned by the Queen of
‘Spain—Appropriates six thousand dollars for the
relief of certafn Cuban Fllbustiers released from
Ceuta by pardon.of the Spanish Queen,

An Act to Provide for the Appointment of a
Superintendent of Indian Afaira in California—
‘Authorizes the Fresident, by advice end consent|
of the Senate, to uppoint » Suprrintendent of
Indian Affairs for the State of California, with w
salary of €4,000 per annum, aud a clerk with «
sudrry of £82,500 per annus,

An. Act to extend the time for selling. the lands
qanted tothe Kentncky Asjtum for ‘eacking the

af and Dumb—Extends the time tive years,

President of the United States,

An Act to make Land. Warrants able, and
Sor other Purposes—This wet makes +l warrants
{or military or bounty-land, which have been or|
may hereafter be iaued under any law of the]
United States, and all valid locations of the eame,
assignable by deed or instrament of writing, exe:
uted according to such form as may he pre.
scribed by the Commissioner of the Gencral
Land Oltice, It alao provides, that any pereon|
holding land by right of ption. may use
nnd warrants io payment for uch lands, When
erarranta shall be located on lands which are eub-

ect to.entry ata greater minimum than ene dol.
jand twenty-Sve conta per sere, the locator
shall pay the difference in cash. Holders or as-

[signees of land warrants, on entering lands, ere
equired to pay to the the same compen

jon OF percentage to which he is entitled when
selling lands for cash, The act also provides, that
in all” cases where the militia, or yolunteeis, or
Btate-troops of any State or Territory, were called
into military service, and whose services haze
luven paid by the United Statoe

iia, dc., shall be ext
the Act, entitled “ An Act
certain’ oficers and soldiers
service
1850,

gaged in the mili
Epproved September 2%

ands for their services nccording to the provisions
fof said act upon proof of length of service as
therein required,

‘An Act amendatory of th. Act entitled “ An Act
to provide for holding the Courts of the “United
pinnate han or other aah f

judges 0) istrict Courts," approved J

129, 1850—Provides thet the authonty eonferre%
by the act aforesaid, hereby amended, may be
xercised by the Cirenit Judge or by the Chief
Justice of the United States, aa in the said act di-
Teetad, whenever, on the certificate of the clerk
lof the Circuit or District Court, under the seal of
the court it shall be made to appear, to the eatis-
fivction of «uch Judge oF Chief Justice, tut the
yubli¢ interest, from the accumulation or urgen-
3y of judicivl business fa any district, shall re-
quire it to be done; and the District Judge 50
lesignated and appointed, shall have and exercise
the tame powers within such district, as if the
District Judge resideut therein were prevented
by sickness or other disahiiy from performing
his judicial duties; and it shall be lawful, iu cae
of euch appointment, for each of the said District
JAudzes separately to bold the District or Cirenit
Court at the same time in wuch district, and die
charge all the judicial dutios of « District Judge

ing |therein ; but ao much, District Judge shall

[uppenle from the District Court,
An Act to extend the time for selecting lands
lgranted to Wisconsin for saline prrpores—Ex-
tends the tine to the Ist of Jumuary. 1854
‘An Agha change the time of holding the United
states District Court in Alabome. ond for other

purpores—Providen that the Unitod Statee District
be

Courts shall hereatter be held at Mobile, on
fourth Mondey in April and the second Mt.
fter the fourth Monday ia November; wt Lun
ville on the second Munday in Muy and the eseond
Monday in Novomber and at Sontgom: ry <0
the fourth Monday in Mny and the fourth Munday
in November.

pinirody GOOgle
2

UNITED states

Laws yor 1852,

for the erection of ne
mint,

ring

0 of
4x Actto amend an Act entitled “ An Act for the
punishment of orimes in the District of Columbia”
—Provides more efficiently for the punishment of

lations for the payment
Orde Trt toe

to the State off In|

tp of land granted to said State

for the ure of a State University in Aprit 1816—

Granta 4,168 nores of land to supply a deficiency
fn the former grants.

An Act to release from reservation. and restore
40 the.mare of Public Lends, certain lands in the
‘State of Arkansas—Rulcasee’ frum reservation the
several tracts of land in Arkaneas, heretofore re-|
served for the eatistection of ‘military bountin
ander the war of 1812, and which now remain
‘undisposed of,

An Act.to amend an Act entitled“ An Act pro-
siding for the sate of cerinin lands in Ohio and
Michigan, coded: by the Wyandott Indians. and
for other purporer”—Provides that the improved
E.nds ceded by the Wyandotts, under sreaty of
1842, sball he old to the highost bidder, subject
to the minimum price of two dollars and fits centa
per acre,

An Act to enable the Legislature of tudiona
déspone of the uxsold Saline Lands in sald Siate—|
Repenls the act providing that the valine land
shall not be sold at. lets price than that nt which
the lands of the United States are now sold.

An Art tn relation to a certain lot of land in the
town of Guadenhntten, Okio—Provi
‘tract of land rescrved a9 « public equare, my be
weed forany other public purpose. nceording to
ferme prescribed by the Becretary of the Inte

ior.

An Act to authorise the Mayor and Common
Council of Chicago to excavate a portion of the
Corevemtnt ofthe nattyaton of Cheng Riser

nt aya 70 River—
Provides eccerding to tes”

all sear te ret deriva

n port of entry and deliors for
cot Mbertcee Plants Sound ent Oya
Sethe Te ‘Onegin. and to fr the romp
vation ofthe

at Adtiria, tx nald Terrhuory
Authorizes the President to dé

the port
‘und fines the ealary of the A

collector af!

that the |i

in
eens s

}30ek 1852—Thia act. rintes as fol
Pod of Fons, appropi =

‘Total deficiencies.

An A
alederrpioion ss tearing

United States, and to fiz the nitmber of Members. 0f,
the Honse of Ripresentatioes, and to provide for

their future aj rtionmens ‘the
‘Sate approntd May Sx, 18:67 Deas tha Be

retary of the Corti forthwith
tion among
Soives, in. acco ‘with the

25th section of the law of May,
ing tothe rare of fopnlatiga wh
completed and returned to the Census Offior; and
the returns of population for Cxlifornia being ho-

‘at La Croste, on the Missisdppi river.
algo authorizes the appointment of «

x Receiver of the Public Lands for each of thrac"|
districts,

An Ad. to create thres additional Land Districts
in the Siate of Iowe—Crenter three new Land
Districta, to be called the Chariton District, the
Northern District, and the Missouri River District,
land wuthorizes the President to derignate « site
for the Lund Office in ench district, and with the
ndvice and consent of the enate, to appotut m
B ister and Receiver of Publie Moneys tor each [I
district, "The President is nuthorized 0. remove

€3.000, including fs,

the land officer from onn part of the district to i

WHIO ALMaNac, 1853

mother, whenever, in his judgment, the public
interesta require such removal.

An Ad to ‘actual Settlers upon the Public
Leands on the line of the Central Railroad and
branches, by granting preanpiion rights therein
Erovidos tof the yruting of premplion rule
‘under certain restrictions, to uctual retilers on the
alternate sections of public lands set mpart for th:
bonefit of the Chloago and Mobile railroad and
braneber, in tho States of iWinuls, Mississippi, and
Alabama,

An dis aud om dt eth © tn Ab
corporate the Washington pan}
apprev d July 8. 1848—Increwsrs the privilezos of
the company #0 as to extend their operations to
Georgetown, &c.

An Ach to grant the right of way to all Rail and|
Plank Roads and Macadamized Turnptkes pasting
trough the Public Lauds brlong ing to the Unived
States—Grams right of way (LUO iwet in width)
through the public lands auler certnin restric.
tions, fo all plans and rail rouds and Macudamized!
turnpikes which are now or may be chartered
wituin ten yexrs f.The Taw ale gennt-
the privilege of taking from the public lands such
materials of earth, wood, and stone, aa may br
uec-wary in the construction of roads; aleo|
grants sites for watering-pluces, depots, and work-

shops.

‘ations for the support
ofits Mathers atin forte ar ending ae
BUA of Jun, 185i, and for other parposer—h\
Propriutes $58,050 for the wu eof te acaiems.
‘and 650,000 for mileage, Ae, of Ce mn,
omitted from the Deliciency Bill by an error in
the enrollment,

An Act to amend an Art, entitled * An Act tose
tla and adjust the Eapenses of the People ron
tn defendi from attacks and hostiltien

‘Cayuse Indians, i the yours 1847~'4e," approved

mary 14, 1851—Dinvcts the Secrvtary of the

Fete 14 Nite te ery oe
ineu ‘the Turritory, &<,

An Act to confirm to the State of Michigan cer.
tain lands selected for saline Contirms |
twelve sections of land, iv heu uf twelve other|
‘sections, which were incorrectly noted as con-|
firmations under the eet admitting Michigan into
‘the Union,

‘An Aco pide ‘Exacating the Public|
pihling: and abiding he prs deaf ee

for ther 1.—This act repeals the juint reso-
fim lil rei coe mith ae

in, at ;
peered elec of Pre or nk

pst wt af

ional printing, and such printing for the Execu-
oy ts as may. be delivered to him.
Printer is required to execute each job of
igre-sional printing intrusted to him, within
thirty days of ite delivery, axerpt bills, reports,
juint resolutions, which he shall return as the

‘herk of the Huuse and S-oretary of the senate
anay require The act further provides for the|
‘elaction of a Supuriat
Ang. with a salary af 62,500 per annum. The!
‘Sup rintendent meet be a proctical r, well-|
vererd in the various branches the arts of

t of the Public Print-| old!

furnish paper for the printer or printers, by nd-
vertiding annuity fur eealed proposals and ging
te contrat te wea iden, owe atl
accompanying his bid shall mort nearly appre
‘nate to the quulity sf paprr adverthed for” The
Superintendent is uso'required to supervise
ule printing to inwpret the work when exe-
utrd, and tee that the #eme te done With nent.
tweas and diopatcl, report all delinguencles on te
art of the primers, &e.. "Tt is further provid d,
that when any dicument shall be ordered to be
printed by both Houws of Congress the entire
Drinring of such document shail’be done by the
Printer of that House which fist ordered the
fume, And whenever the seme pers. or the
fume frm elall he F bath Houses of
Congres, iV omer the same
docuinent to he printed within three weeks of the
potion -hull he ebarged but once

for sui dncvinent; and no eum shall be paid to
suid printer for nitering the headings from. the
tray tn which be pn inted them first, fo the form
or forms in which wich document aball aftererard
the printed, “The fullowing rhall be the, raton of
compet
ares

Finer. For bills and joint resotutiooe—

For compualtion per 9

For preeawork Ga
hhandred ant eiglty cop

House, embracing messaxes
from the President, reports from tbe Executive
Departments, ke., for composition per paye, Oo

{fa
ir aml! plea plain, one dollar,
‘ur anual piea, raly, ope dollar and Sfty cents,

For brevier, plain, one dollar and Sity cents.
or brevier, rule, two dollars “v
For nonparoii, ru
Jcente, For the cora
tavoatze,

Pe.
‘a

ith small pica, each: ‘-
oe ed

Jems, if the matter 10
exes of that ze w
read with facility
1 shall bg printed wi
taining nut lees than
‘ems; end if it ean nut
page with brevier
arith city, tall
Jeach page containin,
two bundred em
Into a royal octavo |
ad with

to
brevier

SHER

RAPE

half cente per page,
grester pumber nc

printing ad book-binding ; nnd he is required to

FageieseEss

[Ecpiee, For prowew
feaca table larger

UNITED stares

Laws rom 152,

ve ce

ue
a

lm dn. sts Of yeas and Daye, circular yttere, and

mccruieous printing ordered by Congress, not
herein tors speeified™For composition for plain
crt eee tian rae, fy cute For rule aod
eure work, Sity oouls per thousand ems. For
Presswork, folding, and’ stitching, 006 hundred
copies, per page

For ruyal ociavo, oF any emaller size, ten coots.

Kor quarto post, twenty cv

or telacap and any larger

Bul the following deduction
the premwork, folding, and stitebing additional
numbers to the number usually ordered by Con-
tres, uf matter Included tothe foregoing epecis-
Eats, to wit

‘Wen the number ordered exceeds five thou-

nd, and dues not exceed ten thousand, two per
ceaium

‘When the sumber exceeds ton, thousand, and
dors ot exceed twenty thousand, five per’ cen-

Es
When the number exceeds twenty thousand, forty
Peto ing ale, os
i ; ,
peers PR eh ot
ou re hee Oc athe
wheu primed on one side, and four dollars per ream
SEE rt seni ate
hau une ream le ordered, [t eball be counted aud
eee

Yer «to decd al qurtha of capa or ior.
enc. between ic printers an per
inteodent, and aball paw upon the Superiuteu-
dent's accounts,

‘All motions to print extra coplesof any bill, re-
Por, or other public document, shal be referred

0 the members of the Cummitzne ou Printing
from the House in which the eame may be made.

Aw dct granting to the State of Michigan the
eight of why ond’ dovaton of Paile bud for
the vonsiruction 9: @ Ship Canal aronnd the: Falls
of & Marys im sald tateGrante to Michi
“fight uf way through the enlitaryreaervation

4 8t. Mary's, 400 fect in width, for a ship-canal,
wich -bail be 100 feet wide and twelve fret devp,
I with lock 250 feet lony, nud 60 feet wide, The
H Act tartier grants to Michigan, to aid in the con-
f struction of said canal. sevim hundred and fity
thyu-wunl acres of public Iands, to be selected in

|| eulkl.vL-ions, agrecably to the United Stute* eur-

of the Interior ;
State sball be fully reimhare

monde for the construction, re

pairs, and operuting of enid canal, with legal >

terest on alf advances, unti) the reimbarcemrat

ne se of sald canst only each olla oe aha
sufficient to pay expenses for
care, nad repairs of te earae, Tle
fire it +ball be competent for said State to di-
of any of the lands to be selected as

the ronte of said canal shall be established.

citete

Land Office,

An Act'to reduce and define the Bowndartes

che military reserve at the Saint Pater’s River, én

Terriwory of Mixnesota—Provides as per title.
An Act authorising imported

merchandise, entered and bonded for

original importa.
fn for amineiage exporaton, wiloat pa
an Noe, Nac, ehrough thereof Voce
jlorte, io Me rt 1
in Tenaa und be tratahippost inland thence bo San
‘Antonin, in Texas, and from the liter 10
the destinations in Mexico aforesaid. by
way of Eagle Pass, thé Presidio del Norte, or Sep
Elizarto, under euch regulations as the Secretary
of ube Treanury may prveeribe, The act alco
authorizes the

Passes under inspection. ‘The
jnct, also contains « provision intended to euxrd

‘nat erouggting back into the United
[Blasee after puseing the Mexican lines,

SehateE

wx,

gaesazses=>

Wile ALMANAC, 1853.

cU)

1 det gmmad the de onliad dn dette reduce
(aud modify the rates of postage Iyited Staten,
‘Und for other purposes.” passed March third, eigh:
‘een handed td Afty-one
‘He it envcted, de, ‘That (rom und after the thirtieth

‘hat be charged and when tie postage upon
hewepaper nr pehdieal is paid quarterly oF
1a naan at the ofice wire tne au port
or cewepaper ia delivered, or 1 paid yearly oF
‘tonrer ie advance athe offs where Tbe eae
iE Ried, apd evulgacof ach pepient ia fara
sat tu tie offies of delivery in such twner e8 tbo
Post Office Department shall by reveral regulations
uypeenies gmp ait ct sald ret gla be
Shargod. News papers and periodicals, not weit
bal, wben circulated in
It be charved one balf
Provided,

ages each, whoa saat ta alngle
“a loa sight cancen, to to
‘fixing postage’ stumps

posteso Ou al ireneront aati aball ws prepaid
Stump or odberwiso, or shall be chanced double
{ig rates Brat bore iheationed.

‘Suc. 2. Aad be it further enacted, That books,
ound or anand, ndt wenghing over foar poune,
eball be deemed lable matter, and al
Chargeable with postage a ove cart an ounce for
all distances aoder three thousand miles, and two
‘Cente en vance forall Gistances over three thotsind
Stiles, to whieu HAY por cout shall be waded a al
nace whore the etioe anny be sent without belay
frepuld, aad all" printed” mater, chargeable. OY

be Weighed wine
apapers and plod.

maybe
touch one from the

Twapective often of pubs
iveatton, free of postaze, ons copy of exch public
iad may afoo wend to eect actual eudecr
citer publications i
font pono. ‘is pl
ra many pend io each
he county where tte pe
‘ereot

thie wet apecified, unlves the follow.
lige be observed :—

utes, wo that the:
erela may be detenained without removir

pee "

‘cation printed on the same afer Ite pubilce-
‘thom, uF apon thy cover or wrapper thereof, hor any
wrltmg or marks upon it nor upon the cover oF
wrapper therenf, except the nume and address of
the person to whim It f to be aout. Third. There
hl be uo paper or other thing eocloged in or with
such printed paper: and if these conditions are
complied with, such printed matter shall be sat
te Jeter postare; and all matter sent by mail

‘not
ject

im
‘sue part of the United States to anutber, the postage
‘of whch ts aot fixed by.the provisions of this

‘hall. niees tho anme bs emtiied to 9e seut free of

‘bo | For clothing and equipments.

SK. 4, And bt further enact, That te pob-
str of dnp paint fe bolo tee mae
previously folrtod ost bie paicatfon fe tut takes
Bot of thctofice to which itl eon fr deltvory cum
rave co forward evel publication te the maf tho
pottaatr to whos offer evch pubtinton i oot,
Bay diepaos of the suns fort

ty modify and reduce the rates of postage i the
United States, and for uther "approved
‘Murch third, eighteen hundred and fifty-opo, as re
ates to the’ postaye, or free circulation, oF trane-

mission (of Perivdicels, tad otber
Printed matter, and al other provision of law tor

[consistent with the provisions of this act urd hereby

Bee. 8. dnd be: ‘That when atiet
of Scar ers oa ah aay
ewspaper a uy foreig lanwuaxoy

is bab be pablished {n euch, bowspaper baving
is frgen clrealtion wuin te range elivery

Ag, dct mating enpropriations for the support

the Army, for the year endin
fin eat epooprintr ea alos —

hy | Pay of the Army

Commutation af uficers' wubsistence.
‘De, of forage for officurs’ burses.
For subsistence in kind...

For supplies of Quartermasters Dep't
Incidental expenses Quartermaster’s
D partment ..
Constructing barracks, £2. &e
Seago and rangportation ‘of of 00
‘runsportation of Aniny bagguge, &c. 1,500
Parchave of horse, Pict 170,000
Jurrentexpenson of o
Manufictare of Arms...
Extre-poy to Anny in'C9
Oregon.
Verioua other iwems.

‘Total Army appropriations
An Act making eppropriasions for the service of
tna poet Open Bopetimant dart the fecal fst
lending June 30, 1853, and for other purposes. —

Pais act appropriates as follows :—
For transportation of mails.......... 4,100,000
[Compensation of Postmasters....... 2.109.000

Compensation of Clerks in Post Offices '4:10,008)
Aulvertisis

when bo shall deem it to dlspens: with
lthe route agonta now sent with the mails trom
‘New York to California, and in lira thervof to ay

[Point not more than two resident agents, to take
chatge of the mail. service across the Isthrmus of

Powtuce, be charged with feter posters.

Panama, at a salary of $3,000 each, The Post

UNITED STATES Laws Pow 1852

suater @ weral le al oauthoriznd to contract with
the Orewn Seoun Navigation Co, for one addi-
onal trip on the Havre line, and one additional
ton the Bremeu line, until the expiration of their
‘isting contreet, reeriving and delivering mails
as Cowrs, oF th, a thn Post-
tamterdienvral eiay ditrct, in order therehy to
snsintnin rough eh ie nd the Col! oe
a regular werkly communication by American
Se RRS "Arcmepene ne a
ove Beit jon for mu
‘Gunal trips shell not exored that allowed for each
trip ander the existing contract. ‘The Poctmaster-
‘irweral te farther authorized to negotinte with
thr ountractors for changing the terminua of the

Lewful etructars in their

elevation. The Wher

Company, are anthorizad vo have and. mainte

odd as they are; and the offlcers and

crowsof all vessels and bout navign:ing the Obio.
‘use of their vrcels:

2, 20 a8 tot to inter.

elevation and construction of said

are required to the
od Gotta, pipoe and chinmey
fere with
bridges.

tater, oF
enrolment under the provisions of tile or tho’ act
{2 which tls isan amendment sual! be granted, of
i whnto of tm Part hy oteas, eat cry:

i whole or in part by steam,
it be all oy

have batifectory

Provisions of thie wet have bord,
fany complied withy and if any such vosscl shall |
ieitavigu, wil paeroyere im boetd, witxt|
epg ng rh thavteraa thi et tho owners
hereof, and the vesee! five, shall be subject
[Peualtics contained fa the second section
{Crwnich this fe wo emendisent.

‘dre. 2. Enacte that the Inspectors ofthe hulle of
steamers, and bollers, and engines, abull sve thet
sulrable precautions tre taken against the danyer
ffir, that ao ticonas abl bo granted ania the
Drovietone of thin ect are compiled with. or f any
Tinierial likely to take fro from beatod roa, bo
Placed at a fees distanco then elyhtesn inches from
Toe substance likely to cause. ignition, unless a
column of air or water intervene. batweda, te
Goeted surface end comburivie muerial, But if
the structure of the stoamere ie euch that those re-
Quirrments ean not becomplied with witheat great
Meonventence, thea the iuepectors are allowed to]
oeg thereto thy ar etlaed Te ean bo done

‘Sec. 3. Every stoam-vessel conveying passen-

ra shail have three forcing pumps, writh chambers

fyur inches In diameter, one of which Is to be
placed near che stern, one nvar the stem, and one
Ennidehip, each baving « welled bose two-thirda
te lenath of the vessel, exch purap havinu ® pl
‘oconneer with Te wich shall paae trout the
tite ofthe vessel, a0 as always tobe able to tapply
1c with water when afloat. But in steamers uct
excooding 200 tone messarement, two Of the pups
taay be dlepensed (er in oes over tone
uot excoeding B00 tous, one of the POraPE
Bealmponsed with. ven OF _

10 the|
Of the wet i

|rwo boats, well supplied with oars, and in fond
fequdition, one of which sball be » lifeboat, mrede
[of metal.” Every vessel of more than 900 tone, aod
ene than 890 tons, shall bave threw Hf-bouta; every
‘vessel of mors than 900, end lese tian 1200 toe,
four life-bonts, end every veseol of more than 1300
tone, aball have six life-boutey bat atesmers bar
gating rivers only are exempt from carrying wor
than oge lif~bost, provided they have sack wire
[provisions for the preservation OF life as sbell be

sataractory vo the Inepectors
‘Sec. 8. E ‘ery vessel slnll have a Iife-preserver
land fat fur each pursenzer, end 25 fire-buckets and
5 exea.. A vosssl of 600 (ons shall bave five buckets
Jand ove axe for each 100 tons, decreasing a the
ftonnare incrosses—0o that vesee! of 5,508 tous
‘wat throw buckets for eech 100 tons, ead

[for every five buckets.

trom tbe lower to the upper deck, in enas offre or
luther weeident, shall bo always at hand
neck tamd Nobemp

lea are coe
Ineltber shall any explosive barains faide becurried
fae freluht witha fieenee. ‘The vinlation of three

incurs a penalty of G10? for each ufrace

Angbedy putting on bustd explosive matetils,
‘without Tabelliog W on.the outside, ebsll be peat
fod hy a fine not exceeding $1000, or by 18 moth’ |
inal

districts, namely >
on the ‘Missi

oI
| Wheeling, and Pi

Butaia Sed Clove
Seat en take Mans ra

voatons in Pexae and Mobiles fo Alnbuma Saree:

nab, ij Georele; Charleston, im Soath Gareta:

Norfolk, Virvinia; Baltimore, in Marytand:

Phitedeiphie, in Penney twontn

Yorks Now tendon,

in Rhode

Iaod, im Maine: and San Franciecy, in Calsforare,
sinii deslznste two inepectors, of rood charectet
tind suitable qualifeations, to perform the services
Fequired uf them by thia ect within the respective
dintriet for which they shall be appointed, vse of
whora ball be fally competent tn make w trite
fcotimate of the streovth, eexwordinves, ard otter
Jguslitie of tbe bulle of steamers and thet cau
thent. deemed easential to safety of life. 6, be eatin’
the Inspector of Hulle; the otber of buss. sell
be able ty form a relishle opinice ol the qualay of
the materia, the atreneth, form, workmanship. oe!
fsultabloness of euch bullers and imackvocry.t>
fenlied the Inepertor of Bullorat ead tboee twe

e004 shall bo from the Hane Of sack de ferro
Irepectors, eupuwered asd required to perfor
duties berein specided, 10 wit

‘Pit. Upaa application ia writing
lor owner, they shall ooo & year
the tall of euch passencer seamer beloeaten be
thelr respective Gletricts, stl sbal

Seivee that every such vowee! ie of
Bio or the service ts which abe tt

maser
inepcet

te, pump, ow
and other thincs. are fallbfaliy coe

_ St. 4. Every passenger steam-veasel shall have

if they Geem it expedient, they

wan

ALMANAC, 1853,

e852.

STEEESE SFPI FF:

er
,

UNITED STATER Laws POR 1852

WHIG ALMAYAG, 1839, %

~ by | forall damaye occasioned by such fraud or decep-

tion.
for] Bec, 18, In order to carry this act fully into execa-
¢y | tivn, the Preaidvat of the United Stutea eball, with
the advice of the Senate, appoint nine supervisiny
(0r| ingpecturs, who sball be solected for thelr know.
‘to|ledxe, shill, and experience in the uses of steam
to| for’ Doavigation, ‘and who are competent judzes not
ull only of the charvetor of vessols, but
od | the’ eavehi ;ployed tm slgamine, who shall
i | aseomble ‘ti stch places asthey may agree
‘apon, once fn euch your at Joes, for jovnt coneulte:
5,|tlon, aod the establishment of rules and regulations
1d | for their own conduct and that of the several boards
ich| of inspectors within whe dlatricis, and
{o| ign to each of the sald ‘nine inspectors the limite
to|of territory within which be hall perform bis
or|datles. "Aad the suid supervising Inspectors shall
Saher | earn for ls serebce aor the rate of then
“Exb, 11. If the master of a eteemer, or any other | hundred dollars a year, and in addition thereto his
persue, shall intentionally losd or ubetract tie enfery | actual reasonable iravelling expenses, incurred to
Falve or valves of boiler, or shall employ wny! the necessary performance of his duty. when away
Uther means or device whereby the boiler shall be | from the principal port In bie district
subjected to 4 greaicr pressure than the amuunt| “Sec. is) The mupervising inepoctore shall w
Slowed by the certificate of tho inspectors, or sball| over all parte of the territory aamyued them,
falentionally deranye oF binder the operaiion of | vlait, outer with, and examine inio the duitve o
‘any enchinery or device employed to denote the| the several boards of ‘and shall, when
‘Hate of the ator or steam in any boiler, or to give| ever they think it expedient, ‘visit such ‘veseols
warnlag of jing danger, it shall {n any such | licensed, ine into their condition, fur the
Seen bere laden nar and any and every poreoa| purpose of esceraiting whether the provislona of
‘guncerned Iberia, sliall Corfeit two hundred dol-| thia ect have been complied with, boti by the board
fare, and may, at the discretion of the coart, be in| of inspectors and the master and ow aere.
addition thereiounprisoned put exceoding eighteen| "Sec. 30, Whenever a supervising mepecior as-
‘months, Jcertaine that the master, engineer, pilot, or owners
‘Src. 12. If at any thine there Be a deficiency of |of any euch Vessel, fell to perfor their duties,
water Io a boiler, ualeve the eume bappros through ing 10 the provisione'of thie ac, be shall
feovitabie accident, the master, If t bu by bis order, | report the facts 1b Writing to the hourd In the die-
‘eeent, oF cunnivanes, and slau the eaxineer, oF|triet where the vessel belongs. and, if need bo,
‘Other perecs, wliuse duty it is to Keep up the sup-| cause the negligent or offending partive to be prow.
Diy, shall be culty of en oflene for whieh tbuy /ecuied; andil be has good roascn to ballove there
hell severally be fined one huodred dollars each ;| hae been, through negligence, or frum any other
fand iffan explosion or collapes bappens in eunse- | causo, a failure of the board who inapected tbe vee
‘Qaeace of tach dofciency, they ney be furtber| sel todo ita duty, he shall report the facta in writiow
Vanished by imprisoouienl, not Yeee than etx Wor] to the Secretary of tbe Treasury, who ebail cauwe
‘aore than eighiven mentite. Immediate investigation tato the truth of the cor.
BEC. 13. Hoveufier all Lolers of steambouts made| pluint, nd if he dome the cause auriclent, shall ro
of tron, shail be coustructed of plates which bave| move the delinquent.
been stamped accord ug 13 the proviaione uf this ac ‘hall be the duty of much supervising
‘Bee 1s. Nabull bv ho duty of the bole tnepectors thatthe anid hhaarde within
{o seoeraan Se alt of le material of wich the| thor aespective collection daiice execute their
for plaiee eaaitted to their iapoction are o . promptly, and, ae far es possible,
tind n@ builer shalt be approved which le made of | miiformly, in all pisces.

BE?
E.

fall par

SEIQRQERELVERS
a

‘tny but wrouxbt irua, of a quality equal to Rood) Src. 22. The an
tee wade with chareoay, also vinit collec tre
Bec. 15 Plates of boilertrop sbail.be distivetly| no boards of ‘it ee
and pormancolly stamped in such niannor ua the] etenmers wre ot m0
Becrotary of te Tressury shall prescribe, and, If | shall buve fall or
Precticable, ta auch place or places thal the mark| boilers of ench ¢
Shai be lef visite after tbe platen are worked into] "Src. 23. Ut abi ok
boilers, with the dame of ie tmaoufsctarer, ths| leelors, or other he
quality ofthe lrg, and whether or wot atagred| daricie ufone ko
lace where thw same la manufactured, ‘| known, without he
"Sec. 16, It shall bo unlawful to uso in such vessel| euid diatricta, ex ae
for goverating swam for power « boiler or stew | all persons leer eh
pipe cumpecting the boilers, mado, after iys prasexe| vessels, and the m,
thie act, of any irun anlese it line bay ad

iy ihe mcmafecsret ab bereiy provided and
‘thy person abail wake for uve io eny euch vessel,
Voller of iroa not av amped. he shall forfeit fv
Buadred dollurs, obe recovered in an setlon of debi| ee may bv order under the provisions uf this act,
by any persoa tulns for the enuse} and any person| and the names ofall for which license bea been ot
tiny dr ovosing tobe used in any each vessel, euch] epplication refed,
a boiler to generate steam for power, shall furfelt | Src. 24. It shall be {hg duty of the collectors oF
{ike sam for ouch offenes, ther eblet officers of the custome, and of the is
‘See. 17. ICeny person shall coanterfwit he marke] epecturs sfureeeld, within the eald several diatricte
sod camper Saaired by tha nto sii bw fom to gnforen ihe provisions of lew axaiam all ene
tot exewnding Hive hundred dolise, and improned |ateninere aivinx and departing; and upon prout
‘it excondiag two youre. Aud If say person zivelt| that blcer of the cu
mast pai wth ‘die tame or marks of another, atlally
with (atone tw misiend, deceive, or defraud, such jinquent
Dereon shall be lable 1 any one Injured thereby be ub

Sanecmaueoom HORMBSRUROR STRESS BSTSEPORE EF

UNITED STATES LAWS FOR 1852.

wule aux

ANAC, 1853.

nll

on indictment, be otherwise
ordi

iabed, ac-
ion of the uffe

He
W<.

pani ely.

‘Sec. $9. The supervising inspectors eppotated
the ‘of thia act shall, withia their
under the provisions rt writ

a outta ace
ieee" rae tei ta estavacton’ of we
and their appurtenances; the causes of the
‘explosion of boilers and collapse of | ‘and the |
] somcrsaen wae tad etianase of fie
‘pa for the oxtinge ment of fires,

n
at
a

if
é

&
5

E
k

;
|
t
i

ti
3
it
i

3
Fy

i
2

tes
iP

Ot) Terrivory

‘and deser(ption of | ¥":

age thereat. and all her
end places

at,
yi
Ney
Sande nd
Jancery pest,

12 pars of awe ber

.. oa

are Kcapeoded'by ov are inconsbwes wan
bereby repealed.

{for the payznent of dutirs on the tron

for the couseraction of the Wilmingtca

ehoeter Railroad four years, taking the bond

road as socuri

te Railroad company ty Parmens

An Act to create on additional Lend Offcs in the H
‘Minnesete— Authorizes the formation

of a new Land District in Minnosotn, to be called

the Sank River District, with a lnnd-office nt such

Point as the President may direct,

pair of Custom-Hovses.
Intereonree with faragn

Pay of Land Commmiesioners Regieters
For rurveying the public lands.
Erection aod fepare of

Por deficlency in fund for Relief of Dis-

‘Miscellaneous items.

‘Total appropriations.
‘The act provides that Clerks con

in the re acniegeon whine
salaries do not exceed $1,200 per annum. shall he
increased 90 percent. end those over $1,900, and
funder 1 600, be incrensed 10 per cent, Alco
provides that no Senator or member of the House,

ONITED STATES

Laws FoR 1952,

shall receive mileage for attendance at any extra
Sher the ndjoutarmeat of = rogue wiom oe
7 jourament of a ex
Grpt in the care of a new meanber or Senator. ‘Tha
President may appoint au e-sotiate Law A
Of the United ehates for Califormia, with
of 65.000 per anwar, The
{- authorized to appotnt five additional Clerks
the Port-Offlee Departinent, In Hea of the
ut comprnation, the ‘anval oflloers
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and)
Oriewns, shall rrorive $2,000 per annut
‘wet further pryvides for paying
‘$501,000 for surrendering his coutract as Pub-
Feiner ; and that no officer of the United
‘e-Government, wtoee sulary ia €2.500, shall
vcrivm pny for discharging the duties any other
An dct making eppropriations for the Naval
service for the year ending June 30, 1853.—Appro-
riutes av follows —
For pay of officars and men at son... 82,771,698
Pay of Superintendents, Neral Con-
atructora, 60.20... +. 90.960)
Provisions for officers and 66,200)

url varof veerels in conuitireion, de, 1,965,000]
Ordnance, od
125.000]

de, ab Navy

ana

Gometraction
Yard

taal
jewels for murvey
Taheries.

New Navy Yard at Gan Pranciaco

Micellansous ier

a :
Of Pacific whale

ate eeee. 125,
ia
ones. 290.500
Tot ar appr ES
;Thisnct provides st heroaiter no appoinimnent
of ‘midshipunen, midahi; 1, OF id at
seg ce Rae EE
lere recommended by the member of Congress
pec alert Gn
resides, in the same nianuer that cadets ut West

ver,
For stoumdredge and discharging
‘for Allentlc Coasts

Do." Michigan cif Tod:
ent uf Balol Clair rivers2.--2.-
Steumdrouge tod dlecharging.scows for

¥.
Steam-irodge diacharging scows for isis

Steam-dredge

eaproving Cape Peat ii

as ar Hive 3
Batvey for a ship-eanal across the Beale?

tule of Florids.. nigcesesens
scrose musi river Bin Bicgd, at,
locharging-ecows

TTT EE

‘Total efvec aad berbor sppropriations. $2,116.200
4 iakixg appropriations for the
stair inne arene
7 tom
(raion bee, fr th par

Point are now appointed ; and that Robert Arm-
strung, the Pablic Printer, be directed to execute
without deliy.the public printing ordered by
either House of: Congress since his election a8
Public Printer, and that all paper used by the Pub-
Me Printer for the ago of »ixty daye from thle
date Augunt 3D, shall be furnishod by him at cost,
tand hill be of the quality and ion speci
fied im the law passed at this of
gross,

An Act making appropriations for the Iaprove.
ment of certain Harbors and Rive‘e—Provides for
the folowing appropriations, to be expended

under the muperiatendence of the Soeretary of
TAF Viz oe

Removal of obstructions {n Savannah
Improvement of the Hudeun river
Jo.“ Miseisippt river, belew the rapide
ou. Oho river...
Bo. Sieur river

‘Appropriates as follewa ==
For current and contingent expenses of
Indian Department..c.-cevo-<---- @137,250
Payments 10 tbe Chippewes of Lake
Dor Greek lndiane.seut t=.

Potrawatomiles ..
Slows of isang 738.800
7 ‘Mississippi. “T2800

90000 | the {ndian or Indiane

rboen
be due, or to the tribe or part of « -cepite,
inweest of the Tadian oF

funloas the imperious interest of the
ulation,
Peyment to be mado otherwise, under

diane, or some treaty:
tion of the President, Nor ahall the Bxecutire

PT Hu
ial HH
hf

sppointed for exch
Of the collec-
Jeficrson, ox

g
GPa ayy
g

* Bort
i I-land, N.Y. is made a

and packages ill
fae Sees
‘consent of the Prox!

heh |
He a ae

ga 8 PEP
ae Hur ui oy i
z i ii a a i E
ant i

constituts Alton, tx the Sate
of , Deliowry — This" act

ed
ay frill
He nt ui Tae

{for and eeizare cf bettors
jenrried. ‘The Postmaster
by the advice and

a
a
i

g
<
ft =
<
x
3
2
:
| 2
&

ase

errant
making appropri
Buoys, &. and

An Ac
|

4
ral all]

ton and establishment o
purpose —Tals act

it
E
a

tpranveh of the Governnirnt, now or bereafter,

JOINT RESOLUTIONS —TuEATIEG.

ort of dalivery, withip the eullecion datrict of
port of New York, with a Surveyor, who|
ball’ bave power tu enroll und license veseels. to
be employed in the cousting-trnde and fisheries,
mul to enter and clear, and grant registers and
Other usual papers to ‘reseels employed in the|
whale-teberies,

JOINT RESOLUTIONS.
“Among tho Joint Rvvolutione which were adopt-
vt during thls seasion, were the following -—
4 Resolution of welcome to Koseuth —Resetoed,
‘That Congress in the mame and bebalf of the peo-
Grow Lovie Koarvrae
Enpital ‘country,
‘wail that n cupy of this resolution be transmitted
takin by un President of the United Statce,

O55 428
EEES

muy trade from the ports of either

sioged, blockaded, or invested, in
of war. ‘Free shipe shall give
to and ev

lof the enemy, ‘The stipulad
Rag abail cover the propersy,
recognise

those powers who

either of the contr

fits third, and the otfer neat
neutral shall cover the

provid sald enrmy ecko

fnot otherwire. When the neutral
lof the contracting. parties sball
lerty of the enrmies of either, it
food that the neutral

this
ting

parties shouldbe
engaged in war, the vessels belonging to citizens |f
of the other, must be rh srelesery
lor passports, expressing the ty,

ute the thipy andthe name and roddeuse-of
the mnste , also’ with certificates containing the
particulars’ of the eargo and place whence the

testimony, vessels:

‘ors | by competent tri

my of vither, exeept at such

BISeEses=9

seangend?
Fe ee

3
3
=
3
bf
3

BSRSPSESAESH AR FEas SESE av ET ss Sue EE SS SARAYERERS EDIE RGR ERSTE RS RST SESS E

Miscellaneous hems.
Militia and Volunteers:
Weet Point.

‘nadwarrante
Auxiliary guard,
Pent

fr
ron anal =

Caducnes ano CHunch Proreety
Excwano—Phe following Gzures in
Charchee, ac, iz New Enuland,ere take
retains in the’ Conus Department —

pereun,

a
.
=
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3
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s
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2
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=

REPGEREGTELTI AAG Es 2 Ft Bl Eh

ALMAanac, 1833,

MILITARY POSTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Statement showing the Mi

Fort Jalliven

ry Posts now occupied by the troops, their several Gor

risons, and the names of their Commandants,

POST OR STATION sITOATION.

Key Went Flan
i
Tmiles from Tasape. Pia.

Do. do.

New Orleans, La.

Baton Rouge Brny| aio, Benge, Ea
Fort Riplay.

Fells 81, Actbony. Minnesota

GARRISON.

40 m. tm Booasbore’, Lows.| *

Missourt River, 500 miles
‘above St. Laie. ....-.--
10 the Manitou, W. of Mo.
Crossingof Ark, 8: Fe route,

Near 81, Louis, Mo.
heroes Nation.

Rio Grande Cty, Texas,
| Laredo, Texaa..-.
Earle Buse. Texas.
Leona River, Texas,
ia Seco, Texas
Nueces River, Tex:

Texas.....-;-. an
Jose Marin Viliae, Texas.
aW- Fork Trinity K., Texas,
Hin Fork do.
‘Bain Fork Brass R.
Brasve River, Tes
‘Sun Sune River. Tox

LIN" Branch of Concho R.T.!

See ey

Pe ranery

i Ariery
ile
Arlen

do.
do.

mont.

iat Artillery

L. Gardner, 4th Art
i. Brown, #4 Art.
WW. Morris 4th Art.

. J. EL Winder, do,
Bre't Capt 3. K Dawaun,do
B. Briv. Gen. 7. Childs, do.
Bret Maj. J. A Haskin, do.
Bret Lt Cid. G. Nauman, do
B. Lt. Cul, L, B. Webster, do.
Capt. N.C. Macrae, 34" lat

“.|Capt. J.B. 8. Todd, 6th In.

Bre't Col. F. Lee,

Bret Maj 8. Woods,
Capt. W. 8. Ketchum,
[Capt H.W, Wharwa,

B. Lt. Col. B. L. Boalt, Ist Dg.

‘Whiting, 41h Art
Bre" Maj. GR. Paul, 7th Inf

‘Jpe 8 Barbaniy tat tnt
fre Li. Cot

Ger

|. H. Sibley,
Bret Mu). RA: Arnold, do.
Brett Col. C. A. May, |” do.

| Col, B. Loom beh inf

Waite, do.

riz. Gen.J.Gariend. do.

QUARTERLY RATES oF PosTscE.

@ARRIGOR.

. Furk of Lisso R, Texes,
gs ee
Hamition Crest, Irexas...
Novost River, Texas.

Moro River, N. Mexico.. B.Maj. J. H. Carleton. let Dg.

santa Fe, N. Mexico -|B La, Co’ H. Brooks, 3d An.
Valverde, N. Mexico... [Maj M 9. Hows, 34 Drag.
Brasito, N. Mexico. 14. Col D 8. Miles, 8d inf.

Mavago Country, N. Mexico -| Maj. B. Bepbas,
Copper Mines, N. Mexico... Mal. @ Morris,

Albuquerque, N. Mexico...

iy. | Maj. G. A. H. Bake,

lad Lt. D.C. Green, Sa tel,
B. Mj. 1. Heintzetman 34 Int J

Bron.
i Artillery, Gent 8.
tafantey.| Lt. Col. B.
to the ordinary casunhive of errvicr. |
A fair entimete of the force wo)
stationed on the Northern
‘Western frontinrs
‘Texas, New

QUARTERLY RATES OF POSTAGE.

‘The following are the ates of postage, when pald is edvance, on newspapers and period.
cale sont how the oflen ST pablicatten ro aroaa sebecribety Tse

‘Wochly nevwapapers one copy oniy) to scteal unecrioers i the county shore from,

Newpepere ent periodicals, ect oxcoeling 'f onees in weigh circa In whose patie |
ed iti Zat contes tix tire a wreak. 19} cSatsy tr-weckly, M conta; soml-weelly. ©) coctst Srechiy.
Stconte! eotarmanahiy, Ip center anoahly:# coat

alge 3 cance 404 andor, wt toy Bat ofthe United Sine, dal
eee ieee tent, crits sneaky. come ook. oh
Sunt, ff ovuc” On pasere of ervater wrergat ano onneve reo ebartoe

We ‘Dab. ena ke Tvweaty. Bommel.

er cone
‘fall ewepeper of 18 octavo | or
Sanne deere

pinoy Google

pint GOOgle

KLECTION MxTOREA.

ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

8. 82707 954

= Chewllor, 4
tnae— Taylor, 35,12

Beaverareseease

Wate Aumanac,

1353

GTR
Airriit
i

Bri
mrt t

25888

= Enasguszae
7

“ort iy SIR RRS 8
regan tee 1
Qin: fut oan 100

tao.
oar.

Sarnnga. 4008 2
‘Scleacy 1664 1900
Selo: Bes 3048

Ter

sai

anh?
SEEEERESSUG)
saeGeees oF

|
8
ft
anne Be

Perri
fetes yt

Beenig

efvors
aanbsi:
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a3
“
&
so
5
70 ot
8st
‘70

Eid
Yai
Pes

i
H

a =
Fbisvensas
Bus teiss
Busetiabieteessee2
Bisstenbssteaeg222:

2852855308:
Haaeied lark

CONGHKSS,
Kong Mas Ralph) AVIL’ Vom Ken'r Pet's,
ra aa

tonto?
clewecea

jae fesl

HareaVerb.Vate
2, Mer ‘Tobe

om ae
‘sTodapendert Derm.

mt innd. 1819 A

WA Oa

Bre

Deere XUTL,
ape

a :
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| SESEIREDSISAEEV Als

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01. 618 te
ao tat

3
47
23
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ATT

i
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eles
# ai
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4
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=
3338:
FH

la
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laruot

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ug

93529 B1SE3
a3

IS2uaree Fide
8:

Bagdad’ 31453
ils
i
i

nid

‘TOTALS.

Sey. 170,10 Pierre... OR me

et. do. * Hen. 1At 005
ee ar
a

CONNECTICUT.
for. M Gov, A
DigNol Srott Prree Hole. Ren bey.

Hartford. 1250 weap Aan A217

ween fot
‘Tumi ey Bate.
Tear dean Coe
cRiatt
Sanave—Whies, Add

Moves = Whe, <ccan Remeere

tee ts
Huet wes

Blige 53
henna
Rines Tea

28,
2
Lt
i

1323363
|G:

Wule ALMANAC, 1853

NORTH CAROLINA.

oneal

BIL ATOR 1068 98.-17e4 700
Tis Tomi oes 98.06 7138

< Browne's,
13.890) sone” 98..3873 Ba,

sexesligeargags

28.0 f494 8128515 Some
(0..17@9 1904 90-1671 1100
004 Io

a
mo
4
=
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1

re
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DELAW.
Pasecoary, tobi. “Fureinar?, “48. Conenses "2,
Councion, "Scott. Pierce Hale:Tay't.Cuas.¥.B.Hous's: Rid,
tu Laas 1700 (rae |
ges aoa
‘son

" 13;
coxstiruTioniL.
Daseearen—Whige.

ormonowne uBcososout au?
SRSESEGEGLIEESSSZA!

Toul.
or
or a”
ith ‘Meiaienborg} isanire wih Orugas Fors ok
if + ricae eek ngaes Uo
‘daywood ond

robes} Watangs with Aube) Jecheoa wih
Mscons Yada wih Sry.

fleccee BA5gBGReraTessay

5
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Be
ssandeetsdt
seu az

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King

satantguandqaicastesd EEPETSSEESET ISS ES

King Willan

snauitanpeensiteats

1033,

Zs
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5
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savsuagngevees ip |
SSRRERASRG 383 [83

aUENage-ene2ag af

HHL. SEBE if

SFRSSEREZEREZESS

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thatuti

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so Jteaeseaentay

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pes aesranzsensacayecitans

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SEQSATTLS ELH IRLESL ALAA STARS TT AARERARSTAESERESSES" SES

BEAR *RE=RESRSFEMRS "HS “ARTES ETO

XLACTION BETURNS,

#88 §
RU EEE,

4
antaee

%
e
i

#3
bal staea!

+o RETA GAIA. S106 ne] S96 4008 a5 eT
Majority for Pierce, 144s; de. for Taylor, 1970; do. br
‘Brveme, 302 do, for Maxwell, 0.

lezee

ansibewt, “48. Pase'e, ot
Distins, “South PlorcecTruap.* Taf. Case. Chay Po.
to" ta

Prssititiiis
z

$852883;

E853:
‘SRei
38

seSg8aessebedasterzel ®
$3

=) #8
3
seedless

a2 33:

eeeullezseged gaze
ae okdl aes

2:3

ae
es.
Te
ss.
38:

Pr
Slengunadl aces
|aadSezel ase

Hl
1
H
>
'
'
‘
'
'
'
oy

sti
ieze8lsai

Blassegeeeesscane:
3:

ils
aeErE2

H
i

= 1G 16004
‘Constitution, 3282,
i held

HEE
geal:

nati}

Totals II 3
“ae 81 616

20 ag

a8 3a
Baal
anh

eile
é

i tives:
i ais

daablaanas Uyk esasgiblans

a
i

WHIe ALiamac, 1853,

PEARSE teas e
songenpranaeanse yy H
SeREUELOURECSSH EG a picreanesecraane sti du ii
annette Habit gpetee lg = ssazeaeztsanzgsatast Hie “a

ma [Bedise—— wgrase ~~ a-ses-|§ og aessseeetsiectecn ee

seunuebici

avestanasnenaee oH

Tperstasay A2QRAZERESCESG7gRaR|A NAO NTGRIATZER GENET CA?E |;
Se AgREsaMensce" ase]; S00RNSEBEE2E eanasaee! zg)

Wed Wits:

Wule aLmanac, 1833,

MILITARY POSTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Statement showing the Mil

Fort
per en
Fort Myers.......

risons, and the names of their Co

Woot Pom, 8, ¥:-
Now York arbor, #.

{o'tlls fim Beayras, Fi.
Indian vg Fite

key We
iat ion ‘Tampa Fa

1 the Manitou, W. of Mo.|
Crossingof Ack, 8. Fe route.

Nour 8t. Louls, Mo.<..

Wild Horee Crvok.
Browusvill

Rio Grande City, Texas...
Laredo, Texaa

Euasle Buse, Te:

Leona River, Texas.

[Hic Seen, Texas .....
Nueces River, Texas

Fees biaris Villace, Texas:

BV Fork Trinity R, Tex.

Bin a0.

Bain Fork Bran R, ao:
Brasve River, Texw

San Sate River. Texas...

N-Branch of Coneho R.. 7.

GARRISON.

Posts now oceuy the their several Gor
ry ipied by ‘troops

COMMANDER.

SE Gol Fe wind

jery |re"t Capt 8. K Dawson, do

Briz. Gen.T. Childs, do.
Bre't Muj.J. A. Haskin, do.
Bret Lt Gis... Nauman, do
1B Lt Col L, B. Webster, do.
Gani N.C. Atnerag, 34 Lae

.|Capt. J.B.8. Todd, Och Ine

Bret cat Lee, do.
Bret Maj 8. Woods, do.
Gabe W: 8; Ketchum, do.
[Capt H.W, Wharton, do.

B. Lt. Col. B. L. Boul, lot Dy.
Bre" Maj. A. Cady, 6 Int
‘TBIESL BBicanel
8. Brig. Geu. N. 8. Clarke, du.

|. G. Andrews, th Inf
H. Wilson, du.
Bre ‘Maj. DP. Whiting,

Whiting, 4th Art,
|G R, Pua, 7th Ine
‘pt. S. Burbank, Lat Inf

Vere Li. Col. T. Morriy, d0-

ea, 2d

Bret bay. He siicy,
Brett May. Ro A. Amoid, do.
Bret Cul C. AM

Got, 3.

Bre Gol, CA” Waite,
Mo

Col. if:

ret Maj. J. H. La More, do
TFs, ‘th of
1B. Col. W.'W. Loring, Rifiee.

| B. Maj. J. H. Carleton. lat Dg.

sxaaa

Maj. Z. Bechos,

| Maj. @ Morris,

Mo). W. N. Gtver, tet De |
Utah Country, N. Mexico. Maj. G. A. H. Blake, do
Sica SF Sie Rien, Gai ecselioan 3d tat
Sem Diego, Cal...

s39

Do. do.
ie ge
Redoubt. | Mouterey, Cal.

farrisons, t

(antes renrdomn, dlachargen, Ke Dye contnay chants
iy bo attnined by averaring at forty men, the C
‘Arlantio wad Galf Coasts, the Upper Mississippi, and at poets nen
Minourt, and Arkanses, ' For the pots on the Oregon and Sent
Californie, and Oregon, etsty men pur Company would be a tnir average.

QUARTERLY RATES OF POSTAGE.

‘The following are the quarterly rates of
ale seat from the office ze

Of the United Sraice, daily. 48) conte: six times a
iy. lS come woohiy. hoe; sah oowthly, Scone:
ght than 3 ounces. the charros are as follows:—

Es ie
andor 8 a chareed sa:
a ‘Whee mete
‘fice, entiatuciory ov Se
wr Marvren, Paerato.—Ne
pelutod martor (except book
Senin 5 unevs, 3 eens

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF THE U. STATES—CENSUS, 185i

FERUSSESRR SEES!

aareparoes!

UsIEBEsEas

AORICULTURAL PRORUCTS OF TUE UNITED STATES—-CRNSUE, 1850,

joe,

erettt

BREEN scuscessercagegey

761,761] 98,358,011

svat any TER.
RiToRigs.

Mrotend
Batre ‘of Cola

nah Fiona us TO AAS! 194. | ABT BO AISI SORIANO

7 The vounty of 1 Vera, in ten state, ont included 2 thie marge.

piv Google

% RLECTION MxTORNA.

ELECTION RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

coNGHKss,
VIL. Yom Ken's. Perks
Cd

a
He

BEBE:
Airis
auetHat
=
Hei

3
1.28
i

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Ett

i
esktbas'
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ities
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A
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235

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14
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GSRESESBETESTRSERS 8
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si tooo 168

sant

len

dana
2.
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ual

ingara =.
lOelgane

Ca tige Kea ue
See Tap. aN "i

YPENNCYLVANIA.

Premmany, Kor. WM, Pas, Kor
Degree, Sear Panetiate on bam
ceming tos fave 1ST) ae
Pere beri a
ncaa ey tse ta) oo
Sei teed get ve mate

Teal

sonal?
ITT
eu

aBltone
alee
fi

ash

S1GH88 Elenk38
ERG

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i

|
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413
i

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taut

fe
EH

Hal

A700 4890
elrwgee 2 90u ITT

+3
it
HERE

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enh317

seen
ane li
a8

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kt 1831 18h

Lin eet oo Votes with Novihumnberland

205 j
Bigiadd 31853
citer t

North iand. 1618 249
SehuvN dL weea Ak

i
PeETIIBPaaren Hlize

:
3
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313
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ore 318Bds
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aSegT ble? Fi

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$33:

Soar 4078 (07.3848 Se
Winding Bean 0: Toe

an.
iMG ind Fs. au te

3188 Ht

WHIG ALMANAC, 1853

Dream 1108 AST
Burlingioe,...-3000 3798

i7i..an joins
‘Coureea Vail

Sasare—Whigh-.ooces

Hewes Wap: 13;, Democrat
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
Tay Democrats

Slatseiaedaattie

ssareieers stat ge,

BRAGS ESEEEE:

SBSEUEREIES EES:

§pereencrzaeadsdae

sae
enaesesie

Gangs yysie:

surareause’

2388:

“
ry
7
=
re}
rr
18
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8.
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gS88H!
ie

28
° GESSESaETERRERUEMESGEEES ASSES TONER SESSESISTEE OSES

EgeneSSEE &
sesbaadzeset

BEEIES

egdsasssaee

eeakes8s

Sian 30744... Gans, Bk... OID Bro
Pierce, 66; da. for Reid, 64015 do. for Tay

BLECTION ReTURES.

mar
rt
iy
a
=
_
om

WHIO ALMANAC, 1933,

HEU
dsazazass ei
Sah} igrassge let
oavoragngeros gy
dennnaastseea ii] |
SESERE: sEeagigg

ieee i lial ih inl ill

S8SaRSESERTTS ERLE stbsRgTEETE BEGERS® ABEERSEESHESSS AS

ey Tet)

do Cana, 618; do. Repadiation 1.291

the payment

TSened te tara toe Plotcel Rook
of cape

ystion uf levying 1 tax fo

‘: dueevtneaciants}e eeaLEneaaeacanelasqacesgurscaceaegt

aisseas:

4d B SERS CRECRRA RSE LRSERETO™MRETRSROCL SLs WR~SH"SARLYS "BELA LULSL SH FT SATA SRAM RSIS
acusuenanaa”geuta aseaeenegeqnsnaneuegansgensnsadtsvnsstiersig
sas EaUEcezaguassegogs ge =apanee ENS AS” sete

slulnalantattiadl

FRRRRICOMMPE EYPF:

‘he Democratic canduinte for Governor, Result of

ELECTION RETURNS,

i?
a7
i

Bh
snneleeensnzaaiese B

ausseceted

EMH AE

-Whign.
Hoven —whiges:

eeethleszaeat

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ass:
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FERS
SP SERB LMB TEE:

wagulleatgge!

52, 53l eeege:
afl 35:

aes:
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Whig. aad Paul O-

ares

etek:
3880085:

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waa, Su vt: ee
#1.cNoretum.. 18

=
1 316 B12! stb

Fa5_58bse0f

3308315

z:
dnadl apnpaedl aggceceall

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ti

oflwos

ate Sud! seeegasl sf:

il
eel
wants

i
O avisivablaasas U8 esazzill

‘palate

Hi i
+
Ki
it SaNtade

{
i

| ALIA WAC, 1853,

m. Ga 7ee|ORAND TOTALS w.
a LB | Pron '99—Scot

‘s: son

tee. os fe

. ies is9|

on. ‘er 0

7. iM

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om. 00

meni ene Pere ee ee AN
Wg wen terse Saline aan!

ie 4

ig
i Bu

ET auueslgpeeagucat
haul

AREEREEIIEAETE

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a
a
ry
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igegyszg=gasgeg gg
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ian Yeo “ive.

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PP

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to
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od
6 iso
Bs abo!
mr lan
ain ten
et

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Perri tt itti is

6 LECTION RETURES.

‘MISSOURL

(aa Pama, at, Pose, eh Gora 88 Covers,
1. __ Soon Pieen Tay Cosa Wns Prey. Cor Den Boy
Sa Ties Ree Go. ay seks as aia Te

Six
iil

Pret Mer tity ttt

Gs or wget tas.
Yeas. Oh Babe 68 Bt”

RE2) SoSRs a eNTsERRITe

=
CUNREERSEEUSENSEZNRO RE ATES:

elege
Pet

Ker
A

ef
23E 3
7

SS8Ea:
338%
2 88H
283

ESES2SRRS ERR
adaneaee

Pea 2 98 7
Warrick

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Hz,

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f
abaaee
235:

GOT 7e0,.7008 Te. TBay BOOR..bae Te
ieee. Tey. Cas. Wine Prive, UL King'ch
YOr-110 900..187" 310-105 mv 8

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int

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4i0538

EeEzE:

WHIG ALMAerc, 1853,

Haas a 1000 gts SLL
SBT-cAIRE Lane 18.1008 1608

2-aeketas
eerssnane!

rr
1

eeae
legaazge® Elie:

Ssivansene Blase!
Eganegs2. 3]see
ie Gles

“8764 Boe8 TSIT..4908 9406 1108..0007 1770
1D TOTALS. Scott, ¥0,901; Pierce, 95,240; Hale, |
fi Terleg,m.507| Case, Fi7e Van Rare, $108, For

00 ‘on

Tei oe, 7 no
‘Biddle Eddy.

me 3. tce ai

ee aA.j1070 117

‘son 90. 800 Bt

BO gas: 3a7 out

308 fae: See se

rr $90..1840 1338

‘a “01. 300 0

ce Me

"LL ann oan

Mee: oe

far 308.. ora 1088|

oh ots eta

Soo

Shi Tras. 2a

108.0

ar?

1080

FB ornare:

Per
tes

MICHIGAN.

Waaki'w S474 $904 IS. /905! 90R1 917--9477 9570 387
Wagne.:-3407 4a) 388-8844 S800 420.9000 4608 NE

[Catboun..c17—4 Load 440.1858 tart
[Clintons 410 437 148. $13. S40
707 740| Raton. O87 70h $25.. 368 Bas
(es 8 SNH LH .

0998 1984 i90..0ne8 ior

ales 72
ilesryese
r

eee
ottoBoR¥ls- on 28S

2732

owobbe’

#38

2:
Renee 2 sE23

SUES,

18 | B'rd of} Larned ... Ww
tine | Banc § Wiles aioe Ye

LEGISLATURE.

U2PRUS293 |B a ee
re Logyensazacczesit reeaezeafaneet i
Jacnosesccconcegng z er sanatl eet L

uit waaguaty Fi At |
Bal wangeas2d |; ay
FE IGE

ne “ita
uf mafia [28

“ale pli

i
ul ae
BARBER RERS |G
eno FEET stale sanvauagtat |p PSENTBEAaES
nea g3R8S92|§ E2328) SERSABERIEY GeES SER G25 [8 58)
are Be egg aes y: andes 388s 2
LE agSERES|8 aeeenat|3 REQERRGRESZE |G ZENG ITE RTS ||
aE ant |G RERERTa|g ESRERAE TRESS Y BRAZsRE ZENS

iL
‘Adnns ... 111

‘
a
x
&
5
2
i
F

83]g enuuecieeatts
can FEF Perr

7008 test Ie. me mea Total.

Fees PPro mores ys
aa¥c22g3|§ PORRERS|g many
jessuntrt | w a2EEE

“iva etal PE

SSCaUEERES
$agTseagen

Pyle

sewer HEBL 1480 900.
‘Tonal. 10 D446 10676..
Tee tt

vintzeay GOORTe
i

STATISTICS OF CHURCHES LH TUE UNITED STATIS.

!eczsen've| ove'oee|
\ous'tet jonenes. |---°""
len ete |
not weal

|sus's01
td
vo mal

son'orz'18| coc-zere!

scu'ese

ees'et
ey
an ry

1288 |

sen wn

jovt'ses
ea
—

| 3
g

ot‘e0
ews
serene qepmesl oon

id
“GLIVIS CELINA FHL NI SHHOUNHO JO SOLLSILVLS

ie
oie
Gd
=a

evo"et
be

SlesHagpauteaeeaae
_

‘gto'cou've| zz ‘axx'cs |

fewwrene.
. rer
Se Servers reer

Ges" th28

Dest
e

pignzeavy GOORTe
3

Price,
ScoL8 Corres, 125 cts..$1 per Dozen..$7 por 100.

CONTENTS.
Astronomieal Calculations for the
Kelipese ia

tad deri tinge Tats of unr Sytem hee ne eka
: f arn et yea he ene
rae Tiod~cabwia page stayed ered crores Peed eee
Government of the United Siater, Executive aud Tadiche m6
Benate of the United States. Members of, und Duration of Oftice..16
House of Representatives, Members uf, clussified. of 7
Railwnys in the United Brates.

Tangs Gan of core

“A bela article on
foaugurul Address of Frauklia Perce,
‘National Finnnons.,

‘hereto.
riculture, contatning many valuable hints for
of Farmore. os - 58
ion, carefully complied,
xpreely fF the Wig

expres

are
penta oc en, On 1

—

Reproduced vy the AMERICAN, PHOTO-[LITHOGRAPAIC, Co.NY (-UsbattiesProdels
1867,

STATE GOVERNMENTS

|
wz:
'B

Gharion
William Ef, lowe.
| Jamwe E. Bruome.

ERD SEF
iNgE

EabEE| FE
PLTINSioF

4
3

I Hasspebire.| Concord

Rew Yor”: |aleelye-2.:

A Garuliaa: | Baloigt.
Corals

felcadel pt

ead Gest

Jeep Julmeoa.
“win! a" Barstow,

ng Bates bold Legnbtive Seesiona bigunialy, viai—Delaware, Vi
‘mie lass, Touas, Arkamas, Teasewsee,
‘Absime, Micon, Resiprs Losin, Tosa, Ou,

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT.

i eG att te |

oft

aapet| 13,827
toa

pore?
ERP:

aRRRE

Boy

rea
Ie gee Rae

ee BY

ie as 68,208 es fae aa

‘Flores over Scatt, 900,670; Taylor over Casa, 138,147 ; Folk over Clay, 97370,

——==

WHIO ALMANAC, 1854. 3

GOVERNMENT OF THE THE UNITED STATES.

THE EXBOurIVR
FRANKLIN PIERCE, of New Hampshire, President of the United Sates. Sale 000,
BRVID Ke ATOBISON of Klssourt Ps Braden pe tam teary

THE CABLWET.
WILLIAM Le MARCY, of Now York. Secraary of Sate.

JAMES GUTHRIE, of Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury. .
ROBERT MCLELLAND. of Michigan, Secretary of the Inter “
JAMES C. DOBBIN, of North Carolina, Sicean a 1h ood Nacy. “6,000
JEFFERSON DAVIS, of Nississippi. Secretary = 6,000
JAMES CAMPBELL, of Pennsylvanin, "Pores General. “6,000
CALEB CUSHING, of Masmnchasotts, ditornay-Goneral “4,000
THE JUDICIARY.
SUPREME COURT OF TUE UNITED STATES. .
ROGER B. TANEY, of Murylwnd, Chief Justice,
Joun M’Lxan, of Obio, "Associate Justice, | Saunt Neisor, of New barat Ay poss Associate Justice,
James M. Warne, of Georgi, «"|Roment C. Garme, of Pa,
Youn Curnow, of Terincmoe, = | Rensant R Quarih, of Mame,

Preven V. Danret, of Virginia, « [Joun A. Gascramgt dla” “
Salary of Associate Sustices, @4.500, Meets fret Monday in Doceanber st Washington.

XXXIId CONGRESS.

Vrasr Gesnon orewep Nowpar, Decuaza 6, 165.

SENATE-€9 Members.
DAVID R. ATCHISON, of Missouri, President pro tom,
[Whigs in Relics, 21; Democrats in Roman, 37; Free Sullers in att cars, 9; Vacancies, 2,
‘The figures before each Senntor's name, denote the year whemsbla term closes.)
ALABAMA. XENTUCEY, a0 2 oE REY,
San a 1eb0 2 Winans Wrage
TyORTH canouina.

“ARKANSAS,
Robert W. Johnson, | 1855..Juhw Slidell,

1650..Williara K, Sebastian. 1859..*Judah P. Benjamin,
‘CALIFORNIA.
1855...Willlam M. Gwio,.
1857..Joha B. Weller
connecticut.
-: Truman Suni

ess, eennREvants.
1897. Rulehard Brodhead, Je.

RAODE I6LAND.

1859-:*Charles E. Stuart.
‘rssrestrrt,

1357. Adams,

1689.04 G, Brown

area,

1855..David R. Atchison,

1857.. Henry & Goyer.
EW HAMPSHIRE,

1888 Moors Norris
959.-*Jared W. Williama.t
"new rons.

1855... Augustas C. Dodge, 105.. Wilda Be Sawer, 1855. Leane P Walker,

1850: George W. Jones. 1857. Hemilion Fish, 1881. Hoary Dodge.

4 Appsinted by the Governor to Alla vacaney.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—284 Members.
Linn Boro, Ky. Speaker. —Joux W. Fossey, P2.. Clerk.
Louisiana. 3 ‘Harry Hibbard. —/10 Ner Middlewarth,
1 William Dunbar, NEW TORK. 10 Chriaiten 3 Sirsa,
2 Theodore G@. Hunt, | | Jane Maiiries, — |12 Hendtk &. Wrigit,
3 Jou E Perkive, Jr, | 2 Ti W. Cummnings, |13 Aes Packer,
4 Roland Jones. 3 Hiram Walbridge, [14 *Galashe A. Grow,
4 Alike ‘Vaial, 15 *Jnmes Gamble,
onal, | 5 Wm. M. Tweed, 16 «William H. Karz,
3 Samuel Mayall, 6 Johu Wheeler. 17 Samuel 1, Hueedd,
ARKANSAS. 9 Win. A. Watker, [18 John 4° Crdloch,
‘Greenwood, . 8 Francis B. Gutiag, [19 Auguelus Dru,
jawin A. Warren. 9 Jared V. Peck 30 1. Hiawssa,
CALIFORNIA J.D. Faller, |10 *Wiltierm Murrey, |21 Dereid Mitchie,
Marcas C. Latham, D. 11 The, R. Westbrovk, |22 * Thomas M. Howe,
FAM Duggal. “Gilbert Deau, Ea
Snes E Prete neane, |S Rem
ses Fn, fe Bate Pesky
§ Nohan Belcher, | 16 Geo. ot. Simone,
4 "Origen 3. Seyimour. Ballers. |19 Bislcp Perk
DELAWARE. Q ia Peter Rtowo 1 GEE ginondek
*Georzo Reud Tiddle. ddr, peo hase ‘*Jobn M-Queea,
FLOWIDA, » |B Georae H Seee | 2 SW Alen?

Aur Mer. Orel, Mate sowie A
fora bos 3, cfleary Rewect,” | 4 Broston 8. Brooks,
3 Aires i otecte, Sate Lyon, re ee
3 *David J. Bauy, me jen Trowessh
wae eB, BA caer
WW hata,
Huger

Di
David A. Noble,
‘Samael Glark,
Hestor L. Stevens,

IWOIANA,
1 Smith Miller,

1
2h
341
aM
ba
ga
Ta
aM
oF

108d

Daniel B. Wri
Wine 3, eur,

NEW JRRSEY.
#Nathan T. Stratton,
“Charles dielion,

Surauel Li Eduuodeon,

{8 George Bliss, 10 s3oiN Eoicners

1 *Berobart Henn, C.M. Pennington. |) Eowann Wane, | Z. Kidwell,
2 Joka P. Conk, SET |20 24. R Gipornes, rnderase
RekrucK, Henry M, Saw, |2t Androw'Siuar.”. 113 Fayeuo sialulion.”

. 08

4 Danlel Wea Jr
"v0. C. Bastiuad,

3 Jobn'B.

4 Wiliam wise? | ° J Racers

5 John MNair,

§ Watiam Keer

| 7 Samuel A. Bridges,

‘Coe, Kiuredge, | 8 H. A. Muiionberg,
1p *Rich. H. Stanton. Morrison, | 9 leaae EB. Heisler,
Drs om Tevkoriny, wo peat nfo eit a ot oa + Name at te ERIS Cage
recast ior Shoe ome
ae en a Erte

3] Penney ivan .¥ 16] Vercmnt.
a] Mide bived. ¢! Virgina
Garvaa... 6; Wacom

Were of Maseachuretts, Sarea of Sew York, aud Wass of Okie, are
ies Yr 0 in, are paced

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854.

NAME OF Company,

Portemoutls and Goncord:
Satiivan

Connecticut and Passninpsie
Rutland.

Western Vermen
ont Valley.
ml Lowe

Cape Cod Brauch
Connecticut River,
Eaatera,

Bail itive

nehbneweesesv

New Bedford nad Tauuton
‘Norfolk County.

Old Colony...
‘Taunton Branch...
Vermont and Musan

Wonton...
Stomingtousceeces esos
Providence und Worcester

Canandaigua and Niugura
Canundaiyua and Ehira....

RAILWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Length~Capital Stook—Cost of Construction—Gross and Net Earnings, &c.

Chem mneme ne S Re.

2
&
4
&
8
8
&
am
5
H
Ee
5
:
:
Hy
nM
3
et
a

108,

‘The abore statiatcn ware prepared ia

_—_

WHIG ALMaxac, 1854.

‘Ture Japanese Expedition, sont out by the U. 8,
Government, under the commund of Commo-|
doro Perry, with a view to opening commercial
relations with thnt hitherto'seated Empire, ealled
from the harbor of Nuix-Kinng, in Loochoo, on
the 2d of July, 1853. ‘Th squadron consisted of
the stcam-frigntes Suequeheiuuh nnd Missiasippl,
and the of war Plymouth and Sarutogn,
On the mouruing of the éth they made Cape Idza,
near the southern entrance of the Bay of Jeddo,
‘and, sailing dirvetly up the lay, anchured in the|
afterooon of the town of Uragn, mare than a
I] mile beyond the former anchorage of the Mor-

ison and Colwnbus, The appearance of the
steamers—the first ever seen in Japanese watera
—with the other vessels in tow, moving with all
axils furled, at the rate of nine’ or ten ‘knots an
hour, appeared to produce considernble sensa-
Hon ‘ainony the Japaueee, and all the trading
Junks, with which the bay was crowded, care,
iully kept out of their way.

Aa the verscls were comlug to anchor, two ehella
fired into the air froai a battery,

veral government Lonia|
ly idewvored to put on
Lonrd the vessel the usual notitication to foreigners|
wutuing them to depurt. ‘They were uot receiv.
ed, however, and the Deputy-Governor of Uragn,
who was the only porson ‘allowed to coine on
board, was notified that, it the Jupanese wuthor-
ities endeavornd tp surround the ships with the}
usand cordon of buats, it would lend to very eeri-
ous consequevers. A few boats, never
lingered around the Susquehannah, but the sight
vf some warlike preparations eatisied them that
Commodore Perry was in varuost, and they
sickly rtrd. | Baring the say of te saoadcuny
fp tn ing it wan mover ltermatd ied by any
[| bonta, except those containing the officials throny
whom the negotia ‘fe carried on. The

Uragn, a
ed before, she discovered a la
bight, which was perfeotly Inn
fered’ the most wecuro an

go, beau
“locked, and of-|
commedious anchor-|
‘The presence of the squadron sppoared to

‘Saute wo tncorruption to the al

‘On the 19th, nm answer came from Jeddo,
‘tuting that the Emperor had appointed an offie-t
of the highest rank to proceed to Uraga aud re.

elve the letter uf the President of the United
States, and it was arranged the interview shoald
take piace on the inornirg of the 14th.

THE EXPEDITION TO JAPAN:

SRsvenmeasase

d
to accompany Commodore Perry, smounted to
about 400, while the force of the Japattese was
Yariourly estimated at from 5,000 to 7,000, and,
with thelr scarlet pennons, aod bangers of vari.
Qus devices, presenter a novel and beautifal show.
‘The Commodore was esoorted, with the Auer:
enn colors flying, and the bands playing the un.
tional “ Hail Columbia” to the house of reception.
Here he was received by the Prines of Tdzu, frat
Councillor of the Emperor, who wae accompa.
nied hy the Prince of fwamni, The letter of the
President and Commodoro Perry's letter of ‘cre.
dence were formally delivered, and an
receipt given in return by the (wo Princes, ‘The
interview then terml:mted, os the latter were not
‘empowered to enter into nny negotintiona, ‘The
Commodore stated, however, thnt it onder. to
ive the Japanese government ample ime for

liberation, he would depart in three or four
days, and return in a few inoutbe to receive the
reply.

‘The Governor of Uraga und attendanis, sfter
the interview, were treated to a trip in the Sue.

juelaunah, where they witnessed, for the ‘iret
Nese, tho pertormnnce of ho steamnouginn “Att
ter leaving them nt Urags, the squadron procecd-
Jed to the point reached by the Mississippi, ubout
ten miles above Urage. On the following day,
Commodore Perry, in tho Mississippi,” weit
‘about ten miles beyond thie, making n total
of twiaty miles beyond the limit of previous
exploration, From the deck of the figuto «
[crowd of shipping was aven seven or eight tniles
't the nerthward, supposed to be the nuchorage
{in front of the capital, The officers of the aqui
drow epeak with admiration of the beauty of the
‘shores, nnd the rich cultivation and luxuriant
vegetation: which they everywhere witnessed.
‘The natives, with whom they cume in contact,
were friendly in their demeanor, and the Gor
Jernor of Urugn is spoken of as a model of refine.
ment and good breeding.

Presents were exchanged between the Gover.
nor of Uraga and the officers of the squadron,
‘The Jupanese appeared to be quite friendly, and
parted with the Americans with a ehow of real

ret. The squadron tniled from the Bay of
Fedo on the Ith, and, after encountering & se
vero gale during the ist and 22d, arrived at
Lo-Choo on the 25th of July, and ine two steam.
feigntes returned to Hong-Kong, on the evening

‘The Jupanese selected the small town of Gor-

of the 71h of August,

TRE WAR BETWEEN MUSSIA AND TURKEY.

THE WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY.

‘Tus relatious between Rucsia and Turkey be-
xan to grow thentening some time before the}
final vuthrvak of 1253, Misuuderstandings arose]
Letwren the two governments at the end of the

} Hungarian war, i 1849, principally on account of
cermin Poles, who, afer having fought in the}
ranks of the Hungarinms, sought refago in Turkey.
Noxt enme the question of tho Holy Plucesin Jeru-
salem, wbere, by the influence of France, certatu|

} yn ivilegee haul been granted to Roman Catholics

| at the cost, as the court uf St Petersburgh be-
heved of the Enter or the Orthudox Greek}

Church, Thus the northeru cabiuet, whieh for]

yenra lind been accustomed to have its will ubey-

‘rd at Constantinople, saw twice in rupid eueces-|

another infuence prerail there. A cuntict
nthe Motteuegrins and the Turks in the|

of 1653 inerensed the «lificulty, as the|
untaineers of Montenegro had for some

wc eujuyerl the special protection uf the Czar.

Several othor events of Inferior importauce

thickened the cloud, and finally it wus decided
hy the: Cant to mnake an imposing demou.trati

ut Constuntivophy without, however.—as it was

announced offcilly to other exbinets—any ulte-|
rivt iden of war oF conquest,

In the first daya of February, 1853, Prince Men-
ciuikof, the Minister of the Muriue—one vf the}
‘most eminent tnen at the court and in the eonn-|
cile of Rusia, us well aga fervent follower of the|
Greck Church And an enemy uf the” suslen»—|
left 8 Petersburgh on « tniwion to Stunboul.

Alter having reviewed the Russian fects at
Selmstopol and Odeesu, the Prince nached his
destination on the 81h of Febraury, and on the!
2d of March communicated to the Porte his cre.
oantials, ‘The test act of dipl
with the refasil by the
Effendi, the Turkish ALuister of Fore
and the most dreided wiversary of Russia in the|
eouneds of the Sultun, The Porte yielded und
the taini-ter resigned is allice,

‘Cue other courts of Europe, and, above all,
Franco, becaine uneary at theac Ruesinn demon.
stations, and n Freneh fect spprared at about
the end of the month ia the waters of Greece.

1 showed herself leas touchy at the start,
nnd refused to move ber naval forces in the
Mediterranean, keepi anchorrd at Blalta

‘The tiret point debuted between the cubase

dor nud the Porte was that of thy Holy Plu
Palestine, Alter ev the ps

muneuvelug ot

of the Prince, who ‘originally wi-bed to discuss
the matter exclusively with the Porte, the French
minister came in and shared in the deliberations
The whole scemed to take a saticfuctory turn,
‘The Porte published a new Firman, conceding
wlint Menchikuff desired, and putting Russia on
the enme footing as before the recut grant to

not tatiefind. After rouny

1% Prince Nenchikotf in = mae
sent to the Divan, on the Sth of Muy, Inid dowa
Ws wledmatumn, ‘This coutuined snudry china
never betore proferred by Russia, ns that the
Porte should bind itself for the future never to
lesten of encronch upon nuy immunities enjoy
ab antiquo by the Greek Chureh iu Turkey, vor
ever tu allow auy other Christinn creed to prr-
dominate over it. A convention to this eff-ct would
have beea an acknowledgment hy the Porte af »
religious protectorate to be vxercised by the Czar
cover ite own subjects, Menchikotf demanded an
mewer to that: pruputitions in the courze of fre
days, The Porte In @ friendly but tirn tune
tofused to make such a tresty, ns destroying the
Baltan’s rights of sovereiguty. ‘Tu this Meuchi-
koff mude an answer, xtid thus negutiations be-
‘caine protructed to the 14th of Blny. in this
criéia Reshid-Pacha, one of the most ealightewrd
simesmen of Turkey, was reenlled te the D>
‘van, But this change did not prove propitious
to the interests of Rusin, and um the 1&h of
Muy, the Russian Envoy broke off all further
communications with the Porte, and retired to
atea:ner waiting for him in the bsrbor, From
there he exchanged a-verul notes with Resid,
bbut ns they could not come to any woderetand-
ing, Monchikotf left Constantinople on the 2tet
of May.

Russia, at the same time thet che sent her em
voy began to ‘gather bodies uf truops nboat
‘Odessa and in Bessarabia, After the departure of
Menchikuf from Constantiucple, Turkey al 0
egan to arm, Count’ Nesselrnde, tho Czar'e
Minister of Foreign Atfuirs, sent n courer to
Constantinople with a letter to the Graal Vizier,
munoaneing that the Czur fully approved tbe
proceedings of his envoy, and thar if the Putte

still refasé to eub-cribe to the trenty be bed
lan troops would receive onlers

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854, 9

of the first refusal,

certain irri

between the

requiri

proceed to exes

‘es until moral ones should be conceded to ftustia | Guirgievo, a point on the Danube between Kwie-
by the Porte, To this the Vizier unewered with| fit und Oltenitza, the Turks were lose fortunut:,
calumces and dignity, molutaining the grounde| But not eo in Asin, where they scized Nikoluetf,

‘The cabinets of Paris and London, sceing the| battle ut Brtrum ngainst Prince Baryatinsky, in
rarity of the ease, decided t6 send forward their which both the parties claim the victory, :
fleets as n demonstration of their friendly foefings| At the inet advices, the Russian forces in Gror-
toward Turkey, and the united naval forces an-| ia were in a very critical position. ‘The Cir.
chored, ia the rat part of Juno, in Besika Buy| cassinn mountaineera hi
‘at the éutrence of the Dardanelles, On fhe 11th] communications in the rear, leaving them 10
of the same month, the cabinet of 8t Petersburgh] retreat in cree of a rout, whilo the ‘Turks were
published a circular addressod to its diplomatic] vigorously pressing the
ygoute abroad, explanatory of the views of Ruj-|the ‘Turkish commander.in-chief, followin;
an of the mossures already taken to carry| the advantages he hud gained, hud crowed the
them out, Om the 25th of June the Czar iesued| frontier of Georgia, nnd was miarching with the
‘A manitesto to bis people nnnouncing bis purpose|
to sustain the religious rights of is
Church, which be suid were endangered ia Tur-| At sen, howevor, the same good fortune has
key. ‘Tho Russtan troops croseed the river|not attendod the Turkish arme, On Nov. 30,
Peuth and entered the Denubian ‘Principolitics. ejundron of three Turkieh friga
Frunce and Evgiand seemed more uuited, und a| steamers, convoying several transports, wus at-
tion prevailed in the notes now ex-|tacked off the purt of Sinope, in Asla Minor, by
changed between Paris und St Petersburgh. Aus-|the Russian admiral, Nachimoff, with some
trin and Prussia remained neutral, and the Sret|twouty powerful ships. After a gallant contest
fired Wer friendly mediation... Conferenses| of nbou: an hour, the ‘Lurklsh vessels were de-
were opened nt Constantinople

je Eastern

id at Vienne
inlstors of the four edurts, and on|are told, succeeded in making her eecape, One
the Let of August a note was sent from Vienna] of the frigates, that of thy commander. Osinan
to St. Petersburgh and Constantinople offering| Paslia, wes cxptured by the Russians, but sunk
wrins of pacification, ‘The Czar accepted them, | at sen aa they were towing er on the way toward
but the Bultwn fatioduced some changes andi their barbor of Setnstopol. We must adi, that,
moditications, which were disnpproved nt St.|though the
Petersburgh, wud destroyed the tirst conciliatory | sult wre weil ascertained, its detaily are, at the
attempts ut diplomacy. New drafta, voter, auz-| time we write, st
gestions were exchanged, ull of them without} ‘The united tleets of England end France finally
result, Russia having taken possession of Jassy]ontered thé Dardxnelles, and are ut present an-
ff nnd Bucharest, the cupituls of the Priveipulities,| chored opporite the G

Prince Gorchakoff, the Russinn coinmander,|the rainy season swelling the Damube, as weil
anepeuded all legal relations between the twolas ® powerful conce
Yassnls of the Povte and their eovercign, ‘Turkey| nround Buchnrest, ubliged Ouner Pacha to recross
concentrated her army along the Dunube in Eu-

rope, aud along the frontiers of Georgin in Avia. | opp.
{| Ail etforts of diplomacy proved unsucceestul,

finally, in thn beginning of October, the Sultan| fortificatio
ineaed a declaration of war uguinst the aggressor. | arest. nt th
‘Omer Pacha, comraaniding the Turkiah forces in| sians from wil Communication with Servin, But
Europe, nddrewsed letter to Prince Gorchukotf,| at any rate th

g him to evacuate tm Prineipalities $a} interrupt military aperutions for eeveral mouths,
the course of a fortnight, or otherwise ho would] nd it is to be scen whether the diplomacy of
te the orders of hie sovereign, | Auctrin, Englund, France, and) Prue

nnd attack the Russian army. Omer kept his] which powers have undertaken to mediate—will
word, In the lntter part of October, he eroseed| succeed during 1
the Danube ut several points, ‘The Turks seized trerory to the belligerent parties, or |
the island of Kalolat, expelling the Russins] will witness a continaativn of hostilities, whieh
from it, ns well ns the strong point uf Oltenitza) will then probably be carried on upot
they repulsed! sente, ns to envelop it

un the left side of the river, whe
with grout lussseverul attacks of the enemy,

und several other fortified plac

d fought «

viaew and cut off their

in front, Abdi Pal

army direetly upon the city of

and two small

eyed, with the exception of one, which, 08 wo

fact of this butt

nd ite gengml ro-

involved in uncertainty.

iden Horn, In Europe,

ration of Russian forces

he rive

and retire to his former eneampments
ite Oltenitzn, At Kwlefnt however, be still
ind} maintains his ground, and bne thrown up strong

‘From this pointe threatens Buch-
fume time that he ents off the Rus-

advancing winter senson is likely to

\—all of

time in devising

the epring

their bloody folds the

Atl whole of Europe.

Tux cersTan

‘Tux first general Exhibition of Indastrial
Machingry and Products, to which all N
tions were invited to contribute, was given
|| in London, in the. year 1851—he ideal
|] having Leon suggested at an exposition
of the products of French Art and Labor
held in Paris two years before. The Lon-
don show was patronized from its original
inception to its close by the Queen,
whose active personal intcrest* doubtlan
contributed largely to the abundance and
richness of its collections of diamonds,
jewelry, aiid rare works of Art, the con-
tributions of royal and noble houses, which,
while they added little to the practical va-
lue, yet did much to enhance the popular
ity of the Exhibition. The edifice which!
contained it was erected for the purpose!
in the famous Hyde Park, ut the west end!
of the great Metropolis, was mainly con-
structed of iron and glass, and was notable
as the first great public building ever com-
posedMf those materials. It was over ohe-
| third of a mile in length, perhaps onc-
| fourth us wide, with a transept or cross at]
the middle of the main building, under|
which two stately and graceful elms flour-
ished in all their natura! luxuriance und
| beauty. The height of the roof from the

ground was one hundred and seven feet,
and the entire area of the edifice about
twenty-two acres. The Exhibition was
opened on the first day of May, and closed|
late in November, haviug meantime been
visited repeatedly by more than fifty thou-|
sand persons in a day, and in one day by|
more than one hundred thousand.

The success of the Loudon Exhibition
naturally incited emulation, and France re-
solved to hold one in Paris, for which,
howover, it was decided that ample time!
should be taken, so that it will not open

THE CRYSTAL PALACE.

siderate, or moro adventurous, a Woild’s
Exhibition Company was formed toward
the close of 1851, which obtained from the
Common Council of New York city the |
ease, for five ‘years, of Reservoir Square, |
Jan. 3d, 1852, and u charter from the |
Legislature on the 11th of March ensuing.
On tho 17th the Board of Dirtetors met |
and chose Twxonon’ Sepowicr, Presi-
dent. The original enpital of the Com- fi
pany was fixed at $200,000, to which sum |
the cost of the building was restricted, but |
it was soon found necessaty w increase jf
both those ums; and it is understood that
the entire cost of the building alone is very |
nearly $800,000, which incidental expenses f
of opening the Exhibition have swelled to |
about $900,000. ‘The receipts, large ns |
they have been and will be, can hardly be f
expected to reach this amount, #0 thut the
stockholders can hardly expect the return f
of all their investment. The stock is now
(Dee. 15th) selling at, about fifty cents on
the dollar.

The construction and fitting of the edi-j
fice were pushed forward with energy, und
at no timo delayed for lack of means; but
tome miscaleulations were made, some
disappointments encountered, and the mag-}
nitude and difficulties of the enterprise #0 {|
far outran the expectations of the projee- ji

tor shat the Exhibition, which was tof
ha © commenced by May let, 1853, did}
not actually dpen till the 14th July, and f
then in such a state of unreadiness that |
hardly half the goods wero in place and |
visible, But‘the waste places were stead- |
ily and rapidly filled up and beautified; #0

that, by the middle of September, the New fi
York Crystal Palace enclosed the mostl
comprehensive and magnificent collection ||
of the trophies of Art and Industry ever

(save once) seen on the fuce of the globe, f

till 1855. In our own country, less con-
— -

WHIG ALMANAC Fon 1854,

Bie

‘And, whilo the London Exhibition wn-
doubtedly embraced far larger range and
variety of products, good, bad and indif-
H ferent, and was incomparsbly superior in
Precious Stones, Plate, Jewelry, Porcelain,
H Tapestries, and other ministrants to lux-
ury and ostentation, yet it is certain that]
the proportion of indifferent and worthless
articles was, greater in that than in this,
and ‘it is not improbable that in recent]
inventions of docided utility and value, the
World's Bxhibition in New York is fully
‘equal to that in London,

‘The Crystal Puluce of 1853-4 is prob-
gbly, at least, as rich in Statuary us ite pred-|it
‘eacesor, for it hus nearly all the master-
pieces of Rowers, with Christ and his
{| Apostles by Thorwaldsen, the Amazon by|
f Kiss, the Veiled Muiden, ond other re-
markablo works of Monti, and many other|
ff admirable productions of the modern chis-
Hel. Of Paintings, there is a very large
coitection, mainly German; but these do not
l] add materially to the interest of the Ex-
W hibition The Porcelain, Cut Glass, &c.,
tl of France, Germany, Great Britain, and
H thé United States, are fuirly, though not!
H| profusely represented. | Of Textile Fabrice
f thore ia an extonsive display, much of it
fl excellent; the most notable feature, per-
haps, being the show of American Brocs-
telles or figured silks woven by steam—
l] the first instance of raised figures (for
I] hongings, snfa-covers, &c.) being’ woven

in power-looms.

}] But tho department’ most deserving of
study, and ‘that wherein American genius
and energy best vindicate themselver, is
that of Machinery. Here are exbibited
all the practicable Sowing Machines ever|
-patented ; Pumps that lift hundreds
‘gallons of water-per minute; Staye-Cutters|
by the help of which four or five men can
make a hundred barrels per day from the]
Jog—barrels better finished and more ser

proved ‘Cotton Gin at work, ‘whi

of |thia the most useful and instructive die

"| heart of Whitney must have rejoiced to ace
—for the central ideu is his, though very
great improvements have been made upon
it; a Btone-Dresser whereby mouldings,
Jcorn{ces, &c., are fashioned of marble
lor granite as easily and rapidly as they
Jcould:be turned out of wood, and far more
smooth and perfect than they could be
made by hand; a Shoe-Pegging Machine;
a pair of Flox-Dressers’ whereby all the
line or fibro may be separated from the
woody stalk of a ton of Flax inn day—its
increused yalue as compared with the re-
sults of hand-breaking and heckling, he-
ing sufficient to pay the expenso of the
profess; an extension of the Typographic
Art, whereby Engraving will be largely
and cheaply superseded, and movable
types, aided by some plastic material, made
to render important service to cloth-print-
fing, die-sinking, inscribing on metals,
&c., &c. In short, the Crystal Palace is
the People’s University, whither the young |
should repair to study and plan, and the
Jold to admire and enjoy. We trust it will
continue open at least through 1854,

But this Exhibition suggests even more
than it embodies. Rich and vast us it is,
it is susceptible of improvement. It ought
to bo renovated next soason and supplied
with many products not now found in it
jwith ample and carefully-arranged speci
mens of the various Ores or Mincrals
known to Man—with spocimens of the
‘various Woods found in America, with the
Shrubs and Herbs or Grasses of decided
value—-with working models of ai the
[great inventions of the age, including those
Jwhich’the inventors do not choose to bear
the expenso of exhibiting —so us to render ||-

play ever assembled under one roof. Thus
revised and perfected, we believe the
Crystal Patace might forcibly illustrate tne
Poct’s observation that

“*A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”

———_—_———————

TAR ADM!

THE ADMINISTRATION.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT PIERCE. q
Gew. Fraxkiix Pirnce baving been!

elect President of the United States by

an innmense majority of the Electoral Col-|

lege, took the ath of office ou the 4th of
March, 1853, on whicb ocegsion he delivered
the following Inaugural Address :

jit my awn ewn know the
smd biter sorrow, aver which I linve beon borne’
toa position, 40 su:table for others, rather thin’
demienhle tor mgeolt.
“The cireamsinnora under which I hare been
|, for n limited |. f0 provide ores the
the republic, fill me with w
sense Of Teeponsibility, but with nothing I
nig apprehension, I repnir to the post as-
is t a4 to one Rough, but in obeslience|
tothe aiwulict wlexpresion of your will mnawer-
ily oF a fenrlene, faithfai, and diligent ox-
reine uf my best powers. ought to be, and atn,
teuly geaterul for the rare, manitertation of the
nt:oure eurtidence ; but this go far froin Tizhten-
ing my obligntione, only adda to their weight.
You hive summoned ine in wy weuknees : you
runt sustain me hy your strenyth. When Took.
ing tor tho fulfilment of rensonnble requirements,
you will not be umnindful of the grent changes
Which have occurred, even within the lust quarter]
of neentury, and the ‘auginentation
nd enmmplexity of duties impused, in the admin
istration both of your home wnd foreign affadrs,
nheren!

Republic have kepp paco with ite unparallele
progression In territory, populution, und wealth,
hy: eulject of carnest thougbt and dis-
bolls sides of thagperan. Lees then
sixty-lour years wgo, the Father of his Country
male “tho” then "recent acerssion of the
portant State of North Carolina to the Conatit
ion of the United States," one of th
his special cor
ever, when the agitation consequent upon the
Tervolutionary etruggle bad hnrdly snysided, when
we wo: Just emerging from the weakness and
Sbarrusinienta of the Conlederetion, there waa
snurvidrat consciousness of vigur equal ta the
grent wissioa wo wisely nnd bravely tultlled Ly
Our fathers. It was tot m presumptuous. ne
‘rewnce, but a egin faith, springing froin w clenr|
viow of the sourers of power, ix government
tituted like ours, Jt Is no parndox ta my)
that, although comparatively weuk, the new-born
nation was intrinsically strong. iuconsiderable
in popilation and npparent resources ‘up.
hold ty « brond and intelligent ounprebension of
rights, wd an all-pervading purpone tom
them, stronger than nemamente, Tt enue trom
the furnace of the Revolution, tempered to the
f tho tines. The thoughte-of the
thot day were us practical ne their sen
hey wasted no portion

men of
ments were putriotic,

‘ofound | th

Hl
of their energies upon idle and delusive specute |
tions, but with a fitin wud fearless step ndticel
beynid the governmental Iundsnarks, whieh hud
hitherto eireumseribed the fin

dom, wud phinted their sten
Stoud, ngninet dangers, wh
from nbroud, aud internal git
tines fearfully menuced ut boine.
proved themeclves

reat prob

bee illu

‘Poey my
ot tbe

the powcr to ach
jrins tw bo so much more un
to mnintain. ‘The opprers d
from that duy to the
prownt, have turned their eyes hitherwanl, wot
to find those lights extinguished, or bo tear lest |
they should wane, but tu be constantly cheered |
by their stendy nnd increasing rwtianes, |
Iu this, one county hws, ia iny judgment, thas
fae fullied ite high et duty to suticring buenaits.
Jt bas spoken. nnd will continue to ep ak. net
only by Its words, but hy its acta, the tutrznnge

Jitdgos of the circumstances under which it be- |
them to pledge ty each other “th
Gunve and ibeie sacred. honor
equisiton of the precios inheritence tome |
mitted to us, ‘The enerey with which that gevnt |
conbick was opened, and, ander thr goidanee of
feat od benicent Providence! the neon |
Plnivog endurance with which it was H
Fats consununantin, were only eurpebard Uy toe |
wisdom and pmiriorie spirit of comescion whi
[characterized all the counsels of the enrly fathers.
‘One of the most iunpreseive evidences of that
wi “m into, be found " the fect. ‘that the actual
Working of our ayetrn hue dispelled a Jegrew of |
rolicitute, which, xt the onteet, disturbed bo'd
onrts and far-renching intellects, ‘Thr appr~ |
hension of dangers from extended r. maak 9
plied States, accumulated wealth, aud wuxinent- ||
fed population he proved to be unfounded. The
Jstara upon your banner have become ucetiy
threefold their origin) number; your densely |
populated possoasious skirt the shozos of the te |
Fret oct at yet tl att crete of pee
Fieand't

wile 40M,

ANAC, 1654,

ing, the policy of iy administration will not be|
‘controlled by any timid forebodings of evil from |
expansion. Indeed, it is not to be diaguised that]
our attitude as a nation, and our po-ition on the|
globe, render the acquisition of ovrtain posses-|
sions, not within our Jeriadiction, cminently iu-|
portant for our protection, if not, in the future,
emential for the preservation of the rights of
thoy be stained wil be through no grarping
Pts +P a
spirit, but with a view to obrious ation! Insorost
‘und security, and in a manner entirely consiatent |
i| with the strictest oveervmnce of national fuith.,
‘We huve nothing in oar or position to
invite |. we have ever ‘to beckon
us to the culticxtion of relutiona of peace und
amity with all nations, Purposes, therefore, at
‘onge Just and pucitic, will be significantly murked
in the conduct of oup for affairs. I intend
‘that my administration shali leave no blot upon
‘our fair record,.and trust [ may safely give the|
assurance that no act within the ate scope |
‘of my cortatitutional control will be tolerated, an |
the part of any, portion of our citizens, which!
‘can not challenge ready Justitication before the|
tribunal of the civilized world, An ndministra-|
| tion would be unworthy, of confidence at home, |

‘or respect ubroad, should it conse to be intluenced |

hy the conviction that no apparent advantaye can
be purchased nt a price a0 dear ae that of nativnil
wrong or dishonor. It is nut yonr privilege. as a
nation, to spenk of a distant past. ‘The striking
incidents of your history, replete with instruction,
nod furnishing abundant grounds for hopeful
confidence, are comprised in a period comparn-
tively brief, But if your ‘Timited, your |
‘future is boundless, “Sts obligations throng th!
‘ur ‘xplored pathway of advaucement, «nd wilt|
be limitless as duration, Hence « soyod und
‘comprehensive policy should embruce; not less
the distant fature thon the urgent present,

‘The grvat objects of our pursuit, as 2 people,
are best to be atteined by peace, and are, entire!)
consistent with the tranguillity and interests
the restof mankind, With the neighhoring na-
tions upon our conti we should cultivate

kindly und fratornal relations, We can desire
nothing in ‘to them #0 much, as to sce]
thorn con

paths ofp

independent. their wars, thelr
tumalts end ansletirs, we have been, beppily,
ulmiost ‘entirely exempt, - While these are con-|
fined to the fintions 170 thein existence.
and within their legithoate Jurisdiction, thoy cen]
not alfect us, except as thay wppeel to eur eyra-|
pathies in the cause of human freedom and
universel advancement But the vast interests
Of commerce are counmon to all mankind, wnd|
I] the advantages of trade and international inter-|

course niust always present a noble teld for the

f] morn! influence of a grent people,
H] With these views firmly snd Konestly exrried|

1 elroumstances require, prompt reciprocity.
‘The rights which helong to us ef a nation dre not
[alone to bo rogurded, but thoes which pertain to Hl
jeeery cltizen in bia individant capacity. at, home
jand abrond must be sncredly maintained. Soong
as he cae discern evory etar in ite place upon that
ensign, withont wealth to purchase for him pre-
foruwnt or ule to secare for him place, it will be
hhis privilege, and must be his acknowledged
right, to stand unabasbed even in the presence
‘of princes, with « prond consciousness thet be le
hhinielf ouo of n nation of sovereigns, and that
‘ho can not, In legitimate pursuit, wander 60 far

whoe.be stl! leave

fron home that
Ubchind in the plnee which I now opcapy, will not
rude bund. of power or tyrannical

ee tbat
passion is Inid upon him with fnponity. "He mnst
Tvalige that upott every sea and on every soll,
where our entorprise may rightfully ree
roteetion of our Bag, American citizenship is an

inviolable panoply for the sucarity of American |
rights, And in thie connection it ean henity he }f
necessary to reaffirm a principle which should
now bo regarded ns fundamental. ‘The rights,
security, avd of this eonfederucy, reject

or colonization on this

the idet’of intarference

ge standing
runles in Uar eountry would be not oaly danger:
|
fous but unnesestary, “They also Uhustiated ihe
itnportance. | might well aay the sbeolave neone-
sity, of the military saleues and pructleal ski
furtished, ia such a eminent degree, by the tn-
ftitation, which has made your aftoy whut it is
tinder the discipline and inaeruction af flcors not
‘more distingulshed for thelr solid wttainmenty,
wad devotion to the paliic service, that
rere bearing and igh os nef
ny, a8 orgualznd, raust fnuclous,
around which, in every time of need, the
of your miliary power. the sure bulwark of your
defence —a national rilia—mny bo readily form-
ed into a welldisciplined and efficent organisa. |
Hon, And the ail ind self-devetion of the navy |
at you nay ie the ance |
Pledge for tha futur, end” us
hat the fag which tne wa
olds over oyry son, lt Hout
in undlia'nisbed honor, But three, lke ineny
other subjects, will bo appropriately brought, ef
| futare time, Yo the attsation of the co-ordinute
branches of the Guvernment, to which | shull
nleays tok wit profound rexpock av wih i
trostfal confideuee that they wil accord. to ave fl
the wd and support which f shall so much need,
experience and wledown will

of domestic afr, yo
ex) integrity In the public service,
sma an olwervante of rigid economy fn all de-
partments ao marked as hover jutly to be ques
Boned If this reasonable expectation ha tot
rent'zed, I frankly qnnfeas that one of your lend-
ing hopes is doomed to dleappotat
inf efforts fu a very Importent particeinr
‘aslt inn bétolliing failure, "Ofces enw

vat,
dale
ct a devon

1
men, aod that
eat

Re.

uk we luve n right to expect, und shall ander] properly regarded only tm the light of aide for,

"ABMIN ISTRATION,

i
i

a
i

Higher ubjecta than person Tegarmadtzemsest gure
ro Tatarantteen
Aircion and coorey y tothelr chertvne tn tet tate
Hqurenteny bre

front may

wherever

val
wot

lor vigilant wetebfutness. ‘The dangers of »
tration of all power in the general gorore|

You hare» sight
to. F agrats, in ave .
starts ttt lnpsoed tps
conutitation of the United States,
van proper detrisaticn of power be
on a e-
‘end federal wathorities; and ex-
prienca has shawn hat the barwnny aad bap.
iuese of our people inst depend upon x just
lecrimination between the separate rights &
responsibilities of the states, nnd your common

EULVELEELS

5 ef}aeges

i i
t
i
i
4
j
5
3

rights and obligations under ‘the general govein-| the

ment. And bere, in my opinion. are the consid.
erations which should form the true basis of
rd to the questions which
have most seriously dsturbed public tranqulliy.
Af the federal ernment will confine Melf to
the exercise uf powers clearly granted by the
‘constitution, it can hardly, heppen thet ite action
|] upow any question should endanger the instits-
tions of the states, or Intorfere with their right
to manage matters strictly domestic according to
the will of thelr own pene.

In’ expressing briely my views upon an im-
portant suliject which hae recently agitated the
‘nation to almust a fearfal degeee, Jam inoved by.

j] vo other impulse than a most earnest desire for
f| the perpetuntion of that Union which bas made|
ne pret we are, showerlag pon ue bean
fad conferring a power aud Iudkenoe which our
sanconterges power ame

which ealled me here. My own position upon
thle subject wae clear and ubequivical, «pum the
{record of my words and my neta, and it bony
recurred to nt this thie becauan silence might
rivape be misconstrued. With the Uniem my
‘and deare-t earthly hopes re eutwined,
Witherat it, whut are we individunlly wr collective.
What hecomes ofthe nile eld ever opened
teligeon. in |
government, in the arts, arm! in all that diguities |
and adorns ‘mankind? From that radiant con- |
stellation which both Mamines our uwn way and I
eat to straggling nation thei course, let
hut a single star be lost, and, if there be not ut-
ter darkue-s, the lustre of the whole is dimmed.
Do nay countrymen need any aretrraner that such
x entaatrophe fe not to overtuke then: while |
the power to stay It? It Se.with me an
earvest and vital belief, that ne the Union bes
the ronrce, under Providence, of our pros
is time, #0 it in the rarest pledge of »
Of the Dievwines we-lmve enjoyed.
it

Infely It will always te
Every moneure, tend

the tretornal feelings of all the

Union, tian bond any henrti-it

calculated to vlaolve the bombs of Hf
few and affection which unite a»! abil inter- |
‘x ready anil stera resiatwucr, I belier: that jf
veotuntary ervitude, ww We extate in diferent
staten of this confederacy, ia recoguiarl by tbe jf
feoustitution, J believe that it etude like any
other admitted right, and that the states where.tt
exists are entitled tu efficient remedies ty enforce jf
the constitutlousd provisions, 1 bed thet. the
awe of 1830, commonly called the * compromice
fipenaures,” are strictly constitutively wal to. be
funhesitatingly carried into effoct. I believe that
‘constituted anthorities of thie repulic are
bce rpard ght of the South i sie
rerpeet, aa they would tlew any other legal a
Jconatitutionsl right, and that the awe to enfurve
them should be respec: end obeyed,
a Felucomee enconrnged by abstmet apraions os
to thelr propriety inn dif tate of soci y.

t cheerfully. aud accurding to the decidons

the tribunal to which their exposition brione. fl
‘Boch have been; and scp, my convietiona, and
‘upon them I shall act... I ferruntly hope thet
the question is ut Test, nad that no eretional, or
fambitious, of fanatical excitement may aga
threaten the durabillty of our inativations, or ob-

the light of our prosperity.

‘But let not the foundation of our bope reat
‘upon man's wisdom. It will not be euffloient
that sectional pryjudioes Snd no place in the pub-
ic deliberations, It will not be eufficent thet tie

were | but in the nation's humble. acknowied yet
voloe| ence upon God and his overruling providence,

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854,

We have been carried in eafety through a pers
ilous erin,” Wise couche, Tike. ios, witch
gave ua the constitution, prevailed to uphold It
Ler ute pecind be remesnierd nan vdeo
‘and not 4s an pneouragement, is miy vection of
the Unlow, to moke exporimenis where expert
tents nre framghe with auch fearful hnznrd, * Let
ithe: impressed upen all henrts, that beeutfal as

Hf our tabric Ix am enrthly power‘or wisdom could

ite Ite broken fruginents, Standing na ido)

‘linost within slew ol the grcen slopes af Mont

ello and, a it were, within reach of tho tomb

SC Washington, with all the cherilied meinoriva

iguthering around ine like ao many
es of exhortation from Hea
‘no better hope lor my count
ind Lrovidence. whieh efiled upen our
tnthers may enable ther children te preserve tie
tleseings wey lve luierited,

NATIONAL FINANCES.

Acconpixa to tho Report of the Seenvtary of thd
‘Trensary the recetpta for the flecal year ending

1839, were
058,931,865 52]
+ 2,667,084 98)

From Mircelinnoous Sourcos.----
‘Total Receipts sa -2 961,397,574 40)
Balance in Preaeury, July 1, 1852 14,632,136 37

‘Total Sum for tho Service of 1853 675,96¥,710 7
‘Tho Expenditures for the year were ne fellow :
$4,784,396 99
‘sao0a0 14
11,782389 70)
3,929,515 59
91947290 #7
1OBN1.639 59]
10,482.55 39

$54,026,818 21
Balance in ‘Treasury. July 1, 1853. $31,942,892 56

E-tim. rfceipts for year ending June 30. ‘54:
eae anes 219,000,000
,000, 000

Depurtuumt of the Navy,
Pabli¢ Debt.....-..+.

00)
00}

Total estimated sum for 184. ....856.572,079 51
Estimnatod expenditures were
lj Bal. torimer np... -.$6,876,883 28
Permmnent sad, ive
Gvfinite ppro’e... 9.172.829 68
Speciticup asked fF 30,151,010 64
$46,201,753 60
ated unexpended bel, in the
Treasury, July 1, 1854.
pts for the Bret

gE
9:0,368,325 91)

From Landa...
From Miscellaneous Sources.

1,489,562 05
147,994 87|

Muking total receipt
‘Actun! bul. in ‘Treasury, Jaly 1,

Muking the total sum of.

.| Interior Dept,

"738,623 89] Pi

‘Actual expenditures for saroe lat quarter wore :
Civil List, Foreign
tnd Nincllencoi, dec.
jar Department.
Navy Departmen
Redemption of Px

‘Tobi......
Bal, in Treasury,
Entimated receipts
of fiscal year,
From Castor

$15.08) 383

3 1859-81787

for 9d, 3d, and 4h quarter
ing June 30, 1854, are

657,000 000

Add bal. in Treasury, Sept.

Muking n total eum of...

The ex. eatinated hy the Deyrta for the 98
de frquactore of fecal’ yrcendlig Ive,
Civil List. Foreign Intercourse, &¢.813,570,233°
Deiielencies in the BO: Depts va
Innerigr Depart.

War Depa
Navy Departmen -

fe Debi (terest).
Public Debt (Redempiion)..

‘Total estimated expenditures..§57.251,8) 16
Fath bul lu Treasury Joly 1, 1854.81 865,604 62

‘ending June 20, 1851,
‘The specific appropriations for the
your are.
The indefi
riation
year are, by actual
Pryment, to Oct,
1, 1853. ...---<-@5,100495 75
Esti, receipts for ti
Teellue of the yeur 6,365,526 95
11,465,952 70

Muking the amount of appropria-
tione liable to be expended
the yeur 1854... $63,147,961 03
The estichated receipts for the fiscal year end-
jing Juno 20, 1855, are ws ful
Froin Customs...
From Lande...
From Miscelianeous Sources.

‘Trensury on lat July, 1854..... 11,266,604 62
Making total estimated resources

for year ending June 30, 1854. .860.256,604 62

‘Tho estimated expenditures for same yeor are:
Balunee of former appropriations

‘which will be expended this yenr $6,865,126 44
nt and indefinite appro-

s+ 8 285.716 14f

for..-35,909-434 54 H

‘aked

LimentY 5

0 EUROPE.

LIBERTY IN EUROPE.—By Victron Hveo.

Naven since 1788 has the prospect for Liberty
and Progress in Europe been darker than during
the first half of 1853. Hungary, crushed out of
life bencath the desolating hoofs of the Cossack
sid the Croat; Itnly, n state-prison, guarded and
thrénged by Austrian, Freneb, and Neapolitan
soldiery ; Switzerland, overawod and humbled ;
Spain, eluking deeper and doeper through mens-
ureless corruption into limitless despotism ;
Frénce, gagged, fettered, and guarded, over while
teeming to glory in her debasemont and clams
Russie, swaying Austria nnd Prussia by a nod
‘and apparently on the point of advancing deci-
iatvely to: tho realization of her long-cherished
‘scheme of aggression on the Danube and the
Boephoras—such were the nepects presented by.
Europe through the fermer half of 1853.

It was In full viow of this state of things that}
Vicrox Hogo spoke as follows at the funeral of
a French exile in Jersey, English’ channel, in
April lest :—

Crrizens: The inan to whom wo have came|
to say the last farewell, Jean Bosquar, of Tarn
et Garonne, was a noble soldier of democracy.
We have sen him,-an inflexible exile, waste
away sorrowfully aiiong us, A yearning for
home was guuwing at his beart; be felt that the
recullection of all be had left behind lin was
slowly poisoning him; he might

his abecnt friends, the beloved plnces—his native
city, hia Louse : he had but to say @ word. ‘That
excerahle humilintion which M. Bundpurte calle
tunnesty, or pardon, was offered to him; he hon-
featly rejected It—and be la dead, He was unly
thirtyour years of age. And now—there he

lies.
il not add plas to thi slnpe eto tha
eatie Let hive, repose. 1a pe 4
hn enrth will soon

‘soul ine gave to aoek the|

hopes of the tomb,
int sleep here, this republican; and let
the peopla know thie there are still preud and
ure buarts devoted:ty ita enuso, "Let the repab-
FeTenow thet neu will perish rather than (Derake
hers Let Francs know tut men die because

they cat ace ber no inore.

‘Zot hin slerp, thie. priciot, in tho land of the
stranger! And’ we, bs companions in condlet
Sad if adversity, we, who closed hia eyes; ibis
hhativw city. hie anily. le riende, wok us; “Where
is Het" we wll aiewer Dead in exile I" as the

when the mene of Latour d’Auve!
called, maswered; ~ Deud on the Held of on.

Citizens | Today in France, apostn
one. fue old land of the Lath of Sal
10th of Au;
trean, an mnphant ware Of tenors
tion whl ig uot lined

fa made a gener
is made n_ bishop’:
he fy imade a senator

ricst sella his rel

comes an emperor, Around and about these

re the sounds of triamphal music, bow
‘quets, and dancing, addresses, applause, and gen-
Ailexions, “Servility comes to cougratelate igno
‘ming.

Iizens! these men have their festivals; well
we, too, have ours. When one of the ‘com
anions of oar banishment, wasted by hornnsick.
fees, exhausted by the slow fever of old. bubits
hroken up, and affcetions lacerated, gives way at
Inst, and diea, after having drunk to the dregs wll
the’ aguuien of proscription, we follow his bier
covered with a black cluth; wo come ta the side
Of his grave; we, too, kneel, fot to sucders, but
tw the tomb ; we bond over var burind brother,
‘and we say to him: Friend, we congratulate
thee because thou hast been valiant; we con-
jgratulate thee because thou hast been generuua
‘and intrepid : we congratulate thee because thou
boast teen faithful ; we congratalate thee becattee
thou hast uffered up to thy republican faith the
est breath of thy body, the Inst pulantion of thy
heart; we congratulate thee becnuse thou hast
feuffirnd; wo congratulate thee that thoa art
dead” ‘Then we raise our heeds again, nud we
move away, uur hearts full of @ eombre joy.
Bach are the festivals of exiles, ‘This Te the
faustere and serene thought which is at tha hor-
tom of our sonis; and in the presence of this
epulehre, of this grief which seems to swalluw
‘up aman, in the presence of thia appenranes of
fatinibilation, we feel ourselves strengthened in
Jour principles and in our convictions, ‘The man
whose mind is made up, never treads more firm-
fy thin on the shifting’ soil of the tomb. And
our eyes fixed upon this dead body, upon thie
boing who bas faded away, upon thls ehaduw
which has vauished, wo, unshaken believers.
glorify that which ie immortal, and that which

eternal; Liberty and God. Yes—God | Never
shuld n ‘tomb be closed, until this this

ing word bas fallen into ttt ‘The dead elim
it, and we nre.not the men to refuse I Let the
free and religious people amoug whom we live,
understand well, that the men of progress, the
men of democracy, the men of revolation, know
that the destiny of the eoul ts two-fold ; and that
the abnegntion they show in this lite proxce how

rt is full of bitterness when
think of wu much abjectness and shame; these
rlests, who, for money, for places, for
ud mitres, fur the love of tempural gvo
tnd glriy porjury, marder and trewson { these
churches, where Té Denma are sung in ho)

jcroweed crime; yes, these churches and three
Prioats would be rnotigh to shake the strongest

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854,

convictions in the firmest souls, if beyond the!
‘church we did nut see a heaven; and above the
viva n Geil, And here, citizen, on the threah-
Dol. uf thie open tomb, in the midst of thia thought
{ut throng wile surrounds this grave, the. mo.
| iment xs come to sound a colemn word, that
tay twkr root und epring up in every conselence,
Citizon= at thls proseut hour, this fatal howr|
which will be marked in tin to ete, the prite
Sipla of abeututinm, the old principle of the past,
tetumph all gror Barope, Ht tian
should triuiayb, by the sword, the ax,
rd; by uuroeres and musketry ; by tortures
fund the seatuld, Derputian, thus ‘Muloch sur.

Hilo?
a ‘States alone, 1 cite the Pope, who calls him-|
self le roi de doncour; in the Papal etates nleme,

in tho Inst three years sixteen bundred and forty
patriots he aes
1¥ ihhooting or hangin;

thentic) bate perialiod

, lthout counting te i
‘many who ne buriod alive in dun.
‘At this moment, the continent, ae in the
pitiads of history, is encumbered with
hd Corpse; and i, when the day comes,
Revolution should seck to make for herself « fg
Of the windlng-aberts of the victims, he slindow
vf that black ing would cover all Europe. ‘This
blood, whieh is Bowing in astrewns and in tor-

‘all this blood, letmocrats, is yours,

nil yet, citizens, in the presonco of this satur-
alia ot murder, in the presence of these inti
mous tribunala, where as-nesina ait in the robes
(the judge, in the: presence of all these denr and
| seer corpses, in the presence of this dismal
‘nul ferocious victury of renction ; I eolare sul-
be the wailes ‘of Jersey who
the authority to do eo and I eng

{i tu0, if the name of ull repablican exilee—an
‘nbtune true republican voce will contradict me—|
Tdeclare before thia coffin of wu exile, the e-cond
one we huve lowered inlo the grave within teu
dye, re the exes, wu th victims, we abjur,
for tho greut and inevitable day of revolationary
triumplt all feeting, wll dosire, wll idoa of bloody
"Tun uly will be chnetived ; certa y=—they_

Phe guilty tieed 5 certain!

‘will be j.nll of them, and severely | thie must be:
‘ut not ont bead shall fall; not ons drop uf blood,
aiot ono splash from the soaffold, shall stain the
spotless robe of the republic of February.
hhead even of the brigend of December shall be
rep-eted with honor by the progressive, ‘The
revelation will make,» grander oxample ofthat
tm by. ehnngiog hie imperial purple tor the
rckst of the lly alere, “Hos we willaot retort
‘on the scutfold by the scaffold. We repudiate
the obi, senseless law of retaliation, ‘Tho luw of
reuliation, like the moiurelis, ie part of the
ist; we repudiate the past.

‘he dha penal, gloriouny aboleed by the
Republic of 1848, ré-estsbliahed udiously by Louis
Botmparta, is abolished by us, and forever, We
bbave taken with us into exile the racred duc-
tine of progress; wo will fuithfully bring it back
tw France, - What we aak and wish of the.fature
ls justtoe, wad not vengeance. And bealde, the
aight of slaves drunk with wine tultlond ti ‘gite

‘The |bua suffered long

the Spartans a dleguet for intemperance

lenough fur us, as republicans, to we kins in-
‘toxicated with blood, to have forever a horror
Ot peatilder i"

Yen, we decinrn it, ana we call to witness this
lea which binds Jersey to France, three fields,
this quiet nature argund tr thie Eiiginnt which
is Vietoning to.us. ‘The meu of the revolution—
‘wtitever the Bonnpartst ealunmiators ny ray
Wah oy reenter ‘France hut an externuiontory,
Tutas brothers, We evil to witions our words,

tholy heaven which gliticrs above us shed”

i thought of prnce and concord. upon our
hearte ; we call to witnese our dead brother,
who lies in that grave, and who, while 1 speak,
tnurmure in his ehroud, “ Yer, my brothers, re-
ject drath 1 have accopted it for myself; I would
thot bave it for others.”

Citizeng! these thoughts are in every” man's
mind—I am only the {nterpreter of them. The
‘lay of bloody revolutions has passed ; for what
tretnains to be done, the indotnitable law of prog:
ber wi aniice. And ymoreovel iT, jet us bo tran-
Gull; everything combats for us in tho. great
frenee: wer have sti to fights, wed ert
dent neces ity doce not disturb the serenity of
the thinker; battles, ia which the revolutiowary
tnorgy will equal te desperation of monarchy
batties in which miubt, joined with right, will
loverthrow violence allied to ueurpation ; superb,
glorious, enthusiastic, deciaive battles, the event
of which can not be doubtful, and which will be
the ‘Tolbiacs, the Hastingees, and the Austerlitzes
of democracy. Ctzrne! the rpoch uf the ier
Tation of the old world bas arrived. The law of
Providence bas condemned the old despotisms,
‘Nine, the shadowy grave-digger, is burying them,
Each’ declining day plunges them deeper into
nothingness. God is throwlog yeare upon thrones
‘a8 we throw spades-full of earth upon a coffin,

‘Aud now, brothers, as we separate, let us ahout
{the ery of triumph; let us shout’ the

oning | Tela bear the graye that on
‘speak or Feeurrestion, ee indeed, the fa
tire, an impending tuture, {repeat it, promises
fo te the victory’ of the democratic idea in
France ; the future promises to us the victory of
the social idea, “It promises more : it promises
eatin ery climate, under every in, upon
lavery contiokmt, in Ainerica as’ well’ as. in
Burgpe, an end'ehall come to oppression and
to slavery. After the: hard trials wo are oxpe-
Firnelng, what we want is not only the emma
ely of this or that class of men hich
jg—the belie ‘of this oF that
righty all thie wo shall have bat this fs not
enough. - WbAt we rust have and what wo shall
et—hover doubt it—what I, for my part, from
fe depthe of thia darkness of exile, contemplate
with rupture, is the deliverance of every nation,
Theentranchiormont of ell wavkad | Friends, out
sufferings give us aclaim upon Providence. “God
‘owes us a reward. Heis 2 faithful debtor ; wo
shall receive it, Leto, then cherigh a manly
faith, and mako our sacrifice with gladness, Op-
preted ofall nations ofr "up four wounds;
lee offer your misery Hu offer your
tbbetItallane, uffor your erves ; herole tame:
[ported brothers of Cayenne, of Africa, offer your’
hsins; exiles, offer your proscription; aod thon,
O'tnariyr etfer thy death ‘to the liberty of the

human iace! Vive La Repustique!

CUBA AND THE UNITED STATS.

CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES.
THE PROPOSED TRIPARTITE TREATY.

‘Twe fAlowlug Diplomatic Correspond-|and concur with “Hor Alajesty’s Government in

" thinkin at un effort uught to be 1 in con

vhirh Eugland and France propose] "or wih tne Governnscur of the United Stor

Wier imty a Treaty with the Unit this matter on each ‘aa shall pre
to enter i ‘Treaty with the United|to place this auch « footing aa shal p

States, stipalating that neither of the high| lee nll hazard of colliston batwoen eithre nt the

three puwers in the erent of the agerrreiva on
couteucting partics will steal the Island of | Cbs being repented. ‘The Brith

Cubs, nor alow any other Nation to commit| can have no hesitation in explicitly deciaria

auch robbery, was commanicated to the] ty bare uo wish or intestion to epprnrinnr

United States Senate, in compliance with a| buve eignitied to Her Mujesty’s Govern
i entire concurrence in there Aentimneste, and ther

om fone eect “The Government of the, Untel

own, fine efect. "The Government. of ‘the Uniter

Hr Crump te Hi Weae sgsa_| Sister having oo, nt tnrious tines, proreninen!

sarox, Avril 2.1832 lthemeelton i tho eune setae, att ba

Unt pr ject fora. convenjon which

jock of the conversation whieh

igra and myself bed the honor of

Tegal competence per
and defrat ie gttempts inade by Uaioe toe

tizens and there againwt the Tstund of Cub,
idlieg with you this moralng. ‘The sentimente | 5 Bee tally canted ce
tind oplofone which you eddrtased to on with no|? {bea parti eppenr 19 be fully metro to
Tuuch frankness amt prreision in regerd £0. eine een eee ev eccan

ly in sceordance with Z

matter, were vo, entirety it rrmined to be done Bow, wa bo give [rar-
thoes cnrrinnd Hoe Alsons Guesrven. tcl edlct to th vas entaraine fn common
a down, by the Peeldent wf the uit Iuiaiyy Govrranecnt (ar i th Few
Stare un enrcrl oronione, we. wero epsciall | Crm of France have expressed trae cower: f
in bie Inst wunmal Meneaga ta Cangrens, thet it) 1d be I ower
-winuld be a creat satiefactiom to me to be ennbled ieee that thie result we a » heat atte
to convey thein to Lon! Malnabury in your words | a: treo partivs entering inky «tripartite wrrange,
if hee-fore, you were tu think it expedient in| Ment whether hy convention oF by the inter.
sentra you a neene cone [cimnge of formal tote, UF which they bind them
Tmunication, to make euch x eneciact ebstement |soijem sevenuly and colluetively. 0
of them gu ng deen prop ne arene [Possession of the Talmud of Cubs, anit to die

Trace contents, his Lordeblpy i 9 te ee Oe er
me ch ml a caer oxy [Bach a Conran ue Nets Garant
Ea sy Mois Germ tuike wil newer hr purporetrodca st

_ have to Inatruct you to aban the prvjvet to
the Government of the United States for its
‘The Berl of Malmebury to Mr. Crampton. | fvornble courideration, necompanying tle pro- fl

Posmiox Ovrice, April 8, 1 with euch oluervations ahd nrgucneats
4a: Te atte tbich nv lana been mado) Patri estaer oe aed =

8 ou mney eousider beet ented to, cotati the
‘on the T-innd of Culm by lawless bands of wdven-| good will of thnt Govermnvut, and toinduce thea
Turera tror, the United Sintot with the avowed |fo view with Tuvor the arrmngeneus shea sue

dlerign of tnking pregeation of tbat Island, lave] initted to them. You will rexd this"dixpatch to fl
enguged the serious attention of Her Najeaty’s| the United States Secretary of State,

mi Heat
anious that the famdlerelatomeealting: be COPY OF Hewat Bim, Ty go ™
uxious that the atlome erat aig .

tween Great Britain and or Unt Sora sont (Signed) usnuRy.

hot bo endeygered as they inight be hy a ve

Won of ruck Mtocks, ‘The, Geeernmrat of ts Draft of Convention,

Gaitost States hae repeatedly, declared, that it] Her Najotty the Qnoen ofthe United Kingdom
would nut see with indiffarence the Leland of | of Great Britain and Ireland, the Prince President
Cuba ‘ll inta the possession of any other Eurv-|of the French Republic, utd tho United Sextes
van power than Spain. Fler Majesty's Govern-| of America, having julged it expedient with «
ent shares $n the most unguadified ianner, in| view to strengthen the friendly relations which
swathes pot forth by the Garernment of [happily rubsit between then, to act forth. ahd
Btates, and wonld never eve with in-|fix. by x Convention, theif views und fntentioms
the Jeland of Caba in the porscesion | with regard to the Inland of Cuba, have nared,
‘uy power whatever but Span, | ‘The Gueern-| ne thelr respective Plenipatentincira fr this pur.
inent of France, with which Het Majesty's Gov-| pose, that is to any.—Her Majesty the Qaren of
ernment havo been in communication on this imn-|the United Kingdom of Great Britnin and tre
vortant inntter, cordially adopt the same view, !land, éc., th Prince Presidentof the French Re.

;
4

of Cuba:to

public, &o., and the President of the Uni
uf America, &e.. d&e.—who, after hiv
municated ‘to ench other their reepective full
‘good wind due fortn. {ve ngreod
the following Articles :—
ere!
feluiun both now ani
nll invention 10 poweresion
hatnd of Cuba, whl they reepetively bind
vex to disqvuntenance nif such attempts to
rt of nny power or individual
whatever. ‘The high contracting parties decinre,
aeverally und collectively, that they will not ob-
tain oF toaintain for themmeeltes, or for any one
Of themeelves; wny exclusive control over the
‘suid Telnd, nor aseume nor exercito uny do-
minion over the same. -

Amriccr If, The Convention shall he
ratitesl, and tho rutifeation sbalt be exchanged
at —— 08 soon an porible, within ——
mouths from the date hereof In witnnes whrrent,
the respective Pl-nipotentinties havo signed the

[smne, nnd have afixnd thereto the senle uf their

‘rina, Done nt Wa-hington, the — day of ——,
in the yenr of our Lord 1852.

Mr. Webster to the Couni de Sartiges,

Dazanriners or Scare, }
Wasncorow, April 38, 1852,

‘The undersigned has the honor to xcknowl
ser the receipt of M. de Gartige'e note ofthe
231 inst., together with the copy of the Instrac-
tlone from M, de Turgot, the French Minteter of
Forvisn Atfairs, to ML dw Bnrtizea, beating date
the iL-t ult,” There isno doubt that AL de Targot
tine Jnetly described the course of policy which
has ‘hiflnenerd the Government of the United
Sintea heretofore In regard to the I-land of Cah,
Tt hes been stated and often repeated to the
Government of Spain by thls Government, under
rarious administrations, not ouly that the United
‘uatva hnee nw design upon Coba themselves, bat
that if Spain should refrain from a voluntary
erasion of the Island to any other European

-power, abe might rely upnw thy countenance and
Friqudahip of ed tates to asriet her In

the defeuse and preservation of that Jelnnd, “At
the same time, fr has always beon declared to
‘Spaln that the Governineut of the United States
contd not be exproted tu acquiesce in the cession
roposn power. ‘The under-

tigned is happy to being nble to say that the
present Exrcutive of the United States entirely
a pat poley of the Gorerminent,

rare in the general sentiments ex:

bby M. da Turgot, and underatood to be|to

identitied with those entertained by the Gorern-
rnent of Grent Britain, ‘The President will take
M. do Surtigen’s communication into considers-
tion, and giveit his best reflections, But the under-
shed deeins it his duty, af the same time, to re-
taind M, de Sartizes, aud through bim his Govern-
meut, that the policy of that of the United States
thn untfurinly been to nvold, as far aa possiile,
ailliance oF ngreements with other States, and {1
keep iewif free from national obligations, except
nich as affoct directly the interests of the United
‘States themselves, ‘This sentiment bse been

Telt and uniformly entertalted in the
Ouanelle of this Government from its earliest

‘hisory. . How far, thorefore, it may be neceeeury

an exception, and as.
he found for
or

un
he maturely

lereigned availa himself of thie oppor.
ty to renew to NM. de Sartiges the wesuriace
of bis high considerution,

{Signed} Danie Weneren,

[Mr. Crampton again addressee Mr. Web-
mer, onder date’ of July @th, on the subject
bat there
the ducuments auy reply

Jot his note of the 21 April, 18
does not appear
by Mr. Webster.]

Mr, Beerett to Me. Cramptosi (a similar despatch
Aecing been aildvewed to M. de Surilges)
Drranratest ov Starr,
Wasutnaron, Dori, 182
or

‘rench Minister, and the
projet of x Convention between the three powers
relntive to Cnba, avn bocn among the rat sul
fects to which muy attention bas been called by
President, ubstantiel portion of the
‘proposed Conzention is expressed in a single a
cle in the following terms: The high coutract-
{og partes hereby sevoraly and collectery dle
lana both now and forvherenfter, all intention to
obtain poesession of the Islund of Caba, and they
ively bind themeelves to discountenance
all attempta to that effect on the part of nuy
power or individual whatever, Th» bigh con-
Eracting parties declare severally and cullectively
that they will not obtain or malutein for them-
selves, or for any one of.thomeelves, any ex-
Jelurivo control over the eaid island, nor areume
nor exorcise any dominion over the same.”
The President has given the most verions atien-
ion to ths proposal; to the note of the Brith
land French. Accompanying it, md to
the Instructions of the Earl of Sinimebury nnd
M. de Turgot, ‘ransmitted with the project of the
[Convention, and he directs me to meke known
00 the view whish he takes of this in

lof any othor Faropean Government t
not, however, because we shouht be
with any natural increase of terri
Jon the part of England or France, “France hae,
/within twenty years, acquired a yast domain om
the Northern Const of Africa, with « fair pros-
of indefinite extension,” England, within
If n century, hag added very extonrivaly to her

empire. ‘Theve aéqritions have crowtrd na tn

CUBA AND THK

Uerren stares.

art of
Inited States hi

aactuess oni the
ike manner the
seme pe

of thep atatcs, ‘They have boru!
folluwed nleo by n greatincrense of mutually bene
ficinl commercial jntereourae between the United
Simoa nod Enrope. But the case would be
different in reference to the trunefer of Cuba fram
Spnin touny atber European power, That erent)
coukl not take place without a eerious derange-_|
nent of tho international system now existing,
aut it would indicute designs in reference to thie|
hewisphere which could not bet awaken alarin in|
the United Biates, We ehonld view it in some-|
elit the eumne light in which France and England
id view the neqnisition of some important]
wnd in the Mediterranenn by the United states,
I this difference : It is true that the attety
United Bintes to esta
rape would bw an
n Enroponn power in th
funuliar fret Bue this

ie nppearence
mre of ter workd

iniiashiry states that Gi
wo with indifieronce the possession of Gaba by’
tiny powor but Spain, nnd explividy declares that |
‘she fxs no wish oF intention O: appropriating the'
Lelund to herself; aud the French Minister makes
the same avowal on behalf of bis Gocornment,
Lond sain-bary and A. de Turgot do, the
Government of the United Stats no more than
Justice in remarking thut thes havo often pro-
tiouuned them-elves, substantially In the samc
sonse. ‘The President docs not covet the acquisl-|
Yow of Cuba for the United States, At the axine
time he considers the condition of Gabe as mainly
‘an Amerieun question, uni to. limited extent only |

rn " question than England or Franc
whereas itis: to cast one’s: uy
tho mnp to see how remote are the relations of
Euvope and how intimate tliose of the United’
‘Btateg with thie-Island,
‘The President, doing fall justlee to the friendly
in which bis concurrence is invited a
Englnnid and France, and not insensiblo to the
vantages of « ‘understanding between the
three powers in referees to Cubs, foes hinwalf
novertoleasnalota besa u pety oi ro
posed compact fr the following reason: Tt le in
Tip frat pinc li his jududnont cloar, na far a tv
rea] from the Executive to a cowrdinate
brunch of tho Government will perinit him to av-
ticipate its decision, that 10 such convention’
would be viewed with favor ly the Senate. Its.
certain rejection by that body would: leave thn|
jacetion of Cuba in a more unsettled position than
it is pow. ‘This objection would nut require the|
President to withhuid his concurrence from the
Convention if vo other objection existed. and if,

ented, toudse hie ronscut to the armuige
‘Buch, however. is not the cute,

Tnsting. Accordingly its trrras expres a
perpetuity of purpose and obligation, Now-ft

tay well be doulied whether the constitution of f
the United States would allow the treaty-making |]
Dermanent disability om the

power to impore n
‘rican Government for all coming th
ent it, und ige of

stances, from

in tinves post.

allen ike ‘purchaso |
Of Cuba, "Alike remark, 1 imagine, uiny be made
Jeven in reference both to Englartd and Fi
where the Trenty.making Power ts less’ nubject
{hun it fs with us, to the coutrol of other branebis
lof the Government, ;
jer trong objection to the
Soci Among the aides teins
Fisleral Goveruacnt isan aversion

iunwetion ue possible, | So
‘armed eng
faith

lige asthe time ol inealeulahl Done to the
United Stes, but which in leee tina twenty f
rt ean near invulying us in tho waa of the
French It volution, mud Ind the foundation of
leary elaine upon Cougrees, nokextugulsbed to fl
the prosent vay. It a eignitienst ctlacidonce, fl
that the particular proviloitof the alliance whied
occasioned. thee evil waa what under which
Femelle upun at toa bere dei ne
eat indian posseerione sgninat Englay
Test tian ‘the unhouned tadwice of Wash.
{ington rescued the Unlon from the perils of tat
a reserved our nora i
But the Iresidgut hav a graver objeetion to en-
tarng it he propose eenventon: “Fle bea no
to diagulso. the feeling that the compack,
althoogh equnl in ite terme would be very time
fequal fr austance, Englaud wud France Ny-en
tering into ft would disable thenuselves trom ob- Hl
thininty possession of an ieland remote from their
"Government belanyingo another Eat
oun power,whose natural Nigut to poverss it nest
tveage be at good as their owa—edi-iant island f
in mother hemlephere, and ove which Uy mo
ordinary or pracelul course of things eoull ever
Selong cdr of then i tue presnttntance
‘power in Enrope ehould be broken apf
fais ogame ble mina th asl te
F possesala, ff race sboald fl
ho engaged In a denth frugele with rach otber.
Gabe migit then be the prise of the victor. Ti
these cventa all take placts the Preeideat dora tt

‘8 strong renee of the utillly of the measure ren-|

ee how Cabe ean belong to any European power

WHIe aLmamac, 1954.

H] bot. Spai
and, Wwe
themsely
might tal
iting for
of things

‘The Ie
mands th
wenthes t

common
Proper te
Sor porath
present t

raps

:
‘The Cay
ieee

‘compel th

care

cuBA 4xD THE

UNITED sTATES.

770, she claimed Siberia as the northern boan-
dary of Now Spain,
‘wolve years only, from the

elap-on, mid another’ great change took pl

rm
Auwrrica_Lnd taken thelr place in the fauafly|
}] of nations, "In Enropo, the ancient States were|
| wwatored substantially tw their former equilibriven, |
hat a new vlement of incalenlable importance
a referonce to territorlal nrrangementa, ls hence
firih tu be in Atverica. Just twenty
years from the clove of the war of the Aroeriea
I] evolution, Erance, by a treaty with Spain. of |
which the provialons hace never beun disclosed,
poerested herself of Louisiane, but did so only’
Tu erde it to the United Stutes, and in the exme|
year Lowis sud Chirk started un their expedi-
tow to plat the fag of the United Sates ou the|
shoves of the Pecife. In 1819 Florida wae suld

Mainly pled From the United States, she
ougit iaearaly tobe incorporated. Ito
Union, The ‘ofer was ropentedly rejected q
Prosidents eckson "ind Vee" Barge. to avait &
colin with Mexico. At last the’ annexation
ftouk place, As a domestic question, it is 10 Mt
leet for comment in communication to al
nistr ea. question, of public law,
fone never Taser tertory more
faturally or Jostiably madey ie produced « ase
ftarbed olution with the Government of Mexico;
rar enmued, and in {te roeulte other extensive
Territories were, for a Intge. pecuniary compem-
eee fA the part of the "Gnited States, added to
hon
‘Withont adverting to the divisions of opinion
‘which arose in reference to this war—as inust
Inlwaye happen in free countries in reference
fo" greet raveoarse—no_ person earveying these
fevetta with tho rye off comprehensire’ stator
manship, cen fail to trace in the main result
the undoubtet operation of the lew of rar polit
eal existence, ‘The consequences are before the
world; vast provinene, which had languished for

eoqul-|three ‘cebtaries under the Jeaden sway of a

inctly foreseen by the Count Aranda,

}0 Minister uf Spain, xs os
Sur even toeto uiimeatoas evens an bat

Ne
con

‘d the Poninauia, the vist pussessions of thr
Spaplan Crown on this continent, Viceroyehioe
apce be-|

One wher
no tileudly
power in Burope, et tae tine, wi able, or if able,
‘was willing, to succor Spain uF nid her to prop}
H the crumbling buttro-ees of her colonial .
oun Te, when Br 1828, threw an

ney of oan benderd thou-and men into Spaln, ta
controf ker denestic politi , Kugland uhought it

aud Captuin-Generalships filling the
Beeg Gnlfornin und. Onpo His
auch? asserted their independence

g|United Srates, grown to their

feat, some-

jor ond ot dt fa
0

‘of tho Dulted States in

ldenoe on the fortunes of

‘on this continent,

ears frum the close ef the seven

rating per
ean the Old
the post

‘Anwrien, or their i

tenn in iheal radon, thawed tone
Ine able of sell-gavigeinent.. ‘The provines of
‘Texks revolted frou Mexico by the samme Fiat by
which Mexico revo't al frvin Spm
I] sve Tat leat ean
H ren! ordeal of nascent Bi
Sace wna recognized by’ tl 9
England, by France, and otber European powers,

stationary are coming under the in-
{fuences of an nctive civilization, freedom of

the great cireeit of intelligence-round the globe
is completed. ‘The diacovery.of the guid of that
region, lending aa it did to the same discovery in
‘Australia, bas touched the nerves of induatry
throughout tho world. Every aldition to the
feorrttory of the American Uuion has given homes
to Ew destization, und gordens to European
want. From every part of the United Kingdora,
from France, froin sad Germany,
jaud from the extremest north of Earepe, the
sanrdh of emigration hee been taken up, sich
Jaa’ the-world ‘hae never even before. Into the
reeent extent
iw the manoor described, bat little less than
batt « million of the populntinn of the Old World
ie wnnally pouring, t@ be immediately incor-
porn iuty un lustrous and prosperous ven,
Srantty, tn the borom of wich they Rn political
ligious Hherty, social powitien, employracnt,
oh world defy belivt,
J ingatry, that the
Jeruigrame to the United Btates, froin Irvleod
nlou, besides having aubeisted themeelves, have
jeent beck te their kindred, for the Inet three
yer enly Bt elions of: dollars annals,
U ree yours, the purchase money
of Louisiana
‘Buch 1+ the territorial
[Gnioed States in the past: .
that Eurepe exw contaraplate it with an untei
lor 1 What would havo been
oondiri in thewe trying yrare, but for the outet
Jue: uve forniseed to ber starving millions?
‘Bpato, ineuntinoe, bas retnined, of herextensire
onpinsins im this hemiephre. bathe two Ilands
lot Cat Porto Rieo a respectful xymmpathy
with the fertaner of nn nnciont ally and w yallunt
people, with whom the United states hava ever J

inteined the most friendly relations, woul, if

Juo other rmeon exietnd, inake it our dary to teave

to cling to
|Site gies a

aLmawac, 1854,

‘3

‘her in the undisturbed possession ef this litle
Hemmant of her mighty traneatlantic Empire.
‘Toe President desires io do 60. No word or}
deed of bis will ever question her title or shake
her possession. But can it be expected to Inst
‘ery long? Can it resist thie mighty current in
the fortunes of the world Is it deslrable that it
should do eo? Can It be for the interest of Spain|
‘8 possession that can only be mai
a
naval force, and an annual expenditure
-both arms of the service,of nt lonst 61,000,000 *
Cube, at this moment, costs more to pain than
the entire naval and military establishments ofthe
United States cost tbe Federal Government, Be)
far from being realy injured by the oes of thie
loland, there fs no donbr that were It peacefully.
transferred to the United States, a prosperous
comineree between Cuba snd Spain, resulting}
from ancient associations and common language

and tastes, would be far more productive than] tine,

the best-eontrived system of colonial taxation, |
Sach notoriously has een the result to Great}
Britain of the establiahinent of the I

of the United States. /"Tho dealine of Spain from|
the position which she held in the time of Charles

V., fs coeval with the foundation of ber colonial
system, while within twenty-five years, and since
Tose of most of her colonies, the bns entered
‘upon a course of rapid improvement unknown’
since the abdication of that Emperor.
lude to nn evit of the frst ma
nitude. ‘Stave ‘Trade, in
the suppression of which England and, France
take a fively interest ; an evil which sti forma]
& grent reproach upon the civilization of Chrie-|
tendom, aud perpetuntos the barbarism of Africa,
‘bat for which it is to be feared there ts no hope
of a complete remedy while Cuba remuine a
Spanish Colony. But whutever may be thought]
of these Inst snggeations, it would soem imposs-
ble for any one who refeets upon the events

‘Island of Cuba by lawless bande of adventnrers
from the United Statne, with the avowed design f

Of taking possession of that Inland.” The Presl-
dent ie convinced that the conclusion of euch »
treaty, Inetad of patting a stop to tear lawless
procetdings, would

ngs, 0 a new and powerful im-
[pulee to them. It would strike a death blow to
Bae conservatige policy hitherto purmed im this
country toward Cuba.
No administration of this Government, how-
rer skrong iv the public confidence in other |
respects, could stand a day under tbe udium of |}
having ipolated with the greet powers of Europe Hl
that in no fatnre time, uninr no change of clr
lcametances, by no amicable arrangement with
Spain, by no aot of Iewfal war, should that
calamity onfortinately occur, by no consent of
the nbn of th and chon hey tha
[posedeaions in on the American enntinent, |
[saccsed in rendering theanselves independent in
no overruling necessity of self preserva.
tion. ghould the United States erer make the no-
quisition of Cuba,
For these reasona, which the President hes
It advienble, considering the importan
‘subject, to direct me to untold nt soine
els constrained to decline

parties to thr
‘Suagled that

the eenphatic disclaimer of sny designs
gninet Cuba on the part of this Government.
Joontained in the present note, afurds all the
nssurance which the President can eonetitutlon-
[aly or to any useful purpose, give of a practical
Jeoncurrence. with England and France in the
‘wish not to distarb the possession of that Isla

rlanoed ut in this note, to mistike the law of | by Spai

mneriaigh growth and or thik tt can
be ultimately arrested by @ Convention like that
Broposed, In the jodginent of the Prosident.
would be as easy to throw a dam (rom Cape]
Florida to Cuba, fn the hope of stopping the flow
Of the Golf etream, ns to attempt by a compet
ke this to tix the fortu.ies of Cubn now and for

years hence

Frunce or England will even wish that Spain

shoul rotnin ‘Cuba: and n comury hence—

Judging of what will be from what has been—the

#4 which record this proposition will, like the

on of the family compact between France|

and Spain, have no interest but for the antiquary.

1w the President can not doubt that boil

und would prefer any change in

‘Cube, to that which is most to

‘an internel convulsion

horrors and the fate of

Ban Domingo, I will intimate. final objection to|
the propoted Convention.

Lod Muimshury an M. de Targot put forward

as the reason for entering into such & compact,

“the attacks which have Intely been made on the

avail myself, Sir, of this opportantty-to aseure
you of my distinguished consideration.
{Bizned|

‘Epwanp Evennrr.
‘The following reply to Mr. Everett, was
published in the English journals in July
Inst :—
Lord John Russell te Mr, Crampton, ©

Foaxian Orrice, February 16, 1853.

Sim: Lord Malmesbury received, just before
Neaving office, the note addressed to you by Mr.
Everett, and loft it for the coneMeratiun of bis
ecsese.

‘The absence from London of the ambasesdor

f France, has hitherto prevented that.commu-

ication between the two governmenta which
th eircumtance ofthe proposal made folitly
required,

T'have now to inform you of the view which
her Biajesty’s government take of Mr. Everct’s
reply to our overture.

it is doubtless perfectly within the comy oe
of the American government to reject the ‘pro-
I that was made by Lord Malinesbury and

AP Turgot in relerence to Cube. Ench gorern-
ment will then remain ns free as it was before to
take that course which its sense of duty snd «

RUE BERR AAAS ALSKTSURL OVD RASA ease SHARD APAR AR ATRAed LuLLATAS BARD

§
$
3
£
i
|
*
.
&
a
3
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:
5
g

giv na
of he, Evers

Fla thi

3
| Fi hase seagesti!

| seve ty aad
tin, orton
of heumal
ents

ALMANAC, 1854,

alogether silent. But « pretended declaration
of indepemdence, with a view, of immedintely
steking refuge from revolts on’ the"part of the
blucks under the shelter of the Puited States,
would be justly lonked upon as the samen effect
‘5 0 formal annexation,

Finally, while tully admitting the right of the
United Stares to reject the proposal that wue made
by Lord Bialmabary and Me de Target, Greve
Britsin ante at once reruame her entire, liberty 5
und upon apy occasion that may call for itr
free w act, tither elugly or in conjunction with
other powers, na to ber may seero fit,

Tam, de, J, RUSSELL,

‘Mr. Crampton to the Berl of Clarendon,
(autaet)
Wastincton, April 18, 1853,
In obedience to the instractién contined
Lord John Russell's despatch of tbe Slat Fels
Finey. 1 lave rend to tye Seeretary of Stale of
the Onited Stwtea, ond placed tn hla Lands, n Copy
of his lordship’ ‘despatch of the 16t) uf tht}
th upon the subject of Cuba.
iy French collomgun having also received in-|
strdciions from bis Gorerument to communicate
fo the Gurernment of the Uuited Beates a dieputch
hon She sane snbjecs, and very much the
Sane effect, it wag agreed between us that we
riuvaid, aw tipom farmer occasions in regard to
fier, tink» Our communications. sinulte
td we accordingly waited
‘get for that pulyote, om 4
rey alter baviug iiatened attentively to}
(M. de’Sartiges and mysell read to piv, anid,
{Unt ie would submit the obworvations ofthe tora
Governmenta to the Presilent; and remarked
ye betore
about
fe Mbsre
any further dis-
the matter between the two govern-
‘wae dectrable
Jt would, be added, of course be necessary for]
hius aynin to read over the deepatehes, iu order)
to comprehend their tall import; but, as far as
be cond now judge, the opinion of the teu}
gurerumente seomal to oniacidn in referencs To
fwo pointe, viz: the one that the right of the
United States to dectine the pro mado to
thein -by the English and Proueh Goveruments
un admitied ; the other. that some of the}
general positions taken by Mr, Everett in bis nuto,
Bf the lat of December, 1852, appeared to those|
Governinenta to ‘proteet agninst theat oc
fhwir purt necessary, lest it hereaiter be in-|
terre tat tan potions had tren
them,
le lied that, without preteuding to point]
| out to 300 Rearey rick fartior atep. Bo wee
(was pot to take in thie matter, the object whith |
our pe ive Gove nme bed in view, scamed
tou te be, generally, auch ne stated te
vd that wasfor Our part, camsidered the dlaous

had just oyade.
maar
expeesaliig is ond bellef thet av misnn-|

to ws, e%
hick

On the 17th of September, 1853, Mr.
published in the newspapers # long Intter ad-
[dressed to Lord Jubn Rareell, in whieh be regrets
tint Lord Jobn's dispatch of the 16th of February |]
‘wns not sent before his rotirement from the State |}
Department. and regarding that dispatcti in re- |]
ality, if not im fori, ns a reply to hia letter of the
Ist of December, 1852, he feels exiled upon, ff
though a private oltizen, to rejoin. He defends |
frst the yrent length of his letter and the general |]
[prnetice of long-winded documents on the part
Jof our Government fanctionaries, He then re:
marks thatthe aketch of territorial chauges which {I
‘bad taken place on this continent, during the last {f
century, wad not introduced as mutter of history, |]
ut to Muatrate the poi tha iy chine! 10
nruunpt, by »peelc inensures, to bind up for all
tine, the diedrelion of u Government exfblshd
int a purt of the workl of which so much te rtill
lying iu a stato of uature. He uo desired to
show that we wre not w aation of Imid-plrabs
but thet wur growth bas boow ustaral at logit
foute, and in atilet conformity to the Law’ of
Nations, Mr. Everett pleads guilty to the ohare
that he did and does very distinctly maiundu that
tue Uuited States have. an interost iv Culm to
which Fraver nnd Great Britaln can not pretend,
und that the condition of Coba is aninly an
‘Ainerican questivn, ia which the United States
have ac very deop’ interest, and England an
Ermer « sory limited one,” ‘Phe ob groaids
‘ou which the United States rest this claim ia
geographical proximnlly—ead Lord Jobu's ro.
pace fhe Cul nous wo Jal, hy to te
ited States, would hein polut. says Mr. Ev.
{ Jatjeien bore the sate relation t9 Grent Brim

-y| which our States on and near the Mexican Gul

henr to the rest of the Union, ‘Te bir, Ruseetts
cuggeation thet it would le well enough for the
Usted Staces to consider the valuo of the ebyrnal
aves of right and wrung, aud our daty to var
eighborr, niao the ‘uuiliy of observing the laws
fof ations, Mr, Everett replies with spirit, coo |
tending thnt the United Gustes Gornrument hure |
done their whole duty in regurd to the suppres.
doa, of olaw {al ex; padinions orguniaed ‘ou our |}
territory against friendly powe inarenicos
the exprditiun of Gen, Terrijos, toed out in toe |
‘inmer o 181 98a pra Yo Get af Lopes. ot
xr as iliegetity is concerned. Mr. Everett inti
nates that the iovibstion to bind ourselyes nevor |
fo nequlre Cuba under avy clowurnetandos, comes j
with « bail grace from Frauce, which, during the
preeent contary, bas appropriated gach
portions of Earupe, Aftien, and the i
[stands ; and Englund, which bas, exen since the |
writing uf the dispatch under consideration. an-
noxed batt the Burman Empire to ter uvergrown
india wosecseions, on gronnds compared with
i proton for war ou Turkey is
fregurd to the Jew of nations, Mr,
faims that we have af a nation strict

] acrmeending rbetworn the yreat mart
hos powete te rot te hw eter”

:
a
<
A
Feanot—qutrages:
[qubutly nckuowled god, and
{enedy wnd patisl tan,

AUSTRIA AND THE UMITED STATES.

AUSTRIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

‘TIE KOSZTA AFFAIR AT SMYRNA.

Inaxorateuy after the kidnapping of
Martin Koasta by the Austrian Consul-Gen-
cal at Smyros, and bis rescue by Captain| this,
Ingrahem of the United Btatea sloop-of- war]
St. Louis, the Austrian Government ad-
dreveed to the principal Kuropean Cabinets,
iv advance of any commanication to the
Government of the United States, a Circalar]
Letter of Comylaint and Breton sgnisas te bara

course adopted by Captain Ingraham co : ie
‘capirte statement of the affair having beon|*d:lressed 2 commanication, ox the 27th of Jane,
cuensvaly published in both Europe and a te Tenperial Iaturnuocio (Mlcleter) the olject
‘America, the Government of the United cooms:
States, ia order thet the World might jadge
intelligently of the merits of the question,
conctaded to pablish the following Diplo-
matic Correspondence. ‘The Cabinets of St.
Petersburgh and Berlin instructed their|
representatives at Wesbingtoa to intimate

their general concarrence in the view taken| goof ic iue Tntrounco

; " Free impossible for him toa
by Acatria, fe he could not consider the individual
Mr. Halemann to Mr, Marcy, tion as belonging toa foreign juriediction.

accu) /as the tios which beand him to his coantry were

Averatan Leeatiox,
‘WasmikoTon, Aucust 29, 1653,

the asia 10 all the extract
oth ‘on the pert of Mr. Browa
Commander of the 8t Louls, Here it is —

Declaration made by Mertin Kenta
1s the Goverwcnt of ts Onted Sauce

thereon, to te inost prominent

Goneul-Grneral, Mr, de Wrekberker, exerclaing |e

weg, of jurtadiction vito hes prea partleularly

is rrenten tn tbo consular agente of Austria| wom ia open court

a een ee catheter osamtrymen, hed [boners te cheek ol tho cours eee a a

‘caused tw be arrested, and cunveyed on hourd the | [Signed] ‘Maat Kossta.

Anatrian. riot war *Busanr? the El

Telngee, Murtin Korzta; who, residing at one!

Smmetie the interior é& Kutahla bad Jott Turkey
with Reesith, and who, er having

turning, some moat

Bir Onkey, United States Coveal, conjoludly with
ff, Oey, Uni | copjolutly wit

I OeFidat of the Amore deopotwar

Se “Louie,” anchored i the ronde Uefore| It ia dificult to conceive hew the ropreseata-

eerie ar hc de Woothectte, basing, tnct| fotos proo! of tas protanied maruraizae of

> Me, . nd'a proo! 0 nn
Seaman apon the fer har the novecahd Konats | Rossts tyun ndocuowar destvae of ull entheaia

WHIG ALMANAC, 1834.

Kosain; the other question, at least fully ax im:
which in uffized to it, wud wh poriunt, ia that whict has reference to those for-
invested it with thar clurueter, leaven in Liank* /mnnilties in virtue ef which tha ngenta of the
hoth the name of the teibuunl before which the | Unlped ave deemed themsolves authorized
declaration of Koszta mast have been made, and |in tirging their pretensions, :

the mane of the clerk who ia supposed to be the| With regard to.the first of theac two questi
depositary of the originnt document, end that, treated in the correspondence which hes tw
‘morvover, thls pretended legalization has neither | place ou the anbject between Le Intermuncio.
sigunture’ nor offcinl sen atiached to it, But|the Chergé WAthires ad interiw of the Uni
even naitting. th ¢ ticity of thie declera-| States in ‘Turkey, the Imperial Governm

€

j— reeing thot the

Yon; and supposiny uezta could, without|alopts entinly the views of Baron de Bruck,
violating the inws ‘omntry ot his own nc-|1u our opinion, Koszta hax never ceased to he an

cord, and without nny other formalities, have Austrian enbject, Everything combines to make
broken arunde? the tics which bind him to hia| the Imperial Govermnent persist iu this estimate
native rol, the text of the document shows that of te matter, ‘Fhe Inws of

the anthur of it has done nothing more than to|Posed to Korzta’s breaking munder, of
dvelare his Extention of beconting a citizen of the [accord, and without having obtained’ permission
United States, and, with that object in view, of |to expatrinte himself from the authorities uf thet
renouncing ia rights of nationality in tho States |eonntry, tho ties of natiowdity which bind him
Of the Emperor. fot, “the very declaration of that refugee
A few days liter a new and lamentable episode |honrd the “Huszar,” in the presence of the
occurred to agyruvate the question. On the| American Consul and of the commander of the
morning of the 3d of July, the commander of |**St Louis," shows that ho still considers hitns: If
the Americwn sloopof-war “St. Louis,” Mr.|# subject of the Emperor, | Tn ehort, even nc-
Ingraham, seut a messnge to the commanding |corting to terms of the law of the Union, such
officer of ibe “ Huszur” Yo the elivot tht, in pur | ieclaration, aupposrd to have been signed by
feuco of instruct receive froin the Chargé| Rossin and from which Mr. Brown bes preten
@Affuires of the United stutes at Constantinople, | ed to infer his naturvdization in the United States,
he Had to eall upon kim to deliver the aforvenid [is nut sufficient to produce that effect ‘The
Konztn into hie bands; nding that if he did uot|dorsigned thinks lio muy diapense entering into
receive n satisfactory aisswer by 4 o'clock in the| auy further detuila in regard to this qucetion. sev-
afternoon, he should crure the prisoner to ba | Wg that the Deportinent of State of the United
taken away by innin force, As it was reasonable | States constantly refuses to° grant rts to
to expect, our comunander, instead of complying |individusls who fing themselves in this category,
with thie’ request, prepared himself to repul-e atid that official publicntions have bees made fio:
foren yy foros; and when, nt the honr designated, | tine to time to that effect. y
‘the American commander, getting roady to carry | _ As there ean be no doubt, therefore, concerning.
Out i thvatt ranged himself alongelde ovr vo-|the quer’ ou of nationality, the Coneal-Genrral
sel, wud brought his guns to bear upon the im.|ot the Emperor at Sinyrin was without doubt
erie! brig,and was about to carry matters tothe |pevfectly Justi, w

‘extreunity, our brave eailore, although imnch [treaties, which wubje
inferior in uambers, were deterinined to oppisc| Turkey to consular jurisdiction, he soized the
8 vigorous resistance the wot of ‘ngyreasion | porwou of Koszia within the pale of his jurie
‘which was on the point of being consimmnted| diction,
ta the neutral port of Smyrna, and on the pert] Such being the exse, the Imperial Government
off vostelof-war belonging to x power with| trusts that thy Government of the United Sines
which Austria was at peace. Our Consul-General| will basten to instroet its Consal at Smyima Hot
only euecended in preventing this bloody catee-|to interpore uny obstacle to the extradition of the
truphe, which would probably have ended in the | alorvsald Koszta by the Coneul-General of France
Gestroction of n considernble portion of the town | the Consul-Generai of Austria a Senyrin.
of Smyrng, and of vessels of all nations in the| But, apart from this question of jurindiction, it
harbor, by cunsonting that Kosztn should tom-|is eepecially the mode adopted by'the function-
porerily, and until the settlement of the diffcul.| ries of the United State, ip order to eetile: the
ice of which he was the subicet, be confided to|matter, which has given the kmperial Govorn-

the eustody of the Cousal-General of France at|ment the most legitimate grounds of complaint,
Smyrna, ‘The act of violence which the commander of

‘The return of Mr. Marsh to Constantinople, a| the sloep-if-war *+8t. Louis” committed against
{few slase after these events, t on a discus | the Austrian brig Haszar”—thnt real act ul war,

on, botween himelf and our Tutarmancio, of [committed in fill peace, in « neutral port, the
the question whether Martin Koszt was to be|itel effects of which were only averted hy
considered ag an Auetrinn subject or ns n citizen | prudence and moderation of our Consul-G
of the United States. Although still iynormt of [at Smyrnu—conetitutes an outrage
thie diecussion, the Imperial’ Government. bas iples of tho Inw of nations; and the Impe-
come 10 the deutrmination not to delay any| tial Government has no doubt but that this ner,
louger nddressing itself to the Gorerament of viewed in such light, will have been condeanned
the United States throngh my instrumentulity.|by the Government of the United States. suid
‘There nro two dbtinet questions invalved in this | Government belt itself Inberest@l ie preventing
Aiscussion, Ove ia the main question rvlating to | the repetition of similar occurrence
the dlepate about the rights nf juriedietion which | ‘The events of the 21 of July xe
has risen botween the logations uf Austria and of [aent, in n two-fold point of
the United Stabe at Constantinople, cuncerning|tion from the rules of inte

* Litrral~makee ne mention of wither.—Transtuer, | Ist, ‘The eormnnder of the Ui

AUSrurA AND

(Tas UNITED STATES.

Serio
tm boned. whose nationally ad
betworn the nyonta uf the tou Gyverniute, war
wet deliee read over to tim ata etuted hour, be
would goand toka him win farce:
Tee oust yut that the threat of
oforeey eaearclet war belong:

Uhet right, inbervug in the sovereign |di

of se mumentous « wature,”

er. ‘The

fl and union botweam the states of New Hampshire,
Musmchuserts, é&c.. of 1778, euntain already the
follo ipulation (IX, §'1): - pare

shui being nig and exclusively to toe Cougrese
it elon euciuavel
Of te Uaited Beales”

‘This basis of the publte law of the United States
was presareral nud eauctioued by the constitution
Of the United Spates of 17¢7, whieh waxrwee the

waar of dacarg war vxiiicly to Congres

Upon thls point, the equatiration of the United
Semis laranonized perfectly with the public lw
of Enrupe.

‘upon the order
jomatic ur consular
jon and of war}

wrth, tho cunsent of
ut to conumit wets of
sgelase tho vemele
without speci
reine nuthority ut their wwn country, notified iu
the forms prexerthed hy tile law of nations,
It ie Impossible that the regu'ar government
of the civilized world can wish to expose their
thority, ng wellas general p nce, to the lingxrds
hostilities commenced without their know!
edge and withont suecinl authority from the
sovereign power, by each er euch fut wunly. io
2 foroigu Inn
Sadly. Te ect of hostility ane been comrattued
In a neutral port uf x power friendly te both
™*Gertuinly, A there
“rtuinly, if there be one poi
snd itoraatioun! Ine which i

8 few
is kind. One of tivre
spon’ the Dutch Bast
India deet, which bad taken shelter in the port
lof Bergne, in Norway, by the adrairal comraxn!-
ing the forees of the enemy ; aad Cnt
atinck wns repulerd
that neutral port, Fa authority universally
evevgniaed in anatters relating to. the Inw of tn:
tiv:—dues nevertheless accuse the neutral pow-
Jer (Denmark) of having complained in too taint
4 vuiew of an undertaking 60 injarloos ty he:
liguity »nd to her rights,
‘Ju order the better to establish the concurrence
of all nations, and the unanimity of all expound-
Jere of civit-daw on thi

the guns of the ‘orto |

is the common friend of begls
Not only are all
Tiadict bea en
jurisdiction, absola!
aires mde by erie roasts stat

statigued iteeif within the river

the teutral territory of the United States,
purpose of exercising the right of
Fiver, by standing off amd. on, «

tion at the Belize, and overhauling
[course down the river, and made the eaptare
‘question within three English rniles of thrall
intands formed at ity mouth, restitution af
captured vossel ‘was decreed by Sir W.
80, ulso, where a belligerent ship, 1yi
neutral territory, mando enpture with

Jout of the neatin! territory, aie capture

to be invalid; for thoweh the hostile

‘he
from the
inforuss-

agninst.an enemy declared to br
within the, errr) joridition of Dever
thas feiendiy relations with both par-

tarvitery, are nell and dicgel. wcenitn
the laws of the United States ad the decreesul
the mertime courts of Great Britain, am atteck
upon a vest] belonging toa friendly power ia a!
eutn.) port would deserve to by coneured in
el more ecvare terme
‘The history of marie wars nt Ube period of
the French rerolntion furnishes abuadant proos
fof the very particular Jenlowy with, which the
met of the Unital Stxite fonintateed t=
‘of neutrals; aud the undersigned woeld

WHIG ALMAMAC, 1854,

4] an

predreeisors of Mr. Na
Which be fills. have defended the abstlute invio-
Inbility of nentral ports, hy uwans of most elabi-
rate nrzumente, But as tho undersigned! is fully
poraiaded that the same doctrines will serve ux
guides to the governinent of the United States on
the present occasion, he confines himself to this
stig flavin to hom principles, which ware for,
tuerly innintained, ard very receatly supported
hy the Iulted Staten in rela-
tion to the rights of neut-ale, and more especially
in regan to the inviolnbility uf nentral port,

‘The imperial goceroment eutertaine too high
fan opinion of the rente of justice » nd of integrity
Of the queeromnt of the United States to doubt
for a ting" instent its anxiety to disavow the
conduct of ita agents, under the circumetnnces
bore mentioned, and that it will hasten to call
them to a severe neconnt, and bender to Austria
4, satafnction proportionate to the magnitude of
the outrage.

‘The undersigned avails himself af thle oceaslon
to offer w the Secretary of Sinte the renewed
assurance of hie high consideration,

* " ‘Hotsexaxn.
‘The Hon, Wee, L. Manor,
‘Secretary of State of the United States

‘Mr, Mercy to Mr, Hulemmann,

Deraarwent oF Brave,
‘Washington, September 26, 1853.

‘The President hae carefully considered the note
of Mr. Hulsemann, Chargé d’Affaires of bis Mx-
Jesty the Emperor of Austria, of the 29th ultimo,
ackireseed to this departinent, and the otber docu:
manta reintive to the much-regretted necurrences|
ae ‘in Jane and July Inst, with a view to
ascertain the nature of the complaints therein
red agninat the Amoriean engaged
it that affair, nnd fur the purpose of giving such
sntiafuction aa Austria might be entitled to reerive,
in onan he rhould find that these officers had not,
duly rented br rights
wugh differing very much from the views
presented by Mr, Huleemann on bebalf of bie
rernuent, the President stil indulges tho bape
t the exporition of the principal reasous o
whieh hiss own conclusions are founded will in
duce hia Najeaty'e government to look at, the
tranevction in a different light from that in which
ite presented by that ment,

Tt ie the duty of the undersigned to present
these reasons to Mr. Huleemann, and be will fail
in bis intention if, in performing this duty. he
dee not evince a friendly spirit, and avwid, ae
far as it can bo done without impairing the full
‘strength of the case, tho titroduction of topics
to which either Mr. Hulremann or his govern
iment enn take exception.
oko Wing ont congpleuonaly the a be

upon, if seems to rel
all be more fully end clay ated

they aro in Me, Hulseriaan’s note,
“Martin Koszte, by birth a rian, and of
churse an Austrian subjoct at that time, touk an

‘opra and active pert in the political movement
|| of 1848-49, designed to detach Hungary from

the dominion of tho Emperor of Austein, At the
close of tht disastrous revolutionary morowent,

tobe

Koszta, with many otbers engaged in the same
‘fed from the Austrian dominions, and
took refugo in Turkey. ‘The extradition of thee
fugitives, Keazta among them, was demanied
fend pressed with great vigor’ by Austria, but
firmly resisted by the Turkish gorerntnent, ‘They
were, how-ver, confined at Rutahia, but at length

releuaed, with the understanding, of by express fl

agreement of Avarin that they shoald earn Tur.

nad go into foreign parts, Most of them, it
"helinred, heforn they ‘obtained their release
indicated the United Stntes as the country of their
exile, It te, alleged that Koezta left Turkey in
company with Kossuth—this is believed to he
‘a inistake ; and that be engaged never to return—
this ie regarded ne doubtful. ‘To this sentence of
hanieliment—tor such ie the true character of

theie expuleion from ‘Turkey—Anetrla gave ber
consent: in trath, it wae the rorult of ber efforts
to procare their ‘extradition, and wae

com

necepted,
f nen gubstitute for it. he had agrnty of

missioners at Kutahia to attend to their em
harkatirtand tober the legal eonsequrwces'f
Ula act arm the eaine ae if {f bed been dune db”
‘rectly by herself, and not by the agency of the
Oftoinan Porte,” Korzta camo to the United
States and selectedsthis country for hits future

home,

Slat of July, 1852, ho made a declarn
tion under oath, befure & propar tribunal, of hie
intention ta become a ditizen of the United
‘States, and renounes all allegiance to any other
state or savers

‘After reinalning hers one year and eleven
/munths, he returned. on acount, aé is alleged. of
ritnte ‘business, of a temperary charncier. to
‘urkey in an American veserl, claimed the rights
of a naturnized American citizen, and to
place himeelf under the protection of the United
rates Consul at Syria, The Consul at first
Deaibited to recognize and receive him as euch ;
but afterwards, and some time hefore bis selenre,
beand the American Chargé ¢'Afiuires ad twterte
at Constantinople, did extend protection to him,
and furnished him with a Teckereh—a kind of
Prsrport or later of anfo condact, urually glee
forvign coneuls in Turkey to persons to whom
they extend protection, ns by Turkish laws they
have a right to do. It le knportant to observe
that there fe no exception taken to his conduct
after bis return to ‘Turkey, and that Austrin he
not alleged that he wns thete for auy political
objeet, or for any other purpose than. the trene
Mheged (2'an opportunity to rere bo the Un
‘Alleged, (or an opportu ra ue
ted “Staten, be was ectzed |

eel, anid there confined in irons, [tis now avow-
fed, as it wae then euspected, that these deeprra.
docs were instigated to this ontragy by the Aus
trian Consul-General at Smyrnn; bat it ls nut
prerendnd that he acted under the ell authority
fof Turkey, but. on the contrary, it 18. atmi

thet, on application to the Turkish gorrrnor at

AUSTRIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

nyrua, that magistrate refused to grant the
‘Au-trian concal any asthority to arress Kussta,

‘Tue eueal of the United States at Byron, as|

‘the seizure of Kossta, und the

Chargé d°Affaites of the United States ad interim]
wntlnople, afterward interceded with

the Turkish authorities, with the Austrian Cot
ealG.aera at Smyrna, and the commander of
the Austriaa briguit-war, for hie relense, ou” the

fect cupy of i8
‘Austan Internunclo at “Conste
pplication to these officers at senyraa for his}
Lbrratiun, ne well as that of Mr. Brown, onr|
Chargé d'adaires, to Barun de Brack, the’ Aus
trian ‘ielater at Constantinople, was frultlees,
and It became wotorkvus at Smyrna that there|
‘was settled design on tbe part uf the Austrian
inla 10 coarey him clandestinely to Trieste—|
a city within the dowsinion of the Emperor of
‘Austria, Opportunety, the United Scates sloop-
obwar, th Bt Louis, under the command of
Captain Ingrabratn, arrived tn the harbor of
Sauron before thie design was exccuted, “be
commander of th 8t. Louls, from the

sn of evading the luqairy, Captain Ingraham!
desig rd nqqui pur

his release, and ‘intimated
should re-ort to fored if the demand was not}
complied with by a certuin bour, Fortunately,
however, no force was uscd. An arrangeuwat|
veag made by which the prisoner was delivered
tw the custody of the French Consul-General, to|
the kept by him antll the United States and Aus
agree es to the inanner of disposing

of hina,
‘This full statement of the facts 1s deemed im-

be delivared to him; that ho shall disacow the
condact of the American agra tn thia fiir, call
thera ton sovore account, and tender satisfaction

proportionate to the outrage.
Te onder ta arrive at Just cOnclasions, 1& fs
neoaseary to qacertuin and clearly define Koezta’a
I relation with Austrin and with the Uuited

ine upon the merite uf the
There fa great diversity and muob cont

of opinion ns to the nature and obligatio:
eritldorat bak wanispe
resoliing from the
mere accident of binh, yet forever binding the
to the sovercign’ by others it fs consid-
= political enntwedion is tke mnturaof = vil
contrect, dasolable by mvatea! coment, bat po: j
20 at the option of'elther party. ‘The sound ff
fand moore prevalent doctrine, howerer, tay that
the eltizen Or aulject, having faithfully persorse [
fed the past und present duties rvsultiny frven tds
‘elation t0'the sovereign puwer, may wt
fiance, healy quit the lend of hie birth or edop-
ance, freely quit the len rth or adop- f
flon, scek through all eoautrlee home, and ac-
lect anywhere thne whic freon the fairest
“oF bappiness for m yor
EEAtg. When the sovereign power, whcree rer
Ttinay be placed, dues wot anewet the ede Sor
whicl tls bested, when it le nut exerted-for
the gruerl wear of tha people o has 'eounee
‘opptosatve to Individuals, thie right to" withairaw i
reste on as fir « basis, and je sunilur tu principe:
ti the right which begitluabs Teslsanee

eo ident by the proceed:
ings of independent states in relation to cxtred
UR “oedema Sac a
matter of right, the surrender of « native Lora
or naturalir~d citizen oF subject, an

deinand woald too ostadore dishonorable ub.
eerviency to a foreign puwer, und an act merit- 1
ng the re Sf mankind,

WHIG ALMANAC, 1954.

mand was mado in concert, ns it were, by two
Powerful sowreigns while their triumphant wr-
tire, w
tiunary matement of Hungary, stood upon the
borders of Thrkey, with power to erase ber
name from the list of nations, She might well
apprcbend for bereelf, ns the nations of Western
rope apprehended for her, that a refusal in
her eritien! condition would put in jeopardy hr]
existence ne an independent power; but tbe did
refuse, aud the civilized world juatitied nnd com.
mended the act, Both Austria and Runsin
their reapective demands on higher grounds than
teen of spied to under the Pid of jane oy
ntempted to strengthen their claim
founding it upon the obligations of existing trea-
tles—the same, undoubtedly, that arv now urged
‘upon the consideration of the United States,
Rassia and Austria, buwever, both submitted to
the refusal, and never presumed to impute to
‘Turkey the act of refusal as ebreach of her duty
ora violation of thelr rights,

‘To show that the very enine claims to rights
now set np in this case were overruled and re-
padinted in 1849 nnd 1850, the un will
refer to the cotumy euus views of eminent
statesmen in regard to the conduct of the Sultan
‘in refusing to surrender, on the demand of Aus-
‘trin nnd Russla, the Hungarian and Polish refu-
gree who were calmed y these powers we ube
and traitors.

Sir Stratford Canning, the British embassador
‘at Constantinople, entirely approved of the Sul-
tan’s course on that occasion—indeed, he advierd
it, In & letter to his Government, duted the 3
‘of September, 1819, he saya: “On grounds of
bumanity, not unmixed with cons tions ne
‘uffecting the Purte’s character and futnre policy,
I have not hesitated to advise n deciled resist.
ance to the demend of extradition.” From
wnother letter of this embaseador, dated the 17th
of December, commenting on ant commending’
the courageous firmness of the Sultau iu refusing
the demand of these erful Empergre for the
furrender of these fogitives, on the temo. pro
tence as now set up by one of them to justify the
seizure of Korzta, this extract is taken :—

+‘ Allow me to add, my lord, that in proportion at
[ admire the courageous firniness with wiilch the
Sultan and bie Government have determined to

the rigs of honor and dignity, ag
‘alike objectionable Io substance and in form, 1 feel
2 deepening anxiety for the resnlt of their’ reaat-
pee,vand forthe doxrog of support which ‘ver
Biefaya Government and tha of France, may Bod

welree at berty to afford, wot ouly i the fret
Instance, but in atl graver eirenmstunees, should
tie presoat partial rupture un(ortuantely aseume a
more serious and metaciog eburacter.”

In these views, the French Minister rosident at
Constantinople fully enncurred, and so did the
British saul French Government: and hoth were
prepared te espoure tho cause of Turkey, if ber
| Littman and bonorcie courvein rofusing hese wn-

other

the decision of

ing to aurrender
p

i approving
Eniperor of “Tarkey $v
Polish and Hungarian refage
nl of Innmannity and right, ha

the
th

Thad jast_pot an end to the rovolu-| m

the notice of the undersigned. but he has furborne
to quote them on account of the unworthy
ive avcribed therein to the powers making |
the demand, and the hureh epithts by which |
their conduct is cbrrncterized.
It i an incident of arent significance, and hear.
ing authoritatively upon some of the nist im-
tions now raleed, that the case of

hich make te

fated bythe grad Sedgwoent af Europe
ated hy thr grasral Judgment af Buvope
als Government unable to discuver

rive it from certain treaties, of machen capi
lations hy treaty and uange.” ‘The very alight
[avd inexplicit nanner in which this sutlority be
ndverted to in Mr, Hul-emnanu’a note, appurvatly
indicates, if not a want of contideuce iv it, nt
lenst a desire nut to hnve it ecrutivized!, If
really was auch un wathority, and it war o
un extraordinary charscter xa it ls assumed to bie,
it would huve constituted, as Austria must have.
clearly seen, the rorin strength of her case, and
she would not have referred to it in rach a man
hher aa to lowve the yety exisbence of ft open ta
doubt or question. The paragenph referring to ft |
is the followit il

“ As there can be no doubt, therefore, concerning ||
{uo quention of malta, the Comsat General of |
the Emperor at Snvyroa waa without douie per.
feelly justified when, in virtue of ihuse treaties |]
tril plat attri Buea i urbe fo ene
salar juriedtction, ho seized the person of Rosa
Shits the palo'of he jredesicn

If there be such treaties conferring such a

wer, with euch extrwuriuary mean Uf en:
forelng ft, strange indced it is that mote proini-
nence te not given to the fuet in Mr. Halseaann
eommnundentin” Whi are the dite of ose
ftrenties withheld? What ia still more important,
why ie nut the langunge conveying th iorkty
quoted? The undersigned is constrained, for
reasons be will briefly asslan, to question the acl]
eurney of the interpretation ‘whith derives. the
fright claimed in the nbovo paragraph Crow any
puting traty between Austria andthe Ottoman
"orte

‘The Austrian Internuneio at Constantinople, in
jaconfirence with Mr. Marsh. the American
Mivister Resident, spoke of such a right: aa de
rived from “ancicot enpitulations by trealy and
junage.” It ie not shown or alleged

treaty stipulations since 1849 have
into ‘by Turkey nud Austria, ‘The ~ an

‘THE UNITKD STATES.

pitulations” were relied om to suyypurt the demand
{a enat year for the surrender of the Hungarinn
F fagews; they were scratiatzed, and 20 such:
anthority aa ls pow clalmest was found in thei.
‘Toe French wd English Ministers at Constant
uople, who advised and enetained the Boltan in
resisting the dowend of Anstria for their extra:
dition, would fie have given euch adv'ce if they
‘cou'd bave found inexistiny trenties any authority.
for that devesind, or wny obl'gation on the pert of
the Salta to yield to ft, Lund Palmer, then
her Britannic Majesty's Principal secretary of
Siate for Foreign Affaire, corefully examined
these treaties, and exprossed his conclusions
therega i a leter to Sir Beratford Canning, dated
‘4th September, 1849. In thie leter, which cou-
teined au extract frum one of these trenties—|
that of Bel id refertd to the claims of
‘Austria founded on them, for the surrender of
thove refugees, be says: * ‘Te atmoat that conld
be ‘would he that they (the refugecs]
shosald not be allowed to raride pirmanentiy iu the’
‘Turkish exopire.”
Cuming ton later period--to the very’
f transaction at Seayros—abundent reasons are
Sound for deuying tat Tarkey wae then ander
‘a0y treaty obligation to deliver Kosata to Aust
or that her Cunsa hhad atitho

‘the pablic met uf the Porte,

rd to am iesve of this kind | p

‘Their explicit, may be fairly considered as
valent to Anatria’s affirmation without proof,
aghere proof if it existed, could be so easly ml

Ja x despatch to thie Government of the 4th
f) of Angust. 1853, Mr. Marsh, the Amerienn Minte-|

l ter Resident at Constantinople, says :—

persons are
lasatiatuction with
y sustain the view
I charueter of the
‘me that a few
ment refused to

foto Anstriu, on the very ground nuw taken by the
Porie—namély, that ihe treative did not provide
for the extradiilon of political offeaders.””

Mr. Brown, the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim
of the United States af Constantinople, writes
that in an interview with Chehil Efiudi, sl-o a
‘Turkish officer of high rank und great experi-
ene-, in witich the affair nt Hinyrua was discassed,

| Be observed tha the Austrian Goverument dora
‘ot prusess the power by treaty to arrest any ome |
toa Sttomnn ello pollen offenera There i
now, however, comething more dectsive from
Turkey than the upivion of ber pallle men in
sition to this treaty-claim of Austria ‘The;

ernment of the Porte bas pronounced
judgment in relation to the scizurr of Koszta,
‘whieh Austria herself Is bound to respect, It has
‘Austrian

H ot the United Sntce nt Smyrnn, haa yet rewched
thie Government This le certaluly an wnorna-

fous ove: Austria arraigns the United States for
violating the tights of ‘Tuskey in the Kors
ntinir;, Turkey, the offended party, exonerates
the Usited Sintes, and protests against Austria,
Jour accuser, for the very same offerice.
‘These considerations have led the t
Jas he believes they will leed all others who duly
reflect ou them, to the confident conclusion that
there ete no trnuce betreen Aastra. snd
ar) could justify, or in any way coun-
tenance, the selzure or imprisonment of Korsia
by the Austrian fu |
ode

ete igh
them where he can not, if he would, afford them
protection, By such an act be releuses the eub-
Jeeta thus banished from the bond of allegint
Any other result would make the politicn
Inection between the subject and the sovereigi
state of unmitigated vasealage, in which all the
[duties and m9 rights would be on one aide, an
all the rights and 110 dutins would be on the ott
‘Koszta must be regantedas having been banished
by Austria; for he was one of the Hungaria
splageee whom she procured tobe expelled from
‘Turkey in 1851, ‘They were released from cut- ||
fivement at Kutehia, on condition of submitng |f
'to perpetual banishment, and she bad two persons |
present at their departure “who claimed nnd ob-

talned there an active share in the: arrangement” i

Koezta could never thereafter be rightfully de- |
ugnded as an Austrian gubject,

‘The propositivn that Koszta at Smyrna was not
jan “Austrian subject” can be suetnined on an-
othe: ground. By decree of the Emperor of
‘Au-tria of the 24th of March, 1832, Austrien eub-
jects leaving the domivions of the Emperor |i
without permission of the magistrute and a re- |}
Tease of Austrian citizenship, and with an inten.

‘become ‘walawfnl emi-
Jarants,” and lose all their civil and political 1
fat home,—(Ency, Amer. Ti Emigration, 2 Kent's f
‘Com. 50, 51.) - I

Koaata had left Austria without perintssion,
and with the obvious and avawed-intention never [
to return: he was, therefore, within the strict
meaning of the impertal decree, “an unlawful ff
Jemigrant.”. He had ineurred and paid the penalt
ef, tie ction iy the one of al her

trhatrrer country they tmy be. Stripped by th

Wilo ALMANAC, 1654,

| imperiel decree af civil anit poiitical right, Koe2-
ta had, iiLAnstia. no redress for personel wrongs,
id he bad
nent

.o claim 10. proteetion from
would still hold bin axa.

emigrant” and the Emperor.

i dicsolved. pe attached to K
ne importance serine to be attached to Korz-
own opinion of bis citizenship. The note|
‘of Mr, Hulsemann conveys the impression, thongh
it does not contain the express averment,

‘an inference from undiscloze
piemises, language of tho note on this sab
Geet in the following: “The very declaration
OC tint _refagee on board of the Huszar, in the:
presence of the American Consal and the com-
mander of the St. Louis, shows that he atill eon-
Ailorea himnselfasn eubject of the Emperor.” The
declaration referred to in eupport of this infer-
ence is not given, bat it is undoubtedly the re-
| spince Kosztn is reported to have ‘when
interroguted wa to his being an American citizen :
“Tam a Hungarian,
garim.” Mr. Brown, the Chargé d’Affaires ad
interim of the United States nt Constantinople,
ers not at Smyrnn at any time daring tho|

Armisaction in relation to Koszta, stated in a let.
tor to Bardn d= Bruck eomething like the fore-|
going declaration; but Captain Ingraham, who|
wus present, as Mr. Hul-cmann states. when
Roezta was exomnined, nnd made the declaration
inguited to him, says, in writing to the Ninister
Resident of the United Srates :

to roo hy. Mr. Brown's letter that Koezta declared
himself on our first interview x Hungarian, I did
not hear bin say 40." It may well be doubted
wether Rorzta ever weed any euch Iangnogr.
Should it, however, be ndinitted that he did make|
that or similar decleration, it ean ‘not be|
fairly understood to imply an ‘acknowledginent,
that ae wae then a subject of the E:nperor of
Austrin. To apprehend rightly what he meant
‘hy much a -declnrntion. it is proper to consider
his xitaxtion, his known seutiments, and his an-
tecelente, In bis. mind no two things could
protitly be more distinct Yrom each other than
‘Atria und Hungary. One was an object of
Atersion—the other wn object of his love,
affections clartered around the land of bis birth,
and were the more intende breause he thought
that country bud been eruclly wronged, and lie
pew it was unfortunate. In his visions of the
Hfarure be saw n happler destiny for Hungary,
He saw lier standing proudly among the inde:
pendent nations of the enrth, under a clement
government emanating from the will of the pes
Bir, ane ddirating. ts eonetitutional authority
to their general welfare, In the fallen condition
of Hungary he thonght it base to disow:

jorious to claim hier for the Innd of
is situation, when this dectaratios

mont ia

terpreting bis wo

\d will live and dic a Hon- |epect

shed | otra

-[prodnerd when he clalined protection us an
Tquence of the impertect copy given by Me. Brown

lof hin own doom by the knowledge of the end
fate of 20 muny of his imiortimate companicn
ts this forlara condition he could not haw

. by the Innguage ascribed to him. to acknowl.
edge nny unbroken tie which then bound him to
the Emperor of Austria,

The undersigned is brought, by a fuir applica.
tion of sound principles uf Inw. and by w eureful
consideration of the facts, to this important con-
felusion—that those who neted in behnlf of Aur.
trie had no right whatever to seize and imprison
Martin Koezta.

Tt will be conceded that the civil authority of
Turkey during the whole period of the ocrur-
Tenees ut Smyrna was dormant, aud in no way
called into action. Under theee circumetances—
‘Auatrin without any autfiority—Turkey exerci.
fing none—end the Amerienn-funetionnrics, as
‘Anstria aseorts, having no right in bebnlf of thei
|goternment to interfere tn the affair—(a propwal
tion which will be “hereafter vontested)—whiat,
then, wae the condition of the parties ot the com:
‘mencement of the outrage, and throngh its whole
progreast They wer all, in this view of the
ense, without the Immediate presence and con-
trolling direction of elit or international Inw in
regard to the trentment of Koszta. The Greek
birelings, Rose ther viet, nnd the Austrian
jand American were, ‘uy suppoa
Poe Ar Sere reer
to rights and duties, eo fur ds regards that
transaction, as they would have been in if it had
Joceurred in their presence in some nnappro-
printed regions lying far beyond the confines of
ary. soverelgn atve, whatever they wore. the

ge fal .w of nature, moral agente,
‘bound each and all allke to observe the precepta
of that law ; and ly that which fe contirne
od by Divine sanction, anf enjoins upon all men
leverywhere. when not ucting under legel ro.

inte, to do tuato others whateorver they would
fiat ‘others should do. unto theray they ‘wore
[bound to do no wrong, and to the extent'of their
means to prevent wrong from being done; to pro-
tect the wenk from being opprossed by the strong,
snd to relleve the distressed. In the cane ony
posed, Koezin was seized without any rightful
nuthority, Ho was muffiring grievous wrong—

‘uy one thet could might relieve him. ‘To do eo
imposed under the peculiar circum.
the laws of humanity.

was a dui
tances of the enan

for they enn appeal to no law to

induct. They enn derive no euppert from civil
thority, for there was none called into action ;
nor from the law of mature, for thet they hive
violated,

‘To place the justification of the Ameriean agente
till further beyond controversy, the undersigned
‘will now proceed to chow that Koszia, when he

‘and imprisoned at Smyrn, had the
a character of nn American, and’ the g
Jernment of the Unita States had the right to ex
{tend its proteetion over bim. :
‘The genuineness of the certifiente which he

Aimerican eftizen has heen questioned, $y conse-

| Austrtan agente, lunded with fetters,

Aunt
sul General, wes genuine, A correct copy of it
has been seat 10 thie depertiuent, aud veribed by
mcomperi-ot with the recurd ot the court

New York in which Ko-zin made his declaration
in due fwrin of law. ‘To remove all deabt ou this
subject a ceruted copy of that reeurd is annexed
sanmunientont,
wot cuntendted that thie initiatory step
the proves of nalurafizal i
all the clvi

with
rights of

and Re virtue there’, the grverument of
the United .Beates wae authorized to extend to
hin it prutretion, at hone and abroad, — Mf

Hulermann, as the undersigned helietes, nile into
{8 grent vrror—an error fatal to somne wf the most

portant canclasions—by aseuning that a nation | Lar

Eat properly extand it prot em nly to netive-
Gord or iatseaized ciztnes ‘Tulsi no thedow
Thine of international Ine, Bor te the penction of
Imiunp clretinecritod within eoeh ttrow Hina
‘This frw dines not, as haa been betors rrnnthed
seunutene questions of the water rect for
trumerpel eaea. hi relation to thie subject, i
Ine rlege and dlathvee raloe ot ite own. Te gives
{ive tinal elmacter of the eowntry ut only to
tinvrni wd, onturabiand fete, but tr wt
teskivate In ie who mre there with, or even with-
fat nn intention to become ehrseun, provides
tints haven dovwieil therein, Foreigners may,
nid atten da require a domill tax enantry, vv
ih they have entered fe with Ube avo I
Wi wy becotne Batarliznd eliamn, but
fe land at one remot and
in period; and whenever they noquire x
{oie international lew at once tn
them the metional character of thw country ol
that on ‘of igbernational law
tant donell esmlere a atonal churwcter¢ it docs
ft aliow any ove who baa a domiell to drelive
the pnuinnal Charncter thus coniored
itupm hin often very mucl egaina hie will and
la grent detrimett.. Intorttional law loka
only’ ts the national ebarncter in. determining
svat country hae the right to protect, If m per:
Zon kone from this vary shyond, with the nx
FoF tho Uniged Staten this Inw. enjoins
wor nntione to respect hin, i rogard to
proteton a an Aeron zn Tt coven
Bevery country the richt to protect any and all
se ing ced is pig
Rrrinportant principles in their bearings upem
the quations peasented in Ar, Hulseiamie note,
nit arr t00 obvious to be cunteted bate they
Avr opp rd tn some of the postions takew hy
Ausielathe undersigned dceine it ropectfal in
fuch n cago to sustain tein by referees (0 nae
theres .
“Tie postion ts a clear one, that if =, parson
cr intra forsigs country aud enrages in rede
‘creo a by ts law of nation fo be
Ct'tiat country, and tet
Knee, wheter that country he hustle oF
(1 Kent Com: 75.)
“Agata: tho mene wuiority enya that in the In
of atooe an ty Barone tho uo nt me tae
jrattonal character froin te wevora
ofthe country In which they reside.” {Ibid 70) |

nationality of
[contin
Teer
he question of domicil;; but that of Koszin is nor
one of them. " ‘The most ayproved detinitions uf |
domicil ure the following :
"A residence atu part
with positive or presumptive
there for un unllanted tine
's4u.)" if it ouficiently appear
of removing was to make a permanent settiement,
Jor for un indefinite thine, the right uf domict! te ae.
red by aresidutew ofa fow duya” (he Venae,
‘Gravel. 279.) Vattel tas defined dowicil to be
Kaul rendeice in any place, with at Totentive
ofalways staying there. But ibia ie vot un accurate
atement i wld be mare curiect to aay oat bt
inoy ie properly the domicil of w perevn in sebicl
Mistindarion Ws sxed, without su prevent Wer
Con. of

trate of
evidence uf an iuieition permanently to
Tiere ab to stamp him with ibe national coarseter
lof the sue where ho resides.” (The Veuus, §
Granch, 279.)

Apply these principles to the case under can-
sideration, aod the inevitable result fe that Koes.
tu hnd 9 domicil in the United States, He enme
Yo nnd resided in this eouutry one year aml elev:
jen mouths, He enne here with the intention
of making it hia futare abode. This iutention
rus maniicated in several ways, but most rig |
iieantly by his solemn dectacation tppen oath,
There enn be no better evidence of hia design of |
tnnking the United States his futore ume than
ach edoolaration ; and to this kind of evidence
lof the futention, the indipenaable clement of the
domicil, civilians have slwuya nttuched iinport.
fence, (Phillinre.§ 188) Iu the ease of Koezta,
we have all thnt is required to prove be had a
Avwiell in the United. Statre—the concurrence
‘of amactuel residence with the jutention 10 rnke
this country his fatore home. Thre estwhliehinent
of his donicil here igveeted him with the nativzal
[character uf thia cvantry, and with that charec-
tar he acquired the right to claim protection from
the United States, and they had the right to ex:
tend i¢ to im a8 Yong’ ae thut ebarmcter cow.
tinged,

"The next question ls, was Koezta clothed with |
that charneter wheu be was kiduapped
streets of Smyrar, and inpriconed on board of
the Austrian brigofwar-Huszar? The national
character acquired by reeldenor remuine as hoo.
fas the domicil continues, and that coutinaes mot

jong ns the domi

fetarn tori tle cl

of place te not in law af

jchunge of daniel.

“Ahas, ifs person should go on |]

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854

“a voyage to 908, or 0. foreign canny, for health
‘Se for piensurey or for burners of tehiparsay nae
Puree, wrth an Intention to return, wich aeanet
Teeldence would not constitute a new 4

mates it the domici
Avith the intention of ‘remain
nuendi,

At the very last session of the Supreme Court)
Of the United Statys, n case cum up for udjudi-
ation, presenting w question ns to the domicil of

Kevciucco wt tne time of his death, “The
decision, which wan concurred in by all the
Judge sin the bench, fully eustuins the currect-
Few of the forgoing pronositins In regurd to
donnicil, particatarly the two most importunt in
Korzta’s cure : tret, that bo nequired a domicil
the United States ; ‘und, second, that be did not
Lowe it hy his absence iu Turkey, (1 Huward’s

nrte &C. U8. 400)
het

inte. ‘The authoritire already relerred to
to lone a doinieil when once obtained,
sreon nua leave the country of bis:

the inteution to alandow tint rea

‘elinnige of denmicil, but neither of them existe in
Koawzin's ‘Tue tncts show that he was ouly
temporntily absent from thin country on private
Dusit, with no intention of remaining perma-
ly in, Turkey, but, on the coutrary, was at

the time Of hia seizure awaiting an opportuni
to r-iurn to the United States,

Wirnever, by the operstion of the law of na:
tion

‘This right to protect person

thon

he
ot

it he breuks them incurs the enmne penalties; he

me wbedience to the civil laws, and
inst discharge tho duties they impose on him ;
his property we sume way, and to the sume
extent ae theiry, linble to contribute to the sup-
wart ofthe government, It war lnshares equally
with thee in the ewlamities which may befall the
country ; his services may be required tor ite

| the result ia, th

Jor. In ucarly all reepects his and thelr. ebnditi
ws to the duties aud burdens of md

Inw of untione determines the nationality of ny
tuan, foreign governments are bouud to reapect

incision.
‘They would have no causo to complain if the
«upon {ts extreme

prowetiug power should
Fights in ull cases; but that power, in dive

Ping ite wutice oF protecting, muy. for auf

Fewons, have some regurd for the civil distine-
ors which ite own lnws mnke between the
dierent classes of persons to whom it hue the
ight, under international law, to extend ite pro-
tection. “He will naturally wateh with more exre,
uid may net with more vigor, in bebull of natives
owe wid! naturalized citizens, then in belulf of
thowe who, though clothed with its nationality,
have not been av permanently incorporated Into
ite political community,

jiving effect to there well-cstnblished princi-
ples, aud applying thein to the fncts in the case,
Korztn acquired while in the

United States their nutional chareter,

a, and that be bad a right to be respreted
uch while there by Austrin and cvary other
foreign power. Tho right of x nation to protect,
jand require others to resjoet, at home and abrond,
‘nil who are clothed with its nationality, is no new
doctrine now for the firat tiune brouglit ito ope.
ration by the United States, It is common to wll
tuations, and hae had the sanction of thelr prac-
tice for ayes ; but it ls new thatat this lute period,
when the United States assert a claim to it aa a
‘common inheritance, it should at once be dir
‘covered that it isn doctrine fraught with danger,
id likely to comprotnit the peace of the world,
‘The United Btwtes see no cause for alurin; no
renson fur renouncing for themselves whut oth.
fers have 20 loug wud so harmlesaly enjoyed,

‘There may be a reluctance in sume quaiters to
adopt the views herein prescuted relive 10 the
doctrine of domicil and consequent autionality,
Nest the practical assertion of it might in sume
instances give a right of protection to those whi
do not deserve it Fears nre entertained that
this doctrine offers a facili
tional character which will lend
jabuses; tat uuder the shadow of it political ngie
tatore, intent upon disturbing the repo-e wf their
Jown or other countries, might come to tbe United
‘States with n view to acquire a claims to thelr pre-
tection, and then to return to their former scenes
of action to carry on, undrF w chatiged tion!
jebarncter, their ulterior ae-igus with grenter se:
rity and better success, ‘This apprehen fon is le
iewed to be wholly unfounded, ‘he first distinct
Jact done by them toward the accomplishment o1
theee derigns would disclose their fraudulent yur
[pore in coming to and eceking adomierl in ‘th
feountry. Such n development would « frcrenlly

detewer; hie life may be perilled ad sacrificed
in munitunining ite Fights wud vindicating its hone

Jdieprove the tuet that they aeqrieed wddonicil here,

AUSTMIA AXD TAR UNITED STATES.

ond with it oar nationality, Withoot that ua
Honaliy they cuukd. not bt Considered we sinud
Fe ot the United States,
quently could bare no right tu
remon ia expect, it would be exerted
detence, ‘Their fraadalent int
'y coukl hop to gain by a residence iu t
and by insincerely professing to muk:
ine. The intention entertained a
ker it such « bume would be wantin
it nvel an intention neither domicil
udity ean bo acquired. ‘This comsidr-
ation should dispel all swepicions that this doc-_|
triur ne to ationality and protection will not be
as entely awd und ag well guarded fron abuse ty’

the United States as it bas born in times pest, or
may be in the futare, by am
power. ‘There ts nothing in

ther sovercign
doctrine herein

any way inch pro-
tection over adventurers oF seditious propngan-
inte, who may go froma this to utber couutries to
engnge iu enterprises ‘tw interfere with
their politteal institutions, or diaturh their inter.
tual quiet. The liberal policy of the United Seates
jw regard to receiving tratalgrante from all 1w-
tons, mod extending to thein the adeantages ot
their free institutions, raakes it an act of Justice
on their part ty inaintain the right of national
protection to the full extent authorized by the
tw of nations, und to resist with firinness «ny
‘Attempt ti impose new restrictivne apon it

‘Therm ia anotter view of thls case which places
the conduct of the agents of this government nt
Bmyrun apon equally defensible grounds, ‘The
Atmerican consul there, and the Ameriean lege
tion at Constantinople, seted with great caution
in relation to Kostas claim to be regarded ua
C to the protection of this government.
‘As his winturallzntion hed not “been perfected.
they hesitated ut first to receive bim under their
protection; but the fects show that they ulti
‘imately yividea to bie application, Ho received
froin rach a Teckerch—in effect n certifente—that
the person to whom it is given is eared for, and
received under the protection of the goverument!
whose agent has granted i,

By the laws of Turkey and other eastern ne-
thous, the consnlates therein may receivu under
their protection strangers and sujourners whose
religion and ocial manners do not ussiallate
with the religion and manners of those coun-
tries, ‘The persons thus received become there
by invested with tho nationality of the protecting,
consulate, ‘Theso contulates, and other Ear
penn establishments in the East, are in the con-
tant habit of opening thelr doors for the recep-
tion of such inmates, who aro received irrespec-
tive of the country of their birth or. allegiance.
It fs not neommnon for them to have a Inrge
numbsr of such pretegés, Internatioual law rec-
ognizes and ranctions the rights acquiesced by
this connection.

“4In the law of nations as to Europe, the rule is,
that men take thelr national character from the
general character of the country in whieh they re-

‘and this rale applies equally to America.
Bat in Asia and Africa aa immiscible character ts
opt ap; and Enropenne grading under the protec.
rr Fy take their national charucter (rom |
the establiaument under which they live and trade.

dof the suc

Ain rue applies to thoae part of thn word fam
Jobvigus teasinus of policy.
out sdanitied there. ag mt Europe,

‘weaera I
part uf the world

into the general body and imre
ely of the nution, but vey continue

yi
protection ‘of D
fered a Dutchn
WVhente

imhas heen exansined and approv.
Jurist who huve sine: written
lw.

According to the principle estab
eave, Kawai wae invested with the nationslity
Jot the United Sintes, if he hnd it not betore, the
moient he was under the protection of the Amer-
Heaw coneal at Sunyrny and the Ame q
Jat Constantinople.” ‘Thnt ha was au received is e=
tubdiahed hy the eckerch they guver the
jetforta they mde for his relewse. The Charge
A Alfniren ad interia of the United States ot Ce

iople, in w letter of the: 20th uf

dressed t0 the Imperixi Interuuneio,

It was on presenting this declaration of ali.
Fiance to thw cuneulute of the Uuited States of

ing heen received under the protection of
these American establishaeuts, be bad thereby
equieed, according to the Inw of nations, 1
ualionuality, and when wronged and utengul at
he waa they might interpuse for bis libration. Hl
and Captnitt Ingtalm bad a right to co-operate
with them for the accoraplishment of thar oojoct
‘Thy exceptious taken to the
operation reinain to be con-ider

Tn relation to the deportmen

nta toward Mr. Weckbeckrr, the Au-trian

oneul-Geveral, the underaigurd can
Joeive that there can be any ground of
Nothing done 10 or wi
Camel wt Ben;

trian governmen
Jopen or an xvawed part in the opening scene ul
the oatrage. “His in that affair at fre comm
fmencement was ie. This conrve ig
plied « consciousness on hiv purt that thr act waa f
indefensible, ‘Tue fact that he evuzht the ai: of H
the eivil anthority of Turkry to get Koszia into f
ie porradtn roves hat in Knew the mode be f
resorted to for the yarpo-e wes illegal, ‘Ibe ap-
plication of Me. Offey'to hin to resis in, sant
consent to, Koszta’s release wan curtninly uo f
offence, and implied no disrespect eitlucr to Liem f
lor his governm:

‘The nppel of Mr, Brown to Captain Ingraham
to interpacn for the liboration of Kozma, and la

advice to effect it in the way It was done, nnat

wae auw.

AWC, 18S. 87)

be rogried not only 96
note: Srovid d Captain hoxrutiay's conduct eat
Be. vindicated, The Jastiteation of Ceptain In-
eshom wil congegnenly ezonerae, Mi, Brown
Feover all censure a oon
a Me Browaattan not be wrong, The
SOtmmander «f the Bt, Loula was placed inal
Craly cmburrneing positon, Charged with the
Brovocaln othe persona nud propery of howe
Wena bad «right th the protcerld of hia gorcra-
tint, twas af the anne Eine no leas his fmpere-|
tiver duty to re:pect the authorities of all coun.
terion in fiendly polations with hie own, After
fntiatonsly consilering the exe presented to him|
nt Binyria, he deterinined that he ought to effect
ive rel as of Rocata, und Ifunavoldable, resort
to Farce vo accomplish i

I hms exvited some sueprise here that alter »

consideration of the circumstances, xo impre--|
See should ‘be entertain wy quarter that
or meditate

‘Cuptain Tugenbom either comut
hostiliy-towsrd Austria oh that occasion,
tuck, it ie necessary to keep|

w established, us the under-
ra bolioves, in the preceding rvmaurks; for
tout doubt, acted upon precisely thi: sume
conclusions, Ho bwit-ved that Kuezta had been
vi. d without authortty, that he was illegally
pri that by ought uf onee to be wt

“Tur fst nggrestive act in thls ene wi
ce ture uf Ribtin at Simyein, coin
ment of the Austrian functios

the

sion at @
the Unite

in Ingrahnen's ri
oor

the strveta of Smyrna, nnd
theie hands, They won:
aginst, the civil authority of the phic
were committing an utrovions outrog
pen on jnvesied with the nationality of the
ted States, Ti tie oul
in. the firet etage of
might dose im the lust,
siuges, @ continuous w

‘of the’ actors, thong!
rau wa tlne fame; they wero all wi
Alvera ; and If they chanoud to have the possession
of a tutional ship, and converted it into a prison
for the purpaxe of consuinmating this wrong, that
ship, thus desecrated, wns vot entitled to the
privileges of @ sanctuary, hore who had the
‘Might to cladin, and the power to relenee, the pris
over Megully confined therein, might treat it a8 a
pron, and while it was devraled to euch an ig-
nobla Barpose might forget, und be excused for
forgetting, that it waa a national ship,

‘There ia a consideration probubly not brought

ight, Und lie been present.
rveredings of the kidnappers in
rescue Koezta from
and|

Ihave properly interfervd|

Tnwwlese trangnction, he
‘The act wor, im ull its
ng, and the ebaracter
thére was a sticocssion of

ropnr, bat praleeworthy | gu

to the notieé of Audtrin, and not sufficiently re- |

aren the act of Cap~
a andl repels the
ference of intended ost demonstrations to-
rin, Tt wae the underetxndis
parties that Koszta should be retained at
while the

of the

{feom the Hussar on board of « steamer, for the
parpoto of tukliig him to Trivete,
tion wae such as did not permit Captain Inzra-
bam to doobt that the-commnnder of thee Huszar
Jeoncurred in this design, ated intended 20 aid in
lenrrying It into etfect, " By this evidence vf the
fang of good faith on te purt of the Avetrinn
functionaries, in which the euptaln of the Bus
was implicated, the exptain of the Bt, Loui
placed In the perplexing alternative of entre
Ing the captive, without farther forts tthe: sa
fate which awaited bim, or to demand his i
diate releage, aud in case of refusi, to enforce
It. ‘The government of the United Biates ¢x
lecedingly regrets thit he wus reducrd to this
finfuf alternative; but wean not find. alter «
fl. considvration of oil the cireminetancea, any
{good rewons for disapproving the course he pur-
sued, It is not just to Cuptain Ingral
ft tho affvir ns it wae at the proclee pol
when the demand for tho relense of Koszm wus
taade, ‘The unteerdent events quality nnd Iegal-
ize that wet. ‘Tho Austrian functionaries lind
mined the nion of the person uf Koxzin,
wt in a fale or nllowable way. but by vieluing
the elvil lawa of Turkey and the rights of humane
ly, Under theor circumstances, their eustorly
Of him wan entitled to no respect from the agent
fof the governtaeut which, by virtue of bis ne-
tionality, bad a right to protect hin, Hed all the
circumstances bern an they were, except xchange
of jatcad of boing takeln from the err
tory of the Ottoman Parte, had- be been tuken
{fot that of the United Stafes—could » question
[bave born raised as to the propricty of Captain
Ingraham's conduct? If the cone\seions hereto-
fore arrived at are correct, the Austrian agents
had no more right to take Koazta tron the roll
of the Turkieh dominions than from the territory
lof the United States, nnd Captain Ingraham had
the same rit to demand pnd enforen hie release
ve he wonld bave had ift Roszta hed been taken
{frou Ainericun soil, and incureerated in a na-
tionat viasel of the Austrian Emperor. In this
question, confined as it is to tho United States
and Austria, the place of the transaction ie imine
unksa the Austrian munfeipal Iawa ex-

tended over t
‘The undersi

(by rmost approved au-
Miniorneted ne net been able
‘potinbilty to, the ente under
consideration, ‘The people of the United States,
Hin organizing their government, have been exer:
fal to ioaposr more restrictions upon that power
oan any of the nations of Europe. and it exn not
be admitted that these nations have had any ocen-
sion to reprove this government for ite abuer,
Te has ax deop an interest and ns.anxious a desire
to cunintain international relatinnn of fclend-hip

+ but th
to diecover ite

Re.

AUSTRIA AND THE UNITED STATES.

wil. do ea mach a8 any of them for public tran-|trin aguinat Capialn
tra

‘onduct of ite agents abroad, havo that end | of Austria to enll the

‘On eatering upon the duties of his office, tho

Previdemt announced tbe policy which would be
ohgerved by thls government in its foreign inter-

with all sation." Parposes, erofore, at once Just] its Minister Resident

of thit gorermarnt abrund are under Instructione] stmere to #n, accouns
ret the rights of all nati
trom that cores would be promptly die-
aruwed, and proper rporation’ made for an
{njury or insult which they anight offer to A
ill power

thet Koezt

in thie eave—AU

{in the exerciee of thi
eration of Koen

trust of ite good
‘The undersi

ny owera which hav right and proper.
nt Sinyrvin, those powers which have heen 20 1 Proper

Feebaly precipitate udument they mny line form

man’s not,

International ww, aid in no particular] "cou
fod the: restrict iponcee secu gatafuction on, ybat

lleatiow of these agents is not placed Jeonsidered, and ts
ple new to the international code,

‘ns do ut heaitate, in the ex-
terclve of the right of protection, to extend it to
1ot always aubjects according to. their
we) who are clothed with thelr mu
‘some instances they have car-| 4
it of protption to limit which thi
fe ‘would not venture, becnuae it would|
fot feel justified, to appron
tear ations beet di

1 Koezta to he

7 nor have any of

pposeibly bring them into an oceasional

sharacter or condition] high consideration,
ot this government which restricts it In the ure
Gr rbie Fla common inheritance to all— with
fn naivo:wver limite than areal to othorst
Ti relation to. international rights, the United) Koszta was relensed,
Staton a |
others; t be content with Jess, ‘Th

put (th no. aew principles, but chien the fu
-benofit of those which at P estab ‘hed. aah
Tefore cloning this c

Mimoea, on the Stat

of the European powers, and signed will briefly notice the compisint of Aus-
‘soil uf the Ortoman empire. The right
cially in viuw. for the acts of their agente affecting the rorereign
One torial Tight of Turkey ie noe porcelved, ad
‘do not acknowledge her right to require

any explanation,
cuuree anything wes dove at Smyrna io

“Weave of the sovereignty of Tarkry, this government
soon bare rotting 29, ors avenyibingrta eckon| Will give satiactory we the Balban
tnvite wgerrasions we hace over7tnlag w RECK2O | winen he aball demand fr and (¢ bao tnatrecerd

Sith al Qetwrlbe eigeiscaady marked ta the cun-|He is tho jadge, and the only rightful fudgr. in
STfoce Uorelge afire Fe ee ade jared: pert to te bat

Sane be estone: favestignted ite merite. pronounced jij
fe TMT ea he no apprehensions of adepartare|springt Avatrin, and tie prod the Oat Brorent
Peas coe ¢ thle policy, the public agents] em strange ae tls Austra bes called tbe United

ractions | rritorial rights of the Emperor of Turkey.
and any de-| "Tine toncfasiona at whieh, tho Presidcot. has
Hvel, ator «full examination of the, tranewc-
‘Emyran, and x respectial consideration
Jor the views of the Auetrixn government there-
‘Ona prosented in Dr, Hulacmann’s ‘note, oe.
riemaraed und pr
they hed therfore right, Hf they chose
mm therefore. the right, 11
to exmrdle it to extend their protection to him;
thar teom ingeraetional lnw-—tto only bver whic
fom bo rightly appr

to obstrnct or interfere with the United Heatew

2d that Captain, Ingrahnen’s
{nterposition for his release was, under the pece-
conideruton i the views here taken of the aur |iar end extrwordinary elreumatances of tho cnec,

prompt to coneare will be equally prompt to Cor-| 4,5 newer which the undersigned is inetructed
"Tiee| hy the President to make to the Emperor of Aus
‘trin to the demands presented in Mr. Haleo

rdavily satisbed that ty agenta| ,,7h€ President doos not see sufficiont caer for
eee irananetion disavowing the acts of the American agents which
it in that transaction have re- Of "Austria. Her claim for

‘Being convinced that the seizare’and impris-
practice of etlightoned ne-| onment of Koszta were iMegal and unjustitiably,

iepeaed to abandon the exer.|be was in before be wns erized in the streets of
eo a tianid. wat] Smgrna on the Bet of Jane last,

‘ht from a timnid apprehension that mon tho Ala of 1050 elt a

collision with other powers, to renew to Mr, Huleemann tne assurance of bis

By general consent of all the parties concernmt,
i more than hag been conceded to] tho United States on board the American barque

: matter, e0-far as Kosatn’s: personal liberty is im7|
munication, the under! volved, has heen settled. 1

Ingraham for violating the
United States to an account,

to make this known to him.

for violating the eowreige

risoned, was is

Jed to for rules of action
could derire no aatbority

is right, in effecting the fit-

\
indleate to Mr. Hulsemann

‘account has been oarefalty
ly dectined.

W. L. Mancy.

and sailed from Saryrne for

of Sept.. 1853, and thee the

will bo benefited
phate of lime, and
deticiency fs supplied in the form of bune dust,

tied

ware armamac, 1854.

FIXED FACTS IN AGRICULTURE.

1, All ands on which the clover, or the

are grown, must elther bave limo in them nator.
ally, or the minoral must be artificially

Jt mattors bat little whether it be suppll
form of stone lime, oyster lime, or roarl,

ie
the
All permanent provement in land must

Jonk to lime aa ite basis,
3. Lands which have been tong in cultivation
of the phos-

7, ihe as
i is unimportant whether the

ano, native of lime, composed of
ia ines, or font of oystorabell lime, or marl,
if the land need ‘ming also.

Jo land can be-prescrved in a high state of
unless clover and the grasses are culti-

the course of rotation,

‘5, Mold is indispensable. to every soll ; and x

healt ly ca sloue be preserved through
the cu} ‘of clover, and the grasses,
turning tn of green crope, or by the application
of compost rich in the cleuments of

6. Ail the highly concentrated animal manures
are increwsed in velue, and their benefits pro-
longed by their admixture with salt, or plaster,
or pelreized charcoal the

. Deep plowing grea ro.
ductive powers of every kind of sol that i not

wet

8 Sabsolling sound land, that is, lend that is
fat wet, eminently conduces to increase pro-

juctions

2. All wet Innd should bo drained.

10, All grain erops should be barvested before
Aue ain He thoroughly ripe.

LI, Clover as well as the grasses intended for
ay, should be mowed when in bloom, or before

fully ripe.

13, Sudy Tends can be effectanlly improved
by cy. When such land requires liming oF
uiarling, the lime or marl is most, beneticlally
applied when made into compost with clay.

ik ‘The chopping of grinding of grain, or

‘ing of roots to be fed to stock, operates as a
at least twenty-five per cent.
V4, ‘To manure or limne lands which need drain-
{ng ie to throw manure, line, and labor, away.

'5, Shallow plowing will impoverish the foil
while it decreases production, and eventually be-
come quito exhausted, One inch deeper plowin,

increase the product one per cent. Thinl
‘what a sum that would be on corn alone.

16, By atabling or eheltoring stock through the
winter, a suving of one fourth the food may be
ctfected—that ix, one fourth less food will answer
than when such stack is exposed te tho inclem-
encies of the weutber,

‘Tue importance of falrs is misunderstood:

‘They tench others what impr are taki
pluce In the World. High farming is not orn
mental arn

‘tis deep plowing and increnerd.
i. "Tia io what peye the greatest prot,
‘The annfate of sole and rope teschen us wnt
the laud needs, Whoever heard of a crop sufer
ing trom droath in a ficld well-drained and
tolled, «ny two fect deep? ‘The atmorphere gives

out its moisture in sub-otled tand, and keeps the
rope proming. Look at euah land snd ce the
results, c wit low plowing. | Man
fen bnve eter orn under done ty ple
than that on the surface. Oats never lodge on
can get soluble ellex to make

lund where
strong straw. ‘They can not get it in shallow.
joughed land that hiae been long in use, Two
jollara an acro. will give him plenty of soluble
sex, No matter what the eub-woil fa, it will be
enettod if its dre by wab-eling. Hil-tope are
benefited by snb-soiling and draining, for It lets
in the air, It roakes crops earlier, and thus they
lescape the frost, Sandy soll, though not benefited
fas much as hard-pan land, ia atill susceptible of
great improvement,
PRONING.—An error 1s often committed by
{those who have the care of fruit-trees, in loppiog

Joff large limbs which unsightly, or un-
fruittuk” Te is supposed that the ssp which
now ‘dows’ into. theee.limbe, alter try fave

been removed, will nourish othere. Such, how-
ever isnot the fet. Sap does not more, reedlly
turn out of its necustomed channel than the blo«
in theveins. Cutting off one leg does not increase
the size of the other.

‘Moss ow Tnees—Every species of parasitic
plant should be plucked from « tree, nt whatever
period of its growth. ‘Theee plants bear the same
elation to vegetables that beasts of proy do to
Grows es good for fowls; tu

ONS aro r fowls; they are a pre-
reutive of gapeeinfammation, Chop them five
and mix with meal nnd water,

‘Swen Apres are excrlient food for milch-
cows. They-incroase the quetion and add to the
richness of milk, '

‘Tux Jensey Barxp oF Cows is one of the bést
we have in this country for milk. ‘The cost of
Himporting, one, for freight and. expenses, iv
fabout $150,

Monoaw Honsrs.—This ia the nape of a valu-
Jable breed of work horses, originating in Ver-
mont, The Black-Hawk Morgane are of 8
loranch of the old Morgan stock. a"

‘To ChEaNse, Free Woot.—For 109 pounds
lof wool. take four gallons of urine and gight

Hons of rain-water ; mix and heat a litle above

lood-heat, until the scum rises, Which skim off.
Keep it at the same heat in a kettle om coale or &
little fire out of doors, Put in what wool the
kettle wit convenienty hold, and let 1 remalo
About five minutes—tuke it out.on a board thet
will drain the liquid back into the kettle, or else
put it in a basket over a tub, #0 as not to waste
tbe liqald, for it willbe equally good for the last
betch'as ihe fret When iti Grained, put the
basket under a stream of water running on it if
convenient, or in x runuing stream if you cay, oF
else with plenty of clear water in alerge tub. It
will wash very ensy, and be as “ white us wool.”
pbunt forget toeprinkle the dirty ligud upon

poorest spot in the , for It ie a power-
fit tenure. "The rare Kind ut liga is the Bost,
thing known fo take the dirt and grease out of
any kind of foul woollen clotl or yarn,

meecTiox

anronys.

ELECTION

RETURNS,

BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DiSTRICTS, AND COUNTIES.

nti

8 pasted

Toral....27286 30187 7
Eulsary over Crushy, #8685 Fieres over Scot,

LEGISLATURE.
Bevare—Whige, and Coalitiontets, 7; Demo-|
ernta, J. House—Whixs, 65; Democrats, $85
Wikleata, 13;
‘Thure beng

roe Solita by tbe
‘elecilou of Governor peo-
-ginlacure.

pla, the chute will Seveive on the Le

‘MASSACHUSETTS.
Parnpewr, '52.
Whig. Dow. F.8.

Govennon, 1833.
Dem.

eens |

2
ze:
=)

‘Total... 00472 25954 20045 0195.5. 689 43589 22025;
adfge tig’ amended Constitution, 62185; egeluet

at
LUGISLATURE. |
Sexere—Whige

House —Whige.---.
RHODE Is ISLAND.
Gorennon, "Sains Law, Peseta”

Districts, Whig. ake ‘Whig. Dem.
Bopp. Aten 4 Seutt Pires
'$30.. 312508. 987
Mpon(perd-Uies BONG SMCUSE Be
Prov, (pari). S168, 4819.;3900 $069. 9085 5120)
Total ...A867 5007..5067 _ 5510..4915 | $962
Conanesg King, W412; Davia D. sei,
Hoppie-Alles. Yee. No: Seite Pires

‘Tovat Hes, S81

Haginaian
RBBB:

3] sada
sel ix
| a

ple, Robinson wee chosen

1 Ye A 21
erlakavat For
|Sexate—Whigs, 15; Democrats, 1:
House —Whige, 95; Democrats,

NEW ire

Concaess, 1888. Gov. 1253. Par: 1852.
3, Dew. Whig. Dem. Whig. Dem. F-8.
rea. Habe.

Hee

1p... 1054 1861-1118 2087.
Wee 108 1728 a05..

en
$1883
i

a8
afi

(Gra ‘WETS 4248..2019 4499.
Sullivan ...1617 1923. 1163 £0°2..191

lt 161475 Plerea, 29.97; Hale, 6.695.
Secu 18.1975 Pleren 301 | Hale,
P peotecarom Largely Democratic.”

conmzortcvt.
See PF

38 | He
Gomamited Alarichs Wy; Rhursine, D. 405,

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854

NEW YORE.

Srcnepany of S7ATE. , Canal Comsiasionthk: ArroRney-Grnenat,
pte Salt hig, Hard Saft. Wig

Chautauque.
Chemo,

Snontags:
Surarto

cage
Seestet tales tall
BEiga

bee
SuBs 825811281

HORSRER ER SYs:

BeRt

‘Total ....16045 90,895 96,187.. 182,090 97,907 96,273.. 106.165 92,512 97,156.
Free Democuatic Vore.— Secretary of State—Sedgwick, 14,985. Canal Commissioner-Cavw, 12.928.
Ateraay Gonaral-—iey, (828
‘Average Whig. 1985; avernge Hard vote, 95.529. ge Soft vote, 96/698, Vote for
Appeal Jadgee not welade fn calculating Hard or Soh avera
Whigs. Hards, Sefte + Free Dem.
“1GL828. Cooley... +++ S888. “2 BTS. Gate. vee
“igor. Watson, Se 1.4.

MEMS Bdgerici. 96,27. Prot.
LEGISLATURE.

Senare.—Whigs ++ 33. Hand Shoals 1.:Soft Shella...

Assenincy—Whige. Ja der Sheha 0000000001 g47Sot Stelece esse
“ Free Deter %

RuKeriox

RETUMNA,

PENNSYLVANIA.
at Commssrowen, 1653, Pus siogwr, 1852

‘hig. Dem. ‘Dem! FS.

ies, Poweetkarsyit. Beat Paice

Sunvevor-Genenat.
Myera...119.581 | Brawley 43.905 | Cleaver.
| Average Free Dem. vote for State officers, 2.875.

LEGISLATURE

mn Wis fy
coe serra Seether iui. Rando
‘Gina 5 Pe

Govennon. 1838 Bresiornt, 82 Gov st.
Dem...

‘a6 | Beryen..

ap
DeLiware.s

o
3
1
0
2
n9
2
0
53

SoZ:
Eres

1881... 1619
yez2. 01413

Bie eiiyCo.19, ns

outers...

Schuytil. ao

Son

sUbbeasbast feossFeotes

16,112 159,005 179,174 199,368,
srs gene ai Raty do. for Plorces 1984,
AGGREGATE VOTE FOR STATE OFFICERS.
Supreme Cova Jupor.
Whigs, Democrats. Native,
Budd... 116,117 | Knox. 153,849 | Broom.
CaNat. COmsiss10NER,
Pownall o,nL2 Roreyth 186 { Morgan...7,764

Se 158
ie

Somersui 1324
Wartoa...i1n8t 159 10.2441

‘Total ,. 54590 SH912. 98556 44905 "250 34054 S375
Maj. Brice, 3.792; Pierce, 5149; Fort, 8,659.
LEGISLATURE.
Sewate—Whige....... 6; Democrats.
House.—Whigs..

MARYLAND.
1858, Gov. 185. Pres. 1852,
Ind. Whig. Dem. 1 Pig. Dew,
Franti tevin, Bywie Licon Set Pires

Qaeen Aur
Somerset.

aa ere s 688 ; Bow!
‘Wethered.Sho'r. Bumrie. Li

otal +. 00.56
Maj Vania 15; Ligon,

IV. Walsh.May.Bowle. Ligon Se't.P'rce.
Part Balt, clty..6440 6702..6107 7961..8879 9035
Maj-—May, S82; Ligon, 1257; Pieree, 228.

Total ....»..6129 7545..6019 THS..7927 B01
Maj—Haaiitton, 116; Ligon, 1029 ; Preree, 714

WHIO ALMANAC, 1854.

MARYLAND —Continued.

Comaness, 1853. Gov. 1953. Pres. 1952,
Whig Ind Whip, Dem. Whip. Dem. |

Vi. Soller Jen'r.Bowe.Ligon.Sc't P'res|
St cl

Anno Arundel... 918 487.. 87." ‘916.

Calvert.

Charen anne 5

Howard.

Momigonery.:. 018 1003

Pi $52.. 807
Fertao returne:. 618

Beis 2e50..4725. W011..50
Majority for Sollers, 1877; do. for Bowie, 715;
Scott, 728,
Grand Total of the State—Bow ie, 4,465; Ligon.
98.767 ; Scoit, 35,077; Pierce. 40,020.
‘Majority for Ligon. 4302; do. fur Pierce, 4,943.
W. Tiuckney’ Whyte was chown’ Controller
Lemuel Rober, Lottery “Commissioner, and

Vv.
Amelia...

‘Mecklenbura
Nottoway
Petersburg
Powhatan.
Prince Edw

‘hie Distelct wb

Democrat,was elected

Joshan R. Nelson, Commiasivrer of Prhisn Works | Hal

alr Democrats,

LEGISLATURE.
Sewate—Whigs...... 145 Democrats 8
House—Whigs. 41} Demoerats..0225° 83}

‘VIRGINIA.

Concness, 1882, Paenper, 1852
Whig.

Seat Pierce,
Elizabeth City...
Kevex
Gloucen
Tnmes City...
King & Queen...
Tanneasterss--

No opposition of any account to
sae FL. Bayly, Demiocraly 2

Thomas H.

Wiltamaborg..-.
Yorkenssestics

Total .

thie District,

Charles Sits
Greenville,
Of Wight...

#
atesyy
328

Prince George.
Princess Anne.

S| es8etuaue.
S| uextee

Majoriy for Mitton, 188} do. for
Golemas: IY. Cushio, D.

=| feeredes Fa scanceas

Piurayivanians. 2.
Totnh.......3566

Conaness, 05%, Presines7, 18

. pe as.
Majority fae Bocock, 718; do. for Fierce,

Alvermare.
Beltonte ccna
Buckingham... 521

Vi. Mosely,t¥, Powell, D.
32" 084

rot

1163 50
Majority for Powell, 839; do. for Pierce, £79,

Snowden. 1. Smith, D.

Hanguler...
King Gorse
Orange,

Prince William.: 190

YI. Boteler. 1V. Paathuer, D.
2 Bb

Berkeley ...
[Clarke
Froderick
Hampshire’.
Jeserson.

by
Warren...”

Total...-1.
Majority for Fant

Hardy
Highland...
Pendleton.
Rockbridge.
Rockin;
Shenundo:

Deinoerat, in th
Disteiet

x
19
52
21
Sal
1084
203
2004
‘502

BLRCTIOS

ReTUMWA. *

ton to 2,
i Democret, to

Ue District.

Dostanidye.
Gilmer,

Harrwm.s 200002 62 310
Jnekeon.. 50 TS

Kanawha ie
a
it

Rusurpi ze

Hic oe

} Upsuur. 2 25

Torn soe. 2906 4712, RR.

Snogr as Over Law's, 224; Pierce over Seu, 1120
‘Sut, Pierce,

Distr

thi

tise: aD
Montgomery...
xy vy

No opposition to Menry A.
movson, Dem if

232
aoe
ie
Weningt R532
Wyte NONI REZ
Tonal. are
in

Yet District — Phos, H.
‘Thos, J. Boyd, Indepin
20’ Disteiet— chibi Grak
Sanmel Price, Whig, 17,231.

VINGINIA—Continned,
Concness, 1853, Parsionnt, 1852.
8, Des

Democrat, 14,725 5

3» Democrat, 19,

Pierce

‘om
a2;
33.

Sd Distriet—No opposition to Edward J. Arm-

strong, Democrat.
The Leer
by w reduced majority.

‘ATURE ie Democratic in both branches

‘Borg
Wosivston.

| Majority for Hult, S80; do. Or Bleree,

NORTH CAROLINA,
VoNoRess, 1853, PaesiDewr, 1852.
Outlaw. Shaw,D. Sent Pieres,

Martin

Northasapion
a

Peg

BEY

Blas:
far

Total -eeeenon 3559 BEB...

Il, Leake, Ind D. Ashe, D. Scot. Pierce.
me St.

‘a
a

357

Pot

Li ere o@
New Hanover. Po
[Richmond 6

Blan

. ry

Majority 15r Ashiya; do. for Blcree, 500

IV. Rogera,iV.Ven'e,D.Lewls,D Scott Pier
ws a5 ‘383

B3E23

Kerr, W. Rancber,D. Scott Pierce.
43-246... with Orange,
Sst

wio ALM,

AR AC, 1854.

WORTH CAROLINA—Continned,
Puryear. W¥, Boy, D. Scot. Peres
613....10cl” 1230

1016 O37
‘with Surry.

Majority ir Baryears 985, don for Seort, 16h,
sind ‘onbunie iv. Crise D. Sut: Been

‘with Linco
el 1418
eo 1115
398 U2
62... 71488.
Tub... with Meck’

3; do. for Seutt, 199.
Cling'n,Jad. Seat Pierce,
413.... 761 SH)

Majerty for Gi
i erie

Hywoud..-:
Henderson

C8 :
{ait Hay
309

Total .-oeee..0- KM TG. aa

* Majority for Clinizman, 992; do. for Seott, 2578.
LEGISLATURE,
Srvate—Whive. De

House—Whige

ALABAMA,
Piotr | Concnese 188. Presonve, 182

Heney
Macon

Harris, D. Seutt. Pierce,
Bw... 186823
28

aan

| plete, but J
ete by « very neve inary,

aig

Tow 274

"6
‘Majority’

‘Our rota

24
of 8, Jolin’
34 ‘Distri

strity co
Lexinztou, New
BrooK.

Bek District

‘th District
feld, Richland,
W. boyce.

SST png
Set 2H

fill the vacancy,

285.
for Harris, 4225; do, for Pierce, 1297.
ag. HW. Moore,D. Smith.D. Scot Perce,

Smith over Moore, 57; Pierce over Seon ‘sit,

riet, composed of Charleston, exeluave
Colleton, Wintamt AIKEN,

, composed uf Beaufort, Barnwell,

‘Colleton, und the Parish of St.Joln's

Orcenvilie, Spartnatnrg and Uulyn di

‘Mr. Cot.cock hat
hor frowa the 8d District, Co
wus chosen at « Special

817 S18
ie 3169

‘Bi
516

535,
2
29 1B

Seaut. Pierce.
a)

32H 4678.
wiib, 14925 do. for
wreit.D; Dowedell,D. Sst Piers.

‘A. Wibsion, Democrat, le been

EGIL ATONE,

AMF. CoLcock..
ompused of Abbeville, Edgefield,
‘bury, aud Laurens, Preston 8,

sompoeed’ of Anderson, Pickens,

ipuwed of York, Chester, Fatt:
Kershaw, und Sumter, WituiaM

e cores hie seat asa mem.

Lawnence Mier
Election. in May last, 10
beuting Col. A. W. Owe:

BLUCTION RETURKS.

GxoRGLA.
ese 1058. Govt. Pass
Bann, want Sent aJohs Mes

83
t88beSelaa:

-8a8saneg:

‘Total ....7871 $118,788] 9917,.2500 eam
Majority for Chastain, Be fo Hae
20, for Preres, S10,

S886
feneetttee
UE] eatesusBioiezeed2tasdl
=r

nnn
Be!

eeeshaet:

8:
Blosnntbesites

‘S.udees

Se Feith 1914 deineee, 108) F

sari

ue S
fu
34] auz

7
Mi

Roses Saahd Jenks
5

Er}
EE:

CEPR PEEL
3

SSS RERESE:

Ble
cae
Fry

pol #UMeS@WaaReE

Ey
28ete

2E:
3| nusepeuagaze

saad

way Csi

angi
wssapangenel

I
3a) noweuncs

fl ase:

BY
“
a”
By
“3
ma
2315, oa1,. 837
Bs
a5
i
5505
5 do.

May fie Rreee
do, for Pieces, 1348,
5 Vill. Stephens Jones.
Burke.-sseer+ S18

He
Beaton. 6

8 geaezsyn:
3
ti

aio foe 8
ory Galnoun Dent Jenks Zohn’a. Scot Pree |
Campbelt...» 304 8 a8
Gout es

ERT Petriei tet

asaortty for Btephona, 31305
8936; du: for Pierce, 1413.

ee Ra ee
j 809, 47,698 A

Hafsriy' or Jobneou, S101 5.

‘The Democrats bave &

om eg, 78. St or the Legiaature.

agony + Deut, 987 0 for Jolnean, 738; do,

for Plerce, 2536.

Dew.
Vo, Tumlin-cbeatn Jenks “eee ig

KENTUCKY.
‘Concress, 1958, Parsivent, 1852.
District, —IndDiem. Dem. Whip, Dem
ri ‘Grown. Boyt, ScouPiore Hl
Beltard Oh... aa

Caldweii

see

‘Hopkin
Livingston.
atball

BSSSSURTSE:

wt ecoreoccsecce

Bilion, 891; do, for Seott, 2166.

Presion. English. Seott Piere Hale,
483383, 2

eaneny
weeke:

n
Majormy for Breston, 18; do.

33]
3
ial

cerrity

S
3
ir)
5
3

Seon,
7
15%
=
536
505
Ey
78
083

‘dv, for!

¥
§
#

BEREEISNSS,

SUSeRRaSee
7 28!
A
=F

28eS:

gisateiae
al esdsgagage

mm
‘a7
134
38
Rh

lenewnncone’

al
Sl gi

‘Total 73eS....6702 7985

Stanton’s majority 5135 do. for Pleree, 1068.
LEGISLATURE.

| agzess

Richard C. Wintersmith, Whig, was
\Btate-Tressurer without opposition,

LECTION

RETURNS.

‘MississiPPi.
Comoness, 185. Gov. 1858. Pans. 1852.

Whig. Dom. Whig. Dem.| Districts

‘Whig,’ Dem.
I. Nabers-\Vright Rou's. M'Rea Scott Prres|
Sot0..+.4, 904 O82.. SS O8B.. TBI

Taweinba, 1082 1204. 402 1014
708 : ‘a |
1304
‘383 Bt.
1090]
1332]

ent

Bae 83
ett

Fal aves
43] atas'
El daages

9, 908
M-Clung Singtp Ror’

gaesagunesezead>
leseoees

Total ....6069 ¥967..7114 8128. .5078 6735,
‘Maj—Singleton, 1698; M"Rea, 1014; Perce, 1837.
Fourrn Disraicr.—No opposition to Wiley P.

Harrie, Democrat, for Congross. ‘The vole of the

District for Rogers, was 4142; M'Rea, 2548 ; Scott,

3496; Pierce, 6196.

‘Tora, Vore or THe State.
hig. Dew.

Governor—Rogers .,-25,967..M‘Rea... .20,

Congress *- Brad ord -25,183.. Barked'ie 29,702—4319|

Pretident—Scott,....17,S48. Pierce. ...28,876—9328
A. H. Handy, Democrat, has been elected Judge

of the High Court of Errors and Apreals, receiving | Me

‘7808 votes to 8829 for William Yerger, Whig, who
Tecenlly gave a decision in favorof the payment
of the Repudisted Alinslseippl Bonds,
LEQISLATURE.
Sewsre—Whige dc Union. {It Democrats... 2)

Houst—Whigs & Union,. 40; Democrats...> 61| Uni

ARKANSAS.
* ‘Tbe only election fu this State was for Members|
of Congress, and to the Tat District, there was 10
ition to ALPRED B. GREEKwood, Dem. who |
received 7,999 votes. The vote of the 2d District’

SBSsBSe8893

LOUISIANA.
Cononrss 188, Taxsson.
Te serum bunt tleets Gro

‘888 | Orlesns, 24 Daat,15¢6
Do. 34

Pete}

Beare ican
Do kh do.. aig

33 | seaaust

3
3

Majori
aan bedi
Pond.Perk’s.Haw'e.Gre'x Se't]

‘338 337 428.. 900

‘Total S787, 4965. 8897
Bajority for Perking, 1178; do.
901 5
1,

2] Beseuugy

>. Fierce, 731.

‘Surith Jonce Haw’e.Gre'x.Se’
182 596.

4
Pie

a8
28:
28eeksa
BaRNERE

eee

anpaes

| sRazeseeeed
F

FES

7494..

‘Maj.—Jones, 1709 Gre
LEGISLATURE.

Semare Whit... 125

was: For Curran, W., 9,801; Warren, D., 9,748.

Houst—Whigs......... 31; Democrats

cs
i
di

Hl suuaz

esagestannateed

Blas

BEl aaaetgegays

WHIG ALMANAC, 1854.

‘TERNESSEE.
on Dem Whip Dem. Whip Dom
Taylor. Comp Henry John'n.Beott. Pe
ae “Tatas 505

Washington. 894

Total.......8987

‘Mo| Cara Jolinson, 28; Scott, 248.
4.6. Wan

18,
wile, received 9988 votes for
(Congres in tte diate
J}, Mayoard Churel'L Henry Joh'a Be

Seinpell
etre

Ais; Jonnson, 01; Scots 50
Callom, Garde Henry John'n.Seott Pree
T4816. a.

$| se

i
:

Witlenvoa.: at
Wilson

2| ae

‘Total .,..,,6608 F197. 5925 51018762 _ BL
Muj—Zollicoffer, 651; Henry, 734} Scott, 530,
Nunta Distaict.—No opposition to Emerson

Biberiive, Wig. for Congress.” The vote for
Henry, ‘was 754; Jobnaon, 6050; Scott, 7200;

Plerev, 6623.

Yorxer Stanton Henry John’ n Scott Prree
099..1011” 1006.-1008 "10
Yeag.- Got nas. 216
38
£08.18
422.0155 1495.:1824
Total.....5120 $126..5104 5046. 5762
Mal “Silom 6, Henry, 1s Seo 8
Total Vote of the Siate—Henry,

majority in the eae
OHIO.

Govrawon, I Parsinews, 1852.
Dem Hh F

Seataauzgnatet¥guul:

settee eres

RLBCTION UxTURSE.

OM10 —Continned ‘WISCONSIN.
Govennon, 1983. Prestne nr, 1852 Govrnnon. 1833. Liquon Law. Pars. 18%
Why. Dem. F-8,. Whig. Dew ind. Dem. Wy. Dew.
Coe Rarmete Mehl Lew | Counts, Hoittm Barstow. Yes. No. Seutt Pierce
Nes 34 433) Ad: aa et a a ey

itt
2.
0.
7.
1873 1658] Lafayette .... 420 1028..
121 49] La Pointe... ‘38
1154 1008 | Merothon 205.
1989297] Manitowoc «- a4
6s
4184,

Manin
Noble. a

vont. 1S

a
pee
Portage. s-: O82
Pret

1733] chosen by about the same majority ws Barsiow.
‘The Lectsuatone ls largely Democratic.

‘a Inrge majority. “No

it a a ar a ok le
Majurities—Mledill, 61.443; Pierce, 16,604 ILLINOIS.

pete VO Neate Ose Seiers.| ‘There was no Election fur State oficers this

en a ening ad bet ene

‘Trewit 151-282. -Grabam.29, —
mem Soar vat massouRI,
. Bartley MB.8%..Hitche'k353%3| Five members of the Sd Congress were elected |
Sra Whig ee SSEATURE. roe soit] em Ihe State, mn 1652 (ove Whig Almanac be f
HoveuWuige!.. 17} Democrats.20; Free Soil] 25), ance which the Sate has buen divided tora

Bes reve Cr
OWA. {1850 nw Pollo |

An this State, David G. Clound was choson| “Tuino District —‘Lindley, Whig, 6828 ; Jack: |
Attorney, General, Jovieh H. Bonney, Comimis-| aon, Anti-Benton Democrat, i
Aluner of Public’ Works, and George Gillaxpy | Buvenra Distaicr—"Caruthers, Whig. 447
Reginer of the Des Moines Iunproveruent. All| English, Anti-Bentou Dem. 2424; Jerksous Beniva fl
|) Dethocrats, and elected without serious opposition. | Dem, 2542; Rosier, Benton Dem, 1730. * Elected.
SS

WHIG ALMaNac, 1854.

MICHIGAN, Waldo Bigler.Rob'n.Wella.Scuit.Pierce
‘Marne Law, 1958, Paesipenr, 1252.|Tuclumne....2358 2750..2277' 2500..2541 3132
‘Yes.’ No, » Scott. Pieree,| Yolo-

‘Moj.—Bigler, 1496 ; Welle, 1600: Pierce, 8219.

Pardy, Lient. Governor ; Bell, Controller ; Means,
Treavurer; Hubbe, Superintendent Public Instruc
tion; M'Connell, Attorney-General; Murlette, Sur!
481| seyor-General; Were elected by 6000 10 10,000
796 | majority, wil Demoere

FLORIDA.
Kor Chief Justin ofthe Supreme Court
Raligo Seve Leslie A. Luompson, 1510

98.01 1510

475... 618 819; D. Wrieht, 1765,
WIE anig — maeT | “Anociate’ Justices —*Thomax Douglas, $960:
969..0°951 1419/2802; ~Chas. Dut Pont, 9680: Albert G. Semmes,

2) D. P. Hogue, 1907. * Elecied.

1434! — -

152] TEXAS,

158 ) + Bell, D., 7750; Scurry, D., 9011 ; Lew!
Bi 429.

6, Do 143.
"Phe idl ote of th State was, for—
Governor—Ochiltree, FV., 9178 ; * Pease, D., 13,091;
| wae Wy aes sie, "Bair Chambon; Ds
Mi utenant Gosernor— Kirby, W 5067; *Dickson,
B: 15; Robertson, D)., 6898 ; Heury, D., 4823;

‘Dy ans:
Gecistarune lergely Democratic. * Elected.
‘Onecox—The vote for Defogate to Congress
fama wees for Skinner, Wi, 289 Lane, D, 458.
CALIFORNIA. ~ Minxesora.—Wilkin, W., 788; Rice, D., 2987.
Governor. 8. Junce, '53. 1852.| Neseaska.—Jobnson, H., 388; Guthrie, D., 58.

Whig. Dem. Whig. Dem. Whig. Dam. | New Mexico—Father Gallegos, Ind. Der
ler Rob's. Wells Soot Pleroe| aactod by 589 majority over Bx Governor Laue.”
1544:.1490 1766. 1478 1741] Utan—Jobn M. Bernbivel elected by 1232
2545..2157 2628. 12290 9849 | Majority over all olher candidates.
Sr. te Sais 0 _ VOTE OF NEW YORK CITY.
(4373..4082 4802..5148 6106, Secrerary or State. ConTRot.en.
3... —. =| Whig. Hard. Soft, ernie. Hard. ff
O81.. 4L2., IZ 210| Wards. Leaps. Clinton. Veep. Cook. Coole: Kelly
ras 8 ee Be Eta bie io.s.. 8
is Si fe is i 0 ia i
3. Sa. ame use ele
x ce ee ie. a
I. 7 in :
Nevada Fiesta ety 5” Su
Ht Sewiem Sansa S200 iz Se
core ene
358. 3s tH. —| 360782
s sme sate coms sale? al ie 88
wees lalet gat
Ban Je 1250..115t 1304. 189 1198 ‘14 + 526
sh 3 en eat 9 oe
ie Mos. m1 Te tna
‘Sante 0624 27 (798 ‘550 268
‘Sunta ‘38438 88 S6 | 499818
Blnste. St fe. ier on i Ss
Sere Mel ADRESS 1618 an eS
stiyoa i eta ee in 33
lato. 471 608., 308 355 412 19,
Sonoma. [Ht Sian oy ed
Sitter. fm Soo Bs ike
etsy mes 75
Talend a eee)

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