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FRANZ  THIMM'S 

SERIES 

OF 

CLASSICAL,  EUROPEAN 

AND 

ORIENTAL  GEAMMAES 

AFTER   AN 

EASY  AND  PRACTICAL  METHOD. 


PART  XH. 
THE    TURKISH    LANGUAGE. 


LONDON: 

FRANZ  THIffll. 

EUROPEAN  AND  OKIENTAL  BOOKSELLER  AND  PUBLISHER. 
24   BROOK   STREET,    GROSVENOR   SQUARE   W. 

1877. 


TURKISH  SELF-TAUGHT 

OB  THE 

DEAGOMAN  FOE  TEAVELLEES  IN  THE  EAST, 
BEING  A  NEW 

PRACTICAL  AND  EASY  METHOD 

OF  LEARNING  THE 

TUEKISH  LANGUAGE. 


BY 


ABU    SAID. 

M 


VOCABULARY— GRAMMAR-DIALOGUES 
DICTIONARY. 


LONDON: 

FRANZ  THIMM. 

BUEOPEAN  AND  ORIENTAL  BOOKSELLER  AND  PUBLISHER. 
24    BROOK    STREET,    GROSVENOR   SQUARE    W. 

1877. 


PREFACE. 

A  new  and  improved 

System 
of  learning  Foreign  Languages. 

The  study  of  Foreign  Languages  having  become  general, 
the  methods  of  teaching  them  have  altered  and  improved, 
so  as  to  unite  the  changes  which  philology  has  suggested, 
with  those  which  the  comparison  of  languages  has  taught. 

The  publisher  has  had  this  aim  in  view  in  the  Series  of 
Foreign  Grammars  which  has  been  issued  under  the  title  of 

FEANZ  THIMM'S 
Series  of  Classical,  European  and  Oriental  Grammars 

after  an  easy  and  improved  method. 

These  Grammars  combine  Theory  with  Practice,  and 

follow  the  ideas  which  eminent  men  have  adopted,  as  to  the 

clearest  and  most  rational  method  of  teaching  languages. 

On  these  valuable  principles  the  following  grammars 

have  been  published : 

for  the  German  Language  by  MEISSNEE. 
-      -    French  by  AHN. 

-  Italian         v  •  •        by  MAECHETTI. 

-  Spanish          -          by  SALVO. 

-  Portuguese     -          by  CABANO. 

-  Danish  -          by  LUND. 

-  Swedish  by  LENSTEOM. 

M128662 


—      VI      — 

for  the  Dutch   Language  by  AHN. 

-  Russian  by  ALEXANDEOW. 

-  ModernGreek-  by  VLACHOS. 

-  Icelandic  by  BASK. 

-  Latin  by  SEEDENSTUCKEE. 

-  Hebrew  -  by  HEEXHEIMEE. 
But  for  the 

Oriental  Series 

principally  intended  as  a  Dragoman  for  travellers,  a  new 
plan  had  to  be  devised,  as  all  Eastern  Languages  offer  great 
difficulties  to  learners  in  consequence  of  their  written  charac- 
ters. 

All  Oriental  Grammars  hitherto  published  have  been  for 
the  learned,  nothing  has  been  done  for  the  general  Public, 
and  for  them  this  Series  is  intended. 

That  it  shall  be  possible  for  any  one  to  take  up  the 
study  of  an  eastern  language  without  a  master  has  been 
the  editor's  ruling  idea,  and:  on  this  principle  will  be  issued 
the  Grammars  for  the  Turkish,  Arabic,  Persian,  Hindos- 
tanee  and  other  Eastern  Languages. 


INDEX. 


First  Course. 

Page 

The  Pronunciation 1 

The  Alphabet 1 

Vowels  and  orthographical  Signs  . .  4 

The  pronunciation  of  the  letters 6 

Remark  to  the  student 7 

Pronunciation  of  the  letters 9 

Part  I. 

Vocabulary  and  Exercises •  .     .      •     .     .  17 

For  the  pronunciation  of  letters 17 — 46 

Part  II. 

Introduction  to  the  grammatical  form 47 

The  article 47 

The  substantive 47 

Declension  of  the  noun 48 

The  adjective  . 55 

Comparisons  of  adjectives 55 

Formation  of  adjectives 55 

Numerals 58 

1.  Cardinal  numbers 58 

2.  Ordinal  numbers 60 

3.  Fractional  numbers 61 

4.  Distributive  numbers 61 

Pronouns 62 

1.  Personal  Pronouns 62 

2.  Possessive  Pronouns 63 

Specimens  of  Declension  with  possessive  affixes      ...  65 

3.  Demonstrative  Pronouns 67 

4.  Relative  Pronouns 67 

5.  Interrogative  Pronouns 68 

6.  Indefinite  Pronouns    .           69 


—      VIII      — 

Page 

The  Verb 70 

Conjugation  of  the  Auxiliary  Verbs 73 

Conjugation  of  the  Impersonal  Verbs 79 

Conjugation  of  regular  Verbs 83 

Conjugation  of  a  negative  Verb 91 

Adverbs 95 

Postpositions 100 

Conjunctions 101 

Interjections 102 

A  few  practical  Phrases 103 

Practical  English  and  Turkish  Dictionary 111—137 

Coins  used  in  Turkey 137 


TURKISH  LANGUAGE 

FIEST  COURSE 

THE  PRONUNCIATION. 

THE  ALPHABET. 

The  Turkish  Alphabet  is  composed  of  the  33  following 
letters  represented  by  17  primitive  letters  only;  all  of 
which  are  written,  like  most  Eastern  languages,  from  the 
right  hand  to  the  left.  Each  letter  assumes  a  different 
form,  according  to  its  position  at  the  beginning,  middle 
or  end  of  the  words. 

The  following  characters  are  written  1.  when  totally 
unconnected  with  any  other  letter.  2.  when  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  or  joined  only  to  the  letter  preceding.  3.  when 
connected  with  the  preceding  and  following  letters. 
4.  when  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  or  joined  only  to 
the  letter  following. 


Turkish  Grammar. 


—      2     — 


Name. 

Form  of  Letters. 

Pronunciation. 

Uncon- 
nected 
Cha- 
racters. 

Joi 

Final 
Con- 
nected 
Pre- 
ceding 
only. 

ied  to  le 
Middle 
Con- 
nected 
or  Pre- 
ceding 
and  fol- 
1  lowing. 

tter. 

Initial 
or  fol- 
lowing 
only. 

Primitive  Letters. 

Alif 

1 

I 

•     

1 

a,  e,  i  —  a  very  soft  sound 

—  never  joined  to  let- 

Bay      soft 

V 

*• 

A 

J 

»-» 

b    bay.   [ters  following. 

Pay      hard 

V 

V 

* 

f 

P  pay. 

Tay         s. 

* 

0, 

A 

J 

t    tay. 

Say          s. 

*, 

* 

A 

j 

s    ss  like  the  french  g. 

Djim        s. 

c 

£ 

1 

gj 

C 

dj    dch. 

• 

Tchim     h. 

>>. 

^ 

£ 

t    tch  —  hard. 

£ 

£ 

V 

V 

Hah         h. 

c 

t 

*v 

- 

h    hah  —  strong  h. 

Khay      h. 

t 

e 

*! 

1 

kh  —  like  chin  the  scotch 
word  loch,  or  ger- 

Dal          s. 

* 

& 





'» 

d  —  day  -soft,   [man  ch. 

Dsal         s. 

b 

tX 

—  - 



z,  ds  —  soft  like  the 

I 

french  z  in  zele 

«? 

Ray         s. 

) 

// 





) 

r    err 

oined  to 

Zay          s. 

) 

> 





z    soft,  as  z  in  zero 

1 

g 

Je            h. 

* 

i 





j  like  the  french  j  in 

0* 

jour 

5' 
OK; 

Sin           s. 

U" 

U*     ^ 

*»        (^ 

s    sharp  ss. 

Name. 

Form  of  Letters. 

Pronunciation. 

Uncon- 
nected 
Cha- 
racters. 

Joit 

Final 
Con- 
nected 
Pre- 
ceding 
only. 

ied  to  let 
Middle 
Con- 
nected 
or  Pre- 
ceding 
and  fol- 
lowing. 

ter. 

Initial 
or  fol- 
lowing 
only. 

Primitive  letters. 

Chin        h. 

$ 

A 

.w. 

A 

•US 

ch,  sh. 

Sad         h. 

£ 

U* 

i* 

» 

u» 

ss,    sharp. 

Dhad       s. 

U* 

^ 

4 

^ 

z,    a  soft  s. 

Tay         h. 

Jb 

k 

k 

L- 

Jb 

t,    hard. 

Tsay       h. 
(shay) 

Jb 

J!L 

Ja 

« 

z,    dzee,  hard. 

Aine        s. 

£ 

, 

X 

e 

£ 

a  soft  guttural,  like 

i 

w 

** 

W 

ah,  eh,  ee,  o. 

!  Ghine     h. 

£ 

i. 

X 

* 

g,  hard  guttural  like  gh. 

Fay 

0 

a 

A 

i 

O 

f. 

Kaf         h. 

0 

c> 

A 

3 

c,  k,    kah  —  hard. 

Keef        s. 

d 

4, 

x: 

s 

vJ 

k,    kah  —  soft. 

Gef(Guief) 

. 

, 
' 

^ 

r 

adjaymees. 

' 

i  Saghir 

^ 

£ 

£ 

$ 

n  —  nasal. 

noon    h. 

Lam        s. 

J 

J> 

JL 

! 

J 

1. 

Mini        s. 

r 

r 

* 

JO 

r 

m. 

Noon       s. 

u 

u- 

JL 

^ 

u 

n  —  soft. 

Form  of  Letters. 

Joined  to  letter. 

£ 

Name. 

Uncon- 
nected 

Final 
Con- 

Middle 
Con- 
nected 

Initial 

1 

Pronunciation. 

Cha- 
racters. 

nected 
Pre- 
ceding 

or  Pre- 
ceding 
and  fol- 

or fol- 
lowing 

a 

only. 

lowing. 

only.       gj 

Vav         s. 

j 

J 





v,  o,  u  in  the  middle  and 

at  the  end  of  words  it 

Hay,  He  s. 

S 

X, 

* 

& 

5 

h,  ah—  soft,  [sounds  like 

[o,  oo,  o. 

^e,  Ye     s. 

^ 

A 

.> 

^ 

soft  j,  i,  y  middle  and 

final  like  ee. 

Lani-Alif 

y 

^X 





is  composed  of  J   lam 

and  |  alif. 

The  following  letters  never  connect  themselves  with 
the  next. 

I  (Alif)  o  (Dal)  b  (Dsal)  ;  (Ray)  }  (Zay)  -  (Je)  and 
j  (Vav)  as: 

^\  zor,  the  power  —  *j  J  ahrpah,  the  oats,  —  J<>  dahr, 
narrow  ^ota  dahdee,  the  governess  —  (S^*  kahree, 
the  wife. 


VOWELS  AND  OETHO GRAPHICAL  SIGNS. 

The  Turks  use  three  signs  to  express  vowels,  which  are 

placed  either  ahove  or  below  the  Consonants,  namely: 

(  "  )  iistiin   (over)   an  ohlique  line  over   the  consonant, 

represents  ah  or  a,  the  pronunciation  of  ah  is  used 

with    hard    consonants,    a    with    soft    consonants, 


as:  Jj-  (kah)  ^  (bay)  ^JU  (kahlb)  the  heart  —  ^J 
(balah)  the  misery. 

("7~)  (ezray)  an  oblique  line  under  the  consonant,  repre- 
sents ee        (kee)  ^>  (bee)  y&jj  (kees)  the  winter. 


(  '  )  (uturu)  over  the  consonant,  represents  the  sound  of 
o  or  oo  with  hard  consonants,  or  6  or  ii  with  soft 

consonants  as:   ^   (po   or  poo)   \    (zo  or  zii)   j^jj 
(puss)  foggy. 

The  Accent  of  the  Turkish  word  is  always  on  the  last 
syllable,  if  the  word  be  lengthened  the  accent  changes 
also,  thus: 

kitab,  the  book,  kitabda,  in  the  book. 

The  following  signs  to  regulate  the  Turkish  pronun- 
ciation occur  only  in  arabic  words: 

(  *  )  iki  iistiin  for  an  or  en. 

(—  )  iki  esre  for  in. 

(  G  )  iki  otiirii  for  an  or  un. 

(_!_)  gegm,  denotes  that  after  the  consonant  on  which  it 

stands,  the  vowel  is  not  pronounced. 
(._!!_)  tesdid,  denotes  the  doubling  of  the  consonant  over 

which  it  is  placed,  but  this  occurs  only  in  arabic 

words. 

(jr_)  meddelif  or  medda,  stands  over  the  Alif,  if  it  be  pro- 

nounced as  a  pure  ah. 
(_±.)  hamze  or  hamzelif,  stands  over  the  Alif  if  it  be  pro- 

nounced like  ay-ay,  if  it  stands  over  ^,  it  is  pro- 

nounced ii. 


_±)  vasl,  stands  over  the  1,  if  it  belongs  to  the  arabic 
Article  al,  in  which  case  the  1  is  dropped  and  the 
next  letter  is  doubly  pronounced. 


THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  LETTERS. 

The  Turks  have  adopted  the  Arabic  letters,  but  they 
pronounce  them  much  softer  and  with  more  harmony 
of  sound.  The  Alphabet  consists  of  28  arabic,  four  persian 
characters,  and  only  one  purely  turkish,  the  Sageer 


noon  ig>. 


For  the  purpose  of  giving  adequate  sounds  of  the 
turkish  pronunciation,  we  have  been  obliged  to  adopt  in 
this  little  book  for  Self-tuition,  certain  rules  of  sounding 
letters,,  which  the  student  must  continually  bear  in 
mind,  for  the  english  letters  are  not  pliable^enough  for 
the  soft  sound  of  eastern  pronunciation;  but  with  the 
assistance  of  some  french  and  german  letters  a  close  and 
correct  sound  of  the  real  turkish  pronunciation  is  ob- 
tained. 

The  following  are  the  rules  adopted: 

%. 
a  pure  a  like  the  a  in  father  as:  ot  (at) 

the  horse  —  M  ara,  the  center,  middle. 

F\  -  /r\ 

c  for  a  hard(^ch)like  ch  in  c^in,  with  a(^V)sound  as  v*Ls&£». 

(ceecek)  the  flower  —  ^f  —  gee,  late. 
$  like  the  french^s^, 
ch  for  (ghjsound,  or  sometimes  soft  like  the  german  ch. 


e  or  e  for  the  pureT^sound,  like  the  french  and  german  e. 

g  for  the  (JdsS^)  sound. 

h  is  always  pronounced  as^  in  horse. 

I  for  ^e/ like  a  french  or  german  i — i  long  ee — i  like 

two  e — e. 
j   gr  y  to  be  pronounced  like  y  in  yes  —  ji  sounds  like 

V_ x"* 

dshee. 


s  stands  for.  a  hardfsh  J 

u  stands  for  the(po^)sound,  as  in  the  word  "moon." 

ii  must  be  pronounced  like  the  german  to.  jDr  the  french 

u  in  fut. 
o  is  pronounced  like  the  germanl^o  ybr  the  french  eu  in 

the  word  ufeu» 
The  other  english  letters  are  pronounced  purely. 


REMABK  TO  THE  STUDENT. 

The  Turkish  Language  is  a  mixture  of  Arabic  and 
Persian,  yet  so  beautifully  constructed  that  a  celebrated 
Orientalist  said  of  it  "one  might  imagine  it  to  be  the 
result  of  the  deliberations  of  some  eminent  society  of 
learned  men." 

It  is  spoken  and  written  not  only  by  all  the  Turkish 
Authorities  at  Constantinople  and  over  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire, but  by  all  educated  persons  in  Syria,  in  Egypt,  at 
Tunis  and  at  Tripoli,  it  is  moreover  the  language  of  the 


People  in  the  southern  Provinces  of  Asiatic-Russia  and 
of  Turkistan. 

The  Turkish  letters  appear  at  first  sight  very  puzzling 
and  difficult  to  an  English  eye,  we  would  therefore  ad- 
vise those  who  wish  to  learn  the  Turkish  Language 
quickly  to  copy  each  letter  several  times  attentively; 
not  all  the  letters  at  once  but  three  or  four  at  a  tiihe. 
It  will  surprise  the  learner  how  soon  he  will  understand 
each  letter  in  its  various  positions.  The  17  primitive 
forms  can  soon  be  acquired.  Having  once  mastered  the 
Turkish  Alphabet,  he  has  also  mastered  that  of  the 
Arabic,  Persian  and  Hindustani,  and  has  thus  made  a 
considerable  inroad  into  the  Eastern  Languages. 

The  beginner  will  do  well  to  learn  as  many  turkish 
words  as  he  can  by  sound  only,  as  a  child  expresses  it- 
self before  it  knows  the  letters;  this  will  greatly  facilitate 
the  difficult  reading  and  combination  of  the  turkish  letters, 
and  for  this  purpose  the  "English,  French,  Turkish  and 
Russian"  Vocabulary,  printed  by  the  Publisher  of  this 
Grammar,  will  be  a  valuable  aid  to  the  study  and  self- 
tuition  of  the  Turkish  Language,  and  will  be  a  convenient 
travelling  companion. 


9     — 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  LETTERS. 

t  Elif  has  no  fixed  sound,  it  being  variously  pronounced 
a,  e,  i,  u,  as : 


man, 
civil, 

4* 

adem. 
edeb. 

distant, 
hope, 

J';l 

Joo! 

irak. 
umid. 

When  followed  t 
forest, 

ly  .  vav,  it  takes  the 

sound  of  o,  u,  o;  as  :• 
or  man. 

far, 

07? 

uzac. 

to  die, 

^j}\ 

olmek. 

v_j  Be  is  pronounced  as  b  in  english. 

gunpowder, 
five, 

u^ 

baroot. 
besh. 

At  the  end  of  words,  and  preceding   or  following  one 


—  . 


of  the  letters  ^i) 
pronounced  p. 

<_>  P^  has  the  sound  of  the  english  p. 
Pasha, 
money, 

^  Te  is  pronounced  like  the  english  t. 
musket, 
tobacco, 

It  often  changes  to 
jugations. 


often 


pasha, 
para. 

tufenk. 
tutun. 

,  in  the  declensions  and  con- 


10     — 


£>  Se  is  pronounced  like  the  english  s. 

a  dress,  i*_>!.-$'l  esvab. 

turkish,  (Jol+ie.  ^osmanli. 

^  Djim  is  pronounced  like  the  english  j. 

soul,  ^L^.  djdn. 

sword,  ^Jo  killdj. 


When  following  one  of  the  before  named  consonants,  it 
changes  to  _  tchin. 

-.  Tchin  is  pronounced  like,  ch,  in  the  word,  cherry. 


fountain, 
much, 


tcheshmeh. 
tehiok. 


Ha  requires  a  strong  aspiration  of  the  h. 


female  apart- 
ments, 
doctor, 
bath, 


harem. 

hekim. 
hamdm. 


±,  Khay  has  the  sound  of  the  german  ch,  or  the  scotch 
word  "loch". 

unwell,  aCCu^a.  khdstd. 

lady,  |V->L&.  khdnum. 

t>  Dal  is  pronounced  like  the  english  d. 

enemy,  \j+&&  dushmen. 

bed,  dL&.O  doshek. 


It  takes  the  sound  of  £,  following  one  of  the  previously 
named  consonants. 


—    11    — 


O  Zal  has  the  sound  of  the  english  Z. 
blame,  *6 

,  Ray  is  pronounced  like  the  english  r. 


repose, 
continent, 


Zay  has  the  same  sound  as  the  &  zal. 


prison, 


zem. 


rdhat. 
card. 


zmdan. 


*  Je  has  a  softer  sound  then       d/£w,  being  pronounced 
like,  j  in  the  french  word  jour,  the  letter  is  rarely  used, 
numerous.       |  oyj  /er/. 

y*  5m  is  pronounced  like  ss,  in  the  word,  Mss. 
the  voice,  U^-w  sm. 

sultan,  jjltaJLv  sultan. 

palace,  ,cl^«  5er«F. 


has  the  sound  of  the  english  sh. 

sherab. 
bakhshish. 


_Mv*CO 


f^  Shm, 

wine, 
gift,  beer 
money, 

jo  Sad,  is  similar  to  y*  sin. 
morning, 
banker, 
water, 


sdbdh. 
sdrdf. 
sit. 


o  fihad,  sometimes  Zdd  is  pronounced  like  v  zdy. 


ready, 


hdzir. 


12      — 


Jo  Tay  has  the  sound  of  the  english  t. 
parrot,  ^Js^Jo 

earth,  ^jLjJb 

Jo  Tfcfly  is  pronounced  like  the  3  zal. 

cruel, 

victory, 

opinion, 


tutu, 
toprac. 


zalitn. 
zefer. 
zdn. 


c  Am;  the  pronunciation  of  this  letter  by  the  Turks 
and  Arabs,  is  difficult  to  acquire;  it  generally  produces 
a  slight  suspension  of  the  voice,  or  sounds  like  a  double 
vowel,  it  will  be  denoted  by  an  apostrophe. 


arab, 
life, 


'drab. 
'eumr. 


c  Ghain;  requires  a  guttural  articulation  of  gh. 


stranger, 
master, 


U! 


gharib. 

ay  ha. 


/£  has  the  sound  of  the  english  /. 

poor, 

gentleman, 


fakir, 
efendy. 

x  ##/!  corresponds  to  c,  or  ^r,  in  the  word  cake. 


brother, 
spoon, 


ii*vO 


cardash. 
cashic. 


In  the  declensions   and  conjugations  it  changes  into 
d  ghain. 

J  Kief  is  pronounced,  like  k  in  english,  with  a  slight 


—      13      — 


articulation  of  an  i,  following  it;  it  presents  in  reading 
more  difficulties  than  any  other  Turkish  letter. 

kiaghid. 

kiaftr. 


paper, 
infidel, 


<£  Guief,  takes  the  sound  of  gui  in  the  word  guild;  it 
differs  from  the  preceding  letter,  by  three  additional 
points  only,  which  the  Turks  however  rarely  use. 


handsome, 
rose, 


guiuzel, 
guiul. 


In  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  has  the  sound 
of  ?/,  as  <j*S^c>  duyiin,  wedding,  ^o  bei,  prince. 

<£  Saghir  noon  (or  deaf  noon),  is  pronounced  with  a 
nasal  sound,  like  the  french  n,  in  the  words,  non,  son; 
it  is  a  sign  of  the  genitive  case,  or  pronoun  in  the  second 
person  singular. 

the  sea,  yTt>  deniz. 

of  the  rose,  (J&f  Qulun. 

J  Lam,  is  pronounced  like  the  english  /. 

pen,  jjli*  calem. 

condition,  ^  JL^  Ml. 

*  Mm,  is  pronounced  like  the  english  m. 

scissors,  ^jo\Js.A  micrds. 

letter,  ^ycX^o  mekttib. 

i*  Noon,  is  pronounced  like  n  in  english. 

wide,  jJ^I  inlu. 

yesterday,  *.t>  dun. 


14      — 


^  Vav,  takes  the  sound  of  v,  o,  u,  in  the  middle  and  at 
the  end  of  words  it  sounds  like,  0,  u,  0. 


to  find, 

good, 

tinder, 


"bulmak. 

eiu. 

kav. 


s  He,  is  a  softly  aspirated  h,  at  the  end  of  words,  it  is 
pronounced  eh  or  ah. 

weather,  !yo  havah 


in  the  house, 


evdeh. 


the  heart, 
a,  one, 


^  Je,  Ye,  sounds  like  t/,  in  the  english  word  yes ;  in  the 
middle  or  at  the  end,  it  is  pronounced  like  i  or  y. 

yurek. 
bin. 

Mf  is  composed  of  the  two  letters  J  lam  and 
I  elif,  and  is  pronounced,  Id. 

tulip,  ajy  laleh. 

closet,  i^^«t>  doldb. 


—      15      — 


VOWELS  MIXED  WITH  CONSONANTS. 


*r 

e 

|      i 

> 

1 

U. 

i    he 

,  -         > 
#    In        ^ 

hii. 

v 

be 

v    bi 

> 

bu. 

V   P^ 

> 

LJ     PI           V^ 

*•             -*•                                *• 

pu. 

i 

te 

v^>    tl 

0 

tu. 

^£>   se 

^    Si        vi> 

sii. 

c 

dje 

s:  ^ 

> 

C 

dju. 

"     tche 

_.    tchi    l— 

tchii 

c 

ha 

C.H 

j 

C 

hu. 

t  gha 

c  ghi  t 

gWL 

3 

de 

0    di 

i 

du. 

j    ze 

6     zi        6 

zii. 

; 

re 

^    rl 

; 

ru. 

v     ze 

;  zi     5 

zii. 

^ 

j 

^ 

j 

j> 

je 

J   J"1 

j 

Ju- 

\  ijw     S(3 

(J*        SI                  jjw 

sii. 

L* 

she 

JA»   shi 

j 

shu. 

Jo    sa 

> 

1    JO         ^1                  1    JO 

sii. 

yi 

zha 

^  zhi 

^ 

zhu. 

lo    tha 

^>    thi      ij 

thu. 

1 

zha 

jb  zhi 

^ 

? 
Jb 

zhu. 

c    aa 

e  !     e 

u. 

d 

gha 

i  ^ 

> 

6 

ghu. 

J    f  e 

• 

fii. 

j 

ka 

(j  ki 

9 

ku. 

<&    ke 

> 
^i)     ki       <i) 

kii. 

x 

^ 

y 

^ 

.                '. 

.•• 

_ 

*•     .  _ 

*' 

-  i: 

.*• 

§ 

^ 

ne 

<^5  ni 

(g 

nu. 

<£T   gue 

tf   gui      <£ 

guiii 

j 

le 

j  H 

j 

lii. 

Jl    me 

*     mi       x» 

mii. 

c> 

ne 

o  ni 

J> 

nil. 

5    ve 

!    vi      ^ 

vii. 

^ 

) 

—      16      — 

These  syllables  are  spelt  in  the  following  manner. 
Elif  ustun,  e;  elif  esreh  i;  elif  uturu  u.  E,  i,  u. 

Be  ustun,  be;  be  esreh,  bt;  be  uturu  bu.  Be,  bi,  bu. 

Djim  ustun,  dje;  djim  esreh,  djl;  djim  uturu  dju.  Dje,  djl,  dju. 
Ha  ustun,  Ha;  ha  esreh,  hi;  ha  uturu,  hu.         Ha,  hi,  hu. 
Kha  ustun,  kha;  kha  esreh,  khl;  kha  uturu,  khii.  Kha,khi,khii. 
Dal  ustun,  de;  dal  esreh,  dl;  dal  uturu,  du.      De,  dl,  du. 
Zal  ustun,  ze;  zal  esreh,  zl;  zal  uturu,  zfi.       Ze,  zi,  zii. 
&c.  &c. 


PAET  I. 
VOCABULARY,  AND  EXERCISES 

FOB  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  LETTEKS. 


The  Turkish  Language  has  neither  a  definite  article 
nor  a  gender.  A  definite  idea  is  expressed  by  placing  the 
substantive  in  the  accusative  case.  The  indefinite  article 
however  is  o  bir,  one,  a,  an. 


THE  SPIRITUAL  WORLD. 


God, 

the  sky. — heaven, 

the  earth, 

paradise, 

hell, 

the  angel, 

the  devil, 

purgatory, 

the  Apostle, 


ut 


>~ 


allah*) 

geeuk. 

yerr. 

djennet. 

djehennem. 

mdylek. 

sh$tdn. 

drdf. 

recoul. 


*)  The  h  when  it  occurs  is  always  to  be  pronounced. 

Turkish  Grammar.  2 


—      18     — 


THE  WORLD  AND  ITS  ELEMENTS. 

t  ii 

The  world, 

Lo4 

dunyah.    &^nu&^ 

the  life, 

7** 

•*• 
omr.           cryrt<t-Lsis 

the  death, 

Jjt 

Olilm.                {J~^L^yy^ 

the  sun, 

\f*£ 

gunesh. 

the  moon, 

g\ 

dee. 

the  star, 

)^r> 

yilditz. 

the  planet, 

»;CL 

seldrdy. 

the  comet, 

vjJb  J^vJjJ 

quiruqll  yilditz. 

the  air, 

ly. 

hdvd. 

the  water, 

r° 

ZU.                 ^&J^^^ 

the  fire, 

A^T 

dtesh. 

the  earth, 
spring, 

"52 

toprdck.       UbhM**<^ 
behdr. 

summer, 

Y*^ 

iats. 

autumn, 

>L  ff^  (j>  *~\o 

son  behdr.     /? 

winter, 

*'*i' 

kish.              l&<~4 

y** 

} 

light, 

^jjjjol 

aidinlik. 

the  rainbow. 

&4.£.l—  O 

sdghmah. 

the  clouds, 

yb^Jb 

bulutler.                 ^ 

rain, 

;^**^. 

ydghmur  .       ty&Q  *nu\ 

hail, 

.   f-  IP 

tulu. 

snow, 

xU 

car. 

frost, 

^ly 

kiraghu. 

ice. 

1^3 

buz. 

thaw, 

cs^  ^;';^ 

buz  erimesy. 

dew, 

x^ 

tchih. 

a  fog, 

^uyL 

tumdn.       G/U^/rnA**  I 

an  earthquake, 

"W 

zelzeleh. 

—      19      — 


thunder, 
lightning, 
a  tempest, 
heat, 
cold, 

wind, 


iyldirim* 

shimshek. 

tufan. 

issidjac. 

sunk. 

ruzguiar. 


THE  EARTH. 


The  earth, 

the  continent, 

the  island, 

the  peninsula, 

the  isthmus, 

the  headland, 

the  gulf, 

the  port, 

the  roadstead, 

the  ocean, 

the  sea, 

the  Mediterranean, 

the  Black  Sea, 

the  Caspian  Sea, 

the  lake, 

the  river, 

the  stream, 

the  brook, 

the  torrent, 

the  spring, 


drs. 

/card. 

ddhd. 

mm  gesire. 

derbend. 

burun. 

korfes. 

limdn. 

wrl. 

dkidnos. 

denitz. 

dk  denitz. 

/card  denitz. 

Mhr  ul-hdser. 

guol. 

nehr. 

tcd'i. 

djuice. 

zeiL 

cechme. 
2* 


—      20      — 


the  mouth  of  the 

river, 
the  bank, 
the  mountain, 
the  hill, 
the  valley, 
the  plain, 
the  forest, 
the  desert, 
the  meadow, 


sddji'dt. 

mil  —  kendr. 

ddgh. 

Mir  —  tepe. 

dere  —  vddi. 

ova  —  idts. 

or  man. 

col. 

cd'ir. 


METAI/S  AND  MINEEALS. 


Metals  and  minerals, 
gold, 
silver, 
bronze, 
copper, 
ead, 
tin, 
iron, 

quicksilver, 
sulphur, 
antimony, 


arsenc 


edjsai  md'deniie. 

dltun. 

gumush. 

pirmdch. 

backiir. 

kurshun. 

kdlai. 

demir. 

djwd  —  sibik. 

kibrit. 

rdstik. 

sitshdn  oti. 


THE  MONTHS  AND  DAYS  OF  THE  WEEK  &c. 

January,  ^jU  ^j&       kanooni  zani. 

February,  ^Lxx«        shuMt. 

March,  c^\Lo        mart. 


—      21      — 


April, 

^LwUU 

neecdn. 

May, 

(j*oLo 

metis. 

June, 

u'r^ 

hdtseerdn. 

July, 

)r*J 

temoots. 

August, 

u*y^T 

dghostos. 

September, 

JjJb! 

illool. 

October, 

J^t   ^v&S 

teshrm-i-evvel. 

November, 

^U  ^~£o 

teslirin-i-zanee. 

December, 

Jjt  ^jjfc' 

kdnun-i-evvel. 

Sunday, 

^^TslvL 

batzdr  gunu. 

Monday, 

<5*ojj|  ;t)b 

Mtzctr  ertdyzee. 

Tuesday, 

jLo 

zalee. 

Wednesday, 

•      auJL&;L$a. 

cdrshembe. 

Thursday, 

iuJLc^sUj 

pendshembe. 

Friday, 

J^J 

djumd. 

Saturday, 

^^^1   iUL*.^ 

djumd  ertdyzee. 

a  year, 

*J^ 

sene. 

an  epoch, 

d*) 

semdn. 

a  date, 

'j>l.)^ 

tdrukh. 

eternity, 

&J 

eslnet. 

THE  TIME. 


The  day, 

^ 

gun. 

the  night, 

**\f 

gedje. 

morning, 

El  4.0 

zdbdH. 

evening, 

1 

dkhcdm. 

noon, 

KJb.t 

oile. 

midnight, 

*?^n^ 

jdrim  gedje. 

99 

Jpw 


at  midnight, 

yesterday  evening, 

the  afternoon, 

night  and  day, 

sunrise, 

sunset, 

an  hour, 

half  an  hour, 

a  minute, 

beginning, 

middle, 

end, 

today, 

yesterday, 

the  day  before  yes- 
terday, 

tomorrow, 


/• 


*\ 


dun  jaricinde. 

diin  dkhcdm. 

ikindi. 

gedje  ve  gundus. 

gun  dhoghucu. 

gun  bdttci. 

btr  sd'dt. 

jdrim  sd'dt. 

ddkikd. 

tbttdd. 

ortd. 

nihdjet. 

bu  guiun. 

diin. 

o  bir  guiun. 

yarin. 


AND  RELATIONS. 


Man, 

the  woman, 
Sir  (Mr.), 
Madam  (Mrs.), 
the  father, 
the  mother, 
the  brother, 
the  sister, 

the  uncle, 
the  aunt, 


dddm. 

carl. 

-_*•-   j- 
efendi. 

khdmm. 

peder. 

valide. 

kdrddsh — btradir, 

kiitz  kdrddsh  — 

hemshire. 
dmdjd. 
khald. 


—      23      — 


the  parents, 
the  son, 
the  daughter, 
the  child, 
the  boy, 
the  girl, 
the  youth, 
the  maiden, 
infancy, 
youth, 

age, 

an  old  man, 


'f 


dkrabalar. 

off  hi  —  evldd. 

kutz. 

codshook. 

bekidr. 

bikr. 

oglan. 

kutz. 

codjuklik. 

gilnedjUk. 

whtijdrlik. 

kodjalik. 

ichtijdr  —  kodja, 


THE  BODY. 


The  limb, 

y*L£, 

uzef. 

the  forehead, 

^\ 

dim. 

the  skull, 

^Lb  j^L 

bach  thacl. 

the  face, 

)t* 

iutz. 

the  eyes, 

)^ 

ffiiitz. 

the  eyebrows, 

ijte 

kdsh. 

the  eye-lash, 

&*ff 

kirpik. 

the  head, 

jib 

bdsh.f 

the  hair, 

r^° 

sdtch. 

the  nose, 

o)y* 

boroon  —  burn. 

the  mouth, 

1^ 

dgJiitz. 

the  teeth, 

JUO(>   - 

dischler. 

the  neck, 

ch'r3 

bojoun. 

the  hands, 

rLi 

eller* 

—      24      — 


the  heart, 
the  stomach, 
the  foot, 
the  ears, 
the  cheeks, 
the  tongue, 
the  palate, 
the  lips, 
the  chin, 
the  shoulders, 
the  chest, 
the  elbow, 
the  arm, 
the  finger, 
the  nails, 
the  knee, 
the  blood, 
a  vein, 
an  artery, 
a  nerve, 
a  muscle. 


the  soul, 

the  spirit, 

intelligence, 

reason, 

good  sense, 

memory, 

wisdom, 


sjuuo 


p&* 


MENTAL  FACULTIES. 


yurek. 

meede. 

djdk. 

kolackldr. 

jdndkldr. 

dill. 

dimdgh. 

doddk. 

chayne. 

omuz. 

giojus. 

dirsek. 

koll 

pdrmdck. 

tirndck. 

dltz. 

kdn. 

dhdmdr. 

sdh  dhdmdr. 

ziriir. 

zinirll  et. 


djan. 

ziihn. 

dkl. 

khured  —  hush. 

hushimendi. 

hufz. 

hukmet. 


—      25      — 


prudence, 

CJvAA^J 

bacured. 

goodness, 

i 

(home!  good)  ejltk. 

modesty, 

^L^: 

hiid/db. 

piety, 

S 

merhdmet. 

mercy, 

rdhmet. 

justice, 

s 

dddlet. 

discretion, 

^jp*-A^O«  t 

usluluk. 

sweetness, 

^£jLt&f*j 

idvacliik. 

confidence, 

o\^\ 

itimdd. 

experience, 

SL>f£ 

tedjribe. 

intrepidity, 

) 

djecdret. 

courage, 

ghdiret. 

love, 

(jAe 

ask. 

hatred, 

(J^fr  —  u*r^ 

ghdrds  —  keen. 

anger, 

^jJbjixb 

darghunluk. 

pride, 

(d^jjtc 

mdghrurluk. 

desire, 

i  j 

drsu. 

hope, 

Juyol 

umid. 

j°y> 

jjJoLo 

shdshluk. 

grief, 

^ 

kacafoet. 

pain, 

(J! 

elem. 

fear, 

«     v 

korku. 

fright, 

J^J 

rd'b. 

despair, 

V^AJywwiXAvo! 

umidzisllk. 

tranquillity, 

VSfcdfcfj 

rdhdt. 

will, 

/ 

irddet. 

folly, 

dULJo 

delffik. 

suspicion, 

^s^ 

shubhe. 

envy, 

<x^^ 

hdsed. 

shame, 

(jJU^b.l 

utdnmdkluk. 

—      26 


IMPERFECTIONS  AND  DISEASES  OF  THE  BODY. 


blind, 

))^ 

^or. 

lame, 

Jbjfc 

topal. 

maimed, 

O^W 

tchollac. 

deaf, 

jiLs 

scighir. 

dumb, 

y*Ja 

dilsitz. 

illness, 

dUaJuA^ 

khdstalik. 

fever, 

U=* 

hitmd. 

ague, 

**Ju* 

sitmah. 

plague, 

(J^r^ 

jumrudjac. 

colic, 

^soLo 

sdndji. 

dysentery, 

(S^T*1  ^ 

itch  dghrissi. 

gout, 

yp^. 

nikriz. 

asthma, 

^1*^  ^-b 

tek  nefeslu. 

apoplexy, 

iJUb 

ddmlah. 

small  pox, 

L-*JLi<vt*'»^ 

V       V 

tcldtchek. 

jaundice, 

I&jo\w0 

sdrilik. 

measles, 

L3^  'V* 

kizdmdc. 

consumption, 

r;^ 

verim. 

inflammation, 

aJ\U 

ndzileh. 

a  cold, 

H| 

zukiam. 

tooth-ache, 

dish  aghrisi. 

head-ache, 

^^jUt  jib 

bash  aghrisi. 

laughing, 

&J^ 

gulme. 

tears, 

^&L  v^5" 

gilds  jdchi. 

respiration, 

(j^Ai 

nefes. 

sighing, 

5? 

ah. 

sneezing, 

My«Jf| 

dksirmd. 

sleep, 

idleness, 

forgetfulness, 


dUUUs 


ojuku. 

tenbellik. 

unutma. 


DRESS. 


The  coat, 
the  shoes, 
the  watch, 
the  shirt, 
the  stockings, 
the  trousers, 
the  waist-coat, 
the  drawers, 
trousers  of  the 

turkish  ladies, 
the  dress, 
the  frock-coat, 
the  hat, 
the  bonnet, 
the  red  cap, 
the  turban, 
the  cloak, 
the  slippers, 
the  boots, 
linen, 
cloth, 

the  handkerchief, 
gloves, 
the  shawl, 


ju 


zeln. 

kundiira. 

zcihdt. 

gwmlek. 

cdrdb. 

pdntdlon. 

jelek. 

don. 

cmtidn. 

libas  —  urba. 

djubbe. 

cdpkd. 

kdlpdk. 

fez. 

kdvuk  —  zdrik. 

ferddje  —  kdpoth. 

pdpuc. 

citsme. 

cdmdchir. 

bez. 

mendeel. 

eldiven. 

shdL 


—      28      — 


the  dress, 

^VJUi 

kaftan. 

the  petticoat, 

uUcuo 

fist  an. 

the  apron, 

*jy 

futd. 

velvet, 

&A*k3 

kadife. 

cloth, 

2t3f£* 

cohd. 

bed  clothes, 

OU*sll 

cdrchdf. 

wool, 

^ 

jun. 

silk, 

viJLo! 

ipek. 

the  comb, 

jflJb 

thdrdk. 

the  razor, 

5*JU*jl 

us  turd. 

the  button, 

**A 

dujme. 

HOUSE  AND  FURNITURE. 

The  house, 

>| 

ev. 

the  door, 

y& 

kapu.  —  kdpe. 

the  key, 

\  v<^*^V3  1 

andchtdr. 

the  stairs, 

«Lj  O  v-3 

merdiven. 

the  room, 

Jtb^l 

odhd.  —  odd. 

the  window, 

57^4. 

pengere. 

the  chair, 

jd»^M.t 

iskemle. 

the  table, 

S^w. 

zdfrd. 

the  bed, 

^•Ucj 

jdtdk. 

the  candle, 

ryo 

mum. 

the  kitchen, 

^H^ 

methbdkh. 

the  well, 

^ 

kuju. 

the  garden, 

V 

bdgtce. 

the  roof, 

j»!i>—  -.^gA^I    ^1 

ef  ustl  —  dam. 

the  wall, 

;W-i> 

divdr. 

the  chimney, 

.vLJ.I 

ogdk. 

—      29      — 


the  terrace, 

the  chest  of  drawers, 

the  wardrobe, 

sideboard, 

the  larder, 

the  carpet, 

the  sofa, 

the  rug, 

the  mattress, 

cushion, 

the  straw-mattress, 
tapestry, 
the  clock, 
the  curtain, 
the  picture, 
the  bellows, 
the  scissors, 
the  salt-cellar, 
the  water-bottle, 
the  glass, 
the  bottle, 
the  cup, 
the  towel, 
the  lock, 
the  pin, 
the  needle, 


u'^' 

eivdn. 

0."^$ 

doldb. 
esvdb  khdsmeci 

15  ^v  .£ 

sofrd  dolabi. 
kildr. 
kali. 

va^jS 

kerevet. 

^ 

jorghdn. 
minder. 

^jJbUo 

sdmdnluk. 

(. 

%f  % 

zdr. 

***  ) 

cdldr  sd'dt. 
perde. 
tdsvir. 

"d)yf 

koruk. 

uoty^ 

mikrdz. 

.U  ;y> 

tuz  kdbi. 

jjoo! 

ibruk. 

aL^xo 

kddeh. 
chzche. 

205! 

fmdjdn. 
peskir. 
kdfl. 
thopluk. 
ikne. 

—      30 


THE  TABLE  AND  NUTEIMENTS. 

The  breakfast, 

ts*'1  M* 

kahvalti. 

the  dinner, 

(jJL^I  —  rL*io 

thadm  —  w/ew- 

15^ 

jemeji. 

the  supper, 

^jc+j  piLu 

dksdm  jemeji. 

the  table, 

5  yAj\A/ 

sofra. 

a  dish, 

^jLJb 

thdbdk. 

a  plate, 

ijUa. 

cdndk. 

a  spoon, 

(JfJbUi 

kdshiik. 

a  fork, 

JU^ 

cdtdl. 

a  knife, 

jjLgu 

bicdk. 

a  napkin, 

wOCxLo 

pechkir. 

nutriments,  food, 

sil^UO 

jejegek. 

bread, 

viusi 

ekmek. 

meat, 

^>1 

et. 

bouillon, 

(5^r°°' 

et  swii. 

soup, 

L?;^ 

corbd. 

boiled  meat, 

u^y^ 

sdjiis. 

roast  meat, 

^JuS' 

kebab. 

beef, 

•_Sl  *JLuo 

sighir  eti  — 

aiJUiL 

hdchldmd. 

mutton, 

C55'  U^' 

kojun  eti. 

veal, 

^1  ^1)^? 

busdghu  eti. 

lamb, 

C5-5''  ^r5 

kusu  eti. 

calves-head, 

^b^t^ 

busdghu  bdchl. 

tongue, 

ij.13    OLA.O 

sighir  dili. 

chicken, 

^s^-b 

pilidj. 

fish, 

^JL 

Mlik. 

pudding, 

u^ 

g  uioden. 

sausage, 

XLJO..J  —  ,5^^ 

sudjuk  —  bumbdr 

—      31 


pie, 

4)9* 

~borek. 

salad, 

x£L0 

sdldtd. 

cheese, 

jjUUu 

peinir. 

butter,* 

£.0  x.V 
C5>      **    j 

tere  jdghi. 

sauce, 

f^W&OyJ      r»l   *_Y* 

id'  dm  terliieci 

sugar, 

jCco 

cheker. 

honey, 

JL 

Ml. 

milk, 

*y» 

sud. 

cream, 

(3+** 

kdimdk. 

oil, 

^fcL  jjjfcjv 

seitm  idgln. 

vinegar, 

*j==,y« 

zirke. 

mustard, 

Jby^ 

khdrddl. 

salt, 

)& 

tutz. 

pepper, 
wine, 

h 

V'r-^ 

Mber. 
~sdrab. 

brandy, 

^7^ 

rdkl. 

tea, 

(5^ 

tchai. 

coffee, 

5^5 

cahveh. 

the  dessert, 

)T^ 

ceres. 

water, 

r° 

su. 

beer, 

^AflUt 

arpasui. 

sugar  and  water, 

OOj-CO 

sherbet. 

lemonade, 

^b^' 

elimunatah. 

DEMANDS. 

Some  bread, 

»iU! 

ekmek. 

some  water, 

r° 

sit. 

some  cheese, 

rHSf. 

peinir. 

some  eggs, 

*b)r*. 

jumurtd. 

some  meat, 

vail 

et. 

—      32      — 


some  fish, 
some  wine, 
some  beer, 
some  butter, 
some  tea, 


batik. 

sdrab. 

drpd  suyou — btra. 

say  jdghi—jdgh. 

cdj. 


VEGETABLES. 


The  herb, 

lS>j1 

0^. 

the  carrot, 

r^ 

hdvug. 

the  turnip, 

J3UI& 

chdlgdm. 

the  leek, 

*~1ji 

prdpd. 

the  radish, 

turp. 

cabbage, 

ioi 

Idhdnd. 

cauliflower, 

ooly 

karnabit. 

onions, 

u^r° 

zoghdn. 

garlic, 

^jLwAX^-O 

zdrimsdk. 

7    —       7_        7                        — 

asparagus, 

Y*"j^  u"?* 

kuch  konmas 

artichoke, 

xLjJot 

engmdr. 

lettuce, 

J.xLx> 

mdrul. 

celery, 

)>£ 

kirlvis. 

parsley, 

U-yJobo 

mdgMdnos. 

cucumber, 

.L*. 

khyjdr. 

spinach, 

(jjLv^l 

ispdndk. 

gourd, 

.  jM 

kabak. 

rice, 

/jp-y. 

pirlng. 

caper, 

s^J" 

gebere. 

mushroom, 

oOx> 

mdntdr. 

the  white  bean, 

LJ^U 

fdculid. 

beans, 

L^r^ 

lotyd. 

33 


peas, 

*^H 

piselia. 

lentils, 

viJU^v* 

merdjimek. 

cresses, 

sJ>* 

,-      3L 

tere. 

corn, 

i^tJou 

boghddl 

rye, 

;^;L^ 

cidvddr. 

barley, 

*&l 

drpd. 

oats, 

oiLj 

juldf. 

hay, 

ijj^l 

otluk. 

straw, 

^U-o 

sdmdn. 

flour, 

«l 

oun. 

FEU1TS. 


The  apple, 
the  pear, 
peach, 
apricot, 
melon, 
water  melon, 

fig, 

grape, 

almond, 

raspberry, 

mulberry, 

orange, 

lemon, 

strawberries, 

the  nut, 

hazel-nuts, 

gooseberries, 

Turkish  Grammar 


Ul 


elma. 

drmud. 

ceftali. 

kdici. 

kdvun. 

kdrpus. 

mgir. 

usum. 

bddem. 

biigurtlen. 

dud  —  tut. 

portdkdl. 

limon. 

cilek. 

gevits. 

findiik. 

frenk  usumii, 
3 


—      34      — 


chesnut, 

cherry, 

plum, 

date, 

pomegranate, 

olive, 


kestane. 

kirds. 

erik. 

khurmd. 

endr. 

seitun. 


TUBES. 


A  fig  tree, 
an  orange-tree, 
an  apple-tree, 
a  pear  tree, 
a  mulberry-tree, 
a  peach-tree, 
a  plum-tree, 
a  walnut-tree, 
an  olive-tree, 
a  chesnut-tree, 
an  almond-tree, 
a  cherry-tree, 
the  oak, 
the  elm, 
the  beech, 
the  pine, 
the  cypress, 
the  fir, 
the  poplar, 
the  willow, 
the  lime, 


indjir  aghadji. 
turundj  aghadji. 
elmd  aghadji. 
drmud  aghadji. 
tut  aghadji. 
ceftali  aghadji. 
erik  aghadji. 
djeviz  aghadji. 
zeitun  aghadji. 
kestaneh  aghadji. 
badem  aghadji. 
vishni  aghadji. 
misheh  aghadji. 
card  aghadji. 
cdin  aghadji. 
cam  aghadji. 
servi  aghadji. 
tchdm  aghadji. 
cdvdc  aghadji. 
soyut  aghadji. 
filamur  aghadji. 


—      35 


the  lime, 

^^L&J  ^jjojw 

oghldmur  dghadji. 

the  laurel, 

,-a-Ul  xJLs<> 

defneh  dghadji. 

the  acacia, 

^UIJ^ 

sdnt  dghadji. 

FIELD  CHOPS. 

Wheat, 

^tjJb 

boghddi. 

barley, 

4>' 

drpd. 

oats, 

***y& 

yuldf. 

rice, 

f~*T* 

Hirindje. 

maize, 

^tjc*j^ax> 

mmrboghdai. 

flour, 

u;1 

un. 

grass, 

^jf 

ot. 

hay, 

gfc,l 

otluk. 

FLOWEBS. 

A  flower, 

dL§^ 

tchltchek. 

a  rose, 

J^ 

guiul. 

a  lily, 

(3-y) 

zaribac. 

a  violet, 

a^Jij^ 

benefsheh. 

a  pink, 

Ju3y 

carenftl. 

jessamine, 

*.X*-U/LJ 

jdssmir. 

a  lilac, 

^•^LJ 

leilac. 

a  tulip, 

ijy 

laleh. 

a  hyacinth, 

J^^Lu, 

sunbul. 

mignionette, 

>*? 

faghv. 

.• 

ANIMALS. 

- 

Wild  animals, 

T^'T*^  u^ 

jebdn  haivanlar. 

lion, 

,J^U,st 

drsldn. 

tiger, 

u^*5 

cap  Jan. 

3* 

—      36      — 


elephant, 

leopard, 

camel, 

deer, 

wolf, 

wild  boar, 

hyena, 

bear, 

fox, 

hare, 

rabbit, 

squirrel, 

weasel, 

monkey, 

mouse, 

rat, 

mole, 

horse, 

mare, 

colt, 

bull, 

ox, 

cow, 

calf, 

dog, 

ass, 

mule, 

ram, 

sheep, 

lamb, 


Uet 


JsU 


pars. 

deveh. 

gileik. 

curd. 

jebdn  donuzi. 

sertldn. 

dm. 

dilki. 

tdvshdn. 

add  tdvshdn. 

sendjiab. 

guelindjek. 

meimun. 

sitchdn. 

buyuk  sitchdn. 

kostebek. 

at. 

kissrac. 

tdi. 

bugha. 

okuz. 

mek. 

buzaghi. 

kopek. 

eshek. 

cdtir. 

cotch. 

cuiun. 

cuzi. 


—      37      — 


goat, 

(S&3 

ketchi. 

kid, 

r^JLft*! 

oghlac. 

cat, 

iCcXS^ 

kedi. 

BIKDS. 


A  bird, 

^.Jf 

cush. 

an  eagle, 

uV  M 

card  cush. 

an  ostrich, 

,  ^.ww  •.£    S  •  O 

deveh  cushi. 

a  stork, 

dUL  J  y 

card  Idilek. 

a  falcon, 

e*-**k 

doghdn. 

a  hawk, 

dUL^ 

tchiailik. 

a  crow, 

<J^>* 

cuzghun. 

a  magpie, 

.  lii^Si^ 
^/ 

sdcsdghan. 

an  owl, 

^^s  y&  yc 

huhu  cushi. 

a  cuckoo, 

olrV 

cucuvac. 

a  parrot, 

r^r^ 

dudu. 

a  pheasant, 

urJL5^ 

suiliin. 

a  partridge, 

dLJLCir' 

keklik. 

a  woodcock, 

^^  s^Jb 

jelveh  cushi. 

a  wild  duck, 

v5^>;^'  u1^ 

jelan  ordegili. 

a  wild  pigeon, 

(j^^S^T^Lo 

jeban  guyerdjen 

a  blackbird, 

^li  »j3 

card  tduk. 

a  thrush, 

^*y^S    r^l 

drdidje  cushi. 

a  nightingale, 

>i.    JL    Jl|_^ 

lulbul. 

a  swallow, 

/d-^J^' 

kirlanghetch. 

^*               X 

a  lark, 

N  VJf_^  ^  j>* 

toighdr. 

a  sparrow, 

a^ui 

sertcheh. 

a  peacock, 

•  i  ^ 

tduz. 

a  swan, 

^S 

cughu. 

—      38 


a  hen, 

Jf>^ 

tank. 

a  chicken, 

^JL> 

pilitch. 

a  cock, 

u*n^ 

khoroz. 

a  duck, 

Jj^f 

ordek. 

a  goose, 

\U 

cdz. 

a  turkey, 

^.Lb  tXJJo 

hind  taughi. 

INSECTS. 


A  flea, 

**W 

pireh. 

a  bug, 

cs^  **^' 

tahtah  Uti. 

a  beetle, 

dl^j  jJyL>  j* 

~boinuzly  bodjek. 

a  moth, 

5^ 

giiveh. 

a  caterpillar, 

C5^"^  O^ 

loc  bodjegui. 

a  spider, 

JLs2>^t 

drumdjek. 

a  silk-worm, 

LS^)9*^        ?l' 

ipek  curdi. 

a  butterfly, 

^^  v  7" 

pervaneh. 

a  gnat, 

^AAkAM      j^X  0-^A> 

sivry  sifiek. 

a  fly, 

aL, 

sinek. 

a  bee, 

^;T 

ari. 

FISHES. 

A  fish, 

<3-»L> 

Milk. 

a  turbot, 

^L  ^UJU 

c  ale  an  balighi. 

a  skate, 

_Ajb  ^tX5" 

kedi  'balighi. 

a  sole, 

xJLj  u^ 

dit  balighi. 

an  oyster, 

XJ(^%juuii 

esridia.  . 

a  muscle, 

eojoo 

midia. 

a  pike, 

turna  balighi. 

—      39 


a  carp, 
a  trout, 
an  eel, 


bdlighi. 
ala  bdlighi. 
ilan  bdlighi. 


THE  TOWN. 


The  town, 
the  street, 
the  cross-street, 

the  quarter, 
the  palace, 
the  mosque, 
the  quay, 
the  bridge, 
the  market, 
the  bazaar, 
the  shop, 
the  hippodrome, 
the  horse  fair, 
the  square, 
the  promenade, 
the  fountain, 
the  custom-house, 
the  prison, 
the  academy, 
the  bath, 
the  post-office, 
the  fish  market, 
the  Library, 
the  Hospital, 


v 


^ 


sehir. 

sokdk. 

dort  idl  dghm. 

mdhdlle. 
serai, 
gdmd. 
idli. 
kopri. 
carchu. 
bazar, 
dukidn. 
at  meiddni. 
Mt  basari. 
meiddn. 
gesmedjek  'ier. 
cechme. 
gumruk. 
smddn. 
medrece. 
hdmdm. 
mensil  hhdne. 
bdlik  bdzdri. 
kitdb  hhdne. 
khdstd  hhdne. 


—      40      — 


the  church, 
the  prayer, 
the  railway, 

the  train, 

the  station, 

hotel, 

the  embassy, 

the  consulate, 

tavern, 

coffee  house. 


uAfcw 


kelise. 

du'd  —  ndmds. 

demir  yol. 

demir  yol 

'drdbdldri. 
mensil. 
condc. 

seferet  devlet. 
consoloslik. 
meikhaneh. 
cdveh  dukiani. 


DIGNITARIES. 


The  Emperor, 
the  Sultan, 
the  King, 
Prince  of  the  blood, 
the  prince, 
his  Majesty, 
the  prime  minister, 
minister  of  foreign 

affairs, 
home  minister, 

secretary  of  war, 
finance  minister, 
minister  of  police, 
grand  chamberlain, 
keeper  of  the  purse, 


^^; 


imperathor. 

pddishah  —  sulthan. 

kurdl. 

sdhsdde. 

bay  —  emir. 

hesrelleri. 

bds  vekil. 

reis  efendi — umur 

khdridjie  ndslrl. 
kiahid  bay  —  umur 

ddkhiliie  ndstri. 
deflerddr. 
cdvuch  bdsi. 
kapudji  bdsi. 
khdsme  dar  bdsi. 


—      41      — 


treasurer  of  the 

harem, 
governor  of  the 

harem, 

chief  of  the  eunuchs, 
pacha  of  three  tails, 
ambassador, 
governor  of  the 

province, 
postmaster 

general, 
clergy, 

grand  chaplain, 
chief  judge, 
the  judge, 
commissionary, 


UL 


yCcU 


khasme  dar  nsta. 
harem  klahidci. 

kusler  dghdci. 
utch  tughlit  pasha, 
iltci. 
bayler  bay. 

mensil  bast. 

ulemd. 

khunkidr  imam, 
kdsii  lecker. 
kdsi. 
vekil 


WRITING  MATERIALS. 


Stationery, 

paper, 

pen, 

book, 

inkstand, 

ink, 

penknife, 

the  seal, 

sealing  wax, 

writing-desk, 

the  letter, 


XiU. 


J^AX/O 


kiathana. 

kldghid. 

kdlem. 

kltab. 

devit. 

murekkel). 

kdlemtrdch. 

muhur. 

dhdms'irmd. 

pich  tdkhtd. 

mektiib. 


—      42      — 


the  pencil, 
the  ruler, 
the  compass, 


*  -  N  HM»X> 


kurchun  kalem. 
djedvel  —  mdsthar. 
perguidr. 


ARTS  AND  TRADES. 


The  baker, 
the  pastry-cook, 
the  butcher, 
the  architect, 
the  mason, 
the  tailor, 
the  shoemaker, 
the  hatter, 
the  doctor, 
the  surgeon, 
the  chemist, 
the  printer, 
the  bookseller, 
the  bookbinder, 
the  joiner, 
the  carpenter, 
the  turner, 
the  locksmith, 
the  blacksmith, 
the  farrier, 
the  carman, 
the  painter, 
the  cooper, 
the  watchmaker, 


JkJLxJLju 


etmektshi. 

borektsht. 

kdcdb. 

mil'mdr. 

idpidji. 

tersi. 

papudshdji. 

shdpkddji. 

hekim —  thdbib. 

djerrah. 

edjsd  zdtidjl. 

bdsmddji. 

sehhaf. 

miidjelid. 

dhoyhrdmddji. 

dulgur. 

khdrdth. 

tshilmgur. 

demirdjl. 

nedlbend. 

drabddji. 

tdsvirdji. 

futchidji. 

zaatdji. 


—      43      — 


the  weaver, 

s^^ 

ciulah. 

the  laundress, 

l^aUoUL 

djameshui. 

the  cobbler, 

.£qSkXXX4Mf 

eskidji. 

the  fisherman, 

<x  <?  ilj* 

baluktchi. 

the  cutler, 

^ASUsuo 

Utchaktchi. 

the  merchant, 

7^-^b 

tddjir  —  laser  guan  . 

COUNTRIES,  NATIONS  AND  CITIES. 

Europe, 

l^| 

evropd. 

Asia, 

LJ 

asm. 

Africa, 

XAJ-st 

dfrikd. 

France, 

X^otri 

franca. 

v        ~ 

a  Frenchman, 

franzls. 

Paris, 

U*;1^ 

par  is. 

Marseilles, 

LJLu^lxi 

mdrsilia. 

England, 

cS^CUx>  vJlJot 

ingliz  memleketi. 

Scotland, 

x^^Ju,! 

escotchldh. 

Ireland, 

|  (Js.  J  j'  Y-^ 

'irldndd. 

London, 

S  \  cX^  *J 

londrd. 

Austria, 

^jGUx)  ^>j 

betsh  memleketi. 

Prussia, 

****^ 

prusid. 

Turkey, 

^^  JoUcfc 

osmdnli  vilaieti. 

Germany, 

^5»«     y         v 

nemtcheh  vilaieti. 

Spain, 

V 

ispdnia. 

Portugal, 

(C"^^      5    V    "^^r. 

portuguez  vilaieti. 

Italy, 

^Lb! 

Italia. 

Bohemia, 

vs^^  &^ 

cell  vilaieti. 

Hungary, 

^^  ^ 

magar  vilaieti. 

Russia, 

,*ti^+*  L^5) 

rus  memleketi. 

a  Russian, 

the  Crimea, 

Croatia, 

the  Morea, 

Persia, 

Arabia, 

Armenia, 

Egypt, 

Albania, 

Cyprus, 

Rome, 

Venice, 

Beyrout, 

.Jerusalem, 

Aleppo, 

Damascus, 

Suez, 

Constantinople, 

Jassi, 

Bucharest, 

Scutari, 

Cairo, 

Alexandria, 

Trebizond, 

Tripoli, 

Smyrna, 

Moldavia, 

Wallachia, 

Bosnia, 

Servia, 


moskoflu. 

krim. 

khervdt  memleketi. 

mure. 

dgemistdn. 

arabistan. 

ermenie. 

musir. 

arnaudluk. 

kilbris. 

rim. 

venedik. 

"beirut. 

cudsi  sherif. 

halep. 

sham. 

suveis. 

IstamboL 

mch. 

Mkrech. 

tchkodrd. 

el-kdhire. 

ukenderie. 

tJirabison. 

thardbolus. 

ismir. 

bughddn. 

ifldk. 

bosna. 

surf. 


—      45      — 


Asia  Minor, 

Athens, 

the  Dardanelles, 

the  Danube, 

Assyria, 

Syria, 

Tartary, 

China, 

India, 

the  Thames, 

the  Euphrates, 

the  Jordan, 

the  Nile, 

the  Volga, 


U-o! 


andtholu. 

dtind. 

boghds  hiicari. 

tuna. 

kurdistdn. 

sham. 

tatar  vildieti. 

tchin. 

hmdistdn. 

nehri  temiz. 

furdt. 

erden. 

ml. 

etil  sui. 


TRAVELLING. 


Traveller, 

passport, 

horse, 

saddle, 

to  saddle, 

girths, 

stirrups, 

buckle, 

bridle, 

to  bridle, 

bit, 

reins, 


yoldji. 
yol  emri. 

at. 

eier. 

eierlemek. 

coldnler. 

uzengui  —  rlkiab. 

coptchd. 

man. 

man  urmac. 

guiem. 

dizguin. 


46      — 


halter, 

jfyt 

yular. 

spurs, 

))*** 

mdhmuz. 

whip, 

(S^+* 

cdmtchi. 

horse-shoe, 

Jou 

nd'dl. 

mule, 

^SlS—ySS 

cdtir. 

pack-saddle, 

y*  W 

semer. 

muleteer, 

3*f* 

cdtirdji. 

tent, 

wj^U* 

tchddir. 

to  pitch  the  tent, 

(jjo^-^uL 

tchddir  curmac. 

carpet, 

K^uL&> 

khalidjeh. 

high-way, 

*-''*•-    * 

olu  yol. 

cross-road,    ' 

Jjj  (^y>)l 

arcuri  yol. 

valise, 

(jljooU. 

djamedan. 

saddle  bags, 

^L 

ydndjuk. 

wine  flask, 

•r3^ 

tcJiiotrd. 

water  bottle, 

LJoJL^^ 

tchentd. 

V 

kettle, 

i^V 

cdzdn. 

matches, 

o*»JvA5 

kibrit. 

pistols, 

K»uyb 

tdbandja. 

fowling  piece, 

xi&jJLj 

filintdh. 

to  fire, 

H.^.3!  dLx$«.J> 

tufenk  dtmac. 

PART  II. 

INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  GRAMMATICAL 

FORM. 

THE  ARTICLE. 

The  Turkish  Language  has  no  article. 
Mbd  means  the  father,  ana,  the  mother. 

THE  SUBSTANTIVE. 

1.  The   Turkish    language    is    composed   of  Arabic, 
Persian  and  Turkish  words;  it  consists  therefore  of  primi- 
tive words  "djamid"  and  of  derivative  words  (mustdk). 

2.  The  Turkish  language  has  no  gender;  to  denote  the 
masculine  gender  of  persons  (er)  manr  and  the  feminine 
(kits)  girl,  and  of  animals  (erkek)  male,  and  (disi)  female, 
are  placed  before  the  word,  as: 

oghlan,  the  boy.  —  er  oghlan,     the  son. 

kits  oghlan,  the  daughter. 
/7/,         the  elephant.  —  erkek  fil,       the  male  elephant. 

dm  fil,          the  female  elephant. 

3.  Proper  names  derived  from  the  Arabic  form  the 
feminine  by  adding  e  or  a  to  the  male  name,  as: 


—      48      — 

c 

Hdlil  (masc.)         Halile  (fern.) 
Selim  (masc.)         Selima  (fern.). 

It  is  also  customary  to  place  the  name  of  the  Sultan 
after,  but  that  of  the  Sultana  before  the  word  Sultan, 
thus: 

Sultan  Selim  —  Selima  Sultan. 


DECLENSION  OP  THE  NOUN. 

The    Turkish    noun    has    two    declensions,    and    six 
cases. 

Those  ending  in  a  consonant  belong  to  the  first,  those 
ending  in  a  vowel  belong  to  the  second  declension. 

The  plural  is  formed  by  the  particle  J  lam-re  which 
is  either  pronounced  lar  or  ler,  it  is  pronounced 
lar,  if  the  final  syllable  is  hard,  or  if  the  word  contains 

the  vowels  a,  o  or  u. 

ler,  if  the  final  syllable  is  soft,  or  if  the  word  contains 
the  vowels  e  or  i,  as: 

and,      the  mother,  plural     analar,      the  mothers. 
bdbci,    the  father,  babalar,    the  fathers. 

kopek,  the  dog,  kopekler,  the  dogs. 

gun,      the  day,  gunler,       the  days. 


FIRST  DECL. 

SECOND  DECL. 

Sing. 

PL 

Sing.                PL 

Gen. 

In 

un 

nun                un 

Dat. 

e 

e 

ja                    a 

Ace. 

I 

I 

jy              y 

Ablat. 

den 

den 

dan                 dan 

—      49.     — 


FIRST  DECLENSION. 


Singular. 
Norn,      lutf,         the  mercy. 
Gen.       lutfin,      of 
Dativ     lutfe,        to 
Accus.    lutfi,        mercy. 
Vocativ./#  lutf,    oh  mercy. 

Plural 
lutfler,         mercies. 
lutflerun,     of  mercies. 
lutfler  e,        to 
lutfler  i, 
ja  lutfler,     oh 

Abl.        lutf  den,    from  - 


lutfler  den,   from   - 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 


Singular. 

Nom.  ana,        the  mother 
Gen.  ananiin,  of  the    - 
Dat.  anaja,     to  the    - 
Ace.   andjy,      the 
Voc. ./«  «;&«,     oh 
Abl.  anadan,  from  the - 


Plural. 

analar,         the  mothers. 
analarun,     of  the 
analara,       to  the     - 
analary,       the 
y«  analar,    oh 
analar  dan,  from  the - 


To  the  Vocative,  which  is  always  like  the  Nominative 
the  exclamations  o,  bre,  hej  or  ja  precede. 


SPECIMEN  OF  DECLENSION. 

The  Turks  add  the  following  postpositions  to  the  No 
minative. 


Consonant. 

Genitive        (&  h  (nasal) 
Dative  5    h 

Accusative    ^    i 

Turkish  (irammar. 


Vowel. 


—      50 


Although  there  are  in  reality  only  two  declensions, 
yet  the  modern  grammarians  adopt  four  different  forms 
for  each  declension,  which  the  euphony  of  the  language 
suggests,  namely: 

FIKST  DECLENSION. 

For  words  ending  in  a  Consonant: 

Hard.  Soft. 

Genitive       EN       OUN  IN       UN  <£  sagher-keef. 

Dative          A        A  E        E  5  he. 

Accusative  E         ou  i         u  ^  ye. 

Ablative       DAN     DAN  DEN     DEN  ^o  dal-noon. 

SECOND  DECLENSION. 

For  words  ending  in  a  Vowel: 

Hard.  Soft. 

Genitive       NEN     NOUN  NIN     NUN 

Dative          JA       JA  JE       JE 

Accusative  JE       jou  ji        ju 

Ablative       DAN     DAN  DEN     DEN 


noon-sdgher-keef. 
JL>  ye-he. 
ye-ye. 
dal-noon. 


FIEST  DECLENSION. 

Words  ending  in  a  Consonant  of  which  the  last  syl- 
lable is  hard. 

First  Class. 

Singular  &*JL>O  miff  red. 
Nom.  The  book, 
Gen.    of  the  book, 
Dat. 
Ace. 


to  the  book, 
the  book, 
Abl.      from  the  book, 


!  kltab. 
I  ki tab-en. 
j  kitdb-a. 

kitab-z. 

kitdb-dan. 


—      51      — 


Plural,  -t^  djem. 
Nom.   The  books, 
Gen.     of  the  books, 
Dat.     to  the  books, 
Ace.     the  books, 
Abl.      from  the  books, 


Second  Class. 
Singular. 


Nom.  The  bird, 

Gen.  of  the  bird, 

Dat.  to  the  bird, 

Ace.  the  bird, 

Abl.  from  the  bird, 


Nom.  The  birds, 

Gen.  of  the  birds, 

Dat.  to  the  birds, 

Ace.  the  birds, 

Abl.  from  the  birds, 


Plural. 

I 


kitab-lar. 

kitalo-lar-un. 

kitdb-lar-d. 

kitdb-lar-e. 

kitab-lar-dan. 


qush. 
qush-oun.. 
qush-a. 
qush-ou. 
qush- dan. 

qush-lar. 
qush-lar -un. 
qush-lar-d. 
qush-lar-e. 
qush-lar-ddn, 


Words  ending  in  a  Consonant  of  which  the  last  syllable 
is  soft. 

Third   Class. 


Singular. 


Nom.  The  language, 

Gen.  of  the  language, 

Dat.  to  the  language, 

Ace.  the  language, 

Abl.  from  the  language, 


J* 


dil. 
dll-ih. 
dil-e. 
dll-i. 

dil- den. 

4* 


—      52      — 


Plural. 

Nom.   The  languages, 
Gen.     of  the  languages, 
Dat.     to  the  languages, 
Ace.     the  languages, 
Abl.      from  the  languages, 


j^j 


Fourth  Class. 
Singular. 


Nom.   The  rose, 
Gen.  .  of  the  rose, 
Dat.      to  the  rose, 
Ace.     the  rose, 
Abl.     from  the  rose, 


Nom.  The  roses, 

Gen.  of  the  roses, 

Dat.  to  the  roses, 

Ace.  the  roses, 

Abl.  from  the  roses,  - 


Plural. 


dil-ler. 
dil-ler -In. 
dil-ler -e. 
dil-ler-i. 
dil-ler-den. 


gul-un. 
\  gill-e. 
|  gul-il 
|  gill-den. 

I  gul-ler. 
I   gul-ler-in. 

gul-ler-e. 

gul-ler-i. 

gul-ler-den, 


SECOND  DECLENSION. 
Words  ending  in  a  vowel  of  which  the  last  syllable  is 


hard. 


First  Class. 
Singular. 


Nom.   The  chamber, 
Gen.     of  the  chamber, 


oda. 
oda-n-en. 


—      53      — 


Dat.     to  the  chamber, 
Ace.     the  chamber, 
Abl.     from  the  chamber, 


oda-j-d. 
odd-j-e. 
odd-dan. 


Plural. 


Nom.   The  chambers, 
Gen.     of  the  chambers, 
Dat.     to  the  chambers, 
Ace.      the  chambers, 
Abl.      from  the  chambers, 


oda-lar. 

odd-ldr-un. 

odd-ldr-d. 

odd-ldr-e. 

odd-ldr-ddn, 


Nom.  The  box, 

Gen.  of  the  box, 

D%t.  to  the  box, 

Ace.  the  box, 

Abl.  from  the  box, 


Second  Class, 
Singular. 


20 


qutu-nun. 
qutu-jd. 
qutu-ju. 
qiitu-ddn. 


Plural. 


Nom.  The  boxes, 

Gen.  of  the  boxes, 

Dat.  to  the  boxes, 

Ace.  the  boxes, 

Abl.  from  the  boxes, 


I   qutu-ldr. 
\   qutu-ldr -un. 
;   qutu-ldr-d. 
\   qutu-ldr-e. 
qutu-ldr-ddn. 


Words  ending  in  a  vowel  of  which  the  last  syllable 
is  soft. 


54      — 


Nom.  The  vinegar, 

Gen.  of  the  vinegar, 

Dat.  to  the  vinegar, 

Ace.  the  vinegar, 

Abl.  from  the  vinegar, 


Third  Class. 
Singular. 

dbtt&AM 


Nom.  The  vinegars, 

Gen.  of  the  vinegars, 

Dat.  to  the  vinegars, 

Ace.  the  vinegars, 

Abl.  from  the  vinegars. 


Plural 


\  wj^u 


sirke. 

sirke-n-in. 

sirke-j-e. 

sirke-j-i. 

sirke-den. 


sirke-ler. 
sirke-ler-m. 
sirke-ler-e. 
sirke-ler-i. 
sirke-ler -den. 


Fourth  Class, 
Singular. 


Nom.  The  bridge, 

Gen.  of  the  bridge, 

Dat.  to  the  bridge, 

Ace.  the  bridge, 

Abl.  from  the  bridge, 


Nom.  The  bridges, 

Gen.  of  the  bridges, 

Dat.  to  the  bridges, 

Ace.  the  bridges, 

Abl.  from  the  bridges, 


Plural. 


koprii. 

kopru-nun. 

kopru-je. 

kopru-ju. 

kopru-den. 


kopru-ler. 

kdpru-ler-un. 

kopru-le-re. 

kopru-ler-i. 

kopru-ler-den. 


—      55      ~- 


THE   ADJECTIVE. 

The  Turkish  adjective  is  exactly  like  the  english,  un- 
declinable, nor  does  it  change  either  in  singular,  plural, 
or  gender;  and  it  always  stands  before  the  noun: 
guzel  at,  a  fine  horse — guzel-dtldr,  fine  horses. 

COMPARISONS  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

The  comparative  is  formed  by  placing  the  word  dahi, 
or  daha  (more)  — ^-t>  or  cok  (much)  ,v,^  before  the  posi- 
tive as: 

Inge,  thin — ddhd  Inge,  thinner, 

but  it  is  more  elegant  to  form  the  comparative  by  adding 
the  syllable  rek  after  soft,  and  rdk,  after  hard  finals  as: 
dhmdk,  stupid,   comp.  dhmdkrdk,  more  stupid. 
gutsel,    pretty        -        gutselrek,    prettier. 
The  Superlative  is  formed  by  placing  the  words  <&\  en, 
&*  peki  »<>Ls)  tsijdde,  oole.  ghajet,  before  the  Positive  as: 
en  gutsel,  very  beautiful  or  the  most  beautiful. 
pek  fend,  the  worst. 
tstjdde  mdlli,  very  rich. 

FORMATION  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives  may  be  formed  from  nouns  by  the  syllables 
7i7,  U  or  lii,  (jj — J)  as: 

"itibar,  the  honour  —  Wbdrli,  honourable, 
akll,      reason          —  akilli,     reasonable. 
kir,       dirt,  —  kirli,      dirty. 


—      56      — 

osman,  the  Turk  —   osmarili,  turkish. 

magar,  the  Hungarian  —  magarli,  hungarian. 
osmarili  tutun,     turkish  tobacco. 
magarli  sarab,     hungarian  wine. 

The  syllables  clshe,  and  yWi,  are   also  used  to   form 
adjectives,  as: 

franzits  g~i¥i,*  like  a  Frenchman. 
nemce  gib'i,      like  a  German. 
arab  gibi,         like  an  Arab. 


ADJECTIVES. 


Red, 

white, 

black, 

yellow, 

green, 

blue, 

great, 

small, 

good, 

bad, 

wide, 

straight, 

long, 

short, 

heavy, 

light, 

new, 

old, 


V    * 


qermeze. 

beydz. 

s'tydh  — 

sure. 

yeshil. 

mdvl. 

biiyilk. 

kiltchuk. 

eiu. 

fena — kern. 

inlu. 

doghrii. 

uzun. 

k'issah. 

dgher. 

khdfif. 

yeni. 

eski. 


—      57      — 


difficult, 

easy, 

strong, 

weak, 

handsome, 

ugly, 

hard, 

soft, 

full, 

empty, 

sweet, 

sour, 

clean, 

dirty, 

hot, 

cold. 

dry, 

wet, 

high, 

low, 

near, 

far, 

much, 

little, 

wise, 

stupid, 

brave, 

timid, 

polite, 

vulgar, 


ar" 


gutch. 

coldi. 

cuvetlu. 

zebun. 

guzeL 

tchirkin. 

cdti. 

yumshac. 


bosh. 

tatlu. 

ddji. 

temiz. 

murddr. 

zssi. 

souk. 

I 

curu. 

jdshlu. 

yuksek. 

dltchdc. 

ydqen. 

uzdc. 

tchoc. 

dz. 

akellu. 

ahmac. 

shedja'atlu. 

corcdc. 

edeblu. 

bciyaghi. 


—      58      — 


cruel, 

humane, 

generous. 

faithful, 

just, 

unjust, 


zalim. 

muruvetlu. 

djumerd. 

sadakatlu. 

^adaletlu. 

insafstz. 


NUMERALS. 
1.    CARDINAL  NUMBERS. 

The  Turks  have  two  methods  of  computation,  one  by 
ciphers  (which  we  give  below)  the  other  by  letters  of.  the 
alphabet,  which  is  now  rarely  used. 
1.  one, 

ikl. 

titch. 

dort. 

besh. 

altee. 

yed~i. 

seklz. 

dhoquz. 

on. 

on-bir. 

on-lki. 

dn-utch. 

dn-dort. 

on-besh. 

on-dltee. 


2. 

two, 

Jo!     F 

3. 

three, 

A     (» 

4. 

four, 

) 

5. 

five, 

••  « 

^j*O        d 

6. 

six, 

ts^'    ** 

7. 

seven, 

^Ju     v 

8. 

eight, 

'*>AtaAU           A 

9. 

nine, 

\*Ju0      ^ 

10. 

ten, 

(J^    ^ 

11. 

eleven, 

^  (J^  tf 

12. 

twelve, 

^  u;'    ^ 

13. 
14. 

thirteen, 
fourteen, 

1                  t           »UJ 

5*    \  & 

15. 

fifteen, 

(J^?  oJ     I* 

16. 

sixteen, 

.LJI  (.t.t    11 

—      59      — 


17.  seventeen, 

18.  eighteen, 

19.  nineteen, 

20.  twenty, 

21.  twenty-one, 

22.  twenty-two, 

23.  twenty-three, 

24.  twenty-four, 

25.  twenty-five, 

26.  twenty-six, 

27.  twenty-seven, 

28.  twenty-eight, 

29.  twenty-nine, 

30.  thirty, 

31.  thirty-one, 

32.  thirty-two, 
40.  forty, 

50.  fifty, 
60.  sixty, 

70.  seventy, 

71.  seventy-one, 

72.  seventy-two, 
80.  eighty, 

90.  ninety, 

91.  ninety-one, 

100.  one  hundred, 

101.  hundred  and 

one, 

102.  hundred  and 

two, 


tv 

U 

14 


o 


Fa 

F1 
Fv 
FA 


rt 


o/5  * 
JJ!    *. 


A* 


1( 


on-yedi. 

on-sekiz. 

on-dhdquz. 

yirmi. 

yirmi  loir. 

yirmi  iki. 

y'lrrni  iitsh. 

yirmi  dort. 

yirmi  besh. 

yirmi  dltee. 

yirmi  yedi. 

yirmi  sekiz. 

yirmi  dhoquz. 

otuz. 

otuz  ITir. 

otuz  iki. 

qirq. 

elli. 

dltmish. 

yetmish. 

yetmish  bir. 

yetmish  iki. 

seksen. 

dhoqsdn. 

dhoqsdn  bir. 

yuz. 

yuz  bir. 

yuz  iki. 


—      60      — 


200.  two  hundred, 
300.  three  hundred, 
1000.  a  thousand, 
2000.  two  thousand, 
one  million, 


iki  yuz. 
utsh  yuz. 

iki  bin. 
ITir  milyon. 


2.   ORDINAL  NUMBERS. 

The  ordinal  numbers  are  formed  by  the  addition   of 
the  particle  .^^  indjy,  to  the  cardinal. 

birindjy. — ilk. 

ikmdju. 

utchundjy. 

dordundjy. 

beshindjy. 

altindjy. 

yedmdjy. 

sekizindjy. 

dhoquzundjy. 

onimdjy. 

on  Urindjy. 

on  ikindjy. 

on  utchundjy. 

on  dordundjy. 

on  beshindjy. 


The  first, 
the  second, 
the  third, 
the  fourth, 
the  fifth, 
the  sixth, 
the  seventh, 
the  eighth, 
the  ninth, 
the  tenth, 
the  eleventh, 
the  twelfth, 
the  thirteenth, 
the  fourteenth, 
the  fifteenth, 

&c. 

the  twentieth, 
the  twenty-first, 
the  twenty-second, 


yirmmdjy. 
yirmi  birindjy. 
yirmi  ikindjy. 


—      61      — 


the  twenty-third, 
the  thirtieth, 
&c. 


j    I   ylrmi  utchundjy. 
j   otiizindjy. 

I 


The  ordinal  numhers  are  declinable;  they  always  pre- 
cede the  subject  counted. 


3.    FRACTIONAL  NUMBERS. 


Half, 

the  third  part, 

the  quarter, 

the  fifth  part, 
the  sixth  part, 


^ 


r? 


yarem. — yare. 
utchte  blr. —  sills, 
dortte  Ur.  —  bir 

rub', 
beshte  blr.  —  bir 

khums. 
dltedd  bir.  —  blr 

suds. 


4.    DISTRIBUTIVE  NUMBERS. 

The  distributive  numbers  are  formed  by  adding  to  the 
cardinal  the  termination  *  er,  for  those  ending  ,in  a  con- 
sonant, and  *,&  shr  for  those  ending  in  a  vowel. 

One  by  one,  singly, 
two  and  two,  the  pair, 
three  and  three,  by  threes, 
four  and  four,  by  fours, 
five  and  five,  by  fives, 


birer. 

ikisher. 

utsher. 

dorder. 

besher. 


—      62      — 


PRONOUNS. 
1.    PEKSONAL  PKONOUNS. 


Nom.   I, 
Gen.     of  me, 
Dat.     to  me, 
Ace.     me, 
Abl.     from  me, 


Nom.  We, 

Gen.  of  us, 

Dat.  to  us, 

Ace.  us, 

Abl.  from  us, 


First  Person. 

Singular. 

uH 

ben. 

r^ 

bemm. 

i^: 

baha. 

^ 

bent. 

^JoL? 

ben  den 

Plural 

, 

•o 

biz. 

ryj 

bizim. 

9? 

bizeh. 

bizt. 

^ 

bizden  . 

Second  Person. 
Singular. 


Nom.  Thou, 

&" 

sen. 

Gen.    of  thee, 

dUu* 

senm. 

Dat.     to  thee, 

IJL 

sana. 

Ace.     thee, 

(5^ 

sent. 

Abl.     from  thee, 

^JU^ 

sen  den 

Plural 

Nom.  You, 

JT1 

siz. 

Gen.    of  you, 

i)Ly 

sizm. 

—      63      — 


Dat.     to  you, 
Ace.     you, 
Abl.     from  you, 


sizeh. 
sizt. 
\       sizden. 


Nona.  He,  she,  it, 
Gen.     of  him,  her,  it, 
Dat.     to  him,  her,  it, 
Ace.     him,  her,  it, 
Abl.     from  him,  her  it, 


Third  Person. 

Singular. 

Jjl  —  ^ 

0,   O/. 

» 

db! 

Oftim  (anun) 

? 

iri 

ona  (ana). 

• 

C5^' 

onu. 

it, 

Jo! 

on  dan. 

Norn.   They, 
Gen.     of  them, 
Dat.     to  them, 
Ace.     them, 
Abl.     from  them, 


Plural. 

\ 


^. 


onlar. 
onlarin. 
onlard. 
onlari. 
onlar  dan. 


2.  POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

From  the  Genitive  of  the  Personal  pronouns  are  formed 
the  possessive  pronouns,  namely: 


benim,  mine,  my. 
senin^  thine,  thy. 
onun,  his,  her. 

They   are   used  like   the  Adjectives,   and  remain  un- 
changed under  all  circumstances. 


j  "bizim,      our,  ours. 
^  sizm,       your,  yours. 
onldrm,  their,  theirs. 


2.   Affixed  Pronouns,  are  however  generally  employed 
by  the  Turks,  namely: 
mine  after  a  vowel  is  expressed  by  m,  *, 

after  a  consonant  by  im,  urn,  um. 
our     after  a  vowel  by  mis,  mils,  mils,  yo, 
after  a  consonant  nriis,  iimus,  umus. 
et,  the  meat,  —  etirnls,  our  meat, 

•. 

thine  after  a  vowel  by  w,  after  a  consonant  by  m,  tin,  ww,  <£. 

sac-in,  thy  hair  —  sdcldr-in,  thy  hairs, 
?/owr  after  a  vowel  by  w7s,  wws,  nz7s —  after   a  consonant 
by  mts,  units,  unus,  J?'. 

usta-nis,  your  master  —  ustalar-ims,  your  masters. 
his,  her  after  a  consonant  by  i,  u,  u,    _  after  a  vowel  by 


-jgu 


as: 


,  the  red"  (turkish)  cap  —  fezJ,  his,  her  red  cap. 
Inna,  the  building  —  binasi,  his,  her  building. 


EXAMPLES: 

baba,  father,  bdbam,  my  father,  baban,  thy  father,  babasj, 
his  father,  bdbamls,  our  father,  bdbams,  your  father, 
bdbdldri,  their  father. 


e/,  hand, 


God, 


?,  the  way, 


,  book, 


ehm, 

eli-mis, 


my  hand, 
our  hand, 


attahim,     my  God, 
oMdhimis,  our  God, 


my  way, 
our  way, 
"kitabiwi,  my  book, 
kitdbimzs,  our  book, 


e?M&,          thy  hand, 
elmls,       your  hand, 
dttdhin,     thy  God, 
dlldhmis,  your  God, 


thy  way, 


wlunus,  your  way, 
kitdbm,  thy  book, 
Jcitdbmis,  your  book, 


efe, 

his  hand. 

elileri, 

their  hand. 

attain, 

his  God. 

allahlarl, 

their  God. 

wlu, 

his  way. 

wldri, 

their  way. 

kitdbi, 

his  book. 

Tcitdbldri, 

their  book. 

—      65      — 


All  Substantives,  which  have  taken  the  possessive  ter- 
mination are  regularly  declined  thus: 


Singular. 

N.      bdbdm,        my     father, 
G.   •  babamm,     of  my 
D.     babamd,       to  my 
Ace.  babamt,       my 
Abl.  babamddn,  from  my  - 


Plural. 

babalarim,        my       fathers. 
babalarimm,     of  my 
babalarimd,      to  my 
babalarimi,       my 
balalarimddn,   from  my  - 


SPECIMENS  OF  DECLENSION  WITH  POSSESSIVE  AFFIXES. 


Nom.   My  son, 
Gen.     of  my  son, 
Dat.     to  my  son, 
Ace.     my  son, 
Abl.     from  my  son, 


Singular. 
(r  my.) 


oghlum. 

oghlumuh. 

oghlumdh. 

oghlumi. 

oghlumddn. 


Singular. 
(i£  thy). 


Nom.  NThy  friend, 
Gen.     of  thy  friend, 
Dat.     to  thy  friend, 
Ace.     thy  friend, 
Abl.     from  thy  friend, 


do  s  tin. 
dostinin. 
dostindh. 
dostini. 
do  s  tin  dan. 


Turkish  Grammar. 


—      66      — 


Singular. 
y>  his,  her.) 


Nona.  His  bread, 
Gen.     of  his  bread, 
Dat.     to  his  bread, 
Ace.     his  bread, 
Abl.     from  his  bread, 


ekmeguy. 

ekmeguinun. 

ekmeguineh. 

ekmeguini. 

ekmeguinden. 


The  pronouns,  mine,  thine,  his,  &c.,  are  expressed  by 
the  genitive  cases   of  their  respective  persons  ^  .  ben, 
sen,  J.t  ol,  &c.;  followed  by  the  relative  ^ki;  as: 

benumki. 
senufiki. 


mine 


thine, 
his, 

ours, 

yours, 

theirs, 


Myself,  thyself,  &c.;  are  expressed  by  ^Jo5"  kendu, 
kendi,  to  which  are  joined  the  corresponding  possessive 
Affixes,  as: 


anuiiki. 

bizumki. 
sizunki. 
anldrunki. 


myself, 
thyself, 

himself,  herself 


,  j 


>jos" 


ourselves, 

yourselves, 

themselves, 


kendum. 
kenduh. 
kendi. 
kendisi. 

kendumiz. 
kendunuz. 
kenduleri. 


—      67      — 


3.    DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


this,  that, 
this,  the  same, 
this, 


Nom.  This,  that, 

Gen.  of  this, 

Dat.  to  this, 

Ace.  this, 

Abl.  from  this, 


Nom.  These, 

Gen.  of  these, 

Dat.  to  these, 

Ace.  these, 

Abl.  from  these, 


shu. 

bu. 

ishbu. 

DECLENSION. 

Singular. 

XOj  •*& 


that, 
that, 


o. 
ol. 


bu,  shu,  ishbu. 

bunun. 

bund. 

bunu. 

bunddn. 


Plural. 


bunlar,  or  bunnar. 
bunldrin,  or  bunndrih. 
bunldrd,  or  bunndrd. 
bunldrz,  or  bunndri. 
bunlar dan ,  or  bunnar  dan, 


4.    RELATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

*5  kih)  who,  which,  that;  is  not  declinable,  but  is  joined 
to  .1  or  J.|  o,  ol,  with  which  it  forms  one  word. 

Singular. 

Nom.   Which,  that, 
Gen.     of  which, 
Dat.     to  which, 


Ace. 
Abl. 


which, 
from  which, 


111 


ki. 

ki  onun. 
ki  ond. 
ki  oni. 
ki  ondan. 


—      68      — 


5.    INTEBBOGATIVE  PRONOUNS. 


Who?  of  persons 

what?  of  things 

who?  which?  what?  which  one? 


20 


kim. 

ne. 

kanghi. 


DECLENSION. 

Singular. 

Nom 

.   Who,  which? 

jf 

kim. 

Gen. 

of  whom,  of 

which  ? 

(^ 

kimm. 

Dat. 

to  whom,  to 

which  ? 

^ 

kime. 

Ace. 

who,  which? 

(S+* 

kimi. 

Abl. 

from  whom? 

U^ 

kimden. 

Plural. 

Nom 

.   Who,  which? 

JU^ 

kimler. 

Gen. 

of  whom,  of 

which? 

^juy 

kimlerm. 

Dat. 

to  whom,  to 

which? 

aJUS^ 

kimlere. 

Ace. 

who,  which? 

^JU*' 

kimleri. 

Abl. 

from  whom? 

<jV+r 

kimler  den. 

Singular. 

Nom 

.   What? 

XJ> 

ne. 

Gen. 

of  what? 

(^020 

nenm  . 

Dat. 

to  what? 

30^ 

neje. 

Ace. 

what? 

J2O 

nehji. 

Abl. 

from  what? 

^^ 

neden. 

When  preceding 

an  Adjective,  it  signifies  how;  as 

how 

handsome, 

J\«5^*ao                ne  guzel  . 

how 
how 

many, 
happy, 

\  Jo  ao                ne  cdddr. 
JLbxj  20                 ne  mutlu. 

—      69      — 


When  followed  by  a  substantive,  it  becomes  an  Ad- 
jective; as:  id  *t>t  &  ne  ddem  dir,  what  man  is  it? 

The  interrogative  pronoun  ,-AxS  kdnghi,  which;  always 
precedes  the  substantive,  and  is  indeclinable  unless  joined 


with  the  possessive  Affixes. 
house? 


kanghi  ev,  which 


Examples. 

kirn  dir  o?  who  is  that? 

klme  jasdm?  to  whom  hast  thou  written? 

ne  vdr?  what  is  it? 

nem  vdr?  what  have  I? 

nenln  dir  su?  to  what  belongs  that? 

kdnghy  elmds?  which  diamond? 

kdnghy  at?  which  horse? 

kdng.hymis?  which  of  us? 


6.   INDEFINITE  PEONOUNS. 


a  certain  one, 

some  one,  some-body, 

any-one, 

all,  every, 

each,  every-one,  all, 


another, 

no  one,  none, 

nothing, 

such  a  one,  a  certain  one, 


bir  kimse. 
bir  kishi. 

her. 

her  birJ. 
her  kess* 
he  pis  si. 
ghairi. 

hich  bir  kimse. 
hich  Ur  shei. 
filldn. 


—      70      — 


the  other, 

whoever, 
whatever, 


ol  far. 
her  kim. 
her  kdnghl. 
her  ne. 


nereli  means:   from  which  country,  nereli  zsm?  what 
countryman  are  you? 

kimze,  nobody  —  kimze  gelmedl,  nobody  has  come. 


THE   YEEB. 

There  are  in  the  Turkish  Language  verbal  forms  for 
any  possible  action,  that  one  may  want  to  expressed. 
One  or  two  letters  are  however  sufficient  to  give  to  the 
active  verb  an  entirely  different  signification;  it  is 
between  the  root  and  the  termination  of  the  verb  that 
this  insertion  takes  place. 

Every  turkish  verb  ends  in  the  infinitive  either  in  mek 
or  mdk. 

Those  whose  root  has  a  soft  vowel  end  in  mek  those 
with  a  hard  vowel  end  in  mdk. 

The  Passive  Verb  is  formed  by  placing  J  lam,  before 
the  terminations  v£Jlx>  mek,  or  j^o  mdk;  as;  dixy*,  sevmek, 
to  love;  dLfrJ^w  sevllmek,  to  be  loved. 

The  Negative  form  of  the  Verb  is  formed  by  adding  to 
the  root  *  mim,  as;  dLJ^I  olmek,  to  die;  dU^t  olmemek, 
not  to  die;  (j^j'l  atmak,  to  throw;  ^J-M^'I  dtmdmdk,  not  to 
throw. 


The  Impossible  is  formed  from  the  Negative  by  insert- 
ing 5  eh,  or  |  ah,  before  the  negative  terminations  dUx> 
memek;  <o.vo  mamak,  as : 

*•  dUxu.-uw    sevmemek,   not    to  love;    dL+xj*.^  sevehmemek, 
to  be  unable  to  love. 

The  Reciprocal  is  formed  by  inserting  ^&  sh,  to  the 
root;  viLo^uw  sevmek,  to  love;  viL^..,*,  sevishmek,  to  love 
one  another. 

The  Causal  Verb  is  formed  by  inserting  ^  dir,  or  J> 
tir,  dUJJ  olmek,  to  die;  dUujJJ  oldlrmek,  to  cause  to 
die,  to  kill. 

The  Reflective  Verb  is  formed  by  inserting  ^  to  the 
root;  vdo<K.X  gormek.  to  see;  dl^..^  gormmek,  to  see 
one's  self. 


TABLE  OF  THE  FORMATION  OF  TURKISH 
From  the  Act.  Verb,  to  love, 


2 


Negat.:     not  to  love, 


cu     I  Imposs.:   to  be  unable  to  love, 
From  the  Causal  V.  to  make  one  love, 
Negat. :     not  to  make  one  love, 

Imposs. :    to  be  unable  to  make 
one  love, 
From  the  Passive:    to  be  loved, 

Negat.:     not  to  be  loved, 

Imposs.:    not   be    able   to  be 
loved, 

Causal :     to  cause  to  be  loved, 
From  the  Reflective  to  love  one's  self, 

Negat. :     not  to  love  one's  self, 

Imposs. :    to  be  imposs.  to  love 
one  self, 

Causal:      to    make    one    self 
loved, 

Negat. :     not    to     make    one 
self  loved, 

Imposs.:   to  be  imposs.  to  make 
one  self  loved, 
From  the  Recip.      to  love  each  other, 

Negat.:     not    to    love    each 
other, 

Imposs.:    to  be  imp.  to  love, 
Passive:    to  be  loved  mutually, 

Causal:     not     to     be     loved 
mutually, 

Imp.  of  d°  to  be  unable  to  be 

loved  mutually, 

Caus.ofr.  to  make    one    love 

another, 

Neg.  of  C.  not  to  make,  d°, 
Imp.  of  C.  to  be  imp.;  d°3 


i;wj-, 

*)*r* 


r* 
y^r* 


•  N  fc^N-  •.<WU 
tjtef*, 

I*JM 


MM 


'•*W 

?\(.A».UJ*^uw 


X 

\  CAxA-w  ««w 


VERBS. 

sevmek. 

sevmemek. 

sevememek.     -» 

sevdirmek. 

sevdirmemek. 

sevdirememek. 

sevilmek. 

sevilmemek. 

sevilememek. 

sevildirmek. 
sevinmek. 
sevinmemek. 
sevinememek. 

sevindirmek. 

sevindirmemek. 

sevindirememck. 

sevishmek. 
sevishmemek. 

sevishememek. 

sevishilmek. 

sevishilmemek. 

sevishilememek. 
sevishdirmek. 

sevisdirmemek. 
sevishdirememek. 


—      73      — 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB. 


to  be, 


olmac. 


I  am, 
thou  art, 
he  is, 

we  are, 
you  are, 
they  are, 


I  was, 
thou  wast, 
he  was, 

we  were, 
you  were, 
they  were, 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
PRESENT. 


y/> 


IMPERFECT. 


PERFECT. 


I  was,  or  have  been, 
thou  wast,  or  hast  been, 
he  was,  or  has  been. 

we  were,  or  have  been, 
you  were,  or  have  been, 
they  were,  or  have  been, 


im. 
sen. 
dir,  der. 

iz. 

siz — simz. 

dirler,  derler. 


idim. 
idih. 
idi. 

idik. 

idihiz. 

idiler. 


imishim. 
imishsiz. 
imishdir. 

imishiz. 

imishsiz. 

imishlerdir. 


74      — 


COMPOUND  OP  PERFECT. 


I  had  been, 

* 

Jot  (jSbJjl 

olmish  idim. 

thou  hadst  been, 

<a 

Jot  (ji^Jjt 

olmish  idin. 

he  had  been, 

(S 

Jot  (jic*J^t 

olmish  idi. 

we  had  been, 

J 

t\-j|     (JM^J^I 

olmish  idik. 

you  had  been, 

1 

:• 

tXs!  yi^J«l        olmish  idiniz. 

they  had  been, 

s 

J 

r 

Lj 

Jo!  (jii-*J«!        olmish  idiler. 

FUTURE. 

I  shall,  or  will  be, 

r;r^ 

olurim. 

thou  shalt,  or  wilt  be 

» 

c^;^' 

olur  sen. 

he  shall,  or  will  be, 

;^l 

olur. 

we  shall,  or  will  be, 

;;^| 

oluriz. 

you  shall,  or  will  be, 

olursiz. 

they  shall,  or  will  be, 

y^1 

olurler. 

CONDITIONAL. 

I  would  be. 

(•^•J.l      olur  dim. 

^4>s»J.I      olurdik. 

^X>  v  «J  •  1      olur  din 

j5t>  %  .J  .  1      o  /wr  tf  wzz  . 

(^^•J.t      olurdi. 

^Ov^iJJ      olurlerdi. 

COMPOUND 

OP 

CONDITIONAL. 

I  would  have  been, 

rju^;rr;t 

olurmishidim. 

thou  wouldst  have  been, 

c^Ju^x»;J.t 

olurmishidih. 

he  would  have  been, 

^ju^;^1 

olurmishidi. 

we  would  have  been, 

^Jjoui^os  J.l     olurmishiduk. 

you  would  have  been, 

/     *t**)r5* 

olurmishidiniz  . 

they  would  have  been,  | 

( 

y 

5 

olurmishidiler  . 
olur  mishler  idi. 

—      75      — 


IMPEBATIVE  MOOD. 


Be  thou, 
let  him  be, 

let  us  be, 

be  ye, 

let  them  be, 


olsun. 

olalem. 
olaniz,  or 
olsunler. 


OPTATIVE. 

PKESENT  OF  FUTUBE. 

That  I  may  be. 


ollam. 

ollasin. 

olid. 


COMPOUND  OF  PKESENT. 

That  I  may  have  been. 
olmish  ollam. 
olmish  ollasin. 
olid. 


IMPERFECT. 

that,      I 


I  might  be. 


olaidim. 
olaidih. 


ollaiiz. 
ollasiz. 
dialer. 


olmishollauz. 
olmish  ottasiz. 
ollaler. 


olaidik. 

olaidiniz 

olaleridi. 


—      76 


COMPOUND  OF  IMPERFECT. 

That  I  might  have  been. 

olmish  ollaidi. 
olmish  ollaidih. 
olmish  ollaidi. 


olmish  ollaidik. 
olmish  ollaidihiz. 
olmish  ollaleridi. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
PRESENT  TENSE. 

If  I  be. 
eier  issam. 
eier  is  sen. 
eier  isseh. 


IMPERFECT 

If  I  were, 
eier  olsaidim. 
eier  olsaidih. 
eier  olsaidi. 


PERFECT. 


If  I  have  been,' 
if  thou  hast  been, 
if  he  has  been, 

if  we  have  been, 
if  you  have  been, 
if  they  have  been, 


eier  issek. 
eier  isseniz, 
eier  isseler. 


j!  S\  eier  olsaidik. 
eier  olsaidiniz. 


t  S\  eier 


olsaidiler. 


olmish  issam. 
eier  olmish  issan. 
eier  olmish  isseh. 

eier  olmish  issek. 
eier  olmish  issahiz. 
eier  olmish  isseler. 


—      77      — 


FUTUKE. 

If  I  shall  be. 

eier  olmish  olurim. 

eier  olmish  olursen. 

eier  olmish  oliir. 

eier  olmish  oliiriz. 

eier  olmish  olursiz. 

eier  olmish  olurler. 


INFINITIVE  MOOD. 


To  be, 


olmac. 


Being, 

having  been, 
intending  to  be, 
whilst  being, 


GERUNDS. 


PARTICIPLE  PEESENT. 


Which  is, 


PAETICIPLE  PAST. 


Which  has  been, 


;JJ,I 


PAETIPIPLE  FUTUEE. 


Which  will  be, 
which  must  be, 


iken. 
olup. 
olidjac. 
olundjeh. 


ollan. 


olmish. 

imish. 

oldiik. 


oladjak. 
olmeli. 


The  negative  of  the  Verb  (J»*JJ  olmac,  to  be,  to  become, 
is  formed  by  the   insertion  of  a    *   before  the  termina- 


—      78      — 


tion  (j^o  mac;  when  used  as  Auxiliary,  it  is  formed  by 
prefixing  the  negative  particle  J^o  deyil,  to  the 
tenses. 


Not  to  be, 


EXAMPLE. 

(3++V 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT.  TENSE. 


I  am  not, 
thou  art  not, 
he  is  not, 

we  are  not, 
you  are  not, 
they  are  not, 


j»Jot 


IMPERFECT. 

I  was  not, 
deyil  idim. 
deyil  idin. 


PERFECT. 


I  have  not  been, 
thou  hast  not  been, 
he  has  not  been, 


we  have  not  been, 
you  have  not  been, 
they  have  not  been,    |   * 


olmamac. 


deyil  im. 
deyil  sen. 
deyil  dir. 

deyil  iz. 
deyil  siz. 
deyillerdir. 


idik' 
deyil  idiniz. 


deyil  imishim. 
deyil  imishsen. 
deyil  imishdir. 

deyil  imishiz. 
deyil  imishsiz. 
deyil  imishlerdir. 


—      79      — 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
PRESENT  AND  FUTURE. 


If  I  be  not, 
if  thou  be  not, 
if  he  be  not, 

if  we  be  not,  &c. 

If  I  were  not, 
if  thou  wert  not, 
if  he  were  not,  &c. 


IMPERFECT. 


uuol  J5t> 


deyil  issam. 
deyil  issan. 
deyil  isseh. 

deyil  issek. 

deyil  issaidim. 
deyil  issaidin. 
deyil  issaidi. 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  IMPERSONAL  VERB. 
There  is,  *&  J.  var  dir. 


INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 


There  is, 


IMPERFECT. 

There  was,        |      ^5  Jo! 


s 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PRESENT. 


If  there  be, 


If  there  had  been, 


There  being, 


IMPERFECT. 


x. 


GERUND. 


var  dir. 


var  idi. 


var  isseh. 


var  saidi. 


var  iken. 


—      80 


The    other  tenses,   are  derived  from  the  Verb 
olmac,  to  be. 

The  Negative  is  expressed  by: 


There  is  not, 


, 


yok  dir. 


There  is  not, 


There  was  not, 


INDICATIVE. 

PEESENT. 

)^  Oj£ 

|      yok  dir. 

IMPERFECT. 

^tXx^ 

yoghidi. 

If  there  be  not, 


If  there  had  not  been, 


There  not  being, 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PRESENT. 

1  •       *»**> 

|   yoghissah. 

IMPEEFECT. 

Jen,                  ^cXAju^C*»5 

|  yoghisaidi. 

GERUND. 


yoghiken. 


The  Turkish  language  possesses  no  verb  "to  have" 
but  they  use,  instead  of  it,  the  impersonal  Verb  *t>  J. 
var  dir,  preceded  by  the  genitive  cases  of  the  possessive 
pronouns. 

EXAMPLE. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

PEESENT. 

I  have,  (literally;  mine  there  is)  J.  *jb     benim  var. 

thou  hast,  J.  tjSJLuw     senih  var. 

)  i  ^^ 
he  has,  J.  (&±\     onin  var. 


81      — 


we  have, 
you  have, 
they  have, 


bizim  var. 
sizih  var. 
onlarin  var. 


IMPERFECT. 

I  had,  (mine  there  was.) 

benim  var  idi. 
senin  var  idi. 
onih  var  idi. 


bizim  var  idi. 
sizih  var  idi. 
onlarin  var  idi. 


FUTURE. 

I  shall  have,  (mine  there  will  be.) 
benim  olur. 
senin  olur. 
onih  olur. 


bizim  olur. 
sizih  olur. 
onlarin  olur. 


CONDITIONAL. 


I  should  have,  etc. 


Have  thou, 
let  him  have, 

Turkish  Grammar. 


•  IMPERATIVE. 


benim 


senin  olsun. 

onih  olsun. 
6 


82 


let  us  have, 

have  ye, 

let  them  have, 


bizim  olsun. 
sizin  olsun. 
'onlarin  olsun. 


And  so  on,  through  the  other  tenses  of  the  impersonal 
var  dir. 


Verb  . 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  NEGATIVE  OF  THE  VEBB  TO  HAVE. 

PRESENT. 

I  have  not,  (mine  there  is  not.) 
*t>  .J.J  jvJo  benim  yok  dir. 

senin  yok. 
onih  yok. 

bizim  yok. 
sizin  yok. 
onlarin  yok. 


I  had  not, 
we  had  not,  etc. 

If  I  have  not, 

if  we  have  not,  etc. 


IMPERFECT. 

xc»j  jv-o   |   benim  yoghidi. 
x£«->  *yy  |   bizim  yoghidi. 

CONDITIONAL  MOOD. 
XfcjJ    p-0 


benim  yoghissa. 


Lc«j  ^' 


bizim  yoghissd. 


COMPOUND  OF  PRESENT. 

If  I  have  not  had,  |  ^  Juu*fcfr«j  *jo  |  benim  yoghsaidi. 


if  we  have  not  had,  etc. 


zim  yoghsaidi. 


—      83 


CONJUGATION  OF  REGULAR  VERBS. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION  TERMINATING  IN  dLo  mek. 
INFINITIVE. 


to  love, 


SECOND  PRESENT. 

I  am  loving, 
seviorim. 
seviorsin. 
sevior. 


IMPERFECT. 

I  did  love, 
sever  dim. 
severdin. 
severdi. 


SECOND  IMPERFECT. 

I  was  loving,  &c. 


*4>s«-^ 


sevmek. 


INDICATIVE, 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

I  love, 

r;r* 

sever  im. 

thou  lovest, 

vj^r* 

sever  sin. 

he  loves, 

;r* 

sever. 

We  love, 

• 

sever  iz. 

you  love, 

'?*)?" 

seversiz. 

they  love, 

j)+"> 

severler. 

sevionz. 

seviorsiz. 

siviorler. 


sever 'dik. 

severdihiz. 

severdiler. 


sevior  dim. 


—      84      — 


«*W 


•»T\MM 


•M«M 
«-wu 


PERFECT. 

I  loved, 


sevdim. 

sevdin. 

sevdi. 


v3  ^  %_ AjV 

f**r> 


FUTURE. 

I  shall  or  will  love, 
seve-djeyim.      I          yjC^.-u; 
sevedjeksen.  yujC^.^ 

seve-djekder.     ^oJLjC^.*^ 

CONDITIONAL. 

I  would  or  could  love. 
severidim. 
severidih. 
sever  idi. 


COMPOUND  OF  PRESENT. 

I  have  loved, 
sevmishim. 
sevmishsen. 
sevmishdir. 


vAWwW./?»^v 


Love  thou, 
let  him  love, 


IMPEEATIVE  MOOD. 

r* 


sevdik. 

sevdihiz. 

sevdiler. 


seve-djeyiz. 

seve-djeksiz. 

seve-djeklerdi. 


severidik. 
sever  idimz. 
severleridi. 


sevmishiz. 

sevmishsiz. 

sevmishler. 


Let  us  love, 

love  ye, 

let  them  love, 


sevsin. 

sevelim. 
seveniz. 
sevsinler. 


—      85      — 


OPTATIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

That  I  may  love, 
seveyim. 
sevesin. 
seveh. 


«*4ttMM 


IMPERFECT. 

That  I  might  love, 
seveidim. 
seveidih. 
seveidi. 


seveiz. 

sevesiz. 

seveler. 


seveidik. 

seveidihiz. 

seveidiler. 


\+»j 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

If  I  love, 
seversem. 
severseh. 
severseh. 


IMPERFECT. 

If  I  did  love, 


sevsem. 
sevsen. 
sevseh. 

COMPOUND  OF  PRESENT. 

If  I  have  loved, 
sevmish  issem. 
sevmish  isseh. 
sevmish  isseh. 


seversek. 

severseniz. 

seversehler. 


sevsek. 

sevseniz. 

sevsehler. 


sevmish  issek. 
j  guo  «^w  sevmish  issehiz. 
sevmish  issehler. 


86      -i. 


PAST  IMPERFECT. 

If  I  had  loved, 


sevsehidim. 
sevsehidm. 
sevsehidi. 


*^ 


sevsehidik. 

sevsehidiniz. 

sevsehidiler. 


INFINITIVE. 


fc^w 


GERUNDS. 


to  love, 
to  have  loved, 
before  having  loved, 
after  having  loved, 
intending  to  love, 

In  loving, 

having  loved, 

in  continuing  to  love, 

loving, 

-^ 

INDECLINABLE  PARTICIPLES 

Present.  Loving, 

Past.  Loved, 

Present.  Declinable.  Loving, 
Past.       Declinable.  Loved, 

Future.  Intending  to  love, 

obliged  to  love, 


sevmek. 
sevmish  olmac. 
sevdikden  evel. 
sevdikden  sohra. 
sevedjek  olmac. 

sever  ken. 
severiken. 

sevip. 

severek. 

sevindjeh. 


sever, 
sevmish. 
seven, 
sevdik. 

sevedjek. 
sevmeli. 


tftdw 


—   87  — 


SECOND  CONJUGATION  TEEMINATING  IN  <J^  mac. 

INFINITIVE. 


To  look, 


bacmac. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
PRESENT  TENSE. 


I  look, 
thou  lookest, 
he  looks, 

~J  * 

bacarim. 
bacarsin. 
bacar. 

We  look, 
you  look, 
they  look, 

5S 

bacariz. 
bacarsiz. 
bacarler. 

SECOND  PRESENT. 

I  am  looking, 
L      bacaiorim. 
L      bacaiorsin. 
bacaior. 


L      bacaioriz. 
L      bacaiorsiz. 
bacaiorler. 


'Y**» 


IMPERFECT. 

I  did  look, 

bacardim. 

,vjy.sL      "bacardik. 

bacardin. 

yTt>ySLj      bacardiniz. 

bacardi. 

vJLsOvi'Lj      bacar  diler. 

SECOND  IMPERFECT. 


I  was  looking,  &c. 


bacaiordim, 


—      88      — 


* 


PEEFECT. 

I  looked, 


bacdim. 
bacdin. 
bacdi. 


FUTURE. 

I  shall  or  will  look, 
bacadjdghim. 
bacadjaksen. 
bacadjakdir. 


CONDITIONAL. 

I  would  or  could  look, 
bacaridim. 
bacaridih. 
bacaridi. 


COMPOUND  OF  PKESENT. 

I  have  looked, 
bacmishim. 
bacmishen. 
bacmishdir. 


bacdik. 

bacdiniz. 

bacdiler. 


bacadjaghiz. 
bacadjaksiz. 
bacadjaklar. 


bacaridik. 

bacaridiniz. 

bacarlaridi. 


bacmishiz. 

bacmtshsiz. 

bacmishler. 


IMPERATIVE   MOOD. 


Look  thou, 
let  him  look, 

Let  us  look, 

look  ye, 

let  them  look, 


bac. 
bacsin. 

bacalim. 
bacaniz. 
bacsinler. 


—      89 


* 


OPTATIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

That  I  may  look, 
bacayim. 
bacasen. 
baca. 


JssL 


IMPERFECT. 

That  I  might  look, 
bacaidim. 
bacaidin. 
bacaidi. 


bacauz. 
bacasiz. 
bacaler. 


bacaidik. 

bacaidiniz. 

bacaidiler. 


/*> 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

If  I  look, 
bacarsam. 
bacarsan. 
bacarsah. 


J 


IMPERFECT. 

If  I  did  look, 


^ 


bacsdm. 
bacsan. 
bacsah. 


COMPOUND  OF  PRESENT. 

If  I  have  looked, 
bacmish  issem. 
bacmish  is  sen. 
bacmish  isseh. 


bacarsac. 

bacarsafiiz. 

bacarsaler. 


bacsac. 

bacsaniz. 

bacsaler. 


bacmish  issek. 
bacmish  issehiz, 
bacmishissehler. 


90 


PAST  IMPERFECT. 

If  I  had  looked, 
bacsaidim. 
bacsaidin. 


O. 


bacsaidic. 
bacsaidmiz. 


bacsaidi.  Jb<Xu*J>b      bacsaidiler 


INFINITIVE. 


J.I  . 


GERUNDS. 


To  look, 
to  have  looked, 
before  looking, 
after  looking, 
intending  to  look, 

In  looking, 


having  looked, 

in  looking  (constantly), 

in  looking, 

INDECLINABLE  PARTICIPLES 

Present.  Looking, 

Past.  looked, 

Declinable  Present.  Looked, 
Declinable  Past.       Looked, 


bacmac. 
bacmish  olmac. 
bacdikden  evel. 
bacdikden   sonra. 
bacadjac  olmac. 

bacarken. 
\     bacariken. 

bacip. 

bacarak. 

bakindjeh. 


Future. 


Intending  to  look, 
obliged  to  look, 


bacar. 
bacmish. 
toucan, 
bacdik. 

bacadjak. 
bacmali. 


—      91      — 


CONJUGATION  OF  A  NEGATIVE  VERB. 

The  negative  Verb  is  formed  by  adding  .»  mim  to  the 
root  through  all  its  Moods  and  Tenses;  the  indeclinable 
Participle  present,  instead  of  ending  in  ,  as  in  the  affir- 
mative Verbs,  forms  its  termination  in  yc  pronounced 
mez  or  maz,  according  as  the  Infinitive  ends  in  ^Lo  mek, 
or  jo  mac. 


To  speak, 
not  to  speak. 


EXAMPLE. 


sdilemek. 
soilememek. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

PKESENT. 


I  do  not  speak, 
thoudoestnot  speak, 
he  does  not  speak, 

We  do  no  speak, 
you  do  not  speak, 
they  do  not  speak, 


SECOND  PKESENT. 

I  am  not  speaking 
soilemeiorem. 
soilemeiorsin. 
soilemeior. 


soilemem. 

sdilemezsin. 

soilemez. 

soilemeziz. 

soilemezsiz. 

soilemezler. 


soilemeioriz. 
s o Hem e'io rsiz . 
sdilemeiorler . 


—      92      — 

IMPERFECT. 

I  did  not  speak, 
«  sbilemezdim.     \ 
M  sbilemezdin.  -S^>\ 

*  sbilemezdi. 

SECOND  IMPERFECT. 

I  was  not  speaking,  &c.   I    ^ 


PERFECT. 

I  spoke  not, 
soilemedim. 
soilemedin. 
sbilemedi. 


FUTURE. 


I  will  not  speak, 


sbilemezdik. 

soilemezdiniz. 

soilemezdiler. 

soilemeiordim. 


soilemedik. 

sbilemedmiz. 

sbilemediler. 


sbilemeyedjegim. 


The  other  tenses  are  formed  in  the  like  manner. 

GERUND. 
not  speaking,         |  ^jJot  yjb^-. 


sbile'mez  ikin. 


CONJUGATION  OF  A  VEEB  INTEEEOGATIVELY. 
When  a  verb  is  used  interrogatively,  the  interrogative 
particle      o  mi,  is  inserted  immediately  after  the  root. 


INFINITIVE. 


To  know, 


dLJb 


Wmek. 


Do  I  know? 
dost  thou  know? 
does  he  know? 


INDICATIVE   MOOD. 
PRESENT. 

or 


Hilirmi  tm. 
bilirmisen. 
HUrmi. 


93 


Do  we  know? 
do  you  know? 
do  they  know? 


bilirmiiz. 

bilirmisiz. 

bilirmiler. 


IMPERFECT. 


Did  I  know? 


or 


bihrmidim. 


yo  v  Jb    bilirmidin  . 
UUrmidi. 


^JJoucs  Jb   bilirmidik. 

bilirmidiniz  . 
Mirmidiler  . 


JLj  <X 


PERFECT. 


Did  I  know? 


^4.4.3  tX-L 


mi. 


FUTURE. 

Shall  I  know? 
*JUL*JL=* jJb   UUdjekmi  im. 
^.-wwuL^j^Jb   bilidjekmi  sen. 
Widjek  mi. 


bildiniz  mi. 
bildiler  mi. 


^  JLj   bilidjekmi  iz. 
j   bilidjekmisimz. 
bilidjek  miler. 


CONDITIONAL. 

Like  the  Imperfect,   &c.  &c. 


CONJUGATION  OF  A  VEEB. 


NEGATIVELY  AND  INTERROGATIVELY. 


To  understand? 
not  to  understand, 


anlamac. 
anlamamac. 


—      94      — 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT  OR  FUTURE. 

Do  I  not  understand? 
dost  thou  not  understand  ? 
does  he  not  understand? 


Do  we  not  understand? 
do  you  not  understand? 
do  they  not  understand? 


IMPERFECT. 

Did  I  not  understand? 


anlamaz  mi  im. 
ahldmdz  mi  sen. 
ahldmdz  mi. 

ahldmdz  mi  iz. 
ahldmdz  mi  siniz. 
ahldmdz  mi  dirler. 


r 


anlamaz  mi  dim. 
ahldmdz  mi  din. 
anlamaz  mi  di. 

ahldmdz  mi  dik. 
anlamaz  mi  dihiz. 
ahldmdz  mi  diler. 


PERFECT. 

Did  I  not  understand? 

ahldmddim  mi. 
ahldmddih  mi. 
ahldmddi  mi. 


ahldmddik  mi. 
ahldmddimz  mi. 
ahldmddiler  mi. 


—      95      — 

FUTURE. 

Shall  I  not  understand. 
fi^  aj(+)&]  ahlamaiadjakmi  im. 

ahlamaiadjakmisen. 

ahlamaiadjakmi. 


ahlamaiadjak  mi  iz. 
ahlamaiadjak  mi  sihiz. 
ahlamaiadjak  mi  ler. 


CONDITIONAL. 

Like  the  Imperfect.   &c.  &c. 


ADVERBS. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  adverb's  in  Turkish,  for 
besides  the  adjectives  which  are  used  adverbially,  there 
are  formed  in  various  ways. 

1.  By    a    Substantive,    followed   by    the   postposition 
adbt  ileh,  with;  or  »,v^|  izreh,  upon;  as:    viJULJo  delilik, 
stupidity;    &Jbt    dULJt>    delilik   ileh,    stupidly;    dUUu*^ 
dostlik,  friendship;  sy-,.!  viUjuv.O  dostlik  izreh,  friendly. 

2.  By  adding  the   Arabic  termination   (|  an)  to   the 
noun,   as:   ^A^O  s^r^,   appearance;    b^.,0  suretan,  ap- 

^ 

parently;  o^JLt  akibet,  end;  LuJLa  akibetan,  finally. 

3.  By  adding  the  Persian  termination  xj|  ^we^,  or 
&jL  yaneh,  to  a  Noun,  as-:  ou*.c>  ^os^,  friend;  xiLxAw.4> 
dostdnehj  friendly. 


—      96      — 


4.  By  adding  the  syllable  x^  djeh,  to  a  noun, 
as:  JUot  ingliz,  English;  x^JUG!  ingliz dj 'eh ,  in  the 
English  fashion. 


Luo  —  b  _JLS      cany  a. 

Where? 

Lo# 

hanija. 
nereje. 

St>S*J 

nerede. 

in  which  place? 

SjJ^?   *3 

ne  mahalda. 

Ljj 

bura. 

here, 

»AV 

bunda. 

50l;r? 

burada. 

here,  in  this  place, 

»>*«  j4 

biijerde. 

there, 

• 

';j'~~8;j'     or^* 

Ss^co       shura, 

from  thence, 

,jJO.-ci      shimdan. 

on  this  side, 

8  Jo  Jo  ^J 

bu  tarafta. 

on  that  side, 

• 

8^! 

ottarafta. 
otede. 

here  and  there, 

^   ^' 

ote  beri. 

every-where, 

»^/° 

her  jerde. 

nowhere, 

"*^y  g**      Mshbiryer 

up  above, 

•  sLso  —  ^>L».-5      yocare. 

clown  below, 

^Lol 

ashaghe. 

in  front, 

v^' 

ileri. 

in  rear, 

^7^ 

gueri. 

before, 

c^l 

un. 

behind, 

t>;l 

ard. 

within, 

jr$*.'~~"<5r?*.' 

itcheri. 

without, 

5rAJb-~(<)L^J 

die  hare. 

97      — 


under,  beneath, 
above,  upon, 

much, 

little, 

for  a  long  time, 

early, 

late, 

far,  { 

near, 

quickly, 

to-day, 

this  evening, 

yesterday, 

to-morrow,. 

the  next  day, 

towards  the  morning, 

during  the  day, 

during  the  night, 

at  noon, 

at  midnight, 

more, 

too  much, 

together, 

less, 

so-so, 

so,  thus, 

here,  behold, 

Turkish  Grammar. 


01* 


alt 

ust. 

uzere. 

tchoc. 

dz. 

tchoctariberi, 

erken. 

guetch. 

uzac. 

irac. 

yak  in. 

tez. 

tshapek. 

bu  gun. 

bit  akhsham. 

dun. 

yarin. 

ertessy  gun. 

sabahlayin. 

gunduzun. 

guedjeleyn. 

oylen. 

giiedje  yarese. 

drtek. 

zidde. 

beraber. 

eksik. 

dyle. 

boyle. 

ichte. 


—      98      — 


f 

ijv^ 

Mtun. 

all,  every, 

*JU^ 

djumle. 

I 

L^rJL_£& 

v 

hep. 

other, 

XJL&J 

L^T£ 

bachka. 
ghayre. 

always, 

I  f  ^j^N 

ddyma. 

now,  at  present, 

154X4-& 

shimdi,  shindi. 

again,  scarcely, 

jjjj* 

henuz. 

immediately, 

JLll^ 

fil-hdl. 

afterwards, 

sJilo 

sonrd. 

very, 

4$ 

pek. 

f 

L» 

katsh. 

how  much? 

^ 

1 

NtXftJ 

nekadar. 

very  often, 

V 

sektsha. 

Juij 

nassel. 

•                               X^vO 

nidjeh. 

how? 

JjCi'L 

ne  shekil) 

*L$^  io 

ne  vejh-ileh. 

au^xj 

ne  guiuneh. 

almost, 

^L^ 

heman. 

r 

^j  I 

evet. 

yes, 

jL 

beli. 

no,  there  is  not, 

o^ 

yok. 

no, 

7^ 

khair. 

again, 

L^  & 

dahd. 

also, 

t*^.  £ 

dakhi. 

as  much, 

\  U<£ 

kddar. 

most, 

& 

en. 

certainly, 

ycUo 

zdhlr. 

it  is  true, 

^^ 

guertshek. 

—      99      — 


it  is  true, 

£r& 

sahih. 

successively, 

XJUt8«di6 

sera-ela. 

very  softly, 

L£|^  (>'>£ 

javach  javach. 

henceforth, 

^7?*"?     lO*-^-3*-? 

'bundan  boyle. 

at  least, 

&-wo!  (jS&  /&~^ 

hitsh  deyil  isse. 
bdri. 

opposite, 

y&y**3  y*u) 

kdrche  be/car  che. 

from  time  to  time,  •! 

^&T* 

vaket  bevaket. 
guiah  begiiiah. 

above  all, 

l^y^ 

khucussa. 

at  last, 

SjoL5^0 

sonunda. 

perhaps, 

ijGL) 

belki. 

afresh,  again, 

(j^xJo 

jeniden. 

for  instance, 

^JUQ 

mesela. 

to  suppose  that,     j 

*$"$ 

tutalom  ki. 
farz  edelim  ki. 

take  care! 

U  ^Lo 

sakin  ha! 

you  are  right, 

^!^  J:^ 

hakkenez  vdr. 

several  times, 

V 

tchoq  kerre. 
tchend  def  a. 

at  first,  before  now,  \ 

y;i 

evvela. 

( 

ItXxil 

iptida. 

previously, 

Lcjuw 

mukaddema. 

as,  like, 

'          X" 

guibi. 
micillu. 

in  such  a  manner  that, 

^L^ 

giliuyaki. 

why? 

ur^^ 

nitchin. 

excellent!  bravo  1 

tf*yf 

aferin. 

so,  as  much, 

olkadar. 

7* 

—      100      — 


by  accident, 
by  chance, 


UUsI 


kaza-ela. 
ittifaka. 


POSTPOSITIONS. 

The  Turks  have  no  Prepositions,  all  words  so  termed, 
are  placed  in  the  Turkish  language  after  the  noun,  and 
hence  are  called  Postpositions. 


before, 

after, 

beyond, 

since, 

other, 

by  reason  of, 

proceeding, 

outside, 

inside, 

as  to, 

towards, 

as  far  as,  until, 

near,  close,  , 
far, 

with, 

on,  after,  concerning, 


sohra. 

ote. 

beri. 

ghctyri. 

ma  'ada. 

nashL 

dishare. 

itcheri. 

yana. 

doghru. 

kddar. 

deguin. 

dek. 

yakin. 

uzak. 

irak. 

guore. 

iley  le. 

uzre. 


—      101       -4- 


( 

.^..^xjl 

itchin. 

for,  in  order, 

^ 

dayr. 

I 

ts^^yk 

dolay. 

beyond, 

(S)+&i 

as  here. 

instead  of, 

2CU  ,o 

yerine. 

near,  by, 

*JoL 

ydnena. 

concerning, 

10*^ 

hakkena. 
khuciicuna. 

- 

_ 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

If,                                   { 

/I 

eyer. 

( 

ftUtof 

isse. 

( 

u 

amma. 

but,  however, 

^9 

I  akin. 

1 

Njf 

ilia. 

then, 

^cX+jt 

imdi,  indi. 

with,  same, 

ytf 

Uleh. 

I. 

hdtta. 

if,  but, 

iyCfl 

meyer. 

also, 

cs^^ 

ddkhi. 

I. 

5J> 

dd,  de. 

because,  since  that, 

iOo^ 

tchunki. 

because, 

fe 

zirah. 

or,  either,                     | 

O^^L      yakhod. 

[ 

L       ytf. 

until,  until  that, 

Li*  !   to. 

—      102      — 


and, 

provided  that,  so  that, 
provided  that,  only, 
that  is  to  say, 


hem. 

tek. 

ya'ni. 


INTERJECTIONS. 


Oh!  well! 

very  well,  bravo! 

capital, 

oh!  oh!  how  nice! 
ah!  eh!  oh! 
well!  let  us  see, 


halloo! 


hush!  silence! 


'tis  a  pity,  what  a  pity ! 


oh!  helas! 


*JU!Ulo 
;»t  *l 


L 
L 


hayde. 

aferin. 

mas  hall  a. 

ne  guzel. 

oh  oh. 

hay  hay. 

guel  bakalem. 

ey. 

bana  bak. 

bak  sana. 

ya  hu. 

ya. 

ey. 

sus. 

sus  ol. 

yazek. 

ne  yazek. 

yazeklar  olsiin. 

meded. 

ey  vah. 


103      — 


oh!  ah! 

o  God! 

God  be  praised! 

God  be  thanked! 

oh!  ah! 

halloo! 

oh! 

take  care,  atten- 
tion! 


*JUI 


JO 


subhan  allah. 

barek  allah. 

vdy. 

bre. 

be. 

sakin. 

guozunu  dtch, 


AT  FEW  PRACTICAL  PHRASES. 


Give  me, 
bring  me, 
if  you  please. 

I  beg.  —  Pray, 

what  do  you  want  ? 
I  want,  I  wish, 
is  there? 
there  is, 
there  is  not, 
where  is  it? 
never  mind, 
do  not  be  angry, 

where  are  you  going? 


xu.!  x3 


ver  bana. 
ghetir  bana. 
eyer  1st  er  sin.  — 

herein  et. 
ridja  ederim.  — 

yalvarerem. 
ne  istersin. 
isterim. 
varme. 

vdr.  —  varder, 
jok,  joktur. 
nerede.  —  nerde. 
zardr  jok. 
ghudjenme.  — 

dharelma. 
nereyeghideyorsun. 


—      104      — 


I  am  going  home, 
do  you  like  it  ? 
very  much, 

lend  me, 

do  me  the  favour, 

do  you  learn 

turkish? 
take  care, 
shut  the  door, 
I  am  tired, 
how  so? 
give  me  that, 
open  the  door, 
ring  the  bell, 

do  you  hear? 
call  the  servant, 

make  haste, 
I  want, 

I  do  not  want, 

I  am  ready, 

are  you  ready? 

yes,  Sir, 

no, 

come  here, 

go  away, 


&-LI          X 


o 


ei;^  ghideijorum. 
onu  severmisin. 
pek  tchok.  — 

ziyadecile. 
odundj  ver  bana. 
bu  'ynajeti  eyle 

bana. 
turktche  oireniyor- 

mucun. 
sd  ken. 
k  dp  eye  kdpd. 
yorghunum. 
nacel  bmjle. 
chunu  bana  ver. 
kapuyu  dtch. 
tchlngherdghe 

tchdl. 

'ichidly  or  mucun. 
khezmetcheye 

tchdgher. 
tchapuk  oL 
isterim.  —  bana 

lazem. 
istemem. 
hdzerem. 
hdzermecen. 
evet  efendim. 
khdyer. 
biirdya  ghel. 
hdyde  ghit. 


—      105 


go  to  bed, 
listen  to  me, 
he  came, 
why?  what  for? 
I  do  not  know, 
come  quickly, 
do  not  be  long, 
I  shall  wait  for  you, 
I  am  mistaken, 
I  made  a  mistake, 
you  are  right, 

will  you  do  it? 

yes,  I  will, 

I  cannot, 

it  is  very  nice, 

it  is  beautiful, 

I  am  thirsty, 

are  you  hungry? 

sit  down, 

take  a  seat, 

what  do  they  call 
-  that? 

the  turkish  lan- 
guage is  har- 
monious. 

the  position  of 
Constantinople 
is  magnificent, 


y  Xft^  —  *  L 


j>5   L> 


vXli  *.i*  — 


;<T;J 


oo  Lc. 


yatagha  ghit. 
dinle  beni. 
gheldi. 

mtchin.—ne-itchin. 
Mlmem. 
tchapek  ghel. 
tchok  dhurmd. 
seni  bekleyedjeyim. 
yanlechem  vdr. 
ydnlech  ettim. 
hdcken  vdr.  — 

hdckenez  vdr. 
~bunu  yapdrmecen. 
beli  yaparem. 
yapamdm. 
pek  eyi. 
pek  a'ala. 
sucamechem. 

ddjmecen.  — 
kdrnenezddjme. 

othdr.  —  othurun. 
buyuritn  othurun. 
bund  ne  dersin. 

turki  licane-nen 
sedaee  Idlhifdir. 

istdmbol-un  mev- 
kyi'-y  gha  yet 
ghuzeldir. 


—      106 


what  do  you  want? 


your 


what     is 

desire  ? 
what  will  you  give 

me? 

what  is  that? 
is  it  all  right? 

it  is  all  right, 

what    kind     of 

money  have  you? 
I  have  english 

money, 
what  do  you  call 

that  in  Turkish? 
whatis  the  name  of 

that  in  Turkish? 

what  is  your  name  ? 

what  is  the  price 
of  that? 

it  is  six  piastres 
(one  shilling), 
it  is  very  dear, 
it  is  very  cheap, 


it 


ne  drzularsen.  — 
nedrzuldrsenez. 

emriniz  nedir. 
bdna  ne  verirsiniz. 

bu  ne  dir. 
yolundame.  — Her 

chey  yolundame. 
yolimda-der.  — 

pek  egi. 

ne  djins  dktchen 
vdr. 

inghiliz  pdrdm  vdr. 

bi~ma  tiirktche  ne 
dersin. 

bunun  de  turktche 
ade  nedir. 

dden  nedir.  — 
ddenez  nedir. 

bunun  pdhace 
ne-dir.  — bunun 
fiyate   kdtchter. 

dlte  ghuriichtur.  — 
bir  chilindir. 

pek  pahale-der. 

pek  udjuzdur. 


—      107      — 


I  always  sell  cheap, 

how  much  will  you 

give? 
I  will  only  give  you 

six  pence, 

Good  day,  Sir, 
be  welcome, 
how  are  you? 

are  you  quite  well? 

very  well  (God  be 
praised)  andyou, 
how  are  you? 

I  hope  that  you 
are  well, 


Good  night, 
are  you  hungry? 
I  am  very  hungry. 

have  you  anything 
ready for break- 
fast? 

yes,  Sir, 


i  / 


U^  f 
wAwCu 

'yX-WW 


*JU! 


0    w^) 


dctima  udjiiz 
satarem. 
nekaddr  verirsin. 

yalenez  iitch. 

ghuruch  veririm 

sana. 
sabahiniz  khair  ola 

e fen  dim. 
khoch  gueldiniz 

sulthanim. 
mizadji  cherifiniz 

nidje  dir. 
ke'ifiniz  enrni. 
chukiir  'ia  siz  nidje 

sintz. 

umid  ederimki 

mizadjiniz 

e'iidir,  e'iiciniz  in 

chd'dllah. 

giledjeniz khair  ola. 
karniniz  atchmi. 
dju'i  mufritha 

dutchar  oldum. 
kahve  altyie  hazir 

bir  cheiin  iokmii. 

evel  sulthanim. 


—      108     — 


what  have  you  for 

dinner  ? 
what  do  you  wish 

for  Sir? 
can  I  give  you  some 

roast  meat? 
what  will  you  take  ? 
will    you    have  a 

little  soup  ? 
bring  the  fruit, 
there  is  beautiful 

fruit! 

are  you  thirsty? 
Ishould  like  to  drink 

a  glass  of  wine, 
I  am  very  thirsty, 
give  me  something 

to  drink, 
bring  the  wine, 
it  is  excellent, 
will  you  take  tea 

or  coffee? 
give  me  a  cup   of 

coffee, 
how  do  you  like  the 

coffee? 
do  you  not  under 

stand  what  I  say, 
I  understand,  but 

I  cannot  speak, 


wj 


•jiy 


15*  r* 


20 


yX^AAAX)     '^*M  +*J<G 


*j 


>* 


(L 


«bAM 


iemkde  nemiz  var. 

ne  istersiniz 

sulthanim. 
bir  kebabdan  vere 

im  mi. 

ne  iemek  istersiniz. 
bir  az  tchorba 

istermiciniz . 
zemichi  giietirin. 
ichte  pek  guzel 

lemich. 

sucuz  mucunuz. 
pek  en  itcheim  bir 

kadeh  charab. 
pek  sucuzum. 
verin  bir  az  itcheim. 

charabi  guetir. 
pek  e'ii  dir. 
kahve  mi  istersiniz 

tcha'i  mi. 
bana  bir  fildjan 

kahve  veriniz. 
nacil  bu  kahve. 

soildiklerimi  anla- 

•  mazmiciniz. 

anlarim  andjak 

soiliemem. 


109 


by  and  by  you  will 
find  it  easy, 

for    the    purpose 
of     learning 
Turkish,   one 
must  speak  it 
continually, 

to  speak  it  conti- 
nually, one  must 
know  something 
of  the  language, 

well    or    ill     al- 
ways, speak, 


ogrenirsiniz. 
turktcJie  eiisoilemek 
itchin  syk  syk 
soilemekguerek. 


syk  syk  soilemek 
itchin  Mr  az 
l)ilmek  guerek. 

eiifena  ddima  soile. 


PRACTICAL  ENGLISH 

AND 

TURKISH   DICTIONARY. 

FOB  TRAVELLERS. 


ENGLISH 

TUEKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

Abandon,  v.        x 

brakmak 

acquit,  v. 

fuchsuz 

able 

kabil,  kadir 

across 

arkuru 

abolish 

ibtal  etmek 

action 

da'va 

abominable 

mekruh 

active 

chabuk 

above 

jokari  . 

admiration 

te'ajjub 

abound 

chok  olmak 

admire,  v. 

te'ajjub  etmek 

about 

atraf 

adorn 

zinetlemek 

absent 

gaib 

advance,  v. 

ileril  gelmek 

absolutely 

mutlak 

advantage 

fa/ide 

absurd 

iakeshmaz 

adventure 

vakia 

abundance 

kesret 

advice                  ^ 

'  naQihat 

abundant 

bol,  chok 

affair 

matfahat 

abuse 

fend1  adet 

afraid,  to  be 

korkmak 

accept 

kabul  etmek 

after,  p. 

gonra 

acceptable 

makbul 

afternoon 

ikindi 

accompany,  v.      s 

He  beraber  gitmek 

again 

jine 

accomplice 

slierik 

against 

karshi 

according 

gore 

age 

jash 

account,  v. 

hisab  etmek 

agent 

vekil 

account 

hisab 

agree,  v. 

milttefik  olmak 

„        (news) 

khabar 

agreeable 

makbul 

accuse,  v. 

shikajet 

aid 

imdad 

Ill    — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUEKISH 

aim,  v. 

nishan 

army 

asker 

air 

hava 

around 

chevre 

alarm 

korku 

arrange,  v. 

duzeltmek 

alive 

diri 

arrest 

habs 

all 

hep,  jumle 

arrival 

vugul 

alone                    ^ 

jaliniz 

arrive,  v. 

gelmek 

also 

daha 

arrow 

ok 

although               x 

egerchi 

art  (science) 

Qana^at 

always 

daima 

as 

gibi 

ambassador 

iltchi 

ashamed,  to  be  — 

utanmak 

ambition 

bujuk  milrad 

ashes 

kill 

ambush 

pugu 

ask,  v. 

gormak 

among 

mabein 

asleep,  to  be 

ujumak 

ancestors 

ejdad 

ass 

eshek 

ancient 

kadim 

assault,  s. 

bagkin 

and 

ve 

assembly 

jem'ijet 

angel 

melek 

B/SSlStij  V» 

imdad  etmek 

anger 

ffhazeb,  darghun- 

assistance 

imdad 

lik 

astonish,  v. 

hairan  etmek 

angry 

darghin 

astonished 

hairan 

animal 

haivan 

attempt,  s. 

tejrube 

another 

bir  bashka 

attempt,  v. 

tejrube  etmek 

answer 

jevab 

attend,  v.  (serve) 

millazemet  etmek 

»  *  >  v. 

jevab  vermek 

attendance 

mulazemet 

ant                       s 

karinja 

attentive  (to  be) 

tekaijud  etmek 

anxiety 

rahatsizlik 

authority 

kudret 

anxious 

rahatsiz 

autumn 

9** 

any 

hich 

awake 

oianik 

anybody 

kimse 

awful 

beibetli 

appear 

gorunmek 

awkward 

meharetsiz 

apple 

elma 

axe 

balta 

appoint,  v. 

na$b,  etmek 

Back,  s. 

arka 

appointment 

mangib 

back,  adv. 

giru 

approach 

jakin  gelmek 

bad 

fena 

approve,  v. 

razi  olmak 

badness              ^ 

fenalik 

arabic                  <* 

arabche 

bag 

chuval 

arm 

kol 

bake,  v. 

furunda     pishir 

arms 

silah 

mek 

—      112      — 


ENGLISH                        TURKISH 

ENGLISH                        TURKISH 

baker                     -^ekmekji 
ball  (cannon)            gule 

bind,  v. 
bird 

baghlamak 
kush 

bandage 

garghi 

birth 

doffhma 

banish 

stirgun  etmek 

bitter 

aji 

bank  (of  a  river) 

kenar,  ark 

black 

kara 

„     (money) 

banka 

blacksmith          ^ 

demirji 

banker 

sarraf 

blame 

zemm 

barber 

berber 

blind 

kior 

bare                      + 

r  chiplak 

blood 

kan 

bark  (of  a  tree) 

kabak 

blow,  s. 

vurush 

barley 

arpa 

to  blow,  v. 

esmek 

bath 

hammam 

blue 

mam 

bathe,  v. 

ijkanmak 

boar 

ydban 

battle 

jenk 

boat 

kayk 

be,  v. 

olmak 

boatman 

kaykji 

bear,  to,  v. 

geturmek 

body 

ten 

bear,  s. 

aiu 

boil,  v. 

kainamak 

bearer                  ^ 

getilren 

bone 

kemik 

beard 

Qakal 

book 

kitab 

beat,  v. 

vurmak 

borrow,  v. 

b'dunj  almak 

beautiful 

gilzel 

both 

iki 

beauty 

guzellik 

bottle 

shishe 

because 

chiinki 

bottom 

dib 

become,  v. 

olmak 

box    • 

kutu 

bed 

doshek 

boy 

Offhlan 

bee 

ari 

brain 

beini 

beer 

arpa  fuju 

branch 

dal 

before 

evvel 

brass 

pirinj 

beggar                  „ 

dilenji 

brave 

yilrekli 

begin,  v. 

bashlamak 

bread 

ekmek 

believe  (v)            x 

'inanmak 

break 

kirmak 

bell 

chan 

breakfast 

kahvalti 

belly 

karin 

breast 

goks 

below,  pr.            s 

ashaghi 

breath,  s. 

foluk 

bend,  v. 

eimek 

breathe,  v. 

goluk  almak 

besides 

bashka 

to  bribe 

rishvet  vermek 

between 

ara 

bride 

gelin 

beyond 

o  bir  tarafinda 

bridge 

kopril 

—      113      — 


ENGLISH                        TURKISH                        ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

bridle                  ^   bashlik                    carpet 

khali 

bright 

berrak 

carriage 

araba 

bring,  v. 

geturmek 

to  carry 

geturmek 

broad 

enli 

cart 

yuk  arabasi 

broom 

silpurge 

cartridge 

fishek 

brother 

kardash 

carve,  v. 

kesmek 

brown 

esmer 

cat 

kedi 

bud 

Jills 

catch,  v. 

tutmak 

brush 

fyrcha 

cattle 

$ygUr 

bug 

taklita  biti 

celebrated 

meshhur 

build,  v. 

iapmak 

ceremony 

teklif 

bull 

buffha 

certain 

gahih 

bullet 

kurshun 

certainly 

shiibhesiz 

burn,  v. 

iakmak 

chain 

zinjir 

burst,  v. 

patlamak 

chair 

sandalije 

bury,  v. 

ff'ommek 

chamber 

oda 

business 

maglahat 

change,  v. 

deyishilmek 

busy 

meshghul 

chalk 

tebeshir 

but 

amma,  lakin 

cheap 

ujuz 

butcher 

kassdb 

cheat,  v. 

aldamak 

butter 

yagh 

cheek 

janak 

buy,  v. 

satun  almak 

cheerful 

shen 

by 

ydkin 

cheese 

peinir 

cherry 

kiras 

Cabbage 

laliana 

chess 

shatranj 

cage 

kafes 

chicken 

pilij 

calf 

dana 

chief 

bash,  reis 

camel 

deve 

child 

chodshuk 

camp 

ordu 

chin 

chaynai 

campaign 

sefer 

choose,  v. 

oyuritemek 

canal 

oluk 

circle 

dai 

candle 

mom 

city 

shehir 

cannon 

top 

civil 

edebli 

caravan 

kiarvan 

civility 

edeb 

care,  s. 

himmet 

clean 

temiz 

careful 

mukaijet 

clerk 

kiatib 

careless 

ihmalji 

climb,  v. 

tyrmashmak 

carpenter 

duller 

cloak 

binish 

Turkish   Grammar.                                                                                          8 

—      114      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUKK1SH 

clock 

sd'at 

conspiracy 

fitne 

cloth 

choha 

consul 

konsolos 

clothe,  v. 

geydirmek 

consult,  v. 

naQihat  istemek 

cloud 

bulut 

consume,  v. 

duketmek 

coat 

setteri 

content 

khoshnudluk 

coal 

komur 

continue,  v. 

durmak 

coarse 

kaba 

contradict,  v. 

karshe  soylemek 

coffee 

kahve 

contrary,  a 

karshe 

cock 

horos 

conversation 

soyleshme 

cold,  ad 

souk 

cook,  v. 

fishirmek 

cold,  s. 

soukluk 

cook,  s. 

ashje 

college 

medrese 

cool 

gouk 

colour 

renk 

copper 

bakur 

column 

direk 

copy,  v. 

furet  almak 

comb 

tarak 

corn 

boghdai 

come,  v. 

gelmek 

corner 

koshe             * 

comfort 

rahatlyk 

corpse 

jenaze 

comfortable 

rahat 

correct,  v. 

diizeltmek 

command 

emr 

cost  (expense) 

deymek 

to  command,  v. 

emr  etmek 

cotton 

pambuk,  pembe 

commerce 

alish  verish 

counsel  (advice) 

ogut 

common 

bayaghe 

count,  v. 

Qaymak 

comparison 

teshbih 

cover 

ortu 

compare,  v. 

benzetmek 

county 

vilaiet,  memleket 

compel,  v. 

mejbur  etmek 

courage 

yurek 

compensation 

ivaz,  mukidfdt 

court  (of  justice) 

mehkeme 

complaint 

shikdyet 

courtesy 

chelebilik 

complete 

temdm  etmek 

cow 

inek 

compliment 

seldm 

cream 

kaimak 

conceal,  v. 

gizlemek 

creator 

yaradeje,  khdlik 

conclusion 

netije 

creature 

makhluk 

condemn 

hukm  etmek 

crime 

guch,  gundh 

condition 

shartj  hdl 

criminal 

guchlu 

•conduct,  s. 

tavr  u  hareket 

crooked 

eyri 

conduct,  v. 

tedbir  etmek 

crow 

qargha 

confuse,  v. 

qareshdermak 

crown 

tdj 

confusion 

qaresheklek 

cruel 

rahmsez 

conscious 

duymak 

cry,  s. 

chagherte 

115      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

cup 

filgan,  tas 

descend 

enmek 

cure,  s. 

shifd 

desert,  v. 

brakmak 

curtain 

perde 

desert     (wilder- 

issir yer 

cushion 

yagdek 

ness) 

custom 

ddet 

deserter 

kachken 

cut,  v. 

kesmek 

despair 

umudsuzluk 

cypress 

serv 

despise 

khor  gdrmek 

destroy 

bozmak 

Dagger 

khancher 

dew 

chih 

daily 

her  ffunki 

diamond 

elmds 

damage 

ziydn 

dictionary 

loghat  Utdbe 

damp 

nem 

die,  v. 

olmek 

dance,  v. 

khora 

difference 

fark 

danger 

mukhatara 

difficult 

gilch 

dark 

qaranlek 

difficulty 

gucUuk 

darkness 

qaranlek 

dig,  v. 

kazmak 

date  (time) 

tarikh 

dinner 

oyle  ta-dme 

date  ("fruit) 

khurmd 

dirty 

murdar 

daughter 

qez,  kutz 

disease 

khastalek 

dawn  of  day 

gun  agharmase 

disguise,  v. 

tebdil  etmek 

day 

gun 

dishonest 

erzsez 

dead 

b'lu 

dismiss,  v. 

kovmak 

deaf 

gagher 

disorder 

nizamsezlek 

dear  (beloved) 

sevgili 

dispute 

chekish 

dear  (price) 

pahdle 

dissolve,  v. 

erimek 

death 

olum 

distance 

mesafa 

debt 

alajak 

distant  - 

irak 

deceit 

hile 

distress 

bela 

decide 

kesmek 

district 

ndhiye 

deed 

amel 

disturb,  v. 

kareshtermak 

deep 

derin 

disturbance  (riot) 

karesheklek 

defeat,  v. 

bozmak 

ditch 

khandak 

defend,  v. 

hefs  etmek 

divide,  v. 

taksim  etmek 

delay,  v. 

eylenmek 

do,  to,  v. 

etmek 

delightful 

gafale 

doctor 

hekim 

demand 

sudl 

dog 

kopek 

denial 

inkidr 

door 

kapu 

depth 

derinlik 

doubt 

shubhe 

8* 

—      116      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

doubtless 

shiibhesiz 

elegant 

latif 

down 

ashaghe 

elephant 

fil 

draw 

chekmek 

eloquent 

fagili 

drawers 

ish  donu 

embrace 

kujmak 

dream,  s. 

diish 

embroidery 

nakesh 

dress,  s. 

esvab 

Emperor 

imperator 

drink,  v. 

ichmek 

employment 

ish 

»     »s- 

ichki 

empty 

bosh 

drop,  s. 

damla 

encamp 

ordu  kurmak 

drown,  v. 

boghmak 

end 

$on,  akher 

drum 

tall 

i  endeavour 

jalid 

drunk 

serkhosh 

endless 

nihayetsiz 

dry 

kuru 

enemy 

dilshmen 

dumb 

dilsiz 

energy 

kuvvet 

durable 

dayarakle 

England 

ingilterra 

during 

vaktenda 

English 

ingiliz 

dust 

toz 

„        language 

ingilizche 

duty 

hack 

enormous 

oransez 

duty  (tax) 

gumruk 

enough 

yetishir 

dye,  s. 

boya 

enter,  v. 

ffdrmek 

dynasty 

dl 

envy 

hased 

equal 

beraben 

Each 

her 

error 

khata 

eagle 

kartal 

escape,  s. 

nejdt 

ear 

kulak 

escort 

kulaghuzlar 

early 

chabuk 

especially 

WlllQUQd 

earnest 

bejid 

establish 

dikmek 

earth 

yer,  zemin 

eternal 

ebedi 

easily 

kolay 

Eunuch 

khddem 

East 

gun  doffhusu 

Europe 

evropa 

easy 

kolay 

european 

evropale 

eat,  v. 

yemek 

even  (adj.) 

duz 

edge  (of  a  sword) 

yalem 

evening 

akhsham 

edge  (side) 

etek 

event 

majard 

egg 

yumurta 

ever  (alway) 

dayma 

Egypt 

mifir 

every    , 

her 

either 

birisi 

evidence 

shehadet 

elbow 

dirsek 

evident 

zahir 

—      117      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

examine 

imtihan 

fast  (firm) 

berk 

examination 

imtihan 

fat 

semiz 

example 

ornek 

fate 

takdir 

except 

ghayri 

father 

baba,  peder 

excessive 

olchusuz 

fatigue 

yorghunluk 

exchange,  v. 

deyishtirmek 

fault 

kabahat 

n            >   S. 

deyish 

favour 

•utufet,  kerem 

excuse 

uzur 

fear,  s. 

korku 

execution 

ijra 

fear,  v. 

korkmak 

expense 

magraf 

feast 

shenlik 

experience 

tejrube 

feather 

tuy 

N    experiment 

imtihan 

feed 

beslemek 

explain 

beyan  etmek 

female 

avret 

extinguish 

soyundilrmek 

ferry 

gechid 

extract 

kulaga 

fertile 

mafhullu 

extraordinary 

adetden  dashra 

festival 

shenlik 

extremely 

gJiayet 

fever 

isitma 

eye 

goz 

few 

az 

eye  (of  a  needle) 

yurdu 

fidelity 

vefa 

eye-ball 

bebek 

field 

tarla 

eye-brow 

hash 

% 

injir 

eye-lash 

kirpik 

fight,  v. 

jenk  etmek 

fight,  s. 

doyush 

Face,  s. 

yuz 

fill,  v. 

doldurmak 

faith 

itiqad 

filth 

murdarlek 

faithful 

vefaddr 

final 

akhyr 

fall,  v. 

dilshmek 

find 

bulmak 

false 

doghru  deyil 

fine  (delicate) 

inje 

fame 

ad,  nam 

„     (penalty) 

jerime 

family 

ayal 

finger 

parmak 

famine 

ketlek 

finish 

bitirmek 

fan 

yelpaze 

fire 

atesh 

far 

uzdk 

firm 

berk 

farewell 

Allalia   egmarla- 

first 

evvel 

dek 

fish 

balek 

fast      (abstinence 

oruj  tutmak 

fisherman 

kalekche 

from  food) 

fist 

ffumruk 

fast  (quick) 

chabuk 

fix,  v. 

dimek 

—      118      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

flag 

bayrak 

fraud 

hile 

flat 

duz 

free 

azad 

flesh 

et 

freedom 

azadlik 

flint 

chakmak  tashy 

frequently 

chok 

float,  v. 

yuzmek 

fresh 

taze 

flood 

$u  tashmasy 

friend 

dost 

floor 

dosheme 

friendly 

dostlu 

flour 

un 

frighten,  v. 

korkutmak 

flow,  v. 

akmak 

frog 

kurbaffha 

flower 

chichek 

front 

onn 

flute 

dudiik 

frontier 

serhadd 

fly,  v. 

uchmak 

fruit 

yemish 

»    »  8.  • 

sinek 

full 

dolu 

foam 

kb'puk 

furious 

kuduz 

fodder 

otluk 

furnace 

furun 

follow,  v. 

ardyna  gitmek 

furniture 

ev  takimi 

food 

yeyejek,  ta'am 

future 

gelejek 

fool 

ahmak 

foolish 

ahmak 

Gain 

kazanj 

foot 

aiak 

gamble 

oynamak 

for 

ichiin 

game 

oyun 

forbid 

yagak 

garden 

baghche,  bostan 

ford 

gechid 

gardener 

baghchevan 

forehead 

aryn 

garland 

istifan 

foreign 

ejnebi 

garlic 

garlmsak 

a  foreigner 

gharib 

garrison 

muhqfiz  asker 

forest 

ormanlik 

gate     .. 

kapu 

forge,  v.  (iron) 

chekijlemek 

gay 

shen 

forget,  v. 

onutmak 

General 

jeneral 

forgive,  v. 

baghyshlamak 

generally 

ekseri 

fort 

kal'a 

generous 

jb'merd 

fortress 

kal'a 

gentle 

yavash 

fortunate 

bakhtli 

Gentleman 

effendi 

fortune 

bakhtli 

gift 

ata 

foundation 

temel 

girl 

kiz,  bikr 

fountain 

bunjar 

give,  v. 

vermek 

fowl 

tavuk 

glad 

shen,  shad 

fox 

dilki 

glass 

jam 

—      119      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

glory 

nam 

gun 

tufenk 

glove 

eldiven 

gun  (cannon) 

top 

glue 

tutkal 

gunpowder 

barut 

gnat 

sivri  sinek 

go,  v. 

ffitmek 

Habit  (custom) 

adet 

goat 

kechi 

habit  (dress) 

esvab 

gold 

altun 

hail 

tulu 

good 

eiii 

hair 

satch  - 

goose 

kaz 

half 

yarim 

govern 

zabt  etmek 

hall 

buyuk  divankhane 

Government 

devlet 

hammer 

chekij 

graceful 

latif 

hand 

el 

gradually 

dereje  He 

handful 

avuj,  tutam 

grain 

bughday 

handkerchief 

makrama 

granary 

ambar 

handsome 

guzel 

grand-father 

dede 

hang  (up) 

agmak 

grand-mother 

nene 

happen 

zuhur  etmek 

grand-daughter 

kys  torun 

happy 

seadetli,  mutlu 

grape 

uzum 

hard 

kati 

grass 

ot 

hare 

tavshan 

grateful 

eyilik  bilen 

harvest 

harman 

gratis 

muft 

hasten,  v. 

ajele  etmek 

grave,  s. 

mezar,  kabr 

hastily 

ajele  ile 

graze 

otlamak 

hat 

shapka 

great 

buyuk 

hate,  v. 

sevmemek 

green 

yeshil 

hawk  ' 

atmaja 

grief 

kacavat 

he 

ol 

grind,  v. 

uyutmek 

head 

bash 

groom 

seyis 

heal 

shifa  vermek 

ground 

yer;  toprak 

heap,  s. 

yighin 

grow,  v. 

bitmek 

hear 

ishitmek 

guess,  v. 

takhmin  etmek 

heart 

gb'nul 

guide,  v. 

kulaghuzluk     et- 

heat 

issijaklik 

mek 

heaven 

gokler 

guide,  (runner) 

kulaghuz 

heavy 

aghir 

guilt 

guch 

heel,  s. 

okche 

guitar 

tambura 

height 

yukseklik 

gum 

gamk 

heir 

varis 

—      120      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

Hell 

jehennem 

humanity 

insaniyet 

helm 

dilmen 

hunger 

ajlik 

help 

imdad 

hungry 

aj 

hemp 

kenevir 

hunt,  v. 

avlamak 

hence 

bundan 

hunter 

avji 

herd 

suru 

hurt 

yaralamak 

hire 

kira 

husband 

koja 

hide,  v. 

gizlemek 

hide,  B. 

deri 

Ice 

buz 

hideous 

pek  chirkin 

idea 

teQavvur 

high 

yuksek 

idle 

tembel 

Highness 

hazret 

if 

eger 

hill 

dagh 

ignorant 

bilmez 

history 

tarlkh 

ill  (sick) 

hasta 

hold,  v. 

tutmak 

illegal 

shar'a 

hole 

delik 

image 

Quret 

hollow 

kovuk 

imagination 

kliayal 

holy 

pak 

imitate 

uymak 

honest 

doghru 

immediately 

fil-hal 

honey 

bal 

immortal 

olmez 

honour 

itibar 

impatience 

fabersezlik 

hoof 

tirnak 

impertinence 

kustakhlik 

hook 

chengel 

important 

milhimm 

hope,  s. 

umid 

impossible 

mumkin  deyil 

hopeless 

umudsuz 

imprison 

hobs  etmek 

horn 

buynuz 

improper 

milnasib  deyil 

horse 

at 

imprudent 

akelsiz 

horse-shoe 

na'l 

in 

de,  da 

horseman 

atli 

inclination 

meyl 

hospitality 

konukluk 

imcome 

irad 

host 

muzif 

increase 

artmak 

hot 

issijak 

incurable 

shifa  olmaz 

hotel 

meykhane 

indeed 

fil-liakika 

hour 

scCat 

India 

Hindustan 

house,  v. 

ev 

Indian 

hindustanli 

how 

nagyl 

indigo 

chivid 

how  much 

ne  kadar 

individual 

kishi 

human 

imam 

indolent 

kayghesiz 

—      121      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

industrious 

chalyshkan 

island 

ada 

industry 

hilner 

it 

ol,  o 

inferior 

ashaghi 

itch 

uyuz 

infidel 

kiafir 

ivory 

fil  dishi 

infinite 

nihayetsiz 

ivy 

garmashik 

inform,  v. 

khabar  vermek 

inhabitant 

oturan 

Jail 

zindan 

ink 

murekkeb 

jar 

kop 

inkstand 

divid 

jealous 

kezkanji 

inn 

loqanta 

jealousy 

kezkanjlik 

innocent 

gilnahsiz 

jelly 

pukhti 

inquire 

teftish  etmek 

jest 

latife 

insane 

divane 

jew 

yahudi 

inscription 

yazi 

jewel 

jevahir 

insert 

gokmak 

join,  v. 

yapeshdirmak 

insensible 

duymaz 

joint 

milshterek 

insolence 

yuzsuzluk 

journey 

yol,  sefer 

insolent 

yuzsuz 

joy 

shenlik 

inspector 

nazir 

judge 

hakim 

instantly 

filhal 

judical 

sheri 

instead  of 

yer-de 

jugglar 

hokkabaz 

instinct 

tabiat 

juice 

gu 

instrument 

alet 

jump,  v. 

gyrchramdk 

insult,  v. 

sitem  etmek 

just 

doffhru 

insurrection 

zorbalik 

justice 

doghruluk 

intelligent 

akelli 

intention 

murad 

Keep 

gaklamak 

interpreter 

terjilman 

kernel 

chekirdek 

interrupt,  s. 

kesmek 

kettle 

tenjire 

interval 

mdbeyn 

key 

anakhtar 

intrenchment 

meteris 

kick 

tepme 

intrigue  (plot) 

girishijilik 

kid 

oghlak 

investigate 

teftish 

kiU 

oldurmek 

invisible 

gorunmez 

kind,  adj. 

eyi 

invite,  v. 

davet  etmek 

kind,  sort. 

nevi 

inundation 

tashkynlik 

king 

padishah 

iron 

demir 

kingdom 

memleket 

irregular 

yolsuz 

kiss,  v. 

b'pmek 

—      122      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH                        TURKISH 

kitchen 

mutvak 

leg                           bajak,  baldir 

knave 

haramzade 

legal 

sheri 

knee 

diz 

leisure 

vakit 

knife 

bychak 

lemon 

limun 

knot 

duyum 

lend,  v. 

ayreti  vermek 

know,  v. 

bilmek 

length 

uzunluk 

leper 

judam 

Labour 

zahmet 

leprosy 

judamlik 

lace 

kaytan 

less 

daha  az 

ladder 

nerduban 

letter  (epistle) 

mektub 

lady 

khanum,  kadin 

letter  (alphabet) 

harf 

lake 

gol 

level 

duzlik 

lamb 

kuzu 

to  tell  lies 

yalan  soylemek 

lame 

topal 

to  lie  down 

yatmak 

lamp 

chyragh 

liberty 

azadlik 

lancet 

neshter 

library 

kitab-khane 

land 

yer,  toprak 

lie,  s. 

yalan 

land,  v. 

gemiden  chekmak 

life 

'eumr 

language 

dil,  lisan 

lift 

kaldyrmak 

lantern 

fener 

light 

aidinlik 

large 

buyiik 

lightning 

shimshek 

lark 

chayr 

like,  to  be 

benzemek 

last 

gon 

lime 

kirej 

late 

gech 

line 

chizi 

laugh 

gulmek 

lion 

arslan 

law 

sheriat 

HP 

dudakb 

lawful 

Tialal 

listen 

dinlemek 

lazy 

tembel 

little 

kucMk 

lead  (guide) 

kulaglmzluk     et- 

live,  v. 

yashamak 

mek 

liver 

kara  jiyer 

leaf 

yaprak 

lizard 

keler 

lean 

aryk 

load,  v. 

yukletmek 

to  lean  against 

dayanmak 

load  (a  gun) 

doldurmak 

learn 

b'yrenmek 

lock,  s. 

kilid 

leather 

meshin 

lock  (of  hair) 

zillf 

leave,  v. 

brakmak 

lock  (of  a  gun) 

chekrik 

leech 

sulilk 

lock,  v. 

kilidlemek 

left 

gol 

locust 

chekirqe 

—      123      — 


ENGLISH                         TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

long 

uzun 

marrow 

ilik 

look 

nazar 

marry,  v. 

evlenmek 

looking-glass 

ayne 

mast 

direk 

loose,  a 

gevshek 

master 

effendi,  agha 

Lord  (God) 

Allah 

mat 

hagir 

lose 

ghayb  etmek 

mattress 

minder 

loss 

zarar 

me 

beni 

love,  s. 

muhabbet 

meaning 

mana 

love,  v. 

sevmek 

means 

chare,  mal 

low 

alchak 

measure 

olchu 

lucky 

bakhtli 

measure,  v. 

olchmek 

luck 

bakht 

meat 

et 

lungs 

jan  evi 

medical  man. 

hekim 

luxury 

israf 

meet,  v. 

kavushmak 

melon  (musk) 

kavun 

Machine 

alat 

melon  (water) 

karpuz 

mad 

deli 

melt 

erimek 

magazine 

ambar 

memorandum 

kayme 

magistrate 

hakim 

memory 

zikr 

magic 

scherbazlik 

mend 

meremmet 

magnificent 

azametli 

mention,  v. 

zikr  etmek 

Majesty 

shevket 

merchandise 

meta 

make 

etmek 

merchant 

tujjar 

male 

erkek 

mercy 

merhamet 

malice 

kemlik 

merry 

shen 

man 

adem 

method 

UQUl 

manage 

idare  etmek 

middle 

orta 

mane 

yeli 

milk 

sud 

manliness 

muruvvet 

mill 

deyirmen 

manner 

vejh 

mind 

ruh,  firaset 

many 

chok 

mine  (metals) 

madern 

how  many? 

kach 

mirror 

ayne 

map 

kharta 

mischief 

fenalik 

marble 

mermer 

miser 

tamakiar 

mare 

kesrak 

miserable 

zevalli 

mark 

nishan 

misfortune 

bela 

market 

pazar 

mist 

duman 

marriage 

nikyah 

mistake 

yanlish 

—      124      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

mix,  v. 

kareshdermak 

Nail  (finger) 

ternak 

model 

b'rnek 

nail  (iron) 

enser 

modest 

edebli 

naked 

cheplak 

moist 

nemli 

name 

isim 

moment 

dem 

narrow 

dar 

money 

para 

nation 

millet 

month 

aee 

native  place 

doghdughum  yer 

moon 

aee 

nature 

tabiat 

moonlight 

mahitab 

nature     (disposi- 

mizaj 

more 

dalii 

tion) 

morning 

sabah 

near 

yakin 

morrow 

erte 

necessary 

gerek 

mortar 

havan 

neck 

boyun 

mortar  (plaster) 

khorasan 

necklace 

gerlanlik 

mosque 

jami 

needle 

iyne 

moth 

guve 

neglect 

ihmal 

mother 

ana,  valide 

neigh 

kishnemek 

mother-in-law 

kayin  ana 

neighbour 

komshu 

move,  v. 

teprenmek 

neither 

ne  birisi 

mount,  v. 

chykmak 

nephew 

kardash  oghlu 

mountain 

dagh 

nest 

yuva 

mourn 

yas  tutmak 

net 

agh 

mouse 

sechan 

never 

hich 

mouth 

aghiz 

nevertheless 

hele,  lakin 

much 

chok 

new 

yeni 

mud 

chamur 

news 

khabar 

mule 

katir 

next 

gelen 

mushroom 

mantar 

night 

gedje 

murder 

katt 

no 

khayr,  yok 

music 

musika 

noble 

sherif 

musician 

chalghiji 

nobleman 

sherif 

musk 

misk 

nobody 

kimse  yok 

musket 

tufenk 

noise 

shamata 

mustard 

khardel 

nonsense 

bosh 

mutiny 

zorbalik 

none 

hich  yok 

mutton 

koyun  eti 

north 

shimal 

my 

benim 

nose 

borun 

nostril 

burun  adiyi 

—      125      — 


ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

not 

deyil 

opium 

afiyun 

nothing 

hich  bir  shey 

opportunity 

forgat 

notwithstanding 

raghm,  nisbet 

oppose,  v. 

karshi  durmak 

nourish 

beslemek 

opposite 

karshu 

now 

shimdi 

or 

ya 

nowhere 

hich  bir  yerde 

orange 

portukal 

nuisance 

zararli  shey 

order     (arrange- 

kanun 

number 

raqam 

ment) 

numerous 

jerf 

order  (command) 

emr 

nurse 

daye 

origin 

agil 

nut 

fendik 

ornament 

zinet 

nut  (walunt) 

jeviz 

other 

bashka 

nutmeg 

hindistan  jevizi 

the  other 

o  bir 

out 

dashra 

Oar 

kurek 

oven 

furun 

oath 

yemin 

over 

ust 

obedience 

ita'at 

owe,  v. 

borjlu  olmak 

obedient 

muti 

owl 

baykush 

obey,  v. 

ita'at  etmek 

own  (possess) 

malik  olmak 

obstinate 

inadji 

ox 

okuz 

obtain 

almak 

occasionally 

furgat  He 

Page  (of  a  book) 

gahife 

occupation 

ish 

page  (in  waiting) 

ich  oghlani 

offend,  v. 

injitmek 

pain 

aghri 

offer,  v. 

gunmak 

paint 

boya 

office 

mangib 

pair 

chift 

officer 

zabit 

palace 

serai 

often 

chok  vakit 

palanquin 

takhti  revan 

oil 

yagJi 

pale 

gary 

old 

eski 

palm  tree 

khurma  aghaji 

old  (age) 

ikhtiyarlik 

pan 

tava 

olive 

zeytun 

paper 

kiaghid 

once 

bir  kerre 

pardon 

'afv 

one 

bir 

parents 

ana  baba 

onion 

goghan 

parrot 

tutu 

only 

bir,  tek 

part 

pay,  parcha 

open,  v. 

achmak 

partner 

sherik 

opinion 

keias  zan 

partridge 

keklik 

—      126     — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH                        TURKISH 

pass,  v. 

ffechmek 

pipe  (tube) 

Ma 

patience 

gabr 

pipe  (for  water)      kilnk 

patient 

gdbyrli 

pipe  (for  tabacco) 

chibuk 

pattern 

ornek 

pirate 

kurgan 

pay,  v. 

b'demek 

pistol 

tabanja 

peace 

gulh 

pitch 

zift 

peacock 

tavus 

pity 

merhamet 

pear 

ermud 

place 

yer 

pearl 

inju 

plain  (even) 

dilz 

pleasant 

kyoylu 

plait,  v. 

bukmek 

pen 

kalem 

plane,  v.  (a  tool) 

rendelemek 

penknife 

kalem-trash 

plant 

nebat 

people 

khalk 

play 

oyun 

pepper 

biber 

play   (an   instru- 

chalmak 

perfume 

guzel  koku 

ment) 

perhaps 

belkih 

pleasant 

khosh 

perish 

helak  olmak 

plenty 

kesret 

permission 

izin 

plough 

fapan 

Persia 

ajem 

plunder 

yaghma 

Persian 

farisi 

poetry 

sha'irlik 

person 

zat,  kishi 

poet 

slia'ir 

perspiration 

terleme,  ter 

point 

uj 

petition 

arzu-hal 

poison 

zehir 

pewter 

kalay 

police 

ihtisab 

pheasant 

suylun 

polish,  v. 

jila 

philosopher 

feylisuf 

polite 

chelebi 

pickaxe 

-  killunk 

pomegranate 

nar 

picture 

tapvir 

pond 

gol 

piece 

parcha 

pony 

kuchiik  at 

Pig 

domuz 

poor 

fakir 

pigeon 

guverjin 

poppy 

khashkhash 

pilgrim 

haji 

pork 

domuz  eti 

pill 

habb 

porter  (carrier) 

hammal 

pillage 

yaghma 

porter   (door- 

kapuju 

pillar 

direk 

keeper) 

pillow 

yagdik 

portmanteau 

jamedan 

pin 

toplu  iyne 

possible 

mumkin 

pincers 

kegaj 

post  (for  letters) 

posta 

—      127      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUBKISH 

posthouse 

menzil-khane 

protect 

himayet  etmek 

pot 

chomlek,  kab 

proud 

maghrur 

potatoe 

yer  elmasi 

prove 

isbat  etmek 

pound,  to 

ezmek 

proverb 

masal 

poverty 

fakirlik 

province 

eyalet 

pour,  v. 

dokmek 

province  (office) 

ish 

powder 

toz 

provision 

tedarik 

powder  (gunpow- 

barut 

prudence 

ihtiyat 

der) 

prudent 

hushyar 

power 

kudret 

publish,  v. 

ayan 

powerful 

kudretli 

pull,  v. 

chekmek 

practise 

istimal 

pump 

tulumba 

praise 

medh 

punish 

hackindan     gel- 

praise,  v. 

medh  etmek 

mek 

prayer 

dua,  namaz 

pupil 

shagird 

pray,  v. 

dua  etmek 

pure 

temiz 

prefer 

terjih  etmek 

purse 

kise 

present  (adj.) 

hazir 

purposely 

kagden 

present  (gift) 

hediye 

pursue 

ardynje  gitmek 

pretty 

guzel 

push 

itmek 

prey 

yaghma 

put,  v. 

komak 

pride 

maghruriyet 

put,  on 

geymek 

Priest 
Prince 

papaz 
bey 

Quadruped 

dort-  aydkli    hai 
vein 

Prince  (royal) 
Princess 

shah  zade 
shah-zade 

quail 
quantity 

bildirjyn 
mikdar 

prison 

habs,  zindan 

quarrel 

chekish 

prisoner 
private 
probably 
proclamation 
produce 
profession 
profit 

esir 
khass 
ghaliba 
nida 
peyda-etmek 
ish 
fayda 

quarter        (one- 
fourth) 
quarter  (in  battle) 
quarter(of  a  town) 
Queen 
question 
quick 

cheyrek 

aman 
mahatt 
kyralicha 
sual 
chabuk 

promise 
proof 

va'd,  voz 
delil 

quite 

temam 

proper 

miinasib 

Radish 

turp 

Prophet 

peyghamber 

rag 

pachavra 

—      128 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUEKISH 

rain 

yaghmur 

relation  (family) 

akreba 

rainbow 

ileyim  gaghma 

release 

khalag 

rainy 

yaghmurlu 

relieve 

imdad  vermek 

raise 

kaldirmak 

religion 

din 

raisins 

kuru  uzum 

remain 

kalmak 

rank 

rutbe 

remedy 

ilaj 

ransom 

kurtulma  behasi 

remember 

akla 

rapid 

pek  chabuk 

remind 

akla 

rare 

nadir 

remove 

geturmek 

rascal 

haramzade 

repair 

meremmet 

rash 

fikirsiz 

repeat 

tekrar  demek 

rat 

ffeme  sichani 

report 

chav 

ratify 

karar  vermek 

reproach 

azar 

raw 

pishmemish 

repulse,  v. 

def  etmek 

ray 

pertev 

request 

rija 

razor 

ustura 

reservoir 

havuz 

read 

okumak 

resign 

vaz  gechmek 

ready 

hazir 

resist 

karshi  durmak 

real 

hakiki 

revolution 

niyet 

reap 

ekin  bichmek 

respect 

hilrmet 

rear 

ard 

rest 

rahat 

reason 

akil 

rest,  v. 

rahat  etmek 

receipt 

VUQUl 

result 

netije 

receive 

kabul  etmek 

retreat 

girii  donme 

recently 

yeni 

return 

giril  donmek 

recollect 

akla 

revenge 

oj 

recompense 

ejir 

revenue 

irad 

record 

defter 

revolt,  v. 

zorba  olmak 

recover  (illness) 

shifta  bulma 

reward 

ejir 

red 

kyrmizi 

rheumatism 

vejtii  mefagil 

reed 

kamish 

rib 

eye  gemii 

reflection 

'aks 

ribbon 

sherid 

refresh  oneself 

tazelenmek 

rice 

pirinj 

refuse 

inkiar 

rich 

zengin 

regulation 

nizam 

to  ride 

ata  binmek 

rein 

dizgin 

ridicule 

istihza 

rejoice 

pek  sevinmek 

right  (not  wrong) 

gerchek 

relation 

'alaka 

right  (hand) 

gagh 

—      129      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ring 

yuzuk 

saltpetre 

guvenchile 

riot 

kavgha 

salute 

selam 

ripe 

yetishmish 

salvation 

selamet 

rise,  v. 

kalkmak 

salve 

melhem 

river 

nehr 

same 

heman,  o 

road 

yol 

sample 

ornek 

roast 

kebab  etmek 

sand 

kum 

rob 

chalmak 

savage,  a 

yabani 

robber 

harami 

save 

kurtarmak 

robbery 

haramilik 

say 

demek 

rock 

kaysa 

scabbard 

kin 

roof 

dam 

scale  (balance) 

terazinin  gozu 

room 

yer,  oda 

scale  (of  a  fish) 

balik  pulu 

root 

kok 

scar 

bere 

rope 

ip,  urghan 

scarce 

nadir 

rose 

guiul 

scarcely 

guch  He 

rot 

chiirukluk 

scarcity 

nadirlik 

rotten 

churuk 

scarlet 

iskerlet 

rough 

taslak 

to  scatter" 

daghitmak 

round 

deyirmi 

scholar 

okur  yazar 

rub 

ovmak 

school 

mekteb 

ruby 

Wai 

schoolmaster 

mektebji 

rude 

sert 

science 

'Urn 

ruin 

kharab 

scissors 

micras 

run 

eyirtmek 

scorpion 

'akreb 

rust 

pas 

scull 

bash  changhi 

sea 

deniz 

Sabre 

kilij 

the  Black-sea 

kara  deniz 

sacred 

mukaddes 

seal 

muhur 

saddle 

eyer 

sealing-wax 

mum 

safe 

gagh 

search 

aramaklik 

safety      « 

selamet 

season 

mevsim 

sagacity 

firaset 

second 

ikinji 

sailor 

gemiji 

secret 

sirr 

salary 

hack 

sect 

mezheb 

sale 

gatish 

see,  v. 

gormek 

sale  (by  auction) 

mezad 

seed 

tokhum  dane 

salt 

tuz 

seek 

aramak 

Turkish  Grammar.                                                                                                 9 

—     130      — 


ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

seldom 

nadir 

shot  (small) 

$achma 

self 

kendi 

shot  (bullets) 

kurshun 

to  sell 

$atmak 

shoulder 

omuz 

send,  v. 

gondermek 

show,  v. 

gostermek 

sentence 

jumle 

shut,  v. 

kapamak 

sense 

hasse 

sick 

hasta 

sentinel 

karavul 

sickle 

orak 

separate,  v. 

ayrilmish 

sickness 

hastalik 

seraglio 

serayi  Jmmayun 

side 

yan 

serpent 

yilan 

sieve 

kalbur 

servant 

khizmetkiar 

sight 

gorush 

service 

khizmet 

sign 

nishan 

settlement 

kesilme 

signal 

nisJian 

several 

bir  kach 

signature 

imza 

severe 

sert 

silent 

sus 

sew,  v. 

dikmek 

silk 

ipek 

shade 

golge 

silk  (worm) 

ipek  bojeyi 

shadow 

golge 

silver 

giimiish 

shake,  v. 

fargak 

sin 

ffilnah 

shame 

ar 

since 

beri 

shape 

sliekl 

sincere 

gaf-derun 

sharpen 

bilemek 

sing,  v. 

turkii  chagirmak 

shave,  v. 

trash  etmek 

sink,  v. 

batmak 

sheath 

kin 

syrup 

shiirub 

shed,  v. 

db'kmek 

sister 

kilz-kardash 

sheep 

koyun 

sit,  v. 

oturmak 

sheet 

charchav 

size 

Uiyukluk 

shell  (bomb) 

kumbara 

skilful 

ma'rifetti 

shepherd 

choban 

skill 

ma'rifet 

shield 

kalkan 

skin 

deri 

shine,  v. 

parlamak 

sky 

geeuk 

ship 

gemi        > 

slander 

buhtan  » 

shirt 

chamashir 

slave 

esir 

shoe 

pabuj 

sleep,  v. 

uyumak 

shoot,  v. 

atmak 

sleep,  s. 

uyuku 

shop 

dukkyan 

sleepy 

uyushuk 

shopkeeper 

dukkyanji 

slender 

inje 

short 

kycca 

slice 

dilim 

—      131      — 


ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

ENGLISH 

TUKKISH 

sling 

gapan 

to  speak 

soylemek 

slovenly 

murdar 

spear 

myzrak 

slow 

aghir 

spectacles 

gozluk 

small 

kiichuk 

spend,  v. 

Qarf  etmek 

smoke 

tutun 

spice 

bahar 

to  smoke  a  pipe 

tutun  ichmek 

spider 

orumjek 

smooth 

duz 

spin,  v. 

eyirmek 

snake 

yilan 

spit,  v. 

shish 

sneeze,  v. 

aksirmak 

split,  v. 

yarmdk 

snipe 

yelve  kushu 

spoil,  v. 

bozmak 

snuff 

enfiyye 

spoon 

kashik 

so 

oyle 

spot 

leke 

so  much 

o  kadar 

spring  (season) 

evvel  behdr 

soap 

$abun 

spring  (of  steel) 

zemberek 

society 

jem'iyyet 

spring  (water) 

bunar 

soft 

yumushak 

sprinkle,  v. 

serpmek 

soldier 

askeri 

spur 

mahmuz 

solid 

kati 

spy 

jasus 

some  . 

bir 

squadron       (ca- 

boliik 

somebody 

bir  kimse 

valry) 

sometimes 

bazi  vakit 

squadron  (fleet) 

donanma  taksimi 

somewhere 

bir  yerde 

square,  a. 

dort-koshe 

son 

oghl 

squirrel 

teyyun 

son-in-law 

damad 

stable 

akhor 

song 

turku 

staircase 

nerduban 

sorrow 

kasavet 

stand,  v. 

durmak 

sorry 

mukedder 

star 

yildiz 

sort  (kind) 

turlu 

starch 

ak  nyshasta 

soul 

djan 

start,  v. 

chykmak 

sound 

$eda 

station 

menzil 

soup 

chorba 

station  (rank) 

mertebe 

sour 

ekshi 

steady 

paydar 

source 

bunar 

steal,  v. 

chalmak 

south 

kyUa 

steel,  s. 

chelik 

sow,  to 

ekin  ekmek 

steam 

bukhar 

spare                        aralik 

steep 

Carp 

spade                        bel 

step 

kademe 

spark                        kigliiljym 

still 

rahat 

9* 

—      132      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

sting,  v. 

$okmak 

surround,  v. 

cheveye  almak 

stirrup 

uzengi 

suspicion 

ishkil 

stock  (capital) 

sermaye 

swear 

yemin  etmek 

stock  (gun) 

kudak 

sweep,  v. 

supilrmek 

stockings 

chorab 

sweet 

tatli 

stone 

task 

sweetmeats 

shekerleme 

stop,  v. 

durmak 

swell,  v. 

kabarmak 

storm 

furtuna 

swift 

chabuk 

story 

Jiykyayet 

swim 

yuzmek 

straight 

doghru 

swing,  v. 

gallamak 

stranger 

ffharib 

sword 

kilidj 

straw 

faman 

street 

sokak 

Table 

tyrabeze 

strength 

kuvvet 

tail 

kuyruk 

stretch,  v. 

germek 

tailor 

terzi 

strew 

gachmak 

take,  v. 

almak 

strong 

kuvvetly 

take  care 

dykkat  etmek 

stupid 

akylsyz 

talk,  v. 

lakyrdi  etmek 

success 

rast  gelme 

tall 

uzun  boylu 

successor 

khalif 

tank 

havuz 

such 

boyle 

taste 

dat 

sudden 

ansiz 

to  taste 

dadmak 

suffer,  v. 

chekmek 

tax 

vergi 

sufficient 

yetisMr 

tea 

chay 

sugar 

sheker 

teach,  v. 

oyretmek 

sugar  (candy) 

nebat  shekeri 

tear,  v. 

yiratmak 

suit  (at  law) 

dava 

tear 

goz  yashi 

summer 

iats 

telescope 

dilrbin 

summit 

bash 

to  teU 

demek 

summons 

cliaghyrma 

temper 

mizaj 

sun 

gilnesh 

temperate 

itidally 

sunshine 

gunesh  aydinlighi 

temple 

ibadet-gyah 

superfluous 

artyklama 

temptation 

ighva 

superintendent 

nazir 

tenant 

kirajy 

supper 

akhsham  manjasi 

tent 

chadyr 

support,  v. 

dayatmak 

terrible 

korkulu 

surprise 

te'ajjub  ' 

thank 

shukilr 

surrender,  v. 

teslim  etmek 

thankful 

teshekhiir  etmek 

—      133      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

then 

o  vakyt 

together 

beraber 

there 

orada 

tomb 

mezar 

therefore 

onun  ichun 

to-morrow 

yaryn 

these 

bunlar 

tongue 

dil 

they 

anlar 

too 

daha 

thick 

koyu 

tool 

alat 

thief 

khyrsyz 

tooth 

dish 

thigh 

bajak 

top 

bash 

thin 

inje 

torch 

mash  :ala 

thing 

shey,  nesne 

torment 

azab 

think 

fikir  etmek 

torrent 

seyl 

thirsty 

gusuz 

tortoise 

kaplumbagha 

thorn 

diken 

torture 

ishkenje 

those 

anlar 

to  touch 

dokanmak 

thou 

sen 

to  tow 

yedeye 

thought 

fikir 

towards 

doghru 

thoughtless 

fikirsiz 

towel 

peshkir 

thread 

iplik 

tower 

kulle 

threaten,  v. 

korkutmak 

town 

shehir 

throat 

boghaz 

trade 

tijaret 

throne 

katy 

traitor 

khayn 

throw,  v. 

atmak 

to  translate 

terjume  etmek 

thumb 

bash  parmak 

translation 

terjume 

thunder 

gyok  gurlemesi 

translator 

terjume  eden 

thus 

dyle 

trap 

duzak 

thy 

senin 

travelling 

yoljuluk 

to  tie 

baghlamak 

to  travel 

sefer,  yol 

tiger 

kaplan 

tray 

Qahan 

tight 

dar 

treachery 

khyyanet 

tile 

kiremit 

treasury 

beylik 

till 

kadar 

treaty 

'ahd 

time 

vakit,  vakt 

tree 

aghaj 

tin 

kalay 

to  tremble 

titremek 

tired 

yorulmak 

trial 

imtihan 

title 

lakab,  paye 

tribe 

kabile 

to  toast 

kyzartmak 

trick 

fenn 

tobacco 

tutun 

troop 

jema'at 

to-day 

bu  gun 

to  trot 

linklemek 

—      134     — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

trouble 

zahmet 

upon 

uzre 

trowsers 

pantalon 

upright 

doghru 

true 

gerchek 

uproar 

shamata 

trumpet 

boru 

us  (to  us) 

bizi,  bize 

trunk  (box) 

candyk 

use,  v. 

kullanmak 

trunk  (tree) 

kutuk 

useful 

faydaly 

trust,  v. 

itimad  etmek 

useless 

faydasyz 

trustee 

vekil 

usual 

adeta 

truth 

gercheklik 

to  try  (endeavour) 

chalyshmak 

Vagabond 

khovarda 

to  try  (investigate) 

imtihan  etmek 

vain                         maghrur 

tulip 

laleh 

valley 

dere 

tumult 

shamata 

valuable 

kimetly 

turban 

Qaryk 

value 

kimet 

tune 

naghme 

various 

tllrlu  turlu 

the  Turk 

turk,  osmanli, 

vast 

engin 

milsliman 

veal 

dana  eti 

Turkey 

tiirkistan 

veil 

nikab 

Turkey  in  Europe 

rum  Hi 

vein 

damar 

turkish 

osmanli,  turk 

velvet 

kadi/e 

turkish  language 

tilrkje 

venerable 

izzetly 

turnip 

shalgham 

vermin 

bojekler 

to  twist 

bukmek 

verse  (poetry) 

beyt 

tyrant 

zalim 

very 

pek 

to  vex 

injitmek 

Ugly 

chirkin 

victorious 

ghalib 

umbrella 

shemsiyye 

victory 

zefer 

unanimous 

yekjihet 

vile 

alchak 

uncle  (paternal) 

amdja 

village 

kyoy 

uncle  (maternal) 

dayy 

vinegar 

sirke 

under 

alt 

vineyard 

bagh 

to  understand 

anlamak 

violence 

zor 

uneasy 

rahatsyz 

virgin 

bikir 

unfortunate 

oghursuz 

virtue 

fazilet 

unjust 

adaletsiz 

virtuous 

ehli  fazilet 

unless 

gelmezse 

visible 

goruniir 

until 

kadar 

visit 

ziyaret 

up 

yokary 

voice 

sess 

—      135      — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

volley 

atma 

welcome 

khosh  geldin 

volume 

jild 

well  (good) 

eyi 

vulgar 

kaba 

a  well  (water) 

koyn 

vulture 

ok  baba 

west 

gun  batysy 

wet 

yglak 

Wager 

bahs 

what 

ne 

waist-coat 

yelek 

wheat 

bughday 

to  wait 

beklemek 

wheel 

teker 

to  wake 

oyanmak 

when 

ne,  vakyt 

to  walk 

yurumek 

whence 

nereden 

wall                 « 

duvar 

where 

nerede 

wander,  v. 

gezmek 

which 

ne,  hanghi 

to  want 

ihtiyajym  var 

while 

dem 

war 

jenk,  sefer 

whip 

kamchy 

warm 

ysajak 

to  whisper 

fiQildamak 

wash,  v. 

yykamak 

white 

beyaz 

wasp 

yaban  orysy 

who  (rel.) 

kih 

to  waste 

kharab  etmek 

who  (interr.) 

kim 

watch  (time  piece) 

sd'at 

whole 

butun 

watch  (milit.) 

neubet 

whose 

kimin 

watch-horse 

bekjy-khanesi 

why 

nichun 

to  keep  watch 

dykkat  etmek 

wide 

inlu 

watchman 

neubetjy 

widow 

dul  kary 

water 

su 

wife 

kary,  ehl 

wave 

dalglia 

wild 

yabani 

wax 

bal  mumu 

to  win 

ele  geturmek 

way  (road) 

yoi 

wind 

ruzgiiiar 

we 

biz 

window 

penjere 

weak 

za'if 

wine 

sherab 

wealth 

mal 

wing 

kanad 

weary 

yorghun 

winter 

kish 

weather 

havah 

to  wipe 

silmek 

weave,  v. 

dokumdk 

wire 

tel 

wedding 

duyun 

wisdom 

akillilik 

week 

hafta 

wise 

akilli 

to  weep 

aglilamak 

to  wish 

arzulamak 

weigh,  v. 

tartmak 

wish,  s. 

milrad 

weight 

tarty 

with 

He 

—      136     — 


ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

ENGLISH 

TURKISH 

within 

ichinde 

writer 

yazyji 

without  (outside) 

dashra 

wrong 

Jefa 

without  (wanting) 

siz 

witness 

shahid 

Yard  (court) 

avlu 

wolf 

kurd 

yard  (measure) 

ingiliz  endaze 

woman 

kari 

year 

sene,  yyl 

wonderful 

ajib 

yearly 

her  yyl 

wood  (timber) 

odun 

yellow 

$ary 

wood  (forest) 

orman 

yes 

evet 

wool 

yun 

yesterday 

dun 

woollen 

yunden 

yet 

ddka,  hele 

word 

soz 

yoke 

boyunduruk 

work 

ish 

you 

siz 

workman 

ishjy 

young 

genj 

world 

dunyah 

your 

sizin 

worm 

kurd 

youth 

ffenjlik 

worth 

kimet 

to  be  worth 

deymek 

Zeal 

ghayret 

wound 

yara 

zealous 

ghayretli 

wrist 

bilek 

zephyr 

badi  gaba 

to  write  ^ 

yazmak 

zinc 

tutiya 

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LIST  OF 

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and  other  Oriental  Grammars,  Dictionaries  and  Dialogues 

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Turkish  Language. 

REDHOUSE'S  Turkish  and  English  and  English  and  Turkish 

Dictionary.    80.    1857 1  10    0 

BIANCHI    ET   KIEFER,    Dictionnaire   Turc    francos    et 

francos  Turc.    4  Vols.     80 6  10    0 

SAUERWEIN,     pocket    Dictionary    of    the    English    and 

Turkish  languages  (in  english  characters). 0    5    0 

ABU-SAID,  Turkish  Self  taught,  being  a  practical  and  easy 

method  of  learning  the  Turkish  Language.    8».     1877.    .050 

TURKISH -RUSSIAN -FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH,    Voca- 
bulary for  Travellers  in  the  East 0    2    6 

Arabic  Language. 

ARABIC  SELF  TAUGHT,  being  a  practical  and  easy  method 
of  learning  the  Arabic  Language,     (in  the  press.) 

CATAFAGO,    Arabic    English    and    English    and    Arabic. 

Dictionary.    2  Vol.    8<> 220 

NEWMAN'S  Handbook  of  Modern  Arabic.    80 060 

Persian  Language. 

FORBES,  Grammar  of  the  Persian  Language.    1861.    ...    0  12    6 
PALMER,  Concise  Dictionary  of  the  Persian  Language.      .    0  10    6 


Hindustani  Language. 

HINDUSTANI  SELF  TAUGHT    (in  the  press.) 

DOWSON'S  Hindustani  Grammar.    1872 0  10    6 

FORBES,  Hindustani  and  English  Dictionary.    Roy.  8».  .    .  2  12    6 

Singalese-Tamil-Telugu  and  Malay  Languages. 

SANGARABA.  A  Grammar  of  the  Singalese  Language.   1852.  200 

RHENIUS,  A  Grammar  of  the  Tamil  language.    1876.   .    .  0  10    6 

ARDEN'S  progressive  Grammar  of  the  Telugu  language.  1874.  0  14    0 

MARSDEN'S  Grammar  of  the  Malayan  language.  4°.  1812.  0  15    0 

Chinese  Language. 

SUMMER'S  Rudements  of  the  Chinese  Language.  120.  1864.  076 

STENT,  A  Chinese  and  English  Pocket  Dictionary 0  10    6 

DOUGLAS,  the  language  and  literature  of  China 050 

Japanese  Language. 

ASHTON,  Grammar  of  the  Japanese  spoken  language.    .   .  0  12    0 

SATOWS  English  and  Japanese  Dictionary.    1876 0  12    0 

Sanscrit  Language. 

BALLANTYNE,  First  lessons  in  Sanscrit  Grammar.    ...  040 

BENFEY,  Grammar  of  the  Sanscrit  language 0  10    6 

COWELL'S  Short  Introduction  to  Prakrit 036 

SCHLEICHER.    Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Indo  Euro- 
pean, Sanscrit,  Greek  and  Italian  Languages,    part.  I.    .  0    7    6 

Coptic  Language. 

MC.  DONALD'S  Coptic  Grammar  for  self-tution.  .....  0    3    6 

Egyptian  Language. 

BRUGSCH,  Grammaire  hieroglyphique,    1872.    ......  1    5    0 

PAGE  RENOUF.    An  Elementary  Grammar  of  the  ancient 

Egyptian  language  in  the  hieroglyphic  Type.    4°.     ...  0    7    6 

Cuneiform. 

OPPERT,  Elements  de  la  Grammaire  assyrienne.    2.  Ed,  1868.  050 


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