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" History is but the essence of innumerable biographies."— Thomas Carlj/U.
THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
NOTABLE AMERICANS
BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
ADMINISTRATORS, CLERGYMEN
COMMANDERS, EDITORS, ENGINEERS
JURISTS, MERCHANTS, OFFICIALS
P H I L A N T H R O P I 3 T S , , G.C I E N T I S T S
STATES M-E NV -,-A ND OTHERS WHO
ARE MAKING, AMERICAN HISTORY
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
ROSSITER JOHNSON, PH.D., LL. D.
EDITOR OF THE ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA AND ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN CYCLOPiEDIA
MANAGING EDITOR
JOHN HOWARD BROWN
WITH WHOM ARE ASSOCIATED MANY EMINENT CONTRIBUTORS
VOLUME VIII
MOUL— PYNE
BOSTON
THE BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
i 904
Cepyrigkt, 1904., by The Biographical Society
13Ifmpton JDrcss
Printers and Binders, Norwood, Mass.
U. S. A.
LIST OF FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS
VOL. I
JOHN ADAMS
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
JOHN A. ANDREW
CHESTER A. ARTHUR
PHILLIPS BROOKS
VOL. II
JAMES BUCHANAN
JOHN C. CALHOUN
ANDREW CARNEGIE
HENRY CLAY
GROVER CLEVELAND
VOL. Ill
CHARLES A. DANA
JEFFERSON DAVIS
GEORGE DEWEY
THOMAS A. EDISON
VOL. IV
DAVID G. FARRAGUT
MlLLARD FlLLMORE
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
MELVILLE W. FULLER
JAMES A. GARFIELD
JAMES, CARDINAL GIBBONS
ULYSSES S. GRANT
VOL. V
MARCUS HANNA
WILLIAM R. HARPER
WILLIAM HEI^RY HARRISON
NATHANIEL HA,WTROPNE '• •
JOHN HAY
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
WASHINGTON IRVING
VOL. VI
ANDREW JACKSON
THOMAS JEFFERSON
ANDREW JOHNSON
ROBERT EDWARD LEE
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
VOL. VII
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
WILLIAM McKiNLEY
JAMES MADISON
JAMES MONROE
SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE
VOL. VIII
OLIVER HAZARD PERRY
FRANKLIN PIERCE
JAMES KNOX POLK
VOL. IX
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
ELIHU ROOT
WILLIAM T. SHERMAN
VOL. X
ZACHARY TAYLOR
JOHN TYLER
MARTIN VAN BUREN
GEORGE WASHINGTON
DANIEL WEBSTER
THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
NOTABLE AMERICANS.
MOULTRIE
MOULTRIE, William, patriot, was born in
1731 ; son of Dr. John Moultrie, who immigrated
to America from Scotland in 1733 and attained
eminence in Charleston, S.C.. as a physician.
William distinguished himself as an Indian
fighter ; and in 1761 was appointed captain in a
militia regiment. He was a member of the pro-
vincial congress that convened at Charleston in
January, 1775, and was chosen colonel of the 2d
South Carolina infantry. In June, 1776, he was
ordered to complete a fort on Sullivan's Island,
Charleston harbor, which he had begun the pre-
vious March. On the arrival of the British fleet
under Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter
Parker, June 28, 1776, a bombardment was begun
on the unfinished fortification, but owing to the
spongy character of the palmetto wood, of which
the fort was constructed, the broadsides had little
effect, while the American fire wrought fearful
havoc in the fleet, which was forced to withdraw.
The fort was subsequently called Fort Moultrie,
and Moultrie was commissioned a brigadier-gen-
eral in the Continental army. In February, 1779,
he defended Beaufort, S.C., against a superior
force of British under Colonel Gardner. In April,
1779, he delayed the advance of General Augus-
tine Prevost against Charleston until the city
could be placed in a condition for defence. Upon
the capitulation of Charleston in 1780 he was
second in command and was on parole, till 1782,
when he was exchanged. He was promoted
major-general in 1782, and at the close of the war
retired to his home in Charleston. He was gov-
ernor of South Carolina, 1785-87, and 1794-96.
He is the author of Memoirs of the American
Revolution (2 vols. 1802). He died in Charleston,
S.C., Sept. 27, 1805.
MOUNT, James Atwell, governor of Indiana,
was burn in Montgomery county, Ind., March
23, 1843. He attended country schools, served in
Wilder's brigade during the civil war, and com-
pleted his education in the Presbyterian academy
at Lebanon, Ind., in 1866. He engaged in farm,
ing in Montgomery County ; was a member of the
Indiana senate in 1888-92, and was elected gov-
MOUNT
ernor on the Republican ticket, serving, 1897-1901.
He refused to extradite Governor Taylor of Ken-
tucky, who was charged with complicity in the
murder of Governor Goebel of Kentucky, on the
ground that he could not have a fair trial in
Kentucky. He married, in 1867, Kate Boyd. He
was president of the Indiana Wool-Growers' asso-
ciation. He died in Indianapolis. Ind., Jan. 16,
1901.
MOUNT, Sheppard Alonzo, portrait painter,
was born at Setauket, L.I., N.Y., July 17, 1804 ;
son of Thomas S. and Julia (Hawkins) Mount.
He learned the trade of coach-making in New
Haven, Conn., studied art at the National Aca-
demy of Design in New York ; was elected an
associate in 1833, and an academician in 1842.
He married, Oct. 5, 1837, Elizabeth H. Elliott of
Sag Harbor, L.I. He devoted himself to portrait-
ure, among his works being a portrait of his
brother, William Sidney Mount. He died at
Stony Brook, N.Y.. Sept. 18, 1868.
MOUNT, William Sidney, portrait painter, was
born at Setauket, Long Island, N.Y., Nov. 26,
1807 ; son of Thomas S. and Julia (Hawkins)
Mount. In 1823 he apprenticed himself to a sign-
painter in New York city, but in 1826 he entered
the National Academy of Design as a student.
He exhibited his first picture, a portrait of him-
self, at the National Academy of Design in 1828,
and established his studio in New York in 1829.
He was elected an associate of the National
Academy in 1831, and an academician in 1832.
His many genre pictures include : A Rustic
Dance (1830) ; The Last Visit (1835) ; Farmer's
Nooning (1837) ; The Raffle (1837) ; Bargaining
for a Horse, and TJie Truant Gamblers in the
New York Historical society ; Boys Trapping
(1839) ; Dance of the Haymakers (1845) ; Power of
Music (1847) ; Turn of the Leaf (1849) ; \Ylw'll
turn the Grindstone? (1851); California News
and Banjo Player (1858); Just in Time (1860) ;
Early Impressions are Lasting (1864), and
Mutual Respect (1868). Many of his pictures
were engraved and largely sold. He died at
Setauket, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 19, 1868.
MOUTON
MOWATT
MOUTON, Alexandre, governor of Louisiana,
was born on Bayon Carenero, Attakapas (Lafay-
ette parish) La., Nov. 19, 1804; son of Jean
Mouton, an Acadian refugee. He attended the
local schools, studied law under Judge Simon and
was admitted to the Louisi-
la bar in 1825. He settled in
practice in Lafayette parish,
represented his district in the
Louisiana legislature, 1828-33
and 1836-39, and was speaker
of the house for two sessions.
He was a Democratic presi-
dential elector at large from Louisiana in 1829,
1833 and 1837 ; was the defeated Democratic can-
didate for representative in the 22d congress in
1830 ; was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander
Porter, Jan. 5, 1837, and was re-elected for a full
term, serving until March 3, 1842, when he re-
signed, having been nominated as the Democratic
candidate for governor of Louisiana. On Jan. 30,
1843, he was inaugurated first Democratic gover-
nor of the state, his term expiring on the adoption
of a new state constitution in 1846. He was
president of the Southwestern railroad conven-
tion, New Orleans, La., January, 1852 ; a delegate
to the Democratic national convention in 1856
and 1860 ; president of the Vigilance committee
of Lafayette parish in 1858, and a delegate to and
president of the state convention at Baton Rouge
that passed the secession ordinance, Jan. 23, 1861.
He was a defeated candidate at a joint session of
the legislature convened to elect two senators to
the Confederate congress, Nov. 29, 1861. He was
twice married, first to Lilia, daughter of Jean
Jacques Rousseau and granddaughter of Gov.
Jacques Dupre ; and secondly to Emma, daughter
of Col. C. R. Gardner (q.v.), U.S.A. His son
Alfred (q.v.) was a Confederate soldier, and his
daughter Mathilda married Gen. Franklin Gard-
ner, C.S.A., graduate of West Point, 1843, who
defended Port Hudson. He died on his planta-
tion near Vermillionville, La., Feb. 12, 1885.
MOUTON, Alfred, soldier, was born in Opel-
ousas, St. Lundry parish, La., Feb. 18, 1829 ; son
of Alexandre and Lilia (Rousseau) Mouton. He
was graduated at the U.S. military academy in
1850, and resigned from the army, Sept. 16, 1850.
He served as assistant engineer in the construc-
tion of the New Orleans and Great Western
railroad, 1853-53, and was brigadier-general in the
state militia, 1850-61. In 1861 he joined the Con-
federate army, recruiting a company from the
farmers of Lafayette parish, and was com-
missioned colonel of the 18th Louisiana regiment,
taking part in the battle of Shiloh, April 7, 1862,
where he was severely wounded. He commanded
a brigade made up of the 18th and 33d Louisiana
Crescent and Terrebonne regiments, Ralston'3
and Semmes's batteries, and the 2d Louisiana
cavalry, 1392 strong, and at Georgia Landing,
Oct. 27, 1862, when pressed by General Weitzel,
evacuated the place, burned the bridges and
occupied the Teche country for the winter of
1862-63. He was with Gen. E. Kirby Smith's
Trans-Mississippi army in command of the 2d
division of Lieut. -Gen. Richard Taylor's Army of
West Louisiana in opposing the advance of Gen-
eral Bank up the Red River, being at Carroll
Jones's plantation on March 18, at Xatchitoches
on the 22d and at Sabine Cross Roads on April 5,
where the line of battle was formed on the morn-
ing of the 8th. On the first onslaught made by
the Federal force he succeeded in driving in the
cavalry and struck the head of Franklin's troops,
and without waiting for orders from General
Taylor drove Franklin back. This movement
opened the battle of Mansfield, which Taylor
pushed to a complete success, but Mouton fell at
the first onset. He died on the field, Mansfield, La. ,
April 8, 1864.
MOWATT, Anna Cora, author, playwright and
actress, was born at Bordeaux, France, during the
temporary residence of her parents in that place,
in 1819 ; daughter of Samuel Gouverneur and
Eliza (Lewis) Ogden, granddaughter of the Rev.
Dr. Uzal (q.v.) and Mary (Gouverneur) Ogden,
and of Francis Lewis. She was educated at
private schools in New York city and at New
Rochelle. She was privately married when fifteen
years of age to James Mowatt, a lawyer, and her
husband directed her education. She published
her first book in 1836 using the pen name "Isabel,"
to the criticisms of which she replied with a
satirical work ' ' Reviewers Reviewed. " She spent
fifteen months in Europe, 1839-40, and in 1840
wrote " Gulzara, the Persian Slave," a play, which
was performed privately and afterwards published
in the New World. Her husband lost his fortune
by speculation and to aid him she became a
public reader, reading first in Boston, Mass., Oct.
28, 1841, and then in Providence, R.I., and in
New York city. Illness compelled her to abandon
the profession and she returned to literary work.
She contributed to leading American periodicals
under the pen name " Helen Berkley," and many
of her contributions were copied in the London
magazines and several translated into German.
Her play, " Fashion," was successfully produced
at the Park theatre, New York city, in March,
1845. Her husband again meeting with reverses
she made her debut as an actress at the Park
theatre, New York city, June 13, 1845, as Pauline
in "The Lady of Lyons." Her success secured
her engagements in other cities and she appeared
at the Walnut Street theatre in "The Lady
of Lyons "and "Fashion" and in July, 1845, at
MOWBRAT
MOWER
Niblo's Garden, New York, as Juliana in " The
Honeymoon." She made a tour of the United
States, appearing more than two hundred nights
in her first year on the stage. She wrote a play
" Armand ; or the Peer and the Peasant " in 1847.
She appeared in Manchester, England, in 1847, and
in London at the Princess's theatre, Jan. 5, 1848,
in "The Hunchback " with Mr. E. L. Daven-
port. Her husband died in London in 1851, and
she acted in the United States until June 3, 1854,
when she retired. She was married, June 7, 1854,
to William Fouche Ritchie of Richmond, Va.,
and lived in retirement in France, Italy and Eng-
land, visiting the United States in 1860, being
called to the death-bed of her father in New York.
She is the author of : Pelayo, or the Cavern of
Covadonga (1836); Revieivers Reviewed (1837);
The Fortune-Hunter, a novel (1842); Evelyn; or
a Heart Unmasked, A Tale of Domestic Life (2
vols., 1845) Autobiography of An Actress (1854);
Mimic Life, or before and Behind the Curtain
(1855); Twin Roses (1857); Fairy Fingers (1865);
The Mute Singer (1866), and Tlie Clergyman's
Wife and Other Sketc}ies(1867). She died at
Henley on the Thames, England, July 28, 1870.
MOWBRAY, George W., inventor, was born in
Lewes, England, May 4, 1815. He became a skil-
ful chemist, was employed in the California gold
mines, 1853-58, and as a chemist in the oil region
of Pennsylvania, 1858-68. He removed to North
Adams, Mass., in 1868, where he devoted himself
to chemical research and there invented a form
of nitroglycerin for blasting purposes and super-
intended its manufacture and its use in the
construction of the Hoosac tunnel. He also im-
proved the method of insulating electric wires,
used in discharging the explosive. He invented
a smokeless powder and was consulting chemist
of the Maxim and Nordenfeld Arms Company of
London, England, 1888-91, and chemist of the
Zylonite Company of North Adams, 1885-91. He
died in North Adams, Mass., June 21, 1891.
MOWBRAY, Henry Siddons, artist, was born
in Alexandria, Egypt, Aug. 5, 1858 ; son of George
(q.v.) and Mary Anne Mowbray, while his parents
were traveling abroad. He attended the com-
mon schools of North Adams, Mass., was ap-
pointed a cadet at the U.S. Military academy in
1875, but left after one year and studied painting
under Bonnat at Paris. He opened a studio in
New York in 1885 and engaged in figure painting
and decorating. He was elected a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1886 and won the
Clark prize at the National Academy of Design in
1888. He was elected a national academician in
1891. Among his paintings are : Aladdin; Even-
ing Breeze ; Last Favorite ; Le Destin ; Irides-
cence ; Persephone and Demeter ; Lady in Black ;
mural decorations in Appellate Court House,
New York ; in the board room of the Prudential
Life Insurance company at Newark, N.J., and in
private residences in New York city.
MOWER, Joseph Anthony, soldier, was born
in Woodstock, Vt., Aug. 22, 1827; son of Capt.
Samuel Mower (born in Worcester, Mass., in 1782 ;
died in Lowell, Mass. , April 1, 1865) , and a descend-
ant in the fourth generation from Samuel Mower,
who was born in England in 1690 and settled in
Maiden, Mass., about 1714, later moving to Wor-
cester, Mass., where he died. Joseph Anthony
Mower attended the public school, learned the car-
penter's trade and was a cadet at Norwich univ-
ersity, 1844-46, leaving that institution to enlist in
1846, under Capt. Alden Partridge, as a private in
a battalion of engineers and served in the Mexican
war, 1846-47. He was commissioned second
lieutenant in the 1st U.S. infantry, June 18, 1855,
was promoted first lieutenant, March 13, 1857, and
captain, Sept. 9, 1861. He was engaged in the
early operations of the Federal army in Missouri,
1861-62, and was appointed colonel of the llth
Missouri volunteers in May, 1862. At the battle of
luka, Sept. 19, 1862, his regiment with those of
Colonels Bormer and Holman was forced back
just before dark, but bivouacked on the field and
found the enemy gone in the morning, when he
commanded the 2d brigade of Stanley's division,
Army of the Mississippi, under Rosecrans. In the
battle of Corinth, Oct. 3-4, 1862, he was ordered
by Rosecrans to discover the position of Lovell,
and taking a force from the skirmish line he en-
tered the woods, was shot in the neck and cap-
tured, but recaptured a few hours after with the
field hospital of the Confederates. He became
known as " Fighting Joe Mower." He was bre-
vetted major, May 9, 1862, for his action at Farm-
ington, Miss.; lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 9, 1862, for
luka, and colonel, May 14, 1863, for the capture of
Jackson, Miss. In the Vicksburg campaign he
commanded the 3d brigade, 3d division, 15th army
corps, May 19-July 4, 1863, and was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers for his gallant de-
fence of Millikens Bend, June 6-7, 1863. He took
part in the Red River campaign, and in the cap-
ture of Fort De Russy, March 14, 1864, rode at
the head of his attacking column into the fort.
On May 15, 1864, he encountered Whalton and
Polignac on Yellow Bayou while in command of
the rear-guard of the army, and defeated the Con-
federate force. He continued to operate with the
navy above Alexandria, and was appointed to the
command of the 1st division, 16th army corps.
On July 13-15, 1864, at Tupelo, Miss. , he defeated
Forest, and was promoted major-general of vol-
unteers, Aug. 12, 1864. He served with Sherman
in Georgia and Carolina, commanded the 1st divi-
sion, 17th corps, and the 17th corps in South Caro-
lina, and tiie 20th corps at the battle of Benton-
MOWRY
MOXOM
ville, March 19-20, 1865, where his corps fell back
before General Hardee the night before the army
of Johnston fell back across Mill Creek. He was
brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 13,
1865, for gallant and meritorious services at Fort
De Russy, La., and major-general on same date
for gallant and meritorious services in the passage
of the Salkehatchie river, S.C., Feb. 3, 1865. On
July 28, 1866, he was promoted colonel U.S.A.
and transferred to the 39th infantry and to the 25th
infantry, March 15,1869. His last command was
the Department of Louisiana, including Arkan-
sas. He died in New Orleans, La., Jan. 6, 1870.
MOWRY, Daniel, delegate, was born in Smith-
field, R.I., Aug. 28, 1729; son of Capt. Daniel and
t Mary (Steere) Mowry ; grandson of Capt. Joseph
and Alice (Whipple) Mowry and of Thomas and
Catherine Steere; great-grandson of Nathaniel
aud Johannah (Inman) Mowry ; great~grandson
of Roger and Mary (Johnson) Mowry, who came
from England to Boston in 1631 and whose son
Nathaniel settled in Providence, R.I., in 1666.
Daniel was brought up on his father's farm and
learned the cooper's trade. He represented Smith-
field and Glocester in the general assembly of
Rhode Island, 1766-76 ; took an active part in pre-
Revolutionary movements and served on many
important committees of the Rhode Island Colo-
nial assembly ; was one of the census takers, 1774
and 1776 ; a member of the committee to super-
vise the erection of forts, 1776 ; judge of the court
of common pleas, 1776-81 ; a member of the enroll-
ment committee, 1777, and that on appraising tax-
able property, 1779. He was one of four delegates
from Rhode Island to the Continental congress,
1781-82, serving for six months with Senator
Varnum. He was also clerk of the town of Smith-
field for twenty years. He was thrice married :
first, Aug. 27, 1749, to Anne, daughter of Richard
and Anne Philips, who died Sept. 13, 1753 ; sec-
ondly, Aug. 19, 1756, to Nancy, widow of Thomas
Arnold, and thirdly to Catherine, daughter of
Anthony and Rachel Steere, who died, April 4,
1827. He died in Smithfield, R.I., July 6, 1806.
MOWRY, William Augustus, author, was
born in Uxbridge, Mass., Aug. 13, 1829; son of
Jonathan and Hannah (Brayton) Mowry; grand-
son of Gideon and Ruth (Wheeler) Mowry ; great-
grandson of Richard (the preacher) and Huldah
(Harris) Mowry ; great-grandson of Joseph and
Anne (Whipple) Mowry, and great'-grandson of
Captain Daniel and Mary (Steere) Mowry.
He attended Phillips academy and Brown uni-
versity, and was principal of the English high
school at Providence, R.I., 1859-64. He served as
captain in the llth R.I. volunteer infantry, 1862-
63 ; was senior principal of the English and Clas-
sical school at Providence, 1864-84 ; superinten-
dent of schools, Cranston, R.I., 1864-66, and
editor of the Journal of Education, Boston, Mass.,
1884-86, and Education, 1886-91. He was a mem-
ber of the school board of Providence, R.I., 1869-
75, and of Boston, 1889-91 ; superintendent of
schools at Salem, Mass., 1891-94 ; president of the
Rhode Island Insti-
tute of Instruction,
1864-66; of the Amer-
ican Institute of In-
struction, 1880-82 ; of
the Massachusetts
council of the Ameri-
can Institute of
Civics, 1885-87 ; of the
Martha's Vineyard
summer institute
from 1878; of the
department of higher
education, National
Educational associa-
tion, in 1889 ; became
a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
New England Historic Genealogical society, and
the National Council of Education in 1880 ; a cor-
responding member of the Rhode Island Histor-
ical society ; of the Oregon Historical society, and
was one of the founders and a member of the
American Historical society. In 1902 he had
given more than two thousand lectures, mostly
on historical and educational subjects, in various
states, thus addressing over one hundred thousand
teachers. He is the author of : Who Invented the
American Steamboat ? (1874) ; Tiie Descendants
of Nathaniel Mowry (1878) ; A Family History
(1878) ; Political Education in the Schools (1878) ;
Tlie School Curriculum and Business Life (1881) ;
Talks with My Boys (1884) ; Studies in Civil Gov-
ernment (1888); 4 National University (1889);
Elements of Civil Government (1890) ; Talks with
Boys (revised, 1892) ; Annual Report of tlm Super-
intendent of Schools, Salem, Mass. (4 vols., 1891-
94) ; War Stones (1892) ; Sunshine upon the
Psalms (1892) ; Lov'st TJiou Me More than Tliese?
(1892) ; Art Decorations for School Rooms (1892) ;
Difficulties attending the Organization of our Na-
tional Government in 17S9 ; A History of the
United States (1896) ; First Steps in the History
of Our Country (1SQS); American Inventions and
Inventors (1900) ; Marcus Whitman and the Early
Days of Oregon (1901), and Territorial Growth of
the United States (1902).
MOXOM, Philip Stafford, clergyman and au-
thor, was born in Markham, Canada, Aug. 10,
1848 ; son of the Rev. Job Hibbard and Anne
(Turner) Moxom, both natives of England. In
1856 the family moved to Ogle county, 111., and
later to De Kalb. In 1861 Philip went with the
58th Illinois volunteer infantry as " boy" to Cap-
MOXOM
MRAK
tain Bewley and was present at the battle of Fort
Donelson. In October, 1860, he enlisted in the
17th Illinois cavalry and served until November
29, 1865. He matriculated at Kalamazoo college
in the class of 1871, but left after one year and
entered Shurtleff col-
lege,Upper Alton, 111.,
where he remained
till the summer of
1870. Meantime he
taught school in Ma-
coupin county, 111., in
Barry county, Mich.,
1870-71, and then en-
tered the law office of
May & Buck in Kala-
mazoo. He was mar-
ried, Sept. 6, 1871,
to Isabel, daughter
of the Hon. Adam
Elliott of Barry
county, Mich., and
their son, Philip W. T. Moxom, graduated at
Harvard, M.D., 1901. On Sept. 19, 1871, he was or-
dained to the Baptist ministry in Bellevue, Mich.
After sixteen months' service he was called to
Albion, Mich. In 1875 he entered the Theological
seminary in Rochester, N.Y., and also became
pastor of the Baptist church in Mt. Morris, Livings-
ton county. He graduated in May, 1878, and in
1879 took his degree as A.B., in the University
of Rochester and that of A.M. in 1883. He was
pastor of the First Baptist church, Cleveland,
Ohio, 1879-85, and of the First Baptist church,
Boston, Mass., 1885-93. In March, 1894, he ac-
cepted a call to the South Congregational church
in Springfield, Mass. He was on the staff of uni-
versity preachers of Harvard, 189-1-97, and fre-
quently served as university preacher at Yale,
Cornell, Dartmouth, Amherst, Williams, Bow-
doin, Wellesley, Vassar, Bryn Mawr and other
colleges. He gave a paper on " The Argument
for Immortality " before the World's Parliament
of Religions in Chicago, 1893, and preached the
sermon on " Moral and Social Aspects of War"
before the World's Peace congress in the same
year. He was a delegate to the International
Peace congresses in London, Berne and Antwerp,
and to the International Congregational council,
1899. He' lectured before the Lowell Institute,
Boston, in 1895, and was made a member of the
American Oriental society ; the Society of Bibli-
cal Literature and Exegesis, the Connecticut
Valley Biblical club, the American Economic as-
sociation, the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science and various other literary
and scientific societies. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Brown in 1892. He is the
author of : The Aim of Life (1894) ; From Jeru-
salem to Nicaa : the Church in the First Tiiree
Centuries (Lowell lectures, 1895) ; The Religion of
Hope (1896), and numerous articles and pam-
phlets on religious, social and political subjects.
MOYLAN, Stephen, soldier, was born in
Ireland in 1734. One of his brothers was bishop
of Cork. His family being wealthy he was well
educated, traveled in Europe and resided for a
time in England, whence he came to America.
He engaged as a merchant in Philadelphia, Pa.,
and became an early defender of the rights of the
colonies. He joined the Revolutionary army at
Boston, Mass., in 1775, and was appointed muster-
master general in the commissary department,
Aug. 11, 1775, through the influence of John
Dickinson of Pennsylvania. He won the friend-
ship of General Washington, who appointed him
his aide-de-camp, March 6, 1776, and was made
quartermaster-general with the rank of colonel,
June 5, 1776, which latter office he resigned,
Sept. 28, 1776. He raised the 1st Pennsylvania
regiment of cavalry, an independent organiza-
tion, serving as colonel until 1777. He was ap-
pointed colonel of the 4th Continental dragoons,
Jan. 5, 1777, and served at Valley Forge, 1777-78 ;
on the Hudson river and in Conuecticut in 1779 ;
with General Wayne on the expedition to Bull's
Ferry in 1780, and in the southern campaign.
He was brevetted brigadier-general in the Con-
tinental army on his retirement, Nov. 3, 1783.
He was U.S. commissioner of loans in Phila-
delphia for several years. He was one of the
organizers and the first president of the Friendh'
Sons of St. Patrick in Philadelphia in 1771. He
had two brothers, Jasper, a lawyer in Philadel-
phia, and John, a merchant, and U.S. clothier-
general during the Revolution. General "Moylan
died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 11, 1811.
MOYLAN, William, educator, was born in
Ireland, June, 22, 1822, of a celebrated Roman
Catholic family. He entered the secular priest-
hood in Canada, and was engaged in missionary
work among the Indians and fishermen at Cape
Gaspe, Quebec. He was admitted to the Society
of Jesus, Nov. 14, 1851 ; taught in the under-
graduate course at St. John's college, Fordham ;
at St. Francis Xavier's college, New York city,
and in San Francisco, Cal. He was appointed
president of St. John's college, Fordham, in 1865.
and filled the position for three years. During
his administration, Senior hall or First Division
building was erected and served for many years
as the principal college building. He died at
Fordham, N.Y., Jan. 14, 1891.
MRAK, Ignatius, R.C. bishop, was born in
Hotoula, parish of Poljane, Carniola, Austria,
Oct. 10, 1816. He was ordained priest, July 31,
1837, at Laibach, Austria, by Prince Bishop An-
thony Aloys Wolff, and served as parish priest at
MUDGE
MUDGE
Carniola until 1845. He came to the United
States in that year as missionary to the Ottawa
and Chippewa Indians in northern Michigan and
was stationed at Arbre Croche. He was trans-
ferred to Eagle Town on Grand Traverse bay in
1855, and there established an Indian school.
He also attended to ten other Indian mission
stations, which he had organized, and was ap-
pointed vicar-general of the diocese of Sault
Sainte Marie in 18GO. He was consecrated bishop
of Marquette and Sault Sainte Marie, Mich., at
Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1869, by Archbishop
Purcell, assisted by Bishop Lefevre and Henni,
and succeeded Bishop Baraga, who died Jan. 19,
1868. He resigned from his see on account of
ill health in July, 1878, and received the titular
see of Antinoe in 1881. He died at St. Mary's
hospital, Marquette. Mich., Jan. 2, 1901.
MUDGE, Benjamin Franklin, scientist, was
born in Orrington, Maine, Aug. 11, 1817; son of
James and Ruth (Atwell) Mudge ; grandson of
Enoch and Lydia (Ingalls) Mudge, and a descend-
ant from Thomas and Marie Mudge. Thomas
Mudge was born in Devonshire, England, 1624;
arrived in America shortly after 1640, and settled
in Maiden, Mass. His parents removed to Lynn,
Mass., when he was an infant, and he attended
the public school and Wilbraham academy. He
was graduated at Wesleyan university A.B. and
B.S. in 1840. He studied law in Lynn, 1843-44,
and was admitted to the bar in 1844, practising
in Lynn, 1844-59. He was married in 1846 to Mary
Eusebia A. Beckford of Lynn, who with two sons
and one daughter survived him. He was asso-
ciate justice of the police court, 1850-59 ; mayor
of Lynn, 1850 ; member of state temperance com-
mittee, 1854-60, and chemist to oil refineries in
Chelsea, Mass., and Cloverport, Ky., 1860-61.
He removed to Quindoro, Kan., in 1861 ; was
appointed state geologist in 1864, and was pro-
fessor of natural science in the State Agricultural
college, Manhattan, Kansas, 1865-73. He was
president of the State Teachers association, 1867 ;
president of the Kansas Natural History society,
1868-79 ; lecturer in geology, State university,
Lawrence, Kan., 1873-79, and made various geo-
logical explorations alone and with D.C. Marsh of
Yale college for the State Board of Agriculture.
The first known toothed bird was discovered by
him and presented to Yale college. He was a
fellow of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science. The members of the State
Academy of Science, of which he was chief
founder and president, erected a monument to his
memory in Manhattan, Kan. He is the author
of: First Annual Report of the Geology of Kan-
sas (1866) ; Notes on the Tertiary and Cretaceous
Periods of Kansas (1877), and contributions to
the Ladies' Repository, American Journal of
Science and Arts, Transactions of the Kansas
State Board of Agriculture, Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science, Report U.S. Geo-
graphical and Geological Survey and the Kansas
City Review of Science and Industry. He died in
Manhattan, Kan., Nov. 21, 1879.
MUDGE, Enoch, clergyman and author, was
born in Lynn, Mass., June 26, 1776 ; son of Enoch
and Lydia (Ingalls) Mudge, and grandson of
John and Abigail Ingalls. His father was one
of the sentinels who guarded the Old Province
house when occupied by Washington as head-
quarters ; his mother was the granddaughter of
the first white settler of Lynn, Mass., and his
brothers, James and Samuel Mudge, were promi-
nent Methodist laymen of Lynn. Enoch entered
the itinerancy of the Methodist church in 1793,
traveled through Maine, 1793-99, and was settled
over the church at Orrington, Me., 1799-1816.
He was twice elected a representative in the Mas-
sachusetts general court and obtained a repeal of
the law imposing a tax on other religious de-
nominations for the benefit of the Congregation-
alists. He took up the itinerancy again in 1816,
laboring in Boston, Lynn, Portsmouth. N.H.,
Newport, R.I., and smaller towns, 1816-32, and in
1832 was transferred to the Seaman's chapel,
New Bedford, serving, 1832-44. He was a member
of the Massachusetts constitutional committee of
1819. He is the author of : Camp Meeting
Hymn Book (1818) ; Notes on the Parables (1828),
Lynn: a Poem (1830) ; Tlie Parable of Our Lord
(1831) ; Lectures to Seamen (1836) ; TJie Juvenile
Exposition in 70 numbers of Zion's Herald,
and of prose and verse to current periodicals.
He died in Lynn, Mass., April 2, 1850.
MUDGE, James, missionary, was born in West
Springfield, Mass., April 5, 1844; son of the Rev.
James and Harriet (Goodridge) Mudge, and
grandson of James and Ruth (Atwell) Mudge.
He was graduated at Wesleyan university in
1865 ; was teacher of Latin and Greek at Pen-
nington seminary, N.J., 1865-67 ; joined the New
England conference of the Methodist church,
1868 ; was stationed at Cambridge, Mass., 1868-
69 ; was graduated at Boston university, B.D.,
1870, and was stationed at Wilbraham, Mass.,
1870-72. He was transferred to India conference,
1872, and traveled in Europe several months,
1872-73. He was married, April 29, 1873, to
Martha M. Wiswell of New Haven, Conn., and
three children, Mabel, James Wiswell and Ada,
were born to them in India. He remained at
Lucknow, India, as editor of the Lnckuoir
\\~itness. 1873-81, and was stationed at Shahje-
hanpur, 1882. He returned to the United States
and rejoined the M.E. conference in 1883, and
was stationed at Whitinsville, 1884-86; East
Pepperell, 1887-90; Clinton, 1891-93; Lowell,
MUDGE
MUHLENBERG
1894-97 ; Natick, 1898-1900, and Webster, from
1901. He was elected secretary of the confer-
ence in 1889 ; secretary and treasurer of the Con.
ference Missionary society in 1886, and lecturer
on missions at Boston University School of Theo-
logy in 1888. He was a delegate to the general
conference of the M.E. church held at Chicago in
1900. He received the honorary degree of D.D.
from Wesleyan university in 1891. He is the
author of : Handbook of Methodism, prepared for
and dedicated to the Methodist Church of India
(Lucknow, 1877) ; and History of Methodism
(Luoknow, 1878) ; and editor of : Good Stories
for the Family Circle and Leisure Hour (1878) ;
Good Stories and Best Poems (1879, 2d ser. 1882) ;
Spiritual Songs (1880) ; Monitor (1897), and trans-
lation of Easy Lessons for Infant ScJiolars, all
published in Lucknow. He is also the author of:
Faber (1885) ; A Memorial Portraiture of the
Rev. Z. A. Mudge (1890) ; The Pastor's Mission-
ary Manual (1891); Growth in Holiness (1895) ;
The Best of Browning (1898) ; Honey from Many
Hives (1899) ; China (1900).
MUDGE, Thomas Hicks, educator, was born
in Orrington, Maine, Sept. 27, 1815 ; son of James
and Ruth (Atwell) Mudge. He was graduated
at Wesleyan university A.B., 1840, A.M. 1843;
studied at Union Theological seminary, New York
city, 1840-43 ; joined the New England confer-
ence, 1843, and labored in the itinerancy, 1843-57.
He was professor of sacred literature, McKeiidrie
college, Lebanon, 111., 1857-58; member of the
Southern Illinois conference, 1858 ; of the Mis-
souri conference, 1859-61 ; was at Manhattan,
Kan., 1861-62, and professor of ancient languages
and Biblical literature at Baker university, Bald-
win City, Kan., 1862. He was married about
1842 to B. Lucinda Grover. He is the author of :
Inquiry into the Meaning of II Peter Hi. 13 (1850) ;
Was Pharaoh Destroyed in the Red Sea ? (1860),
published in the Methodist Quarterly Review and
Ladies' Repository respectively. He died in Bald-
win City, Kan., July 24, 1862.
MUDGE, Zachariah Atwell, author, was born
in Orrington, Maine, July 2, 1813 ; son of James
and Ruth (Atwell) Mudge. He taught school at
Topsfield, 1832-34, at Lynn, 1834-35; entered
Wesleyan university in 1835, but left in April,
1837. and taught in private families in Missis-
sippi and as principal of the male department,
Woodville academy , 1837-40 . He was ordained
in 1839 and joined the New England conference,
1840, his itinerancy being confined to eastern
Massachusetts, 1840-88. He edited Guide to Holi-
ness. 1858-62. He was married in 1842 to Caro-
line Williams Goodridge of Boston, Mass. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Wes-
leyan in 1882. He is the author of over forty
Sunday-school books (1847-1880), including: Tlie
Easy Lesson Book for Infant Scholars, of which
over 100,000 copies were sold, and of Sketclies of
Mission Life among the Indians of Oregon (1854) ;
Tlie Christian Statesman (1865) ; Witch Hill
(1870) ; Arctic Heroes (1874) ; North Pole Voyages
(1875) ; History of Suffolk County, Mass. (1874);
Fur Clad Adventurers (1880). He died at West-
boro, Mass., June 15, 1888.
MUHLENBERG, Frederick Augustus, ed-
ucator, was born at Lancaster, Pa., Aug. 25, 1818 ;
son of Dr. Frederick Augustus and Eliza
(Schaum) Muhlenberg, and grandson of Gotthilf
Henry Ernst and Catherine (Hall) Muhlenberg.
He was graduated from Jefferson college, Pa., in
1836, and from the Princeton Theological semi-
nary in 1837. He was professor at Franklin
college, Lancaster, Pa., 1838-50, and of Greek
in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., 1850-
67. He was ordained to the Lutheran ministry
in 1855, and in 1867 became president of the
newly organized Muhlenburg college (named for
his great-grandfather) at Allentown, Pa., in
1864, also serving as professor of mental and
moral science, Greek and evidences of Christ-
ianity in 1864—76. He resigned his connection
with Muhlenberg college in 1876 ; was professor
of Greek language and literature in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, 1876-88, and was chosen
president of Shiel college at Greenville, Pa., 1891.
He was married, Aug. 8, 1848, to Catherine Anna,
daughter of Maj. Peter and Anna Barbara
(Meyer) Muhlenberg. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by Pennsylvania
college, 1867, and that of LL.D. by Muhlenberg
college, and Franklin and Marshall college, in
1887. He is the author of : translations from
the German for the Evangelical Review; many
addresses, including an Inaugural Address as
president of Mulhenberg college (1867) and Semi-
Centennial Address at Pennsylvania college
(1882). He died in Reading, Pa., March 21, 1901.
MUHLENBERG, Frederick Augustus Con.
rad, representative, was born in Trappe, Pa.,
Jan. 1, 1750, second son of the Rev. Henry
Melchior and Anna Mary (Weiser) Muhlenberg.
He received a collegiate education at Halle,
Germany, and was ordained to the Lutheran
ministry, Oct. 25, 1770, upon his return with his
brother, Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst, from Germany.
He assisted his father at Trappe, 1780-83, was
pastor of Christ church in New York city, 1773-
76, and upon the outbreak of the Revolution was
obliged to leave New York on account of his
outspoken sympathy for the patriot cause. He
resided with his father at Trappe, 1776-77, and
then removed to New Hanover, Pa., and was
pastor of the Lutheran congregations there, at
Oby and at New Goshenhoppen , Pa. , until August,
1779, when he retired from the ministry to accept
MUHLENBERG
MUHLENBERG
the election of delegate to the Continental con-
gress, where he represented the Germans in Penn-
sylvania, 1778-80. He was subsequently elected
to the state legislature, when he served two
terms as speaker. He was a representative in the
CO/\l<jRESS HAJ_L_
PHILADELPHIA , PA. <
I774-//S3. t
1st— tth congresses. 1789-97, and was speaker of
the house during the 1st and 3rd congresses. He
was chairman of the committee of the whole in
considering the Jay treaty, and his casting vote
carried the treaty into effect. He was president
of the council of censors of Pennsylvania ; state
treasurer ; president of the state convention that
ratified the Federal constitution, and register of
the Pennsylvania land office, 1797-1801. He died
at Lancaster, Pa. June, 4, 1801.
MUHLENBERQ, Qotthilf Heinrich Ernst,
botanist, was born in New Providence, Pa., Nov.
17, 1753 ; son of the Rev. Henry Melchior and
Anna Mary (Weiser) Mulilenberg. He attended
the schools of Montgomery county until 1761,
when he removed with his parents to Phila-
delphia. In 1763 he was sent with his two elder
brothers to Halle, Germany, where he studied
theology, returning to Philadelphia in 1770. He
was ordained to the Lutheran ministry and
preached in New Jersey, 1770-73, and was pastor
of a Lutheran church in Philadelphia, 1774-79.
During the Revolutionary war he supported the
patriot cause, was twice obliged to flee into the
country to escape capture and lost a large part
of his estate through loaning money to the govern-
ment. While in the country he took up the study
of botany for amusement, and after the war
continued the study in Philadelphia. In July,
1875, he communicated to the American Philoso-
phical society, an outline manuscript calendar
of flowers. He discovered and classified various
plants, which were named in his honor, and corre-
sponded with and visited the highest authorities
on the subject. He received from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, the honorary degree of
A.M., in 1780 and that of D.D. in 1784. He was
a member of the American Philosophical society
and of many foreign scientific bodies. He was
married to Catherine, daughter of Philip Hall,
and Henry Augustus (q.v.) was their son. He
is the author of : Catalogue Plantarum Americce
Septentrionalis (1813) ; Reduction of all the
Genera of Plants contained in the Catologus
Plantarum of Muhlenberg to the Natural Fam-
ilies of De Jiissieus System (1815) ; Descriptio itb-
erior Granimum et Plantarium Calamariarum
Americce Septentrionalis Iiidignarum et Circurum
(1817). He died in Lancaster Pa., May, 23, 1815.
MUHLENBERQ, Henry Augustus, clergy-
man, was born in Lancaster, Pa., May 13, 1782;
son of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst and Catherine
(Hall) Muhlenberg. He was educated under his
father, studied theology under the Rev. Dr.
Kunze in New York and was ordained to the
Lutheran ministry in 1802. He was pastor of
Trinity Lutheran church at Reading, Pa.,
1802-28, when he was compelled to retire on ac-
count of ill health. He was president of the
Lutheran ministerium of Pennsylvania, and was a
Democratic representative from Pennsylvania in
the 21st-25th congresses, 1829-38, resigning Feb.
9, 1838. He was the unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1835,
and in 1838 declined the office of the secretary of
the navy as successor to Mahlon Dickinson, and
the mission to Russia as successor to George M.
Dallas. He accepted the mission to Austria, be-
ing the first U.S. minister accredited to that
government, serving 1838-40, and was relieved at
his own request, Sept. 18, 1840. He was the
Democratic candidate for governor of Pennsyl-
vania in 1844, but died before the election. He
received the degree D.D. from the University of
Pennsylvania in 1824. He was married to Rebec-
ca, daughter of Gov. Joseph Hiester of Pennsyl-
vania. He died in Reading, Pa., Aug. 11, 1844.
MUHLENBERQ, Henry Melchior, pioneer
Lutheran, was born in Einbeck, Hanover, Ger-
many, Sept. 6, 1711 ; son of Nicholaus Melchior
and Anna Maria
Muhlenberg, persons
of prominent social
standing. He at-
tended the schools of
Einbeck, and in 1735
entered the Univers-
ity of Gottingen. hav-
ing been voted a
yearly stipend for his
collegiate education
by the council of his
native town. In 1736
he induced several
other students to join
with him in giving
instruction to neg-
lected children, which movement grew into an
institution. He studied theology at Guttiugen
MUHLENBERG
MUHLENBERG
and Halle ; was ordained to the Lutheran ministry
in 1739, and was ordered a deacon in the church
and inspector of an orphan home. He was sent
as a missionary to German Lutheran congrega-
tions in Pennsylvania, in 1742, and sailed from
London forCharleston,S.C., and thence by coast-
ing vessel to Philadelphia. He soon extended
his field to New York, New Jersey and Maryland
and he petitioned his patrons for young and
educated Lutheran clergymen. They sent the
Rev. Peter Brunnholtz and two theological
students, and in a few years the Lutheran
church was firmly established in the colonies. He
organized the first Lutheran synod in 1748, and
arranged friendly relations with the Swedish
Lutherans along the Delaware. He was married,
April 23, 1745, to Anna Mary daughter of J. Con-
rad Weiser, the famous Indian interpreter of
Tulpeholken, Pa. He preached in New York
city to the Dutch and German congregations,
1751-52 and 1759-60. He delivered addresses in
German, Dutch, Latin and English. The first
Lutheran church in Philadelphia was dedicated
in 1748, and in 1762 he reorganized the congrega-
tion under a new constitution which became the
model of the Lutheran congregations subse-
quently established. At the outbreak of the Rev-
olution he favored the American cause. He
removed to Trappe, Pa., in 1776, where he con-
tinued to preach when his health permitted. On
the centennial of his death, exercises were held
at his grave at Trappe. See Biographical
Sketch of H . M. Muhlenberg, by J. G. Christian
Helmuth (1788) ; Memory of the Life and Times
of H.M. Muhlenberg, D.D., by Martin L. Stoever
(1856) ; Autobiography of H. M. Muhlenberg
edited by William Germann (1881) ; Life and
Times of H. M. Muhlenberg, by Wm. J. Mann
(1887). He died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 7, 1787.
MUHLENBERQ, John Peter Gabriel, patriot,
was born in Trappe (then New Providence) Pa.,
Oct. 1, 1746; son of the Rev. Henry Melchior and
Anna Mary (Weiser) Muhlenberg. He attended
the University of Pennsylvania, 1760-63, but did
not graduate, and studied at he University of
Halle, Germany, irregularly, 1763-66. While in
Germany he joined a regiment of dragoons. He
studied theology in Philadelphia, and was pastor
of Lutheran churches. New Germantown and
Bedtninster, N. J. He removed to Woodstock,
Va., in 1772, and was ordained a priest of the
Church of England in order to take charge of the
parish which was composed mostly of Lutherans
from Pennsylvania. He was chairman of the
committee of safety of Shenandoah county, Va.,
and a member of the house of burgesses in 1774.
In 1775 at the outbreak of the Revolution he ac-
cepted a colonel's commission in the patriot army.
He was a member of the provincial convention
of Virginia in 1776, was put in command of the
8th Virginia regiment, known as the " German
regiment," and ordered to the relief of Charleston,
S. C. He participated in the battle of Fort Moul-
trie, June 28, 1776 ; was promoted brigadier-
general in 1777 ; commanded the 1st brigade of
light infantry at the battles of Brandy wine, Ger-
mantown, Monmouth, Stony Point and Yorktown,
and was commissioned major-general in 1783.
Upon the disbandment of the Continental army
he returned to Pennsylvania ; was elected a mem-
ber of the supreme executive council of the state,
and served as vice-president of the council in
1785. He was a presidential elector in 1797 ; was
a representative in the 1st, 2d and 3d congresses,
1789-95, and in the 6th congress, 1799-1801 ; was
elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1801,
but resigned before taking his seat to accept a
position of supervisor of revenue tendered him
by President Jefferson. He was collector of the
port of Philadelphia, 1803-07. He was married
to Anna Barbara Meyer of New Jersey. See
" Life " by Henry A. Muhlenberg, 1849. He died
near Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 1, 1807.
MUHLENBERQ, William Augustus, educator,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 16, 1796 ; son
of Henry William and Mary (Sheafe) Muhlenberg,
and grandson of Frederick Augustus Conrad
Muhlenberg (q. v.). He was graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania, English salutatorian,
A. B. 1815, A. M. 1818 ; studied theology under
Bishop White ; was ordered deacon in the
Protestant Episcopal church, Sept. 18, 1817, and
was assistant to Bishop White in Christ church,
Philadelphia. He was ordained priest, Oct. 22,
1822, and was rector of St. James's church, Lan-
caster, Pa., 1822-28. He established the first
school of public instruction in Pennsylvania out-
side of Philadelphia, and in 1828 founded a school
at Flushing, L. I., which in 1838 was merged in
St. Paul's college. He was rector of the college,
1828-46, when he became rector of the Church of
the Holy Communion, N. Y. city, which had been
erected by his sister, and was the earliest free
Protestant Episcopal church. On St. Luke's day,
1846, he devoted half of the offertory, amounting
to $15.00, to be a nucleus for a hospital in New
York. In 1850 the hospital (St. Luke's) was in-
corporated and the corner stone was laid in 1854
on the block fronting Fifth avenue and bounded
by Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth streets, and in
1858 the building was ready for occupancy. He
was pastor and superintendent of St. Luke's hos-
pital, 1859-77. In 1852 he organized the first
Protestant sisterhood in the United States. The
sisters subsequently took charge of St. Luke's
hospital. In 1866 he began the establishment of an
industrial Christian settlement on Long Island,
which he named St. Johnland. He was a mem-
MUIE
MULDROW
ber of the committee appointed to improve the
hymnology for use in Protestant Episcopal wor-
ship, and also originated the Memorial movement
in the church. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred on him by Columbia college in 1834.
He is the author of : Church Poetry (1823) ;
Christian Education (1831) ; Music of t he Church
(1847) ; The People's Psalter (1847) ; Letters on
Protestant Sisterhoods (1853) ; Family Prayers
(1861) ; St. Johnland, Ideal and Actual (1867) ;
Christ and the Bible (1869) ; Tlie Woman and her
Accusers (1870) ; " I Would Not Live Alway," u-ith
the Story of the Hymn (1871); Evangelical Catho-
lic Papers, Addresses, Lectures and Sermons
(2 vols. 1875-77) , and several hymns. See " Life "
by Anne Ayres, and by the Rev. \V. W. Newton,
D.D. He died in New York city, April 8. 1877.
MUIR, Jere Taylor, educator, was born in
Trimble county, Ky. ; son of Robert and Ann M.
(Bartlett) Muir, and grandson of Robert and
Jane Muir and of William and Dicey (Goode)
Bartlett. He attended the public schools, a
seminary at Mount Zion, 111., and the Normal
training school, Bloomington, 111., 1870-73, and
was graduated from La Grange college, A.B.,
1877, A.M., 1880. He was married, Oct. 2, 1879,
to Elma, daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Pren-
tiss) Hay. He taught in public schools, in La
Grange college and in the state normal school at
Kirkville, Mo.. 1887-94 ; was vice-president of the
state normal school, and was elected president
of La Grange college in 1896. He became a mem-
ber of the Missouri Academy of Science in 1894,
and was president of the State Teachers' associa-
tion of Missouri, 1894-95. The degree of LL.D.
was given him by La Grange college in 1896. In
addition to his duties as president of the college,
he managed a large stock farm. He is the author
of : Orthoepy (1892) and several works on school
management, methods and psychology (MS.
1902).
MUIR, John, geologist and explorer, was born
in Dunbar, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, April
21, 1838; son of Daniel and Anne (Gilrye)
Muir, and a descendant on his mother's side
of the Scotcli family of Gilderoy. He re-
ceived a good preparatory education, and in
1849 the family immigrated to the United
States and settled near the Fox river in Wis-
consin. John helped to clear the land, worked
on the farm and attended the University of Wis-
consin, 1860-64, paying his tuition with money
earned by farming and school teaching. He
made extended botanical and geological excur-
sions in Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan and Can-
ada, and in the southern states. On account of
an attack of malarial fever he was obliged to give
up a contemplated trip to the headwaters of the
Amazon river, South America, but spent a month
in Cuba and a short while on the Isthmus of
Panama, and in 1868 visited the Yosemite valley,
California, exploring and examining its flora and
fauna. He lived an isolated life in the Sierra
Nevada mountains for ten years, exploring the
glacial formations ; was a member of an explor-
ing expedition connected with the geodetic sur-
vey in the Great Basin, 1876-79 ; made several
trips to the northwest region, and while in Alaska
discovered the Glacier bay and the great Glacier
which bears his name. He also made a trip
to the headwaters of the Yukon and McKenzie
rivers, and in 1881 was connected 'with one of the
expeditions to search for the lost Jeannette expe-
dition. The honorary degree of A.M. was con-
ferred on him by Harvard in 1896 and that of
LL.D. by the Wisconsin State university in 1897.
He was married in 1879 to a daughter of Dr. John
Strentzel of California. He edited and contributed
to Picturesque California, contributed many
articles on geological and botanical subjects to
the leading magazines and is the author of : The
Mountains of Calif ornia (1894), and Our National
Parks (1901).
MULDOON, Peter James, R. C. bishop, was
born in Columbia, Cal., Oct. 10, 1863 ; son of John
J. and Catherine (Coughlin) Muldoon. He re-
ceived his primary education in Stockton, Cal. ;
studied the classics at St. Mary's college, Ky. ;
philosophy and theology at St. Mary's seminary,
Baltimore, Md., and was ordained priest, Dec.
18, 1886, by Bishop Loughlin in the cathedral,
Brooklyn, N.Y. He was appointed at ordination
to serve at St. Pius's church, Chicago, 111., and
about 1888 was appointed chancellor and secre-
tary of the diocese, retaining these offices until
Oct. 25, 1895, when he was appointed pastor of St.
Charles Borromeo's church. He was appointed
titular bishop of Tamesus, Cyprus, and auxiliary
to the archbishop of Chicago. June 11, 1901, and
was consecrated as titular bishop of Tamassensis
and auxiliary to Archbishop Feehan of Chicago, at
Holy Name cathedral, July 25, 1901, by Cardinal
Martinelli, assisted by the Rt. Rev. Henry Cos-
grove, D.D. , of Davenport, Iowa, and the Rt.
Rev. James Ryan, D.D., of Aftun, 111.
nULDROW, Henry Lowndes, representative,
was born in Lovvndes county. Miss. He was
graduated at the University of Mississippi, A.B.,
1856, and LL.B. in 1858, was admitted to the bar
in 1859 and settled in practice in Starkville. He
served in the Confederate arm}-, 1861-65, rising
from private to colonel of cavalry. He was dis-
trict attorney for the sixth judicial district of
Mississippi, 1869-71 ; represented Lowndes county
in the state legislature in 1875, and was a Demo-
cratic representative from the first Mississippi
district in the 45th, 46th and 47th congresses,
1877-85. He was first assistant secretary of the
MULFORD
MULLANY
U,S. interior department, 1885-89, a trustee of tlie
University of Mississippi and a delegate to the
state constitutional convention of 1890.
nULFORD, Elisha, clergyman, was born in
Montrose, Pa., Nov. 19, 1833 ; son of Silvanus Sand-
ford and Fanny (Jessup) Mulford ; grandson of
Elisha and Damaris Hovcell (Sandford) Mulford of
Orient, L.I., of Zebulon and Zeniah (Huntling)
Jessup of Southampton, L.I., and a descendant
of William Mulford of Maidstone, Kent county,
England, who settled in Salem, Mass., and as
early as 1643 at Southampton. Long Island, N.Y.,
and in 1649 at Easthampton, Long Island. Elisha
Mulford was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1855, A.M.,
1858, studied law under the Hon. William Jessup
at Montrose, in 1856, and theology at the Union
theological seminary, New York city in 1857, and
at Andover theological seminary, Andover, Mass.,
1858-59. He was a student at the universities of
Halle and Heidelberg, Germany, and also in Italy,
1859-60 ; was ordered deacon in the Protestant
Episcopal church at Middletown, Conn., and had
temporary charge of a church at Darien, Conn.
He was married, Sept. L17, 1862, to Rachel P.
Carmalt of Lakeside, Pa. He was ordained priest
by Bishop Odenheimer, March 19, 1862 ; was rec-
tor of the Church of the Holy Communion in
South Orange, N.J., 1862-64, and in the latter
year retired from his church labors, settled at
Lakeside near Montrose, Pa., and engaged in
literary work. He was in charge of a mission at
Friendsville, Susquehanna county, Pa., 1877-81,
and in 1881 removed to Cambridge, Mass., where
he served as a lecturer on apologetics and theo-
logy in the Episcopal theological school, 1881-85.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Yale in
1872. He is the author of : The Nation, The
Foundation of Civil Order and Political Life in
the United States (1870); and The Republic of
God, an Institute of Theology (1881). He died in
Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885.
nULLANY, James Robert Hadison, naval
officer, was born in New York city, Oct. 26, 1818 ;
sou of Col. James R. Mullany, quarter-master-
general, U.S.A. He entered the U.S. navy as
midshipman, Jan. 7, 1832 ; was promoted passed
midshipman, June 23, 1838, and lieutenant, Feb.
29, 1844. He was engaged in the coast survey for
deep sea soundings and observations for tempera-
ture in the Gulf Stream, 1844-47, and in 1847-48
was engaged in the capture of the city of Tabasco,
Mexico, June, 1847. He was attached to the St.
Louis and the Brandy/urine of the Brazil squadron,
1848-50, and to the Hancock on the coast of the
United States, and in the West Indies in search of
filibustering vessels, 1851. He served on the Co-
lumbiaof the West India squadron, 1852-55 ; was
inspector of ordnance at the New York navy
yard, 1855-58 ; executive officer of the Niagara^
on special duty on the coast of Africa in 1858 ;
of the Constellation, 1859, and of the Sabine, West
In diasquadron, 1859-60. He commanded succes-
sively the Sabine and Wyandotte in the protec-
tion of Fort Pickens, and the storeship Supply
off Pensacola,
1861, and was
inspector of
ordnance, 1861-
62. He was pro-
m o t e d com-
mander, Oct.
18, 1861 ; com- U'S-S-
manded the Bienville of the North Atlantic and
West Gulf squadron, 1862-65, and the Bienville
was almost constantly employed in making
demonstrations against the forts located in
Charleston Harbor, and those at other ports
on the southern Atlantic coasts from North
Carolina to Florida. He was also alert for
blockade runners, and captured the steamers
Stetten and Patras, each sailing under the
English flag, laden with munitions of war,
in 1862 ; captured nine schooners from Nassau,
all under English flags, and commanded the
division of the Western Gulf squadron from
Sabine Pass to Rio Grande, April to September,
1863. He was transferred to the command of the
Oneida by Admiral Farragut, during the battle
of Mobile, Aug. 5, 1864, where he was severely
wounded, and was inspector in charge of ordnance
at the New York navy yard, 1865-68. He was
promoted captain, July 25, 1866; commanded
the Richmond, European squadron, 1868-71 ; was
promoted commodore, Aug. 15, 1870 ; commanded
the Mediterranean squadron, 1870-71 ; was on
court-martial duty, 1871-72; commanded the
Philadelphia navy yard, 1872-74, and the naval
station at League Island, 1873-74. He was pro-
moted rear-admiral, June 5, 1874 ; commanded
the North Atlantic station, 1874-76 : served at
Aspinwall with his flagship and one other vessel
to protect American interests on the Isthmus,
threatened by rebellion, September-October, 1875,
and as senior officer commanded the vessels of
the South Pacific squadron in the harbor of
Panama. He was governor of the Naval Asylum
at Philadelphia, 1876-79, and in 1879 retired and
resided in Philadelphia. He died at Bryn Mawr,
Pa., Sept. 17, 1887.
MULLANY, Patrick John, educator, was born
in Killemain, county Tipperary, Ireland, June
29, 1847. He was brought to the United States
by his parents in 1850, and was educated in the
Academy of the Christian Brothers, Utica, N.Y.
He joined the order of the Christian Brothers in
New York city in 1862, and completed his classi-
cal course at Rock Hill college, Ellicott City, Md.,
in 1866. He received the religious name Brother
MULLEN
MULLINS
Azarias ; was professor of mathematics and Eng-
lish literature and president for several years, in
Rock Hill college, 1866-77, and visited Europe
1867-68, where he studied French and English
literature. He was professor of rhetoric and Eng-
lish literature in the De la Salle institute in New
York qity, 1868-93 ; was one of the founders of
the Catholic summer school at Plattsburgh, N.Y.,
and a lecturer there. He also lectured on " Psy-
chological Aspects of Education " before the re-
gents of the University of the State of New York
(1877); on "Literary and Scientific Habits of
Thought" before the International congress of
education at the New Orleans exposition (1884);
"The Relation of Church and State" before the
Framingham School of Philosophy (1890); "Re-
ligion in Education" before the New York State
teachers association (1891), and read papers on
"Dante" and "Aristotle" before the Concord
School of Philosophy. He wrote for American and
European magazines and reviews, and is the au-
thor of: Philosophy of History (1874); Develop-
ment of English Thought (1880); Address on
Thinking (1883); Culture of the Spiritual Sense
(1887); Style as found in Herbert Spencer's Works;
Phases of Thought and Criticism, and Aristotle
and the Christian Church. He had in preparation
The History of Education from the Earliest Ages
to the Present Day and a History of English Litera-
ture. He died at Plattsburg, N.Y., Aug. 20, 1893.
MULLEN, Tobias, R.C. bishop, was born in
the parish of Urney, near Castlefln, county
Tyrone, Ireland, March 4, 1818 ; son of Thomas
and Mary (Travers) Mullen. He attended Castlefin
school, and Maynooth college, where he studied
theology and received minor orders. He came
to the United States with Bishop O'Connor(q.v.)
of Pittsburg, Pa., who was returning from Rome
after consecration in 1843 ; finished his theolog-
ical studies, and was ordained priest by Bishop
O'Connor in St. Paul's Church, Pittsburg, Septem-
ber 1, 1844. He held various pastoral charges in
the diocese of Pittsburg ; was transferred to the
rectorship of St. Peter's church at Allegheny,
Pa., in 1854, and served as vicar-general of the
diocese of Pittsburg, 1854-68. He was consecrated
bishop of Erie, Pa., in St. Paul's church, Pitts-
burg, Aug. 2, 1868, by Bishop Domenec, assist-
ed by Bishops Wood and Rappe. The Roman
Catholic population of his diocese increased under
his administration from 30,000 to 60,000; the
churches from fifty-five to ninety-nine, and the
priests from thirty-five f.o seventy-three. He also
built a college at North west, Pa., and established
academies for young ladies, under the direction
of the Benedictine nuns and sisters of St. Joseph.
He celebrated the silver jubilee of his consecra-
tion, Aug. 2, 1893, and the golden jubilee of his
ordination, Sept. 9. 1894. He was stricken with
paralysis in 1897, and was thereafter assisted by
Bishop John E. Fitz Maurice. He resigned in
1899, and was appointed to the titular see of Ger-
manicapoUs. He died in Erie, Pa., April 22, 1900.
MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born in
Utica, N.Y., June 25, 1830. His father, a native
of Ireland, died when he was a child, and in 1836
his mother removed to Chicago, 111., where she
married Michael Lantry. James was graduated
at the University of St. Mary's of the Lake. A.B.,
1850, A.M., 1853, being its first graduate. He
studied law in the office of Judge Dickey in
Chicago, 1850-51; accompanied John Lloyd Ste-
phens on his expedition to Panama and through
South America, 1851-52; studied law under J. Y.
Scammon in 1852, and in the office of Arnold,
Larned & Lay, 1852-54. He also edited the West-
ern Tablet in 1854, was admitted to the bar in
November, 1855, and was a clerk in the Interior
department, Washington, D.C., 1857-58. He was
married in 1858 to Marian Nugent of Chicago.
He practised law in Chicago with his former
partner, Henry S. Fitch, 1858-61. He was a priv-
ate, lieutenant, and captain in the Shield's Guard,
Chicago ; raised a volunteer Irish regiment in
1861, and was appointed its major. The regiment
was tendered to Governor Yates, who refused it,
whereupon Major Mulligan applied to Secretary
Cameron, who gave him authority to raise the
23d Illinois volunteers, and it was mustered into
the service, June 15, 1861, and at once sent to
Missouri, where he conducted the defense of Lex-
ington for nine days agakist an overwhelming
force, commanded by General Sterling Price. The
garrison surrendered September 20, 1861, and the
officersand men were paroled, with the exception
of Colonel Mulligan who refused to sign a parole.
He was exchanged for General Frost, November
25, 1861, and returned to Chicago, where he was
received and feted by the city of Chicago, as the
hero of Lexington. President Lincoln tendered
him a commission as brigadier-general of volun-
teers which he declined, preferring to remain
with his regiment. He was ordered into West-
ern Virginia in 1862, where he engaged in a suc-
cession of dangerous enterprises — and although
only a colonel, was charged with responsibilities
generally assumed only by a major-general. He
was severely wounded at the battle of Winches-
ter, Va., July 24, 1864, and was being borne from
the field by his men, when he noticed that the
colors of the regiment were in danger. He com-
manded his men to lay him down and save the
flag, and on repeating the order he was obeyed,
captured by the enemy, and died within their
lines. He died at Winchester, Va., July 26. 186*.
MULLINS, Edgar Young, educator, was
born in Franklin county, Miss., January 5. 1860:
son of Seth Granberry and Cornelia B. (Tillman)
MUMFORD
MUNGEN
Mullins, and grandson of William and Sally Mul-
lins and of Stephen and Aseneth Tillmau. He
attended the common schools of Oorsicana,
Texas. 1870-76, and the Agricultural and Mechan-
ical college of Texas, 1876-79. He was graduated
from the Southern Baptist Theological seminary
in 1885, and was ordained to the ministry the
same year. He was married, June 2, 1886, to Isla
May, daughter of A. W. and L. M. Hawley of
Louisville. Ky. He was pastor of churches at
Harrodsburgh, Ky., 1885-88; Baltimore, Md.,
1888-95, and at Newton, Mass., 1896-99. He
edited the Evangel, Baltimore, Md., 1890-95,
was secretary of the foreign mission board, 1895-
96, and was elected president of the Southern
Baptist Theological seminary, Louisville, Ky., in
1899. He received the honorary degree of D.D.
and LL.D. from the Southern Baptist Theological
seminary.
MUHFORD, Paul, jurist, was born at South
Kingstown. R.I., March 5, 1734 ; son of William
and Hannah (Latham) Mumford ; grandson of
Thomas Mumford, and a descendant of Thomas
Mumford who settled at South Kingstown, then
known as Pettaquamscut, in 1657. He was grad-
uated from Yale, A.B. 1754, A.M. 1786 ; was ad-
mitted to the bar, and settled in Newport, R.I.
He was a representative in the general assembly
in 1774, but upon the occupancy of Newport by
the British retired to his home at Barrington,
Mass. He was a member of the council of war,
and on July 7, 1777, was appointed with Stephen
Hopkins and William Bradford a committee to
attend a convention of the New England states
held at Springfield, Mass., to provide for the de-
fence of Rhode Island, and to discuss the currency
question in view of the circulation of depreciated
paper money. He was judge of the court of
common pleas, 1777-78 ; judge of the superior
court, 1778-81 ; a representative in the general
assembly, 1779-81, and chief justice of Rhode
Island, 1781-85 and 1786-88. He was state sena-
tor, 1801-03, lieutenant governor, 1803-05, and
upon the death of Gov. Arthur Fenner, Oct. 15,
1805 became acting governor but served only a
few days, when he died and was succeeded by
Senator Henry Smith.
MUNDY, Ezekiel Wilson, clergyman and
librarian, was born in Metuchen, N.J., June 16,
1833 ; son of Luther Bloomfield and Frances
Eliza (Martin) Mundy, and grandson of Ezekiel
and Lovicy Mundy, and of Dr. William and
Sarah (Elston) Martin. He attended the academy
at Essex, Conn., and was graduated from the
Rochester university, A.B. 1860, A.M. 1863, and
from the Rochester Theological seminary in 1863.
He was pastor of the First Baptist church at
Syracuse, 1863-66. In 1866 he helped to organize
an independent church of which he was pastor
VIII. — 2
until 1879. He was married. Jan. 15, 1873. to
Emily, daughter of Horace and Emily (King)
Kendall of Suffield, Conn. In 1882 he was con-
firmed in the Protestant Episcopal church. He
was admitted to the diaconate the same year and
to the priesthood in 1884, and was rector of St.
Mark's church, Syracuse, N.Y., 1883-94. He was
appointed librarian of the Syracuse Central library
in 1880 ; was elected a member of the Historical
society of Onondaga county, N.Y., in 1870, and
of the Syracuse Historical and Genealogical
society in 1898.
MUNDY, Johnson Marchant, sculptor, was
born near New Brunswick, N.J., May 13, 1832 ;
son of Frederick and Mary (Marchant) Mundy ;
grandson of Henry and Humy (Ayers) Mundy of
Metuchen, N.J., and a descendant of Nicholas
Mundy who settled in Metuchen about 1665. His
parents removed to Geneva, N.Y , and he early
evinced a talent for art and began to study draw-
ing in crayons in 1844. He later removed to New
York city, and engaged in marble cutting until
1854, when he entered the studio of Henry K.
Brown, the sculptor, to learn to model in clay.
He supported himself by making crayon por-
traits during his student days, and in 1858 re-
ceived an order to model a bust in marble of
President Benjamin Hale of Hobart college. He
settled in Rochester, N.Y., in 1863, and there es-
tablished the first drawing school and life class.
He made his home in Rochester until 1883, and
during that time modeled many busts, statuettes
and medallions. He became almost blind in 1883,
and removed to Tarrytown, where he accom-
plished his most important works. These con-
sisted of the statue placed on the Soldiers' monu-
ment in Sleepy Hollow cemetery, Tarrytown, by
the Grand Army veterans in 1890, for which he
offered his service free, and the heroic statue of
Washington Irving, completed in 1891, which
represented the author seated in an arm-chair.
This latter was executed almost wholly through
his sense of touch. Among his more notable
busts are those of Bishop William H. De Lancey ;
President Martin B. Anderson ; Dr. Chester
Dewey ; Frederick Douglas, and Dr. W. W. Ely.
He died in Tarrytown, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1897.
nUNQEN, William, representative, was born
at Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1821 ; son of John and
Margaret (McFarland) Mungen ; grandson of
Donald and Elizabeth (McGraw) Mungen and of
Matthew and Fanny (Black) McFarland, and a de-
scendant of Robert and Mary (Kearns) Mungen.
He removed with his parents to a farm in Ohio
in 1830, attended the public school in winter and
studied Latin, German and the physical sciences
at home. He was admitted to the bar and
practised in Findlay, Ohio, where he published
and edited the Democratic Courier for several
HUNGER
HUNRO
years. He was auditor for Hancock county,
1846-50, and a member of the state senate, 1852-
54, and declined renomination. He was a dele-
gate to the Democratic national convention at
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856, to the Charleston, S.C.,
and Baltimore, Md., conventions in 1860, and to
the Union national convention at Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1866. He assisted in raising the 21st Ohio
volunteers for three months' service, entering the
Union army in July, 1861, as colonel of the 57th
Ohio volunteers, which regiment he raised and
with which he served in the Army of the Tennes-
see. He was complimented by General Sherman
for bravery at Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and for
his action in an encounter with Porter's cavalry
at Morning Sun, Tenn. In 1863 he resigned on
account of ill-health. On recovering he was ap-
pointed state agent to visit the Ohio troops in the
Department of Tennessee with poll books and
tally sheets and in 1864 performed the same duty
for the Ohio troops in the Army of the Potomac.
He held several local offices in Findlay and was a
Democratic representative from the fifth Ohio
district in the -tOth and 41st congresses, 1867-71.
He died at Findlay, Ohio, Sept. 9, 1887.
MUNQER, Theodore Thornton, clergyman,
was born in Bainbridge, X.Y., March 5, 1830 ; son
of Ebenezer and Cynthia (Selden) Hunger,
grandson of Ebenezer Hunger of Madison, Conn.,
and of the Rev. David and Cynthia (Hay) Selden
of Hiddle Hoddani, Conn.; great grandson of
the Rev. Eleazer and Sybil (Huntington) May,
and a descendant from Xicholas Hunger, a first
settler of Madison, Conn., 1639, and also a lineal
descendant of John Eliot the apostle. He was
graduated at Yale, A.B., 1851, and at the Yale
Divinity school in 1855 ; was ordained to the
ministry of the Congregational church and was
pastor of a church in Dorchester, Mass., 1856-60 ;
at Haverhill, Mass., 1862-70, and at Lawrence,
Mass., 1870-75. In 1875 he went to California for
his health and established a church at San Jose,
where he served as pastor until 1876. He was
pastor of the church at North Adams, Mass.,
1877-85, and of the United church at New Haven,
Conn., from 1885 until 1900, when he resigned and
became pastor emeritus. He received the degree
of.D.D. from Illinois college in 1883 and was made
a fellow of Yale, June 27, 1887. He was married,
first in 1864, to Elizabeth K., daughter of the
Hon. James H. Duncan of Haverhill, Mass., and
secondly in 1889 to Harriet K., daughter of John C.
Osgood of Salem, Mass. He contributed essays to
magazines and reviews and is the author of : On
the Threshold (1881) ; The Freedom of Faith
(1883) ; Lamps and Paths (1885) ; The Appeal to
Life (1887) ; Character through Inspiration
(London, 1896). all of which volumes are chiefly
collections of lectures and sermons ; Plain Living
and High TJrinking (1897), and Horace Bushnell
(1899).
nUNKITTRICK, Richard Kendall, author, was
born in Manchester. England, March 5, 1853 ; son
of Richard and Augusta (Thorburn) Munkittrick.
He attended Union Hall academy, Jamaica, N.Y.,
Dr. Stoughton's academy, Summit, N.J., and the
public schools, and engaged in literary work.
He was married, July 5, 1883, to Jeannette Agnes
Turner. He contributed articles in prose and
verse to the leading periodicals, was a member
of the editorial staff of Puck, 1881-89, and on
Sept. 1, 1901, assumed the editorship of Judge.
His articles are chiefly humorous and include :
Farming (1891) ; The Moon Prince and other
Nabobs (1893) ; The Neiv Jersey Arabian Nights
(1893) ; Tlie Acrobatic Muse, verse (1896) ; The
Slambangaree (1898).
MUNN, Orson Desaix, publisher, was born in
Monson, Mass., June 11, 1824 ; son of Rice and
Lavinia (Shaw) Munn ; grandson of Reuben and
Hannah Mun, and a descendant of Benjamin
Hun who in 1637 was a resident of Hartford,
Conn., and that year joined an expedition against
the Pequot Indians and was at the attack on the
fort at Crroton, Conn., where a great number were
killed. Benjamin Hun served in the army, fight-
ing Indians until he was exempted from military
service on account of his old age, in 1665. Orson D.
Hunn was graduated at Monson academy in 1840 :
was a clerk in a book store at Springfield, Mass.,
1840-42, and a clerk in a country store in Monson,
Mass., 1843—16. He removed to New York city
in 1846, and in connection with Alfred E. Beach,
a former schoolmate, purchased the Scientific
American, then six months old, from Rufus
Porter, the founder, for less than $1000. It was
soon placed on a paying basis by the new firm of
Munn & Co. They established the Scientific
American Supplement in 1876, and an Architect
and Builders' edition in 1885. The publishing
house which Mr. Munn founded in 1846 estab-
lished offices in New York and Washington in
1850, procuring letters patents for new inventions,
and more than 150,000 cases passed through their
agency before 1902. The following well-known
inventors were among their many noted clients :
Prof. S. F. B. Morse, Elias Howe, Thomas Blan-
chard, A. B. "Wilson. Peter Cooper, Commodore
Stevens, Cyrus H. McCormick, R. J. Gatling and
R. P. Parrot. Mr. Munn was married in August,
1849, to Julia Augusta, daughter of Plin Allen of
Monson, Mass., and their sons, Henry M. and
Charles Allen, after leaving school, entered the
offices of Munn & Co., where they became im-
portant factors.
rtUNRO, Wilfred Harold, educator, was born
in Bristol, R.I., Aug. 20. 1849; son of John Ben-
nett and Abby Howlaud (Batt) Munro ; grand-
MUNROE
MUNROE
son of Bennett and Lucy (Abel) Munro and of
James and Hannah (Waldron) Batt, and a descen-
dant maternally from Mary Chilton, and from
Richard Warren, both of whom came over in the
Mayflower. He attended the Bristol, R.I., higli
school and the Walnut Hill school at Geneva,
N.Y., graduated from Brown universit3r, A.B.,
1870, A. 11., 1873, was a graduate student at Frei-
burg university, Germany, and at the University
of Heidelberg, Germany. He was president of De
Veaux college, Suspension Bridge, N.Y., 1881-89 ;
in 1891 was elected associate professor of history
and director of the university extension in Brown
university, and was subsequently made professor
of European history. He became a member of
the American Philological association in 1879 ;
the American Historical association in 1898 ;
corresponding member of the Rhode Island His-
torical society in 1882, and was elected secretary
of the Rhode Island Historical society in 1900.
He married. Dec. 28, 1875, Susan Wilkinson,
daughter of the Rev. Daniel Le Baron and Re-
becca (Wilkinson) Goodwin. He is the author
of: History of Bristol, Rhode Island (1880); and
Picturesque Rhode Island (1881).
MUNROE, Charles Edward, chemist, was
born in Cambridge, Mass., May 24, 1849 ; son of
Enoch and Emeline Elizabeth (Russell) Munroe ;
grandson of William and Lucy (Frost) Munroe,
and of Edward and Elizabeth (Abbot) Russell,
and a descendant of
William Munroe,
born in Scotland in
1625, settled in Lex-
ington, Mass., in 1657.
He was graduated at
Harvard, S.B., summa
cum laude, 1871, and
after serving as as-
sistant to Professor
Wolcott Gibbs, was
senior assistant in
chemistry at Harv-
ard, 1871-74. He con-
ducted the summer
school of instruc-
tion in chemistry at
Cambridge, Mass., in 1872-74, and lectured on
chemistry at the Boston Dental college, 1873-74.
He was professor of chemistry at the U.S. Naval
academy, Annapolis, Md., 1874-86, lectured in
St. John's college, Annapolis, 1883-84, and was
chemist to the torpedo corps at the U.S. naval
torpedo station and war college, Newport, R.I.,
1886-92. He was Lowell Institute lecturer,
Boston, Mass., 1890; professor of chemistry at
Columbian university, Washington, D.C., from
1892, being dean of the Corcoran Scientific school,
1892-99, and dean of the School of Graduate
Studies from 1893. He was an authority on ex-
plosives, invented a smokeless powder in 1890,
and his researches on the subject of explosives
appeared in scientific journals in the United
States and Europe. He started the mineral cabi-
net at the U.S. Naval academy during his service
there and established a post graduate course for
naval officers at the Smithsonian Institution. He
was appointed by Presidents Arthur, Cleveland
and Harrison, a member of the assay commission
to test the United States coinage ; served on the
U.S. coast and geodetic survey in 1882 to examine
the oyster-bearing waters of Chesapeake bay,
was a special agent of the U.S. census of 1880 to
report on the building stones of Maryland and
Virginia, was vice-president of the board of visi-
tors to the U.S. Naval academy, 1898, and expert
special agent of the U.S. census of 1900 on the
chemical industries of the United States. He was
decorated in 1901 by the Sultan of Turkey as com-
mandant of the order of the Medjidji, and in Octo-
ber, 1900, was designated by the Royal Academy
of Science of Stockholm, Sweden, to nominate
American inventors and discoverers in the science
of chemistry desiring to compete for the Nobel
prizes, provided by the will of Alfred Nobel,
the inventor of dynamite. He was secretary,
treasurer and corresponding secretary of the
U.S. Naval institute ; vice-president of the chem-
ical section of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science ; president of the
Washington (D.C.) Chemical society ; president
of the American Chemical society ; fellow of the
American Academy of Sciences, and a member of
the American Philosophical society, the Amer-
ican Institute of Mining Engineers, and of the
Washington Academy of Science. He was also
a fellow of the Berlin and London chemical socie-
ties and of the Society of Chemical Industry of
England. He received the degree of Ph.D. at
Columbian university in 1894. He was married
in 1883 to Mary Louise, daughter of Prof. George
F. Barker of the University of Pennsylvania. He
is the author of over 100 papers on chemistry and
explosives ; of Notes on the Literature of Explo-
sives, published periodically, 1882-1898 ; of an In-
dex to the Literature of Explosives (Part I, 1886,
Part II, 1893) ; Lectures on Chemistry and Explo-
sives (1888), and of a Catechism of Explosives
(1888).
flUNROE, Kirk, author, was born near Prairie
du Chien, Wis., Sept. 15, 1850; son of Charles
and Susan (Hall) Munroe ; grandson of Edmund
and Sophia (Seawell) Monroe, and of Isaac and
Susan (Mitchell) Hall, all of Boston, Mass., and
a descendant of William Munroe of Lexington,
Mass., 1651. There were fifteen Monroes in the
battle of Lexington, and one of them fired the
first shot. The first man killed was a Munroe.
MUNSELL
MUNSEY
Kirk attended the public schools at Appleton,
Wis., and Cambridge, Mass., and matriculated at
Harvard, but did not graduate. He was married,
Sept. 15, 1883, to Mary, daughter of Robert and
Amelia Edith (Huddleston) Barr. He founded
the League of American Wheelmen at Newport,
R.I. , May 31, 1880, and was for five years commo-
dore of the New York Canoe club. He was the
first editor of Harper's Round Table, 1879-82, and
also edited " Eminent Men of our Time." His
published books include: Wdkulla (1886); The
Flamingo Feather (1887) ; Derrick Sterling (1888) ;
Chrystal Jack & Co and Delta Bixby (1889) ; The
Golden Days of '49 (1889) ; Dory mates (1890) ;
Under Orders (1890) ; Prince Dusty (1891) ; Camp-
mates (1891) ; Canoemates (1892) ; Cab and Ca-
boose (1892) ; Raftmates (1893) ; The White Con-
querors (1893) ; The Coral Ship (1893) ; TJie Fur
Seal's Tooth (1894) ; Big Cypress (1894) ; Snow
Slioes and Sledges (1895) ; At War with Pontiac
(1895); Rick Dale (1896) ; Tiirough Su-amp and
Glade (1896) ; The Painted Desert (1897) ; With
Crockett and Bowie (1897) ; Ready Rangers
(1897) ; The Copper Princess (1898) ; In Private
Waters (1898) ; Shine Terrill (1899) ; Forward,
March (1899) ; Midshipman Stuart (1899) ; Breth-
ren of the Coast (1900) : Under the Great Bear
(1900) ; The Belt of Seven Totems (1901), and A
Son of Satsuma (1901).
nUNSELL, Joel, publisher, was born at North-
field, Mass., April 13, 1808 ; son of Joel and
Cynthia (Paine) Munsell, grandson of Hezekiah
and Irene (Bissell) Munsell, and a descendant of
Thomas Munsell, who emigrated from England
to New London, Conn., about 1680. He was ed-
ucated in the public schools of Northfield, Mass.,
and learned the wheelwright's trade under his
father, and the printer's trade in Greenfield, Mass.,
where he became foreman of the office. He was
employed as clerk in John Denio's book-store in
Albany, N.Y., in 1827, and subsequently became
manager of the business, but resigned and en-
gaged as a printer. He established the Albany
Minerva, in 1828, and issued eight numbers ; was
employed in -various newspaper offices, 1828-34,
and in 1834 became associated with Henry D.
Stone in publishing the Microscope. He pur-
chased a job printing office in Albany in 1836,
and engaged in publishing reference papers,
pamphlets and books. He published and edited
the New York Mechanic, a Whig campaign paper,
1841^3, and began to publish Tlie Lady's Maga-
zine, The Northern Star and Tlte Freeman's Ad-
vocate in 1843 ; Tlie Spectator, a religious paper,
in 1844 ; the Guard and Odd Fellows' Journal in
1845, and afterward, successively, the Unionist,
the State Register, the Typographical Miscellany,
the New York Teacher, the Albany Morning Ex-
press and the Albany Daily Statesman. He also
published Webster's Almanac, and the New Eng-
land Historical and Genealogical Register, 1861-
64. He made a study and collection of works on
the art of printing, part of which was purchased
by the New York state library, and projected,
edited and annotated an " Historical Series, "that
proved of great benefit to historical literature.
He was one of the founders of the Albany insti-
tute and for many years published its Proceed-
ings. He was a member of the Connecticut His-
torical society and of the New England Historic
Genealogical society ; corresponding member of
the New York, Iowa, Maine, Vermont, Buffalo,
Western Reserve and Oneida historical societies ;
an honorary member of the Wisconsin, Pennsyl-
vania, New Jersey and Licking county, Ohio, his-
torical societies. He was also an honorary mem-
ber of the American Antiquarian society, a corre-
sponding member of the Numismatic and Anti-
quarian Society of Philadelphia and of the New
York Genealogical and Biographical society. He
was twice married ; first, June 17, 1834, to Jane C.
Bigelow, and secondly, Sept. 4, 1856, to Mary A.,
daughter of Alexander and Sarah (Sparrow) Reid,
of Montreal. His son. Frank Munsell, born June
19, 1857, succeeded him as Joel Munsell's Son,
editing : Genealogical Index (1885) ; American
Ancestry (1887-1900) ; American Genealogist
(1900) ; is the author of : " Bibliography of Albany
and Munsell Genealogy," and retired from busi-
ness in 1900. Joel Munsell is the author of : Out-
lines of the History of Printing (1839) ; Annals of
Albany (10 vols., 1849-59) : Every-Day Book of
History and Chronology (1856) ; Chronology of
Paper and Paper Making (1857, enlarged 1864 and
1870), and A Manual of the 1st Lutheran Chun-h
of Albany from 1670 till 1S70 (1871). He died in
Albany, N.Y., Jan. 15, 1880.
MUNSEY, Frank Andrew, publisher, was born
in Mercer, Maine, Aug. 21, 1854 ; son of Andrew
C. and Mary J. (Hopkins) Munsey. After attend-
ing the district school he became a clerk in a
country store ; learned telegraphy, and became the
manager of the Western Union office in Augusta,
Maine. In 1882 he established the Golden Argosy,
a boys' paper in New York city and issued ii
weekly, changing to the monthly Argosy, and in
1898 purchasing Peterson's Magazine established
in 1842 and combining it with the Argosy. He
established Munsey's Weekly in February, 1889,
connected it with Munsey's Magazine in October,
1891, reduced the price in October, 1893, to ten
cents and was obliged to organize his own news
company to distribute it, which he did so success-
fully that it became the largest circulating maga-
zine in the United States. He established the
Puritan, January, 1897, and in October, 1898,
merged with it Gorlcy's Magazine founded in
1830. He established Tlie Quaker in November.
MUNSON
MURDOCH
1897, and changed the name to The Junior Mun-
sey in April, 1900, merging with it the Puritan,
in April, 1901. He purchased the Washington
Times and the New York Daily News in 1901 as
the foundation of a proposed chain of daily news-
papers to cover the large cities of the United
States. He is the author of : Afloat in the Great
City (1887) ; The Boy Broker (1888) ; A Tragedy
of Errors (1889) ; Under Fire (1890), and Derring-
forth (1894).
MUNSON, Thomas Volney, viticulturist, was
born near Astoria, 111., Sept. 26, 1843 ; son of
William and Maria (Linley) Munson, and grandson
of Theodore and Lydia (Philbrook) Munson and
of Joseph and Savella (Benjamin) Linley. Theo-
dore Munson was the
son of Richard Man-
son, the son of John
Manson, Jr., the son
of John Manson, Sr.,
the son of Capt.
Richard Manson, who
was a Scotch sea
captain, of a titled
Scotch family, and
who settled in Ports-
mouth, N. H. about
1661. The name
became changed in
spelling in the fam-
ily of Richard Man-
son, his great-grand-
father. Thomas Volney Munson was brought
up on a farm, attended Futton seminary and
Bryant & Stratton's business college, taught
school in Illinois three years, was graduated from
Kentucky university, B. S., 1870, and filled the
chair of science there, 1870-71. He was married
in 1870 to Ellen Scott, daughter of C. S. Bell,
florist, Lexington, Ky. He resided in Lincoln,
Neb., 1873-76, and then settled in Denison,
Texas, as a nurseryman and originator of im-
proved fruits, especially grapes. He received the
degree of M. So. from the State Agricultural and
Mechanical college, Ky. in 1883 for a thesis on
" Forests and Trees of Texas," and in 1888 he re-
ceived a diploma and decorations of the Legion
of Honor, with the title " Chevalier du Merite
Agricole," for aid to France in viticulture. He
became known for his careful botanical classifi-
cation and hybridization of grapes of which he
produced many hundreds of much merit. He
was elected a member of the leading American
agricultural, horticultural and pomological socie-
ties ; of the American Academy of Social and
Political Science, of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science and of the National
Agricultural association of France. He is the
author of : Grape Culture in the South and Hor-
ticulture in Texas in " Cyclopaedia of American
Horticulture"; "Bulletin 5G" on Investigation
and Improvement of American Grapes, Texas ex-
perimental station (1900) ; a monograph American
Grapes, with natural size color plates of all native
species for the department of agriculture (1889)
and numerous articles on horticultural subjects
for leading agricultural journals in the United
States and France.
MURDOCH, James Edward, actor, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 25, 1811 ; son of Thomas
and Elizabeth Murdoch. Thomas Murdoch was
a bookbinder by trade and a volunteer officer of
artillery during the war of 1812-15. James Ed-
ward learned the bookbinder's trade and early
joined an association of amateur actors, and
appeared as Glenalvon in " Douglas." He studied
elocution under Lemuel G. White and the science
of the human voice under Dr. James Rush, and
on Oct. 13, 1829, made his professional debut at
the Arch Street theatre, Philadelphia, as Frede-
rick in " Lovers' Vows." During the winter of
1830-31, he acted in Charleston, S. C., and in
other southern cities where he played for a time
Pythias to Edwin Forrest's Damon. He was con-
nected with the Arch Street theatre in 1832, and
from that year until 1840 appeared in various
cities in the United States, making his debut
in New York city at the Park theatre as Benedick
in "Much Ado About Nothing " in 1838. He was
stage manager of the Chestnut Street theatre,
Philadelphia, 1840-41, and during this season
staged the first production of " London Assur-
ance " at the National theatre, Boston, Mass. He
withdrew from the stage in 1842 and lectured on
Shakespeare in Boston, New York and Phila-
delphia, taught elocution and pursued a course of
study under Prof. William Russell of Boston,
1842-45. He appeared as Hamlet at the Park
theatre, New York, 1845, and made a tour of the
United States. In 1853 he appeared at the
American theatre, San Francisco, with his
brother, Dr. Samuel K. Murdoch (1816-1891) who
had made his debut in San Francisco in 1852, and
supported Madame Anna Bishop in German
opera. He played with his brother in Baltimore
in 1855, and in 1856 played in London and Liver-
pool and afterward traveled in Germany, Switz-
erland and Italy. His best parts were Romeo,
Charles Surface, Don Felix, Rover, Alfred,
Evelyn and Vapid. He left the stage a second
time in 1861 and engaged in giving patriotic
readings in all the northern cities for the benefit
of the U. S. sanitary commission, and for the en-
tertainment of the soldiers in the soldiers' hos-
pitals, in the camps and on the battle fields. He
also nursed the sick soldiers and became a volun-
teer aide on the staff of Gen. WilliamS. Rosecrans.
He retired to his farm near Lebanon, Ohio, in
MURDOCH
MURFREE
1865, where he engaged in grape culture, but
after a time resumed lecturing on elocution
before the School of Oratory in Philadelphia, and
was professor of elocution at the Cincinnati
College of Music. His last appearance on the
stage was as Hamlet and Charles Surface in a
benefit given him in Cincinnati, April 23, 1887.
He was married in 1831 to Elizabeth Middlecott,
daughter of a London silversmith. He is the
author of : Orthophony, or Culture of the Voice,
with William Russell (1845) ; The Stage (1880).
He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 19, 1893.
MURDOCH, John, zoologist, was born in New
Orleans, La., July 9, 1852 ; son of John and Eliza-
beth (Smith) Murdoch ; grandson of John and
Louise (Ramundeau) Murdoch, and of William
and Caroline (Smith) Smith, and a descendant
of William and Mary Murdoch, who came to
Philadelphia from Armagh, Ireland, about 1738.
He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1873,
A.M., 1876, was appointed naturalist and observer
to the U. S. international polar expedition to
Point Barrow, Alaska, in 1881, and remained with
the expedition till 1883. He was married, July
23, 1884, to Abby De Forest Stuart. He was
librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-92,
and in 1896 was appointed assistant in the cata-
logue department of the Boston Public library.
He studied zoology at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Harvard, and made a special study
of the habits of the Eskimo race. He is the
author of : Natural History, in the report of the
Point Barrow expedition ; Ethnological Results
of the Point Barrow Expedition, and many
articles on Eskimo enthnology and linguistics and
on zoological subjects.
MURFREE, Hardy, soldier, was born in Hert-
ford count}', N.C., June 5, 1752; son of William
and Mary (Moore) Murfree. His father was a
delegate from Hertford county to the convention
at Hillsboro, Aug. 21, 1775, and to the congress
at Halifax, Nov. 12, 1776, which framed the con-
stitution of the state of North Carolina in force,
1776-1835. He was appointed captain in the 2d
North Carolina regiment, Continental line, Col.
Robert Howe, Sept. 1, 1775, and served through-
out the Revolution, during the early part of the
war in the army of General Washington. He
was promoted major, Feb. 1, 1777, commanded
a North Carolina battalion of picked men at the
capture of Stony Point, N.Y., in July, 1779, his
" good conduct and intrepidity " being mentioned
in General Wayne's letter to President of Con-
gress John Jay, Aug. 10, 1778, and was sent with
his command to the South in 1780, to reinforce
General Lincoln. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel, and in 1782 was transferred to the 1st
North Carolina regiment, Continental line. He
retired to his plantation on the Meherrin river
near Murfreesboro, N.C., after the war and in
1807 removed to Tennessee and settled on Mur-
free's fork of West Harpeth river in Williamson
county, which land was granted to him for
military services during the Revolution. The towns
of Murfreesboro, N.C., and Murfreesboro, Tenn.
were named in his honor. He was married, Feb.
17, 1780, to Sally, daughter of Matthias Brickell
(by his first marriage) of Hertford county, N.C.,
who was a lieutenant-colonel of North Carolina
militia during the Revolution and a member of the
provincial congresses at Hillsboro, Aug. 21, 1775,
and Halifax, April 4, 1776. Colonel Murfree
died in Williamson county, Tenn., April 6, 1809.
On the following July 9 a public funeral with
Masonic rites, military honors and a memorial
oration, was held at his grave in the garden of
his late residence in the presence of a great con-
course of people. The Nashville Clarion of July
21, 1809, says : " The surrounding hills were cov-
ered with vast numbers of people and the awful
silence which pervaded such an immense crowd
evinced the feelings of the spectators for the
memory and virtues of the deceased."
MURFREE, Mary Noailles, author, was born
at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 24, 1850 ; daughter
of William Law and Fanny Priscilla (Dickson)
Murfree ; granddaughter of William Hardy and
Elizabeth Mary (Maney) Murfree, and great
granddaughter of Col. Hardy Murfree (q.v.), an
officer in the Revolutionary army. She became
lame in childhood, and thus debarred from active
amusements, at an early age devoted herself
to books, becoming a hard student, and later
earnestly turned her attention to literary work.
The family in 1856 removed to Nashville where
she was chiefly educated, although she spent some
time at school in Philadelphia. In 1872 they re-
turned to Murfreesboro, and from there removed to
St. Louis, Mo., in 1881, and back to Murfreesboro
in 1890. She spent her summers in the mountains
of eastern Tennessee, and devoted herself princi-
pally to the portrayal of human character as
connected with life in the Tennessee mountains.
Her first story," The Dancin' Party at Harrison's
Cove ", appeared in the Atlantic Monthly over the
signature "Charles Egbert Craddock." Other
stories and novels followed, published also in
book form, and she succeeded in concealing her
identity until 1885. She is the author of : In the
Tennessee Mountains, stories (1884); \\1iere the
Battle was Fought, a novel (1884); Dou-n the
Ravine (1885); The Prophet of the great Smoky
Mountains (1885); In the Clouds (18S6) ; The Story
of Keedon Bluffs (1887); Tlie Despot of Broom-
sedge Cove (1888); In the Stranger-People's
Country (1891); His Vanished Star (1894) : The
Mystery of Witch-face Mountain and Other Stories
(1895); Tlie Phantom of the Foot-Bridge and
MURFREE
MURPHY
Other Stories (1895); The Juggler (1897); Tlie
Young Mountaineers, short stories (1897); Tlie
Story of Old Fort London (1899); The Bush-
whackers and Other Stories (1899) ; Tfie Champion
(1902) ; A Spectre of Power (1902), and numerous
contributions to leading magazines.
MURFREE, William Hardy, representative,
was born in Hertford county, N.C., Oct. 2, 1781 ;
son of Hardy and Sally (Brickell) Murfree, and
grandson of William and Mary (Moore) Murfree.
He was graduated at the University of North
Carolina in 1801, was admitted to the bar and
entered upon the practice of his profession. He
represented Hertford county in the North Caro-
lina legislature in 1805, and 1812 ; was a presi-
dential elector voting for Madison in 1813, and a
representative in the 13th and 14th congresses,
1813-17, where he supported Madison's adminis-
tration and the war of 1812. He removed from
Murfreesboro, N.C., in 1823 to his estate in Wil-
liamson county, Tenn., where he spent the rest of
his life. He was married in 1808 to Elizabeth
Mary, daughter of James Maney of Hertford
county, N.C. HediedinNashville.Tenn., in 1827.
MURFREE, William Law, author, was born
in Murfreesboro, N.C., July 19, 1817 ; son of Wil-
liam Hardy and Elizabeth Mary (Maney) Murfree,
and grandson of Col. Hardy Murfree (q.v). He
removed to Tennessee with his parents about
1823, was graduated at the University of Nash-
ville in 1836 and studied law. He was admitted
to the bar, and practised in Franklin, Nashville,
and Murfreesboro, Tenn. He was married, Nov.
22, 1843, to Fanny Priscilla, daughter of David
Dickinson of Murfreesboro, Tenn. He lost his
fortune during the civil war and in the financial
panic of 1873, and in 1881 removed with his family
to St. Louis, Mo., where he devoted himself to
professional and literary work. He edited the
Central Law Journal in St. Louis, 1886-88. Owing
to the loss of his eyesight he relinquished active
pursuits in 1889 and returned to his home at
Murfreesboro, Tenn., where he spent the rest of
his life. He contributed sketches of life in
Mississippi and Florida and papers on the political
and industrial status of the South to leading
magazines, also on legal subjects to law journals,
and is the author of several notable law-books,
including: A Treatise on the Law of Sheriffs
(1884); Official Bonds (1885), and Practice before
the Justice of the Peace (1886). He died in
Murfreesboro, Tenn., Aug. 23, 1892.
MURLIN, Lemuel Herbert, educator, was born
in Neptune, Ohio, Nov. 16, 1861 ; son of Orlando
and Esther (Hankins) Murlin. He was graduated
from the Convoy high school, had charge of the
boys' department in Fort Wayne college, Indiana,
1886-87, and graduated from De Pauw university
A.B., 1891, S.T.B., 1892. He was a teacher in
De Pauw, 1891-92; pastor of the M.E. church,
Vincennes, Ind., 1892-94, and was elected presi-
dent of Baker university, Baldwin, Kansas, in
1894, when he raised $16,000 in four months to
pay the college debt. He was married in 1893 to
Ermina Fallas, A.M., Ph.D., at the time of her
marriage professor of modern languages at Cor-
nell college, Iowa. He pursued special studies in
the University of Pennsylvania and Clark univer-
sity, 1899, and accompanied by his wife, visited
Europe for study and research and as delegate to
the general conference of the M.E. church. 1900,
and to the ecumenical conference of Methodists,
London, 1901. He received the degree S.T.B.
from University of Denver in 1897 ; D.D. from
Cornell college, Iowa, in 1897, and B.D. fromGar-
rett Biblical institute in 1899.
MURPHY, Archibald De Bow, statesman,
was born near Milton, Caswell county, N.C.,
in 1777 ; son of Col. Archibald Murphy. He
entered the second class in the University of
North Carolina, Jan. 15, 1795 ; was graduated with
the highest distinction in 1799, and remained
there as professor of ancient languages, 1800-01.
At this time he owned only three books and none
on law. He was admitted to the bar in 1802,
through the friendship of one of the examining
judges, and after admission studied under Wil-
liam Duffy of Hillsborough, and soon took a prom-
inent place at the bar. He was a senator in the
general assembly, 1812-18 ; was chairman of the
board of internal improvements, 1818-23, and his
annual reports on the public policy of the state
of transportation by canals to join together the
great sounds on the seaboard were said to have
been equalled only by the papers of De Witt Clin-
ton on state canals and of John C. Calhoun on
national roads and waterways. On the subject
of public education he recommended a system of
support for public schools and academies and a
state appropriation for the better equipment of
the university. In 1818 he was elected by the
general assembly a judge of the superior courts
and presided in the supreme court in several
causes under appointment by the governor. He
resigned his seat on the bench in 1820 and resum-
ed practice in Hillsborough. He was a trustee of
the University of North Carolina, 1802-32. He
planned an exhaustive history of the soil, climate,
legislation, civil institutions, literature etc. of
North Carolina in 1821, and collected a vast
mass of material in the state and from the state
paper office in London, and in 1826 received
authority from the general assembly to raise by
lottery a sum sufficient for its publication ; but
beyond one or two chapters on the Indian tribes
he accomplished but little, ruined health and a
fortune dissipated by speculation putting an end
to his enterprise. He is the author of : A Memoir
MURPHY
MURPHY
of Improvements Contemplated and the Resources
and Finances of the State (1819) : .4;* Oration be-
fore the University of North Carolina (1827) ;
Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of North
Carolina, 1S04-19 (1826). See Peele's "Lives of
Distinguished North Carolinians" (1898). He
died in Hillsborough, N.C., Feb. 3, 1833.
MURPHY, Edward, senator, was born in Troy,
N.Y., Dec. 15, 1836; son of Edward Murphy,
a native of Ireland, who settled in Troy about
1830, and in 1846 established a brewery there.
The son was graduated at St. John's college,
Fordhani, N.Y., in 1857, and engaged with his
father in business. On the retirement of his
father, the firm became Kennedy & Murphy and
subsequently the Kennedy & Murphy Malting
company, of which he was made vice-president
and treasurer. He was a city alderman, 1864-66 ;
fire commissioner 1874-79 ; mayor, 1875-83 ; and
a member of the Democratic state committee,
1883-95, serving as treasurer, 1884-87, and chair-
man, 1887-95. He was principal owner and busi-
ness manager of the Troy Daily Press, 1887-89 ;
president of the Troy Gas company, and vice-
president of the Manufacturers' National bank.
He was a delegate to the Democratic national
conventions of 1880, 1884, 1888, 1893 and 1896 and
was U.S. senator from New York, 1893-99. He
served in the senate as chairman of the commit-
tee on relations with Canada.
MURPHY, Franklin, governor of New Jersey,
was born in Jersey City, N.J., January 3, 1846 ;
son of William H. and Abby Elizabeth (Hagar)
Murphy ; grandson of William Murphy, and a
descendant of Robert Murphy, who emigrated
from Ireland and settled in
Connecticut in 1756. He
served in the 13th New Jersey
i Volunteers, 1863-65, reaching
| the rank of 1st lieutenant. He
established in 1865 the busi-
ness of Murphy & Company,
varnish manufacturers. He
was chairman of the Republican state committee
in 1892 and in 1900 was a member of the Republi-
can national executive committee. He was a del-
egate-at-large to the St. Louis Republican national
convention of 1896 and 1900, and was a U.S. com-
missioner to the Paris exposition of 19CO. He
was president-general of the National Society of
the Sons of the American Revolution in 1899, and
was made a member of the Society of Colonial
Wars and of the Military Order of the Loyal
Legion. In 1901 he was elected governor of New
Jersey for the term 1902-5.
MURPHY, Henry Cruse, representative, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., July 5, 1810 ; son of John
Garrison and Clarissa (Runyon) Murphy, and
grandson of Dr. Timothy and Mary (Garrison)
Murphy of Monmouth county, N.J. He was
graduated from Columbia college in 1830 ; was
admitted to the bar in 1833, and practised in
Brooklyn in partnership with John A. Lott, 1835,
and afterward as Lott, Murphy & Vanderbilt.
He was assistant corporation council in 1834.
and afterward became city attorney and cor-
poration council. He contributed articles to the
Brooklyn Advocate and Nassau Gazette ; to the
Democratic Review and to the North American
Review, and became a proprietor and editor of the
Brooklyn Daily Eagle on its establishment in 1841.
He was mayor of Brooklyn, 1842-43 ; a delegate to
the state constitutional convention of 1846 ; a
Democratic representative in the 28th and 30th
congresses, 1843-45 and 1847-49 ; was named as an
available candidate for the presidency in the
Democratic national convention of 1852, and was
U.S. minister to The Hague under Buchanan's
administration, 1857-61. On his return to King's
county he served for six terms in the state senate,
1861-73'; raised the 159th New York volunteers
in 1862, and was a delegate to the state constitu-
tional convention of 1867-68. He was a founder
of the new Long Island Historical society and of
the Brooklyn City library and was president of
the East River Bridge company and of the Brook-
lyn, Flatbush and Coney Island railroad com-
pany. He accumulated a valuable library on the
the history of America, of which he published
a catalogue under the title A Catalogue of
an American Library Chronologically Arranged
(1853). He also published De Vries' Voyage from
Holland to America, A.D., 1632-44, (translated,
1853); Broad Advice to the New Netherlands;
The First Minister of the Dutch Reformed Church
in the United States (printed privately. 1857);
Henry Hudson in Holland (1859); Anthology of
the New Netherlands, or Translations from the
Early Dutch Poets of New York, with Memoirs of
their Lives (1865); Tlie Voyage of Verrazano
(printed privately, 1875), and Memoir of Herman
Ernst Ludewig in " Memorial Biographies of the
New England Historic Genealogical Society."
He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Dec. 1, 1882.
MURPHY, Isaac, governor of Arkansas, was
born near Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 16, 1803 ; son of
Hugh and Jane (Williams) Murphy. He re-
moved to Montgomery county, Tenn., where he
taught school, 1839-34, was married July 31, 1830,
to Angelina A. Lockhart of Tennessee, removed to
Fayetteville, Ark., with his family in 1834, and
taught school and was a leader in promoting
education in that section of the state. He was
admitted to the bar in 1835, and engaged in the
practice of law and in civil engineering. He was
a representative in the state legislature, 1848-49,
was in California, 1849-54, and in 1854 settled in
Huntsville, Ark. He was a state senator in 1856
MURPHY
MURPHY
and a Union delegate to the Arkansas secession
convention, March to May, 1861, where he alone
voted against secession. He joined the Union
forces in Missouri in April, 1862, and served on the
staff of General Curtis, and under General Steele
took part in the capture of Little Rock, Ark.,
Sept. 10, 1863. He was appointed provisional
governor of Arkansas in January, 1864 ; was
elected by a vote of the people in March, 1864,
and served until April, 1868. He not only paid the
expenses of his administration but left $270,000 in
the state treasury at the close of his term of
office. He died in Huntsville, Ark., Sept. 8, 1882.
MURPHY, Jeremiah, representative, was born
in Lowell, Mass., Feb. 19, 1835 ; son of Timothy
and Jerusha (Shattuck) Murphy. He was edu-
cated in the public schools of Boston, Mass., and
removed with his parents in 1849 to Fond Du Lac
county, Wis., and in 1852 to Iowa county, Iowa.
He was graduated from the State University of
Iowa, LL.B. 1857, and was admitted to the bar
in 1858. He practised law in partnership with
H. M. Martin at Marengo, 1858-67, and in Daven-
port, 1867-83. He was a delegate to the Demo-
cratic national conventions of 1864 and 1868 ; a
member of the Iowa senate 1874-78, and mayor of
Davenport in 1873, and 1879. He was a Demo-
cratic representative from the second Iowa dis-
trict in the 48th and 49th congresses, 1883-87, and
while in congress worked unceasingly until an
appropriation was secured for the promotion of
the Hennepin canal, connecting Lake Michigan
with the Mississppi river. He died in Washington,
D.C., Dec. 11, 1893.
MURPHY, John, governor of Alabama, was
born in Robeson county, N.C. , in 1786; sou of
Neil and — — (Downing) Murphy, and a grand-
son of Murdoch Murphy, who emigrated from
Scotland with his wife and children. He removed
to South Carolina with his parents, taught school
and was graduated at the University of South
Carolina in 1808. He was clerk of the state
senate, 1810-17, and a trustee of the University,
1809-18. He settled in Monroe county, Ala., in
1818 and was a member of the convention which
framed the state constitution in 1819. He was
admitted to the bar, but soon retired from
practice and turned his attention to planting.
He represented Monroe county in the legislature
in 1820, was a state senator in
1822, and was Democratic
governor of Alabama, 1825-29.
He was defeated as the Union
' candidate for representative
in the 21st and 22d congresses,
1828 and 1830, by Dixon H.
Lewis, and was a Union Demo-
cratic representative in the 23d congress, 1833-
35. He was married first to the daughter of
Robert Hails of South Carolina and secondly to
Mrs. Carter, a sister of Col. John Darrington.
He died in Clark county, Ala., Sept. 21, 1841.
MURPHY, John, publisher, was born in Omagli,
Ireland, March 12, 1812. He came with his
parents to the United States in 1822, and settled at
Newcastle, Del., where he attended school, 1822-
24, and was clerk in a country store, 1824-26. He
was a clerk in Philadelphia, 1826-28 ; apprentice
to a printer there, 1828-33 ; journeyman printer in
Baltimore, Md., 1833-35, and on his own account,
1835-80. In 1840 he combined publishing with
his printing business. He published the United
States Catholic Magazine, edited by Fathers
White and Spalding, 1842-19 ; the Metropolitan
Magazine, 1853-59, and the Proceedings of the
Maryland Historical society for over twentj'-five
years. He published a translation of " Definition
of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception "
(1855) and "Proceedings of the Second Plenary
Council of Baltimore " (1866) ; receiving for the
first a gold medal from Pope Pius IX, and for the
second the honorary title of printer to the pope,
a distinction never before accorded a resident of
an English speaking nation. He also published
the works of Cardinal Gibbons, and of Archbishop
Spalding. He was an early member of the Mary-
land Historical society. He was married, June
17, 1852, to Margaret CVDonoghue, of Georgetown,
D.C., and his son Frank succeeded him in busi-
ness. He died in Baltimore, Md., May 27, 1880.
MURPHY, John Francis, artist, was born in
Oswego, N.Y., Dec, 11, 1853. He attended the
public schools of Oswego, and early turned his
attention to the study of art which he pursued
without a teacher. He opened a studio in New
York city in 1875, as a landscape painter, and first
exhibited his work at the National Academy of
Design in 1876. He received the second Hall-
garten prize for "Tints of a Vanished Past " in
1885. He was elected a member of the Society
of American Artists in 1883 ; of the American
Water Color society ; an associate of the National
Academy of Design and in 1885, an academician in
1887. He won the Carnegie prize of the Society
of American Artists in 1902. Among his paint-
ings are : Sunny Slopes (1879) ; Upland Cornfield
(1880) ; October (1881) ; Woodland (1882) ; Rocky
Slope (1883) ; Weedy Brook (1884) ; The Yellmv
Leaf (1885) ; Indian Summer (1886) ; Sundown
(1886) ; Brooks and Fields (1887), and October
Fog (foreign 1902).
MURPHY, John J., educator, was born in
county Kildare, Ireland, Jan. 17, 1844. He
was graduated in philosophy at Carlow college,
1862 ; studied for the priesthood at Maynooth
college, 1862-66, and came to the United States
in 1866, where he entered the Society of Jesus.
He passed his novitiate at Frederick, Md.,
MURPHY
MURRAY
1866-68 ; taught classics in Boston college and
at Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass., 1868-72,
and completed his theological course in Wood-
stock college, Md., in 1874. He was ordained
priest by Bishop Gibbous of Richmond, Va.,
June 20, 1874 ; was prefect and lecturer on
Christian doctrine at Georgetown college, D.C. ,
1875; a teacher of rhetoric at Frederick, Md.,
1876 ; professor of sacred scripture at Wood-
stock college, Md., 1877, and rector of Holy
Trinity church, Georgetown, D.C. , 1878. He was
professor of philosophy and prefect of studies at
Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass., 1879-81 ;
professor of rhetoric, Frederick, Md., 1881-82 ;
president of Gonzaga college, Washington, D.C.,
1882-85 ; president of St. Francis Xavier college,
New York city, 1885-88 ;
visited Europe in 1888 ; was
professor of philosophy in
• Georgetown college, 1889;
f Philadelphia, Pa. , 1890-91 , and
was rector of Holy Trinity
church at Georgetown, D.C.,
1891-92. He became a mem-
ber of the staff of the Messenger of the Sacred
Heart in 1889 and contributed to that and to the
Georgetown College Journal. He died in George-
town, D.C., March 4, 1892.
MURPHY, Nathan Oakes, governor of Arizona,
was born in Jefferson, Maine, Oct. 14, 1849 ; son
of B F. and Lucy A. Murphy, and grandson of
John Murphy. He attended the public school ;
taught school in Wisconsin, 1866-69, and in 1870
remo\ed to California, where he was engaged in
mining, law practice, railroad building and mer-
cantile pursuits. He settled in Prescott, Arizona
Territory, in 1883, and engaged in mining. He
was married Aug. 6, 1884, to Sarah E., daughter
of G. W. Baughart of Prescott. He was appointed
secretary of Arizona Territory in 1889 ; was
governor of the territory, 1892-94 ; a delegate to
the Republican national convention at Minneap-
olis, Minn., June 7, 1892; delegate to the 54th
congress, 1895-97, and again territorial governor,
1898-1902.
MURPHY, Thomas, clergyman, was born in
Randalstown, county Antrim, Ireland, Feb. 6,
1824; son of William and Mary (Rollins) Murphy.
His parents removed to the United States in 1834,
and settled in New Hartford, N.Y. He was
graduated at the College of New Jersey, with
second honors, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848, and at the
Princeton Theological seminary, B.D., 1848. He
was licensed by the presbytery of New Bruns-
wick, Feb. 2, 1848, and ordained by the second
presbytery of Philadelphia, Oct. 11, 1849. He
was pastor of the Frankford Presbyterian church,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1849-94, and pastor emeritus,
1894-1900. He was a delegate to the general as-
sembly of the Presbyterian church ten times : a
commissioner to the general assemblies of Scot-
land and Ireland in 1873, and in the Irish assem-
bly offered the resolution which was the first
step toward the holding of the Pan-Presbyterian
council. He took the lead as chairman in organ-
izing twenty-two new churches in the presbytery
of Philadelphia ; was a member of the Presby-
terian board of publication fourteen years, and
was instrumental in organizing the Sabbath-
school work of that board. He also presided at
the "Log College " anniversary, Sept. 5, 1889.
He received the degrees D.D. from the College of
New Jersey in 1872 and LL.D. from Washington
college, Tenn., in 1891. He was married, June
15, 1848, to Ann Sortor, of Blaweuburgh, X.J.
He is the author of : Messages to the Seven
Churches of Asia ; Cradle of the Presbyterian
Church in America ; A History of the Frankford
Presbyterian Church (1870) ; Pastoral Tlieology
(1877) ; Pastor and People (1886) ; Duties of
Church Members to the Church ; Reminiscences
of a Pastor ; The P>-esbytery of the Log College, and
Memoirs of the Rev. J. C. Ralston. He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 26, 1900.
MURPHY, Thomas Edward, educator, was
born in New York city, Jan. 27, 1856. He at-
tended the public schools and St. Francis Xavier
college, New York ; studied at Sault-au-Recollet,
Canada, 1875-76 ; West Park-on-Hudson, N.Y.,
1876-79 ; took a course in philosophy at Wood-
stock college, Md., 1879-82, and a course in the-
ology there, 1887-90. He was professor of Latin
and Greek at Georgetown university, D.C.,
1882-87 ; vice-president of Georgetown univer-
sity, 1891-93, and president of St. Francis Xavier
college, 1894-1900. He was chosen prefect of
studies at Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass.,
Aug. 1, 1900.
MURRAH, William Belton, educator, was born
in Pickensville, Ala., May 19, 1852 ; son of the
Rev. William and Mary Susan (Cureton) Murrah,
and grandson of William Murrah and of James
Cureton. He was graduated from Southern uni-
versity, Greensboro, Ala., 1874, and joined the
North Mississippi conference of the M.E. church
south in 1876. He was stationed at Oxford,
1877-81, Winona, 1881-85, and Aberdeen, 1885-86,
and was vice-president of Whit worth college,
Brookhaven, Mass., 1886-90. He was elected
president of Millsa ps college, Jackson, Miss., in
1892. He was married in February, 1881, to
Beulah Fitzhugh of Oxford. The honorary de-
gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Centenary
college, La., in 1887, and that of LL.D. by Wof-
ford college, S.C., in 1897. He published many
sermons, addresses and religious articles.
MURRAY, Alexander, naval officer, was born
near Chestertown. Md.. July 12, 1755; sou of Dr.
MURRAY
MURRAY
William and Ann (Smith) Murray, and grand-
son of James and Sally (Thomas) Murray, natives
of England, who settled in Barbadoes, AY. I. Dr.
AVilliam Murray came to Maryland from Bar-
bardoes and practised medicine in Chestertown.
Alexander left home at an early age as a cabin
boy on a coasting vessel and was rapidly pro-
moted, commanding a vessel in the European
trade in 1773. At the outbreak of hostilities be-
tween England and the colonies in 1775 he was
commissioned lieutenant in the Maryland navy,
but being unable to obtain command of a ship he
accepted a lieutenancy in the 1st Maryland regi-
ment under Colonel Smallwood, and served with
AVasliington's army at Flatbush, AVhite Plains
and in other engagements around New York and
in the retreat through New Jersey. While in
command of the battery at the lower end of
Manhattan island engaged in opposing the pro-
gress of the British fleet up the Hudson river, the
bursting of a gun impaired his hearing, which he
never full}' recovered. He was promoted captain
and was retired on account of ill health. He
later resumed his rank as lieutenant in the Mary-
land navy, and was assigned to the command of
different letters of marque and had various en-
gagements with incoming British vessels while in
search of plunder. His rank gave him the chief
command of all privateering vessels sailing out
of the port of Baltimore. While in command of
the letter of marque Revenge, he sailed for Hol-
land with a fleet of forty vessels, but on gaining
the high sea encountered a superior force and
was obliged to put back and seek refuge in the
Patuxent river. His force was increased to fifty
sail, and the commanders agreed to fight their
way through the British squadron blockading the
port. After putting to sea a fleet of British
privateers hove in sight. Commodore Murray's
fleet captains did not respond to his signals for
assistance and he was left with only a brig and a
schooner as support. A severe engagement of an
hour resulted in the two British vessels with-
drawing from the contest, and Commodore
Murray returned to Hampton Roads with his
three vessels to refit. He then sailed for the
Newfoundland banks, but was overtaken by a
fleet of 150 British vessels under escort of a man-
of-war, and was easily captured and carried into
port. He was exchanged and returned to Phila-
delphia, where he found the frigate Tmmbull,
Capt. James Nicholson (q.v.), ready for service,
and was made lieutenant. He was severely
wounded in the engagement with the British
frigate Iris and the General Monk, and was
captured. When he recovered from his wounds he
was exchanged and congress furnished him with
a brig fitted out as a letter-of-marque. He sailed
for St. Thomas and on his return captured a
British packet. He retained his commission
longer than any other officer who served in the
U.S. navy during the Revolution. He was 1st
lieutenant under Commodore Barry on the frigate
Alliance and was appointed commodore of the
corvette Montezuma during the difficulty with
France in 1798 and later commanded the frigates
Insurgent and Constellation. During the trouble
with the Barbary pirates in 1820 he was given
command of a squadron in the Mediterranean
and on his return was appointed to the com-
mand of the Philadelphia navy yard, ranking as
senior officer of the U.S. navy. He died near
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 6, 1821.
MURRAY, Alexander, naval officer, was born
in Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan. 2, 1816 ; son of Magnus
M. and Mary (AVilkins) Murray, and grandson of
Commodore Alexander Murray, U.S.N. (q.v.).
He entered the U.S. naval service in 1835 and
served on the east coast of Mexico, 1846-47. He
was severely wounded at the capture of Alvar-
ado, and took part in the capture of Tampico,
Tabasco, Tuspan and Vera Cruz. He was pro-
moted lieutenant in 1847, and at the outbreak
of the civil war was commissioned commander
and given charge of the steamer Louisiana of
the North Atlantic squadron. After defeating
the Confederate steamer Yorktowti off Newport
News, he took part in the capture of Roanoke Is-
land and New Berne, N.C., and was left in pos-
session of Edenton, Feb. 12, 1862. He commanded
the five vessels left by Commander William
Smith on the Pamuukey river to protect Mc-
Clellan's base of supplies, May, 17, 1862, and was
on duty in the North Carolina sounds in 1863.
He was promoted captain in 1866 ; was detailed
on special service, 1865-66 ; was made commodore
in 1871 ; served as light-house inspector, 1873-76,
when he was retired with the rank of rear-ad-
miral. He afterward served on the naval board
and died in Washington, D.C., Nov. 10, 1884.
MURRAY, David, educator and author, was
borninBovina, N.Y.. Oct. 15, 1830 ; son of William
and Jean (Black) Murray. His parents immi-
grated to America from Scotland in 1818. He
was graduated at Union college, Schenectady,
N.Y., 1852; was a tutor in Albany academy and
professor of mathematics there in 1852-57, and
principal, 1857-63. He was professor of mathe-
matics and astromony in Rutgers college, 1863-73,
and was married, Dec. 23, 1867. to Martha Neilson
of New York city. In 1873 he went to Japan as
adviser to the imperial minister of education. He
was superintendent of education in Tokyo, 1873-
79, and aided in the establishment of the public
school system of Japan. He laid the facts in
regard to the Japanese indemnity before the 44th
congress in 1875-76, which resulted in its return.
He visited the Centennial exposition of 1876 in
MURRAY
the interests of Japan, and made a collection for
its museums. He was secretary of the regents of
the University of the State of New York, 1880-89 ;
a lecturer on the history of education in Japan
at Johns Hopkins university in 1897, and in 1889
took up his residence in New Brunswick, N.J.
He received the degree of Ph.D. from the Uni-
versity of the State of New York in 1863 ; LL.D.
from Rutgers college in 18T3, and from Union
college in 1874, and the decoration of the Rising
Sun from the Japanese emperor in 1878. He is
the author of : a, Manual of Land-Surveying (1869) ;
Story of Japan (1894) ; Ant i- rent Episode in New
York (1896) ; History of Education in New Jersey
(1899), and various pamphlets. He edited Japa-
nese Education (1876) ; prepared and edited the
Centennial History of Delaware County, X.Y.,
(1898).
MURRAY, Eli Houston, governor of Utah, was
boru in Cloverport, Breckinridge courty, Ky.,
Feb. 10, 1843 : son of Col. David R. and Ann
Maria (Allen) Crittenden Murray, and grandson
of Col. John and Jane (Logan) Allen. He was
educated under private tutors, and in 1861 re-
cruited a company for the 3d Kentucky cavalry
under Col. S. Jackson, and was elected captain.
He was promoted major in November, 1861, and
colonel, Aug. 13, 1862, on the death of Colonel
Jackson. He was attached to the Army of the Ten-
nessee and served in Muudy's brigade, Kennett's
division, Stanley's cavalry corps. At Stone's
river, Dec. 31, 1862, his regiment prevented the
Confederate cavalry cutting communications in
the rear of the Federal army and destroying their
supplies, and in November, 1863, he was sta-
tioned at Caperton's Ferry, Tenn. In the Atlantic
campaign he commanded the 3d brigade, Kil-
patrick's 3d division, Elliott's cavalry corps, and
in the battle of Resaca, May 13-16, 1864, when
General Kilpatrick was detached on special ser-
vice, commanded the division. He subsequently
was with Gen. E. M. McCook's cavalry detach-
ment in western Kentucky and in 1865 was
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He
was graduated at the Louisville Law school
in 1866, and was U.S. marshal for Kentucky,
1869-67. He was married in 1876 to Evelyn
Neale of Louisville. He was manager of the
Louisville Commercial, 1876-80, and in 1880 was
appointed by President Hayes governor of Utah
Territory and served under reappointment of
President Arthur, until 1885, when he resigned.
He laid the foundation for the abolishment of
polygamy in Utah by reporting its many evils
to congress. He made his home in Bowling Green,
Ky., where he died, Nov. 18, 1896.
MURRAY, James Ormsbee, educator, was born
in Camden, S.C., Nov. 27, 1827 ; son of James Syng
and Aurelia Powell (Pearce) Murray; grandson
MURRAY
of John and Elizabeth (Syng) Murray, and great
grandson of Philip Syng, a friend of Benjamin
Franklin. His father removed to Springfield,
Ohio, in 1836, where he was prepared for college,
and he matriculated at Brown university in 1844.
He was absent two years on account of ill health,
and was graduated valedictorian in 1850. He
was an instructor in Greek at Brown university,
1851-52 ; was graduated from Andover theological
seminary in 1854, and was pastor of the Congre-
gational church at South Dauvers, Mass., 1854-61.
He was married, Sept. 22, 1856, to Julia Richards
Houghton of Boston. He was pastor at Cam-
bridgeport, Mass., 1861-65 ; associate pastor of
the Presbyterian " Brick church ", New York
city, 1865-73, and pastor, 1873-75. He was
Holmes professor of belles lettres and English
language at Princeton university, 1875-99, and
was dean of the faculty, 1886-99. He was a
trustee of Princeton theological seminary, 1867-
99 ; a director of the seminary, 1874-99 ; vice-
president of the board of trustees, 1889-99. He
was also a trustee of Union theological seminary,
1869-82. The honorary degree of D.D. was con-
ferred on him by the College of New Jersey in
1867, that of A.M. in 1896, and that of LL.D. by
Brown university in 1886. The Murray chair of
English at Princeton was named in his honor.
He compiled and edited Tlie Sacrifice of Praise
(1869) ; and edited J. Lewis Diman's Orations
and Essays (1881). He is the author of : George
Ide Chace, a Memorial (1886); William Gam-
mell, LL.D., a Biographical Sketch with Selec-
tions from his writings (1890); Francis Wayland
(1891); Selections from the Poetical Works of Wil-
liam Cowper (1898). His lectures and addresses
include : Tlie Debt of Civilization to Literature
(1883); Tlie Study of English Literature (1886);
Skepticism in Literature (1893), and Religious
Belief in Literature (1895); the last two. Stone
lectures delivered at Princeton theological semi-
nary. He died at Princeton, N.J. , March 27, 1899.
MURRAY, John, clergyman, was born in Alton,
Hampshire, England, Dec. 10, 1741. He removed
to Cork, Ireland, 1752, and attended school there.
MURRAY
MURRAY
He became a Methodist preacher, and in 1760
returned to England where he adopted Universa-
list doctrines. In 1770 he immigrated to America
and preached in several New England cities.
Upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary war he
was chaplain of a brigade of Rhode Island in-
fantry, but ill health compelled him to return to
Gloucester, Mass., where he established a Univer-
salist society. He was a member of the first
Uuiversalist convention that met at Oxford,
Mass., in 17o8, and adopted the name of Indepen-
dent C'hristian Universalists. He was in charge
of a society in Boston, 1793-1815, and was known as
the " Father of Universalism ", although his doc-
trines differed from those afterwards recognized
by tbat denomination. He was married in 1788
to Judith (Sargent) Stevens, a sister of Winthrop
Sargent. She contributed to the Massachusetts
Magazine and the Boston Weekly Magazine under
the pen name " Constantia " and was editor of
the Repository and Gleaner (3 vols., 1798), and of
An Autobiography of John Murray (1816). She
died in Natchez, Miss., June 6, 1820. Mr. Murray
is the author of Letters and Sketches. He died in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 3. 1815.
MURRAY, John JVTKane, author, was born in
Glenariffe, county Antrim. Ireland, Dec. 13, 1847.
He immigrated to New York with his parents, and
was educated at St. John's college, Fordham, and
was graduated in medicine from the University
of the City of New York. He practised medicine
in Brooklyn, N.Y., until 1880, also devoting him-
self to literary work. He became a victim to
phthisis, and spent the last five years of his life in
seeking health. He spoke and read six languages,
and contributed regularly to Roman Cafliolic
periodicals. He answered the attacks made on
the Roman Catholic church and its institutions,
and was influential in securing the removal of
many objectionable references to that church
from text books. He revised Kerney's " General
History," and was revising Lingard's " History
of England " when he died. He received a medal
and a letter from Pope Pius IX. for his Popular
History of the Catholic Church in America (1876).
He is also the author of : Tlte Prose and Poetry
of Ireland (1877); The Catholic Heroes and Hero-
ines of America (1878); Little Lives of the Great
Saints (1879), Tlte Catholic Pioneers of America
(1881), and Lessons in English Literature (1883).
He died in Chicago, 111., July 30, 1885.
MURRAY, Lindley, grammarian, was born in
Swatara, Pa., April 22. 1745; son of Robert
Murray. His parents were Quakers, and he was
educated in the Friends school in Philadelphia.
His father settled in New York city in 1753, and he
was trained for a mercantile career. He ran away
from home in 1759 to escape the severity of his
father and began a course of study at Burlington,
N.J. He returned to his home in New York
shortly afterward, was supplied with a tutor by
his father, and with John Jay was a pupil in law
under Benjamin Kissam, 1761-65. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1765, being licensed to practise
in all the courts in the province, and shortly
afterward went to England, where he remained
until 1771. He practised law, 1771-75, and in
1775 retired to Islip, Long Island, and spent four
years in out-door employment and pleasure. He
returned to New York city in 1779 and under the
direction of his father made a fortune in com-
mercial speculation. He retired from active life
at the close of the Revolution and resided first on
the Hudson and afterward at Bethlehem, Pa.,
but ill health forced him to live in England
and he settled at Holdgate near York, in 1784.
He was confined to his room for sixteen years by
a muscular affection. He devoted himself to
study and literary work, collected a library of
historical, philological and theological works,
and wrote "Murray's English Grammar" and
"Murray's English Reader", introduced into all
the English and American schools. He made a
study of botany during the last years of his life,
and his garden in its variety and rarity excelled
the Royal gardens at Kews. The date of his
marriage was June 22, 1767. Besides his English
and French readers and spelling books he is the
author of : Tlie Power of Religion on the Mind
(1787); English Grammar (1795); Selections from
Bishop Home's Commentaries on the Psalms
( 1812) ; Biographical Sketch of Henry Tuke
(1815); Compendium of Religious Faith and
Practice: designed for Young Persons of the
Society of Friends (1815), and On the Duty and
Benefit of a Daily Perusal of the Scriptures (1817).
See Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Lindley
Murray in a Series of Letters written by himself,
with a Preface and Continuation by Elizabeth
Frank (1826). He died at Holdgate, near York,
England, Feb. 16, 1826.
MURRAY, Nicholas, clergyman, was born in
Ballynaskea, county Westmeath, Ireland, Dec.
25, 1802 ; son of Nicholas and Judith (Magum)
Murray. He attended school in Ireland until
1814, when he was apprenticed for three years
as a merchant's clerk, and being cruelly treated
ran away, and in July, 1818, arrived in New York
city. His mother it is said had him cursed from
the altar of the Roman Catholic church for his
disobedience. He entered the employ of Harper
and Brothers, printers, and resided with the
family. He was converted to the Methodist and
later to the Presbyterian faith and deciding to en-
ter the ministry he attended the academy at Am-
herst, Mass., 1821-22, was graduated at Williams
college, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829, and studied at
Princeton theological seminary, 1826-28. He
MURRAY
MURRAY
served as an agent for the American Tract society
during his student days, and was ordained by the
presbytery of Susquehanna, Nov. 4, 1829. He was
pastor at Wilkesbarre and Kingston, Pa., 1829-33 ;
and at Elizabethtown, N.J., 1353-61. He was
secretary of the Foreign Missionary Society of the
Presbyterian Church in 1835, moderator of the
general assembly, 1849, and a founder of the New
Jersey Historical society. He was a trustee of
Princeton theological seminary, 1835-61 ; a direc-
tor, 1836-61 ; and a trustee of Williams college,
1860-61. He received the degree D.D. from Wil-
liams college in 1843. In 1847 he wrote over the
signature " Kirwan " a series of letters published
in the New York Observer, to Archbishop Hughes,
in which he attacked the doctrine of the Roman
Catholic church. These resulted in a controversy
between the two, Bishop Hughes's letters being
published in the Freeman's Journal. He delivered
several lectures on "Popery," and in 1851 and
1860 visited Ireland, where he preached and
lectured against the Roman Catholic church.
He was married in January, 1830. to Eliza J.,
daughter of the Rev. Morgan John Rhees of
Pennsylvania. He is the author of : Notes, His-
torical and Biographical, concerning Elizabeth-
town, N.J. (1844); Letters to the Right Rev. John
Hughes (1848, enlarged edition 1855); Romanism
at Home (1852); Men and Things as I saw them
in Europe (1853); Parish and Fencillings (1854);
Tlie Happy Home (1859); Preachers and Preaching
(1860), and A Dying Legacy to the People of my
Beloved Charge, sermon (1861). See Memoir by
Samuel I. Prime (1862). He died in Elizabeth-
town, N.J., Feb. 4, 1861.
MURRAY, Robert, surgeon-general, was born
in Howard county, Md., Aug. 6, 1822; son of
Daniel and Mary (Dorsey) Murray; grandson of
Dr. James and Sarah (Maynadier) Murray and of
Edward and Elizabeth Dorsey, and a descendant
of Dr. William Murray, born in Scotland,
who came to Cambridge, Maryland, in 1716, and
of Col. Edward Dorsey, born in Essex county,
England, who came to St. Mary's county, Md.,
about 1645. He was graduated from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1843 ; was appointed
assistant surgeon U.S.A., June 29, 1846; cap-
tain and assistant surgeon in 1851, and major
and surgeon, June 23, 1860. He was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel and colonel, March 13, 1865,
for faithful and meritorious services during the
war. He was appointed assistant medical pur-
veyor and lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., 1866; was
promoted colonel and surgeon, June 20, 1876 ;
colonel and assistant surgeon-general, Dec. 14,
1882 ; brigadier-general and surgeon-general, Nov.
23, 1883, and was retired from active service in
the army, Aug. 6, 1886, by operation of law.
After 1886 he made his home at Eldridge, Md.
MURRAY, Thomas Hamilton, journalist and
historian, was born in Brookline, Mass., May 25,
1857 ; son of Robert and Margaret (McGinnis)
Murray ; grandson of Thomas and Ellen (Mc-
Carthy) Murray, and great-grandson of Luke
and Mary (Porter) Murray. His father was born
in Cork county, Ireland, and his mother at Corn-
wallis, Nova Scotia, of Irish parentage. He was
educated in the schools of Brookliue, Newton,
Cambridge and Boston, Mass.; engaged in daily
journalism at Boston for several years ; edited
daily papers in Providence, R.I., Bridgeport and
Meriden, Conn., Lawrence, Mass., and Woon-
socket, R.I.; was one of the founders of the
American-Irish Historical society in 1897, and was
elected secretary-general of the same. He was
married, April 13, 1885, to Mary H. Sullivan of
Boston, Mass. He is the author of many papers
on historical, genealogical, literary and educa-
tional subjects, and in collaboration with the
Hon. John C. Linehan of Concord, N.H.,
wrote : Irish SeJwolmasters in the American
Colonies, 1640-1775 (1898), and with George
Washington of Dublin, Ireland, Ttie Irish Wash-
ingtons at Home and Abroad (1898). Among his
published papers are : The Libraries of Boston
(1882) ; The Old Schoolmasters of Boston (1884);
The Mason Name in New England History (1884) ;
The Thayers in America (1884) ; Tliirty Historic
American Families (1889) ; The Irish Chapter in
the History of Broum University (1896) ; Tlie Irish
Soldiers in King Philip's War, 1675-6 (1896) ; Tlie
Dempsey Name, Old and Puissant (1896) ; Some
Patricks of the American Revolution (1897) ; Five
Colonial Rhode Islanders (1897) ; Tlie Irish Mnr-
rays and Tlieir American Descendants (1900) ;
Tlie Romance of Sarah Alexander (mother of
Commodore Perry) (1901) ; The Story of Miss
Fitzgerald, Dartmouth, Mass., 7657(1901) ; Rich-
ard Dexter, Irishman, Massacliusetts Bay Colo-
nist, 1641 (1902).
HURRAY, William Henry Harrison, author,
was born in Guilford, Conn., April 26, 1841 ; son
of Dickinson and Sally (Munger) Murray ; grand-
son of Calvin and Diadema (Norton) Murray and
of Chauncey Munger ; great-grandson of John
Murray, and a descendant of John Murray, a
Scottish Highlander, who came to America in
1635, and of Theodore Munger, who came over
with the original settlers to Guilford in 1638.
He was fitted for college at Guilford institute ;
was graduated from Yale, A. B., 1862; studied
theology at East Windsor, Conn., and under pri-
vate instructors, and became a Congregational
minister in 1863. He preached in Connecticut,
1863-68, being acting pastor at Washington, 1863-
64 ; pastor at Greenwich, 1864-66, and at Meriden,
1866-68. He was pastor of the Park Street
church, Boston, Mass., until 1874, when he re-
MURRAY
MUSSEY
signed and engaged in literary work for one year.
He was preacher and pastor of the Independent
Congregational church worshipping in Music
Hall, Boston, 1875-78, and then retired from the
ministry to devote himself to travel and author-
ship. He was married in 1886 to Frances Mary
Rivers, and had four daughters. His published
works include: Adventures in the Wilderness
(1868) ; Sermons Delivered in Park Street Church
and Music Hall, Boston (1870-78) ; Words Fitly
Spoken (1873) ; The Perfect Horse (1873) ; Adiron-
dack Tales (6 vols., 1877-97) ; Daylight Land
(1888) ; Canadian Idyls, Mamelons (1890) : Cana-
dian Idyls. Ungava (1890) ; Holiday Tales (1897) ;
Apple Tree's Easter (1900) ; How lam Educating
My Daughters (1901).
HURRAY, William Vans, diplomatist, was
born in Cambridge, Md.. in 1762; son of Henry
Murray ; grandson of William Murray, who came
from Scotland to Cambridge. Md., in 1716, and
a descendant on his mother's side of Bartholomew
Ennalls, who came to Maryland about 1669.
William Vans Murray was educated in Maryland
until 1783, when he went to London, England,
and studied law in the Temple. He returned to
Maryland in 1785, practised law and represented
Dorchester county in the Maryland legislature.
He was a Federalist representative in the 3d, 3d
and 4th congresses and served from Oct. 24, 1791,
to March 3, 1797. In 1797 he was appointed by
President Washington U.S. minister to the
Netherlands, where he restored the harmony
which had been interrupted through the influ-
ence of France. He was appointed by President
Adams sole envoy-extraordinary to France in
1799, but was afterward associated with Judge
Oliver Ellsworth and Gov. William R. Davie.
The Convention of Paris, Sept. 30, 1800, which
put an end to the difficulty between France and
the United States, was accomplished mainly
through his efforts. He returned to his duties in
the Netherlands in October, 1800, and in 1801 re-
signed and returned to Maryland. He published
The Constitution and Laws of the United States,
a pamphlet. He died at Cambridge, Dorchester
county, Md., Dec. 11, 1803.
MUSGRAVE, George Washington, clergy-
man, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 19, 1804 ;
son of Joseph and Catharine (Schaumenkessel)
Musgrave. He was prepared for the junior class
of the College of New Jersey at Dr. Samuel B.
Wylie's classical academy, but ill health pre-
vented his entering, and he continued his studies
privately and attended Princeton Theological
seminary, 1826-27. He was licensed by the pres-
bytery of Baltimore, Nov. 5, 1828, and engaged
in city mission work. He was ordained pastor of
the 3.1 Presbyterian church of Baltimore, July
25, 1830, and served, 1830-52 ; was corresponding
secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Publica-
tion, 1852-53, and of the Board of Domestic Mis-
sions, 1853-61 and 1868. He was pastor of the
North Penn church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1863-68;
moderator of the General assembly, 1868 ; presi-
dent of the Presbyterian Alliance, Philadelphia,
1870-82, and was chairman of the joint committee
on reconstruction between the old and new school
branches of the church. He was president of
the board of trustees of the Presbyterian Histori-
cal society, 1876-82 ; of the Presbyterian hospital
for several years ; a director of the Princeton
Theological seminary, 1837-82, and a trustee of the
College of New Jersey, 1859-82. The honorary
degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him by the
College of New Jersey in 1845 and that of LL.JJ.
by the University of Indiana in 1862. He is the
author of : Polity of the Methodist Episcopal
Church in the United States (1843) ; sermons:
Sermon on the death of Maj. James Owen Law
(1847); Vindication of Religious Liberty (1834) ;
Brief Exposition and Vindication of the Doctrine
of the Divine Decrees (1842) ; Sermon on the Death
of the Rev. Dr. William Kevins (1835). He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 24, 1882.
MUSICK, John Roy, author, was born in St.
Louis, Mo., Feb. 28, 1849. He was graduated
at Northern Missouri State Normal school, B.S.,
1874, and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He
practised in Kirkville, Mo., 1877-82, and was
U.S. commissioner there for ten years. In 1882
he gave up the practice of law to devote himself
to literature. He was married, June 13, 1876, to
Augusta P. Roszelle. He was a member of the
Society of American Authors ; of the Western
Authors' Club of Kansas City, and of the Authors'
Guild of New York, of which he was twice elected
president. He is the author of : Brother against
Brother ; Banker of Bedford; Calamity Row;
Columbian Historical Novels (12 vols. 1891 et seq.) ;
History Stories of Missouri (1897) ; Hawaii: Our
Neiv Possessions (1898) ; The War with Spain
(1898) ; Lights and Shadows of the War with
Spain (1898) ; His Brother's Crime ; Cuba Libre.
He died in Omaha, Neb., from injuries received
while rescuing the injured after a cyclone at
Kirkville. Mo., April 14, 1901.
MUSSEY, Ellen Spencer, educator and law-
yer, was born in Geneva, Ohio, May 13, 1850 ;
daughter of Platt R. and Persis (Duty) Spencer ;
granddaughter of Caleb Spencer, a Revolutionary
soldier, and a descendant on the maternal side
from Moses Warren, an officer of the war of the
Revolution, and on the paternal side from the
English Spencer family. Her father was author
of the Spencerian system of penmanship. She
attended private academies, was principal of the
ladies department. Spencerian college, D.C., and
married in 1871 Gen. Reuben D. Mussey. She
MUSSEY
studied law and was associated with her hus-
band in practice in Washington, D.C., until his
death in 1892, when she continued the practice
alone. She was attorney for several foreign lega-
tions ; for many national, patriotic and labor
organizations : was an incorporate!' of, and
attorney for, the American National Red Cross
society, and was appointed a delegate to the
seventh international conference of the so-
ciety at St. Petersburg, May, 1902. She was
president of the Legion of Loyal Women ; founder
and dean of the Washington College of Law,
and professor of the law of torts and of corpor-
ation law at the college. She secured the pas-
sage of the bill giving to each parent the
same right to their children ; also, giving mar-
ried women the right to engage in business and
control their own earnings, and secured the first
appropriation for a public kindergarten in the
District of Columbia. The degree of LL.M. was
conferred on her by Washington College of Law,
in 1899.
MUSSEY, Reuben Dimond, surgeon and edu-
cator, was born at Pelham, Hillsboro county,
N.H., June 23, 1780 ; son of Dr. John and Beulah
(Butler) Mussey. He taught school and worked
on a farm to obtain money to complete his educa-
tion. He was graduated from Dartmouth, A.B.,
1803, A.M., 1806, M.D., 1806, and practised in Essex,
1806-09, mean while attending a course of lectures
in the University of Pennsylvania, where he was
graduated M.D., 1809. He removed to Salem,
Mass., where he practised medicine and surgery
with Dr. Daniel Oliver, 1809-14. He was profes-
sor of theory and practice of medicine at Dart-
mouth, 1814-20, and professor of anatomy and
surgery, 1822-38, meanwhile engaging in general
practice in Hanover and lecturing occasionally
on materia medica and obstetrics. In 1818 he
delivered a course of lectures on chemistry at
Middlebury college, Vt., and also lectured on
anatomy and surgery at Bowdoin college, 1833-35,
and at the medical college at Fairfield, N.Y. He
was professor of surgery at the Ohio Medical col-
lege, 1838-53, and at Miami Medical college, 1852-
58. He resided in Boston, Mass., 1858-66. He
was the first to prove that intra-capsular frac-
tures could be united ; the first to tie both
carotid arteries, and in 1877 removed the entire
shoulder-blade and collar-bone of an osteo-sarcoma
patient. He was president of the New Hamp-
shire Medical society ; a fellow of Philadelphia
Medical college : honorary member of the Massa-
chusetts Medical society, and of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was twice
married ; first to Mary Sewall, and secondly to
Hetty, daughter of Dr. Osgood of Salem. Mass.
Of his children, William Heberdon (1818-1 ss?)
became an eminent surgeon in Cincinnati, Ohio,
MUTCHMORE
was professor of operative and chemical surgery
at Miami Medical college, 1865-82 ; surgeon-gen-
eral of Ohio ; manager of the public library of
Cincinnati, 1876-81, and founder of the Mussey
scientific and medical library there, a memorial to
his father. Another son, Gen. Reuben D., was a
soldier in the civil war, a lawyer in Washington,
D.C., and the husband of Ellen Spencer Mussey
(q.v.) Dr. Musssey received the honorary degree
of A.M. from Harvard in 1809, and that of LL.D.
from Dartmouth in 1854. He is the author of
Health : Its Friends and Foes (1862). He died in
Boston, Mass., June 21, 1866.
MUTCHLER, William, representative, was
born at Chain Dam, near Easton, Pa., Dec. 21,
1831 ; son of John (1792-1838), and Margaret
(Melick) Mutchler ; grandson of Valentine and
Catharine (Steinbach) Mutchler, and great-grand-
son of Valentine Mutchler, who came from near
Hamburg, Germany, with two brothers, on the
ship Duke of Bedford and landed in Philadelphia,
Sept. 14, 1751. William Mutchler studied law
with his elder brother, Henry Melick Mutchler,
and practised in Easton, Pa., 1853-93. He was
prothonotary of Northampton county. 1800-66 ;
assessor of internal revenue, 1867-69 ; chairman
of the Democratic state committee, 1869-70 ; del-
egate to all the Democratic national conventions
from 1876 until his death, and a Democratic
representative from the eighth district of Pennsyl-
vania in the 44th, 47th, 48th, 51st and 52d con-
gresses, 1875-77, 1881-85 and 1889-93. In 1892 he
was elected to the 53d congress but did not live to
take his seat. His son. Howard Mutchler, proprie-
tor and editor of the Easton Daily Express and
of the Northampton Democrat, succeeded to his
seat in the 53d, 1893-95. William Mutchler died
in Easton, Pa., June 23, 1893.
MUTCHMORE, Samuel Alexander, clergy-
man and editor, was born in Ohio, May 12. 1830 ;
son of Alexander and Mary Brady (McCune)
Mutchmore, and grandson of Col. Thomas and
Mary ( Brady) McCune. His father was a
soldier in the war of 1812 and his maternal grand-
mother a sister of Gen. Hugh and Col. Samuel
Brady. He was a student at Ohio university
and in the junior class of Indiana university.
1853, and was graduated at Centre college, Ky..
1854. He was a student in the Danville Theologi-
cal seminary, 1854-57 ; was home missionary at
Bowling Green for southern Kentucky, 1858-59 ;
was ordained at Columbia. Mo., 1859 ; pastor at
Fulton, Mo., 1860-62 ; at Carondelet, Mo., 1863-66 ;
of Cohocksink church, Philadelphia, 1866-75 : of
Alexander Presbyterian church, 1875-82, and of
Memorial church, 1882-98. He founded also a
Collegiate chapel, 19th and York streets, Phila-
delphia, Pa. He purchased a half interest in The
Presbyterian in 1873 ; became one of the work-
MUZZEY
MYER
ing editors, and was sole proprietor and chief
editor at the time of his death. He was mod-
erator of the Presbyterian synod of Pennsylvania,
1891, and moderator of the general assembly at
Saratoga, N.Y., 1894. He was married, July 27,
1882, to Mary (Burtis) Reynolds of Wilkesbarre,
Pa. He received the honorary degree of D.D.
from Lafayette college in 1871 and that of LL. D.
from Centre college, Ky., in 1894. He is the
author of : Mites against Millions (1882 ;) The
Moghul, The Mongol, The Mikado and The Mis-
sionary (1887) ; Spiritual Volapuk (1890). He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 30, 1898.
MUZZEY, Artemas Bowers, clergyman and
author, was born in Lexington, Mass., Sept. 21,
1803 ; son of Amos and Lydia (Boutelle) Muzzey ;
grandson of Amosand Abegail (Bowers) Muzzey,
and of Timothy Boutelle, and a descendant
of Benjamin and Alice (Dexter) Muzzy. He
was graduated at Harvard A.B., 1824, A.M.,
1827, B.D., 1828. He was ordained to the Uni-
tarian ministry, June 10, 1830 ; was pastor at
Framingham. Mass., 1830-33; at Cambridgeport,
1834-54 ; at Concord, N.H., 1854-57, and at New-
buryport, Mass., 1857-65. He retired in the
latter year to Cambridge, Mass., and devoted
himself to literary work, and also filled the pulpit
at Chestnut Hill, Brookline, Mass., for several
years. He was an overseer at Harvard, 1860-66 ;
a member of the state board of education, and
received the degree D.D. from Tufts in 1890.
He was married. June 26, 1831, to Hepsabeth,
daughter of Enoch Patterson of Boston, Mass.,
and secondly to Lucy J. Moseley of Newburyport,
Mass. He is the author of : The Young Man's
Frii'nd (1836) ; Sunday-School Guide (1837) ;
Moral Teacher (1839) ; The Young Maiden (1840) ;
Man, a Soul (1842) ; The Fireside (1849) ; TJie Sab-
both School Hymn and Time-Book (1855) ; Christ
in the Will, the Heart, and the Life, sermons
(1861) ; The Blade and the Ear, Thoughts for a
Young Man (1864) ; Value of Study of Intellectual
Philosophy to the Minister (1869) ; The Higher
Education (1871); Personal Recollections of the
Rev. Dr. Channing (1874-75) ; Immortality in the
Sight of Scripture and Science (1876) ; Personal
Recollections of Men in the Battle of Lexington
(1877) ; Truths Consequent on Belief in a God
(1879) ; Reminiscences of Men of the Revolution
and their Families (1882) ; Education of Old Age
(1884). and Prime Movers of the Revolution
known to the Writer (1890). He died in Cam-
bridge, Mass., April 31, 1893.
MYER, Albert James, scientist, was born in
Newburgh, N.Y.. Sept. 20, 1827; son of Henry
Beekman and Elinor Pope (McClanahan) Myer ;
grandson of Simon Johnson and Cornelia (Thorn)
Myer and of Robert and Elinor (Baird) McClana-
han, and a descendant of Jan Dircksen and
VIII. — 3
Tryntje Andriesse (Grevenraet) Myer, who emi-
grated from Amsterdam to New Amsterdam
previous to 1652. He was graduated at Hobart
college, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850, and at Buffalo
Medical college in 1851. He entered the U.S.
army as an assistant surgeon, Sept. 18, 1854, and
served in Texas, 1854-57. He was married, Aug.
24, 1857, to Catherine, daughter of Judge Ebenezer
and Susan (Marvin) Walden. He was on special
signal service duty, 1858-60, when he devised a
system for signalling messages with accuracy
and rapidity for many miles, by the use of flags
during the day and torches at night. He was
promoted major and signal officer of the U.S.
army, June 27, 1860 ; served on the department
staff, June to October, 1860, and in the depart-
ment of New Mexico until May, 1861, when he
engaged in expeditions against the Navajo In-
dians. He was signal officer on the staff of Gen-
eral Butler ; organized and commanded the signal
camp at Fort Monroe, Va. ; served as aide-de-
camp to General McDowell, and was engaged in
the first battle of Bull Run. He was chief signal
officer on the staff of General McClellan, estab-
lished camps of instruction, organized signal
parties and introduced the system of signalling
at the U.S. Naval academy. He commanded the
signal corps of the Army of the Potomac, parti-
cipated in the advance on Manassas, the siege of
Y'orktown and the battles of Williamsburg, West
Point, Hanover Court House, Seven Pines, Fair
Oaks, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Savage Sta-
tion, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, South
Mountain and Antietam. lie was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel, May 27, 1862, and colonel,
July 2, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services
at Hanover Court House and Malvern Hill, Va.
He had charge of the signal office at Washington,
D.C. from March to November, 1863 ; was pro-
moted colonel, March 3, 1863 ; introduced the
study of military signals into the U.S. Military
academy in that year, and was a member of the
central board of examination for admittance to
the U.S. signal corps. He served on reconnois-
sance of the Mississippi river between Cairo, 111.,
and Memphis, Tenn., December, 1863, to May,
1864 ; was chief signal officer of the military
division of West Mississippi from May, 1864, to
the close of the war ; served on the staff of
General Canby. and participated in the capture of
Fort Gaines. He was brevetted brigadier-general
of the U.S. army, March 13, 1865, for distin-
guished services in organizing, instructing and
commanding the signal corps of the army and
for its special service, Oct. 5. 1864, when the post
and provision at Allatoona, Ga., were saved from
capture through the aid of the signals. He was
promoted chief signal officer with the rank of
colonel, July 28, 1866, and on Nov. 1, 1870, having
MYER
MYERS
been entrusted with the experiments in tele-
graphing and signalling the approacli and force
of storms, made his first observations which were
received at twenty-four stations at twenty-five
minutes of eight in the morning and on Novem-
ber 8, telegraphed his first storm warning to the
stations on the Great Lakes. He represented the
United States at the international congress of
meteorologists in Vienna in 1873, and at the
meteorological congress at Rome in 1879. He
was promoted brigadier-general by congress,
June 16, 1880, as a reward for his services. In
1875 he established a daily international bulletin
and in 1878 a daily international chart in connec-
tion with the signal service bureau ; a system of
day and night signals for navigation, and a
system of reports for the benefit of interior com-
merce and for farmers. Hobart conferred upon
him the degree of LL.D. in 1872 and Union that
of Ph.D. in 1875. He is the author of Manual
of Signals for the U.S. Army and Navy (1868).
He died in Buffalo, N.Y. Aug. 24, 1880.
MYER, Isaac, lawyer and author, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., March 5, 1836; son of Isaac
and Margaretta (Shade) Myer ; grandson of Ben-
jamin and Sarah (Riggs) Myer and of Peter and
Susannah (Warner) Shade, and a descendant of
Martin Janszen Myer and of Edward Riggs, whose
son Sargeant, Edward Riggs, fought in the Pequot
war with the men from Roxbury, and settled in
Newark, N.J., in 1666. Martin Janszen Myer
emigrated to America from Holland in 1653 or
earlier, and was a member of the Dutch Reformed
Church, and Edward Riggs emigrated from Naz-
ing parish, Waltharn Abbey, Essex county, Eng-
land, in the spring of 1633, and settled in Rox-
bury, Mass. He was originally of the Anglican
Church but emigrated as a Puritan. Isaac at-
tended the academies of Philadelphia, was grad-
uated from the law department of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1857, and practised in
Philadelphia and New York. He was married in
June, 1889, to Mary H. (Abbott) Sharpsteen, then
of New York. He was U.S. commissioner of
western Pennsylvania in 1863 et seq. He was
elected to membership in numerous societies, in-
cluding the Numismatic and Antiquarian society ;
the Royal Numismatic society of Belgium ; the
New England society, the Holland society, the
Society of Colonial wars, the Huguenot Society of
America ; the American Oriental society ; the New
York and Pennsylvania historical societies,and the
Society of American Authors. His library, which
was rich in Oriental subjects and included many
valuable manuscripts of his own, he bequeathed
to the Lenox library. He devoted himself to
literary and archaeological work and is the author
of : Presidential -Power over Personal Liberty
(1862) ; Tlie Waterloo Medal (1885) ; The Qab-
Imlalt : Tlie Philosophy of Ibn Gebirol. or Avice-
bron (1888): On Dreams by Synesius (1888);
Scarabs (1894) ; Tlie Oldest Books in the World;
Taken from the Papyri and Monuments (1900).
He died at Narragansett Pier, R.I., Aug. 2, 1902.
MYERS, Carl Edgar, aeronautical engineer,
was born at Fort Herkimer, N.Y., March 2, 1842 ,
son of Abraru H. and Eliza Ann (Cristman) Myers ;
and grandson of Michael Frederick and Margaret
Myers and of Jacob and Mary Elizabeth (Small;
Cristman. After attending the common schools
he was employed as carpenter, mechanician,
plumber, electrician and chemist, to 1864; banker,
1861-67 ; photographer, 1864-80 ; printer, 1876-86,
and devoted his attention chiefly to aeronautical
engineering after 1878. He became known as
the inventor of new or improved systems for gen-
erating gases, and as the constructor of hydrogen
balloons and airships, including the aerial veloci-
pede, gas kite, sky-cycle and electrical aerial tor-
pedo. He married, Nov. 8, 1871, Mary Breed
Hawley, the air current navigator " Carlotta."
He wrote Aerial Adventures of Carlotta (1883)
and many contributions to periodicals.
MYERS, Edward Howell, educator, was born
in Orange county, N.Y., in 1816. He removed
to Florida with his parents and attended school
there ; was graduated from Randolph-Macon col-
lege, Va., 2d in the class of 1838, A.M., in 1841.
He taught ill the Georgia Conference Manual
Labor school at Oxford, Ga.. an institution which
subsequently became Emory college. He was
admitted to the Georgia conference of the
Methodist Episcopal church in January, 1841, and
was an itinerant preacher, 1841-45. He was pro-
fessor of national science at the Wesleyan
Female college, Macon, Ga., 1845-51, and presi-
dent of the college, 1851-54 and 1871-74. He
was editor of the Southern Christian Advocate,
Charleston, S.C., 1854-71. He was pastor of
Trinity church, Savannah, Ga., 1874-76; was
chairman of the Southern commission that met
at Cape May, N.J..in 1876 to bring about a reunion
of the Northern and Southern Methodist Episcopal
churches, and had about completed this mission
when the yellow fever broke out in Savannah, and
he immediately rejoined his congregation and
died of fever in Savanah, Ga., Sept. 26, 1876.
MYERS, Henry van Schoonhoven, clergy-
man, was born in New York city. May 27. 1S42 ;
son of James and Mary Skidmore (Wright) Myers ;
grandson of Peter Michael and Mary (Van
Schoonhoven) Myers and of Benjamin and
Martha (Herriman) Wright, and great-grandson
of Michael Myers, a soldier in the Continental
army, wounded at the battle of Johnstown. He
prepared for college at the Polytechnic institute,
Brooklyn, N.Y., was a student at the University
of the City of New York, 1860-63, and was grad-
MYERS
MYLES
uated from Williams college, A.B., 18G5, A.M.,
1868. He was pastor of the Reformed Dutch
church at Upper Red Hook, N.Y., 1871-74 ; of the
South Reformed church of Brooklyn, N.Y., 1874-
82 ; the American Reformed church at Newburg,
N.Y., 1882-91 ; the Union Reformed church of
New York city, 1891-94, and was installed as
pastor of the Church of the Comforter, New York
city, in 1894. The University of the City of New
York gave him the degree of D.D. in 1885. He
was married. April 4, 1871, to Margaret Blanche
Martin of New YTork city, and of his children,
Angie Martin Myers became a physician and
labored in Amoy, China, and Charles Morris
Myers devoted himself to missionary work in
Steele college, Nagasaki, Japan.
MYERS, Leonard, representative, was born
near Attleborough, Bucks county, Pa., Nov. 13,
1827 ; son of Arnault and Fleurette (Gottschalk)
Myers. He attended the University of Pennsyl-
vania, 1842-43 ; studied law, and practised in
Philadelphia, Pa. He was a Republican repre-
sentative in the 38th-43d congresses, 1863-75.
During the threatened invasion of Pennsylvania
in September, 1862, he served as major of the 9th
regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was
married, in 1853, to HettiedeBenneville, daughter
of John May Keim of Reading, Pa. He was
solicitor of two of the municipal districts of Phil-
adelphia before the consolidation, and is the
author of: The Village Doctor (1817) ; Money Bags
and Titles (1850) ; A Digest of the Ordinances for
the Consolidation of the City of Philadelphia
(1874) ; translations from the French, and many
articles from the leading magazines and news-
papers. His last service politically was as a presi-
dential elector on the McKinley and Hobart
ticket, serving, in January, 1897, as president of
the Pennsylvania electorial college. On retiring
from public life, Mr Myers resumed the practice
of law in Philadelphia.
MYERS, Philip Van Ness, educator, was born
in Tribes Hill, N.Y.. Aug. 10, 1846 ; son of Jacob
and Catharine L. (Morris) Myers. He attended
Gilmore academy, Ballston Spa, N.Y., was gradu-
ated from Williams college, A.B., 1871, A.M.,
1874, and studied at Yale law school, 1873-74. He
was principal of Pompey academy, N.Y., 1869-70,
and of Naples academy, N.Y., 1870-71. He was
married at Pompey, N.Y., in 1875, to Ida Cornelia
Miller. He was president of Farmers (later Bel-
niont) college, Ohio, 1879-91, and was elected
professor of history and political economy at the
University of Cincinnati, in 1891. He was made
a member of the American Historical association
about 1885. The degree of LL.B. was conferred
on him by Yale university in 1890, and that of
L.H.D. by Miami university in 1891. He is the
author of : Remains of Lost Empires (1874) ;
Ancient History (1882) ; Mediaeval and Modern
History (1885) ; General History (1889) ; History of
Greece (1895), and Rome, Its Itise and Fall (1900).
MYERS, William Shields, educator, was born
in Albany, N.Y., Dec. 15, 1866, son of Benjamin
F. Myers. He attended the Albany academy,
1881-85 ; was graduated from Rutgers college
B.D., 1889, M.D., 1894; and studied in Munich,
Berlin and London, 1890-92. He was married at
New Brunswick, N.J., Sept. 11, 1889, to Annie
Tayler Lambert. He joined the state geological
survey in 1893 and was appointed professor of
chemistry at Rutgers college the same year. He
was elected a member of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science ; the Society
of Chemical Industry of Great Britain; the
American Chemical society, the British Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, and a fel-
low of the Chemical society of London. He is
the author of several papers on chemistry con-
tributed to scientific journals.
MYLES, Samuel, clergyman, was born in
Boston, Mass., in 1064; son of John and Ann
(Humfrey) Myles. His father, a Baptist minister,
came from Swansea, Wales ; became pastor in
Rehoboth, Mass., in 1663, and died Feb. 3, 1683.
Samuel graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1684,
A.M., 1687, and taught school in Charlestown,
Mass., 1684-87. He visited England, and there
is presumed to have received ordination to the
Anglican ministry. He was the first rector of
King's chapel,
Boston, 1689-
92 ; was in Eng-
land, 1693-96,.*
where he re-TX
ceived grants^;?
of communion J.
plate from V
Queen Anne, ^
and also the (
royal bounty
and an annuity)
of £100 for the
support of an
assistant min- "
ister for King's
chapel. He re-
turned in 1696
with the Rev. Joseph Dansey, who was to be
his assistant, but who died on the voyage, and
in 1698 he married Ann, the widow of his
deceased assistant. She died on March 17, 1728.
He laid the corner stone of Christ church, Boston,
in 1723, of which church the Rev. Dr. Timothy
Cutler was the first rector. He retired as rector
of King's chapel on account of ill health, in 1727.
He received the degree of A.M. from Oxford in
1693. He died in Boston, Mass., March 4, 1728.
NAGLE
NASH
N.
NAGLE, James, soldier, was born in Reading,
Pa., April 5, 1822. He enlisted in the 1st Penn-
sylvania volunteers upon the outbreak of the war
with Mexico, and was stationed at Perote Castle
in command of a regiment, to keep open com-
munication with Vera Cruz during the siege. He
was present at the battles of Huarnantla, Puebla
and Atlixco, and after the capture of the city
of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1837, was stationed at San
Angel. He was mustered out of service at Phil-
adelphia, Pa., July 27, 1848, and was presented
with a sword by the citizens of Schuylkill
county, Pa. He was commissioned colonel of the
6th Pennsylvania regiment in 1861, and later in
the year organized the 48th Pennsylvania reg-
iment, of which he was made colonel. He com-
manded the 1st brigade, 2nd division, 9th army
corps, Army of the Potomac, and was engaged
in the battles of South Mountain, Md., Sept.
14, 1862; Cramptou's Gap., Sept 14, 1862, and
Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He made a gallant
effort to approach and cross Antietam bridge,
which, although futile, prepared the way for
the subsequent capture of the bridge. He was
commissioned brigadier-general, Sept. 10, 1862,
and on March 13, 1863, his commission was
renewed, and he served in Kentucky until May 9,
1863, when he resigned. He organized the 39th
Pennsylvania regiment in June, 1863, and was
commissioned its colonel. He commanded a
brigade during Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania,
and was honorably mustered out of service,
Aug. 2, 1863. He organized and was colonel of
the 149th Pennsylvania regiment in 1864, and
guarded the approaches to Baltimore. He died
in Pottsville, Pa., Aug. 23, 1866.
NAQLEE, Henry Morris, soldier, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 15, 1815. He was
graduated from the U.S. Military academy in
1835, and was appointed to the 5th infantry. He
resigned his commission, Dec. 31, 1835, and en-
gaged as a civil engineer, 1835-46. At the out-
break of the war with Mexico, he was commis-
sioned a captain in the 1st New York volunteers,
Aug. 15, 1846. He served throughout the war in
California, and engaged in the banking business
in San Franciso, 1849-61. He was re-appointed to
the U.S. army, as lieutenant-colonel of the 16th
U.S. infantry, May 14, 1861, and resigned, Jan.
10. 1863, to accept appointment as brigadier-gen-
eral in the volunteer service, Feb. 4, 1862. He
took part in the defence of Washington ; in
the Peninsula campaign of 1862, where he com-
manded the 1st brigade, 3d division, 4th army
corps, at Williamsburg, Va., May 6. 1862, and
was charged with the defence of White Oak
crossing. He commanded the 1st brigade, 3d
division, 4th army corps, at the battle of Seven
Pines, May 31, 1862, where he was severely
wounded, and the same brigade in the seven days
battle about Richmond, Va., June 26 — July 2,
1862. He commanded a division in the depart-
ment of North and South Carolina, in 1863, and
was in command of the 7th army corps, July to
August, 1863, at Harper's Ferry, Va., and in com-
mand of the District of Virginia, August and
Si-'ptsniber, 1863. He was on waiting orders at
Cincinnati, Ohio, November, 1863, to April 4, 1864,
when he was mustered out of service. He re-
turned to San Francisco where he resumed his
banking business ; established vineyards in San
Jose, Cal., and engaged in distilling brandy.
He died in San Francisco, Cal., March 5, 1886.
NANCE, Albinus, governor of Nebraska, was
born at Lafayette, 111., March 30, 1848 ; son of
Hiram and Sarah (Smith) Nance ; grandson of
William and Nancy (Smith) Nance, and of French
Huguenot ancestry. He prepared for college in
the schools of Lafayette and
Kewanee, 111. ; enlisted as a
private in company H., 9th
Illinois volunteer cavalry.
April 24. 1864, and served un-
til the close of the civil war.
He matriculated at Knox col-
lege, Galesburg, in the class
of 1870, but left at the close of his freshman year
and began the study of law. He was admitted
to the bar in 1872 and practised in Osceola, Neb.
He was married, Sept. 30, 1875, to Sarah, daugh-
ter of Egbert and Mary White of Farragut,
Iowa. He was elected governor of Nebraska in
1879, and after the close of his second term
in 1883, engaged as a banker and broker in
Chicago, 111.
NAPHEN, Henry Francis, representative, was
born in Ireland, Aug. 14, 1852. He immigrated
to America with his parents in his youth and set-
tled in Lowell, Mass. He attended the public
schools ; pursued a course of study under private
tutors ; was graduated at Harvard Law school,
LL.B., 1878; took a post-graduate course there,
and subsequently attended Boston University
Law school. He was admitted to the bar in 1880
and practised in Boston. He was a member of
the school committee of the city, 1882-85 : state
senator, 1885-86 ; was appointed bail commission-
er by the justice of the superior court, and was a
Democratic representative in the 56th and 57th
congresses, 1899-1903.
NASH, Abner, delegate, was born in Prince
Edward county, Va., Aug. 8, 1716, of Wrlsh
ancestry. He removed with his parents to New
Berne, N.C., where he attended school, studied
NASH
NASH
law and practised with great success. He was
a representative in the first provincial congress
which met in New Berne, Aug. 25, 1774, and
was a delegate to the succeeding provincial
congresses in 1775. In February, 1776, he was a
member of a committee sent to Charleston to
devise measures to unite the southern colonies.
He was a member of the council, served on the
committee that drew up the state constitution
and was the first speaker of the new state senate.
He was a representative in the provincial congress
which met at Halifax, April 4, 1776, and was
speaker of the state senate in
•" ''rr«ii , 1 '''•'• ">id i'i '"'•>• 1" 1"~
Xash county was formed and
I named in his honor, and
| Jones county in honor of the
maiden name of his wife. He
was governor of North Caro-
lina, 1779-81. He resigned in
the spring of 1781, as the legislature refused to
support him in prosecuting the war, and was suc-
ceeded by Thomas Burke. He was a member of
the state assembly, 1782-85, and was a delegate to
the Continental congress, 1782-86. While on the
way to New York to take his seat in congress, he
died in Philadelphia. Pa., Dec. 2, 1786.
NASH, Charles Ellwood, educator, was born
in Allamuchy, AVarren county, N.J., March 31,
1855 ; son of Charles Pitman and Sarah Ann
(Wade) Nash; grandson of Anson and Hester
(Huffman) Nash, and of Homer and Julia K.
(Reeves) Wade. He was educated in the public
schools of Bay City, Mich., and at Curry's acad-
emy, Newton, Iowa, and was graduated at Lom-
bard university, Galesburg, 111., A.B., 1875, A.M.,
1878. He was graduated B.D. , from Tufts College
Divinity school, Mass., in 1878, and was ordained
to the Universalist ministry at Stamford, Conn.,
June 10, 1878. He was married, December 31,
1878, to Clara Maria, daughter of Nathan Hale
Sawtelle of Livermore, Maine. He was pastor at
Abington, Mass., 1877-78; at Stamford, Conn.,
1878-81; at Newtonville, Mass. , 1881-84 ; at Akron,
Ohio, 1884-91, and at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1891-95.
He was elected president of Lombard university
(now Lombard college) , Galesburg, 111., in 1895.
He received the degree of S.T.D. from Tufts col-
lege in 1891. He contributed to The Columbian
Congress of the Universalist cliurch in 1893, and
to Our Word and Work for missions in 1894, and
is the author of : The Saviour of the World
(1895).
NASH, Francis, soldier, was born in Prince
Edward county, Va., May 10, 1720 ; brother of
Abner Nash (q.v.). He removed with his parents
to New Berne, N.C.; 'was clerk of the superior
court of Orange county, and held a captain's com-
mission in the British army. He opposed the
Regulators at the battle of Alamance in 1771 ;
was a member of the Provincial congress of
North Carolina in August, 1775, and was ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st North
Carolina regiment. He was promoted briga-
dier-general by the Continental congress in
February, 1777 ; commanded a brigade in the bat-
tle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and was mor-
tally wounded. Congress voted $500 for a monu-
ment to his memory, which was never erected.
He died at Germantown, Pa.. Oct. 7, 1777.
NASH, Frederick, jurist, was born in New
Berne, N.C., Feb. 8, 1781 ; son of Gov. Abner
and — — (Jones) Nash, and a nephew of Gen.
Francis Nash (q.v.). He attended school at Wil-
liamsboro and New Berne, and was graduated
from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1799, A.M.,
1802. He practised law in New Berne ; was
representative in the state legislature, 1804-05,
1814-15 and 1827-28 ; judge of the superior court,
1819-44, and was transferred to the supreme
court in 1844, to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Judge Gaston. He succeeded Judge
Ruffin, resigned, as chief justice of the supreme
court, 1852-58, and on his death in 1858, was suc-
ceeded by Judge Ruffin, reappointed. The Uni-
versity of North Carolina, of which he was a
trustee, 1807-57, conferred on him the honorary
degree of LL.D. in 1853. He was married in
1803 to Mary Kollock of Elizabethtown, N. J.,
and their son, Henry Kollock Nash (University of
North Carolina A.B., 1836), was a lawyer and mem-
ber of the general assembly. Judge Frederick
Nash died at Hillsborough, N.C., Dec. 4, 185S.
NASH, George Kilburn, governor of Ohio,
was born in Medina county, Ohio, Aug. 14, 1842 ;
son of Asa and Electa (Branch) Nash ; grandson)
of Capt. Asa Nash, and a descendant of Thomas
Nash. He was a student at Oberlin college, 1862-
64 ; on leaving college entered
the army, and then studied
law. He removed to Colum-
bus, Ohio, in 1865 ; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1867, and
practised law in Columbus.
He was chief clerk in the of-
fice of the secretary of state
of Ohio, 1869 ; prosecuting attorney of Franklin
county, 1870-74, and attorney-general of the state,
1880-83. He was married in April, 1882, to Ada
M. Dishler, widow of W. K. Dishler. He was a
member of the state supreme court commission,
1883-85 ; chairman of the Republican executive
committee in 1880, 1881 and 1897 ; unsuccessful
candidate for the nomination as governor of Ohio
in 1895, but was nominated in June, 1899. He
was elected to the office, Nov. 7, 1899, and r^-
elected in 1901, his second term expiring, Janu-
ary, 1904.
NASOX
NAST
NASON, Elias, clergyman and author, was
born in Wrentham, Mass., April 21, 1811. He
was graduated from Brown university, A.B.,
1835, A.M., 1836, and taught in Cambridge, Mass.,
1833-36, and in Augusta, Ga., 1836-40. He edited
the Georgia Courier and delivered lectures on
the flora of the south. He edited the Watch
Tower, Newburyport, Mass. ; was a teacher of the
Latin and high school, 1840-49, and master of the
high school at Miiford, Mass., 1849-53. He was
pastor of the First church (Congregational) at
Natick, 1852-58 ; pastor at Medford, 1858-60 ;
Exeter, N.H., 1860-65; resided at North Bil-
lerica, Mass., 1865-87; was pastor at Dracut,
Mass., 1865-77, and at Lowell. Mass., 1877-85. He
served as a member of the Christian commission
during the civil war ; was a member of the New
England Historic Genealogical society ; of the
New York Historical society, and of the American
Antiquarian society. He edited the Neiv England
Historical and Genealogical Register and is the
author of: Songs for the School Room (1842) ;
Cliristomathie Francaise (1849) ; Memoir of
Rev. Nathaniel Howe (1851) ; Thou Shalt Not
Steal (1852) ; Strength and Beauty of the Sanctu-
ary (1854) ; Congregational Hymn Book (1857) ;
Hymn and Tune Book (1858) ; Our Obligations to
Defend Our Country, and Sermons on the War
(1861) : Songs for Social and Public Worship
(1862) ; Eulogy on Eaward Everett (1865) ; Foun-
tains of Salvation (1865) ; Eulogy on Abraham
Lincoln (1865) ; Life of Sir Charles Henry Frank-
land (1865) ; Gazetteer of Massachusetts (1872) ;
Life of Henry Wilson (1872) ; Lives of Moody and
Sankey (1872) ; History of Middlesex County
(1872), and left in manuscript a History of Hop-
kinton and History of the Xason Family. He
died in North Billerica, Mass., June 17, 1887.
NASSAU, Charles William, educator, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 12, 1804; son of
William and Ann (Parkinson) Nassau ; grandson
of Charles William and Hester (Clymer) Nassau,
and great-grandson of Charles John Von Nassau,
the immigrant, who came from the Duchy of
Nassau and settled in Pennsylvania, 1745. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsyl-
vania, A.B., 1821, A.M., 1824 ; attended Princeton
Theological seminary in 1822, and was ordained
by the presbytery of Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1825.
He was married in May, 1828, to Hannah, daugh-
ter of Robert and Isabella (Todd) Hamill, and
granddaughter of Col. Andrew Todd. He was
pastor at Norristown, Pa., 1825-28; was teacher
of a school for boys in Montgomery Square, Pa.,
1829-32, and pastor in various parts of Pennsyl-
vania, 1832-33. He was professor of Latin and
Greek at Marion college, Mo., 1836-38, and at
Lafayette college, 1841-50, and vice-president of
the latter, 1841-49. Upon the resignation of
President Junkin in 1848, he succeeded him as
acting president and professor of mental and
moral philosophy, and was president elect of
the college, but was never inaugurated, and re-
signed in September, 1850. During his presidency
the college was connected with the synod of
Philadelphia and became a Presbyterian institu-
tion. He was proprietor and principal of a young
ladies' seminary at Lawrenceville. N. J., 1850-75.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Jefferson college in 1850.
NAST, Thomas, caricaturist, was born at
Landau, Bavaria, Sept. 27, 1840. He accom-
panied his father to New York in 1846, and
studied drawing for six months under Theodore
Kaufman. He was employed by Frank Leslie, and
in I860 was sent to England to make sketches
of a prize fight for the New York Illustrated
News. He followed Garibaldi's army in Italy,
making war sketches for New York, London and
Paris illustrated newspapers. On his return to
New York in 1861, he was employed to make war
sketches for Harper's Weekly. He attained emi-
nence by his caricature work, for Harper's
Weekly aimed to ridicule slavery, to support the
administration during the civil war and to pro-
mote municipal reform. He began a course of
lectures in 1873, and drew his illustrations in
chalk on a black surface. He appeared again
on the lecture platform in 1885 and 1887, and exe-
cuted in the presence of his audience paintings in
oil colors and other sketches, with astonishing
rapidity. He illustrated several books, including
those of Petroleum V. Nasby, and Nast's Illus-
trated Almanac, in 1872, and issued a series of
sixty caricatures in water colors for Bal d'opera,
in 1866. By his caricatures he rendered impor-
tant service in the overthrow of the Tweed ring
in New York city. He was presented with a sil-
ver cup by his friends in the army and navy as a
testimonial, in 1879. His oil paintings include :
Departure of the Seventh Regiment for the War,
April 19, ISfil ; Tlie Surrender of Appomattox,
Peace in Union, April ,9, 1SG5 ; Tlie Immortal
Light of Genius, Shakespeare, commission from
Sir Henry Irving, and other subjects. He was
appointed by President Roosevelt in May. I'M-',
U.S. consul-general to Guayaquil, Ecuador, where
he died, Dec. 7, 1902.
NAST, William, educator, was born in Stutt-
gart, Germany, June 15, 1807. He was graduated
from the University of Tubingen, studied theology,
immigrated to the United States in 1828, and was
a teacher at the U.S. Military academy. He
joined the Methodist Episcopal church in 1835 ;
was licensed to preach at the general conference
of 1837 ; was appointed to establish a German
mission in Cincinnati, Ohio, and subsequently
German Methodist churches were established all
NAUDAIN
over the United States, and in Germany, Norway
and Sweden. The honorary degree of D.D. was
conferred on him. He edited the German publi-
cations of the Methodist Episcopal church
including the Christian Apologist, 1837-99. He
is the author of : Christoloyieal Meditations
(1858); A Commentary on the New Testament in
Gat-man (1860) ; Gospel Records (1866); Christolo-
gische, Betrachtungen (1866), and Das Chrish-n-
thtim und seine Gegensdtze (1883). He died in
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 16, 1899.
NAUDAIN, Arnold, senator, was born near
Dover, Del., Jan. 6, 1790. His grandfather, a
Huguenot, emigrated from France to America
and settled in Delaware. He was graduated
from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1806, A.M.,
1809, and from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D., in 1810. He served during the war of
1812, as surgeon-general of the Delaware militia ;
was speaker of the Delaware house of representa-
tives in 1826 ; was elected to the U.S. senate in
1829 to fill the term of Louis McLane (q.v.), re-
signed : was elected for a full term in 1832, and
resigned in 1836, when he was succeeded by R.
H. Bayard (q.v.). He was collector of the port of
Wilmington, Del., 1841-45. He removed to Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1845, where he engaged in medical
practice. He died in Odessa, Del., Jan. 4, 1872.
NAVARRO, Mary Anderson de. See Ander-
son. Mary.
NEAQLE, John, portrait painter, was born in
Boston, Mass., Nov. 4, 1796. His parents were
residents of Philadelphia, Pa. , and he was educated
in that city. Ho studied drawing for a short
time and took a few lessons in painting. He
devoted himself to portrait painting in 1818 ;
established studios successively in Lexington and
Louisville, Ky., and New Orleans, La., and re-
turned to Philadelphia in 1820. He was married
in 1820 to a daughter of Thomas Sully, the artist.
He was a director of the Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts, 1830-31, and first president of the
Artists' Fund Society of Philadelphia, 1835-44.
Among his most prominent portraits are those of
William Russell Buck ; Matthew Gary ; Thomas
Pym Cope ; Dr. Win. Potts Dewees ; Dr. Wil-
liam Gibson ; John Grigg ; Rev. Richard Drason
Hall ; Prof. W. E. Homer ; Chief Justice George
Sharswood ; William Short ; Gilbert Stuart ; An-
drew Wallace ; Mrs. Julia Wood ; Samuel B.
Wylie ; Henry Clay, and Patrick Lyon. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 17, 1865.
NEAL, David (Dalhoff), artist, was born in
Lowell, Mass., Oct. 20, 1838; son of Stephen
Bryant and Mary (Dalhoff) Neal, and grandson of
Stephen Neal and of David Dalhoff. His first
ancestor in America, Christoph Logadin Dalhoff,
immigrated to New Amsterdam from Holland in
1830. He attended the high school at Lawrence,
NEAL
Mass., and a private academy in Andover, N.H.
Deciding to devote himself to the study of art,
he removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he
made drawings on wood. He studied in the Royal
academy, Munich, and under Maximilian Ainrnul-
ler and Alexander Wagner. He was married,
Dec. 9, 1862, to Marie, daughter of Maximilian
Ainmuller of Munich. She died Sept. 29, 1897.
In 1870, under the direction of Carl von Pilotz,
he gave his attention entirely to figure painting.
Among his earlier paintings are : The Chapel of
the Nonberg Convent, Salzburg (1864); Chapel of
the Kings, Westminster (1869); St. Marks (1869);
On the Grand Canal Venice (1869). His figure
subjects of later period include : Retour du
Chasse (1870); James Watt (1873); The Burgo-
master (1873); Tlie First Meeting of Mary Stuart
and Rizzio (1876), which received the highest
award at the Royal academy of Munich ; CM/<vc
Cromwell Visits John Milton (1883); Nuns at
Prayer (belonging to the Royal Gallery. Stuttgart)
(1884); Admiral dn Quesne receives Louis XIV. on
board the flagship Louis Le Grand, at Cherbourg
(1885); Boy with Violin (1887). His later and
more noteworthy work consists of portraits, the
most important being those of : Countess Ler-
chenfeld, the Rev. Mark Hopkins, Mrs. W. C.
Whitney, Mrs. Harrison Garrett, the Hon. Adolph
Sutro (Paris, 1890), Governor Nesmith, Judge
Ogden Hoffman (for the U.S. District Court
room, San Francisco, Cal)., Rev. Dr. William
Henry Green (for the Lenox Library. Princeton
university), D. O. Mills, the Misses Mills, White-
law Reid, Miss Reid. Mr. Neal made his home
in Europe, visiting America occasionally.
NEAL, Henry Safford, representative, was born
in Gallipolis, Ohio, Aug, 25, 1828 ; son of Henry H.
and Lydia (Safford) Neal ; grandson of John Neal,
resident of Parkersburg, Va., and of Dr. Jonas
and Joanna (Merrill) Safford, who immigrated
to Gallipolis, Ohio, in 1811 ; a descendant of
James O'Neill, a native of Ireland, who immi-
grated to Virginia with two brothers before the
Revolution, changed his name to il Neal " and was
captain in the 13th Virginia regiment in the
Continental army, and also a lineal descendant
of Thomas Safford, who came to Ipswich, Mass.,
from England in 1641. Henry Safford Neal grad-
uated from Marietta college in 1847, engaged
in mercantile business as his father's clerk,
studied law under Simeon Nash, state senator
and a prominent jurist of southern Ohio, and
settled in practice in Ironton, Ohio, in 1851. He
was prosecuting attorney of Laxvrence county,
1853-57 ; a state senator from the eighth district,
1862-66 ; U.S. consul to Lisbon, Portugal, from
July, 1869, to January, 1870, and charge d'affaires
to that kingdom from December, 1869, to July,
1870. He was chairman of the commission ap-
NEAL
NEALE
pointed in 1871 to investigate alleged frauds under
the treaties with the Chippewa Indians, and a
member of the Ohio constitutional convention
of 1872-73. He was a Republican representative
from tlie eleventh district of Ohio in the 45th,
46th and 47th congresses, 1877-88, and served as
chairman of the committee on the District of
Columbia and as a member of the committee en
territories. He was solicitor of the U.S. treasury,
1883-85. He was married in 18G1 to Mary J.,
daughter of John Campbell, an iron manufacturer
of Ironton, Ohio, and secondly to Mrs. L. C.
Gibbs of Zanesville, Ohio. He was a resident of
Ironton in 1902.
NEAL, John, author, was born in Portland,
Maine, Aug. 25, 1793. His parents were mem-
bers of tlie Society of Friends and he remained in
that body until 1818. He attended school until
1805 when he obtained employment in a mercan-
tile house, and afterward taught penmanship,
drawing and painting. He engaged in the dry
goods trade in Boston, Mass., and subsequently
with John Pierpont in Baltimore, Md. , and upon
the failure of the house in 1816, studied law
and engaged in literature. He was admitted to
the Maryland bar in 1819 and practised until 1823,
when he visited England, where he succeeded in
drawing the attention of the English public to
American literature, hitherto practically ignored
in the old world. He was the first American
writer to contribute to the English and Scotch
quarterlies and his sketches of the five American
Presidents and of the five unsuccessful candi-
dates, which appeared in Blackwood's Magazine,
established his reputation. He became asecretary
to Jeremy Bentham at whose house he met the
notable English literary men of that day. In 1827
he returned to the United States and opened a law
office in Portland. He made a study of physi-
cal training, established the first gymnasium
in America and gave lessons in boxing, fencing,
and other physical exercises. He founded The
Yankee and was its editor, 1828-76 ; contributed
largely to magazines and newspapers, and is the
author of : Keep Cool (1817) ; Tlie Battle of
Niagara (1818) ; Goldan and other Poems (1818);
Otli.0, a Tragedy (\8\9) ; Errata (1823) ; Randolph
(1823); Seventy-Six (1823) ; Logan (1823) ; Brother
Jonathan (1825); Rachel Dyer (1828); Ben-
t/nun's Morals and Legislation (1830) ; Tlie Down
Easters (1833); One Word More (1854); True
Womanhood (1859) ; Wandering Recollections of
a Somewhat Busy Life (1869), and Great Mysteries
and Little Plagues (1870). He died in Portland,
Maine, June 21, 1876.
NEAL, Joseph Clay, satirist, was born in
Greenland, N.H., Feb. 3, 1807; son of a retired
clergyman and schoolteacher, who died in 1809.
Joseph attended school in Pottsville, Pa., and
after 1830, in Philadelphia. He published
articles in various periodicals ; edited the Penn-
sylvania it, 1831-44 ; traveled in Europe for his
health, 1842, and on his return established and
edited Neal's Saturday Gazette. He was married
in 1846 to Alice Bradley (see Haven, Alice Brad-
ley). He contributed satirical sketches to the
Democratic Review and is the author of : Charcoal
Sketclies or Scenes in a Metropolis (1837) ; Peter
Ploddy and other Oddities (1844), and Cliarcoal
Sketches (3d series, 1849). He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., July 18, 1847.
NEAL, Lawrence Talbott, representative, was
born in Parkersburg, Va. , Sept. 22, 1844 ; son of
Lawrence Perry and Mary Hall (Talbott) Neal.
His great grandfather, Captain Neal, built a block-
house known as Neal's Station on the site of
Parkersburg. Lawrence T. Neal attended the
public schools and in 1862 obtained employment
in a dry goods store. He studied law with Judge
W. H. Stafford at Chillicothe, Ohio, 1863-66; was
admitted to the bar in 1866, and entered into
practice at Chillicothe in 1867. He was city solic-
itor, 1867-68 ; a Democratic representative in the
state legislature, 1868-69, and prosecuting attor-
ney for Ross county, 1869-72. He was a Demo-
cratic representative from the seventh district of
Ohio in the 43d and 44th congresses, 1873-77, and
was defeated in 1876 and 1878 for the 45th and
46th congresses. He was also defeated for state
senator in 1887. He was a delegate from Ohio to
the Democratic national convention of 1888, and
one of the four delegates-at-large from that state
to the Democratic national convention in 1892.
He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate
for governor of Ohio in 1893, being defeated by
William McKinley. He retired from active polit-
ical life and continued the practice of law in
Chillicothe.
NEALE, Leonard, archbishop, was born near
Port Tobacco, Charles county, Md., Oct. 15, 1746 ;
a descendant of Capt. James and Ann Neal, who
came from England to Maryland before 1642. He
purchased the vast tract of land known as Cob
Neck and was prominent in colonial affairs, a
member of the governor's council and of the
colonial legislature. Leonard attended the col-
lege of St. Omer, France, and the theological
seminaries at Bruges and Liege. He became a
member of the Society of Jesus at Ghent, Sept. 7,
1767 ; was ordained priest, June 5, 1773, at Liege,
Belgium ; was a professor in the Jesuit college,
Bruges, when it was seized by the Austro- Belgian
government, and was expelled with the other
Jesuits. He had charge of a small congregation
in England and in 1779 was sent as a missionary
to Demerara, British Guiana, where he labored
until 1783. when he returned to Maryland, lit-
had charge of the congregation at St. Thomas
NECKERE
NEEDHAM
Manor, Charles county, 1783-93 ; and adminis-
tered to the yellow fever patients, Philadelphia,
Pa., 1793-94 and 1797-98, meanwhile serving as
vicar-general of the northern state. He induced
Miss Lalor to open a school in Georgetown, D.C.,
which was the foundation of the order of Visita-
tion Nuns. He was president of Georgetown
college, 1798-
1806, and was
consecrated tit-
ular bishop of
"Gortyna"i.p.i.
and coadjutor
to the Bishop
of Baltimore1,
Dec. 7, 1800, by
Bishop John Carroll, aud succeeded to the arch-
diocese of Baltimore, Dec. 3, 1815, receiving the
pallium, Nov. 19, 1816. He obtained from the
pope power to establish the Convent and Academy
of the Visitation in Georgetown, and the order
instituted by Miss Lalor thus became the founda-
tion of the order of Visitation Nuns in the United
States. He died at the convent of the Visitation,
Georgetown, D.C., June 18, 1817.
NECKERE, Leo Raymond de, R.C. bishop, was
born in Wevelghem, Belgium, June 6, 1800. He
was graduated from the College of Rouhers in 1817,
and studied theology at the Seminary of Ghent,
Belgium. He emigrated from Bordeaux in Sep-
tember, 1817, visited Charles Carroll at Carrollton,
Md., and joined Bishop Dubourg on his journey
to Kentucky. He attended the theological sem-
inary at Bardstown, Ky., for one year, and in
1820 joined the Lazarists at the Barrens, near
St. Louis, Mo. He was ordained priest, Oct. 13,
IN •.'•.', at the C.M. Seminary (the Barrens) ; was
a professor in the seminary and also did mission-
ary work, and in 1826 was appointed superior of
the seminary during the absence of Bishop Rosati.
Ill health obliged him to go to New Orleans, but
he soon returned to St. Louis. He visited Europe
for his health in 1827 and was pre-canonized by
the pope for the diocese of New Orleans in 1828,
was appointed, Aug. 4, 1829, and on May 24, 1830,
was consecrated at St. Louis's cathedral, New
Orleans, by Bishop Rosati. He donated a mag-
nificent organ to St. Mary's church in New
Orleans. He was spending the summer of 1833
in retirement at St. Michael's when the yellow
fever broke out in New Orleans, and he returned
to the city and labored among the sick until he
finally succumbed to the disease. He died in
New Orleans, La., Sept. 4, 1833.
NEEDHAM, Charles Austin, artist, was born
in Buffalo. N.Y., Oct. 30, 1844 ; son of Elias Park-
man (q.v.) and Lorana (Newberry) Needham.
In 1848 his father removed to New York city,
where Charles attended the public schools and
entered the Free academy, receiving the Pell
medal for proficiency in natural history. He
studied art at the Art Students' league and with
August Will. In 1868 he was received in his
father's organ factory as co-partner, but while
devoting himself to the requirements of his posi-
tion, his love of art found expression in many
pictures. He finally retired from business and
devoted himself to art, painting chiefly in oils.
His pictures were exhibited at the Society of
American Artists, the National Academy of De-
sign, the American Water Color society, the
Boston Art club, the New York Water Color
club, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,
the Art Institution of Chicago, the Detroit
Museum of Art, the St. Louis Museum of Fine
Arts, the Art Institution of Terre Haute, the Art
Institution of Indianapolis. He was married,
Oct. 29, 1868, to Fanny Montross of New York
city. He became a member of the New YTork
Water Color club, the National Arts club, the
Salmagundi club and the Kit Kat club, all of
New YTork. He received honorable mention and
a medal at the International exposition, Atlanta,
Ga., 1895, and at the State fair, Syracuse, N.Y.,
1898, and a bronze medal at the Paris exposition,
1900.
NEEDHAM, Charles Willis, lawyer and edu-
cator, was born in Castile, N.Y. , Sept. 30, 1848 ;
son of Charles Rollin and Arvilla (Reed) Need-
ham. He was graduated from the Albany Law
school in 1870; was married, Nov. 2, 1870, to
Caroline Mary, daughter of Charles S. Beach
of Castile, N.Y., and removed to Chicago, 111.,
in 1874, where he practised law until 1890.
He drafted the charter of the Chicago university
and was a member of its first board of trustees.
He removed his practice to Washington, D.C.,
in 1890 ; was elected dean of the Schools of
Law of Columbia University, Washington, D.C.,
1891, and professor of law at Columbia uni-
versity in 1897. He organized the School of
Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy at
Washington, and in 1897 was chosen its dean and
professor of common law, transportation and
interstate commerce. In June, 1901, the hon-
orary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred
upon him by the University of Rochester, New
York.
NEEDHAM, Elias Parkman, inventor, was
born in Delhi, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1812 ; son of Daniel
and Betsey (Fisk) Needham ; grandson of Elias
and Mercy (Stocking) Needham and of Joseph
Fisk, and a descendant of Parkman Needham,
who came from England to America with his
family in the 18th century. In 1815 his father,
a house carpenter, removed to Erie county, where
he carried on his trade and cultivated a farm.
Elias left home before reaching his majority,
NEEDHAM
XEGLEY
worked as a carpenter in Buffalo, N.Y., and there
had as a fellow craftsman, Jeremiah Oarliart
(q.v.). They established a melodeon manufac-
tory in 1846, which they removed to New York
city in 1848, and which under later inventions
made by Needham became one of the most exten-
sive manufactories of reeds and reed organs in
the world. He patented, in 1864, a pneumatic
tube capable of transmitting not only parcels,
but cars laden with passengers, by means of his
novel principle of a continuous circuit of air. In
1878 he received fifteen patents covering the prin-
ciple of the application of perforated paper to the
construction of automatic musical intruments,
and developed the organette, since known as the
asolian and by other titles. He was married in
1840 to Lorana, daughter of William and Millana
(Johnson) Newberry. His widow died, April 16,
11)00. He died in New York city, Nov. 28, 1889.
NEEDHAM, James Carson, representative,
•was born in Carson City, Nev., Sept. IT, 1864 ;
son of Charles E. and Olive L. (Drake) Needham ;
grandson of Charles and Minerva (Porter) Need-
ham, and of David and Sally (Bigelow) Drake.
His parents were en route to California in an
emigrant wagon at the time of his birth. He
was graduated from the University of the Pacific,
Pli.B., 1886, and from the law department of the
University of Michigan, LL.B., 1889. He was
clerk in the adjutant-general's office at Washing-
ton, D.C., 1887-88; opened a law office in Mod-
esto, Cal., in 1889, and in 1890 was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for state senator. He was married,
July 1, 1894, to Dora Deetta Parsons. He was
chairman of the Republican county committee ;
a member of the state central committee and of
the national congressional committee, and was a
Republican representative from the seventh
California district in the 56tli, 57th and 58th con-
gresses, 1899-1905.
NEELY, Henry Adams, second bishop of
Maine, arid 83d in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Fayetteville, N.Y., May
14. 1830 ; son of Albert and Phoebe (Pearsall)
Neely. He was graduated from Hobart college,
A.B., 1849, A.M., 1852, and was a tutor there,
1850-52. He studied theology under Bishop Win.
H. De Lancey ; was admitted to the diaconate in
Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., in 1852, and was
ordained a priest in 1854. He was rector of Cal-
vary church, Utica, N.Y., 1853-55 ; Christ church,
Rochester, N.Y., 1855-62 ; chaplain of Hobart col-
lege, 1862-64, and assistant minister in Trinity
parish, New York city, vrith special charge of
Trinity chapel, 1864-67. He was married, Nov. 4,
1858, to Mary, daughter of Harriott and John Del-
afield. He was elected bishop of Maine to suc-
ceed Bishop Burgess, who died, April 33, 1866, and
was consecrated in Trinity chapel, N.Y., Jan. 25,
1867, by Bishop Potter of New York, assisted by
Bishops Williams, Odenheimer, Clarkson and
Randall. In connection with his bishopric he
was rector of St. Luke's, the cathedral church of
the diocese. Through his efforts St. Luke's cathe-
dral was erected ou
State street, Portland.
1867-68, and was en-
tirely paid for iu 1876.
He also established
St. Catharine's Hall,
a seminary for young
women, at Augusta,
Maine, and St. John's
school for boys at
Presque Isle. He was
chairman of the house
of bishops for six
years. The 25th an-
niversary of his con-
secration was cele-
brated in 1892. The
honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him
by Hobart college in 1866, and by Bishop's college,
Lenuoxville, Ont., in 1872. He was a member of
the Maine Historical society, 1870-99. He died
inPortland, Maine, Oct. 31, 1899.
NEQLEY, James Scott, soldier, was born in
East Liberty, Allegheny county, Pa., Dec. 22.
1826 ; son of Jacob and Mary Ann (Scott) Ncg-
ley ; grandson of Jacob Negley, and of Swiss
ancestry. He was graduated from the Western
Universityof Pennsylvania at Allegheny, in 1846,
and enlisted as a private in the 1st Pennsylvania
regiment for service in the Mexican war. In
April, 1861, he raised and equipped a brigade
of volunteers and with three regiments re-
ported to the governor at Harrisburg, April 28,
1861, and was assigned to the corps commanded
by Gen. Robert Patterson. His first battle was
at Falling Waters, Va., July 2, 1861, where he
followed up the retreating forces of Gen. T. J.
Jackson to Martinsburg, and gained permission
from General Patterson to cut the Confederate
communications between Winchester and Bull
Run, but after he had proceeded on the expedition,
was ordered to return and the disastrous battle of
Bull Run, July 21, 1861, followed. At the end of his
three months' service he was re-commissioned brig-
adier-general of volunteers and was placed in
command of the volunteer camp at Harrisburg,
but was soon after ordered to Pittsburg to hold
his brigade in readiness to join General Rosecrans
in western Virginia. He was, however, ordered
by the President to re-iuforce General Sherman
at Louisville, Ky., and subsequently served
under General Buell in northern Alabama and
Tennessee, where he commanded one of the
columns of Mitchell's force, comprised of about
NEHLIG
NEILL
6000 men. In May, 1862, he surprised the Con-
federate cavalry under Col. Wirt Adams, at
Sweeden's Cave, killing and capturing a large
number and putting the remainder to flight. He
was then ordered to take the town of Chatta-
nooga, and after shelling the place was unable
to cross the river from need of boats, and was
ordered back by Gen-
eral Mitchell, June 9.
He was promoted
major-general of vol-
unteers for gallantry
at Stone's river, Nov.
29, 1862, where he
commanded the sec-
ond (late eighth)
division, 14th army
corps, Gen. George
H. Thomas, and oc-
cupied the centre of
the line of battle,
where he greatly
distinguished him-
• self. He was also
present at the battle of Chattanooga, Sept. 19-20,
1862, where he re-captured 50 pieces of artillery
abandoned by the right wing of Rosecrans' army,
and was charged with disobedience of orders, but
was exonerated by a court-martial convened at
his request. He was honorably discharged, Jan.
19. 1865, returned to Pittsburg and engaged in
business. He was the Republican representa-
tive from the twenty-second Pennsylvania dis-
trict in the 41st, 42d, 44th and 49th congresses,
1869-73, 1875-77, and 1885-87. He was a manager
of the National Home for Volunteers for fifteen
years ; president of the National Union League
of America ; a member of the G.A.R. Veteran
legion ; Scott's legion ; Military Order of For-
eign Wars, and other patriotic orders. He was
twice married ; first to Kate Losey of Pittsburg,
and secondly in 1869, to Grace Ashton of Phila-
delphia, who with three daughters survived him.
He received the honorary degree of A.M. from
the College of New Jersey, in 1875. He died in
Plainfield, N.J., Aug. 7, 1901.
NEHLIQ, Victor, artist, was born in Paris,
France, in 1830. He studied art under Leon Cog-
niet and Abel de Pujol, and immigrated to the
United States in 1856. He opened a studio in New
York city, where he remained until 1872, when
he returned to Paris. He was elected an associate
of the National Academy of Design in 1863, and
an academician in 1870. His works, principally
figure pieces, illustrative of American history,
include : Tlie Cavalry Charge of St. Harry B.
Hidden (1863). owned by the New York Historical
society ; Tlie Artist's Dream ; Tlie Captive Hugue-
not ; Gertrude of Wyoming ; Hiawatha and 3fin-
nehaha ; Armorer in the Olden Time ; Battle at
Antietam; Battle of Gettysburg; Waiting for
my Enemy ; Serenade ; Pocahontas ( 1869-72) ; Tlie
Bravo (1870) ; Mahogany Cutting (1871) ; Tlie
Princess, and book illustrations.
NEILL, Edward Duffield, educationist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 9, 1823 ; son of
Dr. Henry and Martha Rebecca (Duffield) Neill ;
grandson of Dr. John and Elizabeth (Martin)
Neill. and of Dr. Benjamin and Rebecca (Potts)
Duffield, and a descendant of John Neill, a lawyer,
who emigrated from the north of Ireland to
America about 1739, and settled in Delaware.
He attended the University of Pennsylvania,
1837-38 ; was graduated at Amherst college,
Mass., 1842 ; studied theology in Andover Theo-
logical seminary in 1843. and completed his
studies under the Rev. Albert Barnes and Dr.
Thomas Brainerd of Philadelphia. He was mar-
ried in October, 1847, to Nancy, daughter of
Richard Hall of Worcester county, Md. He was
home missionary at Elizabeth, 111., 1847^9 ; was
ordained in 1848 ; in 1849 established a Pres-
byterian church in St. Paul, Minnesota Territory ;
was pastor, 1849-55, and of the Second Pres-
b}'terian church known as the House of Hope,
1855-60. He was influential in establishing the
first public schools in St. Paul ; was first terri-
torial superintendent of instruction, 1851-53 ;
chancellor of the University of Minnesota, 1858-
61 ; secretary of the city board of education, and
superintendent of the public schools for several
years. He served as chaplain to the 1st Minne-
sota volunteers, 1861-63, and as hospital chaplain
to the U.S. Army at the South Street military
hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., 1862-64. He was ap-
pointed to read and arrange the correspondence
of President Lincoln, was his secretary to sign
land patents in February, 1864, and served in
the executive mansion after the President's as-
sassination until 1868. He was appointed U.S.
consul at Dublin, Ireland, by President Grant,
serving, 1869-70 ; returned to St. Paul in 1871,
where he established Macalester college, was
its president, 1873-84, and professor of history and
political science there, 1884-93. He joined the
Reformed Episcopal church in 1874, and was
rector of the Cavalry Reformed Episcopal church
in St. Paul for several years, but subsequently
returned to the Presbyterian church. He was a
member of the American Historical association ;
the Historical Society of Wisconsin ; a corre-
sponding member of the Massachusetts Histor-
ical society, and of the New England Historic
Genealogical society. He received the degree
D.D. from Lafayette college in 1886. He is the
author of : A History of Minnesota (1858) ; Terra
Mi i rice, or. Threads of Maryland Colonial History
(1867) ; Virginian Company of London (1868) ;
NEILL
NEILL
English Colonization of America (1871); Founders
of Muryliind (1876) ; Virginia Vetusta, the Colony
Under James I. (1885) ; Virginia C'aroloruin
(1886) ; .-1 Concise History of Minnesota (1887).
He died in St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 36, 1893.
NEILL, John, surgeon, was born in Philadel-
phia, Pa., July 9, 1819 ; son of Dr. Henry and
Martha Rebecca (Duffield) Neill. He was gradu-
ated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B.,
1837, A.M. and M.D., 1840. He settled in practice
in Philadelphia. He was married, Sept. 24, 1844,
to Anna Maria Wharton, daughter of Samuel
Hallingsworth of Philadelphia. He was assistant
demonstrator and demonstrator of anatomy in
the University of Pennsylvania, 1842-46 ; lecturer
ou anatomy in the Philadelphia Medical institute,
1843-50 ; professor of surgery in Pennsylvania
college, Gettysburg, 1854—59, professor of clin-
ical surgery in the University of Pennsylvania,
1874-77, and emeritus professor, 1877-80. He
served as contract surgeon in the U.S. army ;
had charge of the U.S. Military hospitals at
Philadelphia, 1861-63, and organized the first eight
general hospitals of that city. He was appointed
medical director of the Home Guards of Phila-
delphia in 1862, and was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel for meritorious services in 1863. He es-
tablished a military hospital at Dickinson college
after the bombardment at Carlisle, and others at
Hagerstovvn, and was post surgeon of the U.S.
army at Philadelphia, 1865-76. He was a resident
surgeon at Wills eye hospital, 1840-41, and surgeon
there in 1847 ; surgeon to the Philadelphia hos-
pital and Southeast cholera hospital in 1849 ; to
the Pennsylvania hospital, 1852-59 ; to the Penn-
sylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in 1865,
and to the Presbyterian hospital. He was a mern-
of the Philadelphia Medical society, and its vice-
president in 1859 ; a member of the American
Medical association ; the Philadelphia County
Medical association ; the American Philosophical
society, and a fellow of the Philadelphia College
of Physicians. He contributed to medical jour-
nals and is the author of : Neill and Smitlt's
Compend of Medicine with Prof. Francis G. Smith
(1848), and Neill on the Veins (1852). He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 11, 1880.
NEILL, Robert, representative, was born in
Independence county, Ark., Nov. 13, 1838 ; son
of Henry and Dorcas (Stark) Neill : grandson of
Robert and Magdalene (Black) Neill, and a de-
scendant of John and Bethia Neill of Sussex
county, Del. He received a good English educa-
tion in private schools and took a course in laud
surveying in Ohio in 1859. He was surveyor of
Independence county, 1860-61 ; a private, lieu-
tenant and captain in the 1st Arkansas mounted
riflemen. Confederate army, 1861-65, serving in
Gen. Ben. McCulloch's Army of the West and
afterward in the Army of Tennessee. He was
clerk of the circuit court of Independence county,
1866-68 ; was admitted to the bar in 1868, and
settled in active practice in Bates ville, Ark., in
1872. He was married, April 37, 1869, to Mary
Adelia, daughter of John H. and Esther Byers,
natives of Ohio. He held the rank of lieutenant-
colonel in the Arkansas state guards, 1874-77, and
brigadier-general of state militia, 1877-82 ; was a
delegate and vice-president for Arkansas in the
Democratic national convention at St. Louis in
1888 ; was a member of the Democratic state cen-
tral committee, and a Democratic representative
from the sixth Arkansas district in the 53d and
54th congresses. 1893-97.
NEILL, Thomas Hewson, soldier, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., April 9, 1826 ; son of Dr. Henry
and Martha Rebecca (Duffield) Neill. He attended
the University of Pennsylvania, 1841-42, was
graduated at the U.S. military academy and
assigned to the 4th infantry, July 1, 1847. He
served in the war witli Mexico, 1847-48 ; was
promoted 2d. lieutenant and transferred to the
5th infantry, Sept. 8, 1847, served in garrison
and on frontier duty, 1848-53. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, July 31, 1850 ; was assistant pro-
fessor of drawing at the U.S. military academy,
1853-55 ; principal assistant professor of drawing,
1855-57 ; was promoted captain of the 5th infantry,
April 1, 1857; served in the Utah expedition,
1857-60, and in New Mexico, 1860-61. He was
acting assistant adjutant-general on the staff of
General Cadwalader, 1861-62 ; was commissioned
colonel of the 23d Pennsylvania volunteers, Feb.
17, 1862 ; served with the Army of the Potomac,
March to August, 1862, being engaged in the siege
ofYorktown, the battles of Williamsburg. Fair
Oaks, Savage's Station and Malvern Hill, and
was brevetted major, July 1, 1852, for gallant
and meritorious services at Malvern Hill. He
commanded his regiment in the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 4th army corps, in the Maryland cam-
paign, and was promoted brigadier general, U.S.
volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862. He commanded the
3d brigade, 3d division, 6th army corps, at Fred-
ricksburg, after Gen. F. L. Vinton and Col. R. F.
Taylor were wounded, and also in the Chancel-
lorsville, Gettysburg and Richmond campaigns
of 1863-64. He was promoted major of the llth
infantry, Aug. 36, 1863, and commanded the 3d
division, 6th corps, at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864. He
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, May 3. 1863. and
colonel. May 12, 1864, for gallant and meritorious
services at Chancellorsville and Spottsylvania.
He served as acting inspector general in the
Shenandoah campaign, 1864, being engaged in the
battle of Cedar Creek and several skirmishes. He
was brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A. and
major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for
NEILL
NELSON
gallant and meritorious services during the war,
and was mustered out of the volunteer service,
Aug. 24, 1865. He commanded Fort Indepen-
dence, Boston, Mass., 1865-66 ; a battalion at Rich-
mond, Va. , 1866-67, and was transferred to the
20th infantry, Sept. 21, 1866. He was a member of
the examining board of U.S. officers. 1867-69, and
inspector general of the U.S. army stationed at
New Orleans. He was promoted lieutenant-col-
onel and transferred to the 1st infantry, Feb. 22,
1869 ; commanded the general recruiting station
at Governor's Island, N.Y., 1869-71, and was as-
signed to the 6th cavalry, Dec. 15, 1870. He served
on the frontier and against the Cheyenne Indians
in the west, 1871-75 ; was commandant of cadets
at the U.S. military academy, 1875-79; was pro-
moted colonel and transferred to the 8th cavalry,
April 2, 1879, and was retired from active service,
April 3, 1883. He made two trips to Europe
while on leave of absence, and resided in Phila-
delphia after his retirement. He was married,
Nov. 20, 1873, to Eva D. Looney. He died in
Philadelphia. Pa., March 10, 1885.
NEILL, William, educator, was born in Alle-
gheny county. Pa., in 1778. His parents were
massacred by the Indians when he was a child,
and he was adopted in his sister's family. He
attended Jefferson academy, Canonsburg, Pa. ;
was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1803, A.M., 1806; remained there as a
student of theology and was a tutor, 1803-05 : was
licensed by the presbytery of New Brunswick in
October, 1805, and ordained by the presbytery of
Oneida in September, 1806. He was pastor at
Cooperstown, N.Y., 1805-09 ; of the First church,
Albany, N.Y., 1809-16; of the Sixth church,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1816-24, and was moderator of
the General Assembly in 1815. He was the sixth
president of Dickinson col-
lege, Carlisle, Pa., 1824-29;
secretary and general agent
of the Presbyterian board
of education, 1829-31, and
pastor at Germantown, Pa.,
1831-42. He resided in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., 1843-60, where
he devoted himself to literary and city missionary
work. He received the degree D.D. from Union
college, N.Y., in 1812. He edited the Presbyterian
for several years, contributed to other religious
periodicals and is the author of : Lectures on
Biblical History (1846) ; Exposition of the Epistle
to the Ephesians (1850); Divine Origin of the
Christian Religion (1854), and Ministry of Fifty
Years with Anecdotes and Reminiscences (1857).
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 8, 1860.
NEILSON, John, delegate, was born at Raritan
Landing, N.Y., March 11. 1745; son of Dr. John,
a native of Belfast, Ireland, and Joanna (Coey-
maus) Neilson. He was educated at the University
of Pennsylvania and engaged as a shipping
merchant at New Brunswick, N.J. He raised a
company of militia in 1775, of which he was ap-
pointed capiain in July of that year. He was
appointed colonel of a regiment of minute-men,
Aug. 31, 1775 ; colonel of the 2d regiment of
militia from Middlesex count}', N.J., in August,
1776, and brigadier-general of militia, Feb. 21,
1777. He was engaged in repelling British
inroads ; planned and surprised the British at
Bennett's Island, and in 1779 commanded the
New Jersey militia in the northern part of the
state. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the
Continental congress, 1778-79, and was deputy
quartermaster-general for New Jersey, 1780-83.
He was elected a delegate to the Federal constitu-
tional convention in 1787, but failed to attend ;
was a member of the state convention that
ratified the Federal constitution in 1790, and
represented New Brunswick in the New Jersey
assembly, 1800-01. Lafayette presented him with
a sword in 1824. He was president of the board of
trustees, Rutgers college, 1782-1833. He was mar-
ried to Catharine, daughter of John Voorhees.
He died in New Brunswick, N.J., March 3, 1833.
NELSON, Charles Alexander, librarian, was
born in Calais, Maine, April 14, 1839; son of
Israel Potter and Jane (Capen) Nelson ; grandson
of Jonathan and Lydia (Potter) Nelson, and a
descendant of Bernard Capen of Dorchester,
Mass., admitted freeman, May 16, 1636. He
was a student and librarian at Gorham academy,
Maine, 1854-55, and librarian of the Washington
Irving Literary association, Cambridge, Mass.,
1856-61. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1860, A.M., 1863; studied civil engineering at
the Lawrence scientific school, 1861-62, and li-
brary science at Harvard college library, 1857-64.
He taught school, 1861-64 ; was a civil engineer
in the quartermaster's department of the U.S.
army at New Berne, N.C., 1864-65, and a delegate
to the Republican state convention at Raleigh,
N.C., 1865. He engaged in business in New
Berne, 1865-74 ; was in the book business in
Boston, Mass., 1874-79, and also occupied himself
with library, literary and editorial work. He
was professor of Greek and librarian in Drury
college, Springfield, Mo., 1877-80 ; manager of
the Old South book-store, Boston, Mass., and
editor of its publication, 1878-81 ; catalogue libra-
rian of the Astor library, New York city, 1881-
88 ; librarian of the Howard Memorial library,
New Orleans, La., 1888-91 ; assistant librarian of
the Newberry library, Chicago, 111., 1891-93, and
in 1893 became deputy librarian at Columbia
university, New York city. He made a special
study of library enconomy ; was elected a mem-
ber and secretary of the American Library asso-
NELSON
NELSON
elation; was a founder, secretary and president of
the New York library club, and at the Pan-Amer-
ican exposition, 1901, was awarded " honorable
mention " for his catalogue of the Astor library.
He was married, July 25, 1872, to Emma, daughter
of Benson and Eliza (Quick) Norris of Slaterville
Springs, N.Y. He was the Boston correspondent
of the American Bookseller, 1875-81 ; a member of
the editorial staff of The Watchman and of Zion's
Herald, 1876-88 ; compiled and edited Catalogue
of the Astor Library (4 vols., 1886-88) ; edited
Catalogue of the Avery Memorial Library (1895) ;
compiled Books on Education in the Libraries of
Columbia University (1901), and is the author of :
Waltliam, Past and Present (1879) ; Weston, in
Samuel A. Drake's "History of Middlesex County,
Mass." (1888), and The Manuscripts and Early
Printed Books Bequeathed to the Long Island
Historical Society by S. B. Duryea (1897).
NELSON, Cleland Kinloch, third bishop of
Georgia and 160th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born at Greenwood, nearCobham,
Albemavle county, Va., May 23, 1852 ; son of
Keating S. and Julia (Rogers) Nelson, and a
lineal descendant of William Nelson, president
of Virginia colony, and of Gen. Thomas Nelson,
signer of the Declaration of Independence and
governor of Virginia. He was graduated at St.
John's college, 1872 ; studied for the priesthood
under his uncle, the Rev. Dr. C. K. Nelson, and
at the Berkeley divinity school, Conn. He was
ordained deacon in the church of the Ascension,
Washington, D.C., Sept. 19, 1875, and priest in
Holy Trinity church, Philadelphia, Pa., June 22,
1876. He was rector of the church of St. John
the Baptist, Germantown, Pa., 1876-82, and of
the Church of the Nativity, South Bethlehem, Pa.,
1882-92. He was elected bishop of Georgia, Nov.
12, 1891, and was consecrated in St. Luke's
cathedral, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 24, 1892, by Bishops
Quintard, W. B. W. Howe, Lyman, Whitehead,
Rulison, Coleman, Jackson and Watson.
NELSON, David, educator, was born near
Jouesborough, Tenn., Sept. 24, 1793 ; son of Henry
and Anna (Kelsey) Nelson. He was a student
at Washington college, Tenn. ; studied medicine
at Danville, Ky., and in Philadelphia, and was a
surgeon in the war of 1812, in Canada and in
Alabama and Florida. He was licensed to preach
by the presbytery of Holston in April, 1825, and
while preaching in Tennessee conducted the
Calvinistic Magazine, Rogersville. On the death
of his brother, Samuel Kelsey Nelson, May 27,
1827, he succeeded him as pastor of the church
at Danville, Ky. He was a trustee of Centre
college, 1827-30. He founded Marion college,
near Palmyra, Mo., in 1830, and was its president,
1830-36. In 1836 he removed to Quincy, 111.,
and established a school for young men. He
is the author of Cause and Cure of Infidelity
(1836.) He died in Oakland, 111., Oct. 17, 1844.
NELSON, Hugh, representative, was born in
Yorktown, Va., Sept. 30, 1768 ; son of Gov.
Thomas and Lucy (Grymes) Nelson ; grandson of
Gov. William Nelson, and of Philip and Mary
(Randolph) Grymes, and a great-grandson of
Thomas Nelson, a native of Scotland, who
settled in Virginia in 1690, and founded the town
of York in 1705. Hugh Nelson was graduated at
the College of William and Mary in 1790, was a
member of the house of delegates in the Virginia
legislature, speaker of the house and a judge of
the general court. He was married in 1799 to
Eliza Kinlock. He was a presidential elector on
the Pinckney and King ticket in 1808, and was a
Republican representative in the 12th-18th con-
gresses, serving from Nov. 4, 1811, to Jan. 14,
1823. He resigned to accept the appointment by
President Monroe of U.S. minister to Spain, and
held the office until Nov. 23, 1824. He died in
Albemarle county, Va., March 18, 1836.
NELSON, Jeremiah, representative, was born
at Rowley, Mass., Sept. 18, 1768 ; son of Solomon
and Elizabeth (Mighill) Nelson ; grandson of
Solomon and Mercy (Chaplin) Nelson, and a
descendant of Thomas Nelson, who emigrated
from England to America in Mr. Rogers's com-
pany, and settled in Rowley, Mass., where he
was made freeman, May 23, 1639. Jeremiah
Nelson was graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1790,
A.M., 1793. He studied law, settling in New-
buryport, Mass., as a merchant, became engaged
in the West India trade, and in marine and fire
insurance. He was the first president of the
Newburyport Mutual Fire Insurance company,
1829-36 ; treasurer of the Newburyport Insti-
tution of Savings, 1827-38 ; chairman of the
selectmen of the town at the time of the great
fire of 1811, and held several other important
local offices. He married Mary, daughter of
John Balch of Newburyport. He became a
leader in Federal politics ; was a representative
to the general court in 1804 ; a presidential
elector in 1812 ; a Federalist representative in
the 9th congress, 1805-07, succeeding Rev. Man-
asseh Cutler in 1805, and a Whig representa-
tive in the 14th-18th congresses, 1815-25, and in
the second session of the 22d congress, from
Dec. 6, 1832, to March 2, 1833, to fill the unex-
pired term of Rufus Choate, resigned. He was
chairman of the committee on public buildings,
1821-24. From 1830 to 1836 he was prominently
engaged in the prosecution of Spanish and
French claims, being attorney for most of the
claimants in Newburyport and vicinity. He died
at Newburyport, Mass.. Oct. 2. 1838.
NELSON, John, cabinet officer, was born in
Fredericktown, Md., June 1, 1791 : son of ].'
NELSON
NELSON
Nelson (q.v.). He was graduated at the College
of William and Mary in 1811, and was admitted
to the bar in 1813. He settled in practice in
Fredericktown ; was a Republican representa-
tive to the 17th congress, 1821-23 ; was appointed
U.S. minister to Naples by President Jackson,
serving, 1831-32, and attorney -general in Presi-
dent Tyler's cabinet, to succeed Hugh S. Legare
and served, 1843-45. He died in Baltimore, Md.,
Jan. 8, 1860.
NELSON, Knute. senator, was born in Vosse-
vangen parish, Norway, Feb. 2. 1843. He
immigrated to the United States with his mother
in 1849, and resided in Chicago, 111., 1849-00, and
in Wai worth and Dane counties, Wis., 1850-71.
He was graduated from Al-
bion academy, Wis., in 1865 ;
enlisted in the 4th Wisconsin
infantry, and served, 1861-65.
being wounded and taken
prisoner at the siege of Port
Hudson, La., June 14, 1863.
He was admitted to the bar in
1867, and was a member of the Wisconsin as-
sembly. 1863-69. He removed to Alexandria,
Minn.,in 1871 ; was county attorney for Douglas
county, 1872-74 ; state senator, 1875-78 ; presi-
dential elector on the Republican ticket in 1880 ;
was a member of the state board of University
regents, 1882-93, and a Republican representative
'in the 48th, 49th and 50th congresses, 1883-89.
He was governor of Minnesota, 1892-94, U.S.
senator, 1895-1901, and by re-election, 1901-07.
In the senate he was chairman of the committee
on improvement of the Mississippi river and its
tributaries.
NELSON, Rensselaer Russel, jurist, was born
in Cooperstown, N.Y., May 12, 1826 ; son of
Judge Samuel and Catherine Ann (Russell) Nel-
son ; grandson of John Rogers and Jean (Mc-
Arthur) Nelson and of John and Elizabeth
(Williams) Russell, and a descendant of John
Nelson, who emigrated from Ballingarry, Ireland,
and settled in Salem, N.Y., in 1762. He was
graduated at Yale, 1846 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1849 ; began practice in Buffalo, N. Y. :
in 1850 removed to St. Paul, Minn., and engaged
in practice there. He was appointed associate
judge of the supreme court of Minnesota terri-
tory in 1857, and upon its admission as a state
was appointed district judge of Minnesota by
President Buchanan. May 11, 1858, holding the
office until May 16, 1896, when he resigned. He
was at the time the oldest Fedei'al judge in the
service of the United States. He was married,
Nov. 3, 1858. to Emma, daughter of Washington
Beebee of New York state. In 1901 he was made
the candidate of the Democratic party in the
Minnesota legislature for U.S. senator.
NELSON, Roger, soldier, was born in Fred-
eriuktown, Md. , in 1735 ; sou of John Nelson. He
entered the Continental army and was com-
missioned 3d lieutenant of the 5th Maryland
regiment in 1779. He was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, July 15, 1780, was seriously wounded .and
left for dead, and made a prisoner at the battle
of Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780. He was ex-
changed in December, 1789, and transferred to
Baylor's regiment of Continental dragoons, Nov.
9, 1782, where he served till the close of the war.
After the war he became prominent as a lawyer ;
was elected a representative from Maryland in
the 8th congress to take the place of Daniel
Hiester, deceased, and was re-elected to the Oth,
10th, and llth congresses, serving from Nov.
5, 1804, till May 14. 1810, when he resigned to ac-
cept the appointment of associate justice of the
5th judicial circuit of Maryland. He died in
Fredericktown, Md., June 7, 1815.
NELSON, Samuel, jurist, was born in Hebron,
Washington county, N.Y., Nov. 10, 1792; son of
John Rogers and Jean (McArthur) Nelson. He
was graduated at Middlebury college in 1813,
studied law in Granville, N. Y., under Chief-
Justice Savage and
was admitted to the
bar in 1817. He
settled in practice in
Cortland, N.Y., and
in trying his first suit
won his case through
superior knowledge
of the law by which
he obtained a stay.
He was a presiden-
tial elector on the
Monroe and Tomp- f
kins ticket in 1820 and
postmaster of Cort-
land, 1820-23. He
was married in 1819
to Pamella, daughter of Judge Andrew S. Wood
of Bath, N.Y., andsecondly, in 1825, to Catharine
Ann, daughter of Judge Russell of Cooperstown,
N.Y. In 1829 he made his home at Fenimore,
where he was a friend and neighbor of Cooper,
the novelist. He was a member of the state con-
stitutional conventions in 1822 and 1844 ; judge
of the sixth circuit court of New York, 1823-31 ;
associate justice of the supreme court of New
York, 1831-37, and chief justice. ls:;7-4.l. He
was appointed associate justice of the U.S. su-
preme court by President Tyler in 1845, as suc-
cessor to Justice Smith Thompson, deceased,
and served until October, 1872. when he re-
signed. When the " Dred Scott " decision was
pronounced by the U.S. supreme court in 1857,
he concurred with Chief-Justice Taney. In 1871
•
NELSON
NELSON
he was appointed by President Grant a member
of the joint high commission that met in Wash-
ington, D.C., to arbitrate the Alabama claims,
and while in attendance on that commission con-
tracted a cold that forced him to resign his seat
on the supreme bench. His name was before
several Democratic national conventions as an
available nominee for president. He received
the degree of LL.D. from Geneva in 1837, from
Middlebury in 1841, from Columbia in 1841 and
from Hamilton in 1870. He died in Coopers-
town, N.Y., Dec. 13, 1873.
NELSON, Samuel Kelsey, clergyman, was
born near Jouesborough, Teun., Oct. 9, 1787 ; son
of Henry and Anna (Kelsey) Nelson. He was
graduated at Washington college, Tenn., in 1803,
taught school in 'Kentucky for a short time and
also studied law. He studied theology under Dr.
Samuel Doak, president of Washington college,
and was licensed to preach by the presbytery
of Holston in 1807. He preached in South Caro-
lina and Tennessee, 1807-'9, and was pastor
of the church in Danville, Ky., 1809-27. He was
one of the principal founders of Centre college
at Danville, Ky. , chartered in 1819, and of the
Kentucky Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. He
went to Florida to found a like institution in
1827. He was a charter trustee of Centre college,
1819-27, and received the degree D.D., probably
from Washington college. He died in Tallahas-
see, Fla.. May 7, 1827.
NELSON, Thomas, Jr., signer, was born in
Yorktown, Va., Dec. 26, 1738; son of Judge
William Nelson (1711-1772) (q.v.). He received
his preliminary education at Nelson House, under
the Rev. Mr. Yates ; was placed in a preparatory
school at Hackney,
_j.^~"~-- England, in 1753, and
fff £ . , -^-\\
was graduated at
Trinity college, Cam-
bridge, returning to
Virginia in 1761,
where, in 1762, he was
married to Lucy,
daughter of Col.
Philip and Mary
(Randolph) Grimes of
Middlesex county.
He was a member of
the Virginia house of
burgesses in 1761, and
in 1774, when that
body was dissolved by
Lord Dunmove, he was among the protestants
against the action of the governor ; urged the ap-
pointment of deputies to a general congress, and
was returned to the next house. He was a
member of the convention that met at Williams-
burg, Aug. 1. 1774, and that of March, 1775,
where he proposed to meet British aggression
with armed opposition, and was appointed colonel
of the 2d Virginia regiment by the convention
in July, 1775. On his election as a delegate to
the Continental congress from Virginia in 1775,
he resigned his commission as colonel and served
in congress, 1775-77, signing the Declaration
of Independence of July 4, 1776. He was a
member of the Virginia constitutional convention
of May, 1776. He resigned his seat in congress
in May, 1777, on account of temporary illness,
and in August, 1777, was appointed commander
of the Virginia state forces, and in response to
an appeal from congress raised and equipped a
troop of cavalrymen, accompanying them to
Philadelphia. He expended a large sum of
money in this patriotic purpose, but as the
troop was not called into service he was never
repaid for his outlay except by the act of Aug. 8,
1778, in which it was " resolved that the thanks
of congress be given to the Honorable General
Nelson and to the officers and gentlemen for their
brave, generous and patriotic efforts in the cause of
their country." He was returned to congress from
Virginia in 1779, and served for a few months, but
another sudden illness forced him to resign.
When the invasion of Virginia was threatened in
May, 1779, he organized the militia and subse-
quently at his own expense sent two regiments to
the south, guaranteeing the payment of their
arrears to secure their service. In June, 1780,
when Virginia resolved to borrow §2.000,000 for
the Continental treasury to provide for the main-
tenance of the French fleet, he secured a large
part of the amount by personal endorsement,
which he was obliged to pay. He was elected
governor of Virginia, June 12, 1781 ; commanded
the Virginia militia in the siege of Yorktown ;
ordered the artillery to open upon his own house,
which he supposed was the headquarters of the
British general ; was present at the surrender
of Cornwallis, and received the thanks of Wash-
ington in general orders. He retired from the
office of governor, Nov. 30, 1781, whereupon he
was accused of mal-administration for assum-
ing dictatorial powers during the perilous term
of his administration. He was, however, exon-
erated by the state legislature. He spent the re-
mainder of his life in retirement and poverty, his
fortune having been expended for his country,
and no recompense was ever made by the govern-
ment to his family. His grave at Yorktown, Va.,
was not marked, but his statue was placed in the
group on the Washington monument at Rich-
mond, Va. He died at " Offley ", Hanover county,
Va., Jan. 4. 1789.
NELSON, Thomas Amos Rogers, representa-
tive, was born in Roane county, Tenn., March
19, 1812; son of David and Phoebe (White)
NELSON
NELSON
Nelson, and grandson of John Nelson of Rock-
bridge county, Va. He was graduated at East
Tennessee college in 1838 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1832, and settled in practice in Washing-
ton county. He was married, July 30, 1839,
to Ann E., daughter of Montgomery Stuart of
Washington county, Tenn. He was attorney and
solicitor-general for the first district of Tennes-
see, 1833 ; attorney-general, first district, 1841-47 ;
a presidential elector on the Clay and Freling-
huysen ticket in 1844, and on the Taylor and
Fillmore ticket in 1848. He declined the U.S. con-
sulship to China in 1851, was defeated by James
C. Jones by one vote in the Whig caucus for the
U.S. senatorship, 1851, and by John Bell in 1853 ;
was a Whig representative from the first Ten-
nessee district in the 36th congress, 1859-61, and
was re-elected to the 37th congress. In endeav-
oring to make his way to Washington to take
his seat he was captured by Confederate scouts
in southwestern Virginia, taken to Richmond,
and obtained his parole upon condition that he
would return home and not engage in hostilities
against the Confederate States while they had pos-
session of Tennessee. He was president of East
Tennessee Union conventions at Knoxville and
Greenville in 1861 ; removed to Knoxville in 1863 ;
was a trustee of East Tennessee university, 1865 ;
counsel for President Johnson in the impeach-
ment trial, 1868 ; a delegate to the Democratic
national convention at New York in 1868 ; judge
of the state supreme court, 1870-71, and resigned
in 1871. He is the author of the poems : East Ten-
nessee ; King Caucus, and Secession. He died in
Knoxville, Tenn., Aug. 24, 1873.
NELSON, William, president of Virginia, was
born in 1711 ; son of Thomas Nelson (1677-1745),
a native of Penriff, Scotland, who emigrated to
America about 1690 ; settled in Virginia, where
lie was known as " Scotch Tom ; " founded and
laid out the town of York in 1705 ; built the first
custom house in the colonies ; founded Nelson
House, which was rebuilt by his son William in
1740, and was still in possession of the Nelson
family in 1903, and married a Miss Reid and af-
terward a Mrs. Tucker. William inherited his
father's fortune and added to it by his own mer-
cantile ventures and through the purchase of
large landed estate. He was president of the
Virginia council for a long
term of years, and acting gov-
ernor of Virginia from Oct.
1 15, 1770, to August, 1771, be-
lt ween the death of Lord Bote-
tourt and the coming of the
Earl of Dunmore. He also
presided over the general or
supreme court of law and equity for the province.
He dispensed a liberal hospitality and his charities
vnr.— 4
were extensive and judicious. He married Miss
Burwell of Virginia, granddaughter of Robin Car-
ter. He died in Yorktown, Va., Nov. 19, 1772.
NELSON, William, soldier, was born near
Maysville, Ky., in 1825. He entered the U.S.
navy as a midshipman, Jan. 28, 1840 ; was pro-
moted passed midshipman, July 11, 1846 ; com-
manded a battery at the siege of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, March 9-29, 1847, and afterward served
in the Mediterranean squadron. He was pro-
moted master, Sept. 19, 1854 ; lieutenant, April
18, 1855, and was attached to the Niagara in 1858,
in which vessel the negroes taken from the
slave-ship Echo were returned to Africa. He
was serving on ordnance duty at Washington,
D.C., early in 1861 ; was promoted lieutenant-
commander, July 16, 1861, and had charge of the
gunboats on the Ohio river. He notified Presi-
dent Lincoln that to hold Kentucky to the Union
it would be necessary to send to the state 10,000
stands of arms, as the secessionists had taken pos-
session of the state arms, and at the same time
he offered his services to recruit and equip a
Union home guard. His services were promptly
accepted and the arms furnished, and on the
day after the August election, 1861, the recruits
began to gather at Camp Dick Robinson, and by
September 1, there were four Kentucky regi-
ments. Lieutenant Nelson was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers and resigned
from the navy. He had also gathered from
eastern Tennessee 2000 volunteers under Captain
Carter, and some difficulty arising as to the dis-
tribution of troops, Gen. George H. Thomas
succeeded to the command of Camp Dick Robin-
sou and General Nelson was sent on raids in east-
ern Kentucky. On Nov. 8, 1861, he engaged with
two Ohio regiments re-enforced by detachments
from several Kentucky regiments, in checking
the advance of Col. John S. Williams on Preston-
burg and forced the Confederate leader to re-
treat into Virginia. Nelson was then ordered
to join the column in front of Louisville, where
he was assigned to the command of the 4th
division under Gen. D. C. Buell, who had as-
sumed command of the Army of the Ohio, Nov.
15, 1861. In the battle of Pittsburg Landing,
April 6-7, 1862, he took a conspicuous part as
commander of the 4th division, and was pro-
moted major-general of volunteers, occupying
Murfreesboro, Tenn., July 13, 1863, after which
he joined in repelling the raids of Morgan in
Kentucky. He was defeated at Richmond, Ky.,
Aug. 30, 1862, and defended Louisville against
Bragg's threatened attack. In a dispute with
Gen. Jefferson C. Davis at the Gait House
in Louisville, while in command of that city,
General Davis, either intentionally or otherwise,
flipped a small wad of paper in General Nelson's
NELSON
NETTLETON
face and Nelson thereupon slapped Davis's face
with the back of his hand. When they next met
General Davis drew a pistol and shot Nelson, who
died within half an hour. General Davis was
arrested, but had no trial. General Nelson died
in Gait House, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 29, 1862.
NELSON, William, author, was born in
Newark, N.J.. Feb. 10, 1847 ; son of William and
Susan (Cherry) Nelson, and grandson of Thomas
Nelson. He was educated in the public schools
of Newark, and engaged in journalism in New-
ark, and Patersou, N.J. He was admitted to
the bar in 1878, and settled in practice in Pater-
son. He was elected secretary of the New Jer-
sev historical society in 1880 ; a member of the
board of managers of the Society of American
Authors, and an honorary and corresponding
member of many historical, literary and scien-
tific societies in Europe and the United States.
He received the honorary degree of A.M. from
Princeton university in 1896. He was married,
July 25, 1889, to Salome W., daughter of Henry
C. Doremus of Paterson, N.J. He edited the
Neiv Jersey Archives, 1885-1901, and is the author
of : The Indians of New Jersey (1894) : The Dore-
mus Family in America (1897) : History of the
City of Paterson, (1901), and numerous legal,
biographical and scientific monographs.
NERAZ, John Claude, E.C. bishop, was born
in Anse, Rhone, France, Jan. 12, 1828. He was
educated in the college of St. Godard and in the
seminary of St. Jodard at Alix, and completed
his theological studies in the Sulpitiau seminary
at Lyons, France, in 1852. He was ordained sub-
deacon and deacon by Bishop Odin, at Galveston,
in September, 1852, and engaged in missionary
work at Nacogdoches, Texas. He was ordained
priest at Galveston, Feb. 19, 1853, by Bishop Odin ;
engaged in missionary work in Liberty county,
Texas, 1854-66 ; served as an assistant priest in
San Antonio, Texas, 1866-68 ; engaged in mission-
ary work at Laredo, 1868-73, where he completed
a church and convent, and was rector of the
church of San Fernando, San Antonio. Texas,
1873-75. He was vicar-general and chancellor of
the diocese of San Antonio, 1874-80; administra-
tor of the diocese of San Antonio, after the death
of Bishop Pellicer, April 14. 1880, and was con-
secrated bishop of San Antonio, May 8, 1881, by
Bishop Fitzgerald. He also served as administra-
tor of the vicariate-apostolic of Brownsville, on
the promotion of Bishop Manucy in 1884, and as
acting vicar-apostolic after the death of the
bishop, Dec. 4, 1885, until the appointment of
Bishop Verdaguer, July 3, 1890. He attended
the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884.
He was influential in founding a college in Travis
county and a seminary at Hallettsville. He
died at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 15, 1894.
NES, Henry, representative, was born in York,
Pa., in 1799. He studied medicine and settled in
practice in his native place. He filled many local
offices, and was an Independent Whig represent-
ative in the 28th congress, 1843-45, and a Whig
representative in the 30th and 31st congresses,
1847-50. He attended the venerable John Quincy
Adams, when he fell in the hall of the House of
Representatives, in 1848, stricken with apoplexy.
He was married to Elizabeth Weiser of York
county, Pa., and their son, Dr. Charles Martin
Nes, in conjunction with other scientific men, dis-
covered the steel-making properties of magnetic
silicate of iron ore when combined with pig and
scrap iron, patented this product as silicon steel,
and formed a company to develop the discovery.
Henry Nes died in York, Pa., Sept. 10, 1850.
NESMITH, James Willis, senator, was born
in Washington county, Maine. July 23, 1820 ; son
of William Morrison and Harriet (Willis) Nes-
mith, and was of Irish and Scotch ancestry. His
parents removed to New Hampshire, where he
attended school. In 1838 he went to the Western
Reserve and made his home with his uncle Joseph
G. Willis, near Cincinnati, Ohio. He started for
Oregon in 1842, joined the Applegate party at
Fort Scott, and settled in Salem, Oregon, in 1843,
where he was influential in forming the provi-
sional government. He studied law, 1843-45. and
was appointed judge in 1845. He married Pauline
Goff in 1846. He commanded a company on ex-
peditions against the Indians, 1848 and 1853, was
U. S. marshal for Oregon territory, 1853-55; super-
intendent of Indian affairs, 1857-61 , and was elected
senator by the Republican legislature as successor
to Joseph Lane, serving, 1861-67. He was a mem-
ber of the committee on military affairs, Indian
affairs and of the special committees on commerce
and Revolutionary claims, and of a committee ap-
pointed to visit the Indian tribes of the west.
He also served as a visitor to the U.S. military
academy and as an attendant on the funeral of
General Scott. He was a delegate to theNation.-d
Union convention at Philadelphia, in 1866, and
was appointed by President Johnson, U.S. minis-
ter to Austria in 1867, but his appointment was
not confirmed by the senate. He settled in Rick-
reall, Polk county, Oregon, as a farmer and stock
raiser: and was Democratic representative in the
43d congress, 1873-75. He died at Rickreall,
Oregon. June 17, 18^5.
NETTLETON, Alured Bayard, soldier, was
born in Berlin. Delaware county, Ohio. Nov. 14,
1838; son of Hiram and Lavina (James) Xettle-
ton, who were among the earliest settlers in cen-
tral Ohio. His first ancestor in America. John
Nettleton, came from Kenilworth. England, and
was one of the founders of Killingworth. Conn.,
1663. His immediate paternal ancestors lived in
NETTLETON
NEUENDORFF
Newport, N.H. On his mother's side he descend-
ed from Elijah Janes, an officer of dragoons and
afterward paymaster
in the Revolutionary
army. Until 1853 he
lived on his father's
farm, and attended
the district school
and a local academy.
While book-keeper
for a lumber milling
company in Michi-
gan, 1853-56, he stud-
ied evenings, and
was a student at
Oberlin college, 1857-
61, being meantime
active in antislavery
agitation. In April,
1861, on the fall of Fort Sumter, he volunteered
in a company of students, but Ohio's quota being
full they were not mustered. In August, 1861,
he enlisted as a private in the 3d Ohio cavalry,
was elected first lieutenant of his company,
was promoted through the intermediate grades
to colonel of the regiment, and served contin-
uously in the field to the close of the war, be-
ing mustered out in June, 1865. His most active
service was in Ouster's division of the cavalry
corps, Army of the Potomac, including Grant's
battles of the Wilderness, Sheridan's several raids
and his Shenandoah campaign and the siege of
Richmond and Petersburg. His army record
shows him to have served in fourteen states and
one territory; to have participated in seventy-
two battles and minor engagements ; to have had
three horses shot under him in action, and to have
been brevetted brigadier-general by the President
for gallant and meritorious services under Sheri-
dan. He was married, in 1863, to Melissa, daugh-
ter of Dr. Luman Tenney of Ohio, and had two
daughters and one son. He received his diploma
in arts from Oberlin in 1863 and his A.M. degree
in 1860 ; was a trustee of Oberlin college, 1870-93,
and a trustee of Carleton college (Minn.), 1885-6.
He studied law at Albany Law school, 1865-6;
was editor and joint owner of the Sandusky
Daily Register, 1867-9 ; published the Chicago Ad-
vance, 1869-70 ; was managing editor of the Phil-
adelphia Enquirer, 1878, and founder, editor and
proprietor of the Minneapolis Daily Tribune, 1880-
85. He resided in Philadelphia and was associ-
ated with Jay Cooke in the projection and con-
struction of the Northern Pacific railroad, 1870-
76, and in mining and other enterprises, 1875-80;
removed to Minnesota in 1880, and in 1890 was
appointed assistant secretary of the treasury and
served through President Harrison's administra-
tion. He was acting secretary of the treasury
from the deatli of Secretary Windom, Jan. 29,
1891, until the accession of Charles Foster in
March following. He was the financial member
of the board of management of the government
department, Columbian exposition, 1890-93. He
was a delegate to the Republican national con-
vention, 1868 ; a member of the anti-saloon Re-
publican national committee, 1884-89, and in
1900 became joint owner of extensive sugar plan-
tations in Sinaloa, Mexico. He was a contributor
to magazines and author of : Trusts or Competi-
tion (1900).
NEUENDORFF, Adolph Henry Anthony
Magnus, musician and composer, was born in
Hamburg, Germany, June 13, 1843. He came to
New York with his parents in June, 1855, and
began immediately the study of the violin with
Matka, and theory
and composition with
Gustave Schilling. In
the spring of 1859 he
made his first appear-
ance as a pianist in a
concert at Dodworth
Hall, New York. He
also became connect-
ed with orchestras as
a violinist. In 1860
he accompanied his
father to Brazil,
where he gave violin
recitals in every im-
portant town in the
empire. On his re-
turn to the United States in 1863 he became
musical director of the German theatre in Mil-
waukee, Wis., remaining there until the spring
of 1864, when he studied theory and composition
under Carl Anschuetz in New York city, who
trained him as chorus-master and operatic con-
ductor. In the fall of 1864, Neuendorff succeeded
Anschuetz as conductor of the German opera,
which he directed, 1864-67. He was director of
the New York Stadt-Theatre, 1867-71, and pro-
duced a large number of operas, including some
of Wagner's works, notably, "Lohengrin" in
its first production in the United States. In
the fall of 1871 he brought Wachtel, the tenor,
and Pauline Lucca to America, and in the fol-
lowing year was associated with Carl Rosa in
the management of a season at the Academy
of Music, when he presented Parepa-Rosa, Ade-
laide Phillips, Wachtel and Santly. He man-
aged the Germania theatre in New York, 1872-84.
In 1875 he gave another long season of opera
at the Academy of Music, introducing Wachtel
and Mme. Pappenheim. and in 1876 conducted
the Beethoven centennial performances there.
In the summer of 1876 he went to Bayreuth to
NEUMANN
NEVADA
attend the first Wagner festival as correspond-
ent of the New York Staats-Zeitnng. In 1877
he conducted the Wagner festival in New York
city, when "The Flying Dutchman," " Tann-
hauser" and "Lohengrin" were performed:
also the " Walkyre," for the first time in the
United States. He was elected conductor of the
Philharmonic Society of New York in 1878, as
successor to Theodore Thomas. He inaugurated
popular promenade concerts at Boston music hall,
which he successfully carried on for five seasons,
1880-85. He conducted the summer concerts at
the Central Park Garden, New York, in 1886, and
introduced Josef Hof man, the boy pianist. He was
conductor of an English opera company, 1889-
97, in a tour over the United States and Mexico,
producing the Wagner operas. He composed
two symphonies ; a number of overtures and can-
tatas ; four operas: Der Minstrel (1879); The Rat
Catcher of Hamelin (1880) ; Don Quixote (1882) ;
Waldmeister's Brautfahrt (1887); a mass, and
many songs and quartettes for male and female
voices. He married a singer whose stage name
was Georgine Von Januschowski, •who survived
him. He died in New York city, Dec. 4, 1897.
NEUMANN, .John Nepomucene, R. C. bishop,
was born at Prachatitz, Bohemia, Austria, March
28, 1811 ; son of Philip and Agnes (Lebis) Neu-
mann. He attended the college and the theological
seminary at Budweis, 1823-33, and the seminary
at Prague, 1833-35. He was ordained priest, June
25, 1836, by Bishop Dubois in St. Patrick's cathe-
dral, New York city. He was missionary to the
district of Niagara Falls with headquarters at
Williamsville, 1836-40, and built a church in that
vicinity. He studied medicine and gathered to-
gether a large collection of botanical specimens,
which he sent to the museum at Munich. He
entered the order of the Redemptorists at Pitts-
burg, Pa., Oct. 18, 1840, and on Jan. 16, 1842, made
liis profession in St. James's church, Baltimore,
Md., the first profession in the order made in
the United States. He was attached to the
church of St. James in Baltimore for which he
did missionary work in Maryland, Virginia and
Pennsylvania, 1842-44. On March 5, 1844. he was
appointed superior of the Redemptorist convent
at Pittsburgh, built the church of St. Philomena
and commenced a new pastoral residence to serve
as a convent for the fathers as well as for a
iMvitiate. He was appointed vice-provincial by
Father de Held of Belgia, Dec. 15, 1846, and in
this capacity organized and maintained schools,
asylums and benevolent and religious societies
and also established churches in various cities.
He retired from office in 1849, was made consultor
to the Provincial that succeeded him and served
as pastor of St. Alphonsus' church, Baltimore,
in 1851. He was appointed bishop of Philadel-
phia in 1851, by command of Pius IX., and was
consecrated at Baltimore on Passion Sunday,
March 28, 1852, by Archbishop Francis Patrick
Kenrick, assisted by Bishop O'Reilly of Hart-
ford, and Rev. Francis L'Homme. He attended
the first plenary council in Baltimore in 1852.
During the first five years of his episcopacy he
established over fifty new churches and paro-
chial schools, St. Joseph's college in Susquehanna
county, St. Vincent's home for orphans, a Ger-
man hospital, various academies and industrial
schools for girls and a preparatory seminary
for theological students. He visited Rome in
1854 to take part in the deliberations on the Im-
maculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ; paid
a visit to his home and in 1838 opened the new
cathedral. He wrote a Bible history and manuals
for devotions. See " Life of The Right Reverend
John Neumann, D.D.", by Rev. Eugene Grimm,
C.SS.R., from German of Rev. John A. Berger,
C.SS.R. (1884). During 1886-88, the preparatory
process of his beatification was instituted at Phil-
adelphia. He was declared ' ' Venerable " by the
authorities of Rome, Dec. 15, 1896. In October,
1897, the "Apostolic Process " of his beatifica-
tion and canonization was begun in Philadelphia ;
and the final preliminary act, that of opening his
tomb by a special ecclesiastical court, was made
April 22, 1902, in order to identify his body and
report to Rome. He died in Philadelphia, Pa ,
Jan. 5, 1860.
NEVADA, Emma, prima donna, was born in
Austin, Nev., in 1861 ; daughter of Dr. Wixon.
She was educated in Mills seminary at Oakland,
Cal., and early evinced musical talent. She re-
turned to Austin, Nev., and received a prepara-
tory training in vocal and instrumental music
there and in San Francisco. In 1877 she went to
Europe, where she studied under Marches! until
1880. She adopted Emma Nevada as a stage
name, and made her debut in the Italian opera
"La Sonnambula" in London, England, in 1880,
in the Mapleson opera company, gaining imme-
diate recognition. She sang with pronounced
NEVILLE
NEVIN
success in Italy, and appeared in Paris in David's
" Perle du Bresil " and in Thomas's " Mignon " at
the Opera Comique, in 1883. In 1884 she sang in
" Lucia di Lammermoor " and other operas with
the Italian opera company, and in the same year
appeared at the Norwich festival, in England,
and at a concert of the Sacred Harmonic society,
in London. She made a concert tour of the
United States, Portugal, Spain, and a second tour
of Italy, 1885-87, and in 1887 joined the Italian
opera company at Covent Garden, London. Her
voice, a soprano of great range, enabled her to
render her parts with intense dramatic effect and
her repertory included all the standard operas.
She was married, Oct. 1, 1885, to Dr. Raymond
Palmer and they made their home in Paris. In
1901-02 she made a concert tour through the
principal American cities.
NEVILLE, William, representative, was born
in Washington county, El. , Dec. 29, 1843 ; son of
Capt. Harvey and Aly (Harrimann) Neville ;
grandson of John and Milly (Neville) Neville,
and great-grandson of William Neville and of
James Neville, who were born on Potomac river, in
Virginia, about 1750 and 1752, and whose parents
came from Durham, England. His parents re-
moved to Randolph county, 111., in 1851, where
he was a student at McKendree college, Lebanon,
111. He served in the Federal army as sergeant,
142d Illinois volunteer infantry, 1864-65. He was
admitted to the bar in 1874, and practised in
Omaha and North Platte, Neb. He was a repre-
sentative in the Illinois legislature in 1872 ; re-
moved to Omaha, Neb., in 1874, and was a repre-
sentative in the Nebraska legislature in 1876.
He settled at North Platte, Neb., in 1877, and
was married in 1882 to Mary Ann Keith, who died
in 1884, and he was married secondly in 1886,
to Irene Morrison Rector, granddaughter of Gen.
Pitcairn Morrison, U.S.A. He was defeated for
the 49th congress in 1884, by G. W. E. Dorsey ;
was judge of the 13th judicial district, 1891-95,
and was elected judge of the Nebraska supreme
court in 1896, but as the amendment of the con-
stitution providing for an increased court did not
pass, he did not take his seat. He was elected by
the Democrats, Populists and Silver Republicans
of the sixth district of Nebraska, a representative
in the 56th congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of W. L. Greene, and was re-elected by
the Democrats in 1900 to the 57th congress, serv-
ing, 1899-1903.
NEVIN, Alfred, editor and author, was born
in Shippensburg, Pa., March 14, 1816 ; son of
Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Nevin, and grand-
son of Daniel and Margaret (Williamson) Rey-
nolds Nevin. Daniel Nevin came from England
with his brother, and settled in Cumberland
Valley, Pa., before 1800. Maj. David Nevin was
a merchant ; served in the war of 1812, and was
a member of the Pennsylvania constitutional
convention of 1837. Alfred Nevin was graduated
at Jefferson college, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1838 ; was
admitted to the bar in 1837 ; abandoned law, and
was graduated at Western Theological seminary,
Allegheny, Pa., in 1840. He was ordained by the
presbytery of New Castle in May, 1840, pastor at
Cedar Grove, Pa., where he served, 1840-45. He
was married, May, 6, 1841, to Sarah J., daughter
of the Hon. Robert Jenkins of Lancaster county,
Pa. He was pastor of the German Reformed
church at Chambersburg, Pa. , 1845-52 ; of the
Second church at Lancaster, Pa., 1852-57 ; of
Alexander church at Philadelphia, Pa., 1857-61,
and was moderator of the synod of Philadelphia
in 1856. He edited The Standard, 1861-66, which
was merged into the Northwestern Presbyterian,
Chicago, 111., in 1866, and the Presbyterian
Weekly, 1872-74, and was chief editor of the
Presbyterian Journal, 1875-80. He lectured in
the National School of Oratory in Philadelphia,
Pa., 1878-80, and was frequently a commissioner
to the general assemblies and synods of the
Presbyterian church. He was a member of the
Presbyterian, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin his-
torical societies, a member of the Presbyterian
board of publication, and a trustee of Lafayette
college, 1863-65. He received the degree of D.D.
from Lafayette college in 1855, and LL.D. from
Western Theological seminary in 1873. He edited
the Presbyterian Encyclopaedia, (1884), and the
Presbyterian Year Book for 18S7-S8 (1887), and is
the author of : Christian's Rest (1843); Spiritual
Pi-ogression (1848); Churches of the Valley (1852);
Guide to the Oracles (1857); Words of Comfort
for Doubting Hearts (1867) ; Commentary on Luke
(1867); The Age Question (1868); Popular Com-
mentary (1868) ; The Voice of God (1873): Sabbath-
School Help (1874); Notes on Exodus (1874); Men
of Mark of Cumberland Valley, Pa. (1876); Notes
on the Shorter Catechism (1878) ; Glimpses of the
Coming World (1880); Triumph of Truth (1880);
Prayer-Meeting Talks (1880); Parables of Jesus
(1881); Letters to Col. Robert G. Ingersoll (1882);
How Tliey Died (1883); Folded Leaves (1885), and
Twelve Revival Sermons (1885). He died in Lan-
caster, Pa., Sept. 2, 1890.
NEVIN, Blanche, sculptor, was born in Mer-
cersburg, Pa., Sept. 25, 1841 ; daughter of the
Rev. John Williamson (q.v.) and of Martha
(Jenkins) Nevin. She studied art in Philadelphia,
making a specialty of sculpture, and in Rome,
Venice and Florence. She opened a studio in
Philadelphia, Pa., where she executed in addition
to portrait busts, statues of : Maud Muller.(l.S65);
Eve (1876); Cinderella (1876), and Gen. Peter
Muhlenberg (1887), placed in the capitol at Wash-
ington.
XEVIN
NEVIN
NEV1N, Edwin Henry, clergyman and educa-
tor, was born in Shippensburg, Pa., May 9, 1814 ;
son of Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Nevin. He
was graduated at Jefferson college in 1833 ; at-
tended Western Theological seminary, 1833-34,
and Princeton Theological seminary. 1834-36.
He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of
Philadelphia in 1830 ; ordained by the presbytery
of Mahouing, June 25, 1839 ; was pastor at Ports-
mouth. Ohio, 1838-39, and at Poland, Ohio, 1839-
41. He was the first president of Franklin college,
New Athens, Ohio, under its departure as an
antislavery institution, and as the old building
was purchased by the pro-slavery party and
named Providence college, he erected a new col-
lege building. While serving as president of
Franklin college, he was also pastor of the Pres-
byterian churches at New Athens and Mount
Vernon. He was pastor of the Plymouth Con-
gregational church, Cleveland, Ohio, 1848-53 ; of
Congregational churches in Walpole, Edgar-
town and Chelsea, Mass., 1853-02 ; of a Reformed
church in Lancaster, Pa., 1805-70, and of the
Reformed (German) church in Philadelphia, Pa.,
1870-75. He devoted himself entirely to literary
work, 1875-89, and in recognition of his achieve-
ments, was elected an honorary member of the
Victorian Institute and Philosophical Society of
Great Britian. He received the honorary degree
of D.D. from Franklin college in 1870. He was
married, July 0, 1837, to Ruth C., daughter of
Abner G. Little of Hollis, N.H. He is the
author of: Mode of Baptism (1847); Warning
Against Popery (1851); Faith in God, tlie Foun-
dation of Individual and National Greatness
(1852); The Men of Faith (1856); The City of God
(1808); The Minister's Handbook (1872); History
of all Religions (in collaboration with his son,
William Chanuing) (1871); Humanity and its
Responsibility (1872); Thoughts About Christ
(1883); -4 Handbook of Church History (1884),
and Carolina Cordis, poems (1885). He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., June 2, 1889.
NEVIN, Ethelbert, composer, was born at
the family home Vine-acre, in the Sewickley
valley, Allegheny county, Pa., Nov. 25, 1862 ; son
of Robert and Elizabeth (Oliphaut) Nevin ; grand-
son of John and Martha (McCracken) Neviu,
and a descendant of Daniel Nevin, who came
from north Ireland about 1740-50, and of John
Williamson, who came from England to Chester,
Pa., in 1730. He attended the common school
at Edgeworth, and after a brief clerkship de-
cided to become a concert pianist. He studied
the pianoforte under B. J. Lang of Boston, and
harmony under Stephen Emery at the same time.
In 1884-87 IIP was in Berlin, where he studied
under Karl Klind worth and von Billow, and was
persuaded by Klind worth to give his attention
solely to composition. He was in Boston, 1887-
90 ; in France and Germany, 1890-92 ; again in
Boston, 1892-94, and in Europe, 1894-98. He
was married in 1888 to Anne Paul of Pittsburg,
Pa. A few weeks before his death, he removed
to New Haven to lead a quiet life and devote
himself to composition. Narcissus, said to be
the most popular of his pianoforte compositions,
had received a sale exceeding 125,000 copies before
his death, and one of his most widely known
songs, Tlie Rosary, also reached a phenomenal
sale. Among his early compositions are Good
Night, Good Night. Beloved (1875). and O That
We Two Were Maying (1877). His better known
pianoforte compositions include : A Day in
Venice; Water Sketches; A Sketch Book, and
May in Tuscany, the last being his most am-
bitious work. His compositions number over 250,
and many of his songs and piano pieces became
exceedingly popular, the former being considered
by critics to be generally more meritorious. He
died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1901.
NEVIN, George Batch, composer, was born at
Shippensburg, Pa., March 15, 1859 ; son of Samuel
Williamson and Harriet (Macomb) Nevin ; grand-
son of Maj. David and Mary (Pierce) Nevin, and
a descendant of Daniel Nevin, the immigrant,
He attended the Cumberland Valley state normal
school, and matriculated at Lafayette college in
the class of 1883. He studied music and in 1883
engaged in the wholesale paper trade in Easton,
Pa., but still continued his musical studies.
He composed among others the songs : Tlte
Hills of God ; Tlie Song of Eternity ; At the
Cross ; The Minster Song ; Tlie Phantom Horse-
man, and the duets My Faith Looks up to Thee,
Eventide and Twilight. He also wrote numer-
ous part songs and anthems much used by vocal
teachers, singing clubs and in churches. He com-
posed the music for which the Rev. Dr. Henry C.
McCook (q.v.) wrote the national hymn, " God
Guard Columbia.'' He was married, April, 25,
1888, to Lillias C., daughter of the Rev. William
Hawley Dean of California.
NEVIN; John Williamson, educator, was
born at Herrons Branch near Shippensburg!
Pa., Feb. 20, 1803 ; son of John and Martha (Mc-
Cracken) Nevin ; grandson of Daniel and Margaret
(Williamson) Nevin, and a descendant of Daniel
Nevin, emigrant, and of John Williamson, who
came from England to Chester, Pa., 1730. He was
graduated from Union college in 1821 and from
the Princeton Theological seminary in 1826. He
was instructor in oriental and biblical literature
at the Princeton Theological seminary during the
absence of Dr. Charles Hodge in Europe, 1826-28 ;
supplied pulpits at Big Spring, Pa., 1829, and
was professor of biblical literature at Western
Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1829-40.
NEVIN
NEVIN
He was married to Martha Nevin, daughter of the
Hon. Robert and Catharine (Carmichael) Jenkins
of Lancaster county ; granddaughter of the Rev.
John Carmichael of Brandywine Manor, and
great-great-granddaughter of David Jenkins, a
native of Wales. He was ordained an evangelist
by the presbytery of Ohio, April 22, 1835. He
was professor at the German Reformed Theo-
logical seminary at Mercersburg, Pa., 1840-53 ;
president of Marshall college, Pa., 1841-53 ;
professor of sesthetics and history at Franklin
and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., 1861-66,
professor of mental and moral philosophy,
1868-76, and president of the college, 1860-76.
He retired to private life in 1876. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Jef-
ferson college, Pa., in 1839, and that of LL.D. by
Union college, N.Y., in 1873. He edited the Mer-
cersburg Review at Chambersburg, Pa., 1849-53,
and is the author of : Biblical Antiquities (2
vols., 1827) ; The Anxious Bench (1844) : The
Mystical Presence (1846), and Tlie History
and Genius of the Heidelberg Catechism (1847).
He also assisted in the preparation of A Lit-
urgy or Order of Worship for the use of the
German Reformed Church in the United States
of America and An Order of Worship for the
Reformed Church (1867). He died in Lancaster,
Pa.. June 6, 1886.
NEVIN, Robert Jenkins, clergyman, was
born in Allegheny, Pa., Nov. 24, 1839 ; son of the
Rev. John Williamson and Martha (Jenkins)
Nevin. He was graduated at Franklin and
Marshall college in 1859, served in the 122d
Pennsylvania volunteers, 1861-62, in the Pennsyl-
vania volunteer artillery, 1863-65, and was mus-
tered out as captain with the brevet rank of
major. He was graduated at the General Theo-
logical seminary in 1867, was admitted to the
diaconate in 1867 and ordained priest in 1868.
He was rector of the church of the Nativity at Beth-
lehem, Pa., 1868-69, and in 1869 became rector
of St. Paul's church, Rome, Italy, and erected a
church edifice, 1870-76. In 1873-74 he represented
his church in the reunion conferences called by
Dr. DSllinger at Bonn, Germany ; served as
commissary to the Bishop of Edinburgh in estab-
lishing Old Catholic reform in Paris under Father
Hyacinthe ; was president of the standing com-
mittee, of the American churches in Europe and
was European commissioner for the Cathedral of
St. John the Divine in New York city. He received
the degree of D.D. from Union college in 1874;
LL.D. from Hobart in 1887 ; was elected a member
of the Loyal Legion ; of the Century association
of New York, and of the Athenaeum club, London.
He is the author of; Reunion Conferences at
Bonn (1875), and St. Paul's ivithin the Walls
(1877).
NEVIN, Theodore M., editor, was born in
Sevvickley, Pa., July 24, 1854; son of Daniel E.
and Margaret (Ir win) Nevin; grandson of John
and Martha (McCracken) Nevin and of John and
Hannah (Taylor) Irwin, and a descendant of
Maj. John Irwin and of Capt. William Mc-
Cracken, both of the Revolutionary army. He
was a student at Western University of Penn-
sylvania, but left before graduating to study in
Dresden and Leipzig in 1876. He was employed
by the Pittsburg Leader in 1877 as reporter and
proof-reader ; was Washington correspondent in
1880 and 1881 ; was promoted telegraph editor,
editorial writer and managing editor in 1882 ;
in 1884 became editor-in-chief, and in 1887 presi-
dent of the Leader Publishing company. He
is the author of an extensive series of letters
of travel in Europe, the United States and
Canada.
NEVIN, William Channing, author, was born
in New Athens, Ohio, Jan. 1, 1844 ; son of the
Rev. Edwin Henry (q.v.) and Ruth Channing
(Little) Nevin. He attended the public schools
of Boston, Mass. ; engaged in newspaper work;
was admitted to the bar in 1871 ; established and
edited the Evening Express in Philadelphia, Pa.,
1873-77, and was a member of the editorial staff
of the Philadelphia Press, 1877-78, and of the
Evening Netfs, 1881-84, continuing the practice
of law and also devoting himself to literary work.
Ha was married, Oct. 26, 1881, to Anna Josepha,
daughter of Dr. Clement F. Shiverick of Edgar-
town, Mass. He is the author of : History of All
Religions (1871) ; Tlie Life of Rev. Albert Barnes,
D.D. (1871 ) ; Tlie Blue Ray of Sunlight, a Scientific
Inquiry (1877); A Slight Misunderstanding (1877);
Ghouls and Gold (1885); A Wild-Goose Chase
(1885); Bennie's Mother (1885); Joshua Whit-
comb's Tribulation (1886); In the Nick of Time
(1886); ,.4 Summer School Adventure (1887); A
Layman's Tlieology (1890); Tlie Norseman, poem
(1891); A Legend of Katama Bay, poem (1891);
Martha's Vineyard, poem (1894); Is there Real
Danger? (1896); A History of our New Possessions
unth an account of the Peace Commission (1899),
in collaboration with the editor of the New York
Tribune, and numerous essays, criticisms and
addresses.
NEVIN, William Marvel, educator, was born
at Herrons Branch, near Shippensburg, Pa., Feb.
7,1806; son of John and Martha (McCracken)
Nevin. He attended the College of New Jersey
and was graduated at Dickinson college in 1827.
He was admitted to the bar, but devoted himself
to the study of medicine and finally abandoned
both professions for that of teaching. He taught
school in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Michigan for
several years ; was professor of Latin. Greek and
belles lettres in Marshall college at Mercersburg,
NEVIUS
Pa., 1840-53; of the same at Franklin and Mar-
shall college at Lancaster, Pa., 1853-72 ; of English
literature and belles lettres there, 1872-86, and
was professor emeritus, 1886-92. He received
the degree of LL.D. from Dickinson college in
1881. He was married to Hannah Jane McClay
of Shippensburg, and secondly, in 1854, to Mrs.
Adelaid (Mellier) Irwin, daughter of Amadie
Mellier of Switzerland. He contributed to reli-
gious periodicals and is the author of verse and
prose. He died in Lancaster, Pa., Feb. 11, 1892.
NEVIUS, Elbert, missionary clergyman, was
born at Six Mile Run, Franklin Park, N.J., Sept.
4, 1808 ; son of John P. and Gertrude (Hageman)
Nevius, and grandson of Peter P. Nevius and of
Benjamin Hagemau. He was a lineal descendant
of Johannes and Adriaentze (Bleyck) Nevius.
Johannes Nevius was born in Zoclen, Gelderland,
Holland, in 1627, settled in New Amsterdam,
previous to 1652, where he held government
office, and died in Brooklyn in 1672. Elbert
attended the Ovid academy and was graduated
from Rutgers college in 1830 and from the theolo-
gical seminary at New Brunswick in 1834. He
was married, November, 1835, to Maria Louisa
Condict. He was ordained by the classis of
Cayuga in 1834 and was pastor in Cayuga county,
1834-36 ; missionary to the Island of Borneo, ex-
ploring regions which no white man had pre-
viously penetrated, 1836-44, and in 1844 returned
to the United States and presented the cause
among the churches. 1844-46. He was pastor of
the Reformed church of Stuyvesant, N.Y., 1846-
86. He is the author of : Sketch of Classis of
Rensselaer ; an article on Rev. W. J. Pohlman
in " Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit,"
and contributions to the Christian Intelligencer
and other religious journals. He died at Stuy-
vesant, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1897.
NEVIUS, John Livingston, missionary, was
born in Ovid, N. Y., March 4, 1829; son of Benjamin
Hageman and Mary (Denton) Nevius ; grandson
of John P. and Gertrude (Hageman) Nevius, and
a descendant of Johannes Nevius, the immigrant.
He was a student at Ovid academy, 1838^5 ; was
graduated at Union college in 1848; was prin-
cipal of Ovid academy, 1849-50, and engaged in
teaching school in Columbus, Ga., 1850. He
was graduated at Princeton theological seminary
in 1853 ; was ordained by the presbytery of New
Brunswick, May 4, 1853, and engaged in mission-
ary work. He was a missionary of the Presbyterian
board at Ningpo. China, 1853-59 ; at Hang Chan,
1859-60 ; spent nine months in Japan, 1860. and
was at Tung-Chau and Chefoo in Shantung,
1861-93. He is credited with having been the
first to introduced American fruits in China, and
the Chinese government presented him with
testimonials for his aid in distributing relief to
NEW
the natives in the famines of 1877 and 1889. He
visited England and the United States, 1864-68,
and made a second visit to the United States in
1881-82, and a third in 1890-92. He was a mem-
ber of the committee for revising the Scriptures
in Mandarin about 1892. He was married, June
5, 1853, to Helen S. Coan, daughter of Dr. Coan
of Seneca county, N.Y. She accompanied him
to China, Sept. 19, 1853, reaching Shanghai,
March 12, 1854, aided him in his missionary
work and is the author of : A Catechism of Chris-
tian Doctrine, in Chinese (1856); Our Life in
China (1857), and The Life of John Livingston
Nevius (1895). Dr. Nevius received the degree
of D.D. from Union in 1869. He published in
English : China and the Chinese (1868) ; San Poh,
or North of the Hills ; Methods of Mission Work
(1886), and Demon Possessions (1892); and in
Chinese, classic Chinese and the Ningpo dialect :
Guide to Heaven (1857); The Tim Lights; Errors
of Ancestral Worship ; Guide to Evangelists ;
Systematic Theology (3 vols.); explanation of the
True Doctrine ; Commentary on the Acts; Mark's
Gospel with Notes ; Manual for Inquirers, Evan-
gelists and Cut-Stations ; Questions on Mattheu-'s
Gospel on the Acts, with Commentary ; Questions
on the Romans with Analysis for Bible and Tlieo-
logical Classes ; Defence of Protestantism against
Romanism (1890), and with other writers Ttie
Westminster Standards and a Mandarin Hymn-
Book. He died at Temple Hill, Chefoo, Shantung,
China, Oct. 19, 1893.
NEW, Anthony, representative, was born in
Gloucester county, Va. , in 1747. He served as
colonel in the Revolutionary army, and was an
anti-Federalist representative in the 3d, 4th, 5th,
6th, 7th and 8th congresses, 1793-1805. He re-
moved to Elkton, Todd county, Ky., and was a
representative from that state in the 12th, 15th
and 17th congresss, 1811-13, 1817-19 and 1821-23.
He died near Elkton, Ky., March 2, 1833.
NEW, Jeptha Dudley, jurist, was born in
Vernon, Ind., Nov. 28, 1830; son of Hickman
and Smyra Ann (Smytha) New, and a descendant
of Jethro New, a soldier in the Revolution. He
was prepared for college at Vernon seminary,
matriculated at Bethany college, but did not
graduate. He learned the cabinet making trade
of his father, taught school and began the prac-
tice of law in Franklin, Ind., in 1856. removing
to Vernon in 1857. He was married, April 5,
1857, to Sallie Butler. He was district attorney,
1862-64 ; judge of the court of common pleas,
1864-68 ; a Democratic representative from the
fourth district of Indiana in the 44th and 46th
congresses, 1873-75 and 1877-79. He served as
chairman of the committee to investigate charges
against George W. Seward, U.S. minister to
China, and of the committee sent to Louisiana
NEW
NEWBERRY
in 1876 to investigate the presidential election
controversy. He was judge of the sixth judicial
circuit of Indiana, 1882-91, and of the appellate
court, 1891-92. He was nominated by his party
in June, 1892, for judge of the supreme court of
Indiana. He died in Vernon, Ind., July 11, 1892.
NEW, John Chalfant, editor, was born in
Vernon, Ind., July 6, 1831; son of John B. and
Maria (Chalfant) New, and a descendant of Jethro
New. He graduated from Bethany college, Va.,
1851 ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, and was
appointed clerk of Marion county, Ind., in 1856.
He was quartermaster-general of Indiana, 1861-
62 ; was state senator in 1862 and resided in In-
dianapolis, Ind., where he engaged in banking;
was financial secretary to Governor Morton, and
became president of the First National bank.
He was treasurer of the United States, 1875-76,
and in 1878 became manager and editor-in-chief
of the Indianapolis Daily Journal. He was as-
sistant secretary of the treasury, 1882-84 ; a mem-
ber of the Republician national committee, and
chairman of the Republican state committee, 1880
and 1884. In 1889 President Harrison appointed
him consul-general at London, England, and he
served through his administration.
NEWBERRY, John Strong, geologist, was
born at Windsor, Conn., Dec. 22, 1822; son of
Henry and Elizabeth (Strong) Newberry. His
first ancestor in America, Thomas Newberry,
emigrated from England in 1630, and settled in
Quincy, Mass. The family removed to Windsor,
Conn., in 1636. His grandfather, Gen. Roger
Newberry, was a soldier in the Continental army
during the Revolutionary war and a member of
the Connecticut land company, which purchased
the western reserve of Ohio from the state of Con-
necticut. John attended the Western Reserve
academy and was graduated from Western Re-
serve college, Hudson, Ohio, A.B., 1846, A.M.,
1849, and from the Cleveland Medical school,
M.D., 1848, continuing the study of medicine at
Paris, France, 1849-50. He practised medicine
in Cleveland, Ohio, 1850-55, but in May, 1855, he
was appointed assistant-surgeon and geologist in
Lieutenant Williamson's exploration of the coun-
try between San Francisco and the Columbia
river. He was geologist of the expedition under
Lieut. Joseph C. Ives, which explored the lower
Colorado river, 1857-58, and accompanied the ex-
pedition under Capt. J. N. Macomb, which ex-
plored the San Juan and upper Colorado rivers,
in 1859. In 1861 he was assigned to duty in the
war department, but in June he became con-
nected with the sanitary commission and in Sep-
tember was appointed secretary of the western
branch of the commission. He directed the sani-
tary operations in the Mississippi valley and was
present at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn., Nov.
23-25, 1863. He returned to Washington, D.C.
1863, and was connected with the Smithsonian
Institution. He was professor of chemistry and
natural history at the Columbian university, 1856-
57 ; professor
ofgeology and
paleontology
at the School
of Mines,
Columbia col-
lege, N. Y.,
1866-92, and SAUTHSO/VIAN INSTITUTION
was made professor emeritus in 1892. He was
director of the State geological survey of Ohio,
1869-82, and a member of the Illinois and New
Jersey geological surveys. He was married in
Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 22, 1848, to Sarah B., daugh-
ter of Erastus F. and Lucetta (Cleveland) Gay-
lord. He was an incorporator of the National
Academy of Science ; president of the America^
Association for the Advancement of Science, in
1867 ; president of the New York Academy of
Sciences, 1867-91, and honorary president, 1891-
92. He was also president of the Torrey Botani-
cal club, 1880-90 ; was an organizer and first
vice-president of the Geological Society of North
America, and organized the International Con-
gress of Geologists. The Geological Society of
London conferred on him the Murchison medal
in 1888, in recognition of his paleontological
work, and the honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by Western Reserve college in
1867. He was an editor of Johnson's Universal
Cyclopcedia, having charge of geology and
paleontology ; contributed articles to the V. S.
Geological Survey, and to Reports of Explorations
and Surveys, and is the author of many reports,
including : Report upon the Colorado River of the
West, Explored in 1857-58 (1861) ; Report of the
Exploring Expedition from Santa Fe to the Junc-
tion of the Grand and Green Rivers (1876), and
Final Reports of the State Geological Survey of
Ohio (7 vols., 1869-82). He died in New Haven,
Conn., Dec. 7, 1892.
NEWBERRY, Walter Cass, representative,
was born at Waterville, N.Y., Dec. 23, 1835; son
of Col. Amasa S. and Cornelia Perry (Pangburn)
Newberry ; grandson of Amasa S. and Ruth
(Warner) Newberry; great-grandson of Gen.
Benjamin Newberry, commander of the Connec-
ticut militia in the King Philip war, and a de-
scendant of Thomas and Hannah Newberry of
Dorchester colony, 1630. His father was U.S.
loan commissioner under President Polk and
represented the Oneida district in the New York
legislature. He attended the academies at Caze-
novia and Geneva, N.Y.,and removed to Detroit,
Mich., where he entered the commercial house of
his uncle, Oliver Newberry. He enlisted as a
NEWBERRY
NEWCOMB
private in the 81st New York volunteers ; was
promoted lieutenant in 1861 ; captain in 1862 ;
major of the 24th New York cavalry in 1863 ;
lieutenant-colonel and colonel in 1864, and was
brevetted brigadier-general, March 31, 1865, for
gallant and meritorious service at Dinwiddie
Court House, where he was severely wounded.
He removed to Petersburg, Va., in September,
1865 ; was elected mayor of that city in 1869,
and subsequently superintendent of public prop-
erty for the state for four years. He removed to
Chicago, 111., in 1876 and engaged in business as
a merchant ; was postmaster of Chicago, 1888-89,
and a Democratic representative in the 52d con-
gress, 1891-93. He became a trustee of the New-
berry library, founded by his uncle, Walter
Loornis Newberry, and trustee, executor and
agent of the family estate in Chicago.
NEWBERRY, Walter Loomis, philanthropist,
was born in East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804;
son of Amasa and Ruth (Warner) Newberry ;
grandson of Benjamin and Jerusha (Stoughton)
Newbarry, anil a descendant of Thomas and
Hannah Newberry, who came from Devonshire,
England, to the Dorchester, Massachusetts colony
in 1630. He attended school at Clinton, N.Y.,and
failing to pass the physical examination for the
U.S. Military academy, engaged in the shipping
business with his brother Oliver, at Buffalo,
N.Y., and in 1828 removed to Detroit, Mich.,
and successfully carried on the drygoods busi-
ness. In 1863 he removed to Chicago, where he
had previously purchased land and subsequently
became a banker under the name of Newberry
& Burch. He was a founder and director of
the Merchants' Loan and Trust Co.; a director
and president of the Chicago and Galena, after-
ward the Great Northwestern railroad ; chairman
of the school board, and president of the Chicago
Historical society for four years. He was in-
strumental in founding the Young Men's Library
association of Chicago ; was its first president
in 1831, and made the first contribution of books
to its collection. He bequeathed half of his
estate, the endowment amounting to upwards
of $4,000,000, to found a library in the north
division of Chicago, which resulted in the
establishment of the Newberry Library, of which
William F. Poole was the first and John Vance
Cheney the second librarian. Mr. Newberry
died at sea, while returning from a trip to
Europe, in 1868. His widow died in Paris in
December, 1885, and the incorporation and forma-
tion of the library began at once, and in 1903
contained about 240,000 volumes, including the
famous Bonaparte collection. The library build-
ing and site on AVashington Park costing 8750,-
000 is magnificent in proportions and beautiful in
design. Mr. Xewbpvr- dipd at sea, Nov. 6. 1808.
NEWCOMB, Harvey, editor and author, was
born in Thetford, Vt., Sept. 2, 1803. His parents
removed in 1818 to western New York, where he
worked on the farm and taught school in winter.
In 1826 lie entered journalism, and in 1831 was
editing the Christian Herald, Pittsburg, Pa. He
wrote and edited over 150 books for the American
Sunday School Union, 1831-40. He was licensed
to preach in 1840, and held pastorates in West
Roxbury, Mass., and elsewhere in New England.
He was an editor of the Traveler, Boston, 1849,
and assistant editor of the Observer, New York
city, 1850-51. In 1850 he took charge of the Park
Street mission church, .Brooklyn, N.Y. He is
the author of : Manners and Customs of North
American Indians (3 vols., 1835); Young Lady's
Guide (1839) ; How to be a Man (1846) ; How to
be a Lady (1847) ; Cyclopedia of Missions (1854).
He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Aug. 30, 1863.
NEWCOMB, Simon, astronomer, was born in
Wallace, N.S., March 12, 1835; son of John Bur-
ton and Emily (Prince) Newcomb, and a descen-
dant of Elder Brewster of the Mayflower. He
attended the school kept by his father, came to
the United States in
18o3, and taught
school in Maryland,
1854-56. He attracted
the attention of Pro-
fessor Henry, secre-
tary of the Smith-
sonian Institution,
and was appointed a
computer on the
Nautical Almanac at
Cambridge, in 1857.
He was graduated
from the Lawrence
Scientific school,
Harvard, B.S. , in
1858 ; was a graduate
student there, 1858-61, and was appointed profes-
sor of mathematics in the U.S. navy and as-
signed to duty at the U.S. naval observatory in
1861. He was married, Aug. 4, 1863, to Mary
Caroline, daughter of Dr. Charles A. Hassler,
U.S.A. At the close of the Franco-Prussian war,
1870-71, he went to Paris during the time of the
Commune, examined the records of the observa-
tions and brought to light many astronomical
observations back through a period of 200 years.
He supervised the construction of the 26-inch
equatorial telescope at the U.S. naval observatory
and planned the dome in which it was mounted.
He was secretary of the U.S. transit of Venus
commission, 1871-74 : organized astronomical ex-
peditions for the U.S. government, and visited
the Saskatchewan region in I860, and Gibraltar
in 1870, for the purpose of observing eclipses of
NEW COMB
NEWEL
the sun. He had charge of a party which took
observations of the transit of Venus at the Cape
of Good Hope in 1832. He left the observatory
in 1877, and directed the American Ephemeris
and Nautical Almanac until 1897, when, having
UNITE:? STATES AIAVAL OBSERVATORY,
reached the age of sixty-two, he was retired from
the navy. He acted as professor of mathematics
and astronomy at Johns Hopkins university, 1884-
94, and for his services in mounting the great
telescope ordered by the Russian government, the
Pulkowa observatory in the name of the Czar
presented him with a magnificent vase of jasper
mounted on a marble pedestal. He also took part
in planning the telescope for the Lick observat< >ry.
He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Columbia, 1874. Yale, 1875, Harvard, 1834, Col-
umbia, 1887, Edinburgh, 1891, Johns Hopkins,
1902 ; that of Math, and Ph.Nat.D. from Leyden,
1875 ; that of Ph.D. from Heidelberg, 1886 ; that
of S.D. from Dublin, 1892, and that of Phil.Nat.D.
from Padua, 1892. He was also made a member
of the important scientific societies in America,
and an honorary or corresponding member of
most of the academies of science of Europe. He
was awarded the gold medal of the Royal As-
tronomical society, 1874, being the second Ameri-
can to receive that honor ; received the cross of
the Legion of Honor of France, and was made
an associate of the Institute of France, being the
first American since Franklin thus honored. He
also received the first gold medal from the As-
tronomical Society of the Pacific, the Huygens
medal, given only once in twenty years for the
best astronomical work during those years, and
numerous other honors. In 1899 the University
of Japan presented him with two vases of their
finest workmanship. He edited the American
Journal of Mathematics, 1884-94, and is the author
of : A Critical Examination of our Political Policy
during the Rebellion (1865) ; Tlie A. B. C. of
Finance (1877) ; Popular Astronomy (1877) ; a
series of text books comprising Algebra (1881);
Geometry (1881); Trigonometry Logarithms (1882) ;
School Algebra (1882) ; Analytic Geometry (1884) ;
Essentials of Trigonometry (1884), and Calculus
(1887) ; .4 Plain Man's Talk on the Labor Ques-
tion (1886) ; Principles of Political Economy
(1886) ; Elements of Astronomy (1900) ; The Stars
(1901); Hi's Wisdom the Defender (1901), and
many papers on astronomical topics.
NEWCOMB, Wesley, conchologist, was born
in Pittstown, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Oct. 20,
1808 ; son of Dr. Simon and Sarah (Follett) New-
comb ; grandson of Simon and Sarah (Mead) New-
comb, and of William and Lois (Burnham) Follett,
and a descendant of Capt. Andrew Newcomb,
an English mariner who settled in Boston. Mass.,
probably before 1663. He was a student at White
Plains academy and at the Vermont Medical
school at Castleton ; attended medical lectures
in New York and Philadelphia, and visited
hospitals in France. He practised medicine in
Albany, N.Y., with Dr. Henry Van Antwerp.
He was married, Feb. 20, 1838, to Mrs. Helen H.
Post, daughter of Eliphalet and Hannah (Swift)
Wells of Manchester, Vt. He became one of the
most distinguished conchologists in America, re-
siding at Honolulu five years, where he collected
the land shells of the entire group and described
over 100 new species of the genus " achatinella,"
published in scientific magazines and in the pro-
ceedings of various scientific societies of America
and Europe. He made explorations in Europe,
the West Indies, South America, Central America
and Europe ; practised medicine in Oakland, Cal.,
1857-69, where he described many of the helices
of that state, also fresh water and marine species,
and delivered courses of lectures on natural his-
tory at Mills college, Oakland. He accompanied
the Santo Domingo commissioners as a sanitary
expert in 1870, and discovered the locality of La
Marcke helicina viridis ; was appointed in 1871
one of the three commissioners to investigate the
Sutro Tunnel, and spent the winter of 1872-73 in
Florida. His famous collection of shells was pur-
chased by Ezra Cornell for Cornell university in
1869, and occupied the top floor of the university
museum in the McGraw building. He served as
curator of the collection, 1869-92, and as instruc-
tor in conchology, 1886-88. He died in Ithaca,
N.Y., Jan. 27, 1892.
NEWEL, Stanford, diplomatist, was born in
Providence, R.I., June 7, 1839; son of Stanford
and Abby Lee (Penueman) Newel. He removed
to St. Anthony's Falls, Minn. Ter., in May, 1855 ;
was graduated from Yale college, A.B., 1861, A.M.,
1864, and from Harvard Law school, LL.B., 1864.
He commenced his practice of the law in St. Paul,
Minn., in 1864, and gained prominence in his pro-
fession and as a politician. He was chairman of
the Republican state committee and delegate to
the Republican national conventions of 1888 and
1892. He was married, June 24, 1880, to Helen
F. , daughter of Ernest and Helen M. Felder of
New York city. He was appointed by President
NEWELL
McKinley U.S. minister to the Netherlands in
1897, and was a member of the American delega-
tion to the peace conference held at the Hague in
May, 1899.
NEWELL, Frederick Haynes, hydrographer,
was born in Bradford, Pa., March 5, 1862 ; son of
Augustus William and Annie M. (Haynes) Newell ;
grandson of Artemas Newell, a noted horticultur-
ist of Needham, Mass., and a descendant in
the ninth generation from Abraham Newell,
who came from Ipswich, England, in 1634, and
died in Roxbury, Mass., in 1672. He attended
the public schools at Needham, and the high
school at Newton, Mass. ; engaged in mining
in Colorado, 1882, and was graduated at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, M.E.. in
1885. He was an assistant on the Ohio geological
survey, 1885, and in mining and civil engineer-
ing in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1886-87. In
1888 he was appointed hydrographer of the U.S.
geological survey under Major Powell, and was
made chief of the division of hydrography in 1890.
He was married, April 3, 1890, to Effie Josephine,
daughter of John Sherman Mackintosh, a de-
scendant of Roger Sherman of Connecticut. He
was secretary of the National Geographic society,
1892-93, and 1897-99, and secretary of the Ameri-
can Forestry association from 1895. He was
elected a member of the Washington Academy
of Sciences ; fellow of the Geological Society
of America, and of the American Association for
the Advancament of Science, and member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers. He is the
author of : Hydrography of the Arid Regions of the
United States (1891) ; Agriculture by Irrigation
(1894); The Public Lands of the United States
(1895) ; Irrigation in the United States (1902);
tlie annual reports of the U.S. division of hydro-
graphy, a series of pamphlets entitled, Water
Simply, Irrigation Papers, and is a writer on
geographic, economic and engineering subjects
in current magazines.
NEWELL, Peter, artist, was born near Ma-
comb, 111., March 5, 1862 ; son of George F. and
Louisa (Dodge) Newell, and grandson of Henry
and Amanda Dodge. After attending the local
schools he engaged in the tobacco trade for a
brief period in 1879, and was then employed by
a firm of photographers and makers of crayon por-
traits in Jacksonville, 111. With money saved
from his salary he began to study at the Art Stu-
dents' league in 1882, and continued to employ
his leisure time in making humorous drawings,
which he contributed chiefly to the Harper publi-
cations. He won his widest reputation through
his work in flat tones, dating from 1893. Some
of his serious work was exhibited at the National
Academy of Design and at the Atlanta exposi-
tion. Besides his quaint drawings with original
NEWELL
captions in verse, his work includes : Topsy
Turvey Books (3 vols., 1893, 1894 and 1902), and
illustrations for several books, notably : " The
Houseboat on the Styx ;" "The Pursuit of the
Houseboat," and " Mr. Munchausen," by John
Kenrick Bangs; ''The Great Stone of Sardis,"
by Frank R. Stockton ; " Whilomville Sketches,"
by Stephen Crane, and a new edition of Lewis
Carroll's " Alice in Wonderland " (1901). Some
of his drawings were published in book form as
Pictures and Rhymes (1900).
NEWELL, Robert Henry (Orpheus C. Kerr),
author, was born in New York city, Dec. 13, 1836.
He was a pupil of the public schools ; literary
editor of the New York Mercury, 1858-62 ; war
correspondent of the New York Herald, 1862-63 : a
writer on the New York World, 1869-74, and was
editor of the Hearth and Home, a weekly journal,
1874-76. He wrote a series of humorous letters
on the Civil war under the pen-name Orpheus C.
Kerr, which were published in 4 volumes (1863-
68) , and is the author of : The Palace Beautiful
and other Poems (1865) ; Avery Glibun, or Between
Tiro Fires, an American romance (1867) ; The
Cloven Foot, an adaptation of " The Mystery of
Edwin Drood " to American scenes and American
readers (1870) ; Versatilities, poems (1871) ; The
Walking' Doll, novel (1872) ; Studies in Stanzas
(1883). and Tliere Was Once a Man (1884). He
died in Brooklyn, N.Y., about July 1, 1901.
NEWELL, William Augustus, governor of
New Jersey, was born in Franklin, Ohio, Sept.
5, 1817 ; son of James H. and Eliza D. (Hankin-
son) Newell; grandson of Hugh Newell, and a
descendant of Hugh Newell, a native'of Ireland,
who settled in Monmouth county, N.J. He was
graduated at Rutgers college, A.B., 1836, A.M.,
1839, and from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D., 1839, and practised successively at Mana-
hawkin, Imlaystown and Allentown, N.J. He
was a Whig representative in the 30th and 31st
congresses, 1847-51, introducing on Feb. 6, 1851,
a resolution that led to the establishment of the
agricultural bureau, and while in congress at-
tended professionally John Quincy Adams when
stricken with fatal illness in the Representative
chamber. He was also family
physician to President Lincoln
and was selected by New
Jersey to represent the state/
at the funerals of both ex- 1
President Adams and Presi-
dent Lincoln. He secured in
1848 an appropriation of $10,-
000 for the establishment of life-saving stations
along the New Jersey coast. He was married in
December, 1848, to Joanna, daughter of Dr. Will-
iam Van Deursen of New Brunswick. He was
the first Republican governor of New Jersey,
NEWHALL
NEWMAN
1857-60, and superintendent of the life-saving
service of New Jersey, 1861-64. He was a Repub-
lican representative in the 39th congress, 1865-67 ;
the defeated candidate for governor of New Jersey
in 1877, Gen. George B. McClellan being elected ;
was governor of Washington Territory, 1880-84 ;
U.S. Indian inspector, 1884-86, and resident-sur-
geon of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, state of
Washington, 1894-98. He returned to Allentown,
N.J., in 1899 and practised medicine. He re-
ceived the degree LL.D. from Rutgers college in
1881. He died in Allentown, N. J., Aug. 8, 1901.
1NEWHALL, Charles Stedman, forester, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 4, 1842 ; son of
Henry A. and Sarah B. (Luther) Newhall ; grand-
son of Pliny and Catharine (White) Newhall and
of NathanielandSarah(Borden)Luther, anda des-
cendant of Richard Warren and Perigrine White,
passengers in the Mayflower in 1620. He was
prepared for college in Williston seminary, Mass. ;
served in the 45th Massachusetts infantry, 1861-
62, and was graduated at Amherst, 1869, and at
Union Theological seminary, New York city, in
1872. He was ordained pastor of the Congrega-
tional church, Oriskauy Falls, N.Y., Dec. 11,
1872, and served, 1872-74. He was stated supply
at the Presbyterian church, Oceanic, N. J. , 1874-
79, and traveled in Europe, 1879 ; was stated
supply at the Congregational church in Postville,
Iowa, 1880-82, and at Tipton, 1882-84 ; pastor
of the Presbyterian church at Keeseville, N.Y.,
1835-87 ; at Mt. Pleasant, N.J., 1887-88; professor
at Daniel Baker college, Brownwood, Texas, 1890-
93, and home missionary at McAlester, Indian
Territory, 1894-96. He was U.S. assistant special
forest agent, 1897, and was appointed U.S. super-
intendent of the forest reserves of northern and
central California in 1898. He was married,
March 7, 1881, to Katharine A., daughter of
Samuel Harvey of Oceanic, N.J. He is the
author of: History of Fall River, Mass. (1862);
Joe and the Howards (1869) ; Harry's Trip to the
Orient (1885) ; Ruthie's Story (1888) ; Trees of
Northeastern America, (1890) ; Shrubs of North-
eastern America (1803), and Vines of North-
eastern America (1807).
NEWLANDS, Francis Griffith, representa-
tive, was born in Natchez. Miss., Aug. 28, 1848 ;
son of James Birney and Jessie (Burland) New-
lands. He attended Yale college in the class of
1867, and the Columbian University Law school,
D.C., but did not graduate. He was admitted
to the bar at Washington, D.C., and removed to
San Francisco, Cal., where he practised until
1886, when he was appointed a trustee of the
estate of William Sharon (q.v.), and removed
to Nevada. He advocated the free coinage of
silver; was vice-chairman of the national silver
committee, and was a Democratic representative
•i
in the 53d, 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th congresses,
1893-1903. He was twice married, first in 1874
to Clara Adelaide, daughter of Senator William
Sharon, and secondly in 1888 to Edith, daughter
of Hall McAllister of California. He received
the honorary degree of M.A. from Yale univer-
sity in 1901.
NEWMAN, John Philip, M.E. bishop, was
born in Leonard street, in the neighborhood of
the " Five Points," New York city, Sept. 1, 1826,
of German parentage, the original spelling being
Neuman. His mother was of French descent.
He joined the Metho-
dist church in 1842 ;
was educated for the
ministry in Cazenovia
seminary, N.Y., and
entered the Oneida
conference in 1849.
He was stationed at
Lenox, N.Y., 1849,
at Hamilton, 1850,
Cherry Valley, 1851-
52, Fort Plain, 1853-
54, Amsterdam (Troy
conference) in 1855,
Garretson station,
Albany, 1856-57, Bed-
ford street (New
York conference), 1858-59, was traveling in
Europe. Palestine and Egypt, 1860-61, pastor at
Washington square, New York, 1862-63, and in
1864 was designated by Bishop Ames to organize
the M.E. church in the states of Louisiana,
Mississippi and Texas, to which task he devoted
five years of labor. He was a missionary in New
Orleans, 1864-65 ; organized the Mississippi mis-
sion conference, 1866 ; was presiding elder of the
New Orleans district and president of Thomson
Biblical institute (now New Orleans university)
1866-67 : founded the Southwestern Christian
Advocate in New Orleans, and a church costing
$50,000, 1867, and was presiding elder of the
southern New Orleans district, 1868. He was
transferred to the Baltimore conference in 1869,
and in March, 1869, was elected chaplain of
the U.S. senate, also serving as pastor of the
Metropolitan church in Washington, D.C., 1869-
71. He resigned his pastorate in December, 1871 ;
was chaplain of the U.S. senate, 1872-73 ; financial
agent of the Metropolitan church, 1874, pastor,
1875-77, and again financial agent, 1878, when he
saved the church to the Methodists. President
Grant made him inspector of the U.S. consulates
in Asia, and he served, 1874-76. He was trans-
ferred to the New York conference in 1879, was
pastor of Central church, New York city, 1880,
and corresponding secretary, New York Confer-
ence Educational society, 1881. He vacated at
NEWMAN
NEWTON
his own request to become pastor of the Madison
Avenue Congregational church in New York city,
where General Grant attended, and served the
church, 1882-84. He was re-admitted to the New
York conference in 1885, visited California and
returned to New York on learning of the fatal
illness of General Grant and acted as his spiritual
adviser. He was transferred to the Baltimore
conference in 1886, was pastor of the Metropolitan
church, Washington, D.C., 1886-88, and was elected
bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church at
the general conference held in New York, 1888,
though not a member of that body. In 1896 he
was appointed resident bishop of California. He
served as a commissioner to re-establish fraternal
relations between the church north and south in
1876, and was a delegate to the Methodist Ecu-
menical conference in London, England, in 1881.
He delivered the discourse at General Grant's
funeral in 1885, and at Gen. John A. Logan's
funeral in 1887. He received the degree D.D.
from the University of Rochester in 1863, and
LL.D. from the Otterbein university and Grant
Memorial university in 1881. He was a member
of the American Geographical society and the
Society of Biblical Archaeology. He was married,
in 1855, to Angelina F., daughter of the Rev. Datus
Ensign of the Troy conference. He is the author
of: Character of the Resurrection Body (1859);
trom Dan to Bcersheba (1864); Tlirones and
Palaces of Nineveh (1875) ; Religions Liberty
(1875); Sermons (1877); Christianity Triumphant
(1881); Evenings with the Prophets, or the Lost
Empires of the World (1887); America for Ameri-
cans (1880); The Mission of Science (1892); Tlie
Supremacy of Law (1892); Aurora Boreulis,
Amid Icebergs of Greenland's Mountains (1896);
St. John the Prisoner of Patmos (1896) ; Entire
Sanctification (1898); Conversations with Christ
(posthumously, 1900). His fortune of $23,000 by
the terms of his will was donated to Drew Theo-
logical seminary after the death of his widow.
His library was also given to the seminary. He
died at Saratoga, N.Y., July 5, 1899.
NEWMAN, Samuel Phillips, educator, was
born in Andover, Mass., June 6, 1797; son of Deacon
Mark and Sally (Phillips) Newman. His father,
burn 1773, Dartmouth, A.B., 1793, A.M., 1796, was
principal of Phillips academy, Andover, Mass. ; li-
censed to preach in the Congregational church ;
engaged in publishing religious books ; was a
trustee of Andover Theological seminary, 1795-
1836, and died in 1859. Samuel Phillips Newman
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1816, A.M.,
is in. attended Andover Theological seminary,
1816-17 : was professor of the Latin and Greek
languages and literature in Bowdoin college,
1820-24 ; of rhetoric and oratory there, 1824-39,
and principal of the state normal school at
Barre, Mass., 1839-42. He is the author of: A
Practical System of Rhetoric in the Principles and
Practice of Style with Examples (1829), which
passed through sixty editions and reached its
sixth London edition in 1846 ; Elements of Politi-
cal Economy (1837), and The Southern Eclectic
Reader, Parts I. II. and III. He died at Andover,
Mass., Feb. 10, 1842.
NEWSHAM, Joseph Parkinson, representa-
tive, was born in Preston, Lancashire, England.
May 24, 1837 ; son of James and Nancy Newsham.
He immigrated to the United States with his
parents who settled in Monroe county, 111., 1839.
He was educated in the public schools of St.
Louis, was admitted to the bar and practised law
in Edwardsville, 111., 1859-61. He entered the
Federal army in 1861 ; served as 1st lieutenant of
cavalry and on the staffs of Gen. John C. Fre-
mont and Gen. Charles F. Smith respectively,
1861-62, and afterwards as adjutant of the 32d
Missouri volunteer infantry in Blair's brigade,
and was wounded at Chickasaw Bayou, Dec. 28,
1862. He resigned from the service, July 4, 1864,
removed to Louisiana, was clerk of the court of
Ascension parish, La., and practised law in
Donaldsonville, 1865-67. He removed to St.
Francisville, La., in 1867 ; was a member of the
state constitutional convention, 1868-69 ; held
several local offices, and established and edited
the West Feliciana Republican, 1868-72. He was
a Republican representative in the 40th and 41st
congresses, 1868-71. Michael Ryan, his Democra-
tic opponent, claimed election to the 41st con-
gress, but the house decided in favor of Newsham.
who took the seat, May 25, 1890. At the close of
his term, March 3, 1871, he retired to his planta-
tion and subsequently engaged in merchandising
in St. Francisville.
NEWTON, Henry, geologist, was born in New
York city, Aug. 12, 1845 ; son of Isaac Newton
(1794-1858), naval architect. He was graduated
from the College of the City of New York, A.B.,
1866, and from the School of Mines. Columbia col-
lege, E.M., 1869. He was assistant in mineralogy
and geology at Columbia, 1870-75, and also as-
sisted Prof. John H. Newberry in the Ohio geolo-
gical survey. He served as assistant engineer in
the geological expedition to the Black Hills sent
out by the department of the interior, under
Walter P. Jenney, 1876-77, and was appointed
professor of mining and metallurgy at the Ohio
State university, but before he could enter ii]..m
his duties was stricken with the fever while in
the Black Hills. The degree of Ph.D. was con-
ferred on him by Columbia college in 1876. He
was a member of many scientific societies and
was a specialist on the metallurgy of iron and
steel. He contributed many papers to scientific
journals and a Report on the Geology and Re-
NEWTON
NEWTON
sources of the Black Hills of Dakota, with a me-
moir by Prof. John S. Newberry (1880). He died
in Dead wood, Dakota, Aug. 5, 1877.
NEWTON, Hubert Anson, mathematician,
was born in Sherburne, N.Y., March 19, 1830 ; son
of William and Lois (Butler) Newton, and a
descendant of Thomas Newton, a carpenter, who
settled in Fairfield, Conn., as early as 1639. He
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 18.JO, A.M., 1853,
studied mathematics, 1851-53, and was a tutor in
mathematics at Yale, where he was in charge of
the chair of mathematics during the illness and
after the death of Prof. Arthur D. Stanley, 1853-55,
succeeding to the chair after one year's study at
Paris. He was married, Apr.il 14, 1859, to Anna
C., daughter of the Rev. Joseph C. Stiles. He
directed his earlier years to special studies in
modern higher geometry, but later devoted him-
self to the problems of meteoric astronomy.
Through his investigation the stream of meteors
was connected with the comet of 1866 as soon as
the orbit of that comet was completed. He was
regarded as one of the highest authorities on
meteors in the world. In 1864 he introduced into
the arithmetics of the United States a table of
the metric system of weights and measures. He
was an original member of the National Academy
of Sciences ; a fellow of the Royal Astronomical
Society of London, and of the Royal Philosophi-
cal Society of Edinburgh ; president of the Con-
necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; vice-pres-
idrnt in 1875, and president in 1885 of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science ;
a member of various other societies, and director
of the Yale university observatory, 1880-84. He
received the degree LL.D. from the University
of Michigan in 1868. and was awarded the Law-
rence-Smith medal by the National Academy of
Sciences for his study of meteoric bodies. He
was an associate editor of the American Journal
of Science ; published in 1864 a memoir upon the
sporadic meteors ; contributed to cyclopaedies,
and his scientific papers were published in the
Mi'iiioirs of the National Academy of Sciences and
in the American Journal of Sciences. He died in
New Haven, Conn., Aug. 12, 1896.
NEWTON, Isaac, naval architect, was born at
Scuoclack Landing, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Jan.
16. 1794 ; son of Abner Newton, an officer in the
Continental army during the Revolutionary war.
He attended the district school, learned the ship-
building trade in Hudson, N.Y., and engaged in
building sailing vessels for the river and whal-
ing trades. He built many of the first steamboats
used on the Hudson river ; was the founder of
the People's line between Albany and New York,
and extended his business to the great lakes.
He was the first to substitute anthracite coal
for wood as fuel on a steamboat. He subse-
quently turned his attention to building ocean
steamers for the Collins and other lines. He was
also a pioneer in railroading and one of the pro-
jectors of the New York Central, the Lake Shore
and the Michigan Southern railroads. He died
in New York city, Nov. 22, 1858.
NEWTON, Isaac, agriculturist, was born in
Burlington county, N.J., March 31, 1800. He
attended the common schools and engaged in
farming in Delaware county, Pa., where he was
recognized as a model farmer. He was a mem-
ber of various agricultural associations and was
frequently a delegate to the meetings of the U.S.
Agricultural society. He proposed the establish-
ment of a national department of agriculture
to each recurring administration from Harri-
son, 1841, to Lincoln, 1861, finally succeeding in
inducing President Lincoln to adopt the measure
in 1862, and served as U.S. commissioner of
agriculture, 1862-67. He died in Washington,
D.C., June 19, 1867.
NEWTON, Isaac, engineer, was born in New
York city, Aug. 4, 1837 ; son of Isaac Newton, the
naval architect (q.v.). He attended Hamilton
college and took a course in civil engineering,
and one in medicine at the University of the City
of New York, but received no degrees. He was
employed as an engineer at the Delamater iron
works in New York city, and was subsequently
associated with his father as assistant engineer of
the People's line of Hudson river steamers, and
as chief engineer of the Collins line between New
York and Liverpool. In 1861 he entered the U.S.
navy as first assistant engineer on board the Roa-
noke. He assisted Capt. John Ericsson in the
construction of the Monitor, and acted as its
engineer on the voyage to Hampton Roads.
During the engagement with the JUerrimac.
March 9, 1862, he had charge of the engines and
turret, and at the risk of his life repaired the
deranged ventilating apparatus, thereby saving
the lives of the stokers in the boiler rooms. He
was supervising constructor of ironclads in New
York city until 1865. when he resigned from the
navy. He was appointed by congress in 1869 to
investigate and report on the condition of the
U.S. navy. He assisted Gen. George B. McCell-
NEWTON
NEWTON
Ian in constructing the Stevens battery in 1S71,
and in 1872 became assistant engineer of the
department of public works in New York city
under General McCIellan. He was a member of
the rapid transit commission, which established
the system of elevated railroads. He was chief
engineer of the department of public works in
New York city, 1881-84, and inaugurated the new
Croton aqueduct. He was a member of the
Society of Mechanical Engineers and of the
American Society of Civil Engineers. He died
in New York city. Sept. 25, 1884.
NEWTON, John, soldier, was born in Norfolk,
Va., Aug. 24, 1823 ; son of the Hon. Thomas
Newton (q.v.). He attended the public schools
and studied civil engineering under a private
tutor. He was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy second in the class of 1842, and pro-
moted 3d lieutenant of the corps of engineers,
July 1, 1842. He was assistant professor of en-
gineering at the U.S. Military academy, 1843^4,
and principal assistant professor, 1844—46. He
was assistant engineer in the construction of Fort
Warren, Mass., in 1846, and of Fort Trumbull,
Conn., 1846-49. He also superintended the con-
struction of Fort Wayne. Mich., and of Forts
Porter, Niagara and Ontario, N.Y., 1849-52. He
was promoted 1st lieutenant, Oct. 16, 1852, and
was engaged on the surveys for the breakwater at
Owl's Head, Maine, 1852-53, and for the military
improvements in Florida, 1853-54. He engineered
the construction of Forts Pulaski and Jackson,
Georgia, 1854, and of fortifications at Pensacola,
Fla., 1855-58. He was promoted captain, July
1, 1856, was chief engineer of the Utah ex-
pedition of 1858, and was superintending en-
gineer in the construction of Fort Miffliu, Del.,
1858-61. In I860 he was chosen a member of the
special board of engineers on harbor defences,
New York harbor. Upon the outbreak of the
civil war in 1861 he was appointed chief en-
gineer of the Department of Pennsylvania ; ac-
companied General Patterson's column into
Virginia, and took part in the action of Falling
Waters, Va., June 30, 1861. He was chief en-
gineer of the department of the Shenandoah,
July-August, 1861, and was promoted major,
Aug. 6, 1861. He was appointed brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers, Sept. 23, 1861, and served as
assistant engineer on the defences, Washington,
D.C., September, 1861, to March, 1862, at the same
time commanding a brigade for the defence of the
capital. He commanded the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 6th corps, in the Army of the Potomac,
and took part in the action at West Point, May 7,
1862 : the battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862 ;
the battle of Glendale, June 30, 1862, and covered
the retreat of Pope's army from Bull Run to
Washington, D.C., Sept. 1-2, 1862. He served in
the Maryland campaign, September-November,
1862, being engaged in the battle of South Moun-
tain and receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colo-
nel for gallant and meritorious services at the
battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He com-
manded the 3d division, 6th corps, Army of the
Potomac, at Fredericksburg and in the Chancel-
lursville campaign, December, 1862— June, 1863,
the successful assault upon the enemy at Marye's
Heights, May 3, 1863, being under his direction.
He was promoted major-general U.S. volun-
teers, March 30, 1863 ; commanded his division
at Gettysburg. July 1-3, 1863, where after the
death of General Reynolds he temporarily com-
manded the 1st corps, and was brevetted
colonel U.S.A. for gallant and meritorious ser-
vices there. He commanded the 1st corps,
Army of the Potomac, in the Rapidan campaign,
October-December, 1863; the 2d division, 4th
army corps. Army of the Cumberland, May-Sep-
tember, 1864, and took part in all the important
engagements during the invasion of Georgia, in-
cluding the seige and occupation of Atlanta,
July-September, 1864. He was brevetted briga-
dier-general U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for services
at Peach Tree Creek and in the campaign against
Atlanta, Ga., and was brevetted major-general,
U.S. volunteers and major-general U.S. A., March
13, 1865, for services in the field during the war.
He was transferred to the command of the dis-
trict of Key West and Tortugas in October, IMU.
and commanded the entire state of Florida. June
19-Aug. 7, 1865 ; the district of middle Florida
and the sub-districts of west Florida aiid Key
West, Aug. 7-Nov. 6, 1865, and the districts of
southern, western and middle Florida, Nov. 6,
1865, to Jan. 24, 1866. He was promoted lieuten-
ant-colonel, corps of engineers, Dec. 28, 1865 ; was
mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ;
was promoted colonel U.S.A., June 30, 1879, and
on March 6. 1884, was made chief of engineers
with rank of brigadier-general, U.S.A. He had
charge of the construction of the new battery
near Fort Hamilton, N.Y., and of Fort Hancock,
Sandy Hook, N.J., and was a member of the
board of engineers appointed to carry out in de-
tail the modifications of the defences in the vicin-
ity of New York, 1866-67. He was in charge of
the removal of obstructions from the channel
at Hell Gate, East River, N.Y., and conceived
and carried out the plan of the removal of the
rocks at Hallett's Point by submarine mining
and blasting, the mines being successfully ex-
ploded at Halletfs Point, Sept. 24, 1876. and at
Flood Rock. Oct. 10. 1885. He was retired Aug.
27, 1886 ; was superintendent of public works 1887-
88, and a member of the National Academy of
Sciences and the American Society of Civil En-
gineers. He died in New York city. May 1.
NEWTON
NEWTON
NEWTON, John Brockenbrough, coadjutor
bishop of Virginia and 174th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born at his father's
home "Linden," in Westmoreland county, Va.,
Feb. 7. 18:JO : son of Willoughby and Mary
(Brockenbrough) Newton ; grandson of Wil-
loughby and Sally Bland (Poythress) Newton and
of Judge William Brockenbrough of the Virginia
court of appeals, and his wife, Judith White,
daughter of Rev. John White and granddaughter
of Carter Braxton, the signer. On his father's
side lie was descended from Col. Richard Bland
of Revolutionary fame, who was the sou of Theo-
dorick Bland, one of the earliest settlers in Vir-
ginia. His earliest Newton ancestor in America,
John Newton, came to Virginia in 1670, and set-
tled in Westmoreland county. He was a student
at the Episcopal high school near Alexandria, and
was graduated at the Medical College of Virginia,
M.D., in 1860. He served as assistant and full
surgeon in the Confederate States army, 1861-65,
and after the close of the war practised his
profession in Westmoreland county until 1870,
when he determined to enter the ministry of the
Protestant Episcopal church. That his family
might not suffer, he continued to practise medi-
cine while studying the prescribed course at his
home in Westmoreland, taking the regular ex-
aminations with the class at the Virginia Theo-
logical seminary. He was ordained deacon, June
25. 1871, and priest, June 29, 1872, by Bishop
Whittle. He was rector of St. John's and St.
Paul's churches, South Farnham parish, Tappa-
hannock, Essex county, Va., 1871-76 ; of St. Luke's
church. Norfolk. Va.. 1876-84, and of Monumental
church, Richmond, Va., 1884-94. He was a dele-
gate to the General convention at Chicago in
1886, at New York in 1889, at Baltimore in 1892,
and present as a member of the House of Bishops
at Minneapolis in 1895. He was elected coadjutor
bishop of Virginia, Jan. 31, 1894, and was con-
secrated in Monumental church, Richmond, Va.,
May 16, 1894, by Bishops Whittle, Dudley, Peter-
kin. Randolph, Jackson and Capers. The degree
of D.D. was conferred on him by Washington
and Lee university and by the University of the
South, in 1896. He died in Richmond, Va., May
2^. lsfl7.
NEWTON, John Thomas, naval officer, was
born in Alexandria. Va., May 20, 1793. He was
appointed to the U.S. navy as a midshipman, Jan.
16, 1809, and served as acting lieutenant of the
Hornet in the engagement with the Peacock, Feb.
24. 1813. He was promoted lieutenant. July 24,
1813, and first lieutenant of the Hornet during
her action with the Penguin. Mmvh 23, 1815.
He was promoted commander, March 3, 1827 ;
c;iptain, Feb. 9, 1837, and commanded the
steamers Fulton and Missouri, and the navy yard
VIII. — 5
at Pensacola, Fla., 1848-52. He was flag-officer
of the home squadron, 1852-55, which gave him
the title of commodore, and commanded the navy
yard at Portsmouth. N.H., 1855-57. He died in
Washington, D.C., July 28, 1857.
NEWTON, Richard, clergyman, was born in
Liverpool, England, July 25, 1813 ; son of Richard
and Elizabeth (Cluett) Newton. He immigrated
to the United States with his parents in 1823, and
settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He was graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1836,
A.M., 1839, and at the General Theological semi-
nary, New York city, in 1839. He was married
July 31, 1834, to Lydia, daughter of Lawrence
Greatorex of Philadelphia, Pa. He was ordered
deacon in 1839, was rector of the Church of the
Holy Trinity, West Chester, Pa., 1839; was or-
dained priest in 1840, and was rector of St. Paul's
church, Philadelphia, 1840-62 ; of the Church of
the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1862-81, and of the
Church of the Covenant, Philadelphia, 1881-87.
He traveled in Europe, 1869-70. He was a trustee
of the University of Philadelphia, 1869-87. and
received the degree of D.D. from Kenyon college
in 1851. He contributed extensively to juvenile
literature and many of his sermons prepared for
children have been translated into French, Ger-
man, Arabic and other languages. He is the
author of: Rills from the Fountain of Life
(18o6); The King's Highway (1858); Bible Jewels
(1867); Kat lire's Wonders (1872); The King in
His Beauty (1875): Bible Promises (1876);
Xiitural History of the Bible (1877); Covenant
Names and Pi-ivileges (1880); Leaves from the
Tree of Life; Giants and How to Fight Them;
The Heath in the Wilderness; Travels in Bible
Lands; Heroes of the Early Church; Heroes of
the Reformation ; Tlie Life of Christ for the
Young; Bible Animals. He died at Chestnut
Hill. Philadelphia, Pa., May 25, 1887.
NEWTON, Richard Heber, clergyman, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa.. Oct. 31, 1840 ; son of the
Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) Newton. He
attended the University of Pennsylvania and the
Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church
in Philadelphia, 1857-62 ; was ordained deacon in
1862 ; was assistant to his father at St. Paul's.
Philadelphia, 1862-63 ; assistant at the Church of
the Epiphany, Philadelphia. 1863-64, and deacon
in charge of Trinity church, at Sharon Springs,
N.Y., 1864-66. He was married, April 14, 1864,
to Mary E., daughter of Charles S. Lewis of Phil-
adelphia, Pa. He was ordained priest in 1866 was
rector of St. Paul's church. Philadelphia, 1866-
69. and of All Souls church. New York city. 1869-
1902. He became special preacher at Leland Stan-
ford university, Cal., in 1902, but resigned in May,
1903, discouraged in his efforts to harmonize differ-
ent creeds. He was charged with heresy as early as
NEWTON
NEWTON
1883 and again in 1891. when he demanded a
regular trial from his bishop, which was not
granted. He was active in philanthropic and re-
form movements and became known as a Chris-
tian socialist. In 1890 he attempted with Father
Ducey a municipal
reform in New York
city, being largely in-
strumental in organ-
izing the People's
Municipal league.
His parish bought
the building of the
Church of the Holy
Spirit. Madison ave-
nue and 66th street,
in 1890. He served
as vice-president of
the Liberal Congress
of Religions and di-
rector of the New
York State Confer-
ence of Religions, also president of the Inter-
national Metaphysical league. He received the
degree of D.D. from Union college in 1881. He
is the author of: Children's Church, a hymn-
book (1872); The Morals of Trade (1876); Woman-
hood (1879); Studies of Jesus (1881); The Right
and Wrong Uses of the Bible (1883) ; Tlie Book of
the Beginnings, a Study of Genesis (1884); Phil-
istinism (1885); Social Studies (1886); Church and
Creed (1891) ; Christian Science (1898), and mag-
azine articles, reviews, sermons and addresses.
NEWTON, Robert Crittenden, soldier, was
born in Little Rock, Ark., June 2, 1840; son of
Thomas W. and Eliza (Allen) Newton; grandson
of Col. John Allen, who was killed while leading
his regiment at the battle of River Raisin, Jan.
22, 1813, and a descendant of Jared Newton, an
Englishman, who immigrated to Westmoreland
county, Pa., in the 17th century. Thomas W.
Newton was cashier of the Real Estate bank,
clerk of Pulaski county, member of the state leg-
islature in both houses, U.S. marshal and repre-
sentative in the 29th congress. Robert C. Newton
was educated in the Western Military institute,
Tyree Springs, Tenn., in the literary department
of the University of Nashville, and studied math-
ematics and languages undera private tutor. He
was admitted to the bar in 1860, and practised in
Little Rock. He entered the Confederate army
as a private in 1861, was promoted lieutenant and
assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen.
Thomas C. Hindman, and took part in the battles
of Woodsonville, Shiloh. Corinth. Prairie Grove,
Helena, Little Rock. Jenkins's Ferry and minor
engagements. He was regularly promoted, be-
coming colonel of the 5th Arkansas cavalry, and
was acting brigadier-general in command of the
Arkansas state troops at the close of the war. He
was a commissioner from Arkansas to the authori-
ties at Washington in 1866 to secure representa-
tion for the state in congress ; was appointed
major-general of the state troops by Governor
Baxter in 1873, and filled that position during the
Brooks-Baxter controversy in 1874. Commodore
Thomas Nelson. U.S.N., was his uncle, and his
mother's sister, Ann Maria Allen, married Henry
Crittenden and was the mother of Gov. Thomas
S. Crittenden (q.v.) of Missouri, and b)- a second
marriage became the mother of Governor Eli
Houston Murray (q.v.) of Utah. General Newton
died at Little Rock, Ark., June 2. 1887.
NEWTON, Robert Safford, surgeon, was born
in Gallipolis, Ohio, Dec. 12, 1818. He was edu-
cated first at Gallia college, and was graduated in
medicine at the University of Kentucky in 1841.
He practised in his native city four years, and
then removed to Cincinnati, where he acquired a
high reputation as a physician and surgeon. He
was professor of surgery in Memphis university
in 1849-51, and from 1851 to 1862 filled the same
chair in the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincin-
nati. He removed to New York in 1863. He had
already assisted in organizing a National Eclectic
Medical society, and he now organized a similar
one for New York State, and in 1865 founded the
Eclectic Medical college of the City of New York,
of which he was president from 1875 till his death.
He also occupied the professorship of surgery.
For nearly forty years he made investigations in
cell pathology, and he invented many improve-
ments in surgery and several instruments. He
made a special study of cancerous diseases. The
circular operation for removal of the breast \\ as
first performed by him. Dr. Newton edited and
published successively the Eclectic Medical Jour-
nal and the Eclectic Medical Review. The latter,
in 1874, was merged in the Medical Eclectic. He
contributed to the United States Eclectic Dis-
pensatory, edited Chtipnian on Ulcers (1853) ;
Eclectic Practice of Medicine (1854); Diseases of
Children (1854); Si/me's Surgery ( 1856); andP<itIi-
ology of Inflammation and Fever (1867); and was
the author of A Treatise on Antiseptic Surgery
(1876). His son, Robert Safford, born in 1 W>, fol-
lowed the father's profession, was educated largely
in Europe, and became professor of diseases of the
eye, throat and skin in the New York Eclectic
college, and edited medical periodicals. The elder
Dr. Newton died in New York city. Oct. 9. 1881.
NEWTON, Thomas, representative, was born
in Norfolk. Ya. in 1769 ; son of Thomas and
Martha (Tucker) Newton : grandson of Thomas
and Amy (Hutching) Newton, and of Robert
Tucker, and a great grandson of Geoi-ge and
Aphie (Wilson) Newton. George Newton was
mayor of the borough of Norfolk, Ya., in 1736
NEWTON
NICHOLA
and 1742. Thomas received a good education,
studied law and settled in practice in Norfolk.
He was a Republican representative in the 7th-
20th and the 22d congresses, 1801-29 and 1831-33.
He claimed election to the 21st congress, but the
house by a majority of thirteen gave the seat to
George Loyall who had contested it. He retired
the oldest member in point of service in the house,
having also served for many years as chair-
man of the committee on commerce and manu-
factures. His son, John Newton (q.v.), was the
distinguished soldier and engineer. He died in
Norfolk, Va., Aug. 5, 1847.
NEWTON, William Wilberforce, clergyman,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 4, 1843 ; son
of the Rev. Richard and Lydia (Greatorex) New-
ton. He left the University of Pennsylvania
with other students in 1863 to serve in Landis
battery in the emergency corps for the defence
of the state against Lee's invasion. He was
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868, and at the Divinity School
of the Protestant Episcopal church, Philadelphia,
in 1868. He was ordered deacon in 1868, and
ordained priest, June 19, 1869, and was as-
sistant at the Church of the Epiphany, Philadel-
phia, during his father's absence in Europe, 1869-
70. He was married, Nov. 16, 1870, to Emily
Stevenson, daughter of the Rev. James "Welsh
Cooke, of Philadelphia, Pa. He was rector of
St. Paul's, Brookliiie, Mass., 1870-75 ; of Trinity,
Newark, N. J., 1875-77; of St. Paul's, Boston,
Mass., 1877-81, and in 1881 became rector of St.
Stephen's, Pittsfield, Mass. He was a member of
the school committee while in Brookline, Mass.,
and held a similar office in Pittsfield, Mass., 1887-
88. He organized the American congress of
churches, which met at Hartford, Conn., in 1885,
and at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1886. He received the
degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1890. He is the author of : Little and
Wise (1877) ; New Tracts for New Times (1877);
The Wicket Gate (1878); Essays of To-day (1879);
Tlie Interpreter's House (1879); The Palace Beau-
tiful (1880); Great Heart (1881); Tlte Voice of
St. John (1881) ; Troublesome Children (1880);
Priest and Man (1883); Summer Sermons (1885);
Toi/litnd (1885); The Vine Out of Egypt (1887);
Prayers of the Ages (1887); A Fathers Blessing
(1888); Ragiiar the Sea-King (1888) ; Tlte Life of
Dr. William A. Mnhlenburg, D.D. (1890); The
Child and the Bishop (1894) ; A Run Tliroiujh
Russia .(1894) ; Philip McGregor (1895). His three
poems in The Voice of St. John : Paradise, Tele-
mitchns and Ragnar, were set to music in cantata
form by Prof. F. J. Liddle, organist of St.
Stephen's church, Pittsfield.
NIBLACK, William Ellis, representative, was
burn in Dubois county, Ind., May 19, 1822 ; son
of John and Martha (Hargrave) Niblack. He
matriculated at Indiana university in the class of
1S44, hut left at the close of his freshman year,
studied law, was admitted to the bar and after-
ward settled in practice in Vincennes. He rep-
resented Martin county in the Indiana legislature
in 1849 and 1853, and was a state senator, 1850-52.
He was appointed circuit judge in January, 1854,
and in October, 1854, was re-appointed for a term
of six years, but resigned in October, 1857, hav-
ing been elected to the 35th congress from the
first Indiana district to fill the term of James
Lockhart, who died Sept. 7, 1857. He served in
the 35th, 36th and 39th-43d congresses, 1857-61,
and 1865-75. He was a delegate at large from
Indiana to the Democratic national conventions
of 1864, 1868 and 1876 ; a member from Indiana
of the Democratic congressional committee,
1865-72, and a judge of the supreme court for the
first district of Indiana, 1877-89, being defeated
for re-election in 1888 by S. D. Coffey. He was
married to Eliza A. Sherman of. Cazenovia, N.Y.,
and of their sons, William Caldwell Niblack, a
lawyer of Chicago, 111., is the author of "Niblack
on Benefit Societies and Accident Insurance ; "
Mason Jenks Niblack, lawyer, Vincennes, Ind.,
was speaker of the house of representatives in
the Indiana legislature, 1889-91, and Albert Par-
ker Niblack, lieutenant U.S.N., was inspector of
naval militia, 1895-96, naval attache at Berlin,
Rome and Vienna, 1896-98. served in Cuba, Man-
illa and China waters, 1898-1901, and is the au-
thor of " Coast Indians of Alaska." Judge
Niblack died in Indianapolis, Ind., May 7, 1893.
NICHOLA, Lewis, soldier, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, in 1717, of Huguenot descent. He fol-
lowed the calling of his father and grandfather,
entering the British army in 1740 as an ensign,
and was promoted major. He came to America in
1766 and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., where he
was a surveyor. He established and edited the
American Magazine in 1769, and edited the Trans-
actions of the American Philosophical society
of which he was a member. He was appointed
barracks-master-general of Philadelphia, in 1776,
and was subsequently given command of the
city guard. He was town-major, with the rank
of major in the state militia, 1776-82. He
planned a river defence boat and drew maps of
the injuries done by the British while they oeeu-
pied the city. He offered to congress the sugges-
tion that a regiment of invalid soldiers be re-
cruited from men disabled in the service, and
used as a camp of instruction or military school.
His plan was acted upon, and in 1777 he was
commissioned colonel and commandant of
the school of instruction. He was brevetted
brigadier-general in November, 1783. He was
ail original member of the Pennsylvania branch,
NICHOLAS
NICHOLLS
Society of the Cincinnati. He favored a limited
monarchical government, and even suggested to
General Washington that he would best serve his
country by assuming the title of king. For this
suggestion he received a severe rebuke from
Washington. He is the author of : A Treatise of
Military Exercise Calculated for the Use of Amer-
icans, in which Everything that is Supposed to be
of Use to Them is Retained, and such Maneuvers
as are only for Show and Parade are Omitted
(1777). Hediedin Alexandria, Va., Aug. 9, 1807.
NICHOLAS, John, representative, was born
in Williamsburg, Va., Jan, 19, 1761 ; son of Robert
Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Gary) Nicholas. He was
graduated at the College of William and Mary
and became a planter. He was an Anti-Feder-
alist representative from Virginia in the 3d--6th
congresses, 1793-1801, removed to Geneva. N.Y.,
in 1803, where he cultivated a farm, was judge of
the court of common pleas, 1806-19, and served
as state senator. 1807-09. He died in Geneva,
N.Y., Dec. 31, 1819.
NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, statesman, was
born in Hanover, Va., in 1715 ; son of Dr. George
Nicholas, who immigrated to Virginia about 1700.
His brother, John Nicholas, was the progenitor of
the Nicholas family of the Seven Islands in the
James river and was married to Martha, daughter
of Col. Joshua and Mary (Micon) Fry. Robert
Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College
of William and Mary about 1733, and practised
law in James City. Va. He was married to a
daughter of Wilson Cary and had sons: George
(1755-1799); Wilson Cary (q.v.); John (q.v.).
and Philip Norborne (1773-1849), judge of the
general court of Virginia, 1823-49. He was
treasurer of the colony of Virginia, 1766-77, the
member from James City in the house of bur-
gesses until 1777, and a member of the house of
delegates, 1777-79. He was opposed to the stamp
act resolutions proposed by Patrick Henry, hold-
ing that the act was void because unconstitu-
tional. He was a member of the committee of
correspondence, 1773, and of the various state
conventions, being president pro tempore of the
one of July, 1775. He was appointed judge of
the high court of chancery in 1779 and subse-
quently became judge of the court of appeals.
He died in Hanover, Va., in 1780.
NICHOLAS, Robert Carter, senator, was born
in Hanover, Va., in 1790; son of Col. George
and Mary (Smith) Nicholas, and grandson of
Judge Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary)
Nicholas. His father was born in Hanover about
1755 ; graduated at the College of William and
Mary ; was colonel, 3d Virginia regiment, in the
Revolution ; a member of the convention that rat-
ified the Federal constitution; a member of the
house of delegates, ami in 1790 remove.! In
Kentucky where he was a member of the state
constitutional convention, April 1, 1792, and
author of the document ; first attorney -gen-
eral of the state, and died in 1799. Robert
Carter Nicholas was graduated from the College
of William and Mary in 1810 ; was appointed
captain in the 25th U.S. infantry, March 12, 1812 ;
was promoted major and assigned to the 12th
U.S. infantry, March 3, 1813 ; lieutenant-colonel
and assigned to the 44th U.S. infantry, Aug. 20,
1814, and was transferred to the 30th U.S. infan-
try, Nov. 14, 1814. He served in the war of 1812
and on the Canadian frontier and was mustered
out of service on the reduction of the army in
June, 1815. He retired to a sugar plantation in
Louisiana. He was U.S. charge d'affaires to
Naples ; secretary of the state of Louisiana for
several years; U.S. senator, 1836-41, and state
superintendent of public instruction, 1851-57. He
died in Terrebonne parish. La., Dec. 24, 1857.
NICHOLAS, Samuel Smith, jurist, was born
in Lexington, Ky., in 1796; son of George and
Mary (Smith) Nicholas, and brother of Robert
Carter Nicholas (1790-1857). He became a prom-
inent merchant of New Orleans and subsequently
removed to Louisville, Ky., where he engaged in
the practice of law. He was appointed judge of
the court of appeals in 1831 and was later elected
a representative in the state legislature. He
assisted in revising the code of Kentucky and is
the author of Constitutional Law (1857). He
died in Louisville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1869.
NICHOLAS, Wilson Cary, governor of Vir-
ginia, was born in Hanover, Va., in 1757 ; son of
Robert Carter (q.v.) and Ann (Cary) Nicholas. He
was graduated from the College of William and
Mary in 1774. and served throughout the Revolu-
tion as an officer in the Con- x--^^7Fr~^v^
tinental army. He com-
manded Washington's life
guard ; was a member of the
Virginia convention that
ratified the Federal constitu-
tion, and was a friend and
supporter of Thomas Jeffer-
son. He was elected U.S. senator from Virginia
in 1799 and resigned in 1804, to accept the collec-
torship of the ports of Norfolk and Portsmouth,
Va., where he served, 1804-07. He was a Demo-
cratic representative in the 9th and 10th con-
gresses, 1805-09, and was governor of Virginia,
1814-17. He died in Milton, Va., Oct. 10, l«n.
NICHOLLS, Francis Tillou, governor of Louis-
iana, was born in Donaldson ville, La.. Aug. 20,
1834 ; son of Thomas Clarke and Louisa H.( Drake)
Nicholls, and grandson of Edward Church and
Wilhelmina (Hamilton) Nicholls. His father was
a member of the general assembly of Louisiana ;
judge of the district court and senior juil.^r of
NICHOLS
the court of errors and appeals, and his mother
was a sister of Joseph Rodman Drake (q.v.).
Francis was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy and assign-
ed to the 3d U.S.
artillery, July 1, 1855,
and served in Florida
and at Fort Yuma,
Cal. ,1855-56. He was
promoted 2d lieuten-
ant in the 3d artillery,
Oct. 19, 1855 ; re-
signed his commis-
sion, Oct. 1, 1S56, and
removed to Louisiana,
where he was mar-
ried in April, 1860, to
Caroline Z. Guioii
of Lafourche parish.
He practised law
at Napoleonville, 1856-61. He was commissioned
captain in the 8th Louisiana volunteer regiment
early in 1861, becoming lieutenant-colonel on the
organization of the regiment in the C.S.A ; was
promoted colonel of the loth Louisiana regi-
ment in 1862,and shortly after brigadier-general in
command of the 2d Louisiana brigade. He led
his brigade in the battle of Winchester, Va., where
lie lost his left arm, and at Chancellorsville, where
he lost his left foot. He was superintendent of the
conscript bureau, trans-Mississippi department,
1864-65, and after the close of the war returned to
Louisiana and practised law, 1865-76. He was
Democratic governor of Louisiana, 1877-80 and
1888-92, and after the expiration of his first term
as governor, practised law in New Orleans.
He was a member and president of the board of
visitors to the U.S. Military academy in 1886,
and after the expiration of his second term as
governor, he was appointed chief justice of the
supreme court of Louisiana for a term of twelve
years, 1892-1904.
NICHOLS, Edward Leamington, physicist,
was born in Leamington, England, Sept. 14, 1854 ;
son of Edward Willard and Maria (Watkinson)
Nichols ; grandson of Rev. Noah and Mary H.
(Low) Nichols of Rumney, N.H., and of Edward
and Lavinia (Hudson) Watkinson of Hartford,
Conn. , and a descendant of David Nichols of Cohas-
set, Mass, and of the Watkinsons of Black Notely
Hall, England. His parents, who were Amer-
icans, were at the time of his birth visiting Eng-
land. He attended the Peekskill Military acad-
emy and was graduated from Cornell university,
B.S., 1875. He studied at the universities of
Leipzig. Berlin and Gottingen (Ph.D. 1879) and
was appointed a fellow in physics at the Johns
Hopkins university in 1879. He was connected
with Thomas A. Edison at Meulo Park, N.J.,
NICHOLS
1880-81, where he was employed principally upon
problems in testing incandescent light. He was
married in 1881 to Ida Preston of South Dover,
N. Y. He was professor of physics and chemistry
in Central university, Richmond, Ky., 1881-83;
professor of physics and astronomy at the Uni-
versity of Kansas, 1883-87, and in 1887 became
professor of physics at Cornell university. He
was elected a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and of the Amer-
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; member of
the Kansas Academy of Science and its presi-
dent, 1885-86, member of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers ; the American Physical
society ; the Franklin Institute, and the National
Academy of Sciences. He became editor of the
Physical Review and is the author of : The Gal-
raitoiiteter (1894) ; Laboratory Manual of Physics
and Applied Electricity (1894); The Elements of
Physics (3 vols., 1895) ; Outline of Physics (1897),
and numerous articles on experimental physics.
NICHOLS, Edward Tatnall, naval officer, was
born in Augusta, Ga., March 1, 1823. He was
appointed midshipman, U.S.N., in December,
1836 ; was promoted passed midshipman in 1842,
and lieutenant in March, 1850. He served in the
Mediterranean squadron, 1853-56 ; in the Home
squadron, 1858-60 ; commanded the U. S. steamer
Winona of the Western Gulf blockading squad-
ron, participating in the bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, and receiving the surren-
der of Fort St. Philip, April 28, 1862. He also
directed the Winona in both passages of the
Vicksburg batteries and in the engagement with
the Confederate ram Arkansas. He was pro-
moted commander in July, 1862, commanded the
U.S.S. Alabama of the West India squadron in
1863, and the Mendota of the South Atlantic
squadron, 1864-65. He successfully engaged a
Confederate battery at Four Mile creek, James
river, Va., June 16, 1864 ; was detailed on special
duty in New York, 1866-68, and was chief-of-
staff of the Asiatic squadron in 1870. He was
promoted captain in 1866 ; commodore in 1872 :
rear-admiral in 1878, and was retired in March,
1885. He made his home at Pomfret, Conn.,
where he died, Oct. 12. 1886.
NICHOLS, Ernest Reuben, educator, was born
in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 11, 1858 ; son of An-
drew Frisbie and Jane Elizabeth (Crampton)
Nichols, and grandson of Reuben and Jerusha
(Frisbie) Nichols, and of Rufus and Naomi (Chid-
zie) Crampton. He attended the public schools of
Clayton county, Iowa, and was graduated from
the Iowa state normal school, B.D., 1882; from
the State University of Iowa, B.S., 1887, A.M.,
1890, and was a graduate student at the Univer-
sity of Chicago, 1894-95. He taught school for
two years; was principal of the high school at
NICHOLS
NICHOLS
Charles city, Iowa, 1882-83, superintendent of the
Nashua, Iowa, public schools, 1883-87 ; assistant
professor of mathematics of the State University
of Iowa, 1887-90 ; professor of physics at the
Kansas State Agricultural college, 1890-99, and
was elected president of the college in 1899. He
was married, Dec. 20, 1888, to Marguerite Rae
Nichols.
NICHOLS, Francis, soldier, was born in Crieve
Hill, Enniskillen, Ireland, in 1737. He immigrated
to America in 1769 with his brother William
(1754-1804), who became captain and quarter-
master in the American army. They settled in
Cumberland county, Pa., and Francis enlisted in
the patriot army in June, 1775 ; was pro-
moted 2d lieutenant, and took part in the battle
of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. where he was taken
prisoner. He was released in August, 1776. and
his sword was returned to him in the presence
of all the American officers. He rose in the
army to the grade of brigadier-general. At the
close of the war he was elected first U.S. mar-
shal of the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He
died in Pottstown, Pa., Feb. 13, 1812.
NICHOLS, George, educationist, was born in
Northfield. Vt., April 17. 1827 ; son of James and
Annis Aiken (Dole) Nichols, and grandson of
Eleazer Nichols, a member of the body guard
of Gen. Washington at Valley Forge, and a sol-
dier during the entire Revolution. George as-
sisted his father, a carpenter, when not attend-
ing the district school. He attended the Orange
•county grammar school, 1840 ; taught in the
Northfield district school, 1841-42 ; studied pri-
vately, taught and attended Newbury, Vt., semi-
nary, 1842-48, and was graduated with high
honors from the Vermont Medical college, Wood-
stock, in 1851, declining the position of de-
monstrator of anatomy there. He was state libra-
rian. 1848-53, and entered upon the practice of
medicine, combining with it the drug business, in
1854. In 1862-65 he served as surgeon of the loth
Vermont volunteers and had charge of the field
hospitals of the 1st corps at Gettysburg. He
was secretary of state of Vermont, 1865-84 ;
president of the state constitutional conven-
tion of 1870 ; a delegate to the Republican
national convention at Philadelphia in 1872 ;
a member of the Republican national com-
mittee, 1872-84, and secretary and chairman of
the state committee, 1872-84. He was an offi-
cer in several railroad companies and director
and president of the Northfield national bank,
1875-1900. He was elected a trustee of the North-
Held institution, in 1865 ; was a director of the
Northfield graded and high school for twelve
years ; a trustee of the Vermont Episcopal insti-
tute at Burlington, and for several years a mem-
ber of the executive board. He took an active
interest in the removal of Norwich university to
Northfield, in 1866. and in that year was elected
a trustee and treasurer of the institution. He
was vice-president and acting president of the
university, 1885-95, and contributed liberally
toward the construction of the first university
building, also rendering much subsequent aid.
He was married in 1852 to Ellen Maria, daughter
of Abijali Blake of Vergennes, Vt., and their
two children died in infancy. Norwich univer-
sity conferred upon him the honorary degree of
LL.D. in 1881.
NICHOLS, Herbert, psychologist and author,
was born in Walpole, N.H., Feb. 7, 1852; son of
Amos and Lydia (Nichols) Nichols : grandson of
Capt. Thomas and Tirzali (Lamson) Nichols, and
a descendant of Lieut. John Nichols, who served
in the Revolutionary war ; also of John Nicol, the
first ancestor in America, who landed in Boston
about 1750, and of Alexandra (Lincon) Nicol. a Hu-
guenot refugee. He was graduated from the Wor-
cester Polytechnic institute, B.S., 1871, and took a
special course in architecture and engineering.
He was a civil engineer in the main office of the
Pennsylvania railroad, 1874-84; studied in Ger-
many and France, 1887-S8 ; was instructor in
psychology at Harvard university, 1891-93, and a
lecturer at Johns Hopkins university in 1896. He
was married, Oct. 1, 1900, to Jenny L., daughter
of Franklin Ward, of North Orange, Mass. The
honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him
by Clark university in 1891. He was elected a
member of the American Psychological associa-
tion, 1891 ; of the American Society of Natur-
alists in 1892, and of the New York Philosophical
club in 1900. He is the author of: Tlie Psy-
cltology of Time (1891) ; Our Notions of Xumber
and Space (1894); A Treatiseon Cosmology H902),
and many monographs including : Tlie Origin of
Pleasure and Pain ; How We Came to Have
Minds; The Feelings ; Tlie Motor Power of Ideas,
and Psychology of Education.
NICHOLS, Matthias H., representative, was
born in Sharpstown, N.J., Oct. 3, 1S24. He
learned the printers' trade and removed to Ohio
in 1842, where he was a printer. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1849, and settled in practice
in Lima, Allen county, Ohio. He served as pros-
ecuting attorney of Allen county and was a Re-
publican representative from the fourth district
in the 33d, 34th and 35th congresses. 1853-59.
He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 15, 1862.
NICHOLS, Othniel Foster, civil engineer, was
born in Newport, R.I., July 29, 1845 ; son of
Thomas Pitman and Lydia (Foster) Nichols ;
grandson of William Stoddard and Eliza (Pitman)
Nichols, and of Otlmiel and Eunice (Browning)
Foster, and a descendant of Sergt. Thomas
Nichols, who emigrated from Wales to Newport,
NICHOLS
NICHOLS
E.I., in 1660, and of John Foster of Salem, Mass.,
who settled in Rhode Island early in the seven-
teenth century. He attended the public schools
of Brooklyn, N. Y.; was apprenticed to a ma-
chinist in 1863, and was graduated from the
Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, C.E., 1868. He
was employed on the laying out of Prospect park,
Brooklyn, N.Y.: on the first elevated railway in
New York city, and was a teacher of mathe-
matics at the Cooper institute, N.Y. He was as-
sistant engineer in the office of Cooper & Hewitt,
1870-71, and was engaged in constructing the
tunnel divisions of the Lima and Oroza and of
the Chimbote railroad, Peru, 1871-76. He was
married, Nov. 21, 1876, to Jennie Swasey, daugh-
ter of Judge Samuel Sterne of Newport, R.I.
He was in Brazil as resident engineer of an Eng-
lish railway enterprise, 1878-79, and was em-
ployed by Cooper & Hewitt in the New Jersey
Steel and Iron company at Trenton, 1879-81, and
by the Peter Cooper glue factory in Brooklyn,
in 1882. He was resident engineer of the Hen-
derson bridge over the Ohio river, 1883-86, and
chief engineer of the Westerly, R.I. water works,
1886. He was principal assistant engineer of the
Suburban Rapid Transit company in New York,
1S87-88 ; city and chief engineer of the Brook-
lyn elevated railroad company, 1888-92, and was
elected general manager and chief engineer of
the latter, 1892. He was chosen principal assist-
ant engineer of the new East River bridge in
February, 1896. He was elected a member of
the American Society of Civil Engineers ; the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers : the
Institution of Civil Engineers ; a fellow of the
American Geographical society, and a trustee of
the Engineers' club of New York city.
NICHOLS, William Augustus, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 12, 1818; grand-
son of Gen. Francis Nichols (q.v.). He was
graduated from the U.S. Military academy, July
1, 1838, and assigned to the 2d artillery. He was
promoted 2d lieutenant, July 7, 1838, 1st lieuten-
ant, June 1, 1844, and engaged in the battle of
Monterey, Sept. 21-23, 1846. He was brevetted
captain for gallant conduct in the several con-
flicts at Monterey, Mexico ; served as aide-de-
camp to General Quitman, Aug. 19 to Oct. 6,
1846 ; as adjutant of 2d artillery, 1846-47, and at
the same time as acting assistant adjutant-general
of the 5th military department. He was acting
assistant adjutant-general of Garland's brigade,
Worth's division, and took part in the siege of Vera
Cruz ; the battle of Cerro Gordo ; the skirmish of
Amazoque ; the capture of San Antonio, and
battle of Churubusco. He was brevetted major,
Sept. 8. 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the battle of Molino Del Rey, and took part in
the storming of Chapultepec and in the assault
and capture of the city of Mexico. He was
brevetted captain of staff and assistant adjutant-
general, July 29, 1852, and served in the 4th
military department ; in the adjutant-general's
office at Washington, D.C., and in the depart-
ments of Texas and New Mexico. He was
brevetted major of the staff, March 7, 1861, and
was captured by the Texas secessionist and
paroled. He served as adjutant-general of the
Department of the East and of the Department
of New York ; was mustering and disbursing
officer in New York city, 1861-62, and assistant in
the adjutant-general's office at Washington. D.C.,
1862-66. He was promoted colonel of staff,
June 1, 1864, and was brevetted brigadier-general,
Sept. 24, 1864, and major-general, March 13, 1865,
for " meritorious and faithful services during the
rebellion." He was adjutant-general of the
military division of the Missouri and chief of
staff to Lieut.-Gen. W. T. Sherman, 1868-69. He
died in St. Louis, Mo., April 8, 1869.
NICHOLS, William Ford, second bishop of
California and 154th in succession in the Ameri-
can episcopate, was born at Lloyd, N.Y., June 9,
1849 ; son of Charles Hubert and Margaret
Emilia (Grant) Nichols ; grandson of Josiah
Morse and Delilah
(Dnncombe) Nichols
and of Sweton and
Hannah (Whiteley)
Grant, and a descend-
ant of Francis Nich-
ols, an original settler
and proprietor of
Stratford, Connecti-
cut,1639. He was grad-
uated from Trinity
college, A.B., 1870,
A.M., 1873, and from
Berkeley divinity
school in 1873. He
was admitted to the
diaconate by Bishop
Williams of Connecticut in 1873 and to the priest-
hood, in 1874, and was private secretary to Bishop
WTilliams, 1871-76. He was married, May 18, 1876,
to Clara, daughter of Edward Augustus and
Mary (Gillespie) Quintard. He was assistant at
Holy Trinity, Middletown, Conn., 1873-75, rector
of St. James, West Hartford, Conn., and Grace
church, Newington, Conn., 1875-77; rector of
Christ church, Hartford, 1877-87, and of St.
James, Philadelphia, Pa., 1887-90. He was a
delegate to the Seabury centenary at Aberdeen,
Scotland, in 1884, and in behalf of the clergy and
laity of Connecticut presented a paten and
chalice to the Scottish church. He was professor
of church history at the Berkeley divinity school,
1885-87, and was assistant secretary of the House
NICHOLS
NICHOLSON
of Bishops in 1886. He declined the election as
bishop coadjutor of Ohio in 1888 ; was a deputy to
the General convention from the diocese of
Pennsylvania in 1889 : was elected bishop coad-
jutor of California with full charge in 1890. and
was consecrated in St. James' church, Philadel-
phia, June 24, 1890, by Bishops Williams (Con-
necticut), Quintard, Neely, Littlejohn. Whita-
ker, Niles, Adams, Scarborough, Whitehead and
H. C. Potter. Upon the death of Bishop Kip,
April G, 1893, he became the second bishop of the
diocese. He founded and became dean of the
Church Divinity School of the Pacific at San
Mateo, Gal. On the organization of the domestic
missionary district of Honolulu, Bishop Nichols
was sent by the presiding bishop to act in his be-
half in assuming jurisdiction and receiving the
transfer of property from the Anglican bishop of
the diocese of Honolulu, the Rt. Rev. Alfred
Willis, D.D. On April 1, 1902, so commissioned
by the presiding bishop, he assumed such juris-
diction and was relieved of the charge by Bishop
Restarick after the consecration of the latter, July
2, 1902. The honorary degree of D.D. was con-
ferred on him by Kenyon and Trinity in 1888.
He is the author of: On the Trial of Your Faith
(1895).
NICHOLS, William Ripley, chemist, was born
in Boston, Mass., April 30, 1847 ; son of Charles
Carter and Betsey Foster Morton (Ripley)
Nichols ; grandson of Col. Israel and Esther
(Gowing) Nichols, and of William Putnam and
Elizabeth Foster (Morton) Ripley, and a descen-
dant of George Morton, who came over in the brig
Ann, 1624, and of Elder Brewster, of the May-
flower. He attended the Roxbury Latin school ;
studied abroad, 1863-60 ; was graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1869,
was instructor and assistant professor of chem-
istry there, 1869-72, and professor of general
chemistry, 1872-86. He was an authority on
chemistry as applied to sanitation ; was a mem-
ber of the German Chemical society ; the London
Society of Chemical Industry ; the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; the New York
Academy of Science, and various other scientific
associations and societies of art and industry, and
was vice-president of the section of chemistry of
the American Association for the Advancement
of Science in 1885. He compiled a record of the
Publication of the Officers, Students and Alumni
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
with the co-operation of the authors prepared
an abridgment of Eliot and Storer's Manual of
i 'In mistry ; and by similar help revised Eliot and
Storer's Compendious Manual of Qiialitu/ir,
Analysis (1872). He is the author of : irate-
Snpjtli/ mainly from a Chemical and Sanitary
Standpoint (1883) with Lewis M. Morton ; Experi-
ments in General Chemistry (1884), and a Dic-
tionary of Chemical Synonyms. He died in Ham-
burg. Germany, July 14, 1886.
NICHOLSON, Alfred Osborn Pope, senator,
was born in Williamson county, Tenn., Aug. 31,
1801. He was graduated from the University of
North Carolina in 1827 ; studied medicine, but re-
linquished it for law ; was admitted to the bar
in 1831, and practised at Columbia, Term. He
edited the Western Mercury at Columbia, 1832-
::."i ; was a representative in the state legislature
1833-39 ; succeeded Felix Grundy, deceased, as
U.S. senator by appointment, serving in the 20th
and 27th congresses, 1841-43 ; was editor of the
Xashi-ille Union, 1844-46 : chancellor of the middle
division of the state, 1843-51 ; president of the
Bank of Tennessee, 1846-47 ; member of the
Nashville convention of 1850 ; of the Democratic
national convention of 1852, and in 1853 refused a
cabinet position. He was printer of the U.S. house
of representatives, 1853-55, and of the U.S.
senate, 1855-57. He was a member of the Demo-
cratic national convention, 1852, and edited the
Washington Union, 1853-56. He was elected to
the U.S. senate for a full term in 1857 and served
until March 3, 1861. He was at Columbia, Tenn.,
during the war, and was twice arrested and im-
prisoned by the Federal authorities. He was a
member of the convention to revise the constitu-
tion of the state of Tennessee in 1870, and was
chief justice of the supreme court of Tennessee,
1870-76. He is the author of : Compilation of
Lairs of Tennessee ; Nicholson Letter (1848). He
died at Columbia, Tenn. , March 23, 1876.
NICHOLSON, Eliza Jane, journalist, was born
on a plantation on Pearl river, Miss. , March 1 1 ,
1849 ; daughter of Capt. John W. Poitevant. Her
father was of French Huguenot descent ami her
maternal ancestors were from South Carolina.
She early contributed poems and stories to the
New York and New Orleans papers, under the
pen name "Pearl Rivers." She became literary
editor of the New Orleans Picayune in 1874 and
was the pioneer woman journalist of thesoutli.
She was married to Col. A. H. Holbrook, the pro-
prietor of the Picayune, and became conversant
with all the details of journalism, and upon his
death in 1876 assumed entire charge of his
affairs, paid off a debt of $80,000 erected a large
publishing house and owned the entire land
building and plant. She was married secondly
in 1878 to George Nicholson, the business manager
of the Picayune, who had been her chief ad\ isi T
after her husband's death, and she retained en-
tire editorial control of the Pii'ni/ii in . while Mr.
Nicholson became financial manager. Her
poems were published as Lyrics by Pearl Riri-rs.
Mr. Nicholson died in New Orleans. La., in Febru-
ary, 1890. and Mrs. Nicholson, Feb. 15, 1896.
NICHOLSON
NICHOLSON
NICHOLSON, Isaac Lea, fifth bishop of Mil-
waukee and 159th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 18,
lyU; son of John Johns and Jane (Ricketts)
Nicholson ; grandson of Christopher and Mary
(Johns) Nicholson, and a descendant of an Eng-
lish ancestry, from Appleby, England. He re-
ceived his academic training at St. Timothy's
Hall, Catonsville, Md., but ill health at this time
prevented a college course. He engaged in com-
mercial pursuits, including a partnership in his
father's banking house. He was graduated from
Dartmouth college. A.B., 1869, A.M., 1872, com-
pleting his studies at the Virginia Theological
seminary, Alexandria, Va. , in 1871. He received
deacon's orders in Grace church, Baltimore, Sept.
24, 1871, and was ordained priest, Sept. 22, 1872.
He served as curate at St. Thomas's church,
Hanover, N.H., 1871-72 ; at St. Paul's, Baltimore,
Md., 1872-75 ; rector of the Church of the Ascen-
sion, Westminster, Md., 1875-79, and of St.
Mark's, Philadelphia, 1879-91. He declined the
episcopate of Indiana in 1883 ; was elected to and
accepted the bishopric of Milwaukee as successor
to the Rt. Rev. Cyrus Frederick Knight, who died,
June 8, 1891, and he was consecrated at St. Mark's,
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 28, 1891. by Bishops Mc-
Laren, Whittaker, Adams, Scarborough, White-
head, Rulison, Paret, Worthington, Talbot, A.
Leonard and Graf ton. He received the degree of
D.D. from Nashotah in 1890.
NICHOLSON, James, naval officer, was born
in Chestertown, Md., in 1737. His father emi-
grated from Berwick-on-Tweed, Scotland ; held
a grant of land in Virginia, and was an officer
under the crown. James shipped as a sailor
when a boy and was rapidly promoted, serving as
an officer on the fleet that captured Havana in
1762. He resided in New York city, 1763-71,
and was married to Frances Witter. In 1775 he
enlisted in the Maryland navy, on board the
Defiance, and after recapturing a number of
American trading crafts taken by the British,
was appointed commander of the sloop Vir-
ginia, 28 guns, in June, 1776. Upon the dismissal
of Commodore Esek Hopkins (q.v.), Captain
Nicholson, as senior captain, succeeded him as
commauder-in-chief of the continental navy and
held the position until its dissolution. The Vir-
ginia •was prevented from escaping from Balti-
more by the blockade maintained by the British,
and Captain Nicholson, with his crew, joined Gen-
eral Washington's army at Trenton and took part
in the battle at that place. He returned to his
ship and in attempting to run the blockade she
grounded on a bar and was captured, Captain
Nicholson and most of his crew escaping to
land. He was subjected to a court of inquiry by
congress and acquitted of blame. He next
commanded the frigate Trumbull, 38 guns, and
on June 2, 1780, captured the British frigate
IVitlt, and in August, 1781, fell in with the Iris
and the General Monk off the capes of Delaware.
Of the 120 men on board the Trumbull, many
were English sailors who had shipped in order to
capture the vessel, and they on the first discharge
of a broadside fled into the hold of the vessel,
followed by the landsmen, who comprised part
of the crew. This left but fifty men to fight the
two British frigates and after a desperate con-
flict, during which eighteen of the Americans
were killed, Captain Nicholson was obliged to
strike his colors. He was held a prisoner until
near the close of the war. He returned to New
York city, where he made his home, and was
U.S. commissioner of loans, 1801-04. His
brothers Samuel (q.v.) and John were both
officers in the Continental navy, and his daughter
Hannah married Albert Gallatin in 1793. He
died in New York city, Sept. 2, 1804.
NICHOLSON, James William Augustus,
naval officer, was born in Dedham. Mass.. Jlarch
10, 1821 ; son of Nathaniel Dowse Nicholson,
U.S.N., and grandson of Samuel Nicholson
U.S.N. (q.v.). His father served in the war of
1812. James entered
the U.S. navy as
midshipman, Feb. 10,
1838 ; was promoted
passed midshipman
in 1844, and served
as acting master in
the war with Mexico,
1841-48. He was
promoted lieutenant
in 1852 and served
on the sloop Van-
dalia, on the expedi-
tion to Japan under
Commodore Perry, VAAJDALIA
1853-55, and in the Chinese rebellion. He
cruised along the coast of Africa in suppress-
ing the slave trade, 1857-60, and in 1861 was
on board the Pocahontas and went to the relief
of Fort Sumter, but arrived after the surrender,
April 13, 1861. He commanded the Isaac Smith
in the Port Royal expedition and took part in
the battle of Port Royal, S.C., Nov. 7, 1861,
where he was commended by Admiral Dupont
for his coolness and gallantry. He served in
Florida in the capture of Jacksonville, Fernan-
dina and St. Augustine, and was assigned to the
command of St. Augustine. He repulsed a Con-
federate flotilla on the Savannah river in
February, 1862, was promoted commander, July
16, 1862, and served as ordnance officer on the
New York station, 1862-63. He commanded the
Shamrock in the South Atlantic blockading
NICHOLSON
NICHOLSON
squadron, 1863-64, and the monitor Manhattan,
under Admiral Farragut, in the battle of Mobile
Bay, -where he engaged the Confederate ram
Tennessee, Aug. 5, 1864. He bombarded Fort
Powell for twelve days and after a siege of six
weeks captured Fort Morgan. He commanded
the U.S. steamer Mohican of the Pacific squadron,
1865-66 ; was promoted captain in July, 1806 ;
commanded the U.S. flag-ship Lancaster, of the
Brazil squadron, 1871-72, and was promoted com-
modore in 1873. He was commandant of the
U.S. navy yard at Brooklyn. N. Y., 1876-80 ; was
appointed to the command of the European
station, Sept. 1, 1881, and was commissioned rear-
admiral, Oct. 1, 1881. He was present at the bom-
bardment of Alexandria, Egypt, by the British
fleet, July 11, 1882, and on July 14th he landed
100 marines to protect the U.S. consulate, thus
incidentally affording protection to many other
refugees, and a gold medal was presented
him by the king of Sweden in recognition of
his services. He was retired, March 10, 1883.
He died in New York city, Oct. 28, 1887.
NICHOLSON, John Anthony, representative,
was born in Laurel, Del., Nov. 17, 1827; son of
Jacob Cannon and Susan Fauntleroy (Quarles)
Nicholson ; grandson of Francis West and Lucy
Dangerfield (Smith) Quarles, and a descendant of
Moore Fauntleroy of Naylor's Hole, who came to
Virginia in 1643, and of Col. William Danger-
field, and Merriwether Smith, both of Virginia.
He attended an academy in Nelson county, Va.,
matriculated at Dickinson college in the class of
1847, but left in 1845 to study law in Dover, Del.,
with Martin W. Bates. He began practice in
1850, having married Angelica K. Reed of Dover
in 1848. He was appointed superintendent of the
free schools for Kent county, Del., in 1851, and
was made brigadier-general of Kent county
militia in 1861. He was a member of the Demo-
cratic national committee, 1864-68, a representa-
tive in the 39th and 40th congresses from the state-
at-large, 1865-69, and opposed the impeachment
measures. In 1902 he resided in Kent county, Del.
NICHOLSON, John B., naval officer, was born
in Richmond, Va., in 1783. He was appointed a
midshipman in the U.S. navy, July 4, 1800 ; was
p:-i minted lieutenant, May 30, 1812, and was
4th lieutenant on the frigate United States,
when that vessel captured the British frigate
Macedonian, near the Island of Madeira, Oct. 25,
1812. He was 1st lieutenant of the Peacock,
under Captain Warrington, in the engagement
with the brig Epervier, April 29, 1814, and was
given command of the captured Epervier, taking
her safely into port. He commanded the brig
Flambeau, under Commodore Decatur, on the
declaration of war with the Barbary powers, Feb.
23, 1815. He was promoted commander, March
5, 1817 ; captain, April 24, 1828, and was subse-
quently commissioned a commodore. He died in
Washington. D.C., Nov. 9, 1846.
NICHOLSON, John Reed, chancellor, was
born in Dover, Del., May 19. 1849; son of John
Anthony (q.v. ) and Angelica Killen (Reed)
Nicholson, and a descendant of William Killen,
the first chancellor of the state. He was gradu-
ated from Yale, A.B., 1870. and from Columbia,
LL.B., 1873. In 1870 he accompanied Prof.
Itlmiel C. Marsh (q.v.) on a paleontological ex-
pedition through the Rocky Mountains and the
great plains. He practised law in New York,
1873-76, and in Dover, Del., after 1876. He was
married, June 3, 1884. to Isabella Hayes Hager of
Lancaster, Pa. He was attorney-general of Dela-
ware, 1892—95 ; and became chancellor of the
state, Nov. 23, 1895. He was a member of the
board of electors for the Hall of Fame for Great
Americans, New York university, October. 1900.
NICHOLSON, Joseph Hopper, representative,
was born in Maryland in 1770. He was admitted
to the bar and practised in his native state, where
he was the Anti-Federalist leader and a repre-
sentative in the legislature. In 1792 he intro-
duced a bill to remove from the statutes of the
state the property qualification for voters. He
was a representative from Maryland in the 6th,
7th, 8th, and 9th congresses, 1799-1806. He
resigned, March 1, 1806, to accept the chief
judgeship of the sixth judicial district to which
he had been appointed in 1805, and he was
succeeded by Edward Lloyd (q.v.). He subse-
quently became judge of the court of appeals of
Maryland. He died in Anne Arundel county,
Md., March 4, 1871.
NICHOLSON, Samuel, naval officer, was born
in Maryland in 1743. His father was proprietor
of Nicholson Manor, Virginia, and his brothers
James (q.v.) and John were officers in the Con-
tinental navy. Samuel served under John Paul
Jones, as a lieutenant on the Bon Homme Sich-
ard; was promoted captain, Sept. 17, 1779. and
engaged in the celebrated sea fight with the
Serapis. Sept. 23. 1779. He commanded the fri.eat^
Deane, 32 guns, in 1782, and cruised with great
NICHOLSON
NICOLAY
success, capturing three British sloops of war
of heavier metal. Upon the reorganization of
the navy in 1794 he retained his commission and
was given command of the frigate Constitution,
having superintended her construction. He died
in Charlestown, Mass., Dec. 29, 1813.
NICHOLSON, Somerville, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Jan. 1, 1822 ; son of Major
A. A. and Helen Bache (Lispenard) Nicholson.
He was appointed a midshipman in the U.S.
navy, June 21, 1839 ; was promoted passed mid-
shipman, July 2, 1845; master, Sept. 9, 1853;
lieutenant, May 5, 1854 ; lieutenant-commander.
July 16, 1862 ; commander, Jan. 2, 1863 ; captain,
June 10, 1870, and commodore, Jan. 22, 1880. He
commanded the steam gunboat Marblehead and
the steamer State of Georgia, and was engaged in
blockading service during the civil war, 1861-65.
After seventeen years' sea service and twelve
years' shore duty, on his own application under
the act of Aug. 3, 1861, he was retired, April 7,
1881. He made his home in Washington, D.C.
NICHOLSON, William Carmichael, naval
officer, was born in Maryland in 1800; son of
Capt. John Nicholson, an officer in the Continen-
tal navy during the Revolutionary war, and
nephew of James and Samuel Nicholson (q.v.). He
was commissioned a midshipman in the U.S. navy,
July 18, 1812, and served on the President, under
Decatur, during the action off Long Island in
1815, where he was taken a prisoner to England
and confined until the close of the war. He was
promoted lieutenant in March, 1821, and served
on the frigate United States, Pacific squadron,
1827-34. In 1834 he was assigned to duty at the
naval station. He was commissioned commander,
Sept. 8, 1841, and commanded the sloop Preble
in the Mediterranean squadron, 1843^5. He was
on duty at the naval rendezvous at Boston, Mass.,
1845—46 ; served on the receiving ship in New
York, 1847-48, and commanded the navy yard at
Memphis, Tenn. , 1853—53. He was promoted
captain, Aug. 22, 1855 ; was fleet captain of the
Pacific squadron in 1855 ; commanded the steam
frigate Missis-
sippi in the East
India squadron,
1858-61 ; was in
command of the
United States
marine asylum
in Philadelphia,
and commanded
the steam fri-
gate Roanoke
when the civil
u.s.s. /MISSISSIPPI,
war began. He served on special duty, 1861-66,
and was commissioned commodore, July 16, 1862.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1872.
NICHOLSON, William Rufus, R.E. bishop,
was born in Green county, Miss., Jan. 8, 1822;
son of Isaac Rogelle and America (Gilmer) Nichol-
son. He was graduated from La Grange college,
Ala., in 1840 ; was ordained deacon and priest in
the Protestant Episcopal church, and served as
rector of Grace church, New Orleans, La. ; St.
John's, Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Paul's, Boston, Mass.,
and Trinit3~, Newark, N.J. He joined the Re-
formed Episcopal movement in 1874 and was
rector of the Second R.E. (St. Paul's) church in
Philadelphia, 1874-76. He was elected and con-
secrated bishop in 1876 and also assumed the
duties of dean of the Reformed Episcopal Theolo-
gical seminary in Philadelphia, Pa. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Ken3ron
college, Ohio, in 1857. He was twice married ;
first, on Nov. 27, 1845, to Jane, daughter of Dr.
Franklin Shaw of Mobile, Ala., and secondly on
Oct. 18, 1866, to Katharine Stanley, daughter of
Charles Hamilton Parker of Boston, Mass. He
is the author of : Tlie Blessedness of Heaven (1874) ;
Reasons why I am a Reformed Episcopalian
(1875) ; Tlie Real Presence in the Bread and Wine
of the Lord's Supper (1877); The Call to the
Ministry (1877), and The Bearing of Prophecy
on Inspiration (1888). He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., June 7, 1901.
NICKLIN, Philip Holbrook, bookseller, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1786. He was grad-
uated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1804, A.M., 1807 ; studied law, and engaged in
business as a bookseller in Baltimore, Md., 1809-
14, and in Philadelphia, 1814-39. He was a
trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1827-
42 ; visited England in 1833, and on his return in
1834 made a report before the board of trustees
on the educational advantages offered by the
universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He
wrote articles on conchology for Silliman's Jour-
nal ; letters descriptive of the Virginia mineral
springs and of a journey through Pennsylvania ;
articles on the rights of authors to literary prop-
erty and papers, and on the tariff as affecting
the trade in books. He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., March 2, 1843.
NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in
Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832 ; son of Jacob
and Helena Nicolay. He immigrated to the
United States with his parents in 1838, who
settled first in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then suc-
cessively in Indiana, Missouri and Illinois. He
received a limited education and was employed
as a clerk in a retail store in Whitehall, 111., 1846-
47 ; in the printing office of the Pittsfield, 111.,
Fnv Press, 1848-56, becoming successively, pub-
lisher, editor and proprietor. He was clerk of
the secretary of state at Springfield, III., 1856-60 ;
private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, 1860-65 ;
NICOLL
NIEHAUS
U.S. consul to Paris, 1865-59, and marshal of the
U.S. supreme court, 1872-87. He 'was a founder
of the Literary society and the Columbia His-
torical society of Washington, and a life member
of the American Historical society. He was
married in June, 1865, to Therena Bates of Pitts-
field, 111. She died in November, 1885. In collabo-
ration with John Hay, he is the author of : Abra-
ham Lincoln, a history (10 vols. 1890), which first
appeared in the Century, 1886-90, and in 1901
was condensed by Mr. Nicolay, and Abraham
Lincoln's Complete Works (2 vols.. 1894). He also
wrote Tlie Outbreak of theRebellion (1881), being
the first volume of a series entitled : " Campaigns
of the Civil War '' ; the article on President
Lincoln in the English edition of the " Encylo-
paedia Britanuica," and many articles in the
leading magazines and periodicals. He died in
Washington, D.C., Sept. 26, 1901.
NICOLL, James Craig, painter, was born in
New York city, Nov. 22, 1846 ; son of John W.
and Elizabeth Phillips (Craig) Nicoll, and grand-
son of John and Anne (Williams) Nicoll of
Newburgh, N.Y. , and of James Jefferson and Har-
riet K. (Phillips) Craig of Craigsville, N.Y. His
first ancestor in America was John Nicoll of
Haddieweel, Scotland, who arrived in New York
in 1711. He attended Quackenbos school, New
York, and studied painting with Maurice F. H.
de Haas. He exhibited in 1868 at the National
Academy of Design ; was elected an associate
member in 1880, and an academician in 1885. He
was secretary of the Etching club for several
years ; was elected president of the Artists' Fund
society in 1887 ; was one of the founders of the
American Water-color society and its secretary
for several years, and secretary of the National
Academy. He received medals at the Paris ex-
position ; the American Prize Fund ; the New
Orleans exposition of 1885, and at the Pan-
American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. He was
secretary of the International Jury of Award son
Painting at the World's Columbian exposition,
Chicago. Among his water colors are : On the
Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Foggy Morning, Grand
Menan (1876); Moonlight, Cape Ann (1877); Out-
let of Lake Oscawana (187s); Moonlight at Naliant
(1881); A Creek (1884), and Stormy Days at
Block Island (1886). His paintings in oil include :
Bass Rocks near Gloucester, Mass. (1879) ; Shower
at Block Island (1380); On the Rocks near Port-
lind (1881); Harbor View (1882); Marblehead
Rock (1883); Sunlight on the Sea (1884); Summer
Morning (1885): Fog and Sunshine (1886); An
August Evening (1886) ; Night (1900).
NICUM, John, educator and clergyman, was
born in Winnenden. Wlirtemberg, Germany,
Jan. 6, 1851. He attended the Latin school at
Winnenden, was graduated from Muhlenberg
college, Allentown. Pa., in 1873, and from the
Lutheran Theological seminary at Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1876. He was pastoral Frackville, Pa.,
1876-78; at Frankfort, Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-
80 ; at Syracuse, N.Y., 1880-87, and in 1887 was
elected pastor of St. John's Lutheran church at
Rochester, N.Y. In addition to his services as
pastor he accepted the presidency of the Wagner
Memorial Lutheran college at first temporarily in
1894, but which soon after became permanent
and included the professorship of mental and
moral science and Hebrew. He served as presi-
dent of the fourth conference of the New York
Ministerium. 1884-89, secretary of the general
council of the Evangelical Lutheran church in
North America, 1886-97, and president of the
general council's board of German home missions,
1888-97. He received the degree of D.D. from
Mulilenberg college in 1893. He is the author of :
Gleichniss-Reden Jesu (1884) ; Laws of the State
of Neic York Relating to Churches (1884); Refor-
mations Album (1885) ; The Doctrinal Develop-
ment of the New York Ministerium (1887); the
German edition of Wolf's " The Lutherans in
America" (1892) ; History of the New York Mi n-
isterium (1888) ; Abwehr (1892) ; Confessional
History of the Lutheran Church in the Vnital
States (1892).
NIEHAUS, Charles Henry, sculptor, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1855 ; son of John
Conrad and Sophia W. (Block) Niehaus, natives
of Hanover, Germany, who came to the United
States in childhood and settled in Cincinnati.
Charles Henry Niehaus successfully engaged in
wood engraving, casting and cutting marble, to
which latter trade he was apprenticed. He
studied art at the McMicken school of design at
night and won the first prize in drawing and
modeling. He studied at the Royal academy,
Munich, 1877-80, where he was awarded a first
prize diploma and medal in recognition of his
group, " Fleeting Time," the first prize ever given
to an American by a German academy. He
traveled in Italy, France and England, 1880-81,
and in 1881 executed a bust of Lord D'Israeli at
Manchester, England. He established a studio
in Villa Strohl-Fern, Rome, Italy, where he exe-
cuted "The Scraper" and "The Pugilist," the
former winning a fellowship in the Societe della
Artistica Internazienale di Roma, five medals and
a special medal, Chicago, 1893. In 1885 he es-
tablished his studio in New York city, where he
was made a member of the council of the
National Sculpture society, a member of the
Architectural League of America, of the Muni-
cipal Art society, of the National Arts club, of
the Society for the Preservation of Historic and
Science Places, of the Ohio society and of the
Players' club. He executed statues of Garfield
NIEMEYER
NILES
and William Allen, placed in Statuary Hall,
Washington, D.C., 1884 ; colossal statues of Gib-
bon, typifying history, and Moses, representing
religion, for the Congressional library at Wash-
ington (1896) ; statues of Hooker and Davenport,
and interpretative doors and tympanums for the
capitol at Hartford, Conn. (1895) ; statue of
Vice-President Tompkins for the senate chamber,
Washington ; statue of Governor Morton of In-
diana for Statuary Hall, Washington (1900) ; the
memorial Halmemann monument at Washing-
ton, with a seated figure of Samuel Hahnemann
and four illustrative panels (1900) ; the equestrian
statues of Robert E. Lee and of William T. Sher-
man ; the Astor bronze doors for Trinity church
(1894) ; a statue of Andrew G. Curtin of Penn-
sylvania (189?) ; heroic statues of Abraham
Lincoln and Admiral Farragut for Hackley
Square. Muskegon, Mich. (1900) ; an immense
pediment, " The Triumph of the Law," for the
Appellate Court House in New York city (1900) ;
two colossal groups representing mineral wealth,
being "The Story of Light "and " The Story of
Gold," Pan-American exposition (1901) ; the
monument to General Forrest in Memphis, Tenn.,
from a design accepted June 6, 1901 ; a bust of
President McKinley finished June, 1901, and an
heroic sea-ted figure of Lincoln for the Buffalo
Historical society (1901).
NIEMEYER, John Henry, artist, was born in
Bremen, Germany, June 25, 1839. About 1845
his parents settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he
received his primary education. Prom 1866 to
1870 he studied painting in Paris at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts under Leon Gerome, and drawing
under Adolphe Yvon and subsequently under
Louis Jacquesson de la Chevreuse and Sebastian
Cornu. He became a painter of portraits and
landscapes. In 1871 he was appointed professor
of drawing in the Yale School of the Fine Arts.
In 1869 he exhibited in the Paris Salon, the his-
torical picture of •' Gutenberg Inventing Movable
Types "and a full-length life-size portrait. His
landscapes are principally of New England
scenery. He also produced The Young Orator
(1878); Tlie Braid (1874); Where? (1875). He
painted a portrait of Theodore D. Woolsey for
the Woolsey Auditorium of Yale university
and ' portraits of Professor T. R. Lounsbury,
LL D. ; the Rev. T. T. Munger. D.D., and others.
He modeled in bas-relief a portrait of William
M. Hunt, the artist, in 1883-84, and after reading
Kossetti's " Lilith," modeled Lilitli Tempting Eve.
NIGHTINGALE, Augustus Frederick, educa-
tor, was born in Quincy, Mass., Nov. 11. 1843;
son of Thomas J. and Alice (Brackett) Nightin-
gale ; grandson of Samuel B. and Mehitable
(Brackett) Nightingale, and of Joseph G. and Char-
lotte (Newcomb) Brackett, and a descendant of
John Nightingale, who settled in Hull, Mass.,
1634 or 1654. He was graduated from Wesleyan.
university, A.B., 1866, A.M., 1869, and was pro-
fessor of ancient languages at Upper Iowa uni-
versity, Fayette, Iowa, 1867-68 ; acting president
of Northwestern Female college, Evanstou, 111.,
1868-71 ; professor of ancient languages and
teacher of elocution in Simpson Centenary col-
lege, Indianola, Iowa, 1871-72 ; superintendent
of public instruction in Omaha, Neb., 1873-74 ;
principal of Lake View high school, Ravens-
wcfod, 111., 1874-90 ; assistant superintendent of
public instruction in Chicago, 111., 1890-92 ; super-
intendent of the public high schools of Chicago,
1892-1901, and in March, 1902, was elected
president of the board of trustees of the Univer-
sity of Illinois. He was married, Aug. 24, 1866,
to Fanny Orena, daughter of the Rev. C. H.
Chase. He was elected president of the Nebraska
State Teachers' association in 1873 ; president of
the Nebraska State Sabbath School association in
1873 ; of the Illinois State Teachers' association in
1887 ; of the secondary department of the Na-
tional Educational association in 1888, and presi-
dent of the North Central association of colleges
and secondary schools in 1898. He was a mem-
ber of the National Educational association and
chairman of the national committee on college
entrance requirements, 1895-1899. He received
from Wesleyan university the degree of Ph.D. in
1891 and of LL.D. in 1901. He is editor of Twen-
tieth Century Text Books (100 vols., 1899 et seq.),
and the author of : ^.4 Hand Book of Requirements
for Admission to the Colleges of the United States
(1879) ; and with George Howland of Two Edu-
cational Essays (1881), besides many reports and
educational papers.
NILES, Hezekiah, editor, was born in Chester
county, Pa., Oct. 10, 1777. He was early appren-
ticed to a printer, and in 1808 removed to Balti-
more, Md., where he edited a daily paper, 1804-14.
He founded and edited Niles' Register, a weekly
journal published in Baltimore, 1811-36, in which
he advocated protection of American industries.
The first 32 volumes (1812-27) were reprinted,
and the Register was continued by his son, Miller
Ogden Niles, and others, 1827-49. He is the
author of : Principles and Acts of the Revolution
(1822), and of a series of humorous essays, en-
titled Quill Driving. The towns of Niles inMich-
igan and Ohio were named in his honor. He
died in Wilmington, Del., April 2, 1839.
NILES, John Milton, senator, was born in
Windsor, Conn., Aug. 20, 1787 ; son of Moses and
Naomi (Marshall) Niles. and grandson of Benja-
min and Lucy (Sill) Niles. His father was a
native of Groton, Conn., and removed to Windsor
prior to the Revolutionary war. John attended
school at Windsor, studied law with John
NILES
MILES
Sargent and was admitted to the bar in 1817. In
January, 1817, he established and was manager of
the Hartford Times, and obtained for that paper
a large circulation. He was an associate judge
of the county court, 1821-29 ; was a representa-
tive in the general assembly in 1826, and was de-
feated for the state senate in 1827. He sup-
ported General Jackson for president, and upon
his inauguration, in 1829, President Jackson ap-
pointed Maj. H. B. Norton, editor of the Times,
postmaster of Hartford, in recognition of the
service rendered by the paper during the cam-
paign. Against this appointment Niles pro-
tested rigorously, and the President dismissed
Norton and appointed Niles his successor. On
the death of Nathan Smith, U.S. senator from
Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1836, Niles was elected to
complete the term expiring March 3. 1839. In
1840 President Van Buren appointed him post-
master-general in his cabinet, as successor to
Amos Kendall, who resigned. May 9-, 1840, and
Niles held the office until the close of Van Buren's
administration, March 3, 1841. He was the Dem-
ocratic candidate for governer of Connecticut in
1839 and 1840, and was again U.S. senator, 1843-
49. He was twice married, first June 7, 1824, to
Sarah, daughter of William Robinson, and widow
of Lewis Howe. She died, Nov. 23. 1842. and he
was married secondly, Nov. 26, 1845, to Jane H.
Pratt of Columbia county, N.Y., who died in
September, 1850. He made several bequests, in-
cluding §70,000 in trust to the city of Hartford,
the income therefrom to be devoted to the worthy
poor, and his large library to the Connecticut
Historical society. He is the author of : TJte Inde-
pendent Whig (1816) ; Gazetteer of Connecticut
and Rhode Island (1819); History of tlie Revolu-
tion in Mexico and South America, with a View of
Texas (1829); Tlie Civil Officer (1840); Loss of
the Brig Commerce vpon tlie West Coast of Africa
(1842). He died in Hartford, Conn., May 31, 1856.
NILES, Nathaniel, representative, was born in
South Kingston, R.I. , April 3, 1741 ; son of Samuel
Niles ; grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Ann
(Coddington) Niles of Braintree, Mass., and great-
grandson of Nathaniel and Sarah (Sands) Niles of
Block Island. He matriculated at Harvard col-
lege and was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1766, A.M., 1769. He studied the-
ology under the Rev. Dr. Joseph Bellamy, and
also studied law and medicine in New York city,
where he taught school. He preached in Nor-
wich andTorrington, Conn.; resided in Norwich,
where he invented a process for making wire
from bar iron, and added to the wire mill, which
was run by water, a woolen cord manufactory.
He served as a soldier throughout the Revolution,
and subsequently removed to Vermont, where he
purchased a large tract of land, founded the town
of West Fairlee and held religious services in
his own house for nearly forty years. He was
a representative in the Vermont legislature ;
speaker and agent to congress in 1784 : judge of
the supreme court, 1784-88 ; a member of the
council of censors in 1785, 1787 and 1789, and a
member of the constitutional convention of 1791.
He was a representative from Vermont in the 2d
and 3d congresses, 1791-95 ; was a representative
in the state legislature, 1800-02 and 1812-14 ; a
member of the governor's council, 1803-08; a
presidential elector, 1805 and 1813, and a member
of the constitutional convention of 1814. He led
in formulating the demand of the state for a con-
stitutional amendment prohibiting the importa-
tion of slaves ; was opposed to the bank bill
schemes of 1800, but in 1806 voted for the estab-
lishment of a state bank. He was twice married:
first to a daughter of Rev. Dr. Lathrop of West
Springfield, Mass., and secondly to Elizabeth,
daughter of William Watson of Plymouth,
Mass., and of his sons, Nathaniel was U.S. con-
sul at Sardinia, acting plenipotentiary to Austria
and secretary of legation at the court of St.
James under U.S. Minister Cass. The honorary
degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Har-
vard in 1772, and by Dartmouth in 1791. He was
trustee of Dartmouth college, 1793-1820. He is
the author of : Four Discourses on Secret Prayer
(1773); Two Discourses on Sin and Forgiveness
(1773); Two Discourses upon Liberty; Tlie Per-
fection of God (1777), and The Fountain of Good
(1777). He also wrote an ode entitled Tlie Amer-
ican Hero, which was inspired by the news of
the battle of Bunker Hill, was set to music by
the Rev. Sylvauus Ripley, and became the war
song of the New England soldiers. He died at
West Fairlee, Vt., Oct. 31, 1828.
NILES, Samuel, clergyman, was born on
Block Island, R.I., May 1, 1674 ; son of Nathaniel
and Sarah (Sands) Niles. He was graduated
from Harvard college, A.B., 1699, A.M., 1709. and
was a preacher on Block Island, 1699-1701 ; at
Kingstown, 1702-10, and was ordained pastor of
the Second church, Braintree, Mass.. in 1711.
He was twice married ; first, in 1716. to a daughter
of Peter Thatcher of Milton, Mass., and sec-
ondly, in 1732, to Ann Coddington. He returned
to Block Island in his latter years and became
pastor of a church in Charleston, composed
chiefly of the Niantic Indians. He is the author
of: A Brief and Sorrowful Account of the
Churches in ^'ew England (1745): A Vindication
of Diverse Important Doctrines of Scripture (1752) ;
Scrijrtnre Doctrines of Oriiiiiiul Sin ( 1 757) ; History
of the French and Indian Wars (1760) , and a diary
kept by him for sixty years, which forms an in-
teresting history of Braintree. He died in Brain-
tree, Mass., May 1, 1762.
NILES
NINDE
NILES, William Harmon, geologist, was born
in Northampton, Mass., May 18, 1838; son of
the Rev. Asa and Mary Ann (Marcy) Niles, and
grandson of Peter Niles. He attended the schools
of Worthington, Mass., where in 1855 he began
teaching. He prepared for his science education
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he was with his
uncle, Oliver Marcy, LL.D., of Northwestern
university, Evanston, 111., under whose encour-
agement in 1862 he entered the Lawrence Scien-
tific school, Harvard, and was graduated, S.B.,
in 1806. For a year he was a student at the
Sheffield Scientific school, Yale, and graduated
Ph.B. in 1867. He was married in 1869 to Helen
M. Plympton of Cambridge, Mass. He was the
stated lecturer in natural science at the Massa-
chusetts State Teachers' institutes, 1867-77. He
delivered public lectures upon geological and
geographical subjects, 1867-90, giving a number
of full courses at the Lowell Institute, Boston,
and at the Peabody Institute, Baltimore. He
was appointed professor of physical geology and
geography at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1871. He was also made professor
of geology at the Boston university in 1875 ;
stated lecturer at Wellesley college, 1882-87, and
professor of geology at Wellesley, 1888. The
honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him
by the Wesleyan university in 1870. He was
president of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, 1892-97 ; was three times president of the
Appalachian Mountain club ; president of the
New England Meteorological society, and was
elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, a fellow of the Geological Society
of America, a member of the National Geographic
society and corresponding member of the New
York Academy of Sciences. In 1902 he was
professor and head of the department of geology
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
at Wellesley college, and professor of geology in
Boston university.
NILES, William Woodruff, second bishop of
New Hampshire and 96th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Hatley, Lower
Canada (now Quebec), May 24, 1832; son of
Daniel Swit and Delia (Woodruff) Niles. He was
graduated from Trinity college. Hartford, Conn.,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was a tutor there, 1857-58,
and was graduated from the Berkeley Divinity
school in 1861. He was ordered deacon, May 22,
1861 ; ordained priest, May 14, 1862, and was in
charge of St. Philip's church, Wiscasset, Maine,
1861-64. He was married, June 5, 1862, to Bertha
Olmsted of Hartford, Conn.; was professor of
Latin language and literature at Trinity college,
1864-70, editing the Churchman, 1866-67, and
serving as rector of St. John's, Warehouse Point,
Conn., 1868-70. He was elected second bishop of
New Hampshire, as successor to Bishop Chase who
died, Jan. 18, 1870, and was consecrated, Sept. 21,
1870, at St. Paul's church, Concord, N.H., by
Bishops Smith, Williams, Neely, Bissell, Doane
and Williams of Quebec. At the time of his
consecration he was a
British subject, and
he became an Ameri-
can citizen in Decem-
ber, 1873. Trinity
conferred on him the
honorary degrees of
S.T.D. in 1870 and
LL.D. in 1896; Dart-
mouth that of D.D.
in 1879, and Bishops
college, P.Q., that of
D.C.L. in 1898. He
was made president
of the corporation of
St. Paul's school, of
Holderness school and
of St. Mary's school, Concord, N.H., a visitor of
Trinity from 1870, and a trustee from 1877. He
was also a member of the board of managers of
domestic and foreign missions ; of the commis-
sion for revising the prayer-book and of that to
revise the marginal readings in the Bible. He is
the author of many essays, sermons and addresses.
NINDE, William Xavier, M.E. bishop, was born
in Cortlandville, N.Y., June 21, 1832 ; son of the
Rev. William Ward Ninde, a well known Metho-
dist preacher. He was prepared for college at
Rome academy, graduated from the Wesleyan
university at Middletown, Conn., A.B., 1855, A.M.
1858 ; was a teacher in Rome academy, N.Y.,
1855-56 ; joined the Black River conference in
1856, and was stationed successively at Fulton,
Theresa, Adams and Rome, N.Y., 1856-60 ; was
transferred to the Cincinnati conference in 1861,
and ministered at Mission chapel. Union chapel
and Christian chapel ; traveled in Europe and
Asia, 1868-69 ; was transferred to the Detroit con-
ference in 1870, and was pastor of the Central
church, Detroit, Mich., 1870-73. He was profes-
sor of practical theology at Garrett Biblical in-
stitute, Evanston, 111., 1873-76; was a delegate
to the general conference of the Methodist Epis-
copal church in 1876 ; was pastor of Central
church, Detroit, 1876-79 ; president of Garrett
Biblical institute, 1879-81 ; a delegate to the
Methodist Ecumenical conference held in London
in 1881, and was elected bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal church, May 15, 1884. He was presi-
dent of the Methodist conference in China, Japan
and Korea, returning to the United States in the
spring of 1895, having visited and ministered to
the missions in the Orient for several years. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
NISBET
NITSCIIMANN
Wesleyan university in 1874, and that of LL.D.
by Northwestern university in 1892. He died in
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 3, 1901.
NISBET, Charles, educator, was born in Had-
dington, Scotland, Jan. 21,1736; son of William
and Alison Nesbit. He was graduated from the
University of Edinburgh in 1754, having sustained
the entire expense of his collegiate course by
teaching. He studied theology in the Divinity
Hitll of Edinburgh, 1754-60, and was licensed to
preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh, Sept. 24,
1760. He was pastor of the Presbyterian church
at Montrose, Scotland, and during the Revolu-
tionary war sympathized with the colonists,
which caused dissatisfaction in his parish. He
was married in June, 1700, to Ann, daughter of
Thomas Sweedie of Quarter, Scotland. In 1783,
upon the establishment of Dickinson college, Car-
lisle, Pa., lie was chosen its
first president. He arrived
in Philadelphia, Pa., in June,
1785, and took charge of
the college, July 5, 1785-
He resigned the office, Oct.
18, 17S5, on account of a
severe illness which had
afflicted himself and his family. Recovering,
however, he was re-elected, May 10, 1786, and
immediately resumed his duties. The financial
state of Dickinson college, which had been but
slenderh' endowed, became greatly impaired and
the attendance grew less and less. The plans
of the president were not supported by the
trustees of the college, and his salary was cut
down from §1200 to $800. Even that sum was
not paid in full and at the time of his decease
the arrears amounted to four or five years' salary.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by the College of New Jersey in 1783, to
wnich institution he bequeathed his valuable
library. He died in Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 18, 1804.
NISBET, Eugenius Aristides, jurist, was born
near Union Point, Greene county, Ga., Dec. 7,
1803 ; son of Dr. James and Penelope (Cooper)
Nisbet. His father was a member of the con-
stitutional convention of 1798 and a representative
in the state legislature, having moved to Georgia
from Iredell, N.C., about 1791. His parents set-
tled in Athens, Ga., and he attended Powellton
academy, Hancock county, Ga., 1815-17, and South
Carolina college. Columbia, S.C., 1817-18, and was
graduated from the University of Georgia in
IS'Jl. with the first honor. He studied law in the
office of Judge Augustin S. Clayton, Athens,
1821-22, and under Judge Gould. Litchfield, Conn.,
1822-23. He was admitted to the bar of Greene
county by special act of the legislature in
1823, and practised in Madison, Ga., where he
was a representative in the state assembly for
three years ; state senator for one term, and
a Whig representative in the 26th and 27th con-
gresses, 1839—43, resigning his seat in congress to
meet obligations of $30,000, as surety for a relative.
He moved from Madison to Macon, Ga., in 1837.
He resumed his law practice in Macon, and upon
the organization of the supreme court in 1845
was appointed one of its judges and served, 1845-
53. He supported Harrison in 1840 ; Clay in
1844, and Bell and Everett in 1860. He was a
member of the state secession convention of
1861 and of the Confederate provisional congress.
In the secession convention he was chairman of
the committee of eighteen which reported the/
ordinance of secession, and was the author of
that ordinance. He practised law in Macon
with a brother and son, 1865-71. He was a
trustee of the University of Georgia, 1864-71, and
received from there the honorary degree of LL.D.
in 1868. He was married in 1824 to Amanda M.
F. Battle of Powellton, Ga., and they had twelve
children. Mrs. Nisbet died in 1865. Judge Nisbet
was the author of the first fourteen volumes of
Georgia Reports, and his decisions are frequently
quoted as authority on the law, both in the
United States and England. He died in Macon,
Ga., March 18, 1871.
NITSCHMANN, David, Moravian bishop, was
born in Zauch ten thai, Moravia, Dec. 27, 1696.
His parents were members of the church of the
Ancient Brethren, and David, in May, 1724, fled
from persecution to Herrnhut, Saxony, became
an evangelist and was consecrated first bishop of
the renewed Moravian church at Berlin, March 13,
1735, by Bishop Jablousky, with the concurrence
of Bishop Sitkovius of Poland. He led a colony
of Moravians to Savannah, Ga., in 1735, and on
Feb. 28, 1736, ordained Augustus G. Spangen-
berg and Anthony Seifferth, presbyters of the
church, probably the first ordinations by a Prot-
estant bishop in the United States ; John Wesley,
who was his fellow voyager to America, being
present. In 1740 he again visited America and
in 1741 purchased a tract of land on the Lehigh
river in Pennsylvania, where he formed a small
colony from the abandoned settlement in Geor-
gia, which he named Bethelem. He returned
to Saxony in 1744, but extended his labors to
New York and North Carolina, and during his
lifetime visited the chief countries of northern
Europe and the West Indies, making probably
fifty sea voyages. In 1755 he returned to Penn-
sylvania. He resided in Weissport, Pa., 1755-56,
atLititz, Pa., 1756-61, and at Bethelem. 1761-72.
He died in Bethlehem. Pa., Oct. 8. 1772.
NITSCHJVLANN, John, Moravian bishop, was
born in Schoen.m. Moravia, in 1703. Ho was a
descendant of the Ancient Brethren's church,
and in 1724. through religious persecutions, lie
NIXON
NIXON
relinquished his possessions in Moravia and with
a number of followers immigrated to Herrnhut,
Saxony, where he engaged in evangelical work
and in 1741 was consecrated to the episcopacy.
He immigrated to America in 1749, to fill the place
of Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, as presiding
bishop, who had established a Moravian colony
at Savannah, Ga. He remained in America until
1751, when he returned to Europe. He died in
Zeist, Holland, May 6, 1772.
NIXON, John, soldier, was born in Framing-
ham, Mass., March 1.1737; son of Christopher
and Mary (Sever) Nixon, and grandson of Joseph
Sever. Christopher Nixon came to Framingham
early in 1724, and John joined the troops under
Sir William Pepperrell in 1745, in the expedition
against Cape Breton and in the capture of Louis-
burg. He served in the Colonial army, 1745-75,
except 1752-55, when he was at his home in Fram-
ingham. He was a lieutenant in Capt. E. Newell's
company in the expedition to Crown Point,
1755-56 ; was commissioned captain in 1756, took
part in the defence of Fort William Henry, Lake
George, 1756 ; commanded a company in Col. T.
Ruggles's regiment at Half Moon, 1758, and was
captain in command of 108 men, 1761-62. He
led a company of minute men at the battle of
Lexington and commanded a regiment at the
battle of Bunker Hill, where he was seriously
wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general
in the Continental army, Aug. 9, 1776 ; com-
manded the forces stationed at Governor's Island
in New York harbor, and in the battle of Still-
water, commanded the 1st Massachusetts regi-
ment, in the army of Gen. Horatio Gates.
He resigned his commission in the Continental
army, Sept. 12, 1780. owing to ill health occa-
sioned by his wounds. He was married, first, Feb.
7, 1754, to Thankful, daughter of Joseph Berry,
and secondly, Feb. 5, 1778, to Hannah (Drury)
Gleason, widow of Capt. Micajah Gleason and
daughter of Josiah Drury. She died, Sept. 26,
1831. General Nixon died in Middlebury, Vt.,
March 24, 1815.
NIXON, John, patriot financier, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1733; son of Richard and
Sarah (Bowles) Nixon. Richard Nixon came
with his parents from Wefford, Ireland, to Phila-
delphia, when quite young, and married Sarah
Bowles, Jan. 7, 1728, and in 1738 built Nixon's
•wharf on the Delaware river. He was a
member of the city council, 1742-56, and was
chosen captain of the dock-yard company upon
the organization of the ' ' Associators " dur-
ing the French and Spanish war. John Nix-
on inherited his father's property ; succeeded
to his business in 1756 ; was chosen lieutenant
of the dockyard company, and in 1765 was
among those who signed the Non-Importation
VIII. — 6
Agreement, thus establishing himself among the
leaders of the patriot cause in Philadelphia.
He was appointed a warden of the port in 1766
and one of the signers of the Penn paper money
iu 1767. He was a member of the first committee
of correspondence ; was a deputy to the provincial
conventions, 1774-75 ; was commissioned lieuten-
ant-colonel of the 3d battalion of the " Associa-
tors," known as " Silk stockings " : became
a member of the committee of safety on its re-
organization, Oct. 20, 1775, and frequently pres-
ided at its meetings, being chairman of the
committee on accounts. He commanded the de-
fences of the Delaware at Fort Island in May,
1776, and was put in command of the city guard
of Philadelphia. He read to the assembled people
the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776,
and during July, 1776, his battalion saw service at
Amboy, N.J. He succeeded John Cadwalader as
colonel of the " Associators " and joined Wash-
ington's army at Trenton, taking part in the
battle of Princeton. He was a member of the
Continental navy board in 1776 ; in December,
1778, was made one of a committee of three to
settle and adjust the accounts of the committee
and council of safety, and in August, 1778, was
one of the auditors of public accounts. He
was an original subscriber to the Pennsylvania
bank in June, 1780, to the amount of £5000, and
with George Clymer became the custodian of
the funds subscribed. They were known as
directors and
handed the cur-
rency over to
Tench Francis,
,,
the factor, to
purchase provi-
sions for the
army. He was
also a founder
in 1781 of the.
Bank of North
America, a di-
rector, 1784-
1808, and its sec-
ond president,
1792-1808, suc-
ceeding Thomas
Willing, who re-
signed Jan. 9, 1792, to become president of the
Bank of the United States. He married in October,
1765, Elizabeth, daughter of George and Jane
(Currie) Davis. His son Henry, who died, Aug.
18, 1840, married Maria, daughter of Robert Mor-
ris, and was the fourth president of the Bank of
North America, 1822-40. John Nixon was a trustee
of the University of Pennsylvania, 1789-91. His
wife died Aug. 31, 1795, and he died in Phila-
delphia, Pa., Dec. 24, 1808.
)-WO^TH^ A/AER.ICA
• irsi-
NIXON
NIXON
NIXON, John Thompson, jurist, was born in
Fairton, N.J., Aug. 31, 1820 ; son of Jeremiah S.
Nixon, who removed with his family to Bridgeton
soon after his son's birth. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1841, A.M.,
1844, and was a tutor at the college a short time
and in the family of Judge Pennybacker at
SUiunton, Va., where he studied law and was
admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1845. He had
made arrangements to form a partnership with
Judge Isaac S. Pennybacker, but upon the latter's
death, Jan. 12, 1847, returned to Bridgeton, N.J.,
where he practised law with Judge Charles E.
Elmer, one of the justices of the state supreme
court, recently retired. He was a representative
in the state legislature, 1848^49, and speaker of
the house in 1850. He was married in 1851 to
Mary H., daughter of Lucius Q. C. Elmer (q.v. ),
justice of the state supreme court, 1852-59. He
was a Republican representative in the 36th and
37th congresses, 1859-63, serving on the commit-
tee on commerce, and failing to secure a desired
appointment as judge of the U.S. district court
from President Lincoln in 1863. President Grant in
1870 appointed him as successor to Judge Richard
S. Field, deceased, to whom President Lincoln
had given the office in 1863. He was a trustee of
the College of New Jersey, 1804-89. In 1875 he
was one of the four residuary legatees chosen by
John Cleve Green (q.v.) to distribute his estate,
exceeding $'.000,000. for charitable and benevo-
lent objects. He was active in the old-school as-
sembly of the Presbyterian church in 1869, held
for the purpose of re-uniting its two branches ;
was a member of the committee of the general
assembly to revise the form of government, and
the book of discipline ; was a delegate to the
Pan Presbyterian council at Edinburgh, in 1877,
and a director of the Princeton Theological semi-
nary, 1883-89. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by the College of New Jer-
sey in 1877. He is the author of three revised
editions of Elmer's Digest of the Laws of New
Jersey (1838), known as Nixon's Digest (1858,
1861 and 1868), and of Forms of Proceeding
under the Laifs of New Jersey, an outgrowth of
Elmer's Book of Forms. He died in Stockbridge,
Mass., Sept. 28, 1889.
NIXON, Lewis, shipbuilder, was born in Lees-
burg, Va., April 7, 1861 ; son of Joel Lewis and
Mary Jane (Turner) Nixon ; grandson of Joel and
Hannah (Milburn) Nixon, and of George and
Mary Pane (Beattie) Turner, and a descen-
dant of John Nixon, who came to New Jersey
from Inniskillern, Ireland, about 1710. He at-
tended the common schools of Leesburg, arid was
appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1878.
Hi.' was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy
at. Annapolis in 1882, standing first in his
and was sent by the navy department to the Royal
Navy college, Greenwich, England, in 1882. He
was transferred to the construction corps of the
U.S. navy in 1884, and in 1890 designed the
battleships Oregon, Indiana and Massachusetts.
He resigned from the navy in 1891 ; served as
superintending constructor at the Cramp ship-
THE OREGON.
yard, Philadelphia, 1S91-95, and established the
Crescent shipyard at Elizabeth, N.J., in 1895,
where among other vessels he constructed the
sub-marine torpedo boat Holland, the monitor
Florida, the torpedo boat O'Brien and the cruiser
Chcttanooga. He was married, Jan. 29, 1891, to
Sally Lewis, daughter of Col. Lafayette B. and
Margaret (Robertson) Wood of Washington,
D.C. He was appointed by Mayor Van Wyck
president of the East River Bridge commission
in January, 1898, and was appointed consulting
naval architect of the Cramp Shipbuilding com-
pany ; president of the International Smokeless
Powder and Dynamite company ; of the U.S.
Long Distance Automobile Co.; the Carbon Axle
Co.; the New East River Bridge commission ; a
trustee of Webb's Academy and Home for Ship-
builders ; a director of the Idaho Exploration
and Mining Co.; a delegate from New York to
the Democratic national convention of 1900,
and vice-president of the Democratic Club of New
York. On Dec. 17, 1901, he was appointed one
of twelve prominent citizens to represent capital
on the board of arbitration of the industrial de-
partment of the National Civic Federation, con-
vened in New York city, Dec. 16, 1901, anil on
Jan. 11, 1902, succeeded Richard Croker (q.v.)
as leader of the Tammany Hall organization in
New York city, which position he resigned. May
14, 1902. He is the author of : Military Value of
the Shipyard (1897), and Commercial Value of
the Shipyard (1897), both of which appeared in
the North American Review.
NIXON, Oliver Woodson, editor, was born in
Guilford county, N.C., Oct. 25, 1825 ; son of
Samuel and Rhoda (Hubbard) Nixon ; grandson
of Barnabas and Sarah (Hunnicutt) Nixon, and
a descendant of Phineas and Mary Nixon. His
grandfather, Barnabas Nixon, was a prominent
mover in the anti.-lavt'ry question in Virginia
NIXON
NOBLE
and was among the first in the state to free his
slaves. His father removed to Indiana, where
Oliver attended the common schools. He was
graduated from Farmers college, Ohio, A.B., in
1848, and from Jefferson Medical college, M.D.,
in 1854. He was married in 1854 to Louise
Elstun of Jit. Carmel, Ohio. During the civil
war he was surgeon of the 39th Ohio volunteers,
medical director of the Army of the Mississippi
and a member of Gen. John Pope's staff. He was
treasurer of Hamilton county, Ohio, for two
terms ; was one of the organizers of the Cincin-
nati Evening Chronicle in 1870, and with his
brother, William Penn Nixon, consolidated it
with the Cincinnati Times. In 1878 he joined
his brother in the purchase of the Chicago Inter-
Ocean, disposed of it to a stock company and
became literary editor and president of the corpo-
ration of the Inter-Ocean. He received the hon-
orary degree of LL.D. from Whitman college,
Walla Walla, Wash., in 1897. He is the author
of: How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon (1895).
NIXON, William Penn, editor, was horn at
Fountain City, Ind., March 19, 1833; son of
Samuel and Rhoda (Hubhard) Butler Nixon, and
grandson of Barnaby Nixon, a Quaker preacher,
and a resident of Virginia. His great grand-
mother on his mother's side was a Cherokee
Indian. He was graduated from Farmers col-
lege, Ohio, in 1853 ; taught school in Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1853-55, and was graduated from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, LL.B., 1859. He prac-
tised law in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1859-68 ; was a
Republican representative in the state legislature,
1864-G7 ; president of the Cincinnati Mutual Life
Insurance Co., 1866-71, and in 1868, in connection
with his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, established
the Daily Chronicle, of which he was commercial
editor and subsequently publisher and general
manager. Upon the consolidation of the paper
with the Daily Times, in 1872, he sold his interest
and became business manager of the Chicago
Inter-Ocean, serving until 1875, and as general-
manager and editor-in-chief, 1875-97. In 1897
he sold his controlling interest in the Inter-Ocean,
but retained his connection with the company of
which he was secretary and treasurer. He was
appointed a commissioner of Lincoln park in 1896,
and its president in 1897 ; was president of the
associated press for several years ; was a delegate
at large for the state of Illinois to the Republican
national convention of 1896, and was appointed
collector of U.S. customs of Chicago in Decem-
ber, 1897. He was twice married, first in Septem-
ber, 1861, to Mary, daughter of Hezekiah and Ruth
(Ferris) Stites. She died in 1862, and he was
married secondly, June 15, 1869, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles and Sarah E. Duffield of
Chicago, 111.
NOAH, Mordecai Manuel, journalist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., July 14, 1785 ; son of Manuel
and Zipporah (Phillips) Noah, and grandson of
Jonas and Rebecca Mendes (Machado) Phillips.
His mother died when he was a child, and lie was
left in care of his maternal grandfather, who
apprenticed him to a trade. He studied law in
Charleston, S.C., and engaged in political jour-
nalism and dramatic writing. He declined the
U.S. consulship at Riga, Russia, in 1811 ; was
U.S. consul-general at Tunis, with a special mis-
sion to Algiers, 1813-19, and during his term of
service opposed the further payment of tribute
for the security of our merchant marine, and also
liberated a number of Americans held as slaves.
He was recalled in 1819 by the government, who
considered his being a Jew a drawback to the
success of his mission, and he engaged in jour-
nalism in New York city, where he aided James
Gordon Bennett in establishing the New York
Herald, and founded and edited in rapid succes-
sion the National Advocate, the Courier and En-
quirer, the Evening Star, the Union, and Noah's
Times and Weekly Messenger, the latter becom-
ing eminently successful. He was appointed
sheriff of New York in 1821 ; served as surveyor
of the port of New York, 1829-33, and as asso-
ciate judge of the court of sessions in New York
in 1841. He was also an officer of the New York
militia, attaining the rank of major, and was
president of the Hebrew Benevolent society, New
York city, in 1842. He originated the plan of a
permanent city of refuge for the Jews on Grand
Island in the Niagara river, in 1820, which
proved unsuccessful. He was married to Rebecca
Jackson of New York city. His plays include :
Tlte Fortress of Sorrento ; Paul and Alexis, or the
Orphans of the Rhine ; She Would Be a Soldier,
or the Plains of Chippewa ; Oh Yes! or the New
Constitution ; Marion, or the Hero of Lake George;
Tlte Grecian Captive; Yusef Caramalli, or the
Siege of Tripoli, and The Grand Canal. He is
the author of : Travels in England, France, Spain
and the Barbary States (1819); Gleanings from
a Gathered Harvest, newspaper essays (1845);
Restoration of the Jews, address (1845), and a
translation of the Book of Joshua (1840). He
died in New York city, May 22, 1851.
NOBLE, Annette Lucile, author, was born in
Albion, N.Y., July 12, 1844; daughter of Dr.
William and Amelia Stiles (Denio) Noble ; grand-
daughter of Elnathan and Mary (Weston) Noble.
and of John and Harriet (Stiles) Denio. Harriet
Stiles was a granddaughter of Ezra Stiles (q.v.).
Annette Lucile Noble was graduated at Phipps
Union seminary, Albion, N.Y., in 1863, and en-
gaged in literary work, traveling extensively
in Europe, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and other for-
eign countries. Her stories have been translated
NOBLE
into several foreign languages and had a large
circulation in Holland. She is the author of :
Eleanor Willoughby (1870); St. Augustine's Lad-
der (1872); Judge Branard's Infantry (1873);
Under Shelter (1876); Out of the Way (1877);
Tlie Queer House in Rugby Court (1878); Silas
Gower's Daughter (1878); Uncle Jack's Executors
(1880); Eunice Lathrop, Spinster (1881); How
Billy went up in the World (1883); Miss Janet's
Old House. ( 1884) ; The Professor's Dilemma (1885) ;
The Crazy Angel (1888), and many stories for the
young.
NOBLE, Frederick Alphonso, minister, was
born in Baldwin, Maine, March 17, 1832 ; son of
James and Jane (Cram) Noble ; grandson of
George and Sarah (Spencer) Noble, and of Joseph
and Abigail (Pugsley) Cram, and a descendant of
Christopher Noble, a soldier in the Revolution,
whose ancestors came to America from England
at a date not established. He was graduated
from Yale in 1858 ; attended Andover Theological
seminary, Mass., 1858-60, and Lane Theological
seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1861, and was or-
dained to the ministry by the presbytery of Min-
nesota, July 16, 1862. He was pastor of the
House of Hope church, St. Paul, Minn.. 1862-68 ;
the Third church, Pittsburg. Pa., 1868-75 ; Center
church, New Haven, Conn., 1875-79, and Union
Park church, Chicago, 111., 1879-1901. He re-
signed his pastorate in 1901, and gave his time to
literary work. He was twice married : first. Sept.
15, 1861, to Lucy Augusta Perry of Dummerston,
Vt., who died, June 7, 1895, and secondly, July 1,
1897, to Leila Moss Crandon of Evanston, 111.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Western Reserve college in 1872, and that
of LL.D. by Oberlin college in 1899. He was
elected president of the American Missionary as-
sociation in 1898 ; first president of the New West
Education commission in 1882, and was a delegate
to the missionary conference held at London,
England, in 1888 ; to the International council of
the Congregational churches, London, in 1891,
and to the second council held at Boston, Mass.,
in September, 1899, of which last he was first
vice-president. He is the author of : Divine Life
in Man (1896); Discourses on Philippians (1897);
Our Redemption (1898); Typical New Testament
Conversion (1901); The Pilgrims (1902). and many
pamphlets on civil, educational and religious sub-
jects. He was a resident of Phillips, Franklin
county, Maine, in 1902.
NOBLE, James, senator, was born near Berry-
ville, Clarke county, Va., Dec. 16, 1785 ; son of
Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick) Noble. His
parents removed to Campbell county, Ky. . in
1795, and he studied law under Richard South-
gate of Newport, Ky., and was admitted to the
bar in Lawrenceburgh, Ind. He was married,
NOBLE
April 7, 1803, to Mary Lindsey of Cincinnati,
Ohio. He settled in Brookville, Franklin county,
Indiana Territory, in 1811 ; served as a member of
the territorial legislature for several years, and
on the admission of the state in 1816 was elected
to the U.S. senate, and was re-elected in 1821
and 1827, serving until his death, which occurred
in Washington, B.C., Feb. 26, 1831.
NOBLE, John Willcox, cabinet officer, was
born in Lancaster, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1831 ; son of
John and Catharine (McDill) Noble, and grand-
son of Samuel and (Mary Patterson) Noble. He
attended Miami university ; was graduated at
Yale, 1851 ; studied law at Columbus, Ohio, and
was admitted to the bar there in 1853, and in St.
Louis, Mo., in 1855.
He practised in Col-
umbus, Ohio, 1853, St.
Louis,Mo., 1855-1856;
and in Keokuk, Iowa,
1856-1861 ; was city
attorney of Keokuk,
1859-60, and in 1861
enlisted in the 3d
Iowa volunteer cav-
alry, being mustered
1st lieutenant and ad-
jutant in August,
1861, and becoming
major, lieutenant-col-
onel and colonel in
this regiment. He
was judge advocate of the Army of the South-
west and afterward of the department of the
Missouri. He took part in the battle of Pea
Ridge and the siege of Vicksburg, and served
under Gen. Andrew J. Smith against Forrest,
and under Gen. James H. Wilson in Alabama
and Georgia. He was brevetted brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers to date, March 13, 1865, and
was mustered out of the service in August, 1865.
He was married, Feb. 6, 1864, to Lizabeth,
daughter of Hatfield Halstead of Northampton,
Mass. He resumed the practice of law in St.
Louis, Mo., 1865 ; was U.S. district attorney
for Missouri, 1867-70 ; received the thanks of
President Grant before the cabinet in 1869, and
declined the solicitor generalship offered by
the President. He was secretary of the inte-
rior in President Harrison's cabinet, 1889-93. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Miami university in 1889 and from Yale uni-
versity in 1891.
NOBLE, Louis Legrand, clergyman, poet and
author, was born in New Lisbon, N.Y., Sept. 26,
1811 ; son of Sylvanus and Sally (Tuttle) Noble ;
grandson of Elnathan and Johannah (Bostwick)
Noble, and of Jeremiah Tuttle, and a descendant
of Thomas and Hannah( Warriner) Noble. Thomas
NOBLE
NORCROSS
Noble was a native of England, and located in Bos-
ton, Mass., as early as 1653 ; removed to Springfield
in that year, and to Westfield about 1606. Louis
Legraud was graduated at Bristol college, Pa., in
1837, and at the General Theological seminary,
New York city, in 1840. He was admitted to the
diaconate, June 28, 1840, and to the priesthood,
June 4, 1844. He was curate at St. Peter's,
Albany, N.Y.,in 1840, and removed to Perquimans
county, N.C., the same year, where he was
planters' chaplain and rector of Christ church,
Elizabeth City, 1841-44. He was married, Oct.
30, 1844, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Isaac and
Sally (Nygatt) Hayes of Unadilla, N.Y. He
was rector of St. Luke's, Catskill, N.Y., 1845-54 ;
of Grace church, Chicago, 111., in 1855; of the
Church of the Messiah, Glen's Falls, N.Y., and
Trinity church, Fredonia, N.Y., 1856-57, and of
Holy Trinity, Hudson City, N.J., 1858-72. He
was professor of English literature in St. Stephen's
college, Annandale, N.Y., 1872—80, and rector of
St. John's church, Ionia, Mich., 1880-82. He was
honored by Griswold with a place among the
American poets, and is the author of : Ne-Ma-
Min, an Indian Story (1853); The Course of
Empire, Voyage of Life and other Pictures of
Tliomas Cole, N.A., with Selections from his Let-
ters and Miscellaneous Writings, Illustrative of
his Life, Character and Genius (1853) ; The Lady
Angeline, a Lay of the Appalachians ; Tfie Hours
and Other Poems (1857); A Voyage to the Arctic
Seas in Search of Icebergs with Church the Artist
(1861). He died in Ionia, Mich., Feb. 6, 1882.
NOBLE, Noah, governor of Indiana, was born
near Berryville, Clarke county, Va., Jan. 15,
1794 ; son of Thomas and Betty Clair (Sedgwick)
Noble, and brother of Senator James Noble. His
parents removed to Campbell county, Ky., in
1795, and he subsequently lo-
cated in Brookville, Franklin
county, Indian Territory. He
was married, Nov. 18, 1819,
to Katharine Swearingen, a
native of Berryville, Va.
He was sheriff of Franklin
county, 1820-24 ; represented
Franklin county in the Indiana legislature, 1824-
26 ; was receiver of public moneys, Indianapolis
land district, 1825-29, and governor of Indiana,
18?.l-:i~. He died in Indianapolis, Ind., Feb. 7, 1844.
NOBLE, Patrick, governor of South Carolina,
was born in Abbeville district, S.C. , in 1787 ; son
of Alexander and Catharine (Calhoun) Noble ;
grandson of John and Mary (Calhoun) Noble,
and of Patrick Calhoun. John Noble, native
of Donegal county, Ireland, settled in Pennsyl-
vania about 1733, and removed thence to Augusta
county. Va., where he died in 1753. His widow,
witli her sons, located in what became Abbeville
district, S.C. Patrick Noble was prepared for
college under Dr. Moses Waddell, graduated at
the College of New Jersey in 1806, and studied
law under George McDuffie and John C. Cal-
houn. He was admitted to the bar in 1809 ;
practised in Abbeville, in partnership with John
C. Calhoun, 1809-10, and alone, 1810-40. He
was married, Sept. 5, 1816, to Elizabeth Bonneau,
daughter of Ezekiel and Elizabeth (Bonneau)
Pickens of Pendleton district, S.C. He repre-
sented Abbeville district in the state assembly in
1812, 1818-24 and iu 1833, and was speaker of
the assembly, 1818-24 and 1833. He was presi-
dent of the state senate, 1836-38, and the States'
Rights governor of South Carolina, 1838-40. He
died in Abbeville district, S.C., April 7, 1840.
NOELL, John W., representative, was born
in Bedford county, Va., Feb. 22, 1816. He re-
ceived a limited education, and in 1833 removed
with his parents to Perry county, Mo. He en-
gaged in milling and store-keeping, and in the
study of law, and became a noted lawyer
especially in criminal courts of the state. He
was clerk of the circuit court for Perry county,
1841-50 ; a member of the state senate, 1850-54 ; a
Democratic representative from the 3rd Missouri
district in the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63,
and was re-elected to the 38th congress in 1862,
but died before that congress convened. In the
40th congress his son, Capt. Thomas E. Noell, of
the 19th U.S. infantry, represented the district,
was re-elected to the 41st congress, but died, Oct.
3, 1867, before taking his seat. John W. Noell
died in Washington, D.C., March 14, 1863.
NORCROSS, Amasa, representative, was born
in Kludge, N.H., Jan. 26, 1824 ; son of Capt.
Daniel and Polly (Jones) Norcross ; grandson of
Jeremiah and Lucy (Chaplin) Norcross and of
Asa and Mary (Martin) Jones, and a descendant of
Jeremiah Norcross, who emigrated from England
and settled in Watertown, Mass., as early as
1642. Amasa attended the public schools and
Appleton academy, New Ipswich, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1847. He settled in practice in
Fitchburg, Mass., and was married, June 1, 1852,
to Augusta, daughter of Benjamin Wallis of
Ashby. He was a representative in the Massa-
chusetts legislature, 1858-59 and 1862 ; a state
senator in 1874 ; assessor of internal revenue for
the 9th Massachusetts district, 1862, and first
mayor of Fitchburg, 1873-74. He was a Repub-
lican representative from the tenth Massachu-
setts district in the 45th, 46th and 47th congresses,
1877-83. He was a director of the Rollstone
National bank ; president of the Fitchburg Mu-
tual Fire Insurance company ; of the Worcester
North Savings institution, and of Gushing
Academy, Ashburnham. He died in Fitchburg,
Mass., April 1, 1898.
NOEDHOFF
NORDHOFF, Charles, author and journalist,
was born in Erwitte, Westphalia, Prussia, Aug.
31, 1830; son of Charles and Adelheid (Plate)
Nurdhoff. His father, an officer who won the
Waterloo medal under Blucher, resigned from the
German arm}- and immigrated to America in
1835, in order to have his son educated under
democratic institutions. Charles on the death of
his father was left to the care of Dr. William
NastandDr. J. H. Pulte (q.v.) of Cincinnati. He
attended the public schools and Woodward
college ; worked as a printer, 1843-44 ; served in
the U.S. navy on the old ship Columbus, 1844-47,
and in the merchant marine and whale and
mackerel fisheries, 1847-53, where he collected
material for his books. He was engaged in
newspaper work in Philadelphia, Pa. , and Indian-
apolis. Ind., 1853-57, was editorially connected
with Harper & Bros., New York city, 1857-61,
and on the staff of the New York Evening Post,
1861-71, where his vigorous editorials in that
paper and subsequently in the New York Times
were largely influential in the appointment of
the committee of seventy and the overthrow of
the Tweed ring. He traveled extensively in
1871-72 ; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1873,
and in 1874 became attached to the staff of the
New York Herald as an editorial writer and
also as the special Washington correspondent.
Upon his retirement from that paper in 1891 he
made his home in Coronado, Cal. He was
married in 1857 to Lida, daughter of James and
Martha (Fallon) Letford, and their daughter.
Evelyn Hunter Nordhoff (1863-1898), was an
artist and the first woman to become an expert
in artistic book-binding. He edited an American
edition of Kern's " Practical Landscape Garden-
ing" (1855), and "The Tin Trumpet," and is
the author of : Man-of-War Life : a Boy's Ex-
perience in the U.S. Navy (1855) ; Tlie Mer-
chant Vessel (1855) ; Wlialing and Fishing
(1856) ; Stories from the Island World (1857);
Secession is Rebellion: the Union Indissoluble
(1860) ; The Freedmen of South Carolina :
some Account r>f their Appearance, Character,
Condition and Customs (1863) ; America for
Free Working Men (1865) ; Cape Cod and
AH Along Shore; a Collection of Stones (1868) ;
California for Health, Pleasure and Residence
(1872) ; Northern California, Oregon and the
Sandwich Islands (1874) ; Politics for Young
Americans (1875), which was written for his
young son, and adopted as a text-book in schools
and translated into Bohemian and Spanish ;
The Communistic Societies of the United States
(1875), which was translated into Russian and
I'lvneli ; Tlie Cotton States in the Spring and
Summer of 1S75 (1876). He died in San Fran-
cisco, Cal., July 14, 1901.
NORDICA
NORDICA, Lillian, prima donna, was born in
Farmington, Maine, Dec. 12, 1859 ; daughter of
Edwin and Amanda Elvira (Allen) Norton ;
granddaughter of James Instance and Sarah
(Smith) Norton, and of the Rev. John and Annah
(Hersey) Allen, and a descendant of Nicholas
Norton of English descent, born in Weymouth,
Mass., and a resident of Duke's county, Mass., as
early as 1669. She removed to Boston, Mass., with
her parents in 1863, was educated in the public
schools and studied vocal culture under John
O'Neil at the New England Conservatory of
Music, graduating in 1875. She sang in choirs
and concerts and with the Handel and Haydn
society, and studied for a short time under
Madame Maretzek in New York. She went to
Europe as the soloist of Gilmore's band in 1878,
and sang at the Crystal Palace, London, and at
the Trocadero in Paris. She studied under San
Giovanni in Milan, Italy, with the determination
to become an opera singer, and in six months
had a repertory including ten operas. She made
her debut in Brescia, Italy, in " La Traviata " in
1879 ; appeared as Alice in " Roberto " at Novara,
Italy, in the same year, and sang the part of
Marguerite in " Faust," 1880. She appeared in
the operas " Rigoletto," "Faust" and "Lucia"
at Aquilla, Italy ; in "Mignon," " L'Africaine,"
" Le Nozze di Figaro," " Le Prophete," "Don
Giovanni " and " Les Huguenots" in St. Peters-
burg, Russia, in 1880, and in 1881 before Ambrose
Thomas and Van Corbeil, who engaged her for
the grand opera in Paris. She sang the role of
Marguerite in " Faust," in Paris in 1882 ; made a
tour of the United States under Colonel Mapleson
in 1883, and in Berlin and London in 1887, becom-
ing a great favorite in the latter city, where she
received the personal thanks of the Prince and
Princess of Wales, and was commanded to sing
before Queen Victoria. She appeared in the
Wagnerian role of Elsa in " Lohengrin " at Bey-
reuth in 1894, joined the Abbey, Schoffel and
Grau Opera company, with whom she made
various tours of the United States, singing Elsa
in " Lohengrin " and Isolde in "Tristan und
Isolde." Her repertory in 1903 consisted of over
forty operas and all the standard oratorios. She
was decorated by the Duke of Edinburgh and the
Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, and also
received the title of royal chamber singer, a
brooch of precious stones from Queen Victoria,
and a tiara of diamonds from the stockholders of
the Metropolitan Opera House of New York oily
in 1896. She was married, Jan. 22, 1883, to Fred-
eric Allen Gower, an aeronaut, who lost his life
in 1886, in an attempt to cross the English chan-
nel. In June, 1896, she was married to Zoltan
Dome, a Hungarian. Madame Nordica was the
first foreigner to sing at Beyreuth, and she
NOERIS
NORRIS
created there the role of Elsa. She was also
chosen to open the new Prince Regent opera
house in Munich, in May, 1901, and re-engaged
for the following year for all the Brunhilde roles.
NORRIS, Frank, author, was born in Chicago,
III., March 5, 1870; son of Benjamin Franklin
and Gertrude (Doggett) Norris ; grandson of
Samuel Wales Doggett. He was prepared for
college in the high school of San Francisco, Cal.,
and attended the University of California, 1890-
94, and Harvard, 1894-95. He studied art in
Paris, 1887-89, and on his return to the United
States settled in San Francisco, and there en-
gaged in literary and journalistic work. He was
war correspondent of the San Francisco Chronicle
in Soutli Africa during the Uitlander insurrec-
tion, 1895-96 ; associate editor of the San Fran-
cisco Wave, 1896-97, and war correspondent for
McClure's Magazine in Cuba during the Spanish-
American war, 1898. He settled in New York
city in 1899, and was married, Feb. 12, 1900, to
Jeanette, daughter of R. M. Black of San Fran-
cisco. He is the author of : Moran of the Lady
Letty (1898); McTeague (1899); Blix (1899); A
Man's Woman (1900); The Octopus, an Epic of
the Wheat (1901); The Pit (1903), and he was
gathering material for Tlie Wolf, the last of the
wheat trilogy, at the time of his death, which oc-
curred at San Francisco, Cal., Oct. 25, 1903.
NORRIS, Isaac, merchant, was born in London,
England, July 26, 1671 ; son of Thomas and Mary
(Moore) Norris or Norrice, who with their family
removed to Port Royal, Jamaica, W.I., 1678.
In 1690 he was sent by his father to Philadelphia
to secure a home for the family. On returning
to Port Royal, he found that the earthquake of
June 7, 1692, had destroyed the lives and property
of his family, and he saved from the wreck bare-
ly £100. He returned alone to Philadelphia in
1693, and engaged in merchandising. He was
married, March 7, 1694, to Mary, daughter of
Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd, natives of
Shropshire, London, who were converts to the
faith of George Fox. He went to England about
1706-8, when he visited his wife's relatives,
and while in England he persuaded the Fords
to discontinue their persecution of William
Penn. On his return to Philadelphia in August,
1708, he again took an active part in governmental
affairs, having already been a member of the
assembly for five years, and he was a member of
the governor's council, 1709, and of the assembly
for nine terms, being speaker for two terms. He
was not a lawyer by profession, but was appointed
a justice of Philadelphia county in 1717, and serv-
ed for several years. On the organization of the
High Court of Chancery he was made a master to
hear cases with the lieutenant-governor. He was
mayor of Philadelphia in 1724, and declined the
appointment as chief justice of the supreme
court of Pennsylvania, as successor to David
Lloyd, deceased. He was a trustee under William
Penn's will, and attorney for Hannah Penn. He
died at Stanton, Pa., June 4, 1735.
NORRIS, Isaac, party leader, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 1707 ; son of Isaac and
Mary (Lloyd) Norris. He engaged in the
business of merchandising, principally witli
Great Britain, first as clerk for his father, then in
partnership until his father's death, in 1735. He
was a member of the Philadelphia common
council, 1727-30 ; alderman, 1730-34, and member
of the assembly with few interruptions, 1734-64.
He was married in 1739, to Sarah, daughter of
James Logan. He assumed the leadership of the
peace party, which became known as the Norris
party. When the assembly met in October, 1739,
the measures for defence against threatened in-
vasion by the French and Spanish troops recom-
mended by Governor Thomas, were opposed by
the Norris party as representatives of the Quakers,
who conscientiously refrained from bearing arms
or engaging in strife. The governor objected
to the demands of the Quakers for compensation
for the services of their indentured servants who
were serving in the army, and Norris obtained
from the assembly compensation to the masters
for such service. In 1742 his seat in the assembly
was unsuccessfully contested by Mr. Allen,
the wealthy recorder of Philadelphia ; but the
contest called out a bitter controversy and charges
of " fraud" and " bulldozing," and a riot in the
streets which the recorder took no means to
suppress. He was appointed by the governor in
1745, and again in 1755, to treat with the Indians
at Albany, who were the owners of the large area
of lands in southwestern Pennsylvania, and he
secured several million acres by purchase. He
succeeded John Kinsey, deceased, as speaker of
the assembly in 1751. In the same year the bell
for the state house was ordered from England,
and Norris directed the inscription; "Proclaim
liberty throughout all the land unto all the in-
habitants thereof," to be placed around it, and
when the bell was cracked in 1752, it was recast
with the same inscription, and became the his-
toric liberty bell that proclaimed the signing of
the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.
The pretty story, often repeated, to the effect that
an aged sexton waited impatiently in the belfry
for the announcement that the Declaration was
signed, and that at last a little boy, instructed for
the purpose, came out to the sidewalk and, clap-
ping his hands, shouted " Ring ! ring ! " is purely
imaginative. He resigned the speakership in
1764, when he found himself powerless to pre-
vent the passage of a petition to transfer
the government of the province from the
NORRIS
NORMS
Proprietors to the crown, and was succeeded by
Benjamin Franklin, who signed the petition, but
in the election of the same year, Franklin failing
re-election, Norris was elected, and made speaker,
but resigned Oct. 24, 1764. He was a man of
liberal education, and possessed a library, 1500
volumes of which became the property of Dick-
inson college, by gift from John Dickinson. His
daughter Mary, who inherited his estates, married
John Dickinson (q.v.). He died at Fair Hill, Pa.,
July 13. 1766.
NORRIS, Mary Harriott, author, was born in
Boonton, N.J., March 16, 1848 ; daughter of
Charles Bryan and Mary Lyon (Kerr) Norris ;
granddaughter of Luther and Hannah (Stout)
Norris ; great-granddaughter of Capt. James
Stout of the Revolutionary army, and a descen-
dent from Richard and Penelope (Van Francis)
Stout, from William Joseph Kerr, from Richard
and Elizabeth (Hawley) Booth, from Thomas
Trowbridge and from Maj.-Gen. Humphrey and
Mary (Wales) Atherton, all immigrants. She
was graduated from Vassar college, Poughkeep-
esi, N.Y., in 1870; founded a private school in
New York city, serving as its principal, 1879-91,
and was dean of women at Northwestern univer-
sity, 1898-99. She is the author of: Fraulein
Mina (1872); Ben and Bentie Series (1873-76);
Dorothy Delafield (1886); TlioseGood-for-Naughts,
a serial (1877); A Damsel of the Eighteenth Cen-
tury (1889); PJiebe (1890); Afterward (1893);
Tiie Nine Blessings (1893); John Applegate,
Surgeon (1894); Lakewood (1895); The Gray
House of the Quarries (1898); Tlie Grapes of
Wrath (1901). She edited Silas Jtfarner in 1890 ;
Marmion in 1891; Ecangeline in 1897; Kenil-
ivorth in 1898, and Quentin Durward in 1899.
She also wrote a number of short stories, letters
from Europe and educational articles, as well as
contributions to the Methodist Quarterly Review
and The Christian Advocate.
NORRIS, Moses, senator, was born in Pitts-
field, X.H., Sept. 16, 1799 ; son of Moses and Com-
fort (Leavett) Norris; grandson of Moses and
Susannah L. (Gordon) Norris, and of Benjamin
and Esther (Towle) Leavett, and a descendant of
Nicholas and Sarah (Coxe) Norris. Nicholas
Norris, of English extraction, born in Ireland in
1640, came to America as a stowaway about 1654,
and settled in Hampton and subsequently Exeter,
N.H. Moses was graduated at Dartmouth col-
lege in 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in 1832,
and settled in practice in Barnstead, N.H. He
removed to Pittsfleld and from there to Manches-
ter, N.H., in 1849, where he continued his prac-
tice. He represented Pittsfield in the New
Hampshire legislature, 1837—10 and 1842, and was
speaker in 1840. He was a member of the gov-
ernor's council in 1841, and was state solicitor for
Merrimack county in 1843. He was a Democratic
representative from New Hampshire in the 28th
and 29th congresses, 1843-47, was again a repre-
sentative in the state legislature, 1847-48, and
speaker in 1847. He was elected to the U.S.
senate as successor to C. G. Atherton, whose
term expired, March 3, 1849, and he served until
his death, J. S. Wells completing the term.
He was married to Abigail Brown, daughter of
Atkins and Rhoda (Choate) Todd of Portsmouth,
N.H. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 11,1855.
NORRIS, William Fisher, ophthalmologist,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 6, 1839 ; son
of Dr. George Washington and Mary Pleasants
(Fisher) Norris ; grandson of Joseph Parker and
Elizabeth Hill (Fox) Norris, and of William
Wharton and Mary Pleasants (Fox) Fisher. He
was a descendant of Isaac (1671-1735), the immi-
grant (1693), and Mary (Lloyd) Norris, and of
Thomas and Mary (Jones) Lloyd. He was grad-
uated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B.,
1857, A.M., 1860, and M. D., 1861 ; was resident
physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1861-63 ;
assistant surgeon in the U.S. army, 1863-65 ; was
for over a year surgeon in charge of Douglas
General hospital, Washington, D.C., and was
brevetted captain for meritorious service during
the war. He was an eye specialist in Philadel-
phia, 1865-73 ; clinical professor of the diseases
of the eye in the medical department of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1873-91 ; honorary
professor of ophthalmology, 1888-91, and in 1891
became professor of ophthalmology. He was a
surgeon to the Wills eye hospital, 1872-91 ; a fel-
low of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia,
and president of its ophthalmic section in 1894 ;
a member of the Pathological Society of Philadel-
phia, and its vice-president in 1877 ; a mem-
ber of the Academy of Natural Science ; of the
American Philosophical society, and of the
American Ophthalmological society, of which he
was vice-president in 1879 and president, 1885-89.
He was married, July 4, 1873, to Rosa C.,
daughter of Hieronymus Buchniann, and after
the death of his first wife he married, June 12,
1899, Annetta Gulp, daughter of George A. Earn-
shaw of Gettysburg, lieutenant-colonel of the
138th Pennsylvania volunteers. He is the author
of various papers on intraocular tumors, heredi-
tary atrophy of the optic nerves, association of
gray degeneration of the optic nerves with ab-
normal patellar tenden reflexes, ivory exostoses
of the orbit, administration of ether in Bright's
disease of the kidneys, etc.. and of : Medical Oph-
thalmology in Pepper's System of Medicine ; TVr-
such uber Hornhaut Eiitziiiidung. with Prof. S.
Strieker, Vienna (1869); .4 Contribution to the
Anatomy of the Human Retina (1893); A Tt.rt-
Book of Ophthalmology, with Dr. C. A. Oliver
NORTH
NORTH
(1893) ; A Contribution to the Anatomy of the
Human Retina, with Dr. James Wallace (1894).
He also edited : -4 System of Diseases of the Eye,
by American, British, French, Dutch and Spanish
authors (4 vols. , 1897-1000), in which he con-
tributed the article on cataract. He died in 1901.
NORTH, Caleb, soldier, was born in Chester
county. Pa., July 15, 1753. He was a merchant
in Coventry, Pa., at the outbreak of the Revolu-
tionary war. He was commissioned captain in
the 4th battalion, Jan. 5, 1776, was in the Canada
and northern New York campaign ; was promoted
major and transferred to the 10th Pennsylvania,
March 12, 1777, and served under Gen. Anthony
Wayne at Paoli, where he formed a rear guard,
and saved the brigade from capture. He was
present at the battle of Germantown ; was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel and transferred to the
llth Pennsylvania, Oct. 22, 1777 ; served in the
battle of Monrnouth ; was transferred to the 9th
Pennsylvania, July 1, 1778, and to the 2d Penn-
sylvania, Jan. 17, 1781, and took part in the
southern campaign. He conducted the prisoners
of Cornwallis's army from Virginia to York and
Lancaster, Pa., and Tarleton's legion to Phila-
delphia. He was retired from the army Jan. 1,
1783. He removed from Coventry to Philadelphia,
where he was made high sheriff in 1819. He was
president of the Pennsylvania branch, Society of
the Cincinnati, 1828-40, and the last survivor of
the field-officers of the Pennsylvania line. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1840.
NORTH, Edward, educator, was born in Berlin,
Conn., March 9, 1820 ; the fourth son of Reuben
and Hulda (Wilcox) North ; grandson of Simeon
North, of Middletown, Conn., and a descendant
in the eighth generation of John North (1615-1691),
who came to Boston in 1635, on the ship Susan
and Ellen ; was an original proprietor and settler
of the town of Farmington, Conn. (1653), which
was the first offshoot from the church of the Rev.
Thomas Hooker of Hartford, Conn. He married
Hannah, daughter of Thomas Bird, and had two
sons, John and Samuel, who were with their
father included in the eighty-four original land
owners of Farmington. Edward North was pre-
pared for college in Worthington academy, grad-
uated at Hamilton college in 1841 and engaged
in teaching, 1841-43. He was married, July 31,
1844, to Mary Frances, only daughter of S. Newton
Dexter of Whitesboro, N.Y. He was professor
of Latin and Greek, and of Greek language and
literature in Hamilton college, 1843-1901, necrol-
ogist from 1855, a trustee from 1881, a member of
the executive committee from 1891, and emeritus
professor of Greek language and literature from
1901. He was an active member of the conven-
tion which organized the University Convocation
in 1863, and was president of the New York
state teachers' association in 1865. He was act-
ing president of Hamilton college from the death
of President Darling, April 20, 1891, until the
accession of President Stryker in 1892. He was
elected to membership in the American Philo-
logical association ; the American Philosophical
association ; the New York Historical society ; the
Oneida Historical society ; the Hellenic Physiolog-
ical Society of Constantinople, and the Albany
Institute. He received the degree of A.M. from
Brown in 1844, of L.H.D. from the regents of
the University of the State of New York in 1869,
and of LL.D. from Madison (Colgate) university
in 1887. He edited " Alumniana " in the Hamilton
Monthly. He died in Clinton, Sept. 13, 1903.
NORTH, Elisha, physician, was born in Goshen,
Conn., Jan. 8, 1768; son of Dr. Joseph and Lucy
(Cowles) North ; grandson of Joseph and Martha
(Denny) Smith North ; and a descendant of John
and Hannah (Bird) North, Boston, 1635, Farm-
ington, Conn., 1653. Elisha North's father was
a self-taught physician and surgeon, and his
grandfather was a farmer. He studied medi-
cine under Lemuel Hopkins at Hartford, and
Benjamin Rush at Philadelphia, Pa. He was
admitted to practice and settled in Goshen, Conn.,
where he was married to Hannah Beach, and
where his son Dr. Erasmus Darwin North (1806-
1858) was born. Inl812 he removed to New London,
Conn. He made a special study of vaccination ;
was among the first to practice it successfully in
the United States, and he introduced vaccine
matter in New York. He also devoted much
study to diseases of the eye and established at New
London the first eye infirmary in the United
States, in 1817. He was very successful in his
treatment of the new disease called spotted fever
which was epidemic in New England, 1806-10.
He is the author of : A Treatise on a Malignant
Epidemic commonly known as Spotted Fever (1811);
Outlines of the Science of Life (1829); and Uncle
Toby's Pilgrim's Progress in Phrenology (1836).
He died in New London, Conn., Dec. 29, 1843.
NORTH, Erasmus Darwin, microscopist, was
born in Goshen, Conn., Sept. 4, 1806 ; son of Dr
Elisha (q.v.) and Hannah (Beach) North. He
was graduated from the University of North
Carolina, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1831, and from Yale,
M.D., 1833. He was instructor in elocution at
Yale, 1830-33 and 1837-54, and published a treatise
on " Practical Speaking" that became recognized
as authority on the subject. After his resigna-
tion from Yale he devoted himself to scientific
and literary studies and made notable investiga-
tions in microscopy. Some of his scientific
papers appeared in the American Journal of
Science. He was married in 1836, to Phoebe Sum-
merville, who died in 1841, leaving two children.
He died in Westfield, Mass., June 17, 1856.
NORTH
NORTHEN
NORTH, Simeon, educator, was born in Berlin,
Conn., Sept. 7, 1802 ; son of Col. Simeon North,
and a descendant of John and Hannah (Bird)
North, original proprietors and settlers in Farm-
ington, Conn., in 1653. He was graduated at
Yale college, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828; attended
the Yale Divinity school, 1825-28, and was a tutor
at Yale, 1827-29. He was professor of ancient
languages in Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y.,
1829-39, and was president of the college, succeed-
ing the Rev. Dr. Joseph Penney, 1839-57, when
he resigned and lived in retirement at Clinton,
until his death. He was ordained to the Congre-
gational ministry iu 1842 ; was a trustee of Ham-
ilton college, 1839-84. and of Auburn Theological
seminary, 1840-49. He received the degree of
LL.D. from Western Reserve college in 1842,
and that of D.D. from Wesleyan university in
1849. He was married April 21, 1835, to Frances
Harriet, daughter of Professor Thomas Hubbard,
M.D., of Yale. He was the century annalist of
Hamilton college in 1872, and is the author of :
The American System of Collegiate Education
(1839) ; Fuith in the World's Conversion (1842);
Anglo-Saxon Literature, an address (1847); Tlie
Weapons in Christian Warfare (1849); Obedience
in Deuth (1849), and Half-Century Letter of
Reminiscences (1879). See Memorial of President
North (1884). He died on his farm at Clinton,
N. Y., Feb. 9, 1884.
NORTH, William, senator, was born in Fort
Frederick, Pemaquid, Maine, in 1755 ; son of
Capt. John and Elizabeth (Pitsou) North ; grand-
son of John North and of James Pitson of Boston,
Mass. John North, the immigrant, was a native
of West Meath, I re-
land. came to America
in 1730, and settled
in Pemaquid, Lincoln
county Maine. Capt.
John North com-
manded Fort Fred-
erick and Fort St.
George during the
French and Indian
war ; was the first
surveyor of lands in
Pemaquid, and judge
of the court of com-
mon pleas from the
organization of Lin-
coln county in 1760
until his death in 1763. William removed with
his mother to Boston, Mass., where he was
educated and placed with a merchant until the
closing of the port in 1774. He entered the Revo-
lutionary army in 1775. He was commissioned 2d
lieutenant in Knox's regiment of Continent.-il
artillery in which he served from May 9. 1776, to
Jan. 1, 1777. He was promoted captain in Col.
Jackson's Additional Continental regiment May
10, 1777, and led his company at the battle of
Monmouth. He was transferred to Spencer's
regiment April 22, 1779, which became the 16th
Massachusetts, July 23, 1780, and was aide-de-
camp to Baron Steuben from May, 1779, to No-
vember, 1783. Steuben made him one of his
sub-inspectors in introducing and perfecting his
military system in the Continental army. He
was promoted major of the 2d U.S. regiment Oct.
20, 1780 ; transferred to the 9th Massachusetts
regiment Jan. 1, 1781 ; to the 4th Massachusetts
regiment Jan. 1, 1783, and attended Baron Steu-
ben in the Virginia campaign and was present
at the surrender of Cornwallis. He was bre-
vetted major Sept. 11, 1783. He served as in-
spector of the army from April 15, 1784, to June
25, 1788 ; was promoted major of the 2d U. S.
regiment Oct. 20, 1786 ; adjutant-general of the
U.S. army, with the rank of brigadier-general,
July 19, 1798, and was honorably discharged from
the service June 15, 1800. He was married Oct.
14, 1787, to Mary, daughter of James Duane, of
New York city. He settled iu Duanesburg, N.Y.;
represented his district in the New York assem-
bly several times ; served as speaker, and was ap-
pointed by Governor Jay U.S. senator to fill the va-
cancy caused by the resignation of John Sloss Ho-
bart, May 5, 1798, serving from May 21, 1798,
until the election of James Watson by the legis-
lature in 1799. He was appointed adjutant-gen-
eral of the U.S. army March 27, 1812, but declined
to serve. Baron Steuben bequeathed the larger
part of his property to him at his death, which he
in turn divided among his military companions.
He was one of the first canal commissioners of New
York, and a member of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati. He died in NewY'ork city, Jan. 3, 1836.
NORTHEN, William Jonathan, governor of
Georgia, was born in Jones county, Ga., July 9,
1835 ; son of Capt. Peter and Louise M. (Davis)
Northen ; grandson of William and Margaret
Northen, who settled in North Carolina, and of
Abner Davis, and a descendent of John Northen,
of England, who settled on the eastern shore of
Virginia in 1635. He was graduated at Mercer
university in 1853 ; taught a high school, 1854-56 ;
was an assistant instructor in the Mount Zion
high school, 1856-57, and succeeded Dr. Carlisle
Beeman as principal of the school, 1857-61. He
was married Dee. 19, 1860, to Mattie M., daughter
of Thomas Neel, of Mt. Zion, Ga. He served in
the Confederate army as a private in the com-
pany commanded by his father, 1861 65. was
principal of the'high school at Mt. Zion. 186.V72,
and engaged in farming in Hancock county,
1874-90. He was a member of the Democratic
state convention in 1867 ; a representative in the
NORTHROP
NORTHROP
state legislature from Hancock county, 1887-79
and 1880-81 ; a state senator, 1884-85, and served
as chairman of the educational committee. He
was governor of Georgia, 1890-94, and in 1894 be-
came manager of the Georgia
Immigration and Investment
bureau. He was president
of the Hancock County
farmers' club, vice-president
of the State Agricultural
society for several years, and
president of the same, 1886-
88, and president of the Young Farmers' Club
of the Southern States, 1884. He was elected a
trustee of Mercer university in 1877 ; was president
of the trustees of Washington institute for eight
years, and received the degree LL.D. from Mercer
university in 1892, from Richmond college, Va.,
in 1894, and from Baylor university, Texas, in
1900. He contributed to leading agricultural and
educational journals in the south.
NORTHROP, Cyrus, educator, was born in
Ridgefield, Conn., Sept. 30, 1834 ; son of Cyrus
and Polly Bouton (Fancher) Northrop; grandson
of Josiah and Rebecca (Olmstead) Northrop and
a descendant of English ancestors. He was
graduated at Yale, A.B., 1857, and LL.B., 1859;
was admitted to the bar in 1860, settled in
practice in Norwalk, Conn., and was clerk of the
Connecticut house of representatives in 1861 and
of the state senate in 1862. He was married,
Sept. 30, 1862, to Anna Elizabeth, daughter of
Joseph Davenport Warren of Stamford, Conn.
He was editor-in-chief of the New Haven Daily
Palladium, 1862-63 ; was professor of rhetoric and
English literature in Yale college, 1863-84, and
served as collector of the port of New Haven. In
1884 he was elected president of the University
of Minnesota. He was moderator of the Con-
gregational National Council at Worcester in
1889, and assistant moderator of the first In-
ternational Congregational Council in London,
England, in 1891. He received the degree of LL.D.
from Yale in 1886. and published several ad-
dresses.
NORTHROP, Henry Pinckney, R.C. bishop,
was born in Charleston, S.C., May 5, 1842; son
of Claudian Byrd and Hannah Eliza (Anderson)
Northrop ; grandson of Amos and Mary (Bellinger)
Northrop, and a descendant of Edmund Bellinger,
landgrave, surveyor-general tolas Majesty's plan-
tations in the Carolinas, and of Joseph Northrop,
the English immigrant, Milford, Conn.. 16o9.
He studied at Georgetown college, was graduated
at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmitsburg, Md.,
in 1860. and attended the theological seminary at
Emmitsburg, 1860-64, and the American college
at Rome, Italy, 1864-65. He was ordained priest
at Rome, Italy, June 25, 1865 ; was assistant
at the Church of the Nativity, New York city,
1865-66 ; assistant pastor at St. Joseph's, Charles-
ton, S.C., 1866-68, and missionary priest at New
Berne, N.C., 1868-72. He was assistant rector of
the pro-cathedral and pastor at Sullivan's island,
Charleston, S.C., 1872 — 77, and was rector of St.
Patrick's, Charleston, S.C., 1877-82. He was ap-
pointed vicar-apostolic of North Carolina and
was consecrated as titular bishop of " Rosalia " at
Baltimore, Md., by Archbishop Gibbons, assisted
by Bishops Keane and Becker. He was trans-
ferred by papal brief to the see of Charleston.
S.C., Jan. 27, 1883, as successor to Bishop Patrick
N. Lynch, who died, Feb. 26, 1882, but continued
the administration of the vicariate of North Caro-
lina until July 1, 1888, when he was relieved by
Bishop Leo Haid, O.S.B. He was a member of
the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884.
NORTHROP, Lucius Bellinger, soldier, was
born in Charleston, S.C., Sept. 8, 1811 ; son of
Amos and Mary (Bellinger) Northrop. He \v:is
graduated at the United States Military acad-
emy and brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 7th
infantry, July 1, 1831. He served on frontier
and scouting duty, 1831-34 ; was transferred to
the 1st dragoons, Aug. 14, 1833, was promoted 2d
lieutenant of the 1st dragoons, July 21, 1834, was
stationed at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, in
1835, and on a sick leave of absence, 1835-37. lie
was promoted 1st lieutenant, July 4, 1836, and
served on frontier duty at Fort Gibson, Indian
Territory, 1837-39. He returned to Charleston,
S.C., in 1839, attended Jefferson Medical college
at Philadelphia, Pa., and practised occasionally
on charity patents in his native city. He was
dropped from the U.S. army for that reason,
Jan. 8, 1848, but when Jefferson Davis became
secretary of war, he was re-appointed with his
former rank and promoted captain of the 1st
dragoons, July 21, 1848. He practised medicine
in Charleston, S.C., 1853-61. He resigned from
the U.S. army Jan. 8. 1861, was appointed
commissary-general by President Davis, March 16,
1861, and was head of the commissary department
at Richmond,
Va., until Feb.
16, 1865, when
he was succeed-
ed by Gen. I. M.
St. John. He
gained the ill- j
will of General !
Beauregard;
after the battle
of Bull Run, that officer charging him with de-
laying the progress of the battle by failing to
supply provisions, which charge he denied. He
was also charged with treating Federal prisoners
inhumanely and with being responsible for the
NORTHRUP
NORTHRUP
law passed early in 1864 abolishing the office of
commissary of prisons. His removal from office
was unsuccessfully contested until Feb. 16, 1865,
when he retired to North Carolina and engaged
in farming, but was arrested by the government
in July, 1865, and confined in Richmond until
November of that y.ear. He settled on a farm in
Charlottesville, Va., in I860, where he resided for
many years. He is the author of : Tlie Confeder-
ate Commissariat at JIanassas in "Battles and
Le;,dersof the Civil War" (Vol. I., p. 261, 1887) in
which he defends himself against the charges of
General Beauregard. He died in a soldier's home
at Pikesville, Md., Feb. 9, 1894.
NORTHRUP, Ansel Judd, lawyer and author,
was born in Smithfield, Madison county, N.Y.,
June 30, 1833 ; son of Rensselaer and Clarissa
(Judd) Northrup; grandson of Amos and Betsey
(Stedman) Northrup, and of Ansel and Electa
(Jones) Judd, and descended from Joseph North-
rup, immigrant from England, one of the first
settlers of Milford, Conn., in 1639. He was
graduated at Hamilton college, A.B., 1858, A.M.,
1861, studied law at Columbia Law school, New
York city, 1858-59, and settled in practice in
Syracuse, N.Y., in 1859. He was U.S. circuit
court commissioner, 1870-97 ; judgo of Onondaga
county, N.Y., 1882-94; commissioner to revise
the statutes and codes of New York, 1895-1900,
and in June, 1897. was made a U.S. commis-
sioner. He was vice-president and president of
the Loyal League during and after the civil war,
and a lay commissioner to the general assembly
of the Presbyterian church, at Saratoga, N.Y., in
1890. He received the degree of LL.D. from
Hamilton college in 1895. He was married Nov.
24, 1863, to Eliza S., daughter of Thomas Brocka-
way and Ursula Ann (Elliott) Fitch, of Syracuse,
N.Y. He is the author of : Camps and Tramps
in the Adirondacks, and Grayling Fishing in
Northern Michigan (1880); Sconset Cottage Life
(1881 and 1901) ; The Powers and Duties of Elders
in the Presbyterian Church (1890); Slavery in
New York, a Historical Sketch (1900); Northrup
Genealogy, and other papers and addresses.
NORTHRUP, Birdsey Grant, educationist,
was born in Kent, Conn., July 16, 1817 ; son of
Tliomas G. and Aurelia (Curtis) Northrup, and
grandson of Lieut. Amos Northrup, Yale, A.B.,
1763, A.M., 1765. He was graduated at Yale,
A.B., 1841, and at Yale Theological seminary in
1845. He was married Feb. 18, 1846, to Harriet
Eliza Chichester. He was ordained pastor of the
Congregational church, Saxonville, Mass., March
10, 1847, and resigned in 1857. He was agent of
the Massachusetts hoard of education, 1857-67,
and secretary of the Connecticut board of edu-
cation, 1867-83, where he directed the movement
for educating Chinese and Japanese youth in
American colleges and schools. In 1872 the gov-
ernment of Japan invited him to establish a sys-
tem of public education in that country, which
he declined, believing that he could serve them
better in the United States. He went abroad
in 1871, and again in 1877, to investigate the
educational systems of Europe, and the schools
for the study of forestry and those for industrial
education. He devoted much time to tree-plant-
ing ; originated and introduced the observance of
Arbor Day in the public schools, and for his at-
tention to sanitary and aesthetic home surround-
ings he was called the " Father of Village Im-
provement Societies." He was a member of the
board of visitors of the U.S. Military academy,
1863-64 ; president of the American Institute of
Instruction, 1864-66 ; of the National Association
of School Superintendents in 1866, and of the
National Educational association in 1873. It was
through his influence that Daniel Hand, of Guil-
ford, Conn., gave to the American Missionary
society $1,500,000 for the education of the colored
people in 1888. In 1895 he visited Japan, where
he was received as the guest of the nation and
was also presented with a set of china by the
Japanese government in acknowledgment of his
services. He received the degree of A.M. from
Yale in 1853, and the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Williams college in 1872. He is the author
of: Education Abroad; Forestry in Europe;
Lessons from European Schools, and pamphlets.
He died in Clinton, Conn., April 27, 1898.
NORTHRUP, George Washington, educator,
was born in Antwerp, Jefferson count}-, N.Y.,
Oct. 15, 1826; son of William Northrup; grand-
son of Remington and Amy (Knowles) Northrup,
and a descendant (through Nicholas, Nicholas and
Stephen) of Stephen Northrup, immigrant, of
Providence and Kingston, signer of the " Origi-
nal Compact" of the settlers "19th, llmo.,
1645." George W. Northrup was graduated at
Williams college in 1854, and at Rochester Theo-
logical seminary in 1857, remaining as instructor
in church history, 1857-58, and professor of
church history, 1858-67. He was ordained to the
Baptist ministry at Rochester in 1857, was pastor
of the First Baptist church, Rochester, 1857-58,
and preached in neighboring churches, 1858-67.
He was president and professor of systematic
theology. Baptist Union Theological seminary,
Morgan Park, Chicago, 111., 1867-92, and pro-
fessor of systematic theology at the University of
Chicago, 1892-1900. He received the degree of
D.D. from the University of Rochester in 1864,
and that of LL.D. from Kalamazoo college in
1879. He was twice married, and by his first wife
he had one daughter and two sons. By his second
wife, Naomi Sayles, of Chicago, he had one
child. He died at Chicago, 111., Dec. 30, 1900.
NORTHWAY
NORTON
NORTHWAY, Stephen Asa, representative,
was born in Christian or Lafayette Hollow, Onon-
daga county, N.Y., June 19, 1833 ; son of Orange
and Maria (Graff) Northway, and grandson of
Zenas Northway. He removed to Orwell, Ashta-
bula county, Ohio, with his parents in 1840, and
they occupied a pioneer's cabin in the woods
where he assisted in clearing a farm. He at-
tended and taught the district school ; was a
student at Kingsville and Orwell academies ; was
admitted to the bar in 1859, and settled in prac-
tice in Jefferson, Ohio. He was married in Jan-
uary, 1862, to Lydia A., daughter of Anson and
Harriet (Rockwell) Dodge, of Lenox, Ohio. He
was prosecuting attorney for Ashtabula county,
1861-65, and resigned in 1865, having been elected
a representative in the state legislature for the
term 1866-68. He resumed the practice of law in
Jefferson in 1868, and was a Republican repre-
rentative from the nineteenth Ohio district in the
53d, 54th and 55th congresses, 1893-98, and on his
death in 1898, Charles Dick, of Akron, was elected
to complete the term. He died in Jefferson town-
ship, Ohio. Sept. 8, 1898.
NORTON, Andrews, theologian, was born in
Hingham, Mass., Deo. 31, 1786; son of Samuel
and Jane (Andrews) Norton ; grandson of John
and Anne (Belknap) Norton, and of Joseph
Andrews, and a descendant of the Rev. William
Norton, a native of Starford, Hertfordshire,
England, who with his brother, the Rev. John
Norton, emigrated to America in 1634. William
settled in Ipswich, Mass., and married Lucy
Downing. Andrews Norton was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1804, A.M., 1807; pursued a post
graduate course, and studied theology. He was
a tutor at Bowdoin college, 1809-10, at Harvard,
1811-13, and editor of the General Repository, a
theological publication, in 1812. He was Dexter
lecturer on Biblical criticism at Harvard, 1813-19 ;
librarian at Harvard, 1813-21, and Dexter pro-
fessor of Biblical criticism, 1819-30. He was
married in 1821 to Catherine, daughter of Samuel
Eliot of Boston. In 1828 he visited England.
He resigned his professorship in 1830 and thence-
forth led the life of a retired scholar, residing at
Cambridge, Mass., and making .Newport, R.I.,
his summer home, 1849-52. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Bowdoin college
in 1815, and declined that of D.D. offered him by
Harvard college. He edited the Miscellaneous
Writings of Charles Eliot ( 1814) ; the Poems of Mrs.
Hemans (1826) ; and in conjunction with Charles
Folsom Tlie Select Journal of Foreign Periodical
Literature^ vols., 1833-34). He is the author
of : A Statement of the Reasons for not Believing
the Doctrines of Trinitarians concerning the
Nature of God and the Person of Christ (J833. new
edition with a memoir of the author, 1856); His-
torical Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels
(3 vols., 1837-44 ; Tlie Latent Form of Infidelity
(1839); Tracts concerning Christianity (1852); A
Translation of the Gospels with Notes (3 vols.,
1855); Tlie Internal Evidences of the Genuineness
of the Gospels (1855) and several poems. He died
in Newport, R.I., Sept. 18, 1852.
NORTON, Asahel Strong, clergyman, was
born in Farmington, Conn., Sept. 20, 1765; son
of Col. Ichabod and Ruth (Strong) Norton ; grand-
son of Thomas Norton, and of Asahel and Ruth
(Hooker) Strong, and a descendant of John
Norton, the founder of the family in Farmington,
Conn., whose name first appears on the records
of the town of Branford in 1646. He was grad-
uated at Yale, A.B., 1790, studied theology under
Dr. Strong of Haddam, and Dr. Smalley of
Berlin, and was licensed to preach by the as-
sociation of Hartford county, in 1792. He was
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at
Clinton, N.Y., in September, 1793. He was
married Jan. 19, 1795, to Mary Clap, daughter of
the Rev. Timothy and Temperance (Clap) Pit-
kin, of Farmington, Conn. He was dismissed
from his pastorate at his own request in Novem-
ber, 1833, and devoted himself to agricultural
pursuits. He was one of the founders of Haniil-
ton college in 1812, delivered the Latin address
at the inauguration of the Rev. Azel Backus, its
first president, and was a member of the cor-
poration of the college, 1812-33. He received the
honorary degree D.D. from Union college in
1815. He died in Clinton, N.Y., May 10, 1853.
NORTON, Charles Benjamin, publisher and
author, was born in Hartford, Conn., July 1,
1825 ; eldest son of Major Benjamin Hammatt
and Augusta (Ware) Norton. He was educated
in Boston and in Sanbornton, N.H., and was
engaged in the book business in Boston until
1848, when he removed to New York city, where
he was in the house of D. Appleton & Co. until
1850, when he went into the publishing and
bookselling business for himself. He made a
special study of book collections for libraries,
and in 1852 engaged in publishing Norton's Lit-
erary Gazette and Publishers' Circular, and
Norton's Literary Letter. He published many
important works, including the first issue of
Poole's " Index to Periodicals," and Stewart's
" Naval Dry Docks " and " Naval Steamships " of
NORTON
the United States. He was elected assistant
secretary and librarian of the Book Publishers'
association upon its organization, turning over
to the use of the association his Gazette and re-
linquishing the editorial management in July,
1855. He served throughout the civil war, attain-
ing the rank of brevet brigadier-general U.S.V.
He was a commissioner to the World's Fair
in London in 1851 ; a juror of the fair iu
New York in 1853, and United States and New
York state commissioner to the Paris exposition
1807, residing in Paris 1867-1870, where he pub-
lished the Continental Gazette in English. He
was the first to propose the Centennial exhibition
of 1873-76, and the foreign exhibition held at
Boston in 1883, of which he was manager. He
removed to Chicago in 1890, on the invitation of
the managers of the Columbian exposition, to
aid in the organization of that enterprise. He
edited the Civil Service Chronicle in 1888 ; and is
the author of Rifled Guns and Munitions of War
(1869); History of the Centennial Exposition,
illustrated in colors (1877); and World's Fairs
(1891). He died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 29, 1891.
NORTON, Charles Eliot, author, was born in
Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1827 ; son of Andrews
and Catherine (Eliot) Norton. He was grad-
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1846, A.M. 1849. While
employed in an East India house-in Boston, Mass.,
1846—49, he sailed to the East Indies as super-
cargo. He travelled extensively in that portion of
Asia, made a tour of Europe, returned to Boston
in 1851, and was instructor in French at Harvard
in the course of that year. He travelled in Europe,
1855-57 and 1868-73 ; and edited, with Dr. Ezra
Abbot, Andrews Norton's " Translation of the
Gospel with Notes"(2 vols., 1855) and his" Inter-
nal Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels "
(1855). He was married in 1862. to Susan, daughter
of Theodore and Sara (Ashburn) Sedgwick of
Stockbridge and New York. He edited the papers
issued by the Loyal Publication society at Boston,
1863-65, and was joint editor with James Russell
Lowell of the North American Review, 1864-68.
He was a university lecturer at Harvard, 1863-64
and 1874-75, and in 1875 was made professor of
the history of art. He became known as a Dante
scholar and as an authority on art. He resigned
his chair in Harvard in 1898. He was a member
of the Massachusetts Historical society, a fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
and of the Imperial German Archaeological
society. He received the degrees ; Litt.D. from
the University of Cambridge, England, in 1884 ;
LL.D. from Harvard in 1887; L.H.D. from
Columbia in' 1888, D.C.L. from the University of
Oxford, England, in 1900 and LL.D. from Yale
in 1(100. He edited The Poems of Arthur Hugh
Clough (1862); Philosophical Discussions by
NORTON
Chauncey Wright (1877); Correspondence of
Carlyle and Emerson (1883) ; Correspondence of
Goethe and Carlyle (1887) ; Tlie Reminiscences
and the Letters of Tliomas Carlyle (1886-87) ;
Letters of James Russell Lowell (1893) ; Writings
of George William Curtis (1894) ,- Letters of
Emerson to a Friend (1899) ; and (for the Grolier
Club) The Poems of John Donne (1895) and Tu-o
Note Books of Thomas Carlyle (1898). He is the
translator of Dante's Vita Nuoi-a (1867) and
Divina Commedia (1891). He is the author of a
large number of books including : Considerations
of Some Recent Social Theories (1853); Notes of
Travel and Study in Italy (1860) ; and Historical
Studies of Church-Building in the Middle Ages :
Venice., Siena, Florence (1880).
NORTON, Charles Ledyard, soldier, author,
was born in Farmington, Conn., June 11, 1837;
son of John Treadwell and Elizabeth (Cogswell)
Norton ; grandson of Romauta and Dolly (Tread-
well) Norton and of Mason F. and Mary Ledyard
Cogswell and a descendent of Col. Ichabod Norton,
of Gov. Jonathan Treadwell of Connecticut and
of Col. William Ledyard, killed in action at Ft.
Groton, Conn., Sept. 7, 1781. He was graduated
at Yale, A. B. , 1859, and continued his studies in
chemistry in the Yale Scientific school until 1861.
He enlisted as a private in the 7th regiment of the
New York National Guard in 1861, and served in
Maryland. In September, 1882, he became a
lieutenant in the 25th Connecticut volunteers.
He served in Gen. N. P. Banks's expedition to the
gulf as aide to Gen. Henry W. Birge, was promoted
captain in February, 1863, and was engaged in the
Red River campaign and iu the siege of Port
Hudson. He helped to organize and was assigned
to the 29th Connecticut volunteers in October,
1863. He was married, Sept. 1, 1863, to Electa
Melanie, daughter of Gustavus Mason Richards
of New York. He was commissioned colonel of
the 78th U. S. colored troops in December, 1863.
and served mainly in garrison and outpost duty in
the department of the Gulf until the close of the
war. He commanded a district in western Louisi-
ana and received and despatched the troops on
their way north on the conclusion of peace until
he was mustered out of the service in January,
1866. He conducted a cotton plantation near New
Orleans, La., 1866-67, travelled in Europe for his
health, 1867-68, and was a member of the staff of
the Christian Union, New York city, 1869-76;
and managing editor, 1876--79 ; an invalid,
1879-81 ; managing editor of the Continent,
1881-84 ; of the Domestic Monthly. 1884-86, of the
American Canoeist, 1885--87, and of Outing,
181)2-93. He was one of the founders of the
New York Canoe club, and became a member of
the University, Authors and Quill clubs, of the
American Canoe association and of the Military
NORTON
NORTON
Order of the Loyal Legion. He contributed to
magazines on historical and out-of-door topics
and is the author of : Canoeing in Kannuckia
with John Habberton (1878) ; A Handbook of
Florida (1890) ; Political Americanisms (1890) ;
Jack Benson's Log (1895) ; A Medal of Honor Man
(1896); Midshipman Jack (1897) ; A Soldier of
the Legion (1898) and TJie Queen's Hangers
(1899).
NORTON, Charles Stuart, naval officer, was
born in Albany, N.Y., Aug. 10, 1836 ; son of John
and Mary (Stuart) Norton ; grandson of Lachlan
and Margaret Stuart and of Jonathan Norton, and
a descendant of the Stuarts of Inverness, Scotland,
and the Nortons of
Troy and Waterford,
N.Y. He was gradu-
ated at the U.S. Naval
academy, June 9,
1855 ; was promoted
passed midshipman,
April 15, 1858, master,
Nov. 3, 1858, and lieu-
tenant, Nov. 24, 1860.
He was married,
March 29, 1872, to
Mary, daughter of A.
@, / __ M. C. Smith, of New
/I / / / York city. He served
(ISl/VrtfrK.. on the European
squadron, 1858-59, on
1860-61 ; on the steamer
S.C., blockade, Potomac
flotilla and at Hampton Roads, Va., 1861-62. He
was promoted lieutenant-commander, July 16,
1863 ; was attached to the North Atlantic block-
ading squadron, 1862-64, and the West Gulf
blockading squadron, 1864—65. He commanded
the Maratusa, the Mercedita and the Albatross
for various periods during the civil war, serving
constantly during that period afloat, except for
three months in hospital and waiting orders.
He served on the Shamrock of the European
squadron, 1866-68, the navy yard at Portsmouth,
N.H., the receiving ship Vermont and the navy
yard at New York, 1868-69, and served on iron-
clad duty at New Orleans, La., 1869-71. He was
promoted commander, July 1, 1870, was light-
house inspector, 1872-75, commanded the sloop
Shaiemut and the iron-clad Passaic of the North
Atlantic squadron, 1875-76, was stationed at the
torpedo station, Newport, R.I., in 1877; com-
manded the receiving ship Passaic at Washington,
D.C., 1877-78. was lighthouse inspector, 1878-81 ;
was promoted captain, Oct. 12, 1881, commanded
the receiving ship Independence at Mare Island,
Cal., 1881-83, the Shenandoahof the South Pacific
station, 1883-86, was a member of the board of
inspection and survey, 1886-89 ; commanded the
the Brazil squadron,
Seminole, Charleston,
navy yard at Norfolk, Va., 1889-91 ; the receiving
ship Vermont, 1891-92 ; and was a member of the
naval examining and retiring board, 1892-94. He
was promoted commodore, July 31, 1894, and
served as acting rear-admiral, commanding the
South Atlantic station, 1894-96, and commanded
the navy 3rard and station at Washington, D.C.,
1896-98. He was promoted rear-admiral, Feb. 1,
1898, and was retired Aug. 10, 1898, but remained
on duty as a member of the board of promotion
until April 17, 1899.
NORTON, Daniel Sheldon, senator, was born
in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, April 12, 1829; son of
Daniel Sheldon and Sarah (Banning) Norton,
and grandson of Anthony Banning of Knox
county, Ohio. His father was a native of At-
takapas, La., where his family were among the
first English-speaking settlers. He matriculated
at Kenyon college with the class of 1846, but left
before graduating, and served in the 2d Ohio
regiment in the war with Mexico, He studied
law under his brother-in-law, Judge Rollin C.
Hurd, in Mt. Vernon; visited California and
Nicaragua in 1850-52, was admitted to the bar in
1852, and practised in Mt. Vernou until 1855,
when he removed to Minnesota Territory, and
settled in Winona. On the adoption of the state
constitution, Oct. 13, 1857, he was elected a state
senator, and served in the first legislature, 1857-
58, in the third, 1861, and in the sixth, 1863, and
seventh 1864 and 1865. He was elected in 1865
by the Republican legislature to the U.S. senate,
his term to expire March 3, 1871, and William
Windoni and O. P. Stearns completed his term.
He was a conservative Republican, and on nation-
al questions voted generally with the Democrats.
He died in Washington, D.C., July 14, 1870.
NORTON, Frank Henry, author and journalist,
was born in Hingham, Mass., March 20, 1836 ;
son of Maj. Benjamin Hammatt and Augusta
(Ware) Norton ; grandson of Thomas Norton,
ship-owner, of Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard,
and a descendant of Nicholas Norton, who emi-
grated from near Bristol, Somersetshire, England,
and settled on Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1632.
Maj. B. H. Norton was U.S. consul at Pictou,
Nova Scotia, for twenty-one years. Frank was
educated in the Dwight school, Boston, at a
private school in Waltham, and at the academy
in Pictou, N.S., and was engaged in the book
business with Ids brother Charles B. Norton, in
New York city, 1850-55. He was assistant libra-
rian and assistant superintendent in the Astor
library, 1855-65, chief librarian of the Brooklyn
Mercantile library, 1866-67, and then engaged in
newspaper work. He was connected with the
editorial staff of Noah's Sunday Times, the New
York Commercial Advertiser, and Frank Leslie's
.publications ; was proprietor and editor of the
NORTON
NORTON
New York Era, 1879-81 ; and on the editorial
staff of the New York Herald in New York,
London and Paris, 1883-91, when he retired
from active journalism and devoted himself to
general writing, and to the study of mathematics
and astronomy in their relation to astrology.
He traveled in Mexico, California and Central
America in 1870, and in Holland and Belgium
for the Boston foreign exhibition in 1883. He
was one of the founders and first president of
the 'American Numismatic and Archaeological
society. He contributed to current literature
and to cyclopedias ; wrote plays which were pro-
duced in New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia
and St. Louis, including : Leonie, or Love Wins
(1873); Alhambra, a burlesque (1874); Azrael,
a fairy spectacle (1874); Cupid and Psyche, a
burlesque (1874); and Maude's Faith (1874),
melodrama. He is the author of : Illustrated
Historical Register of the Centennial Exhibition
(1876), and Tlie Paris Exposition (1878); Tlie
Rights and Wrongs of Labor (1879); Life of
Major-General W infield Scott Hancock, with Rev.
David K. JunUin. D.D. (1880); Life of Alexander
H. Sti'i>hi'itx (1883); Romance of the Life of
Daniel Boone (1883); The Malachite Cross (1894).
He edited, and published (privately), in 1867,
from the original MS. which fell into his hands by
a curious chance— Journal Kept bi/ Hmjh Finlay,
Surveyor of the Post Roai/s on the Continent of
North America, 1773-1774, of which only one
hundred and twenty-five copies were printed.
NORTON, George Hatley, clergyman, was
born in Winchester, Va., May 7, 1824 ; son of the
Rev. George Hatley and Catherine (Bush) Norton;
grandson of John Hatley and Anne (Nicholas)
Norton, and of Philip and Catherine (Clough)
Bush, and a descendant of John Norton, a native
of London, England, who settled in Yorktown, Va.
He matriculated at Hobart college in the class of
1843, left to study law in Virginia, but abandoned
it for the ministry, and was graduated at the
Theological seminary of Virginia in 1846. He
was admitted to the diaconate in July, 1846, and
ordained priest in May, 1848, by Bishop Meade ;
was rector of St. James's, Warrenton, Va., 1846-
48 ; of Trinity, Columbus, Ohio, 1858-59, and of
St. Paul's, Alexandria, Va., 1859-93. He was a
delegate to the general council of the Protestant
Episcopal church in the Confederate States ;
deputy to the general conventions in the United
States, 1868-86 ; a member of the standing com-
mittee of the diocese, and a trustee of the Theo-
logical Seminary of Virginia. 1865-93. He was
elected professor of systematic divinity in the
Theological Seminary of Virginia in 1874. and
president of Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1876. but
declined both. He received the degree S.T.D.
from William and Mary college in 1869. He was
mai-ried June 1, 1854, to Ann Burwell, daughter
of James Keith and Claudia Hamilton (Burwell)
Marshall, of Fauquier county, Va. He contrib-
uted to current religious literature and is the
author of : Inquiry into the Nature and Extent of
the Holy Catholic Church (1853). He died at
Alexandria, Va.. Sept. 15, 1893.
NORTON, James, representative, was born in
Marion county, S.C., Oct. 8, 1843 ; son of John
and Pennsy (Lewis) Norton ; grandson of James
Norton and of Jonathan Lewis, and a descendant
of the Nortons who first came from England to
New England, thence to Virginia near Alexan-
dria, and then to South Carolina after the Revo-
lution ; and of the Lewises who came from the
north of Ireland to Virginia and to South Carolina.
He was attending an academy at Archadelphia
when South Carolina seceded, and he entered
the Confederate army, and served through the
war in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was
shot through the body and right lung, and was
captured at the battle of Petersburg in 1864. He
re-entered the academy in 1865, but did not finish
his course, and engaged in merchandising and
farming in Mullins, S.C. He was married May
18, 1870, to Rachel C., daughter of Col. W. W.
Sellers, of Marion county. He was school com-
missioner for Marion county in 1870-72 ; repre-
sented Marion county in the South Carolina leg-
islature, 1886-87 and 1890-91 ; was assistant
comptroller-general, 1891-94, and comptroller-
general of the state, 1894-97, and Democratic
representative from the sixth district in the
55th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of John L. McLaurin, and in the
56th congress, serving to March 3, 1901.
NORTON, James Albert, representative, was
born in Seneca county, Ohio, Nov. 11, 1843 ; son
of Dr. Rufus and Clarissa (Waters) Norton,
pioneers of Seneca county. Dr. Rufus Norton
was a native of Utica, N.Y., and his father, Isaiah
Norton, an immigrant from the North of England.
James Albert Norton was educated in the public
schools of Tiffin, Ohio, and in August, 1862. en-
listed in the 101st Ohio volunteer infantry, where
he attained the rank of sergeant. He was pro-
moted 1st lieutenant and transferred to the 123d
U.S. colored infantry in 1864, served the regi-
ment as adjutant, and was mustered out in 1865.
He was married July 19, 1865, to Adeline, daugh-
ter of Thomas Hemming, of Tiffin, Ohio. He
studied medicine, 1865-67, settled in practice in
Tiffin in 1867, and continued in that until 1879, in
the meantime studying law. He was admitted
to the bar in 1879, and practiced at Tiffin. He
represented Seneca county in the Ohio legislature
for three terms, 1874-80. and was speaker pro
tempore of that body, 1878-80. He was a mem-
ber of the Seneca County Agricultural society ;
NORTON
NORTON
a delegate to the Democratic national convention
in 1888, and auditor of Seneca county, 1885-92.
He was commissioner of railroads and telegraphs
in Ohio during Gov. James E. Campbell's admin-
istration, having been appointed as successor to
William S. Cappeller, removed, April, 1890, and
held the office during a part of Gov. William
McKinley's term, resigning in 1892. He was a
Democratic) representative from the thirteenth
Ohio district in the 55th, 56th and 57tb?congresses,
1897-1903.
NORTON, Jesse O., representative, was born
in Bennington, Vt. , Deo. 25, 1812 ; son of Col.
Martin Norton, a soldier in the war of 1812. He
was graduated at Williams college, A.B., 1835;
taught a school in Wheeling, Va., and in Potosi,
Mo. He was married Dec. 25, 1837, to Phoebe
Ann Sheldon, of Potosi. He was admitted
to the Illinois bar in 1840, and settled in
practice in Joliet. He was city attorney ; county
judge, 1846-50 ; a member of the state con-
stitutional convention, 1848 ; a representative
in the state legislature, 1851-52 ; a Republican
representative from the sixth district in the
33d, 34th and 38th congresses, 1853-57 and
1863-65, and judge of the eleventh judicial dis-
trict of Illinois, 1857-62. He was district attor-
ney of the northern district of Illinois, 1866-69,
and in 1869 removed to Chicago, where he prac-
ticed law in partnership with J. R. Doolittle
until 1871. He died in Chicago, 111., Aug. 3, 1875.
NORTON, John, clergyman, was born in Star-
ford, Hertfordshire, England, May 6, 1606. He
attended Cambridge university ; took orders in
the Church of England, and became a curate in
Starford. He joined the Puritans and came to
Plymouth, Mass., in 1635, where he engaged in
preaching. He removed to Boston in 1636, and
became pastor of the Church at Ipswich during
the same year. He took part in forming the
" Cambridge Platform " in 1648; became colleague
of the Rev. John Wilson, first minister of the
First Church at Boston in 1652, and in 1662 he
returned to England with Governor Bradstreet
as agent to present to the king a petition in be-
half of the New England colonies. He was as-
sured of the confirmation of the charter of the
colony by Charles II., but the conditions attached
were regarded by the colonists as arbitrary, and
the agents were accused of having laid the
foundation of ruin of the liberties of the colon-
ists. Norton's popularity greatly decreased and
the charge was believed to have hastened his
death. The following estimate of Mr. Norton's
work appears in Dr. Thomas Fuller's "Church
History of Britain," book II, section 51 : " Of all
the authors I have perused concerning the opin-
ions of these dissenting brethren, none to me was
more informative than Mr. John Norton (one of no
VIII.— 7
less learning than modesty), minister in New
England, in his answer to Apollonius." He com-
posed the first Latin book in the colonies, Respon-
sio ad Totum Qucestionum Syllogen a Guilielmo
Apollonio propositam ad componendas Controver-
sias . . . in Anglia (London, 1648), and he was
also the author of : A Discussion on the Sufferings
of Christ (1653); The Orthodox Evangelist (1654);
Election Sermon (1657); Life of Rev. John Cotton
(1658); The Heart of New England Rent by the
Blasphemies of the Present Generation (1660), a
catechism, and some writings in an unfinished
state, including Body of Divinity. He died in
Boston, Mass., April 5, 1663.
NORTON, John Nicholas, clergyman, was
born in Waterloo, N.Y. (or at Allen's Hill, Rich-
mond, Va.), in 1820; son of the Rev. George
Hatley and Catherine (Bush) Norton, of Win-
chester, Va. He was graduated at Hobart col-
lege, Geneva, N.Y., A.B., 1842. A.M., 1845, and
at the General Theological seminary, New York
city, in 1845. He was ordained deacon in Trinity
church, Geneva, N.Y., July 20, 1845, and priest in
St. Paul's church, Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 24, 1846,
by Bishop Delancey. He was assistant rector of
St. Luke's church, Rochester, N.Y., and a mis-
sionary in western New York, 1845-46. He was
rector of Ascension church in Frankfort, Ky.,
1846-70, professor at the Kentucky Military
institute, and rector of Christ church at
Louisville, Ky., 1870-81. He was a member of
the standing committee of the diocese of Ken-
tucky ; a deputy to the general convention of
the Protestant Episcopal church for nine years,
and a trustee of the Theological Seminary of Ken-
tucky. He received the degree S.T.D. from Ho-
bart college in 1862 ; was vice-president of the
Association of Alumni of Hobart, and a bene-
factor of the college library. He is the author of
nearly forty books, including : The Boy who was
Trained up to be a Clergyman (1854); Full Proof
of the Ministry (1855); Livesof the Bishops of the
Protestant Episcopal Church, beginning leith
Bishop WJiite (1857); followed by Bishop Seabury
and fifteen others (1857-59); Life of Bishop He-
ber(1858); Life of George Washington (1860);
Life of Benjamin Franklin (1861); Life of Arch-
bishop Cranmer (1863) Life of Archbishop Laud
(1864); Short Sermons (1858); Sketches, Literary
and Theological (1872); The King's Ferry-Boat,
sermons (1876), and Old Paths, sermons (1880).
He died in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 18, 1881.
NORTON, Sidney Augustus, educator, was
born in Bloomfield, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1835; son of
Charles Hull and Caroline Brayton (Cornell)
Norton ; grandson of Dr. Herman and Sally
(Gibbs) Norton, and of Benjamin Clarke Cor-
nell ; great-grandson of Zenas Gibbs and of John
Brayton, and a descendant of John Norton, one of
NORTON
NORTON
the original proprietors of Farmington, Conn. He
was graduated at Union college, N.Y., A.B., 1866,
A.M., 1859, and taught natural science in Pough-
keepsie, N.Y., 1856-57. He studied chemistry in
Bonn, Leipzig and Heidelberg, Germany, in 1857,
was a tutor at Union college in 1857 ; principal
of the Hamilton high school, 1858 ; instructor in
natural science in the Cleveland high school,
1856-66 ; was graduated at Miami Medical college
in 1869 ; was professor of chemistry there, 1867-72 ;
acting professor of physics at Union college
in 1873, and the same year became professor
of chemistry in the Ohio State- university at Col-
umbus, and served as professor of chemistry in
Starling Medical college two years. He received
the degi'ee M.D. from Western Reserve col-
lege in 1869 ; honorary Ph.D. from Kenyon col-
lege in 1878, LL.D. from Wooster university in
1881, and from Union university in 1899. He
was married in 1864, to Sarah J. Chamberlin, of
Cleveland, Ohio, who died in 1868, and secondly
in 1876, to Jessie Carter, of Columbus, Ohio. He
edited Weld and Quackenbos's English Gram-
mer (1863), and is the author of: Elements of
Natural Philosophy (1870): Essays and Notes
(1874); Elements of Physics (1875); Elements of
Inorganic Chemistry (1878); Organic Chemistry
(1884), and of various scientific and educational
papers.
NORTON, Thomas Herbert, diplomatist and
educator, was born in Rushford, N.Y.,June 30,
1851 ; son of the Rev. Robert and Julia Ann
Granger (Horsford) Norton ; grandson of Lewis
Mills and Laura (Foote) Norton, and of the Hon.
Jerediah Horsford of
Moscow, N.Y.. and a
descendant of Thomas
Norton, who emigrat-
ed from Oakley, Sur-
rey, England, to
America in 1639,
settled at Guilford,
Conn., and became
the miller of the col-
ony. His grandfather,
Lewis Mills Norton,
was a noted inventor
and genealogist.
Thomas Herbert was
graduated at Hamil-
ton college, A.B., and
valedictorian in 1873, Sc.D. honoris causa, 1875,
and at the University of Heidelberg, Germany,
Ph.D. in 1875, where he made a specialty of the
study of chemistry. He was an assistant in
chemistry at the University of Berlin in 1877, and
manager of chemical works of the Compagnie
Generale des Cyanures. Paris, France, 1878-83.
He traveled 12,000 miles on foot through Europe
and Asia, engaged in scientific research. He was
elected professor of chemistry and librarian of the
University of Cincinnati in 1883. He was married,
Dec. 27, 1883, to Edith Eliza, daughter of Col.
James D. Ames of Lockport, N.Y. In 1900
President McKinley appointed him to establish a
U.S. consulate at Harpoot in Asia Minor, where
the American college had been destroyed and
many Americans massacred. On his arrival in
Constantinople the porte asserted that no consul
was needed there, and the question was not
settled until Oct. 9, 1901, when the exequatur of
Consul Norton so long withheld was granted.
He became a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and served as
its secretary in 1893, vice-president in 1894, and
librarian in 1897 ; was councillor of the American
Chemical society, 1892-98, a member of the
chemical societies of Berlin, St. Petersburg,
London and Paris, and of numerous historical,
patriotic and hereditary societies. He made im-
portant discoveries in the metals of the ceriun
group and in organic chemistry, and noteworthy
researches and discoveries along the headwaters
of the Euphrates, and is the author of scientific
papers relating to these researches.
NORTON, William Augustus, educator, was
born in East Bloomfield, N.Y., Oct. 25,1810;
son of Herman and Julia (Strong) Norton, and
grandson of Nathaniel and Mary (Beebe) Norton,
and of Elisha and Mary (Beebe) Strong. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy, seventh
in the class of 1831, and was promoted 2d lieu-
tenant, 4th U.S. artillery, July 1,1831. He was
assistant professor of natural and experimental
philosophy at the academy, 1831-33. He resigned
from the U.S. army Sept. 30, 1833, and was
assistant in natural philosophy in the University
of the City of New York, 1833-38. He was
married, Jan. 15, 1839, to Elizabeth Emery,
daughter of Samuel Bingham and Joanna (Val-
som) Stevens of Exeter, N.H. He was professor
of mathematics and natural philosophy in Dela-
ware college, Newark, Del., 1839-50; president
of Delaware college, 1850 ; professor of natural
philosophy and civil engineering in Brown uni-
versity, 1850-52, and professor of civil engineering
at Yale, 1852-83. He was a member of the
National Academy of Sciences, and of various
other scientific societies, and received the honor-
ary degree A.M., from the University of Vermont,
in 1840, and from Yale in 1867. His scientific
work includes researches in molecular physics,
terrestrial magnetism, and astronomical physics,
the results of which were published in the
American Journal of Science ; and read before the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science and before the National Academy of
Sciences. He is the author of: Elemen tary Treatise
NORVELL
NOTT
on Astronomy (1839): and First Book of Natural
Philosophy and Astronomy (1858). He died in
New Haven, Conn., Sept. 21, 1883.
NORVELL, John, senator, was born near
Danville, Garrard county, Ky., Dec. 21, 1789;
son of Lipsocomb Norvell, a Virginian and an
officer in the Revolutionary war. On tbe advice
of Thomas Jefferson lie learned the trade of
printer in Baltimore, Md., and at the same time
studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He
became a journalist and political supporter of
James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. He edited an
Anti-Federalist paper in Philadelphia, Pa., 1816-
8'.', and in May, 1833, removed to Michigan Terri-
tory, having been appointed postmaster of Detroit
by President Jackson. He was a delegate to the
state constitutional convention that met at
Detroit, May 11, 1835, and was chairman of eight
committees. He went to Washington with
Lucius Lyon in 1836, and on June 15 secured
from congress the northern boundary line so as
to include the mineral wealth and territory of a
large portion of the upper peninsula in exchange
for a small strip of land on the southern boundary
of the state including the territory occupied by
Toledo, Ohio, to which exchange the second
convention of assent, December, 1836, agreed. He
was elected, with Lucius Lyon, U.S. senator from
Michigan, and he drew the long term expiring
March 3, 1841. He resumed practice in Detroit,
Mich., represented Wayne county in the state
legislature in 1843, and was U.S. district attorney
of Michigan, 1845-49. He supported the Polk
administration in the prosecution of the Mexican
war, to sustain which he sent three sons, and six
of his seven sons served in the Federal army
during the civil war. He was appointed on
March 21, 1837, one of the twelve original regents
of t'ue Michigan State university and served 1837-
39. He died in Hamtramck, Mich., April 11, 1850.
NORWOOD, Thomas Alanson, senator, was
born in Talbot county, Ga., April 26, 1830; son
of Caleb Merriman and Jeannette (Manson) Nor-
wood ; grandson of John Norwood, of Maryland,
and a descendant of John Norwood, of Norwood
near London, who came to Baltimore, Md., be-
fore the Revolution. He was graduated at Emory
college, Oxford, Ga., 1850 ; taught school in
Monroe county, Ga., 1850-51, and was admitted
to the bar in March, 1853, and established a law
office in Savannah, Ga. He was married, June
2, 1853, to Anna II., daughter of George Hendree,
of Richmond, Va. He represented his county in
the state legislature, 1861-62 ; served as a private
in the Confederate army, 1861-65 ; was alternate
elector on the Seymour and Blair ticket in 1868.
He was elected to the senate as a Democrat in
1871. his seat being unsuccessfully contested by
Foster Blodgett, Republican, and he served,
1871-77. He was the candidate of one of the two
factions of the Democratic party for governor of
Georgia in 1880, but was defeated in the election
by Governor Colquitt, re-elected. He was repre-
sentative in the 49th and 50th congresses from the
first district of Georgia, 1885-89, and retired from
the practice of law in 1896, upon being elected
judge of the city court of Savannah. He is the
author of : Plutocracy, or American White Slavery,
a politico-social novel (1888) ; Mother Goose Carved
by a Commentator (1900) ; Patriotism, Democracy
or Empire: A Satire (1900), and, under the pen-
name Xemesis, of a series of articles in 1870.
NOTT, Charles Cooper, jurist, was born in
Scheuectady, N.Y., Sept. 16, 1827; son of Joel
Benedict and Margaret Tayler (Cooper) Nott, and
grandson of Dr. Eliphalet and Sallie (Benedict)
Nott, and of Dr. Charles D. and Margaret (Van
Valkenburg) Cooper. He was graduated at
Union college in 1848, studied law under John V.
L. Pruyn at Albany, N.Y., and began the prac-
tice of law in New York city in 1851. He was a
trustee of public schools, notary public, loan
commissioner, one of the commissioners ap-
pointed by the governor to revise the school sys-
tem of the city, and the unsuccessful Republican
candidate for judge of the court of common pleas
against Charles P. Daly, in 1858. In February,
1860, he brought Abraham Lincoln to New York
to deliver the "Cooper Institute Address," which
resulted in Mr. Lincoln's nomination for the
presidency. (See letter in Nicolay and Hay's
"Life of Lincoln," Vol. II., p. 217). He was
captain in the Fremont Hussars in 1861 ; was
transferred to the 5th Iowa cavalry ; to the 131st
New York volunteers as lieutenant-colonel, and
to the 176th New York volunteers as colonel. He
was taken prisoner at the capture of Brashear,
city, La., June, 1863. and was a captive in Texas
until July, 1864. On Feb. 22, 1865, President
Lincoln appointed him judge of the court of
claims, and on Nov. 23, 1896, President Cleveland
appointed him chief justice of the court. He was
married Oct. 22, 1867, to Alice Effingham, daugh-
ter of President Mark and Mary (Hubbell) Hop-
kins, of Williamstown, Mass. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Williams college
in 1874, and was a trustee of Union college, 1868-
82. He annotated with Cephas Brainerd of New
York, the " Cooper Institute Address of Abraham
Lincoln " in 1860 ; contributed editorials to the
press ; wrote reviews and magazine articles, and
is the author of: Mechanics' Lien Law (1856);
Sketches of the War (1863), translated into Ger-
man (1883); Sketches of Prison Camps (1865),
translated into German (1884); and compiled and
edited : Tlie Seven Great Hymns of the Mediaeval
Church (1866, 8th ed. 1902), and the Court of
Claims Reports (36 vols., 1867-1901).
NOTT
NOTT, Eliphalet, educator, was born in Ash-
ford, Conn., June 25, 1773 ; son of Stephen and
Deborah (Selden) Nott ; grandson of the Rev.
Abraham (1696-1756) and Phebe (Tapping) Nott,
of Saybrook, and of Samuel Selden, of Lyme, and
a descendant of John
Nott, who emigrated
from Nottingham,
England, to America
in 1640, and settled in
Wethersfield, Conn.,
where he was a re-
presentative at the
general court for
several years. He was
educated by his
mother and in the
office of Dr. Palmer,
at Ashford, until his
mother's death in
1788' when he entered
the family of his
brother, the Rev. Samuel Nott, pastor of the Con-
gregational church, Franklin, Conn., 1781-1852.
He was principal of the academy at Plainfield,
Conn., 1793-95; studied theology under the Rev.
Joel Benedict, pastor of the Plainfield Congrega-
tional church, and was married in 1796 to Sallie
Benedict, daughter of his preceptor in theology.
Upon passing the senior examination at Brown
university in 1795, he received the honorary de-
gree A.M. He was licensed to preach, June 26,
1796 ; went to Cherry Valley, N. Y. , as a missionary
in that year, where he established an academy and
acted as both pastor and teacher. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Albany, N.Y., Oct. 13, 1798,
pastor of the First Presbyterian church, Albany,
and served 1798-1804. He was elected a trustee of
Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., in 1800, and
president as successor to Dr. Jonathan Maxcy in
1804. Through his efforts the state legislature
passed a law in 1805 by which financial aid was
secured through four lotteries to be drawn for
the benefit of the college, the management of
which lotteries was given to Dr. Nott and con-
ducted by him for several years. The sum of
§80,000 was the sum first agreed upon, but as the
drawings did not take place until 1814, the legis-
lature made a further grant of §200,000 for which
Dr. Nott was made personally responsible. His
government of the college was parental, for he
had little regard for the obedience or studious-
ness that was compulsory, and was as a result
greatly loved by his pupils, 4000 of whom were
graduated during his term of office. He advo-
cated temperance, anti-slavery and civil and
religious liberty throughout his life. He was a
student of the laws of heat and secured about
thirty patents for stoves and other devices, among
NOTT
them being the first stove used for the burning of
anthracite coal, which bore his name. He re-
ceived the degree D.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1805, and LL.D. from Brown university
in 1828. In 1855 he endowed Union college with
property worth $500,000 known as the "Nott
Trust Fund " of which he was a visitor, 1855-66.
He published several sermons and addresses,
among them the famous address on the death of
Alexander Hamilton, and is the author of :
Councils to Young Men (1845), and Lectures on
Temperance (1847). See Memoir by Cornelius
Van Santvoord, with a contribution and revision
by Professor Tayler Lewis (1876). He died in
Schenectady, N.Y., Jan. 29, 1866.
NOTT, Henry Junius, educator, was born in
Union district, S.C., Nov. 4, 1797 ; son of Judge
Abraham and Angelica (Mitchell) Nott ; grand-
son of Josiah and Zerviah (Clark) Nott, and a
descendant of John Nott. the immigrant, 1640.
His father, a native of Saybrook, Conn., was
graduated at Yale, 1781, taught school in Georgia,
1781-91, was admitted to the bar in Camden, S.C.,
1791 ; was a Federalist representative in the 7th
congress. 1801-03; a judge of the state court,
1810-24, and president of the court of appeals of
South Carolina, 1824-30. Henry Junius Nott was
graduated at South Carolina college in 1812. He
visited Europe in 1866. studied law in Colum-
bia, S.C., under William Harper (q.v.), and
was admitted to the bar in 1818. He settled
in practice in Columbia, in partnership with
David J. McCord, but in 1821 abandoned his
profession on account of ill health, visited Eu-
rope, and engaged in literary work in Holland
and France until 1825, when he returned to the
United States. He was professor of the elements
of criticism, logic and the philosophy of languages
in South Carolina college, 1825-34, visited New
York in 1837, with his wife, a French lady whom
he had married in Paris, and on the homeward
voyage the vessel was wrecked off the coast of
North Carolina and both lost their lives. He was
an essayist and lecturer, and contributed a series
of sketches in the Southern Review, which were
afterward published in book form under the
title Novelettes of a Traveller (2 vols., 1834) . He
also published Law Reports of South Carolina
with David J. McCord (3 vols., 1818-20). He died
at sea. Oct. 13, 1837.
NOTT, Joel Benedict, educator, was born in
Cherry Valley, N.Y., Dec. 14, 1797; son of the
Rev. Dr. Eliphalet and Sallie (Benedict) Nott.
He was graduated at Union college. A.B., 1817,
A.M., 1820; was tutor there, 1820-22 ; lecturer in
chemistry, 1822-23; professor of chemistry. 1823
31. In 1837 he retired to a farm in Guilderland,
Albany county, where he continued to reside
during his lifetime. He was married in 1826 to
NOTT
NOURSE
Margaret Tayler, daughter of Dr. Charles D. and
Margaret (Van Valkenburg) Cooper. Margaret
Van Valkenburg was a niece and adopted daugh-
ter of Lieut.-Gov. John Tayler (q.v.). He was a
member of the state assembly, 1850. He was
president of the State Agricultural society, 1841,
when he directed the first state fair, at Syracuse.
He died in Guilderland, N.Y., May 22, 1878.
NOTT, John, educator, was born in Albany,
N.Y., Dec. 14, 1801 ; sou of Eliphalet and Sallie
(Benedict) Nott. He was graduated at Union
college in 1823, attended Andover Theological
seminary, 1823-25, and Princeton Theological
seminary, 1820-27. He was ordained by the pres-
bytery of Albany, May 19, 1827, was tutor at
Union college, 1830-39 ; assistant professor of
rhetoric, 1839-54 ; assistant pastor of the Re-
formed Dutch church, Rotterdam, N.Y., 1839-41,
and pastor, 1841-54 ; pastor of Presbyterian
churches at Goldsboro and Evansville, N.C., 1854-
61, and assistant pastor of the Reformed Dutch
church, Auriesville, N.Y., 1861-78. He died at
Fonda. N.Y., May 12, 1878.
NOTT, Josiah Clark, ethnologist, was born in
Columbia, S.C., March 24, 1804; son of Judge
Abram and Angelica (Mitchell) Nott. He was
graduated at South Carolina college, A.B., 1824,
and at the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1827.
He was a demonstrator of anatomy in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, 1827-29 ; practised medi-
cine in Columbia, S.C., 1829-34, and studied in
the hospitals of Paris, 1835-36. He practised in
Mobile, Ala., 1836-57 ; was professor of anatomy
in the University of Louisiana, 1857-58 ; estab-
lished the medical school of the State university
at Mobile, in 1858, and was professor of surgery
there, 1859-61. He served on the medical staff
of General Bragg, 1861-65, and in 1867 removed
to New York city where he practised medicine,
but subsequently returned to Mobile. He was
married in March, 1832, to Sarah Chesnut, daugh-
ter of James Sutherland and Margaret (Chesnut)
Deas, and sister of Zachariah C. Deas (q.v.).
Mrs. Nott died in New York city, April 17, 1883.
Dr. Nott denied the theory of the unity of the
human race and is the author of : Two Lectures
on the Connection between the Biblical and Pliys-
ical History of Man (1849) ; The Physical History
of the Jewish Race (1850) ; Types of Mankind
(1854), and Indigenous Races of the Earth (1857).
In an article published in the New Orleans Med-
ical Journal (1848) ; relative to the contagion of
yellow fever Dr. Nott demonstrates with remark-
able clearness that the disease is spread by in-
sects and not by germs, and suggests mosquitoes
as one of the insects. This paper was published
fifty-four years before the " discovery " was pub-
lished by the U.S. war department in 1902. He
died in Mobile, Ala., Marcli 31, 1873.
NOTT, Samuel, educator, was born in Frank-
lin, Conn., Sept. 11, 1788 ; son of the Rev. Samuel
Nott, D.D. (1754-1852), Yale, 1780, pastor of Con-
gregational church. Franklin, Conn., 1781-1852,
and known as the " Patriarch of the New Eng-
land Clergy." Samuel Nott, Jr., was graduated
at Union college in 1808, and at Andover Theo-
logical seminary in 1810. He was ordained, Feb.
6, 1812, and became one of the first missionaries
of the A.B.C.F.M. sent to India, serving, 1812-16.
His health becoming broken he returned to the
United States in 1816, and was a school-teacher
in New York city, 1816-23; pastor at Galway,
N.Y., 1823-29, and at Wareham, Mass., 1829-49,
and founder and proprietor of a private academy
at Wareham, 1849-66. In 1866 he returned from
active labor and resided at Wareham and at
Hartford, Conn. He is the author of: Sixteen
Years' Preaching and Procedure at Wareham
(1845) ; Slavery and the Remedy (1856) ; and
various published sermons and addresses. He
died in Hartford, Conn., June 1, 1869.
NOURSE, Elizabeth, artist, was born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio: daughter of Caleb E. and Eliza-
beth Le Breton (Rogers) Nourse ; and a descend-
ant of an old Huguenot family, who settled in
Massachusetts where her parents were born ;
and of Rebecca Nourse, who was hanged as a
witch near Salem, July 19, 1692. Elizabeth
Nourse studied art in Cincinnati and then in
Paris, under Boulanger, Lefebvre and Julian,
where she opened a studio of her own. She then
worked independently under the criticism of
such men as Carolus-Duran and Dagnan-Bouveret.
In the summer of 1901 she was elected societaire
of the Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts, which
honor entitled her to exhibit in the annual
salon without submitting her pictures to the jury.
Ten of her works were shown in the New Salon
of 1902, an honor never before conferred upon an
American woman. She chose as subjects the
rugged types of peasant life.
NOURSE, Henry Stedman, civil engineer, was
born in Lancaster, Mass., April 9, 1831 ; son of
Stedman and Patty (Howard) Nourse : grand-
son of Oliver and Mary (Houghton) Nourse, and
of George and Parnel (Ames) Howard ; and a
descendant of Francis and Rebecca (Towne)
Nurse (the latter judicially murdered as a witch
011 Gallows Hill, Salem, July 19, 1692) and of
John Howard, immigrant to Duxbury before 1643,
representative, 1678 ; also of John and Priscilla
(Mullins) Alden, Mayflower pilgrims, through
their daughter Ruth. He was graduated from
Harvard college. A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and was
professor of ancient languages at Phillips Exeter
academy, 1853-55. During the civil war he served
in the Federal army as captain in the 55th Illinois
volunteer infantry and as commissary of musters
NOUESB
NOYES
of the 17th army corps, 1861-65. He was con-
structional engineer and superintendent of the
Bessemer steel works, Steelton, Pa., 1866-74. He
was a Republican representative in the Massa-
chusetts legislature in 1883 ; state senator, 1885-
86 ; a trustee of the Worcester Insane hospital,
1888-98 ; a member of the Massachusetts Free
Public Library commission, 1890-1903 ; a member
of the Massachusetts board of charity, 1898-1903,
and became a member of the Massachusetts His-
torical society, of the American Antiquarian soci-
ety and of kindred organizations. He is the author
of : Early Records of Lancaster, 1G43-17J5 (1884) ;
The Story of the 55th Regiment of Illinois In-
fantry (1887) ; The Military Annals of Lancaster,
1740-1SG5 (1889) ; Tlie Birth, Marriage and Death
Register, etc., of Lancaster, 1S43-50 (1890) ; His-
tory of the Town of Harvard, Mass. (1891) ; The
Ninth Report of the Free Public Library Commis-
sion (1899), and many pamphlets and- contribu-
tions to historical and literary publications.
NOURSE, Joseph, treasury official, was born
in London, England, July 16, 1754. He immi-
grated with his parents, who were Presbyterians
(the family including his brother Michael who
became a colonel in the American army), and
they settled in Virginia in 1769. He reached his
majority when the Revolution broke out, and he
entered the army as secretary to Gen. Charles
Lee in March, 1776, and served with that general
while he was engaged in organizing the cavalry
of Virginia. He was made assistant adjutant-
general's clerk and paymaster of the board of
war, serving in that capacity, 1777-81, and as
register of the U.S. treasury, 1781-1829. He was
a vice-president of the American Bible society,
1816-41. He died- near Washington, Sept. 1, 1841.
NOURSE, Joseph Everett, clergyman, was
born in Washington, D.C., April 17, 1819 ; son of
Col. Michael and Mary (Rittenhouse) Nourse.
Col. Michael Nourse came from London, England,
with his brother Joseph (q.v.) in 1769 ; settled in
Virginia, served in the Revolutionary army,
and afterward resided in Washington, D.C.
Joseph attended the classical academy of Salmon
P. Chase in Washington, D.C., and was graduated
at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1837. He taught in
Rittenhouse academy, Washington, D.C., 1837-40,
and was principal of that institution, 1840—19.
He was married Dec. 21, 1841, to Sarah, daughter
of Thomas C. Wright. He was licensed to
preach by the presbytery of Baltimore in May,
1849 ; was professor of ethics and English studies
and acting chaplain at the U.S. Naval academy,
1850-64, and professor of mathematics. 1864-81.
He was stated supply at Fort Adams, 1861-65 ; on
duty at the naval observatory, 1865-79, and on
special duty in the U.S. Naval department,
He was also a stated supply at the
Fifteenth Street Presbyterian church, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1876-86, and at Clifton, Va., 1886-89.
He represented the U.S. government at the Inter-
national geographical congress that met in Paris
in 1875. He is the author of : The Maritime
Canal of Suez ; Brief Memoir of the Enterprise
and Comparison of its Probable Results with those
of a Ship-Canal across Darien (1869); Astronom-
ical and Meteorological Observations (1871);
Memoir of the Founding and Progress of the U.S.
Xaval Observatory (1873); Medals Awarded to
American Arctic Explorers by Foreign Societies
(1876); Narrative of tlte Second Arctic Explora-
tion by Charles F. Hall (1879); American Ex-
ploration in the Ice Zones (1884): and The Mari-
time Canal of Suez from its Inauguration .Yur.
17, 1SG9, to the Year 1SS4 (1884). He died in
Washington, D.C., Oct. 8, 1889.
NOW, Frederick George, bacteriologist and
chemist, was born in Chicago, 111., Dec. 9, 1804 ;
son of Joseph and Frances Novy. He was grad-
uated at the University of Michigan, B.S. (chem-
istry) 1886, Sc.D., 1890, M.D., 1891 ; was assistant
in organic chemistry, 1887 ; instructor in hygiene
and physiological chemistry, 1887-91 ; assistant
professor of the same, 1891-93, and in 1893 was
made junior professor. He was married in 1891,
to Grace, daughter of Dr. V. D. Garwood of Ann
Arbor, Mich. He studied in Koch's laboratory,
Berlin, 1888, in Prague, 1894 and in Pasteur In-
stitute, Paris, 1897. He was U.S. commissioner
to investigate the plague of 1901. In January,
1903, with Professor P. C. Freer, he annouueed
the discovery of the germicidal action of the or-
ganic peroxides which under the designation of
acetozone or benzozoue have come to be widely
known. He is the author of numerous papers
besides the following works: Cocaine and its
Derivatives (1887) ; Laboratory \Vork in Bacteri-
ology (2 ed.) and Laboratory Work in Physiologi-
cal Chemistry (2ed.),and joint author with
Vaughanof Cellular Toxins (4 ed.). which became
a recognized standard text-book in the universities
of the United States.
NOYES, Arthur Amos, chemist, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 13, 1866 ; son of Amos
and Anna (Andrews) Noyes ; grandson of David
and Harriet (Cook) Noyes, and of James Henry
and Ruth (Bott) Andrews, and a descendant of
Nicholas Noyes, of Newbury, Mass., who came
to America from England in 1635. He was grad-
uated from the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, B.S., 1886, M.S., 1887 ; was assistant and
instructor in organic chemistry at the institute,
1887-88, and 1890-93 ; was graduated from the
University of Leipzig. Ph.D. in 1890, and was np-
pointed assistant professor of chemistry at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1S1M.
He edited the Review of American Chemical Re-
NOYES
NOYES
search, published monthly by the American
Chemical society, and is the author of : A De-
tailed Course of Qualitative Chemical Analysis of
Inorganic Substances (1895); The General Prin-
ciples of Physical Science (1901); and, with S. P.
MulliUen, Laboratory Experiments on the Class
Reactions and Identification of Organic Sub-
stances (1899) ; also of forty original papers de-
scribing reseaches in theoretical and organic
chemistry.
NOYES, Edward FoIIensbee, governor of Ohio,
was born in Haverhill, Mass., Oct. 3, 1832; son
of Theodore and Hannah (Stevens) Greely Noyes.
HP learned the printer's trade in Dover, N.H.,
prepared for college at Kingston academy, grad-
uated at Dartmouth college in 1857, and studied
law under William Wier Stickney and Amos
Tuck, at Exeter, N.H. He was graduated at the
Cincinnati Law school in 1858, practised in
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1858-61, and enlisted in the
39th Ohio volunteer infantry. He was appointed
major of the regiment, July 8, 1861, served in
the Missouri campaign of that year ; at the siege
of New Madrid, Island No. 10, and Corinth, and
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, July 8, 1862,
and colonel, Oct. 1, 1862. He was with his
regiment in the battles of luka, Parker's Cross
Roads, Resaca, Dallas, and Bluff Mills, Ga., where
he lost a leg, while leading an assault upon the
enemy's works, July 4, 1864. He took command
of Camp Dennison, Ohio, in the autumn of 1864 ;
was brevettecl brigadier-general of volunteers,
March 13, 1865, and left the army April 22, 1865.
He was married, Feb. 15, 1863, to Margaretta,
daughter of Benjamin Proctor of Kingston, Ohio.
He was city solicitor of Cincinnati, 1865-67 ;
judge of the probate court for Hamilton county,
1867-70, and was elected governor of Ohio by
the Republican party in 1871,
serving, 1871-73. He was de-
feated for re-election in 1873,
by William Allen, Democrat,
was appointed U.S. minister
to France by President Hayes
in 1877, and made several of-
ficial visits to Turkey during
the Russo-Turkish war, and was a special U.S.
commissioner to the Paris exposition. He re-
turned in August, 1881, resumed the practice of
law in Cincinnati, and was elected judge of the
superior court of Hamilton county for a term of
five years in 1889. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio,
Sept. 4, 1890.
NOYES, Qeorge Rapall, theologian, was born
in Newburyport, Mass., March 6, 1798 ; son of
Nathaniel and Mary (Rapall) Noyes ; and a de-
scendant of William Noyes who was instituted
rector of Cholderton, Wiltshire, England, in 1602,
and of his son Nicholas, who with his brother the
Rev. James Noyes, came to Ipswich, Mass., in the
Mary and John in 1604. He was fitted for college
at Newburyport academy, and was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1818, A.M., 1821. During his
college course he taught school three winters and
after leaving college took charge of the academy
in Framingham for one year. He studied at the
Cambridge divinity school, 1819-22, and was
licensed to preach in 1822, but remained in
Cambridge as a teacher until 1825, then as tutor
in the college until 1827, devoting his spare time
to the study of the Hebrew and Greek scriptures
and literature. He was married, May 8, 1828, to
Eliza Wheeler Buttrick, of Framingham, Mass.
He was pastor of the First Congregational church
at Brookfield, 1827-34 ; pastor of the First Uni-
tarian society at Petersham, Mass., 1834-40 ; and
Hancock professor of Hebrew and other oriental
languages, and Dexter lecturer on biblical litera-
ture at Harvard college, 1840-68. He received
the honorary degree of S.T.D. from Harvard in
1839, was chosen a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1844, and was
generally recognized as an eminent Greek and
Hebrew scholar. His published works include:
An Amended Version of the Book of Job, u-ith
Introduction and Notes (1827); A New Transla-
tion, of the Book of Psalms (1831): ^1 Nczy
Translation of the Hebrew Prophets arranged in
Chronological Order (3 vols., 1833-37); A New
Translation of the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes and the
Canticles (1846); TJieological Essays from Various
Authors (1856) ; and Tlie New Testament Translated
from the Greek Text of Tischendorf (1869). He
also published numerous tracts, sermons and
periodical articles. A revised edition in four
volumes of his old testament translations was
published in 1867-68. He died in Cambridge,
Mass., June 3, 1868.
NOYES, Stephen Buttrick, librarian, was
born in Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 28, 1833 ; son of
the Rev. George Rapall and Eliza Wheeler
(Buttrick) Noyes. He was graduated at Harvard
in 1853, and removed to Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1857
to take charge of the library of the Brooklyn
Athenaeum which under his direction outgrew
its home and became the Mercantile library and
later the Brooklyn library. He assisted Ains-
worth R. Spofford, the librarian of Congress,
Washington, D.C., 1866-68, and in 1871-81 pre-
pared a complete cross-reference catalogue of
the 60,000 volumes in the Brooklyn library which
was published in 1881 and accepted by librarians
of the United States and England as a model.
He died in Deland, Fla., March 8, 1885.
NOYES, Theodore William, editor, was born
in Washington, D.C., Jan. 26. 1858 ; son of Crosby
Stuart and Elizabeth Selina (Williams) Noyes.
He was graduated from Columbian university.
NOTES
NUNNALLY
A.M., 1877, and from the Columbian Law school,
LL.B., 1882, LL.M., 1883. He was a reporter on
the Washington Shir, 1*77-81 ; practised law in
South Dakota, 1883-87, and assumed the editor-
ship of the Washington Star in 1887. He was
chosen a trustee of the Columbian university in
1889 ; was elected president of the Alumni associa-
tion in 1891 ; became president of the board of
trustees of the Washington Public library in
1896, and of the Washington board of trade in
1897. He is the author of : The National Capital
(189:!); Newspaper Libels (1894) ; Notes of Travel
(1894); War of the Metals (1899); and Conditions
in the Philippines (1900).
NOYES, William Curtis, jurist, was born in
Schodack, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Aug. 19,
1805 : son of George and — — (Friend) Noyes,
and a descendant of the Rev. James and Sarah
(Brown) Noyes. The Rev. James Noyes, a na-
tive of Cholderton, Wiltshire, England, immi-
grated to America in 1634, and settled in Newbury,
Mass.. in 1635. William Curtis Noyes studied
law in Albany, N.Y., 1819, and with Judge
S. B. Ludlow, in Nassau, N.Y., 1820-21. He re-
moved to Whitesboro, Oneida county, with his
parents, completed his law studies under Henry
R. Storrs, and was admitted to the bar in 1827.
He practised in Rome, N.Y., and afterward in
TJtica, was district attorney of Oneida county,
and removed to New York city in 1838. He was
a commissioner with Alexander W. Bradford and
David Dudley Field to codify the laws of the
state, 1857-64; was the defeated Republican can-
didate for attorney-general of the state in 1857,
and was appointed by the state legislature a
member of the Peace commission in 1861. He
was one of the popular Republican candidates
for the nomination to the U.S. senate in 1861,
and was prominently supported as an available
successor to Chief-Justice Taney in 1S64. He
was said to have no equal as an equit}' lawver
and as a cross-examiner. He served on the
executive committee of the American Temperance
union; was a member of the charitable committee,
and was also president of the New England
society. Hamilton college gave him the honor-
ary degree of LL.D. in 1856. and he bequeathed
to that institution his valuable law library,
containing over 5000 volumes. He died in New
York city, Dec. 25, 1864.
NUCKOLLS, William Thompson, representa-
tive, was born near Hancockville, on the Pacolet
river, Union district, S.C., Feb. 23, 1801 ; son of
John and Nancy (Thompson) Nuckolls, and grand-
son of John and Agatha (Bullock) Nuckolls of Vir-
ginia, who removed to Spartanburg district, S.C. ,
abnut 1770 and made the settlement of Whig Hill.
John Nuckolls, Sr., joined the patriots, and about
1779 was killed by the Tories while at a mill, his
young son John, who was with him, escaping.
The family was of English origin. William
Thompson Nuckolls was graduated at South
Carolina college in 1820, and became a lawyer at
Spartanburg C.H., S.C. He was admitted to
the bar in 1823, and was a friend of John C. Cal-
houn, who said of him that he was one of the
best informed men in public life. He was a
representative from the ninth South Carolina
district in the 20th, 21st and 22d congresses, 1827-
33. He married his cousin, Susan Dawkins, and
they had no children. He died on his plantation
near Hancockville, S.C., Sept. 27, 1855.
NUNN, David Alexander, representative, was
born in Hay wood county, Term., July 26, 1833 ;
son of David and Alice (Koonce) Nunn, both na-
tives of North Carolina. David A. Nunn was a
student at the College of West Tennessee, Jack-
son ; was graduated from the Lebanon Law
school in 1853, and began practice at Browns-
ville, Tenn. He was married in 1853 to Mary E.
Thompson, who died in 1873, and secondly, in
1875, to Tennessee Whitehead of Haywood
county. He was a member of the Whig and Re-
publican party, and was a presidential elector on
the Bell and Everett ticket in 1860, and on the
Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864. Immediately
after the war he was elected state senator. He
represented Haywood county in the state legisla-
ture, 1866-67 ; was the Republican representative
from the Memphis district in the 40th congress,
1868-69 ; was defeated for the 41st congress in
1868, and represented the ninth district of Tenn-
essee in the 43d congress, 1873-75. He was ap-
pointed by President Grant U.S. minister resi-
dent to Equador in 1875. He was secretary uf
the state of Tennessee, 1881-85, and collector of
internal revenue for the fifth district of Tenn-
essee, 1889-93 and 1897-1901. He resigned in 1901,
after the death of President McKinley. and re-
sumed the practice of law at Brownsville, Tenn.
NUNNALLY, Qustavus Alonzo, educator, was
born in Walton county, Ga., March 24. 1841 ; son
of William Branch and Mary Hale (Talbot) Nun-
nally, and grandson of John Nunnally. His
father and mother were born in Virginia and set-
tled in Walton county, Va., in 1819. He was
graduated at the University of Georgia in 1859,
the youngest man to receive a diploma in the
history of the university ; was married, Nov. 23,
1859, to Mary, daughter of Ralph Briscoe, of Wal-
ton count}', Ga.; was professor of mathematics in
Hamilton Female college, 1859-61, and principal
of the Johnston institute, 1861-68. He was
quartermaster of the 9th Georgia militia, Col. P.
H. Mell ; entered the Baptist ministry in 1865,
and preached in Walton and the surrounding
counties. 1805-76, also engaging in farming, in
editing the Southern Witness and as superintend-
NURSE
ent of schools for Walton county. He was
pastor at Rome, Ga., 1875-84, superintended
the church building department of the South-
ern Baptist church, 1884-85, pastor at Eufaula,
Ala., 1885-87, and at Anniston, Ala., 1887-89.
He was president of Mercer university, Macon,
Ga., as successor to Dr. Archibald J. Battle,
1889-92, and during his term of service raised
money for new buildings, which doubled the
capacity of the university. He resumed minis-
terial duties as pastor of the Baptist church at
Memphis, Tenn., in 1892, and in 1895 at La
Grange, Ga., where he became president of the
Southern Female college.
NURSE, Amos, senator, was born in Bolton,
Mass., Dec. 17, 1794 ; son of Jonathan and Ruth
(Barrett) Nourse ; grandson of David and Rebecca
(Barrett) Nourse, and a descendant of Francis
and Rebecca (Towne) Nourse, Salem, Mass., im-
migrants. He was graduated at Harvard A.B.,
1812, A.M., 1815, andM.D., 1817. He practised in
Wincasset, Me., in that year, and removed to
Hallowell, where he was postmaster, and to Bath
in 1845. He was a lecturer on obstetrics in Bow-
doin college, 1846-54, and professor of obstetrics
there, 1854-66. He was collector of customs at
Bath, by appointment of President Polk, 1845-46,
and was elected U.S. senator to fill the unexpired
term of Hannibal Hamlin, who resigned, Feb. 6,
1857, to accept the governorship of Maine, and
served to the close cf the term, March 3, 1857.
He was elected judge of probate of Sagadahoc
county in 1860. He died in Bath, Maine, April
17, 1877.
NURSE, Rebecca, reputed witch, was born
in Yarmouth, England, in 1621. Her maiden
name was Towne, and she married Francis
Nurse, and with him settled in Salem, Mass.,
about 1675. She was held in the highest re-
spect by her townspeople, but in March, 1693,
was accused of witchcraft. She was tried in
June, and the jury pronounced her not guilty.
But the judges were dissatisfied and sent the
jury out again, and this time obtained a verdict
of guilty. She was hanged, with four others,
July 19, 1692.
NUTT, Cyrus, educator, was born in Trum-
bull county. Ohio, Sept. 4, 1814. He was grad-
uated at Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa., in
1831 ; was principal of the preparatory depart-
ment of Allegheny college, 1831-37 ; of Indiana
Ashbury (now DePauw) university, Greencastle,
Ind., 1837-38 ; professor of Latin and Greek
languages, 1838-42 ; of the Greek and Hebrew
languages, 1842-43; of Greek language and litera-
ture, 1846-49, and of mathematics, 1857-60. He
was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at
Bloomington Station, Ind., 1843-45, and at Salem,
Ind., 1845-47 ; president of Fort Wayne Female
NUTTALL
college, 1849, and of Whitewater college, Wayne
county, 1850-55. He resigned in 1855, and was
presiding elder of the Richmond district, Ind.,
1855-57. He was acting president of De Pauw
university, 1857-59, and a trustee of the corpora-
tion, 1851-57, and president of Indiana university
at Bloomington, 1860-75, being formally inau-
gurated, June 7, 1861. He was married, April
26,1838, to Amanda Standiford of Greencastle, Ind.
He received the degree D.D. from Allegheny
college and from Ohio Wesleyan university in
1859, and LL.D. from the University of Missouri
and from Hanover college, Indiana, in 1873.
He died in Bloomington, Ind., Aug. 23, 1875.
NUTTALL, Thomas, botanist, was born in
Long Preston, Settle, Yorkshire, England, Jan.
5, 1786. He was apprenticed to the printer's
trade, was a journeyman printer under his uncle
in Liverpool for several years, and then went to
London, where he
was unsuccessful. He
immigrated to Phil-
adelphia, Pa., in 1807,
where Prof. Benja-
min Smith Barton
encouraged him to
engage in scientific
study and became his /%
instructor. He made
a trip along the coasts
of Dela%vare, Mary-
land, Virginia and
North Carolina, and
on his return visit-
ed the region of the
upper Missouri river
with John Bradbury, the Scotch naturalist, on
a collecting tour, 1809-11, when Bradbury was
captured by the Indians, but effected his escape.
Mr. Nuttall remained in Philadelphia during the
winters of the next eight years, studying the
collections made in his summer excursions east
of the Mississippi, from the Great Lakes to
Florida. He lectured on botany to classes in
Philadelphia, 1820-22, and was lecturer on
natural history and curator and director of the
botanic garden, Harvard college, 1825-34. He
made a journey over the Rocky Mountains
to the Columbia river in 1834, spent two
months in 1835 in the Sandwich Islands, and
the spring and summer of 1835 on the Pacific
coast, returning to the Sandwich Islands and
reaching Philadelphia, October, 1835. He returned
to England in December, 1841, and made a visit of
six months in the United States. 1847-48. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from Har-
vard in 1826 ; was a fello«. of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the
American Philosophical society and Academy of
NUTTALL
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a fellow
of the Linnsean Society of London. His first
biographer, Elias Durand, said that he personally
had made more discoveries in the botany of
North America and described more new genera
and species, with the exception of Prof. Asa
Gray, than any other man. He contributed to
the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
and is the author of : The Genera of North
American Plants and a Catalogue of the Species
to 1S17 (2 vols., 1818): A Journal of Travels into
the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1S19
(1821); Manual of the Ornithology of the United
States and Canada: I. Land Birds (1832), II.
Water Birds (1834), and The North American
Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the
United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, not
described in the Works of Francois Andre
WclMUX (3 vols. , 1842-49). He died in St. Helens,
Lancashire. England, Sept. 10, 1859.
NUTTALL, Zelia, archaeologist, was born in
San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 6, 1858 ; daughter of
Dr. Robert Kennedy and Magdalina (Parrott)
Nuttall, and granddaughter of John Parrott of
Baltimore and San Francisco. Her father was
a native of Tittour, Ireland, a scientist, and a
naturalized citizen of the United States. She
was educated in England, Germany and France,
and was married in 1880 to Alphonse Louis Pinart
of Paris, from whom she was separated in 1882 and
divorced in 1885, when she resumed her maiden
name. She traveled extensively and devoted
herself to the study of Mexican antiquities, her
first essay being published in 188G. In the same
year she was appointed honorary special assistant
at the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology
and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., and was subse-
quently elected fellow of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, member
of the American Philosophical society and an
honorary member of several other American and
foreign scientific societies. She is the author of
a number of papers on Mexican archseology, her
publications including: TJie Fundamental Princi-
ples of Old and New World Civilisations (vol. II.
Peabody Museum Papers), and the Codex Nuttall,
the second important ancient Mexican manu-
script brought to light and edited by her, and
which was named for her by the Peabody
Museum, in recognition of her scientific labors.
NUTTING, Newton W., representative, was
born in West Monroe, Oswego county, N.Y., Oct.
•,Ji. 1840. He practised law in Oswego, 1861-89 ;
was a school commissioner, 1864-67 ; district
attorney, 1869-72 ; county judge, 1878-83, and was
a Republican representative from the twenty-
seventh New York district in the 48th and 50th
congresses, serving, 1883-85 and 1887-89. He died
in Oswego, N.Y., Oct. 15, 1889.
NYE
NYE, Edgar Wilson, humorist, was born at
Shirley, Maine, Aug. 25, 1850. He removed to
St. Croix county, Wis., with his parents in 1852 ;
attended the public schools and an academy at
River Falls, Wis. ; removed to Wyoming Ter-
ritory ; studied law, and was admitted to the
bar in 1876. He was married, March 7, 1877. to
Clara Frances Smith. He abandoned the law to
enter journalism and wrote humorous articles
for Tlie Cheyenne Sun, under the pen name " Bill
Nye." He was a reporter on the Tribune, Den-
ver, Col., and established Tlie Daily Boomerang
at Laramie city, Wyo.. in 1881, which he edited,
1881-85. He was a member of the territorial
legislature, postmaster of Laramie city, a justice
of the peace, superintendent of public schools and
a commissioner. He removed to Hudson. Wis.,
in 1885, and thence to New York, where, with
James Whitcomb Riley, he engaged in filling
lyceum engagements, and in reading selections
from his works, afterward making lecture tours
throughout the United States and Canada and
visiting Europe. He made his home near Ashe-
ville, N.C., 1893-96. He is the author of: Bill
Nye and the Boomerang (1881) ; Tlie Forty Liars
(1883) ; Baled Hay (1884) ; Bill Nye's Blossom
Rock (1885) ; Thinks and Remarks by Bill Nye
(1886) : Bill Nye's Chestnuts Old and New (1889) ;
Fun, Wit and Poetry, in conjunction with James
Whitcomb Riley (1891) ; Bill Nye s History of the
United States (1894), and Bill Nye's History of
England (posthumous, 1896). He also contrib-
uted a series of articles called his " Autobiog-
raphies " to The Century (1892), and produced
a comedy, The Cadi (1891), and with Paul M.
Potter The Stag Party (1895). He died near
Asheville, N.C., Feb. 22, 1896.
NYE, James Warren, senator, was born in De
Ruyter, N.Y., June 10, 1815; son of James Nye,
a pioneer settler of Madison county. He was
educated in Cortland academy, Homer. N.Y..
studied law in Troy, N.Y., and practised in Madi-
son county. He was district attorney, 1839,
judge of Madison county. 1840-48, and was the
defeated antislavery candidate for representa-
tive in the 31st congress in 1848. He practised
law in Syracuse. N. Y., 1848-57, and was the first
president of the Metropolitan board of police.
New York city, 1857-60. During the presidential
canvass of 1860 he made a tour of the west with
William H. Seward, speaking for Lincoln and
Hamlin. He was governor of AVashoe (Nevada
Territory), 1861-64. and assisted in pivp:n in-
the territory for admission as a state in 1864. He
was elected by the first legislatmv ofNevada,! .$•
senator with William M. Stewart, and drew the
short term, serving, 1865-67. and was re-elected
for a full term, serving. 1807-73. He died at
White Plains, N.Y., Dec. 25. 1876.
OAKES
DATES
o.
OAKES, Urlan, educator, was born in England
about 1631 ; son of Edward and Jane Oakes. His
parents immigrated to America in 1634, and set-
tled in Cambridge, Mass., where he fitted for
college and engaged in preparing and publishing
astronomical calculations. He was graduated at
Harvard, A.B., 1649, A.M., 1652, and was a fellow
of Harvard. 16.">0-52, pursuing a course in theology.
He was ordained pastor of the church at Roxbury,
Mass., but after ministering there for a short
time, returned to England, where he was a minis-
ter at Titchfield, Hampshire, until 1662. In the
latter year he was deprived of his living and for-
bidden to preach, by the Bartholomew act, and
was made master of the school at Southwark.
On the death of the Rev. Jonathan Mitchell, July
9, 1668, he was called to the church in Cam-
bridge, Mass., but the death of his wife and a
personal illness delayed his return to America
and his ordination until Nov. 8, 1671. He was
made freeman in 1672, and preached the annual
election sermon in 1673. He was a fellow of
Harvard, 1672-73, resigned,
Sept. 15, 1673, and took an
important part in the contro-
versy that led to the resigna-
tion of President Leonard
Hoar in 1674. He declined
re-election as a fellow until
March 15, 1674, the day on
which President Hoar resigned, when he was ap-
pointed to succeed him, and entered into office
as acting president, April 7, 1675. He declined,
however, to accept the full presidency until Feb.
2, 1679-80, when he was inaugurated, serving
until his death. He married Ruth, daughter of
William Ames. He published : Astronomical Cal-
culations (1650); An Artillery Sermon (1672); An
Election Sermon (1673); An Elegy on the Death
of the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Chariest 'own
(1677), and other sermons. He died in Cam-
bridge, Mass., July 25, 1681.
OAKLEY, Thomas Jackson, jurist, was born
in Duchess county, N.Y., in 1783. He was gradua-
ted at Yale in 1801, was admitted to the bar in
1804, and settled in practice in Poughkeepsie,
N.Y. He was surrogate of Duchess county,
1810-12 ; a Federalist representative in the 13th
congress, 1813-15 : a member of the state assem-
bly in 1816, 1818 and 1820 ; attorney-general of
the state. 1819 ; was elected a Clinton Democratic
representative to the 20th congress in 1826, and
resigned his seat in congress in 1828, having
been appointed judge of the newly-organized
superior court of New York city. When the
court was reorganized in 1846 under the new
constitution, he was elected the chief-justice
and held the office until his death. He received
the degree LL.D. from Union college in 1853.
He died in New York city, May 11, 1857.
GATES, William Calvin, governor of Alabama,
was born in Pike county, Ala., Dec. 1, 1835 ; son
of William and Sarah (Sellers) Gates ; grandson
of Stephen Gates and of Mathew Sellers, and
a descendant of Welsh ancestors on the paternal
side, and of Irish and French ancestors on the
maternal side. His father, a native of South
Carolina, removed to Montgomery, Ala., in 1828
and soon after to Pike county, where be became
a planter, and married in 1834. William led a
roving life in Louisiana and Texas, 1851-55, en-
gaged in teaching school in Henry county, Ala.,
attended the high school at Lawrenceville, and
studied law in Eufaula, Ala., 1855-58. He was
admitted to the bar in the winter of 1858-59, and
practised in Abbeville. 1859-61. He edited a
Democratic newspaper in 1860, and in 1861 entered
the Confederate army, as captain in the 15th
Alabama infantry. He served in twenty-seven
of the forty engagements of this regiment and
commanded the regiment from the battle of
Sharpsburg until he was transferred to the 48th
Alabama infantry, July 1, 1864, having been
promoted colonel in April, 1863. He was
wounded six times and lost his right arm at
Fussell's Mills, near Richmond, Va., Augl6, 1864,
which prevented his further advancement in the
army. He resumed his law practice in Abbeville
in 1865 ; was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention in New York in 1868 ; a rep-
resentative in the Alabama legislature, 1870-72,
serving as chairman of the committee on ways
and means, and was chairman of the judiciary
committee of the state constitutional convention
of 1875. He was married. March 28, 1882, to
Sallie, daughter of Col. Washington Toney of
Eufaula. He was a Democratic representative
from the third Alabama district in the 47th-53d
congresses, 1891-94, resigning in November, 1894,
on being elected governor of the state, which office
he held, 1895-96. He was a
candidate for U.S. senator in
1897, but was defeated by the
Free Silver wing of the party, j
was commissioned by Presi- 1
dent McKinley brigadier-gen-
eral of U.S. volunteers, May
28, 1898, and served in the
Spanish-American war. He was elected from
the state at large a delegate to the Alabama
constitutional convention in April, 1901, in
which body he had a leading part during its
four months' session. He engaged in the practice
of his profession in Montgomery, Ala.
OBENCHAIN
O'BRIEN
OBENCHAIN, William Alexander, educator,
was bom in Buchanan, Va., April 27, 1841 ; son
of Thomas Jefferson and Elizabeth Ann (Sweet-
land) Obeuchain. His mother was a lineal
descendant of William Sweetland, captain of
the ship James trading between London, England,
and New York, 1678-79, who settled in Salem,
Conn., before the beginning of the eighteenth cen-
tury, and the family intermarried with the Van
Meterens,an old Knickerbocker family, and with
the Bordens and Becks. On the paternal side he
descended from Reinhold Abendschon from the
Palatinate, Germany, who settled in Berks
county, Pa., in 1749, and from the Goulds of New
England. William was graduated at the
Virginia Military institute with the first honors of
the class of 1861. He served as instructor in light
artillery at Camp Lee, Richmond, Va., April,
1861 ; was appointed 2d lieutenant of artillery in
the Confederate army ; was transferred to the
corps of engineers in September, 1861, contrary
to his wishes ; was ordered to the Department of
the Cape Fear, N.C., under Gens. S. G. French
and W. H. C. Whiting, and to the Army of
Northern Virginia in 186-4. He served on the
right flank of the Confederate army at Petersburg,
and subsequently constructed the defence be-
tween the Newmarket and Williamsburg roads,
where he was promoted captain of the corps of
engineers by General Lee, for " efficiency and
meritorious conduct." He was professor of
mathematics and of civil and military engineering
in the Hillsboro Military academy, N.C., 1866-68 ;
professor of mathematics and commandant of
cadets in the Western Military acadamy, under
Gen. E. Kirby Smith, at Newcastle, Ky., 1868-70,
and professor of German and French and com-
mandant of cadets in the University of Nashville,
Tenn., 1870-73. He engaged in civil engineering
and the real estate business in Texas, 1873-78,
became professor of mathematics in Ogden
college, Bowling Green, Ky., in 1878, and was
elected president of that institution in 1883. He
was married, July 8. 1885, to Eliza Hall, daughter
of Thomas Chalmers and Margaret (Younglove)
Calvert of Bowling Green, Ky., author of " Sally
Ann's Experience " and other short stories under
the pen name " Eliza Calvert Hall." He was
elected a member of the American Institute of
Civics in 1887 ; of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science in 1891 ; of the
British Economic association in 1892 ; hon-
orary member of the American Whig Society
of the College of New Jersey in 1883, and one of
the honorary vice-presidents and secretary of the
Department Congress of Higher Education,
World's Columbian exposition, in 1893. He re-
ceived the honorary degree A.M. from Centre
college, Ky., in 1885.
OBER, Frederick Albion, author, was born in
Beverly, Mass., Feb. 13, 1849; son of Andrew K.
and Sarah (Hadlock) Ober; grandson of Andrew
and Sarah (Smith) Ober, and of Elijah and Hul-
dah (Herrick) Hadlock, and seventh in direct de-
scent from Richard Ober, who emigrated from
England to Massachusetts and settled in Beverly
in 1663. Frederick Albion Ober attended the
public school, and in 1862 engaged in business.
He attended the Massachusetts Agricultural col-
lege for one year and thereafter devoted himself
to the study of natural history, exploring the
Lake Okeechobee region of Florida, 1872-74 ;
making an ornithological exploration of the
southern West Indies in 1876-78 and 1880, where
he collected birds for the Smithsonian Institution,
and discovered twenty-two new species. He
visited Mexico in 1881, 1883 and 1885, gather-
ing material for several books, and traveled in
Spain and northern Africa in 1888, South America
in 1889, and in the West Indies again in 1891-92,
as commissioner for the Columbian exposition.
He lectured on Mexico and the West Indies for
nearly ten years in various parts of the countiy.
He is the author of : Camps in the Caribbens (1879);
Young Folks' History of Mexico (1882); Tlie Silver
City (1882) ; Travels in Mexico (1883) ; Mexican
Resources, A Guide to and Tlirouijli Mexico
(1885); Montezuma's Gold Mines (1885); Tlie
Knockabout Club in the Antilles, Everglades, etc.
(6 vols.. 1887-92) ; In the Wake of Columbus (1893);
Josephine, Empress of the French (1895); Under
the Cuban Flag (1896); My Spanish Sweetheart
(1897); Crusoe's Island (1898); Puerto-Rico and
Its Resources (1899); A Brief History of Sj-.it in
(1899); History of the West Indies (iflOO); The
Last of the Arrau-aks (1901); Tommy Foster's Ad-
ventures (1901), and contributions to magazines.
O'BRIEN, Fitz-James, author, was born in
county Limerick, Ireland, in 1828. His father
was an attorney-at-law. He was educated at the
University of Dublin, and then went to London,
where in the course of two years he spent his in-
heritance amounting to about £8,000. While in
college he wrote verse, edited a paper in London,
1851, and in 1852 came to the United States, where
he contributed to the Lantern, edited by John
Brougham, and to the leading literary magazines
and newspapers. He wrote for J. W. Wallack •• A
Gentleman from Ireland;" prepared " The Ty-
coon" for Laura Keene's theater, and traveled as
a literary assistant with H. L. Bateman. He
joined the 7th regiment. N. G. S. N. Y.. and
marched with the regiment to W .-Islington. D.C.,
returning to New York with the rank of captain
after six weeks' service. He then engaged in
recruiting for McClellan'S volunteer rifles;
was appointed on the staff of General Lander
with the rank of lieutenant, and served with him
O'BRIEN
OCHS
in Virginia until fatally wounded in a skirmish
with Col. Ashby's Confederate cavalry, Feb. 26,
1862. His poems Loch Lie and Irish Castles were
published anonymously in Ballads of Ireland
(1856). See TJie Poems and Stories of Fitz-James
O'Brien with Personal Recollections by his Asso-
ciates, edited by William Winter (1881). He
died in Cumberland, Va., April 6, 1862.
O'BRIEN, William Shoney, capitalist, was
born in Abbeyleix, Ireland, about 1825. He im-
migrated to New York city in his early youth
and removed to California upon the discovery of
gold in 1849. He engaged in mining, and in 1851
established a liquor saloon in San Francisco, sub-
sequently entering the ship chandlery business.
In 1854 he formed a partnership with James C.
Flood in the restaurant and saloon business, which
he continued until 1867, when they engaged ex-
clusively in mining. They soon acquired im-
mense wealth, becoming two of the four "Bo-
nanza princes," and with J. G. Fair and John W.
Mackay controlled the "Bonanza" mines of
Nevada. His fortune was estimated as $20,000,-
000. He died in San Rafael, Gal., May 2, 1878.
OCH1LTREE, Thomas Peck, representative,
was born in Nacogdoohes, Texas, Oct. 26, 1842 ;
son of Judge William B. and Novaline (Kennard)
Peck Ochiltree. When a boy he volunteered in
Capt. John G. Walker's company of Texas Rang-
ers and marched
to the frontier against
the Apache and Co-
manche Indians. He
was admitted to the
bar by special act of
the legislature of
Texas, being non-age ;
was editor of the
Jeffersonian at Jef-
ferson, Texas; a de-
legate to the Demo-
cratic national con-
vention at Charleston
and Baltimore, 1860;
witnessed the sur-
render of Fort Sumter
in 1861, and entered the Confederate service as a
private in the Marshall guards, 1st Texas infantry,
which became a part of the Texas battalion, com-
manded by Lieut. -Col. Louis T. Wigfall. He was
subsequently assigned to the 1st Texas infantry
in Hood's brigade, Army of Northern Virginia.
He was on the staff of Gen. H. H. Sibley in
the Army of New Mexico, and was mentioned
for gallantry in official reports. He was sent to
Richmond with important dispatches and joined
the staff of General Longstreet as assistant
adjutant-general, serving in the battle of Seven
Pines and in the seven days' battles around
Richmond. On returning to the lower Missis-
sippi, he was made chief of General Sibley's
staff, and afterward was assigned to Gen. Richard
Taylor, taking part in the campaign that led to
the capture of Brashear City, La. He was en-
gaged under orders of Gen. S. B. Maxey in the
battle of Poison Springs, Ark., and with General
Raines in the defenceof Richmond, Va., 18C4. At
Sailor's Creek, Va. , April 6, 1865. he was wounded
and captured. He visited Europe, 1865-66 ; was
editor of the Daily Telegraph, Houston, Texas,
1866 ; visited Europe again, 1867, securing a line
of direct steamers from Galveston, and was made
commissioner of emigration for Texas. He was
U.S. marshal under General Grant for Texas.
He was a representative from the seventh dis-
trict of Texas in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and
at the end of his term removed to New York
city, and became counsel for the Mackay-Bennett
cable company. He died Nov. 25, 1902.
OCHILTREE, William Beck, jurist, was born
in Fayetteville, Cumberland county, N. C., Oct.
11, 1811; son of David and Lucy (Beck) Ochil-
tree ; grandson of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, and
a descendant of Malcolm Hugh Ochiltree, who
was on the personal staff of Prince Charles Ed-
ward, and who came to America after the defeat
of the Stuarts, and settled in North Carolina
about 1746. He was admitted to the bar. He
went to Florida, and thence to Alabama, where he
was married in 1834 to Novaline, daughter of
James Kennard, and widow of Thomas Peck.
He became a distinguished lawyer, and in 1839
removed to Nacogdoches, Texas. He was an
associate judge of the supreme court, attorney-
general and secretary of the treasury of the
Republic of Texas. He was a member of the
constitutional convention of Texas in 1845, and
was appointed one of the first district judges of
the state in 1846. He was the leader for years
of the Whig part}' in Texas and a representative
in the state legislature, 1855-56 ; chairman of
the judiciary committee and also of public debt,
and made a famous speech on a bill to pay
Samuel Swartout of New York the interest on
$16.000 advanced by him in fitting out expedi-
tions for the relief of Texas during her struggle
for independence. He was elected a representa-
tive to the Confederate States congress in 1861,
and resigned therefrom to become colonel of the
18th Texas infantry. He died at Marshall, Texas,
in December, 1867.
OCHS, Adolph S., journalist, was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio, Marcli 12, 1858 ; son of Julius
and Bertha (Levy) Ochs. both natives of Ger-
many, who came to America in 1844. His father
enlisted for the Mexican war, was a Federal
officer in the civil war, was honorably discharged
as captain in the 52d Ohio volunteers, and removed
OCHS
O'CONNOR
with his family in 1865 to Knoxville, Tenn.
Adolph was given a common school education, and
in 18G9 when the Knoxville Daily Chronicle was
established, \venttoworkasnewspapercarrier. In
1871-72 he was employed in Providence, R.I.,
where he also attend-
ed night school. Re-
turning to Knoxville,
he was a clerk in a
drug store in 1872 ;
was engaged in the
office of the C'hron id'-,
1872-75 ; was in the
job office department
of the Courier-Jour-
nal, Louisville, Ky.,
1875-76 ; assistant
foreman of the com-
posing room of the
Knoxville Daily Trib-
line, 1876-77, and in
May, 1877, became
connected with the Daily Dispatch, Chattanooga,
where he filled successively every position, in-
cluding that of editor-in-chief. In 1878 he
published a city directory of Chattanooga and
in July of that year purchased half interest
in the Chattanooga Daily Times, established in
1869, and assumed complete control, buying out
the remaining half interest in 1871. In 1879 he
established the Tradesman, which became the
leading commercial paper of the southwest.
Under his management the Chattanooga Times
won the soubriquet of "The Times that made
Chattanooga." In 1883 he married Iphigenia
Miriam, youngest daughter of the Rev. Dr. Isaac
M. Wise of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1892 the Times
building at Chattanooga, costing nearly $200.000,
was erected. At the meeting of the National
Editorial association at St. Paul, Minn., in 1891,
he delivered an address on the subject of " Interior
Dailies,'' which attracted much attention. He
was for some years a member of the Chattanooga
board of education. He organized the Southern
Associated Press, and in 1883 became its secretary
and treasurer. In 1896 he became publisher and
controlling owner of the New York Times, and
changed his residence to New York city, but
continued the ownership of the business at
Chattanooga. In 1901 he purchased and became
the owner of the Philadelphia Times, which he
placed under the management of his brother,
George Washington Ochs, and in July. 1902. paid
over $2.500.000 to the heirs of George W. Childs
for the Public Ledger. During the Paris exposi-
tion (1900) he published daily at the exposition
a European edition of the New York Times, one
of the most important and expensive American
exhibits.
OCHTMAN, Leonard, artist, was born in
Zonnemaire, Zeeland, Holland, Oct. 21, 1854;
son of John and Hendricka (Fonteine) Ochtman.
His father, a decorative painter, settled in
Albany, N.Y., with his family in 1866. Leonard
was a draughtsman in an engraving office, 1870-
77, opened a studio in Albany in 1877, and in
1879 removed it to New York city, where, in the
winter of the latter year, he took a course of
study at the Art Students' league. He traveled
in England, France and Holland, making studies
of landscapes during the summer of 1885. He
was married in 1891 to Mina Fonda, one of his
pulpils, and the same year established a summer
school of landscape painting at Mianus, Conn.
He exhibited Early Autumn at the National
Academy of Design in 1882, becoming a regular
exhibitor there as well as at the prominent art
exhibitions throughout the country. He was
elected an associate of the National Academy of
Design ; a member of the Society of American
Artists, the American Water-Color society, the
New York Water-Color club, the Salmagundi
club, the Brooklyn Art club and the Society of
Landscape Painters ; and received medals and
other honors for his work.
O'CONNELL, Eugene, R. C. bishop, was born
in the Parish of Kings Court, county Meath,
Ireland, June 18, 1815. He attended the diocesan
college at Navau, and was prepared for the
priesthood in St. Patrick's college at Maynooth,
Ireland, where he was ordained in June. Ib42.
He was a professor in Navan college and after-
ward in the missionary college of All Hallows.
Later he came to the United States, where he
engaged in missionary work in California, sub-
sequently serving as president of Santa Inez
college, Santa Barbara county, and then of St.
Thomas's theological seminary. He returned to
Ireland in 1860. On Sept. 26, 1860, he was elected
titular bishop of " Flaviopolis " and vicar
apostolic of Marysville, Cal., which included the
territory of Nevada, and the upper half of Cali-
fornia, and he was consecrated in the chapel of
All Hallows college, Dublin, Feb. 3, 1861. by
Archbishop Paul Cullen of Dublin. He arrived
at Marysville, June 8, 1861, and was inducted in
St. Joseph's cathedral by Archbishop Alemany,
June 9, 1861. He was translated to the new see
of Grass Valley, Cal., formed out of his vicari;ite.
as bishop. Feb. 3, 1868. and resigned, March 17,
1884, receiving the title " Bishop of Joppa," in
partibus infiiMiiim. He died at Los Angeles,
Cal.. Dec. 4. 1891.
O'CONNOR, James, R. C. bishop, was born in
Queenstown, Ireland. Sept. 10. 1823. He came to
tlie United States in 18:59. with his brother,
Michael O'C<inin«r. and was educated iii the semi-
nary of St. Charles liorromeo at Philadelphia, Pa.
O'CONNOR
O'CONNOR
He was ordained, March 25, 1848, was engaged
in the diocese of Pittsburg, Pa., 1850-51; waa
superior of St. Michael's seminary at Pittsburg,
1857-63, and was professor in the seminary of
St. Charles Borromeo in 1863. He was conse-
crated bishop of " Dibona " and vicar apostolic
of Nebraska, in Aug. 20, 1876. He established
Creighton college in 1879. His vicariate became
the diocese of Omaha, Oct. 2, 1885. He died in
Omaha. Neb., May 27, 1890.
O'CONNOR, Joseph, journalist and author,
was born in Tribes Hill, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1841 ; son
of Joseph and Mary O'Connor. He removed with
the family to Rochester, N.Y., attended the High
School there, and was graduated at the University
in 1863. He was admitted to the bar in 1869, but
never practised. He was for a time teacher of
languages in the Rochester Free Academy, and
then devoted himself to journalism. He was con-
nected editorially, in succession, with the Roches-
ter Democrat, the Indianapolis Sentinel, the New
York World, the Buffalo Courier, and finally (since
1885) with the Rochester Post-Egress as chief
editor. At the Columbian Exposition (1893) he
delivered the poem on New Yoi'k day. He is the
author of articles in magazines and reviews, in-
cluding a remarkable story in BlacTcwood's, and
of a volume of poems published in 1895. He mar-
ried in 1877 Evangeline M. Johnson, of Rochester,
author of analytical indexes to the works of
Shakespeare and Hawthorne, of various transla-
tions from the German, and of occasional poems.
O'CONNOR, Michael, R. C. bishop, was bora
at Queenstown, county Cork, Ireland, Sept. 27,
1810. He was prepared for the priesthood in
France, and at the College of the Propaganda,
Rome, where he was ordained, June 1, 1833. He
served as professor of
sacred scripture and
as vice-rector of the
Irish Ecclesiastical
college in Rome, 1833-
34, and was placed
at a small mission at
Cove, county Cork,
Ireland, in 1834. He
immigrated to the
United States in 1839,
with his brother
James. He was pro-
fessor in the ec-
clesiastical seminary
of st. Charles Bor-
romeo, Philadelphia,
Pa., and afterward its president, with the
care of the missions of Norristown and West
Chester. He built the church of St. Francis
Xavier at Fairmount, and in 1841 became rector
of St. Paul's church, Pittsburg, and vicar-general
of the western section of the see of Philadelphia,
which during his service was augmented by sev-
eral new schools, churches and charitable insti-
tutions. In 1843 he went to Rome to gain the
consent of Pope Gregory XVI to join the Society
of Jesus, but instead he was chosen bishop of the
newly created diocese of Pittsburg, established
Aug. 8, 1843, and when he knelt before the pope
was forbidden to rise until he accepted the bish-
opric. He was consecrated bishop of Pittsburg,
Pa., in the church St. Agatha at Rome, Aug. 15,
1843, by Cardinal Filippo Fransoni, Prefect of the
Propaganda, and on his way back to the United
States passed through Ireland, where he obtained
candidates for holy orders and seven sisters of
the order of Our Lady of Mercy. Notwithstand-
ing the fact that his diocese had a Roman Catho-
lic population of 25,000, thirty-three churches
and fourteen priests, there were but two religious
institutions. In 1844 he established a church fin-
colored Roman Catholics ; a school for boys and
another for young ladies, and St. Michael's Theo-
logical seminary. He also founded'and became
editor of the Catholic in 1844. He went to Rome
in 1845, and returned with four Presentation
Brothers, who established the order of St. Bene-
dict in the United States and took charge of the
boys' school. He visited Europe in 1852, and
brought back a colony of Passionists, who opened
their first house in the United States in Pittsburg.
He was transferred to the see of Erie, established
out of the diocese of Pittsburg, July 29, 1853, and
was returned to Pittsburg, Feb. 20, 1854. In 1854
he again went to Rome, where he took an impor-
tant part in revising the definition of the dogma
of the Immaculate Conception. He completed
St. Paul's cathedral, one of the largest in the
United States, in 1855, and in May, 1860, he ten-
dered his resignation as bishop, which was ac-
cepted, May 23, 1860. He entered the Jesuit mon-
astery of Gorheim, Germany, and after two years
was permitted by special dispensation to take the
four vows at once, when at his own request all
episcopal faculties were withdrawn. He returned
to the United States ; was professor of theology
in Boston college, Massachusetts ; socius of the
Provincial of the Jesuits, and preached and lec-
tured in the principal cities of the country. He
retired to the College of the Society of Jesus at
Woodstock, Md., early in 1872, where he resided
until his death. He published a series of letters
addressed to the governor of Pennsylvania, on the
Common School System (1853). He died in
Woodstock, Md., Oct. 18, 1872.
O'CONNOR, William Douglas, author, was
born in Boston. Mass., Jan. 2, 1833. He attended
the public schools ; studied painting : was asso-
ciate editor of the Boston Commonwealth, 1852-
54 -, of the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia,
O'CONOR
O'CONOR
1854-60 ; corresponding clerk of the light-house
board, Washington, 1861-73, and chief clerk,
1873-74 ; librarian of the U.S. treasury depart-
ment, 1874-78 ; assistant general superintendent
of the U.S. life-saving service, 1878-89, and wrote
their annual reports. He was married in 1856 to
Ellen M. Tarr of Boston. He was a radical in
politics, religion and social ethics. When Walt
Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" was under ban
in Boston, he vindicated him in The Good Gray
Poet (1866). He also supported the theory that
Shakespeare's plays were written by Francis Ba-
con. He contributed to magazines and news-
papers, is the author of poems: To Fanny ; To
Athos; The Shadow on the Wall; Mabel; The
Lost Laud; Resurgemus, and Earl Lord, and also
the author of: Harrington, an antislavery ro-
mance (1860); Hamlet's Note-Book, a reply to
Richard Grant White on the Bacon-Shakespeare
controversy (1886); Mr. Donnelly's Reviewers
(1889), and of popular imaginative short stories
published in the magazines. He died in Wash-
ington, D.C., May 9, 1889.
O'CONOR, Charles, lawyer, was born in New
York city, Jan. 22, 1804 ; son of Thomas O'Con-
nor (1770-1855), a native of county Roscommon,
Ireland, who came to the United States in 1801,
married a daughter of Hugh O'Conor, -who
was not related to him, and became associated
with William Kernan in establishing a settle-
ment in Steuben county, N.Y., on which he re-
sided, 1805-06 ; and was editor, publisher and
author in New York city, 1812-55. Charles re-
ceived a classical education under direction of his
father, and was a student at law, 1820-24, being
admitted to the bar in 1824, although non-age.
He changed the spelling of his name to conform
to ancient usage. He became one of the most
prominent lawyers in the United States, and his
practice included cases involving, for the time in
which he lived, the disposal of vast sums of
money. In 1848 he became a member of the
Directory of the Friends of Ireland, and he pre-
sided at several of their meetings. He was the
Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor of
New York in 1848, and at the election received
3,000 more votes than the other candidates on the
ticket, but failed of election. He was counsel for
Mrs. Forrest in her suit for divorce against Edwin
Forrest, the actor, and in token of his service in
securing the divorce the friends of Mrs. Forrest
presented him with a silver vase, as did also his
fellow-members of the bar. He was counsel in
the Parrish will case in 1862, and in the Jumel
suit in 1871. He was U.S. district attorney for
New York under President Pierce, 1853-54, and
was married in 1854 to Mrs. Cornelia (Livingston)
McCracken. He was a State-rights Democrat,
and made a literal interpretation of the constitu-
tion as giving no power to the general govern-
ment to coerce a state. He defended Jefferson
Davis as his senior counsel when he was tried for
treason, and when the result of the trial enabled
the court to accept bail, he went on the bail-bond
with Gerrit Smith, Horace Greeley, Horace F.
Clark and Augustus Schell. He was elected
president of the Law institute of New York city
in 1869, and in his will bequeathed to the institute
the two vases presented to him in commemora-
tion of his defence of Mrs. Forrest. He was
one of the chief prosecutors of William M. Tweed
in his trial in 1871, and was commissioned by
Governor Hoffman, with W. M. Evarts, James
Emott and Wheeler H. Peckham, a bureau of
municipal correction to recover the money taken.
The court of appeals in 1875 decreed that the
county and not the state of New York should have
brought suit, and Mr. O'Conor at once drafted
the Civil Remedies act, which passed the legisla-
ture, but the slow progress made discouraged him
and called forth bis book " Peculation Tri-
umphant." He was nominated by the straight
Democratic national convention that met at
Louisville, Ky., Sept. 3, 1872, as the candidate for
president of the United States, with John Quiucy
Adams of Massachusetts for vice-president : ami
in the general election in November the ticket
received 29,408 popular votes but secured no
elector. In the contest for electors between
Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes in
1877, each claiming a majority, Mr. O'Conor ap-
peared before the electoral commission for Mr.
Tilden, and always claimed that his client was
cheated out of the election by fraud in the re-
turns of Louisiana and Florida. He removed to
Nantucket, Mass., in 1881. and retired from public
life. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Union college in 1865, and from Columbia in
1872. He is the author of : Peculation Triumph-
ant, Being the Record of a Fire Years' Campaign
against Official jllali-erism, A.D. 1S71-75 (1875).
He died in Nantucket, Mass.. May 12. ls^4.
O'CONOR, John Francis Xavier, educator,
was born in New York city, Aug. 1, 1852 ; son of
Daniel and Jane (Lake)O'Conor, and a descendant
of Gen. William Lake. He was graduated from
the College of St. Francis Xavier in 1872, and
joined the Society of Jesus the same year. He
studied English in London, 1874, and philosophy
in Louvain. liflgium, 1874-79 ; pursued oriental
studies at Johns Hopkins university. 1S70. and
theology at Woodstock, 1883-87. He was profes-
sor in West Park college, Georgetown university,
1880-82, in Boston university. 1888. was made pro-
fessor of philosophy and of rhetoric and literature,
College of St. Francis Xavier. New York, in
1890, and was vice-president of the college. l^s>
88. and of Gonzaga college, Washington, D.C.,
ODELL
ODELL
1901-1902. He lectured extensively on Christian
art, Greek art and the Wagner operas. He became
an author of international reputation in learned
circles ; was widely known as preacher, lecturer
and writer of classic English, and as an authority
on libraries and the care of books, and translated
the first Cuneiform inscription published in
America. He is the author of : Lyric and Dramatic
Poet ry (1883) ; Babylonian Inscriptions of Nebu-
chadnezzer (1885) ; Garruccis Christian Art (1885);
Three Holy Lives (1888); Practice of Humility
(1890); LifeofSt. Aloysius (1891); Jesuit Missions
in America (1892); Reading and the Mind (1897);
Rhetoric and Oratory (1898); Facts about Book-
worms (1898) ; Sacred Scenes and Mysteries (1898) ;
Autobiography of St. Ignatius (1900); Christ
the Man of God (1900), and of dramas, music
and poems.
ODELL, Benjamin Barker, governor of New
York, was born in Newburgh, N.Y., Jan. 14,
1854 ; son of Mayor Benjamin Barker and Ophelia
(Bookstaver) Odell ; grandson of Isaac and Mary
Ann (Barker) Odell and of Hiram and Catherine
(Kinebark) Booksta-
ver ; great-grandson
of Col. William (1763-
1856) and Johanna
(Willsea) Odell, and
great2grandson of
Jonathan Odell (q.v.).
He attended the
public schools of
Newburgh, Bethany
college in West Vir-
ginia, 1873, and Col-
umbia college, New
York city, 1873-75,
but was not gradu-
ated. He entered
business life in New-
burgh in 1875, became vice-president of the
Odell ice company, and president of an electric
lighting enterprise, and was also interested
in the banking business. He was defeated for
supervisor and for state senator when quite
young ; represented the seventeenth New York
district on the Republican state committee,
1884-96, and was chairman of the state executive
committee, 1898-1900. He was elected Republican
representative from the seventeenth New YTork
district in the 54th and 55th congresses, 1895-99,
and was chairman of the committee on accounts
in the 55th congress. He declined renomination
to the 56th congress, 1898, proposed and sup-
ported Theodore Roosevelt for governor of New
York in 1898, and when Roosevelt was nominated
for vice-president in 1900, became the Republican
candidate for governor. He 'was elected by a
plurality of 111,126, and was re-elected in 1902.
VIII.— 8
He was married, first, in 1877, to Estelle Crist
of Newburgh, N.Y., who died in 1888; and
secondly, in 1891, to Mrs. Linda (Crist) Trapha-
gan, widow of Rensselaer Traphagan and sister
of his former wife.
ODELL, Jacob, soldier, was born in Green-
burg, N.Y., July 25, 1756; son of Abraham and
Rebecca (Dyckman) Odell ; grandson of Johannes
and Johannah (Vermilye) Odell, and a descendant
in the sixth generation of William Odell of Con-
cord, Mass., 1639, Fairfield, Conn.. 1644. Jacob
Odell served during the war of the Revolution in
Col. Samuel Drake's regiment. On the return
of peace he was commissioned brigadier-general
of New York state militia by Maj.-Gen. Morris,
and commanded the first brigade of horse artillery.
He married Ann, widow of Abraham Brevoort,
and daughter of David and Mary (Van Vleckeren)
Devoor. He lived at Yonkers, N.Y. , was member
of the state assembly, 1812-13, a Monroe presiden-
tial elector in 1821, and a Jackson elector in
1829. He died at Yonkers, N.Y., in 1845.
ODELL, Jonathan, patriot, was born in Tarry-
town, N.Y., Dec. 26, 1730 ; son of Johannes, Jr.,
and Johannah (Vermilye) Odell ; grandson of
John and Johanna (Turner) Odell ; great-grand-
son of William, Jr. (1634-1700) and (Vowles)
Odell, and great-grandson of William Odell,
who came from England to Concord, Mass., 1039,
and to Fairfield, Conn., 1644. Jonathan Odell
owned a large estate in the town of Greenburg,
N.YT., and the stone house in which lie lived was
still standing in 1903. He served in Col. Samuel
Drake's regiment, Westchester county militia,
and in Col. Lewis Dubois's N.Y. state levies, and
was for a time held a prisoner in the Old Sugar
House prison, New York city. He married
Margaret, daughter of Jacob and Jannetie
(Kiersen) Dyckman, and had six sons and five
daughters. His son. Col. John Odell (1756-1835),
was an officer in Col. Morris Graham's regiment
in the American Revolution, and commissioned
lieutenant-colonel of militia by Gov. John Jay ;
another son, Abraham Odell (1760-1820), was
lieutenant in Col. Van Bergen's regiment, and a
member of the state assembly, 1801-05, 1807-10,
and another son, William Odell (1762-1856), served
in Van Bergen's regiment and became colonel of
Westchester militia. Jonathan Odell died in
Tarrytown. N.Y., Sept. 23, 1818.
ODELL, Moses Fowler, representative, was
born in Tarrytown, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1818 ; son of
William Dyckman and Susanna (Fowler) Odell,
and grandson of William and Johanna (Willsea)
Odell. He attended the public school, and engaged
in mercantile pursuits until 1845, when he was
appointed an entry clerk in the New York custom
house. He was assistant collector of customs
for New York, 1855-57, and public appraiser,
ODENHEIMER
1857-61. He was a Democratic representative
from New York city in the 37th and 38th congress-
es, 1861—65, and was chairman of the committee
on the treasury department. He was appointed
navy agent for the port of New York by Presi-
dent Johnson in 1865, and held the office until
his death in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 13, 1866.
ODENHEIMER, William Henry, third bishop
of New Jersey and 66th in succession in the Amer-
ican episcopate, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Aug. 11, 1817 ; sou of John W. Odenheimer. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsyl-
vania, A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838, and from the Gen-
eral Theological seminary, New Y'ork city, in
1838. He was admitted to the diacouate in 1838,
and was ordained priest in 1841. He was as-
sistant rector, St. Peter's, Philadelphia, in 1840,
and rector, 1840-59. He visited Europe and the
Holy Land in 1851, and was elected bishop of New
Jersey in 1859, as successor to Bishop George W.
Doane, deceased, and was consecrated, Oct. 13,
1859, by Bishops Meade, McCoskry, Whittington,
Lee, Chase, Potter and Williams. Upon the
division of the diocese of New Jersey in 1874, he
became bishop of the new diocese of Northern
New Jersey and served until his death. It is es-
timated that he confirmed 20,000 persons during
his episcopacy. He was married to Anna Debo-
rah Randall, daughter of John B. Shaw, U.S.N.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1856.
He was joint editor of : Songs of the Spirit : Hymns
of Praise and Prayer to God and the Holy Ghost
(1871); made a special study of canon law, and is
the author of : Origin and Compilation of the
Prayer Book (1841); The Devout Churchman's
Companion (1841); TJie True Catholic no Ro-
niiinist (1842); Thoughts on Immersion (1843);
The Young Churchman Catechised (1844); Bisliop
mite's Opinions (1846); Essay on Canon Law
(1847); The Clergyman's Assistant in Reading the
Liturgy (1847); The Private Prayer Book (1851);
Jerusalem and its Vicinity (1855). He died at
Burlington, N.J., Aug. 14, 1879.
ODIN, John Mary, archbishop, was born in
Ambierle, France, Feb. 25, 1801. He joined the
Lazarist brotherhood, and in 1822 was sent as
a missionary to the United States and was ap-
pointed to Missouri. He attended St. Mary's
seminary, Barrens, near St. Louis, Mo., and was
ordained priest, May 4, 1823, at the seminary by
Bishop Dubourg. He made a missionary journey
through Arkansas and Texas during the year
1823 ; was superior of St. Mary's seminary ; theo-
logian to Bishop Rosati during the second council
held at Baltimore in 1833 ; was sent toEurope to
obtain assistance for missions ; attended the gen-
eral assembly of the Lazarist order at Paris, as
deputy from the United States, and through his
O'DONNELL
intercession saved St. Mary's seminary from
suppression. He remained at the seminary till
1836, when he was made pastor of St. Vincent's,
Cape Girardeau, but in 1837 he again returned to
the seminary, retaining his connection until his
appointment as vice-
prefect of Texas in
1840. He resided first
at San Antonio and
subsequently at Hous-
ton, and obtained
from the legislature
large grants of land
to be used for educa-
tional purposes. He
was consecrated
vicar-apostolic of
Texas and titular
bishop of " Claudiop-
olis" at New Orleans,
La.. March 6, 1842,
by Bishop Blanc of
New Orleans, assisted by Bishops Portier and
Chanche. He repaired the old church at San
Antonio and established several schools, but
in 1845 his financial resources failed him and
he went to Europe to obtain help. He was pro-
moted bishop of Galveston on the creation of
that see, April 23, 1847 ; established a convent of
Ursuline nuns at that place, and in November,
1854, founded the College of the Immaculate
Conception (St. Mary's university) at Galveston.
In 1857 he obtained a charter creating it St.
Mary's university. He was translated to New
Orleans as archbishop in February, 1861, and
went to Rome in 1869. He died while visiting
his home at Ambierle, France, May 25, 1870.
O'DONNELL, James, representative, was born
in Norwalk, Conn., March 25, 1842; son of John
and Anne O'Donnell. His parents settled in
Jackson, Mich., in 1850. He was an apprentice in
the office of the Citizen, 1854-55, and a journey-
man printer in several of the western states,
1856-61. He enlisted for three months' service as
a private in the 1st Michigan infantry and took
part in the first battle of Bull Run. He was re-
corder of the city of Jackson, 1863-67, and in ISO I
purchased the Wn-kly Citizen, establishing it as
a daily in 1865. He was a presidential elector mi
the Grant and Wilson ticket in 1872, and mayor
of Jackson. 1876-78. Ho was married, Aug. 15,
1879, to Sarah, daughter of John George of Den-
ver, Col. He was a Republican representative
from the third Michigan district in the 49th. 50th,
51st and 52d congresses, 1885-93. serving as
chairman of the committee on education in the
51st congress. At the close of his term, March 3,
1893, resumed the management and editorship of
the Citizen.
O'DONOVAN
O'FARRELL
O'DONOVAN, William Rudolf, sculptor, was
born in Preston county, Va., March 28, 1844; son
of James Hayes and Mary (Bright) O'Donovan ;
grandson of Jeremiah and Jenette (Dun bar)
O'Donovan, who were forced to escape to Amer-
ica in consequence of participation in the revolu-
tion of 1798, and a descendant of the elder branch
of the O'Donovans. He was self-taught in the
sculptor's art. As a boy he served in the Con-
federate army, and in 1865 he removed to New
York city, where he opened a studio as a sculptor.
He was elected an associate of the National
Academy of Design in 1878, and a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1880, of the Archi-
tectural League in 1887, and of the National
Sculpture society at its formation in 1896. The
subjects of his many portrait busts and has reliefs
include : The Hon. John A. Kennedy (1876) ; Wil-
liam Page, N.A., Winslow Homer, N.A., and
Thomas Eakins of Philadelphia (1877): Erminnie
A. Smith and R. Swain Gifford, N.A. (1879);
Edmund C. Stedman, Arthur Quartley, N.A.,
Walt Whitman (1892); Gen. Joseph Wheeler
(1896); President Charles P. Daly, for the Amer-
ican Geographical society (1899), and the Hon.
Andrew H. Green (1900). He also executed a
memorial tablet to Bayard Taylor, for Cornell
university ; a statue of Archbishop Hughes, for
St. John's college, Fordham, N.Y.; a statue of
General Wagner, for Charleston, S.C.; statues of
AVashington, for the government of Venezuela
(1880); for the monument commemorating the
peace of Newburgh, N.Y. (1886-87), and for the
Trenton battle monument, and also for the inter-
ior of the latter ; a bust of Gen. William S.
Stryker, late president of the Trenton Battle
Monument association ; equestrian statues of
Lincoln and Grant, for the soldiers' and sailors'
arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y.; a monu-
ment to the captors of Andre at Tarry town, N.Y.;
two figures for the soldiers' monument at Law-
rence, Mass.; two bas-reliefs for the monument
commemorating the battle of Oriskany (1883), and
many other works of equal importance. He is
Hie author of a series of papers on the Portraits
a f \Vitshington.
OERTEL, Johannes Adam, clergyman and
artist, was born in Furth, near Nuremberg, Ba-
varia, Nov. 3, 1823; eldest son of Thomas Friedrich
and Maria Magdalena(Mennesdorfer)Oertel. His
father was a skilful worker in metals. He visited
the art department of the Polytechnic institute
at Nuremberg as a boy, but deciding to become a
missionary began preparatory studies under the
Rev. Wilhelm Loehe at Merkendorf, Bav., who
in turn persuaded him to follow art, and recom-
mended him as a pupil to the noted engraver, J.
M. Enzinjc-Muller, in Nuremberg, with whom he
subsequently spent some years in Munich. In
the spring of 1848 they immigrated with some fel-
low students to the United States, landing at
New York, and Mr. Oertel was for a short time a
teacher of art in Newark, N. J. He resided in
Madison, N. J., until 1857, then in Brooklyn,
N.Y., removing in 1861 to Westerly, R.I., where
he built a commodious studio, which he occupied
for seven years. In 1851 he was married to
Julia Adelaide, daughter of Asa Torrey of New-
ark, N.J. In 1867 he was admitted to the
diaconate of the P. E. church at Christ church,
Westerly, R.I., and in 1870 to the priesthood at
Lenoir, N.C., in the parish church he served for
seven years. Subsequently he was rector of
Grace church, Morganton, N.C., for a year and a
half ; was active both as a clergyman and artist
for one year in Florida, and then at Sewanee
and Nashville, Tenn., and St. Louis, Mo., until
1891 ; for although he had no longer charge of
any parish as rector, his services as a clergyman
were almost constant, art constituting his means
of support. His canonical residence remained in
the diocese of Tennessee. For many years he
•was an associate member of the National Academy
of Design, and he received the honorary degree of
D.D. from the University of the South in 1899.
For many years he devoted himself chiefly to
Christian art, and his work is in numerous
churches in New York, Glen Cove, L.I., Lenoir,
N.C., St. Louis, Mo., Jackson, Tenn., Emmorton
and Belair, Md.. and especially in Washington,
D.C. To painting he joined elaborate carving in
wood. The work by which he is widest kno%vn is
The Rock of Ages, published in many ways, and
painted at Westerly in 1862. But the principal
labor of his life is a series of four elaborate com-
positions, delineating the grand epic of man's
redemption, and embracing the whole scheme
from after the Fall in Genesis to Revelation, of
which the first painting is : The Dispensations of
Promise and the Law; the second, TJie Redeemer ;
the third. The Dispensation of the Holy Spirit,
and the fourth, The Final Victory of Good over
Evil (Rev. xx. from v. 11.), completed in 1901.
This series on large canvasses, the artist donated
to the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.,
where there are also several other of his paint-
ings.
O'FARRELL, Michael Joseph, R.C. bishop,
was born in Limerick, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1832. He
attended the College of All-Hallows', and the
Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, and was ordained
in the Limerick cathedral, Aug. 18, 1855. He
joined the Order of St. Sulpice, and was at the
end of his novitiate appointed professor of
dogmatic theology in the College of St. Sulpice.
He immigrated to Canada, was appointed pro-
fessor in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal ;
removed to the United States, entering the diocese
O'FERRALL
of New York as a secular priest, and was placed
in charge of St. Patrick's church. He was assis-
tant pastor of St. Peter's church, New York city,
1869-72 ; pastor of St. Mary's, Rondout, N.Y.,
1872-73, and in 1873 he was returned to St.
Peter's as its pastor. He also established a parish
school in connection with the church. He was
elected bishop of the newly erected see of Trenton,
N.J., in 1881, and was consecrated inSt. Patrick's
cathedral, Nov. 1, 1881, by Cardinal McCloskey.
He collected and prepared for Father Thomas
Burke, the historical facts on which he based his
argument on the oppression of Ireland. He was
a member of the third plenary council at Balti-
more. He bequeathed various sums to charitable,
religious and educational institutions, and the
bulk of his estate to the founding of an industrial
school and orphan asylum at Hopewell, N.J.
He died at Trenton, N.J., April 2, 1894.
O'FERRALL, Charles Triplett, governor of
Virginia, was born at Brucetown, Va., Oct. 21,
1840 ; son of John and Jane Lawrence (Green)
O'Ferrall. and grandson of Dr. John C. Green. His
father was of Irish descent, a soldier in the war of
1812. justice of the
peace, sheriff, repre-
sentative in the state
legislature, and clerk
of the court. Upon
his death in 1856
Charles, who had
already served as as-
sistant clerk under his
father, was appointed
clerk pro-tempore of
the Morgan county
court, and in 1858 was
elected to the position
for the term of six
years, three years
of which term he was
a minor. In May, 1861, he gave up his office,
which exempted him from military service,
and joined the Confederate cavalry, and soon
after was made sergeant. He was elected 1st
lieutenant of Company I, 12th Virginia cavalry
in April, 1862, and captain in August following^
serving in Ashby's brigade. He remained with
the army four years, was wounded several times,
was twice left on the field for dead, received
repeated promotions, and when he held the last
Confederate line in the Shenandoah Valley, after
the surrender of Lee, was colonel of the 23rd
Virginia cavalry, in command of his regiment,
and several separate battalions constituting all
the Confederate cavalry in the valley. He had
two engagements with Federal cavalry, and
captured the last Federal prisoner taken on
Virginia soil after Lee's surrender, of which he
OGDEN
learned some days thereafter. He studied law in
Washington college, Lexington, Va., and was
graduated, LL.B., 1869. He practiced law in
Harrisonburg, and was a representative in the
state legislature for Rockingham county, 1872 ;
county judge, 1873-79 ; Democratic representative
from the seventh district of Virginia in the 48th-
52d congresses, 1883-93, serving as chairman of
the committee on mines and mining in the
49th congress and on the committee on elec-
tions in the 53d and 54th congresses. He was
governor of Virginia, 1893-97, and on Jan. 1, 1898,
retired from political life to engage in the practice
of law in Richmond, Va. He was twice married,
first to Annie, daughter of Col. Robert McLean,
of the 37th Mississipi regiment, killed at the
battle of Corinth, 1862 ; and secondly to Jennie
Wickliffe, daughter of Col. William C. Knight
of Richmond, Va.
OFFICER, Thomas, educator, was born in
Washington, Pa., Dec. 28, 1822; son of Robert
and Margaret (Scott) Officer, and a descendant
of Thomas Officer. He was graduated at Wash-
ington college, Pa., A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843; was
a teacher in the Deaf and Dumb institute,
Columbus, Ohio, 1840-45 ; principal of the Illinois
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Jacksonville, 1845-55 ;
president of the board of directors of the Iowa
Deaf and Dumb institute, Council Bluffs. Iowa ;
ruling elder of the Presbyterian church. Council
Bluffs, 1856-1900. and was engaged in banking,
1857-1900. He was married, Aug. 8, 1848, to
Elizabeth M., daughter of Nathan Pusey of
Washington city, Pa. He died in Council Bluffs,
Iowa, Sep. 12, 1900.
OGDEN, Aaron, patriot, was born in Elizabeth-
town, N.J. , Dec. 3, 1756; son of Robert Ogden
(1716-1787), and great-grandson of Jonathan
Ogden, one of the original founders of Elizabeth-
town. He was graduated from the College of
New Jersey, A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776, and was
assistant instructor in the grammar school. He
was a member of the expedition under Lord
Stirling that captured the British supply-ship,
Blue Mountain Valley, lying in New York harbor
in the winter of 1775-76, and in 1777 was enlisted
as captain in the 1st New Jersey regiment, of
which his brother Matthias was colonel. He
took part in the battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11,
1777 ; the battle of Monmouth, June 27, 1778,
where he was brigade-major of the advance
corps of Gen. Charles Lee, and assistant aide-
de-camp to Lord Stirling : and the battle of
Springfield, N.J., June 23, 1780, where his horse
was shot. He was included among the officers
who received a vote of thanks from congress.
In 1779 he was entrusted by Washington with
the official account of the trial of Andre, the
decision of the court, and the letter addressed by
OGDEN
OGDEN
Andre to his commander, which he delivered to
the commandant at Paulus Hook. When the
communication with Sir Henry Clinton was
established, the unofficial verbal offer of Wash-
ington to Sir Henry Clinton to exchange Major
Andre for Benedict Arnold was suggested and
declined, as Sir Henry's honor would not allow the
surrender of Arnold. Ogden
served in Virginia under
Lafayette, and was present at
the surrender of Lord Corn-
wallis at Yorktown. He
returned to New Jersey upon
the close of the war, and
successfully practised law.
He was married in October, 1787, to Elizabeth,
daughter of John Chetwood. He was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the llth U.S. infantry, Jan.
8, 1799, and served as deputy quartermaster-gen-
eral of the U.S. army from Feb. 36, to June 15,
1800. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Sept. 28,
1801,to fill the unexpired term of James Schureman
resigned, Feb. 6, remaining in office until March
4, 1803. He was a boundary commissioner. 1806 ;
succeeded Joseph Bloom field as governor of
New Jersey by choice of the legislature, Oct. 29,
1812, serving, 1812-13, and refused the commission
of major-general in the U.S. army in 1812. In
1813 he engaged in steamboating, and attempted
to run a boat between Elizabethtown and New
York. This scheme brought him in conflict with
Robert Fulton and the Livingstons, who had
exclusive patents to navigate the waters of New
York state by steam for a number of years. As
Ogden held the same privilege in New Jersey
waters, the result was a state controversy in
which Ogden was defeated, losing his entire
fortune in litigation. He removed to Jersey City,
N.J., in 1829, where he filled a position in the
custom house. He was a charter member of the
New Jersey branch of the Society of the
Cincinnati in 1783, was its president, 1824-29,
and president general of the organization, 1829-39.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey,
1817-39, and the honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by that institution in 1816.
He died in Jersey City, N.J., April 19, 1839.
OGDEN, David, royalist, was born in Newark,
N.J., about 1707. He was graduated from Yale,
A.B., 1728, A.M., 1731, studied law in Newark,
N.J., and became one of the most prominent
lawyers in the province. He was made a member
of the Royal council in April, 1751 ; was judge of
the superior court, and served as judge of the
supreme court of New Jersey, 1772-76. Upon
the outbreak of the Revolution, being an avowed
royalist, he was compelled to go to England.
In 1779 he was a member of the board of refugees,
and drew up a plan of government for the colo-
nies in case they should submit to Great Britain.
On the close of the war he returned to New Jer-
sey, but was sent to England in 1783 as agent for
the state royalists, to prosecute their claims for
compensation. He obtained an allowance for his
own estates, and in 1789 returned to the United
States and settled at Whitestone, N.Y., where he
died in June, 1800.
OQDEN, Henry Warren, representative, was
born in Abingdon, Va. , Oct. 21, 1842; son of
Elias and Louisa (Gordon) Ogden ; great-grandson
of Elias and Maria (Anderson) Ogden, and great2-
grandson of Robert Ogden, speaker of the Colo-
nial house of representatives of New Jersey, and
a descendant of John Ogden, an early settler of
the island of Manhattan and the colony of New
Jersey. His parents removed to Warrensburg,
Mo., in 1851, where he worked on the farm and
attended the district school in the winter. He
entered the Confederate army in 1861, and served
in the Trans-Mississippi department, first as a
lieutenant in the 16th Missouri infantry, and
afterward on the staff of Col. S. P. Burns, com-
manding the 2d brigade, M. M. Parson's Missouri
division, in Price's army in Louisiana. He was
paroled at Shreveport, La., June 8, 1865, and en-
gaged in farming at Benton, La. He was a mem-
ber of the state constitutional convention in 1879,
represented the parish of Bossier in the state
legislature, 1880-88, being chairman of the com-
mittee on ways and means in 1882, and speaker
of the house, 1884—88. He was a Democratic
representative from the fourth Louisiana district
in the 53rd congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the appointment of Representative N. C. Blanch-
ard to the U.S. senate, March 12, 1894, and was re-
elected to the 54th and 55th congresses, serving,
1894-99. He was defeated for re-nomination in
1898, and at the close of his term retired from
public life.
OQDEN, Matthias, soldier, was born in Eliza-
bethtowu, N.J., in 1755 ; son of Robert Ogden
(1716-1787), member of the King's council, and
delegate to the Provincial congress in New York,
Oct. 25, 1765. He enlisted in the patriot army at
the outbreak of the Revolution, and joined Wash-
ington at Cambridge. He accompanied Benedict
Arnold in the march to Quebec and was severely
wounded in the assault on that city, Dec. 31,
1775. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of the 1st battalion, established, March 7, 1776,
and was subsequently promoted colonel of the
1st New Jersey regiment, retaining the command
till the close of the war. He was taken prisoner
at Elizabethtown, N.J. , in November, 1780, and
was the originator of the unsuccessful attempt
to capture Prince William Henry, in March,
1782, which exploit he commanded in person.
He was granted a leave of absence by congress
OGDEN
OGILBY
in 1783, visited Europe, and while in Fi'ance was
presented with the honor of le droit dn tabouret
by Louis XVI. He was brevetted brigadier-
general, Sept. 20, 1783 ; was a representative in
the state legislature in 1785. He died in Eliza-
bethtown, N.J.. March 31. 1791.
OGDEN, Robert, patriot, was born in Eliza-
bethtown, N.J., Oct. 16, 1716. He was a member
of the King's council, and from 1757 to 1705 was
a member of the New Jersey legislature, being
Speaker in 1763-65. He then became a delegate
to the Continental congress. There when the
Declaration of Rights and Grievances was drawn
up, with petitions to the King and to Parliament,
all the members signed them except Mr. Ogden
and Timothy Ruggles, their reason being that
those documents should be first submitted to the
provincial assemblies. For this he was burned
in effigy, after which he resigned his office. In
1776 he was chairman of the Elizabuthtown
committee of safety. He died in Sparta, N.J.,
Jan. 1. 1787.
OQDEN, Thomas Ludlow, lawyer, was born
at Newark, N.J., Dec. 12, 1773 : son of Abraham
and Sarah (Ludlow) Ogden ; grandson of David
(born 1707) and Martha (Hammond) Ogden, and
a descendant of John Ogden of Elizabethtown,
N.J., (1610-1681), one of the founders of that
place. Abraham Ogden (1743-1800) was owner
of Washington's headquarters in Morristown,
N. J., and a friend of Washington. Thomas Lud-
low Ogden was graduated from Columbia in 1791.
He was associated with Alexander Hamilton in
the practice of law in New York, and was the
counsellor for many corporations, including the
Holland Land company. He was a trustee of the
Indian reservation lands; of Sailors' Snug Harbor,
New York ; law officer of Trinity church corpora-
tion ; clerk, vestryman and senior warden of
Trinity church ; one of the original trustees of
the General Theological Seminary of New York ;
one of the founders and vice-president of the
Protestant Episcopal Society for Promoting Re-
ligion and Learning in the State of New York,
and a trustee of Columbia college, 1817-44. He
died in New York city, Dec. 17, 1844.
OQDEN, L'/al, clergyman, was born in New-
ark, N.J., in 1744; son of TJzal Ogden (who died
in 1780): grandson of David and Abigail Ogden,
and a descendant of John and Jane (Bond)
Ogden. John Ogden, said to have been a native
of Kent county, England, was settled at Stam-
ford, Conn., in 1641 ; removed to Hempstead,
L.I., in 1644; to Southampton, L.I., in 1647, and
afterward became one of the founders of Eliza-
bethtown, N.J., and prominent in its affairs until
his death in 1681. Uzal Ogden was prepared for
the ministry in Elizabethtown. N.J., under the
Uev Dr. Chandler and was ordained both deacon
and priest in the Established church, in the chapel
of the Episcopal palace at Fulham, Middlesex,
Sept. 21, 1773, by the Bishop of London. He re-
turned to New Jersey, where he labored all his
life. He preached occasionally in Trinity church,
Newark, N.J., 1779-88 ; was an assistant minister
of Trinity parish, New York city, 1784-89, and
was also connected with St. John's church in
Elizabethtown, N.J., and with a chapel at what
is now Belleville, N. J. He was rector of Trinity
church, Newark, N.J., 1788-1805; was elected
bishop of New Jersey, Aug. 16, 1798, but conse-
cration was refused him by the General conven-
tion in June, 1799, on the grounds that doubts
existed as to his qualifications in accordance with
the canon. A special convention of New Jersey in
October, 1799, asked that he be consecrated with-
out delay, but nothing further is recorded until
1804, when h , was requested by the New Jersey
convention to resign the rectorship of Trinity
church, Newark, which he at first refused to do.
Finally, however, he withdrew from the Protest-
ant Episcopal church, but claimed the right to
officiate as rector under his ordination to the
priesthood in the Established church, and in con-
sequence was suspended by the standing commit-
tee from ministerial duty in New Jersey, with
the consent of Bishop Moore of New York, on
May 9, 1805. On Oct. 16, 1805, he joined the
Presbyterian ministry, although he never held a
stated charge. He received the degree of D.D.
from the College of New Jersey in 1798. He was
married to Mary, daughter of Samuel Gouver-
neur of New Jersey, in 1774. He published nu-
merous letters, sermons and addresses, and -4?i-
tidote to Deism (2 vols., 1795). He died in New-
ark, N.J., Nov. 4, 1822.
OGILBY, John David, clergyman, was born
in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 30, 1810 ; son of Leonard
and Eliza (Darley) Ogilby. His parents immi-
grated to the United States in 1816, and he was
graduated at Columbia college, A.B., 1829, A.M.,
1833. He was the first rector of Columbia College
grammar school, 1829-30 ; established and con-
ducted a private school with Lorenzo L. Daponte,
1830-32, and was professor of ancient languages
in Rutgers college. New Brunswick, N.J., 1832-40.
In the meantime he studied theology and was or-
dained to the Protestant Episcopal ministry in
1838. He served as substitute in various city
churches, 1838-40, and during the absence of his
brother, the Rev. Frederick Ogilby (born 1813-died
1878), in Europe, had charge of his church, the As-
cension, in Philadelphia. He was professor of
ecclesiastical history in the General Theological
seminary. New York city, 1841-49, visiting
Europe for the benefit of his health in 1842. 1*40
and 1849. He accepted the rectorship of Grace
church at Newark, N.J., in 1846, but on the urgent
OGILVIE
OGLESBY
request of the faculty of the seminary, he re-
tained his professorship. He purchased a resi-
dence in Sing Sing, N.Y., and there founded All
Saints' church, Briar Cliff, which \vasnot finished
until after his death. He received the degree
D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1843. He was married first, April 15, 1834, to
Cornelia D. , daughter of Joseph Warren Scott of
New Brunswick, N.J. ; and secondly, Jan. 17,
1839, to Anna Helena, daughter of Dr. F. K.
Smith of New Brunswick, N.J. He is the author
of : An Outline of the Argument against the Va-
litlity of Baptism (1842); The Catholic Church in
England and America (1844), and edited Jacob's
Latin Reader, with notes partly translated from
the German and partly gathered from other
sources. He left an incomplete MS. of a large
work on Ecclesiastical History. He died in Paris,
France, Feb. 3, 1851, and his body was sent back
to America and buried in the churchyard of
Christ church, New Brunswick, N. J.
OGILVIE, Clinton, painter, was born in New
York city, Dec. 38, 1838 ; son of William Halsey
Ogilvie. He was a pupil of James M. Hart (q. v.),
in New York, and was in Paris, 1866-67. He es-
tablished a studio in New York city in 1867, de-
voting himself to landscape painting, and made
a second visit to Paris, 1873-73. He occupied
his studio in New York, 1873-79 ; resided at
Nice, Mentoue and other art centers of Europe,
1879-83, and was again in New York, 1883-1900.
In 1864 he was made an associate of the National
Academy of Design, where lie exhibited regularly.
His subjects were mostly French and Swiss land-
scape, his American pictures including : Among
the Adirondacks (1874); The Sunny Slimmer-
Time (1876); Summer Afternoon in the Adiron-
dacks (1877); The Mountain Brook (1878). He
died in New York city, Nov. 2, 1900.
OGLE, Benjamin, governor of Maryland, was
born in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 7, 1746 ; son of Gov.
Samuel and Ann (Tasker) Ogle, and grandson of
Samuel Ogle of Northumberland county, Eng-
Gov. Benjamin Tasker. He was
educated in England ; was a
member of the council prior
to the Revolution, and served
on the committee of observa-
tion for Frederick county.
He was the tenth governor of
Maryland, 1798-1801, and on
Feb. 11, 1800, issued a
proclamation making the day of Washington's
death "a day of mourning, humiliation and
prayer," which custom continued to be observed
by the succeeding governors of Maryland. He
resided on the estate " Belair " in Prince George
county, which descended to him through Gov.
Benjamin Tasker. He was married first to
land, and
Rebecca Stilley, and secondly to Henrietta Mar-
garet, daughter of Henry and Mary (Thomas)
Hill. He died at " Belair," Prince George county.
Md., July 6. 1809.
OGLE, Charles, representative, was born in
Somerset, Pa. , in 1798 ; son of Gen. Alexander
Ogle, a native of Maryland, who removed to Som-
erset county, Pa., where he was a member of
both houses of the state legislature for many years
from 1806 ; a representative in the 15th congress,
1817-19; general in the state militia, and died, Oct.
14, 1852. Charles Ogle studied law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1819. He settled in practice
in Somerset ; was a general in the state militia ;
a Whig representative from Pennsylvania in the
25th and 26th congresses, 1837-41, and elected
to the 27th congress, but did not live to take his
seat. He died in Somerset, Pa., May 10, 1841.
OGLE, Samuel, colonial governor of Maryland,
was born in England about 1694 ; son of Samuel
Ogle of Northumberland county, England. He
was captain in a cavalry regiment in the British
army, and was governor of Maryland under
proprietary government from September, 1731,
until the return of Lord Baltimore in 1732. He
went back to England, was promoted in the army,
was again governor of Maryland, 1735-43, and a
third time, 1747-53. His third appointment in-
duced him to take his wife with him, and he left
England in the ship Neptune, March 12, 1747, and
resided on a fine estate in Anne Arundel county.
He was married in England to Ann, daughter of
Benjamin Tasker, who was president of the
Maryland council during his last administration
and upon whom the government devolved at his
death, until the arrival of Horatio Sharpe, the
next governor appointed by the crown. He died
in Annapolis, Md., May 3, 1753.
OGLESBY, Richard James, governor of Illi-
nois, was born in Oldham county, Ky., July 25,
1824. His parents died in 1832, and he removed
to Decatur, 111., in 1836 with his uncle Willis
Oglesby, working there as a farm-hand and car-
penter. He studied law under Judge Silas W.
Robinson at Springfield, 111., 1844-45, and was
licensed to practise in 1845. He joined the 4th
Illinois volunteers for service in the Mexican war
and was commissioned 1st lieutenant. He saw
service at Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo, resum-
ing his law practice in Decatur, 111., in 1847. He
was graduated at the Louisville, Ky., law school,
LL.B., 1849; engaged in seeking gold in Califor-
nia, 1849-51, and in 1851, having gained $4.500
in California, he again took up the practice of
law in Decatur. He traveled in Europe, Egypt
and the Holy Land, 1856-57. In 1858 he was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate for represen-
tative in the 36th congress, was elected in 1860
to the Illinois senate, resigning his seat, April
OGLETHORPE
OGLETHORPE
25. 1861, to accept the colonelcy of the 8th Illinois
volunteers. He commanded the 1st brigade, 1st
division, under General Grant, at Forts Henr}'
and Donelson, and with his
brigade was the first to enter
Fort Henry. He was pro-
moted brigadier-general of
volunteers, March 21, 1863,
for gallantry at the capture
of Fort Donelson. He was in
command of the 3d brigade,
2d division, Army of West Tennessee, at the
battle of Corinth, and was severely wounded, Oct.
3, 1863. He was promoted major-general of vol-
unteers in November, 1862, and returned to
active service in April, 1863, when he commanded
the left wing of the 16th Army corps. He resigned
in Jlay , 1864. He was three times elected governor
of Illinois on the Republican ticket, serving,
1865-69, 1873 and 1885-S9. He resigned in 1873
to take his seat in the U.S. senate as successor to
Lyman Trumbull, and served in that body until
March 3, 1879, declining re-election, and retiring
to private life, 1889. He died in Elkhart, 111.,
April 34. 1899.
OGLETHORPE, James Edward, founder of
the colony of Georgia, was born at Westbrooke
Place, near London, England, Dec. 21, 1688 ; son
of Sir Theophilusand Eleanor (Wall) Oglethorpe.
He matriculated at Corpus Christ! college, Ox-
ford, in 1704, but entered military service about
1706, being commissioned ensign in 1710. He was
attached to the suite of the Earl of Peterborough,
ambassador to Sicily, in 1713, and was promoted
lieutenant in the Guards of Queen Anne in 1714.
He was aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene at the de-
feat of the grand vizier Ali at Peterwaradin,
Austria, Aug. 5, 1716, and at the siege and cap-
ture of Belgrade in August, 1717. He returned
in 1719, and resumed his studies at Oxford. He
succeeded to the Westbrooke estate in 1722, and
was a member of Parliament from Haslemere, in
Surrey, 1722-54. About 1738 he turned the atten-
tion of Parliament to the relief of unfortunate
debtors, large numbers of whom were imprisoned
in London and cruelly treated, and was appointed
chairman of a committee to visit the prisons.
He proposed to establish a colony for the perma-
nent relief of about 700 persons confined for debt,
believing that on their liberation from prison,
they would need new surroundings and oppor-
tunities. The scheme found especial favor with
the king, because it was proposed to make the
new colony a refuge for the persecuted Protes-
tants of Germany and other countries in Europe,
and he granted to Lord Percival, James Ogle-
thorpe, Edmund Digby and others on June 9,
1733, a charter of incorporation, giving them title
to the land on the coast of America between the
Savannah and Altamaha rivers. The colony was
named Georgia in the king's honor, and Parlia-
ment granted the proprietors £10,000. A large
sum was also raised by subscription for provision-
ing, arming, clothing and transporting such poor
people as should be selected. Oglethorpe, with
the power of a colonial governor, reached Charles-
ton, S.C., with the members of 35 families, num-
bering 150 in all, Jan. 13, 1733. A settlement
was made at Yamacraw Bluff on the Savannah
river, and shortly afterward a treaty- of peace
was concluded with the several tribes of Indians.
Oglethorpe laid out the side of Fort Argyle in
June, 1733, his object being to secure Georgia
from invasion by the Spaniards of Florida. He
returned to England in April, 1734, accompanied
by the chief of the Yarnacraws, together with his
wife and his nephew, the war captain of that
tribe, five chiefs of the Creeks, and a chief from
Palachicolas, all of whom were presented to
King George and Queen Caroline at Kensington
Palace, Aug. 1, 1734. Oglethorpe sent the Indians
back, with 150 Scottish Highlanders to protect
the colonists, and they reached Georgia in De-
cember, 1734. Oglethorpe came back to Georgia
in December, 1735, bringing with him nearly 300
immigrants, and John and Charles Wesley, who
preached and established missions in the colony
and among the Indians. The colony progressed
rapidly under his management, but early in 1736
was attacked by the Spaniards. Convinced that
war was inevitable, Oglethorpe hastened to Eng-
land, raised a regiment of 600 men, secured the
sum of £30,000, and was appointed colonel of a
regiment to be raised in Georgia. He arrived in
September, 1738, and in October, 1739, war was
declared against Spain by England. In the mean-
time Oglethorpe was diligently employed in erect-
ing defensive works, in training his men, and in
strengthening his Indian alliances. In obedi-
ence to orders received in January, 1740, he in-
vaded Florida. He made an unsuccessful attack
on St. Augustine in the summer of 1741, and in
May, 1742, learned that the Spaniards planned to
drive the English from Georgia and South Caro-
lina. He defeated the Spaniards at Frederica,
St. Simons, Jekyl Island, St. Andrews, Fort Wil-
liam and Fort Moosa. forcing them to retire.
Oglethorpe went back to England in April, 1743,
by order of the king and never returned to Georgia.
He was married, Sept. 15, 1744, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Nathan Wright of Cranham Hall,
Essex, England. He was commissioned major-
general in 1745 and lieutenant-general in 1747, and
was sent to Scotland to oppose Charles Edward,
the pretender. He complained to the Duke
of Cumberland of cruelties practised upon the
people of Scotland, who were adherents of Prince
Charles, and was honorably acquitted by a court-
O'GORMAN
O'HAGAN
martial for his failure to pursue the Pretender's
retreating forces at Carlisle. He resigned his char-
ter of Georgia to the British government in 1752 ;
withdrew from Parliament in 1754, and was com-
missioned general of his majesty's forces in 1760.
He was placed on half pay in February, 1765,
and in 1775, being the senior officer to Sir Wil-
liam Howe, was offered the command of the
British army in America, which he declined, be-
cause authority to assure justice to the colonies
was denied him. He was one of the first to pay
his respects to John Adams, U.S. minister, and
his family in London in 1783. He published : An
Account of the St. Augustine Campaign (1743).
His New and Accurate Account of the Colonies of
South Carolina and Georgia and his letters to the
trustees of the colony are printed in the " Collec-
tions " of the Georgia Historical society. He
died at Cranham Hall, England, July 1, 1785.
O'GORMAN, James Michael, R.C. bishop, was
born at Clauna, near Nenagh, county Tipperary,
Ireland, in October, 1804 ; son of James and
Alicia O'Gorman. He was baptized with the
Christian name Miles, and was educated for the
priesthood, entering the Trappist order in 1838.
He received the habit at Mt. Melleray, Ireland,
Nov. 1, 1839 ; professed, March 25, 1841, and was
ordained priest in January, 1843, in the Trappist
cloister at Mount Melleray, Ireland, by Bishop
Foran of Waterford, Ireland. Appointed to
found a monastery of the Trappist order in the
United States, he established New Melleray near
Dubuque. la., and was made its prior. He was
elected titular bishop of " Raphanse " and vicar
apostolic of Nebraska, Jan. 18, 1859 ; the election
was confirmed, April 15, 1859, and he was con-
secrated in the cathedral of St. Louis, May
8, 1859, by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick, assisted
by Bishops Miege and Juncker. He had only
three priests when he entered upon the adminis-
tration of his diocese, but several were sent to
his assistance, and churches and schools were
built. He established a hospital and an asylum,
and founded academies, all of which were con-
trolled by the Sisters of Mercy and the
Benedictine Nuns. He also labored among the
Indians and established several missions. He
died in Omaha. Neb., July 4, 1874.
O'QORMAN, Thomas, R.C. bishop, was born
in Boston, Mass., May 1, 1843 ; son of John and
Margaret(O'Keefe) O'Gorman ; grandson of James
O'Gorman, and a descendant of the Leinster
branch of the O'Gormans, originally of county
Clare, Ireland. He removed to Chicago, 111.,
with his parents, and was prepared for college in
that city and in St. Paul. Minn., 1850-53. He
took his theological course in France, 1853-65,
and was ordained at St. Paul, Minn., on Nov. 5,
1865. He was rector of St. John's church,
Rochester, Minn., 1867-78; joined the Paulist
community in New York city, remaining there.
1878-82, and was rector of Immaculate Conception,
Faribault, Minn., 1882-85. He was first president
of the College of St. Thomas at Merriam Park,
St. Paul, Minn., and professor of dogmatic
theology in the same, 1886-90, and professor of
modern church history in the Catholic university
at Washington, D.C. , 1890-95. He was appointed
bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Dec. 29,
1895, as successor to Bishop Marty, transferred to
St. Cloud in 1894, and was consecrated at Wash-
ington, D.C., April 19, 1896, by Cardinal Satolli,
assisted by Bishop Marty and Bishop Keaue,
rector of the Catholic university. He received
the degree D.D. direct from the hands of Pope
Leo XIII in 1893. He is the author of : A History
of the Roman Catholic Church in the United
States.
O'HAQAN, Joseph Bernard, educator, was
born in parish Clogher, county Tyrone, Ireland,
Aug. 15, 1826; son of Terence and Susan (O'Kelly)
O'Hagan ; grandson of Edward and Sarah (Quinn)
O'Hagan, and of John and Mary (O'Neil) O'Kelly,
and a descendant of Sir Hugh O'Neil. He im-
migrated to Digby, N.S., in 1844, and completed
his classical course at St. Mary's college, Halifax,
N.S. He was admitted to the seminary of the
Eudist Fathers of Halifax, and in December, 1847,
entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus.
He was professor at Gonzaga college, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1852—54, and professor of literature at
Georgetown college, 1854-56. He completed his
theological studies in France, and was ordained
at Liege, Belgium, in 1860. In the civil war he
was attached to the Excelsior brigade, New York
volunteers, as chaplain, 1861-63. He pursued a
course of ascetical theology at Frederick, Md.,
1863-64, and was made vice-president of George-
town college in 1864, leaving the college to serve
in the army of General Grant, operating against
Richmond and Petersburg. After the surrender
of Lee he returned to his professional duties,
chiefly at St. Mary's, and at the Immaculate
•HOLY CROSS COLLEGE.-
( '. ii]f.-|it i.,n church, Boston, Mass. In July, 1872,
he succeeded to the presidency of Holy Cross
college, Worcester, Mass., and in 1878, by order
O'HARA
O'HARA
of his physician, started for California. He made
the voyage until nearing Acapulco, Mexico, when
he died at sea, and his remains were temporarily
interred on reaching Acapulco. The body was
subsequently brought back to Worcester, Mass.,
and buried in the college churchyard. The date
of his death is Dec. 15, 1878.
O'HARA, James, soldier and pioneer, was
born in county Mayo, Ireland, in 1752. He was
educated in Ireland, England and France ; was
clerk in a Liverpool counting-house, 1770-71, and
immigrated to America in 1773, landing in
Philadelphia, and becoming an Indian trader at
Kuskusky, an Indian town in what is now
Lawrence county, Pa. He was a general agent
among the Indians until 1776, when he was made
captain of a company recruited for the Patriot
army. In 1781 he was made assistant quarter-
master, settled his accounts with the govern-
ment at Philadelphia in 1783, and returned to
"Officers' Orchard" above Fort Pitt, with his
newly-wedded wife Mary, daughter of William
Carson, a Scottish gentleman of Philadelphia.
Captain O'Hara was given a contract to provision
the western army commanded by General Har-
mon, and this brought him into contact with all
the U.S. forts from Oswego, N.Y., to Natchez,
Miss., 1783-90. He was commissioned quarter-
master-general of the U.S. army in 1792, and
resigned in 1796, but continued as an army con-
tractor until 1802. He built a saw mill in 1796,
and also, in company with Maj. Isaac Craig, the
glass works at Allegheny, the first erected west of
the Alleghanies. at a cost of over $30.000. He also
engaged in shipbuilding and trading in furs and
cotton, extending his operations to Europe. In
1816 he was interested with John Henry Hopkins,
afterward bishop of Vermont, in the manufacture
of iron at the Old Hermitage furnace, Ligonier,
Pa., which venture proved disastrous to Hopkins.
As early as Nov. 9, 1773, he purchased 400 acres of
land on Coalpit run, Pittsburg, and other exten-
sive tracts of land in and about the future city.
He entertained Louis Philippe, General Moreau
and other famous French officers at his home,
welcoming them in their native tongue, which
he spoke fluently. His sons, William Carson,
James and Charles, died without issue before the
death of General O'Hara, and Mrs. O'Hara survived
them all, dying, April 8, 1834, aged 73 years.
He died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 21, 1819.
O'HARA, Theodore, poet, was born in Danville,
Ky., Feb. 11, 1820; son of Kane O'Hara, the
distinguished teacher, who was exiled from
Ireland and came to Kentucky with his father
and brothers late in the eighteenth century. He
prepared for college under his father and was
graduated at St. Joseph's college. Bardstown, Ky.,
with first honors. He was professor of Greek in
St. Joseph's college during his senior year ; stud-
ied law ; was admitted to the bar, and settled in
practice, but soon abandoned it for journalism.
He was assistant editor of the Kentucky Yeoman
at Frankfort and editor of the Tocsin or Demo-
cratic Rally, a cam-
paign paper of 1844.
He served in the U.S.
treasury department
at Washington, D.C.,
1845-46 and enlisted
in the Mexican war as
a volunteer. He was
commissioned captain
in the U.S. army and
appointed assistant
quartermaster of vol-
unteers, June 26, 1846.
He served on the staff
of General Franklin
Pierce, and was bre-
vetted major, Aug.
20, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the
battles of Contreras and Churubusco. He was hon-
orably discharged, Oct. 15, 1848 ; practiced law in
Washington, D.C., for a time, and edited the Times
and Sun in Louisville, Ky., 1854-55. He was
employed by the Tehuantepec railroad company
and met Narcisso Lopez, the Cuban liberator, in
Mexico, from whom he accepted the commission
of colonel. He joined the first Cuban expedition
in 1851, and commanded a regiment at the battle
of Cardenas, where he was severely wounded and
compelled to return to the United States. He
assisted Col. William Walker in the organization
of his expedition to Central America, and while
trying to escape the vigilance of the U.S.
authorities, was arrested and indicted with
General Henderson at New Orleans, charged with
violating the neutrality laws, but the government
failed in the prosecution. He entered the U.S.
army as captain in the 2d cavalry, March 3, 1855,
and served on the Texas frontieruntilhe resigned,
Dec. 1 , 1856. He was editor of the Mobile Register,
1856-61, during the absence of John Forsyth as
U.S. Minister to Mexico. He entered the Con-
federate army in 1861, and was soon after
commissioned captain and placed in command of
Fort McRea, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, which
he defended until ordered to evacuate. He be-
came colonel of the 12th Alabama regiment, and
served at Shiloh on the staff of Gen. Albert
Sidney Johnston, and then on the staff of Gen.
John C. Breckinridge. He engaged in the cotton
business in Columbia, Ga., after the war, but
lost everything by fire and retired to a planta-
tion in Alabama. His two poems, Tlic Birm«ic
of the Dead and .1 Dinjc for the Brare Old
Pioneer, established his fame as a poet. He died
O'HARA
OLDEN
near Guerryton, Ala, June 6, 1867. By direction
of the legislature of Kentucky, his body was re-
interred in the state military cemetery in
Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 15, 1874, and a monument
erected to his memory.
O'HARA, William, R. C. bishop, was born at
Dungiven, county Derry, Ireland, April 14, 1816.
He came to the United States with his parents in
1820, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa. He at-
tended Georgetown college, D.C., and took an ex-
tended course of study at the Urban college of
the Propaganda at Rome, Italy. He was or-
dained priest at Rome, by Cardinal Fransoni,
Dec. 21, 1842, and on his return to the United
States served as rector of St. Patrick's church in
Philadelphia, 1843-56. He was afterward pro-
fessor in the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo,
and rector of the seminary. He was made vicar-
general of the diocese of Philadelphia in 1860,
and was appointed first bishop of Scranton, Pa.,
in 1S68, which diocese was formed from a part of
the diocese of Philadelphia. He was consecrated
in the cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, Philadel-
phia, July 12, 1868, by Bishop Wood, assisted by
Bishop Elder of Natchez and Bishop Lynch of
Charleston. He added 51 priests to the diocese,
and built 24 new churches, 12 convents, 46 stations,
one college and several lesser educational institu-
tions. He died in Scranton, Pa., Feb. 3, 1899.
O'KANE, Michael Aloysius, educator, was
born in county Clare, Ireland, July 12, 1849 ; son
of Michael and Bridget (Casey) O'Kane. He
was brought to America by his parents in 1852,
and received his education in the public schools
of Spencer, Mass. He entered Holy Cross col-
lege, Worcester, Mass., in 1865, the year of its
incorporation ; joined the Society of Jesus, July,
1867, and went to Woodstock college, Md., where
he pursued theological and philosophical studies,
completing his course in 1876. He was professor
of classics in Georgetown college, D.C., 1876-82 ;
prefect of studies there, 1882-86, vice-president,
1886-87 ; rector and master of novices in the
Novitiate at Frederick, Md., 1887-89, and presi-
dent of the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester,
1889-93. He was then transferred to the Mission-
ary Band, and became superior of the band, hav-
ing his headquarters at St. Francis Xavier, New
York city.
O'KELLY, James, founder of the " Chris-
tian" church, was born in 1735. He first ap-
pears in history as a member of the Methodist
church in North Carolina and Virginia, where he
was presiding elder, 1782-92. He was a member
of the " Christmas Conference " of the Methodist
church held in Baltimore in 1784, and also of
the conference of presiding elders at Baltimore,
Dec. 1, 1789, where he attempted the defeat of
certain measures favored by Bishop Asbury, and
in consequence of which a second conference
was called, but as only ten elders appeared, the
point at issue remained unsettled pro tempore.
O'Kelly secured the co-operation of Thomas Coke,
Wesley's ambassador, through correspondence,
and Bishop Asbury finally consented to a general
conference, which assembled, Nov. 1, 1792. To
this conference O'Kelly introduced a resolution
transferring the power of appointment from the
bishop to the conference, to which also any
minister dissatisfied with his assignment might
appeal. This resolution being defeated, he with-
drew from the Methodist conference with
twenty or thirty other ministers and above a
thousand members, and organized the Republican
Methodist church, its members to be known as
Christians or Christian Connection. This church
gained a large following in the fields of his labor
as presiding elder in North Carolina and Virginia,
over which region he exerted a great influence,
notwithstanding the fact that he denounced
slavery. The first conference of the dissenters
was held, Dec. 25, 1793, at Manakin, N.C., at
which they adopted the name of Christians and
agreed that they should acknowledge no head
over the church but Christ, and no creed but the
Bible. They held a second conference, Aug. 4,
1794, and the great Cane Ridge revival occurred
in 1801, which largely increased their members.
Elder O'Kelly died, Oct. 16, 1826.
OLCOTT, Simeon, senator, was born in Bol-
ton, Conn., Oct. 1, 1735; son of Timothy and
Eunice (White) Olcott ; grandson of Timothy
Olcott of Coventry and Bolton, Conn., and a des-
cendant of Thomas Olcott of England, who im-
migrated to America in June, 1635, and became
an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn.
Simeon Olcott was graduated at Yale, A.B.,
1761, A.M., 1765 ; studied law under Daniel
Jones of Hinsdale, N.H., and settled in practice
in Charlestown, N.H., in 1764. He was a select-
man of Charlestown, 1769-71 ; a member of the
general assembly at Portsmouth, 1772-75 ; a judge
of probate in 1773 ; chief justice of the court
of common pleas, 1784-90 ; judge of the superior
court, 1790-95, and' chief justice, 1795-1801. He
was married in October, 1783, to Tryphena,
daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Olmsted)
Terry of Enfield, Conn. He was elected by the
Federalist legislature of New Hampshire in 1801,
to complete the term of Samuel Livermore,
U.S. senator, resigned, and served from Dec. 7,
1801, till March 3, 1805. He received the honor-
ary degree A.M. from Dartmouth college in 1773,
and was a trustee of that institution, 1784-93.
He died in Charlestown, N.H., Feb. 22, 1815.
OLDEN, Charles Smith, governor of New
Jersey, was born in Princeton, N.J. , Feb. 19.
1799 ; son of Hart and Temperance (Smith)
OLDHAM
OLDS
Olden ; grandson of Thomas and Sarah (Hart)
Olden, and a descendant of William and Eliza-
beth (Giles) Olden ; of John Hart, the Signer,
and of James Giles, who came from England in
1668, and settled in Boundbrook, N.J. William
Olden was a member of the Society of Friends, a
surveyor in Piscataway and removed to Stony-
brook, near Princeton, in 1696. Hart Olden was
a merchant in Trenton, Stony brook and Prince-
ton, N.J. Charles Smjth Olden attended school
at Princeton and the Lawrenceville academy ;
was a clerk in his father's store, and that of Mat-
thew Newkirlc in Philadelphia. He was mar-
ried about 1832 to Phoabe Ann, daughter of Wil-
liam and Rebecca (Wilson) Smith. In 1826 he
established a business in New Orleans, La., and
in 1833 retired with a competence. He engaged
in agriculture in Princeton, was state senator,
1844-50, Republican governor of New Jersey,
1860-63, and during his administration, organized
and equipped the full quota of troops under the
President's calls. He was largely responsible for
the erection of the state house at Trenton, and
of the State Lunatic asylum. He was a judge
of the court of errors and appeals, and member
of the court of pardons, 1868-73 ; riparian com-
missioner. 1869-75 ; presidential elector, 1872 ; was
elected president of the electoral college of New
Jersey, Dec. 4, 1872 ; was treasurer of the College
of New Jersey, 1845-69, and trustee, 1863-76 ; and
aided in extricating the college from financial
embarrassment after the burning of Nassau Hall,
March, 1855, when as treasurer he disbursed
over $50,000 and personally advanced $20,000.
He was also instrumental in securing the John
C. Green School of Science, and in directing the
attention of the Green family to the university.
He died in Princeton, N.J., April 7, 1876.
OLDHAM, Williamson Simpson, senator, was
born near Winchester, Franklin county, Tenn.,
June 19, 1813. He was brought up on his father's
small farm and was entirely self-educated. He
taught a country school, 1831-33 ; was deputy
clerk of the county court, 1833-35, during which
time he studied law under Judge Nathan Green,
and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He re-
moved to Arkansas in 1837, and settled in Fay-
etteville, where he married a daughter of Col.
James McKissick, director of the Branch State
bank at Fayetteville. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1838 and 1842, and speaker
of the house in 1842. In 1844 he was elected by
the legislature associate justice of the supreme
court. In 1846 he was defeated for representa-
tive in the 30th congress by Col. Robert W.
Johnson. He resigned from the bench in 1848,
and removed to Austin, Texas, in 1849. In 1858,
with Judge White, he prepared a digest of the laws
affecting Texas and was prominent in the move-
ment leading to the secession of the state, Feb. 1,
1861. He was elected to the provisional congress
at Montgomery, Ala., and appointed by President
Davis to carry out a confidential mission in Ar-
kansas, which secured the secession of that state,
May 6, 1861. On his return to Texas, he was
elected C.S. senator, and served throughout the ex-
istence of the Confederacy. On the adjournment
of the Confederate congress, he returned to Texas
and went thence to Mexico, where he prepared
" Last Days of the Confederacy," and also engaged
in the business of photography. In 1866 he went
to Canada, where he learned that one W. S. Old-
ham had been pardoned, and on returning to New
York, found that it did not refer to himself. He
then proceeded to Washington, where he refused
to take the oath of allegiance necessary to pro-
cure a pardon, and asked for an indictment and
trial before a jury, stating that if convicted he
would then apply for a pardon. He returned to
Texas where he practiced law, but took no part in
public affairs. He died in Austin, May 8, 1868.
OLDS, Edson Baldwin, representative, was
born in Burlington, Vt., in 1819 ; son of the Rev.
Gamaliel Smith Olds (q. v.). He lived in Athens,
Ga., with his parents, 1825-26, and in Sara-
toga Springs, N.Y., 1826-41, where he prepared
himself for the medical profession. In 1841 he
removed with his parents to Circleville, Ohio,
where he practiced as a physician and surgeon,
and was married to Anna Maria Carolus. He
was a Democratic representative from the ninth
district of Ohio in the 31st, 32d and 33d con-
gresses, 1849-55, and was defeated in 1854 for the
34th congress by Samuel Galloway, candidate of
the Antislavery party. He was a representative
from Pickaway county in the Ohio legislature,
1842-43 and 1845^46 ; a state senator from Fairfield
and Pickaway, 1846-48, and speaker of the senate,
1846-47, and representative from Fairfield county,
1862-66, having removed to Lancaster. He was
accused of disloyalty to the government in
1862, and was imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, but
the charge not being sustained he was released
and took his seat in the state legislature. He
built a church in Lancaster in 1865 with the un-
derstanding that it " should be free from the
heresy of regarding slavery and rebellion as
sins." He died in Lancaster, Ohio, Jan. 24. 1S69.
OLDS, Gamaliel Smith, educator, was born
in Granville, Mass., Feb. 11, 1777. He was grad-
uated from Williams college. A.B., 1MH. A.M.,
1804 ; was a tutor there, 1801-05, and professor of
ninthematics and natural philosophy. 1805-08.
He studied theology under Dr. Stephen West,
Stockbridge, Mass., and was graduated with the
first class at Andover Theological seminary in
1810. He was ordained pastor in Greenfield,
Mass., Nov. 19, 1813, serving, 1813-16, and de-
OLIN
OLIN
clined a professorship of chemistry at Middlebury
college in 1816. He was professor of mathe-
matics and natural philosophy at the University
of Vermont, 1819-31, and at Amherst college,
1821-25, and professor of natural philosophy at
the University of Georgia, 1825-26. After residing
for some years at Saratoga Springs, N.Y., he re-
moved in 1841 to Circleville, Ohio, where his
son , Edson B. , was elected a representative in con-
gress, serving 1849-55, and where his brother Jo-
seph resided and served in the state legislature,
1824-26 and 1841-42, as a state senator, 1827-31,
and as a Henry Clay elector, 1844. Gamaliel S. Olds
is the author of: An Inaugural Oration (1806);
The Substance of Several Sermons on Episcopacy
and Presbyterian Parity (1818); Statement of
Facts Relative to the Appointment to the Office of
Professor of Chemistry in Middlebury College
(1818). He died in Circleville, Ohio, June 13, 1848.
OLIN, Abraham Baldwin, jurist, was born in
Shaftsbury, Vt., Sept. 1,1813; son of Gideon and
Lydia (Myers) Pope Olin. He was graduated at
Williams college, 1835, and was admitted to the
bar in 1838. He was married in December, 1838,
to Martha, daughter of the Hon. Keyes Danforth
of Williamstown, Mass. He settled in practice
in Troy, N.Y., and was recorder of that city for
three years. He was a Republican representa-
tive in the 35th, 36th and 37th congresses, 1857-
63, and was appointed judge of the supreme
court of the District of Columbia by President
Lincoln in 1863, holding the office until his death.
He received the degree LL.D. from Williams,
1865. He died in Washington, D.C., July 7, 1879.
OLIN, Gideon, representative, was born in
East Greenwich, R.I., Oct. 22, 1743: son of John
and Susannah (Pierce) Olin, and grandson of
John (who came from Wales about 1678), and
Susannah (Spencer) Olin, and of Jeremiah Pierce.
He was educated in Rhode Island and settled in
Shaftsbury, Bennington county, Vt., in 1776.
He was a delegate to the Windsor convention of
June 4, 1777 ; was made major of the 3d Vermont
regiment in 1778, and served on the frontier dur-
ing the Revolution. He represented Shaftsbury in
the state legislature, and was speaker of the house,
1788-93 ; was assistant judge of the Benniugton
county court, 1781-98 and 1800-03, and one of the
councillors of state, 1793-98. He was a delegate
to the constitutional conventions of 1791 and 1793 ;
was a representative in the 8th and 9th con-
gresses, 1803-07, and was chief-justice of the Ben-
nington county court, 1807-11. He was a
founder of the University of Vermont, and one of
the firmest friends and supporters of the state gov-
ernment before the state conventions of 1791 and
1793. He was married, Dec. 10, 1768, to Patience
Dwinnell, anil secondly to Mrs. Lydia (Myers)
Pope. He died in Shaftsbury, Vt., Jan. 21, 1823.
OLIN, Henry, justice, was born in Shaftsbury,
Vt., May 6, 1768 ; son of Justin and Sarah (Dwin-
nell) Olin ; grandson of John and Susanna
(Pierce) Olin, and a descendant of John Olin,
probably of Huguenot descent, who came from
Wales to America about 1678, and to East Green-
wich, R.I., about 1700. Henry Olin received a
common school education ; was married in 1788
to Lois Richardson, and became a resident of
Leicester in 1788. He represented his town in
the state legislature, 1799-1825, except while serv-
ing on the governor's council, 1820-31 ; was as-
sistant judge of the county court, 1801-09, and
chief judge, 1809-34. He was a delegate to the
state constitutional conventions of 1814, 1833 and
1828. In 1824 he was elected a representative in
the 18th congress to fill the unexpired term of
Charles Rich, who died, Oct. 15, 1824, and served,
1834-35. He was lieutenant-governor of Ver-
mont, 1828-31. He died in Salisbury, Vt., in
August, 1837.
OLIN, Julia Matilda, author, was born in New
York city, Dec. 14, 1814 ; daughter of Judge
James and Janet (Tillotson) Lynch ; granddaugh-
of Dominick Lynch and of Thomas Tillotson ;
great-granddaughter of Robert R. Livingston
(q.v.) (1718-1775), and a descendant of Col. Henry
Beekman. She was married, Oct. 18, 1843, to the
Rev. Dr. Stephen Oliu (q.v.). She was a com-
municant of the Protestant Episcopal church up
to the time of her marriage, when she united
with the Methodist church, and until her death
was actively associated with its Sunday-school
and missionary work. She was elected secretary
of the New York Female Bible society in 1854 ;
was the founder of Hillside chapel, Rhinebeck,
N.Y., 1855, and upon the organization of the New
York branch of the Woman's Foreign Missionary
society in 1869, was chosen its first president.
She edited her husband's sermons, sketches, lec-
tures and addresses under the title of Tlie Works
of Stephen Olin (1853), and his Greece and the
Golden Horn (1854). She is the author of:
Words of the Wise (1851) ; A String of Pearls
(1855); Four Days in July (1855); Hillside
Flowers (1856) ; A Winter at Woodlaion (1856) ;
What Norman Saw in the West (1859) ; Hawk
Hollow Stories (1863) ; The Perfect Sight, or Seven
Hues of Christian Character (1865) ; Questions
on Lessons (1865) ; Questions on the Natural His-
tory of the Bible (1865) ; Biographical Sketches of
Christian Women (1865) ; a series of books for
Sunday-school instruction (1849, 1851, 1861), and
many contributions to the Methodist Quarterly
Review and other denominational publications.
The Rev. Edward Brenton Otherman, her pastor
at Hillside chapel, published a memorial volume
as a tribute to Mrs. Olin in 1881. She died in
New York city, May 1, 1879.
OLIN
OLIVER
OLIN, Stephen, clergyman and educator, was
born in Leicester, Vt., March 2, 1797; son of
Judge Henry Olin (q. v. ). He was graduated
from Middlebury college with first honors, A.B.,
1820, A.M., 1823. On account of poor health he
taught school in Cokesbury, Abbeville district,
S.C., 1820-23, and while there joined the Metho-
dist church and became a preacher. He con-
nected himself with the South Carolina confer-
ence in January. 1824, and was stationed at
Charleston, S. C. , 1824-26. His strength not being
equal to the task of the itineracy, he accepted
the professorship of ethics and metaphysics at the
University of Georgia, where he served, 1824-26,
1831-33. He was ordained deacon in the Metho-
dist church, Jan. 13, 1826, and elder, Nov. 20, 1828.
He was married, Aug. 10, 1827, to Mary Ann
Bostick of Milledgeville, Ga. In July, 1832, he
•was elected the first president of the newly es-
tablished Randolph-Macou college under the joint
patronage of the conferences
of Virginia, North and South
Carolina and Georgia, and he
, accepted the office by letter
dated Athens, Ga., Jan. 9,
1833. In December, 1833,
he traveled from Athens to
Virginia in his private carriage, accompanied by
his wife, presented the needs of the college in
Georgia and South Carolina on his journey, and
secured the endowment of two professorships
and other gifts for the college. He was also pro-
fessor of mental and moral science, receiving §1500
per annum, and served until 1836, when infirm
health caused his retirement. He traveled in
Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land with his wife
until 1840, when he returned to the United States.
He was president of Wesleyan university, Middle-
town, 1839-41 and 1842-51 ; declined the presi-
dency of Genessee college, N.Y., in 1850 ; was ac-
tive in the debates of the general conference of
1S44, and was prominent in the founding of the
Evangelical Alliance. London, England, in 1S46.
He was married secondly, in October. 1843, to
Julia Matilda, daughter of Judge James Lynch of
New York city, and cousin of the wife of Freeborn
Garretson, the Methodist pioneer at whose home
in Rhinebeck, N. Y. , Miss Lynch met Dr. Olin,
then a widower. Their oldest son and only surviv-
ing child, Stephen Henry Olin, Wesleyan, 1866,
became a prominent lawyer in New York city.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
Stephen Oliu by Middlebury college in 1832, and
by Wesleyan university and the University of
Alabama in 1834, and that of LL.D. by Yale in
1845. The estimate of Dr. Olin's character and
attributes given by his friends appears extrava-
gant. Theodore L. Cuyler (q.v.), who knew him
less intimately and did not sympathize with his
religious creed, says : " In physical, mental and
spiritual stature combined, no Methodist in the
last generation towered above Dr. Stephen Oliu.
He was a great writer, a great educator and pre-
eminently a great preacher of the glorious gospel.
Like all great men he was very simple and unas-
suming in his manners ; with his grand logical
head was coupled a warm, loving heart. Valuable
as were his writings, yet his imposing personality
was greater than any of his published produc-
tions." He is the author of : Travels in Egypt,
Arabia, Petrcea and the Holy Land (1843) ; Youth-
ful Piety (1853). The Works of Stephen Olin
(1853) ; Greece and the Golden Horn (1854), and
College Life, its Theory and Practice (1867), were
edited by his widow. His name in " Class G.,
Preachers and Theologians," received four votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer-
icans, New York University, October, 1900. He
died in Middletown, Conn., Aug. 16, 1851.
OLIVER, Andrew, representative, was born
in Springfield, Otsego county, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1815 ;
son of William Morrison and Eleanor (Young)
Oliver, and grandson of the Rev. Andrew Oliver.
His parents removed to Penn Yan, N.Y. , in 1818,
where he was prepared for college. He matricu-
lated at Hamilton in 1831, left in 1833, and was
graduated at Union college, A.B., 1835, A.M.,
1838. He studied law under his father and prac-
tised with him in Penn Yan, 1838-44. He suc-
ceeded his father as judge of the court of com-
mon pleas of Yates county, serving, 1844-47 ; was
county judge and surrogate under the constitu-
tion of 1846. 1847-52, and a Democratic represen-
tative from the twenty-sixth New York district
in the 33d and 34th congresses, 1853-57, but on
questions of national policy voted with the Whigs.
He was defeated as the American candidate for
representative in the 35th congress in 1856. and
in 1857 resumed his law practice in Penn Yan.
In 1871 he was elected county judge and surro-
gate by the Democrats of Yates county for the
term 1872-77 : was defeated for county judge by
William S. Briggs in 1877, and for state senator
by George P. Lord in 1881. He was married in
OLIVER
OLIVER
June, 1873, to Mrs. Catharine C. Dusiiibery, who
died childless in 1886. He died in Penu Yan,
N.Y.. March 6. 1889.
OLIVER, Grace Atkinson, author, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 24, 1844 ; daughter of James
Lovell and Julia Augusta (Cook) Little. Her
father was a prominent merchant of Boston,
where she was educated. She was married in
18G9 to John Harvard Ellis, a lawyer, who died
in 1871, after which she engaged in literary work,
contributing her first articles to Old and Neiv.
She traveled in Europe, and spent a season in
London in 1874 ; and in 1879 was married to Dr.
Joseph Pearson Oliver, a Boston physician. She
was a state trustee of the Danvers lunatic asylum :
a member of the Salem school board ; president
of the Salem Society for the Higher Education of
Women ; president of the Visiting Nurse associa-
tion of Marblehead, Mass. ; founder, vice-presi-
dent and president of the Thought and Work club
of Salem ; a member of the New England
Woman's club : of the North Shore club of Lynn,
of the Essex Institute, Salem, and an associate
member of the New England Woman's Press as-
sociation. She is the author of : The Life and
Works of Anna L. Barbauld (1873); Life of
Maria Edgeworth, written with the help of Miss
Edgeworth's family (1882); Memoirs of Ann and
Jane Taylor, with Selections from their Works
(1883); Memoir of Dean Stanley (1885), and con-
tributed to the " Browning Concordance." edited
by Dx W. J. Rolfe. She died at Marblehead,
Mass.. May 21. 1899.
OLIVER, Henry Kemble, musician, was born
in Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800 ; son of Daniel
and Elizabeth (Kemble) Oliver ; grandson of
Nathaniel and Mercy (Wendell) Oliver, and of
Thomas and Hannah (Thomas) Kemble, and a
descendant of Thomas Oliver of Lewes, Sussex,
England, who with his wife and children settled in
Boston, Mass., in 1G32. At the age of ten Henry
was boy soprano in Park Street church, Boston.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818. He was
married, Aug. 30, 1825, to Sarah, daughter of
Samuel and Sarah (Chever) Cook of Salem, Mass.
He taught school, 1819-44, served as colonel of state
militia and adjutant-general of the state, 1844-48,
and as commander of the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company of Boston in 1846. He was a
member of the board of examiners at West Point
in 1847 ; superintendent of the Atlantic cotton
mills at Lawrence, Mass., 1848-58; mayor of
Lawrence in 1859, and treasurer of the common-
wealth of Massachusetts, 1860-66. He removed
to Salem, Mass. ; was the first chief of the Mass-
achusetts Bureau of the Statistics of Labor,
1869-73, and mayor of Salem, 1877-80. He was a
professional church organist, 1819-85 ; organized
and managed a Mozart association, 1826-27 ; a
glee club, 1832-52, and conducted a choir of
2U.OOO voices at the World's Peace Jubilee in
Boston, June 25, 1872, in his choral Federal Street,
set to his own words, Hail, Gentle Peace. He re-
ceived the degrees of A.B. and A.M. from Har-
vard in 1862, being placed among the graduates
of the class of 1818, and the honorary degree of
Mus.D. from Dartmouth in 1883. His musical
compositions include the hymns : Federal Street ;
Harmony Grove; Morning; Walnut Grove;
Elkton ; Vesper; Hudson; Beacon Street; to-
gether with motets, chants and a Te Deum. He
prepared National Lyre in conjunction with
Samuel P. Tuckerman (1849); Collections of
Church Music (2 vols., 1860); Original Hymn-
Tunes (1875), and is the author of : Lectures on the
Monitorial System, and Address at the Dedica-
tion of the Broad Street School, Salem (1856).
He died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1885.
OLIVER, John Morrison, soldier, was born in
Perm Yan, N.Y., Sept. 6, 1828; son of William
Morrison (1792-1863) and Eleanor (Young) Oliver,
and grandson of the Rev. Andrew Oliver, a native
of Scotland, who settled in Londonderry. N.H.,
removed to Springfield, Otsego county, N.Y.,
about 1795, where he was pastor of the Associate
Reformed church, and died there in 1833.
William Morrison Oliver was judge of Yates
county, state senator, president of the senate, 1830,
chief judge of the court of errors, clerk of the su-
preme court and representative in the 27th con-
gress, 1841-13. John Morrison Oliver was educated
at St. Paul's college, College Point, L.I., N.Y., of
which the Rev. W. A. Muhlenberg was president,
returned to Penn Yan and was married, Oct. 22,
1848, to Joanna, daughter of David Wagener, and
granddaughter of Abraham Wagener. He re-
moved to Monroe, Mich., where he was a druggist,
and served as recorder of the court. On April
17,1861, he enlisted as a private soldier; was
made 1st lieutenant in the 1st Michigan in-
fantry volunteers, and was the first to receive
promotion in the regiment, being made captain
of his company. Early in 1862 Governor Blair
appointed him colonel of the 15th Michigan vol-
unteers, which regiment was ordered to the front
and engaged in the battle of Pittsburg Landing,
April 6-7, 1862. He was commended by General
McCook for conspicuous bravery and efficient ser-
vice. He commanded the 2d brigade in McKean's
6th division, Army of West Tennessee, at the
battles of Corinth, luka and at Grand Junction ;
commanded his regiment in the 2d brigade, 1st
division, 16th army corps in the Vicksburg cam-
paign from June 12 to July 4, 1863 ; commanded
the 3d brigade, 4th division, 15th army corps, in
the Atlanta campaign until August 4, 1863,
when his brigade was absorbed by the 1st brigade
and he returned to the command of bis regi-
OLIVER
OLIVER
ment. He commanded the 3d brigade in Hazen's
2d division, Logan's loth corps, in the march to
the sea, and was prominent in the capture of Fort
McAllister, Dec. 13, 1864, where his brigade
opened and carried the assault. He led his
brigade through the Carolinas and until dis-
banded at Washington after the surrender of
Johnston's army in North Carolina. He received
his commission as brigadier-general of volunteers
in January, 1865, while at Savannah, and was
brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 15,
1865. He was assigned to the command of the
3d division, loth army corps, Army of the Ten-
nessee, and was stationed at Louisville, Ky., and
ordered from there to Little Rock, Ark., where
he was mustered out of the service and made
assessor of internal revenue, meanwhile practic-
ing law in Little Rock. He was appointed by
President Grant superintendent of postal service
in the southwest, and took up his residence in
Washington, D.C. He resigned in 1871 on ac-
count of ill health. He declined the office of
associate justice of the supreme court of the Dis-
trict of Columbia in 1869. He died in Washing-
ton. D.C.. March 30, 1872.
OLIVER, Peter, jurist, was born in Boston,
Mass., March 26, 1713; son of Daniel and Elizabeth
(Belcher) Oliver ; grandson of Peter and Sarah
(Newdigate) Oliver, and of Andrew Belcher, and
great-grandson of Thomas and Anne Oliver,
the immigrants, 1632. Peter Oliver was graduated
at Harvard, A.B., 1730, A.M., 1733, and made his
home in Middleborough, where he owned an
estate, and was married, July 5, 1733, to Mary,
daughter of William and Hannah (Appleton)
Clarke. He was an associate judge of the in-
ferior court of common pleas of Plymouth
county, 1747-56, and was judge of the superior
court of judicature for the province of Massachu-
setts, serving, 1756-71. He waschief justice of that
court, 1771-75, succeeding Benjamin Lynde, Jr.,
and also served as one of the mandamus council-
lors. In 1774, by a modification of the charter,
the salaries of the judges were made payable by
the crown, and the salary of chief justice in-
creased to £400. This displeased the colonists,
who asked the judges to refuse money from the
crown, and all save Oliver complied. He was
impeached by the legislature, suspended from
office, and when he tried to hold court under the
protection of the militia, the jurors refused to
serve. He defended the action of the crown in
the Censor, and went to England when the British
troops evacuated Boston in 1776, taking with him
a copy of the MS. " History of Massachusetts Bay
Colony" by William Hubbard (q.v.,) and papers
relating to the settlement of Plymouth colony.
He received the degree D.C.L. from Oxford,
England, in 1776. He published : A Speech on the
Death of Isaac Lathrop (1750) ; Poem on the
Death of Secretary Willard (1757) : Scriptural
Lexicon (1774-75), and the twenty-ninth poem in
Pietas et Gratulatio (1761), is ascribed to him.
He died in Birmingham. England, Oct. 13, 1791.
OLIVER, Robert W., educator, was bora
in Scotland, Oct. 9, 1815. He was a cavalry
officer in the English army in Canada, and sub-
sequently became a minister in the Presbyterian
church, serving as pastor in Scotland and im-
migrating to Butler, Pa., where he had charge of
the Presbyterian church. Upon a change of his
religious views he was admitted to holy orders
in the P.E. church, Nov. 11, 1855, under the
direction of the Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, bishop
of Pennsylvania. He was a missionary in west-
ern Pennsylvania, 1857-63, serving at Johnstown,
Altoona and Huntiugton. He was chaplain in
the Federal army, 1861-63 ; returned to St. Luke's
church, Altoona, in 1863, but the same year re-
moved to Lawrence, Kan., where the Rev. Charles
Reynolds, rector of Trinity church, had obtained
a charter for the establishment of a university
in 1861. Not receiving support from the American
Church Missionary society, Mr. Reynolds resigned
and entered the army as chaplain, being
succeeded at Trinity church by Mi-. Oliver,
through whom Trinity parish donated to the
state the material gathered for the building, on
condition that the property be used for a state
university. On March 1, 1864, the act of the
state legislature chartering the University of
Kansas was approved, and on March 21,1865, a
new board of regents was named, Mr. Oliver
being elected chancellor and president. On Sept
6, 1865, he applied to the city council of Lawrence
for a formal transfer to the new corporation of
the ground on Mt. Oread, on which the founda-
tion for a college had been built. The transfer
was granted on condition that the school should be
in operation, Jan. 1, 1867. By September, 1866,
Mr. Oliver had raised the money, built the north
college building and secured a plot of land from
Gen. James H. Lane, to complete the square of
ten acres for the north campus. He visited the
east and obtained considerable support for the
university. He resigned the chancellorship of
the university, which had been entirely of a
business nature, was re-elected president of the
board of regents and was made its general finan-
cial agent. He also resigned the rectorship of
Trinity church near the close of 1867, removing
to Nebraska City, Neb., where he was rector of
St. Mary's church, 1867-83, and to Kearney. Neb.,
in 1883. where he was rector of St. Luke's church.
He also filled the chair of divinity for the diocese
of Nebraska. 1883-95. He removed to Phila-
delphia, Pa., in December, 1895, died there, June
23, 1899, and was buried at Kearney, Neb.
OLMSTEAD
OLMSTED
OLMSTEAD, John Wesley, clergyman and
editor; was born in Saratoga county, N.Y., Nov.
13, 1816; son of Joshua and Salome (Arnold)
Olmstead ; grandson of Lemuel and Silence
(Weed) Olmsted, and a descendant of Richard
Olmsted, settler of Hartford, Conn., and of
Thomas Arnold of Providence, R.I. After
receiving an ordinary school training, his parents,
who were Methodists, intended that he should
enter that ministry, but he joined the Baptist
church in Schuylerville, N.Y., in 1836, and at-
tended Johnstown academy, 1836--37. He was
pastor of the Baptist church in Little Falls, N.Y.,
1837-41, and of the Baptist church in Chelsea,
Mass., 1841-46 ; and was editor of the Christian
Reflector, Boston, Mass., 1846-48. When that
paper was consolidated with the Watchman in
1848, he retired, owing to ill health. He established
and conducted The Watch Tower in New York
city, 1878— 81, and in the latter year returned to
Boston, Mass., where he continued as editor-in-
chief of the Watchman until his death. He was
one of the executive committee of the Missionary
union. He received the honorary degree A.M.
from Yale in 1854, and D.D. from Rochester
university in 1863. He died in Manchester,
Mass., Aug. 31, 1891.
OLMSTED, Charles Sanford, second bishop
of Colorado and 207th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Olmstedville,
N.Y., Feb. 8, 1853; son of Levi and Maria
(Beach) Olmsted; grandson of Zahnon and
Rebecca (Barlow) Olmsted ; great-grandson of
Lemuel and Silence (Weed) Olmsted, and a
descendant of Richard Olmsted, first of Hartford,
and afterward of Norwalk, Conn. He was
educated at St. Stephen's college, 1869-73 ; was
graduated from the General Theological seminary,
1876 ; was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop
Horatio Potter in 1876, and advanced to the
priesthood by Bishop Doane in 1877. He was
rector of Trinity church, Morley, N.Y. ; of Christ
church, Cooperstown, N.Y. ; archdeacon of Sus-
quehanna in the diocese of Albany for ten years,
and rector of St. Asaph's, Bala, Pa., 1896-1902.
He was deputy from the diocese of Pennsylvania
to the General convention of 1901. He received the
degree of D D. from Hobart in 1895, and from
the General Theological seminary in 1901. He
was elected bishop coadjutor of Colorado, Jan. 8,
1903, and on the death of Bishop Spalding, March
9, 1902, he became the diocesan designate and
was consecrated at St. John's cathedral, Denver,
Col., May 1, 1902, by Bishop Tuttle of Missouri,
assisted by Bishops Johnston. Leonard, Coleman,
Graves. White, Brown, Williams and Taylor.
He is the author of : December Musings and
other Poems ; Tlie Discipline of Perfection ; Ordin-
ation Sermon (1902).
VIII. — 9
OLMSTED, Charles Tyler, bishop coadjutor
of Central New York and 211th in succession in
the American episcopate, was born in Cohoes,
N.Y., April 28, 1842; son of Charles A. and
Ardelia (Wilkinson) Olmsted; grandson of George
W. and Mary (Tyler) Olmsted and of David and
Martha (Sayles) Wilkinson, and a descendant of
Richard Olmsted, who came to Cambridge, Mass.,
in the ship Lyon in 1632, and of Lawrence Wil-
kinson, who came to Providence, R.I., about
1636. He was graduated at Trinity college, Conn.,
A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868; was a tutor at St. Ste-
phen's college, Annandale, N.Y., 1865-66; pro-
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy,
1866-68 ; was admitted to the diaconate in 1867 ;
advanced to the priesthood in 1868 ; was assistant
minister of Trinity parish, New York city, 1868-
84, serving at Trinity chapel ; rector of Grace
church, Utica, N.Y., 1884-99; and vicar of St.
Agnes's chapel, Trinity parish, New York city,
1899-1902. He was married April 25, 1876, to
Catharine, daughter of Joseph and Rosette (Town-
send) Lawrence of New York city. He was
elected bishop coadjutor of central New York in
1902 and was consecrated in Grace church, Utica,
N.Y., Oct. 2,1902, by Bishops Huntington, Potter
and Walker, entering at once upon his duties as
coadjutor to Frederic Dan Huntington (q.v.).
He was deputy to the general conventions of
1892, 1895 and 1898, and was a member of the
Oneida Historical society. He received the hono-
rary degree of D.D. from Hobart in 1893.
OLMSTED, Denison, physicist, was born in
East Hartford, Conn., June 18, 1791 ; son of Na-
thaniel and — — (Kingsbury) Olmsted ; grand-
son of Denison Kingsbury of Andover, Conn.,
and a descendant of James Olmsted of Essex,
England, who settled in Cambridge, Mass., in
September, 1632, removed with the earliest set-
tlers to Hartford, Conn., in 1636, and was an origi-
nal proprietor of that colony. Denison Olmsted
was brought up in the family of Governor Tred-
well, Farmingtou, Conn., where he was a clerk
in the country store. He prepared for college in
the school of James Morris and under the Rev.
Dr. Noah Porter. He was graduated at Yale
with highest honors, A.B., 1813, A.M., 1816 ; was
a teacher in New London, Conn., 1813-15; tutor
at Yale, 1815-17, and professor of chemistry, min-
eralogy and geology in the University of North
Carolina, 1817-25. He began the first geological
survey of North Carolina under the direction of
the state board of agriculture in 1821, publishing
a report of his work, 1824 and 1825. He also be-
gan researches to determine the practicability of
obtaining illuminating gas from cotton in 1825,
without definite results. He was professor of
mathematics and natural philosophy at Yale,
1825-36, and of natural philosophy and astronomy,
OLMSTED
OLMSTED
1836-59. He published an elaborate theory of
hailstones in 1830, which caused considerable dis-
sent, but finally received the general endorse-
ment of meteorologists. After the remarkable
meteoric shower of November, 1833, he published
a collection of observations that indicated their
cosmical origin. Priority in putting forth these
conceptions was disputed by Chladni, whose
claims do not seem to have been so definitely
established as those of Olmsted. With Professor
Elias Loomis, he was the first of all observers
to find Halley's comet on its return in 1835. He
carried on a series of observations of the aurora
borealis for several years, the results of which
were published in Vol. VIII. of the " Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge " (1856).
He invented the Olmsted stove which brought
him considerable profit, and devised a prepara-
tion of lead and rosin for lubricating machinery.
He was a member of many scientific societies in
America and Europe, and contributed to their
Transactions, and to the leading periodicals of
the day. He prepared the following text books,
which were almost universally used in the higher
schools: Students' Commonplace Book (1828);
Introduction to Natural Philosophy (2 vols.,
1831) ; Compendium of Natural Philosophy (1832) ;
Introduction to Astronomy (1839); Compendium
of Astronomy (1841); Letters on Astronomy Ad-
dressed to a Lady (1841), and Rudiments of Nat-
ural Philosophy and Astronomy (1844). He is the
author of : Thoughts on the Clerical Profession,
essays (1817), and Life and Writings of Ebenezer
Porter Mason (1842) and other biographical works.
He died in New Haven, Conn., May 13, 1859.
OLMSTED, Frederick Law, landscape archi-
tect, was born in Hartford, Conn., April 26, 1822 ;
son of John and Charlotte (Hull) Olmsted ;
grandson of Benjamin and Content (Pitkin)
Olmstead, and of
Samuel and Abigail
(Doolittle) Hull, and
a descendant of James
Olmsted, Cambridge,
Mass., 1632, Hartford,
Conn., 1636. Frederick
Law Olmsted shipped
as a seaman for the
East Indies and China
in 1840 ; studied
agricultural science
and engineering at
Yale, 1845-46, and
engaged in practical
farming, first as a
laborer in central
New York, and then as the manager of a
farm of his own on Staten Island, N.Y. He
made a pedestrian tour through Great Britain
and various continental countries in 1850, and a
horseback trip through the southern and south-
western parts of the United States, 1852-53, to
study the art of landscape gardening. He made
a second trip to Europe to investigate the park
system in France, Italy and Germany, and in
1856, in connection with Calvert Vaux, prepared
the accepted plans for the laying out of Central
Park in New York city, and superintended its
construction, 1857-61. He was married, June 13,
1859, to Mary Cleveland, daughter of Dr. Henry
and Sarah (Jones) Perkins of Oswego, N.Y. He
directed the working details of the U.S. sanitary
commission and was its secretary, 1861-64 ; was
one of the founders of the Union League club,
New York city, in 1863, and was chairman of the
Yosemite Park commission of California, 1864-66,
where he directed the topographical survey of
the reservation. He was engaged with Mr. Vaux
in laying out and superintending the construc-
tion of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1866,
which contract was followed by similar work,
among which were the Riverside and Morning-
side parks and several parkways in Chicago, 111.;
the park and parkway of Buffalo, N.Y.; Seaside
park at Bridgeport, Conn.; two parks in Roches-
ter, N.Y.; one at Trenton, N.J.; another at Wil-
mington, Del.; the great terrace and grounds of
the capitol at Washington, D.C., and in 1871, the
parking system of its broad streets. He also laid
out Mount Royal park, Montreal, Canada, and the
park and parkway system at Boston, Mass. F. L.
& J. C. Olmsted, with Henry Sargent Codman,
were the landscape architects of the World's Col-
umbian exposition at Chicago, 111. He was con-
sulting architect of the grounds of some of the
larger universities and colleges of the United
States and many notable private parks. He re-
ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard
in 1864, and from Amherst in 1867, and LL.D.
from Harvard and Yale in 1893. He is the author
of : Walks and Talks of an American Farmer
in England (1852); A Journey in the Sea-board
Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy
(1856); A Journey through Texas, or a Saddle
Trip on the Southwestern Frontier, with a Statis-
tical Appendix (1857) ; A Journey in the Back
Country (I860), and The Cotton Kingdom (2 vols.,
1861). He died Aug. 28. 1903.
OLMSTED, John Charles, landscape architect,
was born in Geneva. Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1852 ;
son of Dr. John Hull and Mary Cleveland Bryant
(Perkins) Olmsted. He returned with his
parents to the United States in 1853, and was
graduated from the Sheffield Scientific school.
Yale university, Ph. B., 1875; then studied land-
scape gardening under Frederick Law Olmsted
and O. C. Bullard, and practiced his profession
in partnership with the former. He was mar-
OLMSTED
OLNEY
ried, Jan. 18, 1899, to Sophia Buckland Wliite
of Brookline, Mass. He was elected vice-president
of the American Park and Outdoor Art associa-
tion in 1S9S, and president of the American So-
ciety of Landscape Architects in 1899. He be-
came a member of the Boston Society of Civil
Engineers ; an associate member of the Boston
Society of Architects ; a member of the New
England Association of Park Superintendents ;
and a non-resident member of the Century asso-
ciation, the Reform club and the National Arts
club of New York city.
OLMSTED, Marlin Edgar, representative,
was born in Ulysses, Potter county, Penn.; son of
Henry and Evalena Theresa (Cushing) Olmsted ;
grandson of Daniel and Lucy (Schofield) Olmsted,
and of Lucas and Chloe (Wood) Cushing; a de-
scendant in the ninth generation from Richard
Olmsted from Suffolk, England, an original pro-
prietor of Hartford, Conn., and also from Mat-
thew Cushing, who came from Hingham, Eng-
land, in 1638, and commenced the settlement of
Hingham, Mass. He was educated in the public
schools and at the Coudersport academy ; was a
corporation clerk, 1870-75 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1878, at Harrisburg, Pa.; became attorney
for many of the principal railroad and other cor-
porations of the state ; president and general
counsel of the Beech Creek and the Buffalo and
Susquehanna railroad companies ; was elected to
represent Dauphin county in the proposed con-
stitutional convention in 1891, and was a Republi-
can representative from the fourteenth Pennsyl-
vania district in 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th con-
gresses, 1897-1905.
OLNEY, Edward, mathematician, was born in
Moreau, N. Y., July 24, 1837 ; son of Benjamin
and Lucy (Emerson) Olney ; grandson of Stephen
and Sarah (Irish) Olney. and a descendant of
Thomas and Marie (Small) Olney. Thomas Olney,
a native of Hertfordshire, England, immigrated
to Salem, Mass., in the ship Planter, in 1635;
settled at Manchester, near Salem, in 1636 ; was
excluded from the colony in 1638, and was one of
the thirteen proprietors of Providence, R.I. Ed-
ward Olney removed to Michigan with his pa-
rents, and by hard work and self-denial became
a thorough mathematical scholar. He was a
teacher in the Union school, Perrysburg, Ohio,
probably 1845-53 ; was professor of mathematics
in Kalamazoo college, Michigan, 1853-63, and in
the State University of Michigan, 1863-87. He
was president of the Baptist state convention,
1875-79, and treasurer, 1879-87. He received the
degree A.M. from Madison university in 1853 and
that of LL.D. from Kalamazoo college in 1874.
He was married, May 7, 1850, to Sarah E. Hun-
tington. He is the author of Olney's Arithmetic.
He died in Ann Arbor. Mich., Jan. 16, 1887.
OLNEY, George Washington, journalist, was
born in Charleston, S.C., June 5, 1835; son of
George Washington and Olive (Bartlett) Olney ;
grandson of Stephen Olney of North Providence,
R. I., an officer of the army of the Revolution,
and a descendant of Thomas Olney, one of the
original settlers of Rhode Island with Roger
Williams, and first colonial treasurer. He was
educated in the private schools of Charleston and
in the University grammar school. Providence,
R.I., and was graduated from Harvard Law
school in 1855. He was one of the publishers of
the New York Daily Day Book, 1858-61, and
during the civil war was correspondent in the
south for the Richmond Enquirer and the
Charleston Courier, 1861-63. Returning to New
York city, he was dramatic writer for the New
York Herald in 1866 ; editorial writer for the
New York World, 1868-76, and in 1873 engaged in
insurance journalism as editor of the Spectator.
He was managing editor of the Weekly Under-
writer, 1878-99, and became editor-in-chief in
1899. He became editor of the World Almanac
in 1870 ; was elected vice-president of the Under-
writer Printing and Publishing Co., New York,
in 1899 ; secretary of the Society of The Cincin-
nati in the state of Rhode Island in 1897; a fellow
of the Royal Statistical society of Great Britain
in 1897, and a fellow of the American Statistical
association in 1893. He is the author of several
statistical works.
OLNEY, Richard, cabinet officer, was born in
Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835 ; son of Wilson and
Eliza (Butler) Olney; descendant of Thomas
Olney, who came to Salem, Mass., in 1635, from
Hertfordshire, England, and was one of the
founders of the Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations in 1637-8,
and also of Andrew
Sigourney, a French
Huguenot, who was
one of the first settlers
of Oxford, Mass., in
1687. Richard Olney
was graduated at
Brown university in
1856, and at Harvard
Law school in 1858. He
was admitted to the
bar in 1859, practiced
law in Boston with
Benjamin F. Thomas,
1859-78, and after the
death of Judge
Thomas in 1878, continued by himself. He was
married. March 6, 1861, to Agnes Park, daughter
of Judge Thomas. He was a Democratic repre-
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature of 1874 ;
served in the cabinet of President Cleveland as
OLSSEN
ONDERDONK
attorney-general from March 6, 1893, to June 8,
1895, and as secretary of state from June 10, 1895,
to March 4, 1897. In March, 1897, he resumed the
practice of law in Boston. He received the hon-
orary degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1893,
from Brown in 1894, and from Yale in 1901.
OLSSEN, William Whittingham, educator,
was born in New York city, May 11, 1827 ; son of
Edward Jones and Abigail Ann (Cronin) Olssen,
and grandson of James Olssen of Copenhagen,
Denmark, and his wife Mary Ann Jones of Bristol,
England. He was prepared for college by the
Rev. Robert W. Harris, D.D., at White Plains,
N.Y. , and was graduated at Columbia college,
A.B., 1846, A.M., 1850, and at the General Theolo-
gical seminary in 1849. He was admitted to the
diaconate in Holy Trinity church, Brooklyn,
N.Y., by Bishop Whittingham, July 1, 1849 ;
was a missionary at Prattsville, N.Y., 1849-50,
and was ordained priest in Grace church, Brook-
lyn, N.Y., by Bishop De Lancy, June 29, 1851.
He was married, April 24, 1851, to Louisa,
daughter of Richard and Mary Ann (Rollinson)
Whittingham of New York city. He was rector
of the church of St. James the Less at Scarsdale,
N.Y., 1851-71 ; professor of mathematics in St.
Stephen's college, Annandale, N.Y., 1871-73; of
Greek and Hebrew language and literature, 1873-
90, of English literature and history, 1890--94, and
of mathematics again from 1894. He received
the degree S.T.D. from Columbia in 1876. He is
the author of : Personality, Human and Divine
(1882); Revelation, Universal and Special (1885),
and of contributions to church periodicals.
OLSSON, Olof, educator, was born in Bjor-
torp, Vermland, Sweden, March 31, 1841. He
was graduated at Upsala in 1861, and from the
theological department in 1863. He was ordained
to the Lutheran ministry, Dec. 15, 1863 ; was
assistant pastor at Karlstad. Sweden, 1863-64 ;
pastor of a large mining district in Sweden,
1864—66, and pastor in eastern Vermland, 1867-
69. He immigrated with a large number of his
parishioners to the United States in 1869, and
settled in Smoky Hill Valley, McPherson county,
Kansas, where he organized a colony and church
of which lie was pastor, 1869--76. He was a
representative in the Kansas legislature, 1871-
72 ; professor of theology in the Augustana
Theological seminary at Rock Island, 111., 1876-
88 ; pastor of the Swedish Lutheran church at
Woodhull, 111.. 1890-91, and president of Augus-
tana college, Rock Island, 1891-1900. He received
the degree D.D. from Augustana college in 1892,
and Ph.D. from the University of Upsala in
1893. He edited Nytt Och Gammalt at Linds-
borg, Kan., 1873, and Luther- Kalender at Rock
Island, 111., 1883, and is the author of the following
books : Greetings from Afar, being Recollections
of Travels in England and Germany (1879); At
the Cross (1886); The Christian Hope (1887), and
To Rome and Home Again (1890.) He died in
Rock Island, 111.. May 12, 1900.
O'MEARA, Stephen, editor and publisher, was
born in Charlottetowu, Prince Edward Island,
July 26, 1854 ; son of Stephen and Maria (Meade)
O'Meara. In 1864 he came to the United States
with his parents, who settled first in Braintree
and then in Charlestown, Mass. He was grad-
uated at the grammar and high schools of
Charlestown. In 1872 he became the Charles-
town reporter for the Boston Globe, and was a
member of the regular staff, 1873-74. He was
state house and shorthand reporter on the Boston
Journal, 1874-79 ; city editor, 1879-81, news and
managing editor, 1881-91. On the retirement of
William W. Clapp in 1891, he became editor-in-
chief and general manager ; and publisher of the
paper in 1896. He was married, Aug. 5, 1878, to
Isabella M., daughter of Henry Squire of Charles-
town, Mass. He was the first instructor in
phonography in the Boston evening high school,
1880-84 ; president of the Boston Press club, 1886-
88 ; auditor, treasurer and a member of the ex-
ecutive committee of the New England Associated
Press, 1888-95, and secretary and treasurer of
the Boston Daily Newspaper association, 1892-94.
In 1896 he became connected with the Associated
Press, serving at different times as a vice-president
or the New England director. He was elected
a trustee of the Massachusetts state library in
1890, and became a member of the Union,
Exchange, St. Botolph and Algonquin clubs. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from Dart-
mouth college in 1888. In 1900 he delivered the
annual Fourth of July oration before the city
authorities of Boston.
ONDERDONK, Benjamin Tredwell, fourth
bishop of New York and 24th in succession in
the American episcopate, was born in New York
city, July 15, 1791 ; son of John and Deborah
(Ustick) Onderdonk ; grandson of Adrian and
Maria (Hegaman) Onderdonk, and a descendant
of Adrian Van der Donck, who emigrated from
Breda, Holland, to New Castle, Del., in 1637, and
removed toFlatbush, Long Island, N.Y., in 1672.
He was graduated at Columbia college, A.B., 1809,
A.M., 1816 ; was admitted to the diaconate by
Bishop Hobart, Aug. 2, 1812, and was ordained
priest at Newark, N.J., by the same bishop, July
25, 1816. He was assistant rector of Trinity
church, New York city, 1813-36 ; professor of ec-
clesiastical history, 1821-22, and of ecclesiastical
polity and law, 1821-61, in the General Theological
seminary. He succeeded the Rev. Dr. Lyell as
secretary of the Diocesan convention, serving,
1816-30, and was elected bishop of New York in
October, 1830, to fill the vacancy caused by the
ONDERDONK
ONDERDON1C
death of Bishop Hobart, who had expressed a de-
sire that Onderdonk might be his successor. He
was consecrated at St. John's chapel, New York
city, Nov. 26, 1830, by Bishops White, Browuell
and Henry U. Onderdonk, and continued in his
duties as assistant rector of Trinity. On Dec. 4,
1844, he was brought to trial before an ecclesiasti-
cal court composed of seventeen bishops, charged
with immoral acts said to have been committed be-
tween June, 1837, and July, 1844, and on Jan. 3,
1845, was suspended from all exercise of his epis-
copal and ministerial functions. Like his brother,
the Bishop of Pennsylvania, he acknowledged
the excessive use of intoxicating liquors, but
asserted his innocence of all criminality from first
to last, immediately after the trial, and even on
his death-bed. He published "A Statement of
Facts and Circumstances Connected with the
Bishop of New York " in which he denied every
accusation, but made no personal effort to evade
punishment. His friends labored zealously in his
behalf, and the diocese of New York earnestly
endeavored to obtain a remission of the sen-
tence. Many pamphlets were issued for and
against the bishop, and on Oct. 11, 1847, he ad-
dressed a memorial to the General convention.
A second memorial was introduced into the
General convention of 1850, and a third in that
of 1859, when the house of bishops was petitioned
by a majority of the clergymen and laity, to re-
instate the deposed bishop. The petition was
not granted, and he died with the stigma at-
tached to his name, although it was quite clearly
proven that he was the victim of a band of or-
ganized conspirators. He received the degree of
S.T.D in 1826 from Columbia, was a trustee of
Columbia college, 1824-53, and of Hobart college,
1838-53. He made valuable contributions to the
literature of the church, and is the author of the
preface to the republication, by the Protestant
Episcopal press, of Dr. John Bowden's Letters on
the Apostolic Origin of the Episcopacy (1831).
He died in New York city, April 30, 1861.
ONDERDONK, Henry, historian, was born in
North Hempstead, N.Y., June 11, 1804 ; son of
Joseph and Dorothy (Moutfort) Onderdonk, and
grandson of Adrian and Maria (Hegaman) On-
derdonk. He was graduated at Columbia col-
lege, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1833, and succeeded the
Rev. Dr. Eisenbradt as principal of Union Hall
academy, Jamaica, Long Island, N.Y., serving,
1832-65, when lie retired and devoted himself to
literary work. He was an accomplished classical
scholar, and entered the General Theological
seminary in the class of 1848 ; but left soon after
matriculating on account of the troubles that
had come upon his two uncles, the bishops of
New York and Pennsylvania. He lectured ex-
tensively on temperance and local history, and
made important researches in history and gene-
alogy. He was married in 1828 to his cousin,
Maria Hegaman, daughter of George and Sarah
(Rapelye) Onderdonk. He was a member of
several learned societies, and received the degree
A.B. from Harvard in 1878, being enrolled with
the class of 1828. He is the author of : Documents
and Letters Intending to Illustrate the Revolu-
tionary Incidents of Queen's County, N. Y. (1846);
Correspondence with James Fenimore Cooper, on
the Capture and Death of Major Woodhull
(1848); Revolutionary Incidents of Suffolk and
Kings County with an Account of the Battle of
LIIIIIJ Island (1849) ; Long Island and New York in
Olden Times, being Newspaper Extracts and His-
torical Sketches (1851) ; The Annuls of Hempstead
from 1643 to 1832 (1878), and The Antiquities of
the Parish Church, Hempstead, including Oyster
Bay and the Churches in Suffolk County (1880).
He died at Jamaica, L.I., N.Y., June 22, 1886.
ONDERDONK, Henry Ustick, second bishop of
Pennsylvania, and 21st in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in New York city,
March 16, 1789 ; son of John and Deborah (Ustick)
Onderdonk. He was graduated at Columbia, A.B.
1805, A.M. 1808 ; studied medicine at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, where he was graduated
M.D. in 1810. He settled in practice in New
York city in 1810, and was associate editor with
Dr. Valentine Mott, of the New York Medical
Journal in 1815. He studied theology under
Bishop Hobart, and was admitted to the diacon-
ate in St. Paul's chapel, New York city, Dec. 8,
1815, and ordained in Trinity church, April 11,
1816. He served as missionary and rector of St.
John's church, Canandaigua, N.Y., 1816-20, and
as rector of St. Ann's church, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1820-27. He was elected assistant bishop of
Pennsylvania and was consecrated in Christ
church, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1827, by
Bishops White, Hobart, Kemp, Croesand Bo wen,
and on the death of Bishop White, July 17, 1836,
succeeded as second bishop of Pennsylvania.
Owing to his intemperate habits he was com-
pelled to resign in 1844, which resignation was
accepted by the house of bishops at the General
convention of 1844, and he was suspended from
all public offices and functions of the ministry
and from those of the episcopacy. He was re-
instated by the General convention of 1856, but
never actively entered on his duties. He re-
ceived the honorary degree D.D. from Hobart
and Columbia in 1827. He contributed to tnedical
and religious journals. He is the author of an
Appeal to the Religious Public of Canandaigua
(1818): Episcopacy tested by Scripture (1830),
afterward enlarged and entitled Episcopacy Ex-
amined and Re-Examined (1835); Essays on Re-
generation (1835); Family Devotions from the
O'NEAL
O'NEALL
Liturgy (1835); Sermons and Charges (2 vols.
1851), and hymns, metre psalms, and poems. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 6, 1858.
O'NEAL, Edward Asbury, governor of Ala-
bama, was born in Madison county, Ala., Sept. 20,
1818 ; son of Edward and Rebecca (Wheat) O'Neal.
His parents, both natives of South Carolina, were
of Irish and Huguenot ancestry. His father died
when he was but four years
old. He was graduated at
La Grange college, Ala., and
studied law in the office of
James W. McClung. He was
married, April 12, 1838, to
Olivia, daughter of Dr. Alfred
and Eliza (Jones) Moore of
Alabama. He was admitted to the bar in 1840 ;
settled in practice in Florence, Ala. ; was solicitor
of the state, 1841-45, and an unsuccessful can-
didate for representative in the 31st congress in
1848. He enlisted a company for the 9th Alabama
regiment, of which he was commissioned major in
1861 and lieutenant-colonel the same year. He
was promoted colonel and transferred to the 26th
Alabama regiment in March, 1862, and com-
manded the regiment in Rains's brigade, D. H.
Hill's division, Longstreet's right wing of the
Confederate army, in the battles of Yorktown,
Williamsburg and Seven Pines, being severely
wounded at the latter. He commanded Rodes's
brigade, D. H. Hill's division, in the Maryland
campaign until relieved to resume command of
his regiment, two days before the battle of Boons-
boro, when he was again severely wounded. He
returned to the army in the winter of 1863 and
succeeded to the command of Eodes's brigade
when that officer took charge of the division in
the battle of Chancellorsville, and was wounded
while leading the brigade. At the battle of
Gettysburg he commanded the brigade during
the entire three days' fight and on the retreat in
Virginia, and resumed the command of his regi-
ment in the battle of Mine Run, May 5, 1864. His
regiment was then sent to Alabama to recruit,
and his next service was in northern Georgia,
where he was assigned to Cantey's brigade,
"Walthall's division, Folk's corps, Army of the
Mississippi, and succeeded Gen. James C. Cantey
in the command of the brigade, when that officer
took command of the division, being relieved
soon after Gen. John B. Hood assumed command
of the army. He was on detached service till
the close of the war ; was promoted brigadier-
general, but the interruption of mail communi-
cation with Richmond prevented his receiving
the commission, and lie was mustered out as
colonel, and resumed the practice of his profes-
sion in 1865. He was a member of the state con-
stitutional convention in 1875, and chairman of
the committee on education ; a presidential
elector on the Hancock and English ticket in
1880, and governor of Alabama for two terms,
1882-86. He died in Florence, Ala., Nov. 7, 1890.
O'NEALL, John Belton, jurist, was born near
Bobo's Mills, Newberry district, S.C., April 10,
1793 ; son of Hugh and Anne (Kelly) O'Neall ;
grandson of William and Mary (Frost) O'Neall,
and of Samuel and Hannah (Belton) Kelly, and a
descendant of William O'Neall, the immigrant,
who landed in Wilmington, Del., in 1730. John
Belton O'Neall was graduated at South Carolina
college in 1812, and studied law in the office of John
Caldwell. He was in military service for a short
time during the war of 1812, and was admitted
to the bar in 1814. He was married, June 25, 1818,
to Helen, daughter of Capt. Sampson and Sarah
(Strother) Pope of Edgefield, S.C. He repre-
sented the Newberry district in the South Caro-
lina legislature in 1816, 1822, 1824 and 1826, and
was elected speaker of the house of representa-
tives in 1824 and in 1826. He was an associate
judge of the supreme court of South Carolina,
1828-31 ; judge of the supreme court, 1831-50, and
president of the court of law appeals and of the
court of errors, and chief justice of the supreme
court of the state, 1850-64. He was president of
the Greenville and Columbia railroad, 1847-53.
He was brought up as a Quaker, abandoned the
use of spirituous liquors and tobacco ; joined the
Baptist church in 1832, and was president of the
State Temperance society, 1841-63, of the Sons of
Temperance of North America, 1852-54, and of the
Southern Baptist convention, 1858-63. He was
major-general of the state militia for several
years, and also served as lieutenant-colonel on
the staff of Governor Pickens in 1816. He was a
trustee of South Carolina college, 1817-21, and
1822-63, and received the degree LL.D. from Col-
umbian university, D.C. , in 1846, and from Wake
Forest college, N.C. He is the author of : The
Drunkard's Looking Glass (1840) ; Digest of the
Negro Law (1848) ; Annals of Ken-berry (1858), and
Bench and Bar of South Carolina (2 vols. 1859).
He died near Newberry, S.C., Dec. 27, 1863.
O'NEALL, John Henry, representative, was
born near Newberry, S.C., Oct. 30, 1837 ; son of
Henry Miles and Betsy (Edmundson) O'Neall ;
grandson of Henry and Mary (Miles) O'Neall,
and of John Edmundson ; great-grandson of Wil-
liam and Mary (Frost) O'Neall, and of Samuel
Miles, and great'-grandson of Hugh and Anne
(Cox) O'Neall. Hugh O'Neall came from An-
trim, Ireland, to Christiana, Del., in 1730. John
Henry O'Neall was left an orphan in 1844: was
reared in the family of his grandfather, Henry
O'Neall. Newberry, Greene county. Ind.; attended
the district schools, and worked on the farm
until 1859. He was a ward of John Belton
O'NEIL
O'NEILL
O'Neall(q.v.), during his minority. He was grad-
uated at the University of Indiana, B.S., in
1863 ; studied law under Judge William Mack
of Terre Haute, Ind., and was graduated at
the law department of the University of Mich-
igan in 1864. He was married, July 5, 1866.
He represented Daviess county in the Indiana
legislature in 1866 ; was prosecuting attorney for
the llth judicial district of Indiana in 1873, and
served part of a second term in 1874, when he
resigned. He was a Democratic representative
from the second district of Indiana in the 50th
and 51st congresses, 1887-91, and in 1891 resumed
the practice of law in Washington, Ind.
O'NEIL, Charles, naval officer, was born in
Manchester, England, March 15, 1842 ; son of John
and Mary Ann O'Neil. He came to the United
States in 1847, and was educated in Boston, Mass.
He entered the U.S. navy as a master's mate
on board the frigate Cumberland in July, 1861,
was engaged in the capture of Forts Hatteras
and Clark, in August, 1861, and in the engage-
ment with the Confederate ironclad Merrimac,
March 8, 1863. He rescued Lieutenant Morris
from drowning, for which he received favorable
mention and was promoted acting master, May 1,
1863. He was attached to the gun boat Tioga,
,-rom the fall of 1863 to July, 1864. and cruised
in her in Wilkes's Special West India squadron
ind in the East Gulf blockading squadron. He
s-as attached to the steamer Rhode Island of the
tforth Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-65, and
>articipated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, for
vhich he was favorably mentioned. He was pro-
noted acting volunteer lieutenant, May 30, 1865 ;
erved on the receiving ship Princeton, and on
the steam gunboat
Shamrock of the Euro-
pean squadron, 1866-
67 ; was attached to
the store ship Guard
of the European
squadron, 1866-68 ;
was commissioned
lieutenant in the reg-
ular navy, March 11,
1868, and lieutenant-
commander, Dec. 18,
1868. He was mar-
ried, April 6, 1869, to
Mary C., daughter of
Richard Frothingham
of Charlestown. Mass.
She died, May 3, 1901. He served on the ironclad
Dictator of the North Atlantic squadron, 1870-71 ;
the receiving ship Boston in 1873 ; the Lancaster
and Wasp of the South Atlantic squadron, 1873-76,
and the training ship Minnesota, 1876-77. He
commanded the Siqtyly in 1877 ; was attached
to the Swatara on the North Atlantic station,
1877-78, and was on ordnance duty at the Boston
navy yard, 1879-83. He was executive officer of
the Richmond on the Asiatic station, 1883-84 ;
was on special ordnance duty, 1884—86, and pro-
moted commander, July 38, 1884. He served on
ordnance duty at the New York navy yard, 1886-
89; commanded the Dolphin on special service,
1889-90, was stationed at the navy yard, Wash-
ington, D.C., 1890-93; was general inspector of
the building of the Marblehead, 1892-94 ; com-
manded that vessel in the North Atlantic and
European squadrons, 1894-96, and was superin-
tendent of the naval gun factory in Washington,
1896-97. He was appointed chief of the bureau
of ordnance at Washington, D.C., with the rank
of commodore, June 1, 1897; was promoted to
the grade of captain, July 21, 1897 ; was commis-
sioned rear-admiral, April 23, 1901, and was re-
appointed chief of the bureau of ordnance, June
1, 1902.
O'NEIL, Joseph Henry, representative, was
born in Fall River, Mass., March 33, 1853 ; son of
Patrick Henry and Mary (Harrington) O'Neil. In
1854 his parents removed to Boston, Mass., where
lie became apprenticed to the printer's trade and
afterward to the carpenter's trade. He was a
member of the school board, 1874-78; represented
Boston in the Massachusetts legislature, 1878-82,
and 1883-84 ; was a president of the Democratic
organization of the house in 1880, using his in-
fluence to secure the charter of incorporation for
the Meigs elevated railroad system, which was
granted in 1884 ; was president of the company ,
1888-89, and of the Federal Trust company of
Boston, Mass., from its incorporation in 1899.
He was married, July 1, 1884, to Mary Anastasia,
daughter of John and Maria (Plunkett) Ingoldsby
of Boston, Mass. He was president of the
board of directors of public institutions of the
city of Boston, 1885-86 ; clerk of the city, 1887-
88 ; representative from the fourth district in the
51st, 53d and 53d congresses, 1889-95 ; a founder
of St. James Young Men's Catholic Total Abstin-
ence society of Boston in 1870, and an originator
of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union.
O'NEILL, Charles, representative, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., March 21, 1821; son of John
and Mary Blakiston O'Neill ; grandson of John and
Susanah (Johnson) O'Neill ; great-grandson of
John and Susan (Ferguson) O'Neill, and a descend-
ant of John, Lord O'Neill, of Shanes Castle, county
Antrim, Ireland. His father was an architect
and died about 1832, and his grandfather was a
Revolutionary soldier in Captain Helm's company
New Jersey Line. Charles was prepared for
college at a Friends school conducted by
John Sanderson ; was graduated at Dickinson
college in 1840 ; studied law under George M.
O'NEILL
OPPER
Dallas and was admitted to practice in
1843. He was a Whig representative in the
Pennsylvania legislature, 1850-52 and I860 ;
state senator, 1853-54 ; was defeated for repre-
sentative in the 37th congress to complete tlie
term of Edward Joy Morris (q.v.) in 1861 ;
was a Republican representative from the sec-
ond district of Pennsylvania in the 38th-41st
congresses, 1863-71 ; was defeated for the 42nd
congress in 1870 and was again a representative
in the 43d-53d congresses, 1873-93, becoming
" father of the house" upon the death of Samuel
J. Randall, April 12, 1890. He was a member of the
committee on commerce in the 38th-42nd, 46th,
48th-53d congresses, and of the committee on ap-
propriations in the 43d-45th and 47th congresses.
His last official act was to administer the oath to
Speaker Crisp, Aug. 7, 1893. He never married,
and died in the house which he had occupied for
fifty-five years with his elder brother and niece
in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 25, 1893.
O'NEILL, John J., representative, was born
inSt. Louis, Mo., June 25, 1846. He was educated
in public schools, was in the civil service, 1861-66,
gaged in manufacturing gold pens in St. Louis,
1867-71, and was a representative in the Missouri
legislature, 1872-78, where he labored in behalf of
the working classes and women, and was chair-
man of the committee on emigration. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1878; was a member of the
municipal assembly of St. Louis, 1879-83, and a
Democratic representative from the llth Missouri
district in the 48th, 49th, 50th, 53d and 53d con-
gresses, 1883-89 and 1891-95. His seat in the 53d
congress was contested by Charles F. Joy, but Mr.
O'Neill obtained it, April 3, 1894. He introduced
and secured the passage of a bill providing for
the arbitration of differences between employers
and employees in the 49th congress, which gave
him a national reputation. He was married,
Nov. 30, 1872, to a daughter of Solomon H. Rob-
bins of St. Louis, Mo. He died in St. Louis,
Mo., Feb. 19, 1898.
OPDYCKE, Emerson, soldier, was born in
Hubbard, Ohio, Jan. 7, 1830 ; son of Albert (who
served in the war of 1812) and Elizabeth(Harmon)
Gilsoii Opdycke ; grandson of Capt. Albert (a
Revolutionary officer) and Martha (Hendrickson)
Opdycke, and a descendant of Louris Jansen and
Christina Opdyck of Holland, who settled in
New Netherlands previous to 1653, and resided at
Gravesend, Long Island, N.Y., 1655. He attended
the district school, and was a saddle and harness
maker in Warren, Ohio. He removed to Cali-
fornia, and was a clerk in San Francisco, 1855—57,
returning to Warren, Ohio, in 1857. He was
married, March 3, 1857, to Lucy Wells, daughter
of Benjamin Stevens of Warren, Ohio. He was
mustered in the volunteer army in July, 1861 ; was
commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 41st Ohio
regiment, Aug. 26, 1861 ; was promoted captain
in January, 1862, and was acting major of the
regiment at Shiloh, where he led an important
charge. He recruited the 125th Ohio volunteers
and was commissioned its colonel, Jan. 1, 1863,
serving in the movements against Chattanooga,
1863, at Chickamauga, where he lost one-third of
his regiment, and at Chattanooga, Nov. 25, 1863,
where he led his command, ademi-brigade, in the
storming of Missionary Ridge. He participated
in the Atlanta campaign, where he was the first
to reach the crest of Rocky Face Ridge ; received
a severe wound at Resaca, and in June, 1864, led
three regiments in one of three unsuccessful
assaults on Kenesaw Mountain. He commanded
the 1st brigade, 2d division, 4th army corps, from
August, 1864, and at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30,
1864, and led his brigade without orders into a
gap caused by the Federal forces falling back,
thereby gaining a victory. In the battle of
Nashville he pursued the enemy to the Tennessee
river, and his brigade was prominent in repelling
Hood's invasion of Tennessee. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, and brevetted
major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, to
date from Nov. 30, 1864, for gallant and meritor-
ious services at the battle of Franklin. He
commanded a division at New Orleans, La., until
January, 1866, when he resigned and entered the
wholesale dry goods business in New York city.
He is the author of: Notes on the Clticktimauga
Campaign in Vol. III. " Battles and Leaders of
the Civil War," pp. 668-71 (1884). He died in
New York city, April 25, 1884.
OPPER, Frederick Burr, cartoonist, was born
in Madison, Ohio, Jan. 2, 1857 ; son of Lewis and
Aurelia (Burr) Opper; grandson of Ernest and
Anna (Hartman) Opper and of Charles and
Polly (Bestor) Burr, and a descendant of
Benjamin Burr, a native of England, who was an
original settler of Hartford, Conn., in 1635. His
father emigrated from Austria-Hungary and en-
gaged in mercantile pursuits in Madison, Ohio.
Frederick was educated in the public schools of
Madison, and in 1871 entered the office of the
Madison Gazette to learn the printer's trade. He
removed to New York city in 1872, and became
a clerk in a mercantile house, devoting his
leisure to drawing humorous sketches for which
he obtained a ready market. He attended the
drawing class of the Cooper Union evening school
for one term and in 1876 left his clerical position
to illustrate for Wild Oats and other publications.
He was a member of the art staff of Frank
Leslie's publishing house. 1877-80, and a member
of the staff of Puck, 1880-99. becoming a stock-
holder in the corporation. He was married in
1881 to Nellie Barnett. In May, 1899, he accepted
ORCOTT
ORD
an offer from the New York Journal, to become
a cartoonist on the Journal, Chicago American
and San Francisco Examiner. Three collections
of his Puck drawings were published, entitled
Puck's Opper Book, Tlie Funny World, and Just
for Fun ; and a collection of his Journal cartoons
was published, entitled Willie and His Papa.
He also illustrated Bill Nye's History of the U.S.;
an edition of Mother Goose ; Mr. Dooley's Philo-
sophy, and many other books, besides a collection
of his own verses and pictures entitled The
Folks in Funnyville.
ORCOTT, Samuel, author, was born in Albany
county, N.Y., April 12, 1824. He was educated
in Cazenovia academy, taught school and entered
the Methodist ministry. He was pastor of various
Methodist churches, the last being in New York
city ; became a member of the Congregational
church, and was pastor at Walcott, Conn., finally
retiring to devote himself to historical writing.
He is the author of: History of the Town of
Walcott (1874); History of Torrington, Conn.
(1878); History of Derby, Conn., with Dr. Am-
brose Beardsley (1880); History of New Milford
ami Bridgewater, Conn. (1882); The Indians of
the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valley (1883);
History of the Old Town Stratford, and the City
of Bridgeport (1884-86); Hawley Record (1890),
and Henry Tomlinson and his Descendants in
America (1891). He died in Bridgeport, Conn.,
Jan. 14, 1893.
ORD, Edward Otho Cresap, soldier, -was born
in Cumberland, Md., Oct. 18, 1818; son of Lieut.
James Ord, an officer in the war of 1812. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
and promoted 2d lieutenant, 3d artillery, July 1,
1839. He served in the Florida war against the
Seminole Indians, 1839-42 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant, July 1, 1841 ; was on garrison duty in
North Carolina and Maryland, 1842-45 ; served in
the war with Mexico, 1847^8 ; was in garrison
in California and Massachusetts, 1849-52, and
was promoted captain, Sept. 7, 1850. He served
on frontier duty in California and Oregon, 1852-
58 ; was in garrison at the artillery school for
practice, Fort Monroe, Va., in 1859, and served in
the expedition to suppress John Brown's raid at
Harper's Ferry, Va., in 1859. He was commis-
sioned brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, Sept.
14. 1861, and commanded a brigade forming the
extreme right of the army of defence before
Washington, B.C., November,1861-May,1862 ; was
promoted major, 4th artillery, Nov. 21, 1861, and
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallant and
meritorious services in the battle of Dranesville,
Va., Dec. 20, 1861. He was appointed major-
general, U.S. volunteers, May 2, 1862 ; com-
manded a division under General McDowell in
the Shenandoah valley, opposing Jackson, May-
June, 1862; was in command of Corinth, Miss.,
June-August, 1862, and of the left wing of the
Army of the Mississippi during General Grant's
operations, August-September, 1862. He was
with General Grant at Burnsville, five miles
from luka during the battle of Sept. 19, 1862,
news of which did not reach them until the 20th,
when he hurried forward his wing, composed of
Da vies, Ross and McArthur. He was in command
of the district of Jackson, Tenn., September-
October, 1862, but did not join in the battle of
Corinth until Oct. 5, when he came up to the
Federal army in pursuit of the fleeing Confed-
erates at Hatchie, and assuming command, drove
back the head of the Confederate column. He
was severely wounded, and the entire army
escaped capture only through its superior knowl-
edge of the country. He was brevetted colonel,
Sept. 19, 1862, for gallant and meritorious conduct
at the battle of luka, Miss. He was a member of
the military commission investigating General
Buell's campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee,
November, 1862-May, 1863 ; commanded the 13th
army corps, Army of the Tennessee, in the Vicks-
burg campaign, June 18 to Oct. 28, 1863, as suc-
cessor to General McClernand, and served on the
staff of General Grant in the siege of Vicksburg,
Miss., June 18- July 4, 1863. He took part in the
capture of Jackson, Miss., July 16, 1863, was sent
with the 13th corps and Herron's division to
report to Banks, and served with the Army of
Western Louisiana from August to October, 1863,
when he was placed on sick leave and Gen. C. C.
Washburn was given command of his corps.
He reported to General Grant in Virginia, and
on March 29, 1864, to General Sigel at Cumber-
land, who was ordered to supply 8000 infantry
and 1,500 cavalry picked men to operate against
Staunton, and with General Crooke directed the
campaign. He was ordered to the Army of the
James to take command of the 18th army corps,
relieving Gen. William F. Smith, July 9, 1864,
and he succeeded to the command of the 24th
army corps. He took part in the operations
before Richmond, and in the assault and capture
of Fort Harrison, Sept. 29, 1864, where he was
severely wounded. He succeeded Gen. B. F.
Butler in command of the Army of the James
and the department of North Carolina, Jan. 8,
1865. He engaged in the various operations of
the siege of Petersburg, Va., and in the pursuit
of the Confederate army, terminating in the
capitulation of General Lee at the Appomattox
court house, April 9, 1865. He was brevetted
brigadier-general, U.S.A., for gallant and meritor-
ious services at the battle of the Hatchie, Miss.,
and major-general, U.S.A., for the same at the
assault of Fort Harrison, Va., March 13, 1865.
He was in command of the Department of the
ORD
ORDWAY
Ohio, July 5, 1865-Aug. 6, 1866 : was promoted
lieutenant-colonel, 1st artillery, Dec. 11, 1865,
and brigadier-general, U.S.A., July 26, 1866.
He commanded the Department of the Arkansas,
Aug. 29, 18G6 to March 11, 1867 ; was mustered
out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1, 1866. and
was placed in command of the 4th military
district, including Arkansas and Mississippi,
March 26, 1867. He was retired from the army
in January, 1881, and accepted an appointment of
engineer in the construction of a Mexican rail-
road. On his way to New York from Vera Cruz
he was seized with yellow fever, and taken ashore
at Havana, Cuba, where he died, July 22, 1883.
ORD, George, naturalist, was born in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1781. He made a study of natural
history and early devoted himself to ornithology.
He accompanied Alexander Wilson in his scien-
tific explorations, and was a co-executor of his
will in 1813. He completed the eighth volume of
American Ornithology (1814), and is the author
of the concluding volume of that work, for
which he wrote a sketch of Wilson's life. He pre-
pared a new edition of the last three volumes in
1825, and published in a separate volume Life of
Alexander Wilson (1828). He assisted in the prep-
aration of dictionaries, contributed to scientific
journals, and is the author of memoirs of Tliomas
Say (1834), and of Charles A. Lesueur (1849).
He was a member of the Linua?an society of
London ; a vice-president of the American Phil-
osophical society and president of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1851-58. He
left more than §16.000 to the Pennsylvania hospi-
tal, for the benefit of the insane, and also
bequeathed his scientific library to the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, Philadelphia. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan 24, 1866.
ORDWAY, Alfred, painter, was born in Rox-
bury, Mass., March 9, 1821 ; son of Thomas and
Jerusha (Currier)
Ordway ; grandson
of Dr. Samuel Ord-
way ; and a descend-
ant of James and
Ann (Emery) Ord-
way. Alfred Ordway
attended the public
schools of Lowell,
Mass., and began the
study of art at an
early age. He open-
ed a studio in Bos-
ton, Mass., in 1845,
where ke was one of
the founders of the
Boston Art club in
1854, its first secretary and treasurer, its president
in 1859, and its corresponding secretary in 1866.
He was also curator of the annual exhibition
of paintings at the Boston Athenaeum, 1856-63.
He resided in New York city, 1866-67, where he
was officially connected with the National Acad-
emy of Design, and he also spent a short time in
Virginia. He was one of the founders of the
Paint and Clay club, which organization gave
him a banquet in March, 1S96, on the occasion of
his seventy-sixth birthday. His specialty was
portraiture, but during the latter part of his life
he devoted himself to landscape painting and
was a frequent exhibitor in Boston', He was
married March 19, 1860, to Annie Hill o^ Boston,
Mass. He died at Melrose Highlands, Mass., Nov.
17, 1897.
ORDWAY, John Morse, chemist, was born in
Ainesbury, Mass., April 23, 1823 ; son of Samuel
and Sally (Morse) Ordway, and a descendant of
James Ordway, a native of Wales, who emigrated
from England to America in 1648, and settled in
Newbury, Mass., where he married Ann Emerv.
John served an apprenticeship with a chemist,
1836-39, was graduated at Dartmouth college
A.B. 1844, A.M. 1847, and then engaged in the
study of medicine. He was manager of chemi-
cal works in Lowell, Mass., 1840-47 ; superintend-
ent of the Roxbury Color and Chemical company
at Roxbury, Mass., 1847-51, and 1854-58, and
principal of Grand River college, at Edinburir.
Mo., 1851-54. He was chemist at the Hugiiesdale
Chemical works, Johnston, R.I., 1858-60;
chemist, manager and superintendent of the Man-
chester Print works, Manchester, N.H., 1860-66 ;
superintendent of the Bayside Alkali works,
South Boston, Mass., 1866-74, and chemist to the
Hughesdale Chemical works at Johnston, R.I.,
1866-69, spending alternate days at the two
places. He was professor of industrial chemi>trv
and metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1869-84 ; chairman of the faculty
1877-82, and performed most of the duties of
president there, while continuing his regular
work. He was also an instructor of biology in
Boston university, 1876-80. He was professor of
applied chemistry and director of the manual
training department of Tulane university, New
Orleans, La., 1884-97, organized and instructed
the class in biology, 18S6-SJO, and was an instructor
in engineering, 1891-97. He became professor of
biology in Newcomb college for women, a branch
of Tulane university, on its organization in 1886,
and held it from that year. He was elected a
member of various scientific societies, and was
chairman of the chemical section of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1880. His investigations were principally in the
direction of original researches in various
branches of industrial chemistry for private cor-
porations. In 1882 he visited Europe and in-
O'REGAN
O'REILLY
vestigated the methods of industrial education.
He was married, Jan. 26, 1854, to Virginia C.,
daughter of Milton Moore of Missouri. She died
in 1860. He was married secondly in 1864, to
Mrs. Charlotte H. Mauross, daughter of Chauncy
Royce of Connecticut. After her death in 18T4,
he was married thirdly to Evelyn M., daughter of
John B. Walton of Massachusetts. She was his
assistant at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology and subsequently became professor of
chemistry in the H. Sophie Newcomb college,
Tulane university, New Orleans, La. He con-
tributed to the American Journal of Science, the
Proceedings of the American Institute of Mechan-
ical Engineers, and other scientific and educa-
tional periodicals, and is the author of Plantarum
Ordinum Indicator (1881).
O'REQAN, Anthony, R.C. bishop, was born
at Lavalleyroe, near Cloufad, diocese of Tuam,
Ireland, in 1809. He attended Maynooth college,
1826-34 ; was ordained sub-deacon, 1832, deacon,
1833, priest in November, 1834. He was professor
in the archiepiscopal college of St. Jarlith's, at
Tuam, 1834-44, and president of the college, 1844-
49. At the invitation of Archbishop P. R. Ken-
rick of St. Louis he came to America in 1849,
and was superior and professor of theology and
sacred scriptures in the Theological Seminary, of
St. Louis, at Carondelet, Mo., 1849-54. In 1854
he was appointed the third bishop of Chicago, 111.
He declined the appointment and returned the
documents to Rome, but they were again sent to
him and he was consecrated in the Cathedral of
St. Louis, July 25, 1854, by Archbishop Kenrick
assisted by Bishops Van de Velde, Henni and
Lovas. The diocese of Chicago was established
Nov. 28, 1843,
and in 1854
had but few
churches and
priests and no
religious insti-
tutions. His
administration
extended also
over the diocese
of Quincy, until
it was transfer-
red to Alton,
Jan. 9, 1857.
He prudently
purchased lands
upon which the
ecclesiastical
structures of
the diocese were afterward built, and intro-
duced the Jesuit and Redemptorist fathers
into the diocese ; but his administration was
not successful, owing to a jealousy between
CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY NAME.
the Irish and French Catholics, who were at the
time .about equally divided in the diocese. In
1856 he went to Rome and petitioned the pope
to accept his resignation which was granted,
May 3, 1858. He received the titular see of
" Dora," June 25, 1858, and resided at Michael's
Grove, Brompton, London, England, until his
death. He left his theological library to the
diocese of Chicago on his resignation, and at
his death $10,000 to the Roman Catholic Mis-
sionary College of All Hallows, Dublin, to be
used for educating young priests for the dioceses
of Chicago and Alton, and $2,500 towards the
erection of a hospital in Chicago, 111. He died in
London, England, Nov. 13, 1866.
O'REILLY, Bernard, R.C. bishop, was born in
the townland of Cunnareen, parish of Columb-
kill, county Longford, Ireland, in March, 1803.
He left Ireland for America, Jan. 11, 1825; pre-
pared for the priesthood in the Seminarie de
Theologie, Montreal, Canada, and at St. Mary's
college, Baltimore, Md., and was ordained priest
in New York city, Oct. 13, 1831. His first mission
was in St. James's church, Brooklyn, where in
1832 he was twice stricken with the cholera while
attending the sick and dying. He was appointed
pastor of St. Patrick's church in Rochester, N.Y.,
in December, 1832, the parish extending from
Auburn to Niagara Falls. In 1847 he was ap-
pointed by Bishop Timon vicar-general of the
diocese of Buffalo, where he was president of the
Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, and director of
the Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity.
He answered several attacks made on the hospital
by the Rev. John C. Lord, D.D., a Presbyterian
clergyman, and his
articles : "Catholicity
the Friend of Civil
and Religious Lib-
erty;" " Presbyter-
ianism the Enemy of
Civil and Religious
Liberty," and "The
Catholic Church, the
Church of Christ,"
closed the discussion.
He was appointed the
second bishop of Hart-
ford, Conn., to suc-
ceed Bishop Tyler,
who died June 18,
1849, was conse-
crated in St. Patrick's church, Rochester, N.Y.,
Nov. 10, 1850, by Bishop Timon, assisted by
Bishops McCloskey and Fitzpatrick, and was in-
stalled in St. Joseph's cathedral, Nov 17, 1850.
He built new churches and educational and char-
itable institutions, introduced the Sisters of Mercv
into the diocese and made rapid progress in spite of
O'REILLY
O'REILLY
violent opposition. In 1855 when St. Francis
Xavier's Convent of Mercy at Providence, R.I.,
was surrounded by a mob who threatened violence
to the inmates, Bishop O'Reilly faced them, and
by his determined attitude caused the mob to
disperse without doing harm. He visited Europe
in December, 1855, to secure a colony of brothers
to take charge of his schools, and paid a last
visit to his parents in Ireland. He embarked for
the United States in the ship Pacific in May,
1856, which was never heard from again.
O'REILLY, Bernard, prothonotary apostolic,
was born in the Parish of Cughall, near Westport,
county Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1820. He im-
migrated to Canada in boyhood, was educated for
the priesthood in the Seminary of Quebec, and
was ordained priest Sept. 11, 1S42, in the parish
church at Nicolet, Can., by Archbishop Joseph
Signay of Quebec. For several years he was en-
gaged ill mission work in Canada, where he de-
voted himself to the Irish families who immigra-
ted there during the famine of 1848, and also to
promoting a plan for Irish colonization. He went
to New York city, became professor of rhetoric
in St. John's college, Fordham, 1851, and after
studying in Europe, became an assistant in
St. Francis Xavier's church, New York city.
He was nominated domestic prelate of the papal
throne, Sept. 15, 1887, and prothonotary apostolic
of the archdiocese of New York, Sept. 29, 1892.
He traveled in Europe, and was selected by Pius
IX. to write the official life of Pope Leo XIII.
He is the author of Mirror of True Woman-
hood (1876); Life of Pius IX. (1877); True Men
(1878); Key of Heaven (1878); TJie Two Brides,
a novel (1879); Life of Leo XIII. (1887).
O'REILLY, John Boyle, author, was born at
Dowth Castle, near Drogheda, county Meath,
Ireland, June 28, 1844, son of William David and
Eliza (Boyle) O'Reil-
ly. He was educat-
ed under his father,
a noted mathemati-
cian and master of
the 'Nettleville In-
stitute at Dowth
Castle for thirty-five
years, and in 1855
entered the office of
the Argus in Drog-
heda, where he learn-
ed the printer's trade.
He also learned short-
hand, and removing
to England served as
a reporter. Becoming
imbued with the revolutionary spirit then gaining
ground in Ireland, he joined in 18(>:! the 4th Hus-
sars, known as the " Prince of Wales's Own," and
stationed in Dublin, Ireland, for the purpose of
stirring up rebellion among the large proportion of
Irishmen in that division of the English army.
When his connection with the Fenian Brotherhood
was discovered, he was arrested, tried for treason
June 26, 1866, and sentenced to be shot ; but this
sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and
finally to twenty years' penal servitude in English
prisons. While at Dartmoor, from which he tried to
escape, he helped to raise a crude pile of stones
over the bodies of the French and American
prisoners who had met their fate fifty years
before. He was despatched to Australia with
other political prisoners in November, 1867, and
in 1868, through a young Maori girl, sent a letter
to Father Patrick McCabe at Bunbury, West
Australia, who labored for his escape. The priest
arranged with Capt. Gifford, of the Gazelle of New
Bedford, Mass., who after repeated adventures
and escapes to save his passenger, had him trans-
ferred to different vessels, until he was landed in
Philadelphia, Pa., by the Bombay in November,
1869. O'Reilly was admitted to citizenship in
Philadelphia, removed to New York city, and
later to Boston. He lectured extensively on the
wrongs of Ireland. He resumed his journalistic
career in connection with the Boston Pilot in
1870, followed the Fenian raid into Canada for
that periodical, and in 1874 purchased the Pilot
with Archbishop Williams of Boston, and was
the manager and editor-in-chief until his death.
In 1877 he helped effect the rescue of six of his
former fellows deported as felons to Australia,
the effort costing him $25,000. He was elected
recording secretary of the Catholic Union of
Boston, from its beginning, and was a member
of its executive committee ; a founder of the
Papyrus club, and a member of the St. Botolph
club. He was married, Aug. 15, 1872, to Mary
Agnes Smiley, daughter of John and Jane
(Smiley) Murphy of Charlestown, Mass. She
was a writer of ability, and died, Nov. 22, IMiT.
He received the degree LL.D. from the University
of Notre Dame in 1881, and from the University
of Georgetown, D.C., in 1889. He was poet at
the dedication of the Pilgrim monument at
Plymouth, Mass., Aug. 1, 1889. He contributed
to the American magazines, and to the magazine
of Oxford university, England, and is the author
of: Songs of the Southern Seas (1873); Songs,
Legends and Ballads (1878); Statues in the
Block (1881); In Bohemia (1886), and had in
preparation The Country ivith a Roof, an
allegory dealing with certain faults in the
American social system ; Tite Evolution of Straight
Weapons, and a work on the material resources
of Ireland. A monument was erected to his
memory in the Fenway, Boston. Mass., and
unveiled by his daughter, Blanid O'Reilly, June
O'REILLY
ORMSBY
20, 1896. Busts of the poet were also placed in
the Catholic university of America at Washing-
ton, D.C., and in the Boston public library,
where an alcove of Celtic literature was also
established to commemorate him. He died at
his summer residence, Hull, Mass., Aug. 10, 1890.
O'REILLY, Patrick Thomas, E.G. bishop,
was born at Kill, county Caven, Ireland, Dec. 24,
1833, son of Philip and Mary O'Reilly. He came
to the United States in 1847, where a wealthy
uncle in Boston, Mass., paid for his theological
education in St. Charles college, Ellicott City,
Md., 1852-53, and in St. Mary's seminary, Balti-
more, Md., 1833-57. He was ordained Aug. 15,
1857, by Bishop Bacon, of Portland. He was
pastor of St. John's church, Worcester, Mass.,
1857-62 ; organized and served St. Joseph's parish
in Boston, Mass., 1862-64, and was pastor of St.
John's church in Worcester, 1864-70. He was
elected bishop of the newly organized diocese of
Springfield. Mass., June 28, 1870, and was con-
secrated at St. Michael's church (afterward
cathedral) Springfield, Mass., Sept. 25, 1870, by
Archbishop John McCloskey of New York, assisted
by Bishops Williams and Conroy. The twentieth
anniversary of his episcopate was celebrated in
his cathedral in 1890. He died in Springfield,
Mass., May 28, 1892.
ORMAN, James Bradley, governor of Colorado,
was born in Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 4, 1849 ; son
of John and Sarah Josephine (Bradley) Orman.
He attended the common school, worked on his
father's farm and in 1869 engaged in business with
his brother, William A. Or-
inan, as a contractor in rail-
road building, his work
extending through the whole
western country, and em-
bracing the most prominent
railroads and irrigating
canals of that region. He
also accumulated valuable mineral and coal lands
and real estate in Pueblo, Denver and Trinidad.
He made his home in Pueblo, where he was mar-
ried, Sept. 27, 1877, to Nellie, daughter of William
P. Martin. He was president of the electric rail-
way of that city ; a member of the city council ;
a Democratic representative in the state legisla-
ture, 1880-84 ; received twenty-seven votes on
joint ballot for U.S. senate in 1883, there being
only twenty-two Democratic votes ; declined
the Democratic nomination for governor of
Colorado in 1888 and 1890 ; was a delegate to
the Democratic national convention of 1892 ; and
mayor of Pueblo, 1897-98. He was nominated
for governor of Colorado by the Democratic party
and endorsed by the Populists and Silver Repub-
licans, being elected by a large majority in the
fall of 1900 for the term expiring Jan. 10, 1903.
ORMSBEE, Ebenezer Jolls, governor of Ver-
mont, was born in Shoreham, Vt., June 8, 1834 ;
son of John Mason and Polly (Willson) Ormsbee.
He was educated in the academies at Brandon
and South Woodstock, worked on his father's
farm and taught
school. He studied
law in the office of
Briggs & Nicholson,
Brandon, Vt., 1857-
61 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1861;
enlisted in the Allen
Grays of Brandon, in
April, 1861 ; joined ••
the 1st Vermont vol-
unteers ; was commis-
sioned 2d lieutenant,
April 25, 1861, and
served three months.
He re-enlisted in the
12th Vermont volun-
teers for two years, was promoted captain, Sept.
22, 1862, and served under Gen. George J.
Stannard in the 3d brigade, 3d division, 1st
army corps, Army of the Potomac, and distin-
guished himself at Gettysburg. He was mustered
out a second time, July 14, 1863, and in 1864 en-
gaged in the practice of law at Brandon, Vt. , in
partnership with his preceptors. He was assistant
U.S. internal revenue assessor for the district of
Vermont, 1868-72 ; state's attorney for Rutland
county, 1870-74 ; a Republican representative
from Brandon in the state legislature in 1872,
and a state senator in 1878. He was a trustee of
the Vermont Reform school, 1880-84 ; lieutenant-
governor of the state, 1884-86, and governor of
Vermont, 1886-88. In 1891 he was appointed by
President Harrison, chairman of the commission
to treat with the Paiute Indians at Pyramid Lake,
Nev., for the cession of a part of their reservation,
and also U.S. land commissioner at Samoa,
serving at the latter post until 1893, when he
returned to Brandon and resumed his law prac-
tice. He was married in 1862 to Jennie L.,
daughter of the Hon. E. N. Briggs of Brandon,
Vt., and secondly in 1867 to Mrs. Frances Daven-
port, daughter of William L. Wadhams of West-
port, N.Y.
ORMSBY, Stephen, representative, was born in
Virginia in 1765. He received a liberal education,
was admitted to the bar and settled in practice in
JelTerson circuit, Kentucky. He served in the
early Indian wars, and as a brigade-major under
Gen. Josiah Harmar in the campaign of 1790.
He was clerk of the circuit and county courts for
several years, and became one of the first judges
of the district court for Jefferson county, Dec.
19, 1791, and of the circuit court, Dec. 24, 1802.
ORMSBY
ORR
Ke was a presidential elector on the Adams and
Jefferson ticket in 1797, and a representative in
the 12th, 13th and 14th congresses, 1811-15. He
was defeated for the 13th congress in 1812 by
John Simpson, who was killed at the battle of
the River Raisin, Jan. 22, 1813, before taking his
seat, and Ormsby succeeded him. He was active
in promoting the educational welfare of the state,
and died in Louisville, Ky., Sept. 6, 1846.
ORMSBY, Waterman Lilly, engraver, was
born in Hampton, Windham county, Conn., in
1809. He attended the public school of Hampton,
removed to New York city, where he learned the
engraver's art and devoted himself to bank note
engraving. He invented several ruling machines,
transfer presses, and the grammagraph for en-
graving on steel. He was the founder of the
Continental Bank Note company, executed large
contracts for the U.S. treasury, and almost
wholly designed the five-dollar note, intended to
prevent counterfeiting. He is credited with
having aided S. F. B. Morse in preparing the
Morse telegraphic alphabet, and in transmitting
messages at the first public exhibition of the
telegraph in New York city. He is the author
of: Ormsby Bank Note Engraving (1852). He
died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1883.
ORNE, Azor, patriot, was born in Marble-
head, Mass., July 22, 1731 ; son of Joshua and
Sarah (Gale) Orne ; grandson of Joshua and
Elizabeth (Norman) Orne, and of Azor Gale,
and a descendant of John Orne, or Horn, who
emigrated from England, probably in the fleet
with Winthrop, settled in Salem, Mass., in 1630,
was made freeman in 1631, and was deacon of
the First church of Salem for fifty years. Azor
Orne was a prosperous merchant at the outbreak
of the Revolution, and early joined the patriot
cause. He was a representative to the General
Court in 1773 ; a delegate to the Essex conven-
tion and to the Provincial congress of 1774, and
a member of the committees of safety, military
affairs, organization of forces, and on the collect-
ing of arms and ammunition. He was elected
judge of the general court in 1775, and was
appointed one of three major-generals of Massa-
chusetts militia by the Provincial congress
in January, 1776. He was a representative in the
Hartford convention of Nov. 11, 1780, and was a
member of the committee that prepared a circular
to set forth the necessity of providing for revenue
by a system of taxation. He also loaned the
government a large a,mount of money, and was a
member of the convention that framed the state
constitution in 1780, and of the convention that
adopted the Federal constitution in 1788 ; was a
member of the council, 1788-96, and a presidential
elector in 1792. He served in the state senate
where he strongly advocated the public school
system. He was married first to Mary Coleman,
and secondly to Mary (Lee) Orne, widow of his
brother. Col. Joshua Orne, and sister of Col. Jere-
miah Lee. He died in Boston, Mass., June 6, 1796.
ORR, Alexander Dalrymple, representative,
was born at Alexandria, Va. , in 1765. He was a
pioneer settler of Kentucky, and at an early
period settled in Bourbon, afterward Mason
county, on the Ohio river, where he built the first
brick house erected in the county. He repre-
sented Bourbon county in the Virginia legislature
in 1790, was elected with Cristopher Greenup to
represent Kentucky on its admission as a state,
in the 2d, 3d and 4th congresses, 1791-97. He
was also elected to the Kentucky senate in 1792.
He died in Paris, Ky., June 21, 1835.
ORR, James Lawrence, governor of South
Carolina, was born in Craytonville, Anderson
county, S.C., May 12, 1822 ; son of Christopher
and Martha (McCann) Orr ; grandson of John and
Jane B.(Chickscale) Orr, and a descendant of
Humphrey Orr, a native of Ireland, who settled
in Plumstead, Bucks county, Pa., in 1730. James
Lawrence Orr served as a clerk in his father's
store ; was graduated at the University of Vir-
ginia in 1842, studied law under Judge Whitner,
and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He settled
in practice in Anderson, S.C., was married to
Mary J. Marshall, and became editor of the
Anderson Gazette. He was a Democratic repre-
sentative in the state legislature, 1844-46. and a
representative in the 31st, 32d, 33d, 34th and
35th congresses, 1849-59. He served as chairman
of the committee of the whole on the state of
the Union, and of the committee on Indian
affairs, and was speaker of the house during the
35th congress. He opposed secession and the
compromise measures of Henry Clay, and in 1851,
as a member of the Southern Rights convention
in Charleston, S.C., succeeded in defeating the
secession ordinance framed by that body, al-
though he maintained the right of a state to
secede. He was a delegate to the state secession
convention of 1860, and finally cast his lot with
his native state. He was one of the three com-
missioners sent to Washington in December, 1860,
to treat for the surrender of the U.S. forts in
Charleston harbor and of
other property to the state.
On his return he raised a
rifle regiment, and com-
manded it in battle until
1862, when he was elected
to the Confederate States
senate, serving until the close
of the Confederate government. He wns elected
governor of South Carolina by the Republican
party, under President Johnson's plan of recon-
struction in 1865, and served until 1868. He was
ORR
ORTH
a delegate to the Constitutional Union convention
at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866 ; judge of the 8th
circuit of South Carolina, 1870-73, and a delegate
to the Republican national convention in 1872.
He was appointed U.S. minister to Russia by
President Grant, as successor to Andrew G. Cur-
tin, who resigned in August, 1872, and he served
from March, 1873, until his death in St. Peters-
burg, Russia, May 5, 1873.
ORR, John, educator, was born in Chester
district, S.C., Aug. 12, 1820 ; eldest son of
William and Isabella (Ervin) Orr ; and grandson
of John and Rosanna (Cameron) Orr, John Orr
being a graduate of Dublin university, Ireland.
He was graduated at Miami university, Oxford,
Ohio, A.B., 1845 ; A.M., 1848, and was professor
of ancient languages in the Macon Masonic col-
lege at Macon, Tenn., which was founded in
Fayette county in 1849, transferred to Clarks-
ville, Montgomery county, Tenn. soon after,
became known as Stewart college in 1855 and
as the Southwestern Presbyterian university in
1875. He was president of the college, 1851-53.
Prior to the civil war he removed to Greene
county, Ohio, where he was elected principal of
the schools at Cedarville, and he was clerk of
courts of Greene county, 1864-83. He died at
Xenia. Ohio, Dec. 30, 1883.
ORR, John William, wood engraver, was born
in Ireland, Marcli 31, 1815. He was brought to
New York in 1816 by his parents, who settled
in Buffalo, where he attended school. In 1836
he removed to New York city and studied wood
engraving in the studio of William Redfleld, re-
ceiving a silver medal from the Mechanics in-
stitute for the best wood engraving in 1837. He
engaged as an engraver in Buffalo, N. Y., 1837-42 ;
in Albany, N.Y., 1842-44, where he made engrav-
ings to illustrate the state reports on geology, and
in New York city, 1884-87. He established an
engraving business, which held front rank for
over a quarter of a century, and brought the art
of wood engraving to public notice by extensive
advertising, new inventions and able assistants,
who represented the most skilled English, French
and German engravers. His first work of im-
portance was the frontispieces for Harper's Illus-
trated Shakespeare. He received a gold medal
in 1842 from the New York State Agricultural
society for the best wood cuts representing do-
mestic animals. He edited The American Odd
Fellow, 1862-71. He died in Jersey City, N.J.,
March 4, 1887.
ORT, Samuel Alfred, educator, was born at
Lewistown, Mifflin county, Pa., Nov. 11, 1843 ; son
of Samuel and Christina Ort ; grandson of John
Ort, and a descendant of German and Huguenot
families. His grandparents immigrated to
America from Germany and settled near Lewis-
town, Pa., in 1780. Samuel Alfred Ort was pre-
pared for college in Kishacoquillas seminary,
near Lewistown, 1853-56, and was graduated
at Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, A.B.,
1863; A.M., 1869. He studied at the Theological
school of Wittenberg college ; was a tutor in the
preparatory department, 1863-65 ; pastor of the
Lutheran church at Findlay, Ohio, 1865-68, and
teacher of Latin and literature in Hagerstown
Female seminary, 1868-69. He returned to Wit-
tenberg college as a tutor in 1869. and was pro-
fessor of mathematics, belles lettres, English
literature and logic, 1870-74. He had charge of
the Lutheran mission at Louisville, Ky., 1874-79,
where he erected a church, which was completed
in 1875, and was pastor of St. James church, New
York city, 1879-80. In 1880 he was elected pro-
fessor of theology in Wiltenberg college ; became
president of the college and Frederick Gilbert
professor of Christian theology and mental phil-
osophy in 1882, and professor of systematic the-
ology in the seminary in 1884. He retired from
the presidency in 1900, being succeeded by the
Rev. J. M. Ruthrauff ; was elected dean but re-
tained his professorships, and on the death of
President Ruthrauff in 1902 became acting presi-
dent of the college. Under his supervision a new
college building was begun and built at a cost of
§67,000, which stands as a monument to his per-
severance and labor; also a young woman's hall,
a gymnasium and Hamma divinity hall. He
was a delegate to the General synod of the Lu-
theran church from 1873, secretary of the synod,
1873-79, and president of that body at Omaha,
Neb., in 1887. He received the degree D.D. from
Wittenberg college in 1877, and LL.D. in 1893. He
was married in 1875 to Anna, daughter of W. W.
and Mary A. Senteny of Louisville, Ky. He was
prominent as a lecturer, contributed to reviews
and edited the Lutheran Evangelist at Spring-
field, Ohio, 1881-85. He published several lec-
tures and pamphlets, and is the author of : TJie
Pre-eminence of the Spiritual (1884), and Christ,
the Completeness of Man (1886).
ORTH, Qodlove Steiner, representative, was
born in Lebanon, Pa., April 22, 1817 ; son of God-
love and Sarah (Steiner) Orth ; grandson of Bal-
zer, Jr., and Rosina (Kucher) Orth, and great-
grandson of Balzer Orth, a Moravian, who emi-
grated from Germany to Lancaster county, Pa.,
with Count Ziuzendorf, and was settled in Leba-
non in 1730. Balzer Orth, Jr., served in the
Revolutionary war, and had charge of the Hes-
sian prisoners after the battle of Trenton. God-
love Steiner Orth was graduated at Pennsylvania
college ; studied law in the office of James
Cooper, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He
settled in practice in Lafayette. Ind.; was a mem-
ber of the Indiana senate, 1843-48, and became
ORTON
ORTON
president of that body. He was a candidate for
elector ou the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848,
and was appointed one of the five commissioners
from Indiana to the Peace conference of 1861.
He entered the U.S. army in 1862, as captain of
the 76th Indiana volunteers, which he had re-
cruited, and was placed in command of the U.S.
ram Homer on the Ohio river. He was a Repub-
lican representative from the ninth district of
Indiana in the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st con-
gresses, 1863-71, and served on important com-
mittees, including that on foreign relations. He
was a representative from the state-at-large in
the 43d congress, 1873-75 ; was instrumental in
securing the right of expatriation ; active in be-
half of the annexation of Santo Domingo, and in
reorganizing the diplomatic and consular system.
He was recommended by the entire senate and
house as U.S. minister to Berlin, in 1871, but
President Grant decided to make no change. He
declined a coinmissionership of internal revenue
and accepted the appointment as U.S. minister to
Austria in 1875, having previously declined the
mission to Brazil. He resigned his mission in
1876, upon his nomination as Republican candi-
date for governor of Indiana, Feb. 22, 1876, and
made the canvass for that office, but on Aug. 2,
1876, withdrew his name in favor of Benjamin
Harrison, who was nominated and defeated. He
received the votes of fifty-nine Republican legis.
lators for U.S. senator, Jan. 24, 1879, when Daniel
W. Voorhees was elected. He was a Republican
representative from the ninth district in the 46th
and 47th congresses, 1879-82, and was defeated
for the 48th congress in 1882. He was married
first, in 1840, to Sarah Elizabeth Miller of Gettys-
burg, Pa., and secondly, Aug. 28, 1850, to Mary
A. Ayers of La Fayette, Ind. He died in La Fay-
ette, Ind., Dec. 16, 1882.
ORTON, Edward Francis Baxter, educator,
was bora in Deposit, N.Y., March 9, 1829 ; son of
the Rev. Dr. Samuel George and Clara (Gregory)
Orton ; grandson of Miles Orton, a soldier in the
war of 1812, and a descendant, through Samuel
Orton, one of the fifty -one colonists who settled
in Litchfield county, Conn., of Thomas and Mar-
garet (Pratt) Orton. Thomas Orton came to
Massachusetts Bay colony before 1641 ; settled in
Windsor, Conn., and removed to Farniington,
Conn., in 1655. Dr. Samuel G. Orton was gradu-
ated at Hamilton college, 1822, and was a Pres-
byterian minister in western New York for fifty
years. Edward Orton was fitted for college
by his father, and was graduated at Hamilton
college, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851. He was assistant
in the academy at Erie, N.Y., 1848-49 ; private
tutor, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1849-50 : a student at
Lane Theological seminary, 1849-50 : assistant at
Delaware Literary institute, Franklin, N.Y.,
1873-99, and state
Orton Hall, one of
1851-54 ; student at Lawrence Scientific school,
Harvard, 1852, and at Andover Theological sem-
inary, 1854-55. He was ordained to the Presby-
terian ministry, Jan. 2, 1856 ; was professor of
natural science, State Normal school, Albany,
N.Y., 1856-59; princi-
pal of the academy at
Chester, N.Y., 1859-
65 ; principal of the
preparatory depart-
ment and professor of
natural histoiy, An-
tioch college, Ohio,
1865-69 ; assistant
state geologist, Ohio,
1869-75 ; president of
Antioch college, 1872-
73, and of the Ohio
State Agricultural
college (Ohio State
university) 1873-81 ;
professor of geology
in Ohio State university,
geologist of Ohio, 1882-99.
the chief buildings of the university, was named
for him. He was a member of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science,
and its president, 1899, and corresponding and
honorary member of various scientific associa-
tions in the United States and Europe. He
helped to organize and was president of the Ohio
State Sanitary association, 1884-85, and of the
Geological Society of America, 1896. The degree
of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Hamilton in
1876, and that of LL.D. by Ohio State university
in 1881. He served on the U.S. geological survey,
and his report appears in the " Eighth Annual
Report " ; on the Kentucky State survey, and
his report on the petroleum and gas fields of
western Kentucky was published in a separate
volume. He was married first, in 1855, to Mary
M. Jennings of Franklin, N.Y., who died in 1873,
leaving two sons and two daughters ; and sec-
ondly, in 1875, to Anna Davenport Torrey of
Millbury, Mass., and of the two children by this
marriage the son was given the ancestral name
of Samuel. He is the author of many scientific
reports and addresses, and of : Economic Geology
of O/uo(1883-SS) ; Petroleum and Inflammable Gas
(1887). He died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 16, 1899.
ORTON, James, naturalist, was born in Seneca
Falls, N. Y., April 21, 1830 ; son of the Rev. Azar-
iah Giles and Minerva (Squire) Orton ; grandson
of Azariah and Abigail (Jackson) Orton, and a de-
scendant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton.
Azariah G. Orton. AVilliams. 1813 ; Princeton The-
ological seminar}', 1820 ; D.D., University of >.~<>\v
York, 1847 ; Union college, 1850, was a Presby-
terian minister, 1822-60, and died in Lisle, N.Y.,
ORTON
OSBON
Dec. 28, 1864. James Orton was graduated at
Williams in 1855, and at Andover Theological
seminary in 1858. He was married in 1859 to
Ellen E. Footc of Williamstown, Mass. He
traveled in Europe, 1859-60 ; was ordained pastor
of the Presbyterian church, Greene, N.Y., July
11, I860; was pastor at Thomaston, Maine, 1861-
63, and at Brighton, N.Y., 1863-69. He developed
a strong interest in natural history, and while in
college successfully conducted a students' expedi-
tion to Labrador. He was instructor in natural
history at the University of Rochester, N.Y.,
1866-69 ; conducted a scientific expedition to
South America under the auspices of Williams
college in 1867, and was prof essor of natural hist-
ory in Vassar college, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1869-
77. He made a second expedition to South Amer-
ica in 1873, crossing the continent from Para to
Lima by Lake Titicaca, and in 1876, owing to
pulmonary trouble, returned to the high plateau
regions of Peru and Bolivia, and in the spring of
1877 undertook the exploration of the Beni river,
a large tributary of the Amazon. He had in
view a preliminary survey for a railroad to con-
nect the navigable waters of the Amazons with
the railroad that had been already built from the
Pacific coast to La Paz, Bolivia. He was forced,
however, to turn back, reaching the eastern shore
of Lake Titicaca on Sept. 24, 1877, and died while
crossing to the other side. He brought to the
United States the first fossils ever reported from
the stratified rocks of the Amazon valley, and
became one of the highest authorities on the
central region of South America. He was a
member of numerous scientific societies in the
United States and Europe, and his discoveries
were second only to those of Alexander Von
Humbolt. He contributed articles on the natural
history of South America to scientific journals
and to the transactions of societies, and is the
author of : Miners' Guide and Metallurgists'
Directory (1849): Tlie Proverbalist and the Poet
(1852); Tlte Andes and the Amazon (1870); Un-
derground Treasures and How to Find Tliein
(1872); The Liberal Education of Women (1873),
and Comparative Zoology (1875). He died on
Lake Titicaca, Peru, Sept. 25, 1877, and was
buried on an island in the lake.
ORTON, William, publisher and financier, was
born in Cuba, N.Y., June 14, 1826 ; son of Horatio
and Sarah (Carson) Orton ; grandson of John
and Ruth (Norton) Orton ; great-grandson of
Samuel and Ruth (Mason) Orton, and a descen-
dant of Thomas and Margaret (Pratt) Orton.
William Orton was graduated at the State Normal
school, Albany, N.Y., in 1847, and engaged in
teaching school until 1850, when he was married
to Agnes J. Gillespie of Buffalo, N.Y., and
entered the employ of George Derby & Co.,
VIII. — 10
publishers, taking charge of the business in
Geneva, N.Y. On the death of George Derby in
1852, the firm became Derby, Orton & Co. In
1856 the business, as Miller, Orton & Co., was
transferred to New York city and in 1807 went
into liquidation. Mr. Orton subsequently became
managing clerk for J. G. Gregory & Co., publish-
ers ; was appointed collector of internal revenue
for the sixth district of New York by President
Lincoln in 1862, and U.S. commissioner of internal
revenue, with headquarters at Washington. D.C.,
in 1865. He resigned this office after a few
months, to accept the presidency of the United
States Telegraph company, and after the consoli-
dation of that corporation with the Western
Union Telegraph company in 1866, was vice-
president, 1866-67, and president from 1867 up to
the time of his death. He established the Jour-
nal of Telegraphy in 1867, and secured for the
Western Union Telegraph company a monopoly
of telegraph lines in the United States, making
the earnings of the company very large. He died
in New York city, April 22, 1878.
OSBON, Bradley Sillick, naval officer, was
born in Rye, N.Y., Aug. 16, 1828 ; eldest son of
the Rev. Abiathar Mann and Elizabeth Esmond
(Sillick) Osbon ; grandson of William and Han-
nah (Mann) Osbon and of the Rev. Bradley and
Mary (Pattison) Sillick, and a descendant of
the Osbournes, who came from Normandy to
England in the time of William the Conqueror.
Four Osborne brothers came to America shortly
after the arrival of the Mayflower, and settled in
Massachusetts. His father (1808-1883) was a
Methodist clergyman. The son went to sea on a
merchant vessel in 1838 ; visited a majority of
the ports and islands of the globe and nearly all
the islands in the Pacific ocean ; spent one sum-
mer in the Antarctic and two winters in the
Arctic ocean ; served in the Chinese navy as cox-
swain, and in the Argentine navy as commander
under Commodore Coe. He also served through-
out the Argentine war, returning at its close to
the merchant service. Upon the outbreak of the
civil war, he joined the Harriet Lane under
Capt. John Faunce ; served as aide and signal
officer; was at the fall of Fort Sumter, S.C. ;
was temporarily attached to the flag-ship Wabash,
North Atlantic squadron, under Dupont, and
took part in the battle of Port Royal, S.C. He
was appointed clerk and fleet signal officer to
Farragut ; served on the flag-ship Hartford dur-
ing the capture of the forts below New Orleans,
and was personally commended for gallantry.
He was sent north on the gunboat Cayuga as
bearer of dispatches, arriving at Hampton Roads
during the fight between the Monitor and the
Merrimac, and acted as signal officer to President
Lincoln, and as aide and signal officer to Com-
OSBORN
OSBORN
mander Jolm L. Worden on the monitor Montauk
in the engagements before Fort McAllister and
in the destruction of the privateer Nashville.
He was made admiral in the Mexican navy at
the close of the civil war, and received a letter
of marque giving him one half the prize money
accruing from his captures and conferring upon
him the power to issue " letters of marque " and
to commission ships under the Mexican flag.
He sailed from Philadelphia for Brazos de
Santiago in the steamer General Sheridan with a
full complement of officers and men. The
steamer, fitted out in New York, and carrying
his guns and torpedo outfit, was lost off Hatteras,
thereby obliging him to confine his operations to
the Rio Grande, Texas. He married in Liverpool,
England, Feb. 14, 1868, Eliza Balfour, one of
the Balfours of Burleigh. In the war with Spain,
while acting as a volunteer naval scout, he was the
first to discover Cervera's fleet off the island of
Curacoa, May 14, 1898, and after reporting to the
department of state received a letter of thanks
from that of the navy for his services. He was
the first commander of the Farragut Naval
Veteran Association of Philadelphia ; a charter
member of the Farragut Naval Association of
New York ; captain, commodore and twice rear-
admiral of the National Association of Naval
Veterans, U.S.A. ; twice commander of Naval
Post 516, G.A.R. ; chairman of the Associated
Commanders and Quartermasters of the City of
New York ; colonel of the Osbou cadets, composed
of Sunday-School boys, and founder and flag-
officer commanding the U.S. Veteran Navy with
the rank of commodore. In 1902 he had been for
several years interested in mining asphalt and sul-
phur in the eastern part of Venezuela. He was de-
corated with the Venezuelan order of " del Busto
del Liberator " in 1889 in recognition of services
rendered in coast surveying in that republic.
The United States hydrographic office published
his survey of the harbor of Carupano, Venez-
uela.
OSBORN, Henry Fairfield, educator, was born
in Fail-field, Conn., Aug. 8, 1857 ; son of William
H. and Virginia R. (Sturges) Osborn ; grand-
son of Jonathan Sturges of Fairfield, Conn., and
New York, and a descendant of Nathan Gold.
He was graduated at the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1877, So. D., 1881 ; was assistant professor
of natural science in the College of New Jersey,
1883-83 ; professor of comparative anatomy there,
1883-91, when he resigned and became Da Costa
professor of biology in the newly established
department at Columbia college. New York city.
He was also dean of the faculty of pure science
at Columbia. 1893-95 ; curator of vertebrate pale-
ont»l<>j,'\- in the American Museum of Natural
History in New York, l^'.il-r.i"-1 : was active in
the organization of the New York Zoological
society, serving from its foundation as chairman
of its executive committee, and helping to plan
the zoological park in the Bronx. He was ap-
pointed vertebrate paleontologist to the geological
survey of Canada, and paleontologist to the U.S.
survey in 1900. He was vice-president of the
Academy of Science, 1894-98, president, 1898-1900,
and elected a member of the National Academy
of Sciences in 1900. He was married, Sept. 29,
1881, to Lucretia, daughter of Gen. Alexander J.
Perry, U.S.A. He is the author of: From the
Greeks to Darwin (1894), and contributed exten-
sively to educational and scientific periodicals.
OSBORN, Henry Stafford, educator and
author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17,
1823 ; son of Truman and Eliza (Paget) Osborn.
He was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and from
Union Theological seminary, New York city,
1845. He was stated supply of the Presbyterian
church, Coventry, R.I., 1845-46 ; traveled and
studied abroad, and while in London, England,
attended the Father Mathew Temperance con-
vention as a delegate. He studied at the University
of Bonn, Germany, and at the Polytechnic insti-
tution of London, and was ordained by the
presbytery of Hanover, Va., April 9, 1846. He
was pastor at Hanover Court House, Va., 1846-49 ;
at Richmond, Va., 1849-53; at Liberty, Va.,
1853-58; stated supply at Salem, Va., while
serving as professor of natural science at
Roanoke college, 1858-59, and was pastor at Belvi-
dere, N.J., 1859-66. He was professor of mining
and metallurgy at Lafayette college. Easton, Pa.,
1866-70 ; professor of chemistry at Miami univer-
sity, Oxford, Ohio, 1870-73, and pastor at Ox-
ford, 1870-71. He was stated supply at Millville,
Ohio, 1871-74, but resigned on account of failing
health and subsequently devoted himself to
literature. He was married to Susan Paulina,
daughter of G. Hampton Coursen of New York.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Lafayette college in 1865. He was a
member of tlie Pennsylvania and Virginia histori-
cal societies and of the Victoria Philosophical
society of London. He is the author of: Pales-
tine, Past and Present (1855); Fruits and Flou-ers
of the Hob, Land (1856); Pilgrims in the Holy
Lund (1857); Scientific Metallurgy of Iron and
Steel in the United States (1870); The A.ic
Descriptive Geography of Palestine (1877); Manual
of Bible Geography and Ancient Egypt in the
Light of Recent Discoveries (1885); Chart of
Books of the Bible (1886); The Useful Minerals
and Mixing Architecture (1887): Biblical History
and Geography (1888), and with the Rev. Lyman
Coleman published a large map of Palestine. He
died in New York city, Feb. 2, 1894.
OSBORN
OSBORN
OSBORN, Herbert, entomologist, was born in
Lafayette, Wis., March 19, 1856 ; son of Charles
Paine and Harriet Newell (Marsh) Osborn ; grand-
son of Alpheus and Harriet (Paine) Osborn, and
of Enos, Jr., and Rebeokah (Hawley) Marsh, and
a descendant of John Marsh, who was born in
England, 1618, landed in Boston, 1635, settled in
Hartford, Conn., 1636, and married Anne, daugh-
ter of John Webster, about 1642. He attended
the public schools of Fairfax, Iowa, 1864-72 ; Iowa
college, 1872-73, and was graduated from the
Iowa State college, B.Sc., 1879, M.Sc.. 1880. He
was assistant professor of zoology and entomology
in Iowa State college, 1880-85, and professor,
18S5-98. He was married, Jan. 19, 1883, to Alice
Isadore Sayles of Manchester, Iowa. He became
the entomologist of the experiment station in
1890 ; state entomologist of Iowa in July, 1898,
and was elected professor of zoology and entomo-
logy and director of Lake Laboratory, Ohio State
university in 1898. He was special agent of the
division of entomology of the U.S. department of
agriculture, 1885-94 ; was elected president of the
Iowa Academy of Sciences, 1887 ; president of
the Association of Economic Entomologists, 1898,
and a fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1884, the Biological
society of Washington, 1885, the Entomological
society of Washington, 1885, the Society for the
Promotion of Agricultural Science in 1893, the
American Entomological society of Philadelphia,
1897, and of the Societe Entomologique de France
in 1888. He edited the Proceedings of the Iowa
Academy of Sciences, 1890-98, and is the author
of : Peiliculi and Mallophaga of Man and Lower
Animals (1891) ; Insects Affecting Domestic Ani-
mals (IWS) ; Contributions to Hemipterous Fauna
of Iowa, with E. D. Ball (1897) ; Studies of North
American Jassoidea, with E. D. Ball (1898) ; The
Hessian Fly in the United States (1898) ; The
Genus Scaphoideus (1900) , and articles in scientific
journals and transactions of scientific societies.
OSBORN, Thomas Andrew, governor of Kan-
sas, was born in Meadville, Pa., Oct. 26. 1836.
He attended the public school and Allegheny
college, and learned the printer's trade. He
studied law under Judge Derrickson of Meadville
in 1856, removed to Pontiac,
Mich., in 1857, where he was
admitted to the bar, and in
November of that year re-
moved to Lawrence, Kansas
Territory, being employed as
a compositor on the Herald
of Freedom. In 1858 he en-
gaged in the practice of law in Elwood. Kansas ;
was elected attorney of Doniphan county, and
was a member of the state senate, 1859-62. serving
as president pro tempore of that body in 1862.
He was lieutenant-governor of Kansas in 1863 ;
U.S. marshal by appointment from President
Lincoln, 1864-67, and Republican governor of
Kansas, 1872-76. He was U.S. minister to Chile,
by appointment from President Hayes, 1877-81,
and conducted important negotiations between
various South American governments, and in
1881 was transferred to the Brazilian mission,
where he served until 1886. He located in Topeka,
Kan., on his return, and in 1888 was state sena-
tor from Shawnee county. He was decorated
with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose by
the Emperor of Brazil for special services. He
died at Meadville, Pa.. Feb. 4, 1898.
OSBORN, Thomas Ogden, soldier, was born in
Jersey, Licking county, Ohio, Aug. 11, 1832 ; son
of Samuel and Hannah (Meeker) Osborn. He
attended Delaware college ; was graduated from
the University of Ohio, A.B. 1854, A.M. 1857 ;
studied law with Gen. Lew Wallace at Craw-
fordsville, Ind., and began practice in Chicago,
111., in 1859. He organized the 39th Illinois regi-
ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel and
colonel. He was detailed to guard the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad and engaged Jackson's forces
during the raid into Morgan county, Va., in 1861,
and succeeded in delaying him for several hours,
afterward making a successful retreat across the
Potomac. He engaged in the battle of Winches-
ter, Va., March 23, 1862, and commanded a bri-
gade made up of the 39th Illinois, 13th Indiana and
62nd and 67th Ohio regiments in the operations
against the forts in Charleston harbor in 1863.
In 1864 he accompanied General Butler up the
James river, his regiment occupying the right of
the 1st brigade, 1st division, 10th army corps.
He was wounded at Drewry's Bluff , May 12, 1864,
and commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 24th
army corps at the siege of Petersburg, Va., 1864-
65. On April 2, 1S65, his brigade was one of three
to capture Fort Gregg. He was promoted briga-
dier-general and brevetted major-general of vol-
unteers for gallant services throughout the war.
He returned to his law practice in Chicago, where
he was treasurer of Cook county and a manager
of the National Soldiers' Home. He was ap-
pointed a member of the international committee
to settle disputed claims between the United
States and Mexico, and was U.S. consul-general
and minister-resident to the Argentine Republic,
1874-85, subsequently engaging in railway enter-
prises in Brazil, but continuing his residence in
Chicago. He was elected a member of the Mili-
tary Order of the Loyal Legion and of various
other military associations.
OSBORN, Thomas Ward, senator, was born
in Scotch Plains, N.J., March 9, 1836. He was
graduated from Madison university in 18050,
studied law in Watertown, N.Y. , and was ad-
OSBORNE
OSBORNE
mitted to the bar in 1861. At the outbreak of the
civil war he organized a company of artillery in
Watertown, N.Y., was commissioned its captain
and was assigned to the llth army corps. He
served through the war as chief of artillery in
various army corps, and of the Army of the Ten-
nessee and was three times wounded. He was
commissioned colonel in 1865, and was appointed
assistant commissioner of the Florida bureau of
refugees, 1865-66. He practised law in Tallahas-
see, Fla. ; was appointed register in bankrupt* y
in 1867 ; was a member of the state constitutional
convention of 1867, and drew up the constitution
which was adopted. He was a Republican state
senator and was elected June 30, 1868, by the
Florida legislature, U.S. senator with A. S.
Welch, drawing the long term expiring March 3,
1873. He died in New York city, Dec. IS. 1898.
OSBORNE, Edwin Sylvanus, repre.M ntative,
was born in Bethany, Wayne county, F;i.. Aue,
7, 1839 ; son of Sylvanus and Lucy (Messinger)Os-
borne ; grandson of Cooper and Hannah (Oakley)
Osborne. His great-grandfather, Thomas Os-
borne, was a soldier in the Continental army
during the Revolutionary war and was mortally
wounded in the battle of Monmoutb. and Ids
first ancestor in America, John Osborne,
emigrated from England and settled in East
Windsor, Conn., in 1645. Edwin S. Osborne was
graduated from the University of Northern Penn-
sylvania, Bethany, Pa., in 1858 and from the
National Law school of Poughkeepsie, N.Y.. in
1860. He was admitted to the bar at Wilkes-
Barre, Pa., Feb. 26, 1861, and in April joined the
8th regiment infantry, Pennsylvania volunteers.
He served with General Patterson's division and
was honorably mustered out, July 29, 1861. In
August, 1862, he recruited a company and joined
the 149th Pennsylvania volunteers, being com-
missioned captain, Aug. 30, 1862. In September
he has appointed judge advocate and served as
such for the command of General Wadsworth,
1st corps, Army of the Potomac, until February,
1863, when, at his own request, he rejoined his
regiment and participated in the battle of Get-
tysburg. In the first day's battle this regiment
forming part of Stone's " Bucktail " brigade, 3d
division, 1st corps, successfully held an advanced
position for four hours against the repeated as-
saults of greatly superior numbers, meanwhile
executing the movement of " changing front to
rear" under heavy fire, and sustaining in the
battle a loss of seventy-five per cent of its effec-
tive strength. Captain Osborne was appointed
brigade inspector, Aug. 27, 1863, and assigned
to duty in General Wadsworth 's division. He dis-
tinguished himself in leading a charge in the
Wilderness, .May 6, 1864, and again in the assault
on Petersburg, June 18. 1864. He was commis-
sioned major of the 149th Pennsylvania, March 2.
1865, was several times mentioned in orders for
gallantry and skillful handling of troops in battle
and was three times brevetted for meritorious
conduct. In April, 1865, Major Osborne was re-
lieved from duty in the inspection department
and appointed judge advocate at Washington.
In June, 1865, he was sent to Andersonville
and other Confederate prisons to investigate the
charges of cruelty to prisoners on the part of
those late in command. In July, 1865, he pre-
ferred charges of murder against Capt. Henry
Wirz of Andersonville prison and dsew the spec-
ifications of the indictment under which that
officer was found guilty and executed. He was
honorably mustered out, July 21, 1865, and re-
turned to the practice of law. He was major-
general of the 3d division, National Guard of
Pennsylvania, 1870-78 ; was prominent in re-
organizing the militia system of the state ; com-
manded the forces that quelled the riots in
Scranton, Pa., in 1871, and Susquehanna Depot,
Pa., in 1874, and prevented a similar outbreak at
Hazleton, Pa. He was commander of the De-
partment of Pennsylvania, G.A.R., in 1883, and
was a delegate to the Republican national con-
vention at Chicago in 1888. He was representa-
tive-at-large from Pennsylvania in the 49th and
50th congresses, and from the 12th congressional
district in the 51st congress, serving, 1885-91.
During his service in congress he defended the
policy of protection and advocated the subsidizing
of American ships. He was married to Ruth
Ball of Pittston, Pa., Oct. 12, 1865, and their
son, John Ball Osborne, born June 24, 1868, Yale,
A.B., 1889, was U.S. consul at Ghent, Belgium,
1889-94, and joint secretary of the reciprocity
commission of the United States, Oct. 18, 1897.
Their second son, William Headley Osborne, born
in 1S70, graduated from the U.S. Military
academy in 1891, served in the campaign against
Santiago in the war with Spain as lieutenant in
the 1st U.S. cavalry, and died of typhoid fever in
the military camp at Montauk Point, N.Y., Aug.
23, 1898. General Osborne died in Washington,
D.C., Jan. 1, 1900.
OSBORNE, John Eugene, governor of Wyom-
ing, was born in Westport, Essex county, N.Y.,
June 9, 1860 ; son of John C. and Mary E. Os-
borne. His grandparents were English. He
worked on a farm summers, attended the district
and high school winters, was apprenticed to a
druggist in Burlington, Vt., in 1876, and was
graduated from the medical department of the
University of Vermont in 1880, after having at-
tended the winter course of lectures, 1877-80. In
1881 he removed to Rawlins, Wyo. , where he es-
tablished a wholesale and retail drug store. He
was appointed assistant surgeon of the Union
OSBORNE
OSBORNE
Pacific railway company. He engaged exten-
sively in live-stock raising in 1884, and became
the largest individual sheep owner in Carbon
county. He was a Democratic representative in
the territorial legislature in 1883 ; chairman of
the territorial peni-
tentiary building com-
mission, and mayor of
Rawlius, 1888 ; an al-
ternate to the Demo-
cratic national con-
vention in 1892 ; was
governor of Wyo-
ming, 1892-94, having
been elected, Nov. 8,
1892, to fill the va-
x cancy caused by the
resignation of Gov.
F. E. "Warren, and de-
clined re-nomination
in 1894. He was a
member of the bi-
metallic Democratic national committee for the
state of Wyoming in 1895 ; was chairman of the
state delegation at the Democratic national con-
vention, Chicago, 1896, and was the Democratic
representative-at-large from Wyoming in the 55th
congress, 1897-99. He was vice-chairman of the
Democratic national congressional committee in
1898 and the unsuccessful Democratic and Free
Silver candidate for U.S. senator before the Wy-
oming legislature of 1899.
OSBORNE, Phoebe Ann Sayre, educator, was
born in Madison, N.J., March 14, 1812 ; daughter
of Baxter and Elizabeth (Kitchell) Sayre ; grand-
daughter of Deacon Ephraim Sayre (born 1746)
and of Aaron Kitchell (q.v.), and a descendant of
Thomas Sayre, born in Bedfordshire, England,
1597, a Puritan refugee to America about 1635,
and of Robert Kitchell, born in England in 1604,
and prominent in the Guilford settlement in
Connecticut, 1639. Phoebe Osborne was well
educated and in 1828, with her sister, Elizabeth
Kitchell, born in 1814, removed to New York
city, where they devoted their time and liberal
means to charitable work. The sisters founded
and became teachers in the charity mission
known as the " Ragged school," established at
Five Points in 1830, and conducted with marked
success. In 1836 they were prominent in induc-
ing the city council to open public schools, Num-
ber 1 for boys and Number 2 for girls, the first
public schools in the city, and they were engaged
as the first teachers, Phoebe teaching the boys and
her sister Elizabeth the girls. Phoebe continued
to teach until 1835, when she was married to
Jlilo Osborne of Lenox, Mass, and devoted herself
to domestic life. In 1873 she removed to Chicago,
111., where she died, Jan. 20, 1897.
OSBORNE, (Samuel) Duffield, author, waa
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., June 20, 1858; son of
Samuel Smith and Rosalie Willoughby (Duffield)
Osborne ; grandson of Samuel and Abbie M.
(Theall) Osborne, and of James Murdoch and
Margaretha A. (Prince) Duffield, and a descen-
dant of George Duffield, who emigrated from
Ireland to Pequea, Penn., in 1720, and of Carel de
Beauvais, who emigrated from France and set-
tled in New York in 1659. He attended the
Brooklyn Polytechnic institute and was gradu-
ated from Columbia college, A.B., 1879, A.M.,
1882, and from the Columbia Law school, LL.B.,
1881. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and
practised in New York city, 1881-92. He was as-
sistant secretary of the Brooklyn department of
city works, 1892-94 ; traveled in Europe, 1895-96,
and on his return settled in New York city and
engaged in literary work. He was elected a
member of the Liunaean society in 1878 ; corres-
ponding member of the Nuttall Ornithological
club in 1879, and an associate member of
the American Ornithological union in 1883.
He edited : Livy's Roman History in the
World's Great Books series (1898); Macaulay's
Lays of Ancient Rome (1901), and became as-
sociate editor of the Home Library of Litera-
ture and Achievement, in 1901. He is the author
of : The Spell of Ashtaroth (1888) ; The Robe of
Nessris (1890); The Secret of the Crater (1900);
The Lion's Brood (1901), and of many short
stories, essays and poems.
OSBORNE, William McKinley, consul-gen-
eral, was born in Girard, Ohio, April 26, 1842 ;
son of Abner and - - (Allison) Osborne.
He attended the academy at Poland, Ohio, and
Allegheny college, Meadville, Pa. He enlisted
in the 23d Ohio volunteer regiment early in 1861
and was discharged in 1862 owing to injuries re-
ceives. He studied law at the University of
Michigan, 1863-64 ; was admitted to the bar in
June, 1864, and practiced at Youngstown, Ohio,
1869-77, serving as mayor of the city, 1875-76 ;
removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1877, and was
married in April 24, 1878, to Frances Clara,
adopted daughter of Walter Hastings of Boston,
Mass. He practiced law in Cleveland, Ohio, 1877-
80, and in 1880, after traveling and residing in
Europe, he settled in Roxbury and opened a law
office in Boston, Mass. He became a prominent
Republican politician ; was a common council
man, 1884-85 ; a member of the board of police
commissioners, 1885-93, and secretary of the
Republican national committee of 1896. He was
appointed, March 18, 1897, U.S. consul-general at
London, by President McKinley, his maternal
cousin, and held that office until his death, which
occurred at Wimbledon, London, England, April
29, 1902.
OSGOOD
OSGOOD
OSGOOD, Frances Sargent, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., June 18, 1811 ; daughter of
Joseph Locke. She became acquainted with
Mrs. Lydia Maria Child, editor of the Juvenile
Miscellany, and contributed articles and poems
to that and other periodicals under the pen-name
" Florence," and also edited the Ladies' Compan-
ion for a short time. She was married in 1835 to
Samuel Stillman Osgood (1808-1850), an artist;
accompanied him to England, and while there
published two of her books and contributed to
English magazines. They returned to Boston in
1840. and shortly afterward settled in New York
city, where she spent nearly all the remainder of
her life. She issued while in London : The
Casket of Fate (1838) ; A Wreath of Wild Flowers
from New England (1839), and wrote at the re-
quest of James Sheridan Knowles, a play Tlie
Happy Release, or the Triumph of Love. In New
York she issued : Poetry of Flowers and Flowers
of Poetry (1841); Tlie Snowdrop, a book for chil-
dren (1841); Poems (1846), and in Philadelphia,
Tlie Floral Offering (1847). An illustrated edition
of Poems appeared in 1849 ; a 16mo edition in
1861 ; a complete edition of her poems in 1850 ;
Labor is Prayer. Rufus W. Grisvvold wrote a
biographical sketch for a Memorial issued in 1850.
She died in Hingham, Mass., May 12, 1850.
OSGOOD, Howard, educator, was horn at
Magnolia plantation, Plaqueniine, La., Jan. 4,
1831 ; son of Isaac and Jane Rebecca (Hall) Os-
good ; grandson of Timothy and Sarah (Farnham)
Osgood, and a descendant of John Osgood, And-
over, Mass., 1642. He was a student at Harvard
college, 1846-49. He was married in 1853 to
Caroline Townsend Lawrence, who died in 1898.
He was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1856 ;
was pastor at Flushing, N.Y., 1856-58; traveled
and studied in Europe, 1858-59 ; was pastor in
New York city, 1860-65, and professor of Hebrew
in Orozier Theological seminary, Chester, Pa.,
1868-73, and in Rochester Theological seminary,
1875-1900. The degree of A.B. was conferred on
him by Harvard in 1858, of D.D., by Brown in
1868, and of LL.D. by the College of New Jersey,
Princeton, in 1894. He served on the American
committee on Bible revision, prepared the intro-
duction for the Schaff-Lange Commentary, and is
the author of numerous articles published in the
Baptist Review, Biblotheca Sacra and Presbyter-
ian and Reformed Revieiv.
OSGOOD, James Ripley, publisher, was born
in Fryeburg, Maine, Feb. 22, 1836 ; son of Col.
Edward Louis (1806-1864) and Abby R. (Dana)
Osgood ; grandson of Capt. James (1757-1815)
and Abigail (Evans) Osgood, and a descendant
through Samuel, James, Samuel and Capt. John
from John Osgood, the immigrant. He was grad-
uated from Bowdoin. A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857 ; was
a clerk for Ticknor & Fields, publishers, at the
Old Corner Book store, Boston, Mass., 1855-64;
member of the firm, 1864-69 ; of the firm Fields,
Osgood & Co., 1869-71 ; James R. Osgood & Co.,
1871-78 ; Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1878-80 ;
James R. Osgood & Co., 1880-85; London agent
for Harper & Brothers, 1885-90, and of the house
of Osgood, Mcllvaine & Co., London, 1890-92. He
was elected a member of the Century association,
New York city, in 1866. He never married. His
sister, Katharine Putnam Osgood, born May 25,
isl'i, was the author of : Driving Home the Cows
and other poems. He died in London, England,
May 18, 1892.
OSGOOD, Samuel, delegate and postmaster-
general, was born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 3,
1748 ; third son of Capt. Peter and Sarah (John-
son) Osgood ; grandson of Timothy and Mary
(Russell) Osgood; great-grandson of Timothy
and Deborah (Poor) Osgood ; great2-grandson of
John and Mary (Clements) Osgood ; and great3-
grandson of John and Sarah Osgood, who came
from Wherwell, Hampshire, England, to Massa-
chusetts, about 1637-38, sojourned at Ipswich,
and settled at Newbury. John Osgood was
admitted a freeman, May 23, 1637, and about 1645
removed to Andover, Mass., where he died, Oct.
24, 1651, leaving sons : John, born 1630, and
Stephen, born 1638. Samuel Osgood was graduated
from Harvard, A.B., 1770, A.M., 1773, and
studied theology, but abandoned it to join his
brother Peter in business. He was a delegate to
the Essex county convention in 1774 ; was a
representative in the colonial legislature and
served on many important committees in the
provincial congress. He organized among his
neighbors a company of minutemen and was
made captain. On hearing of the conflict he
marched to Lexington, and thence to Cambridge,
where he joined the Continental army and was
appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Artemas Ward,
serving, 1775-76. He was offered the command
of a regiment in February, 1776, but resigned
from the army to become a member of the
Provisional congress of Massachusetts which bod y
made him a member of the board of war. He
was a delegate to the state constitutional conven-
tion of 1779 and a member of the committee to
frame the constitution. He was elected the first
senator from Essex county in the Massachusetts
legislature in 1780, and was a delegate to the
Continental congress. 1780-84, where he served on
the board of war, winning the confidence and
esteem of General Washington. He was the first
commissioner of the U.S. treasury, 1785-89. and
first postmaster-general of the United States,
1789-91, the government being conducted in New
York city at that time. He resigned the post-
master-generalship on the removal of thr national
OSGOOD
OSSOLI
capital to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was elected a
member of the state assembly in 1800, serving for
several years, and was elected speaker. He was a
supervisor of New York county, 1801-03, and U.S.
1785-1788.
HOUSE., AJtwYoRK.
naval officer of the port, 1803-13. He was married
first, Jan. 4, 1775,to Martha Brandon of Cambridge.
Mass., who died without issue, Sept. 13, 1778 ; and
secondly, May 34, 1786. to Maria (Bowne) Frank-
lin, widow of Walter Franklin of New York city,
and daughter of Daniel Bowne of Flushing, Long
Island, N.Y. Their daughter, Martha Brandon,
married the Hon. Edmond C. Genet, French
minister to the United States ; Juliana married
first her cousin, Samuel \V. Osgood, and secondly
the Rev. Dr. Israel W. Putman ; Susan Kittredge
married, May 17, 1821, Moses Field, and Walter
Franklin Osgood (1791-1836) married Ellen and
had one son, Samuel, who married Kate Bowling
and died in Newbern, N.C., 1863. Samuel Osgood,
the delegate, was a charter member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is
the author of : Letters on Episcopacy (1807), and
other theological writings. He died in New
York city, Aug. 12, 1813.
OSGOOD, Samuel, clergyman and author,
was born in Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 30, 1812 ;
son of Thomas (1767-1818) and Hannah (Stevens)
Osgood ; grandson of Samuel (1714-1774) and
Elizabeth (Abbott) Osgood; great-grandson of
Ezekiel (1679-1741) and Eebecca (Wordwell)
Osgood ; great2-grandson of Christopher (1643-
1723) and Hannah (Belknap) Osgood, of Amherst,
and great3-grandson of Christopher (the immi-
grant) and Margaret (Fowler) Osgood of Ipswich,
Mass., who came from Marlborough, Wiltshire,
England, in 1633-34. Samuel Osgood prepared
for college under Willard Parker and was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835,
and from the Divinity school, Cambridge, in 1835.
He traveled and preached, 1835-37, and while
residing at Louisville, Ky., in 1836-37, assisted
James Freeman Clarke in editing the Western
Messenger. He was ordained pastor of the
Unitarian church, Nashua, N.H., in 1837, and
served there, 1837-41 ; was pastor of the West-
minster church. Providence, R.I., 1841-49, and
succeeded the Rev. Orville Dewey in the pastor-
ate of the Church of the Messiah, New York city,
1849-69. He resigned in 1869; was baptized,
continued and ordered deacon, and advanced to
the priesthood ill the Protestant Episcopal church
in 1870-71. He preached in New York city, but
never took charge of a parish, devoting himself
to missionary work and to literature. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by Harvard in 1855 and that of LL.D. by Hobart
in 1872. He was corresponding member of the
Massachusetts Historical society and of the New
England Historic Genealogical society and mem-
ber of the New York Historcial society, serving for
man}7 years as its domestic corresponding secre-
tary. He was married, May 24, 1843, to Ellen
Haswell, daughter of George and Mary (Haswell)
Murdock of Boston. He edited in connection
with the Rev. Henry W. Bellows, the Christian
Inquirer (1850-54), and is the author of : Studies
in Christian Biography (1851); God With Men,
or Footprints of Providential Leaders (1853);
Tlie Hearth Stone: Tlioughts Upon Home Life
in our Cities (1854); Milestones in our Life
Journey (1855); Student Life (1860); American
Leaves (1861), and Tliomas Crawford and Art in
America (1875) . He translated from the German
of Olshausen : History of the Lord's Passion (1839) ;
De Wette's Practical Ethics (2 vols. 1842), and
published several addresses and sermons. He
died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
OSMUN, Thomas Embley (" Alfred Ayres"),
orthoepist, was born at Montrose, Ohio, Feb. 26,
1834 ; son of George and Mildred Washington
(Ayres) Osmun, and a descendant of Benjah
Osmun, a colonel in the Revolution. His maternal
grandfather, a justice of the peace of Akron,
Ohio, removed from Vermontin 1813 and four ded
the Ayres settlement. Tliomas Osmun attended
an academy in Cleveland and Oberlin college ;
studied in Paris and Berlin, 1853-59, and after
his return to the United States became a pro-
minent contributor to periodicals, teacher of
elocution and dramatic critic. He was an editor
of the Standard Dictionary, and under the pen
name "Alfred Ayres" is the author of: The
Orthoepist (1880); Tlie Verbalist (1881) ; The Men-
tor (1884); Essentials of Elocution (1886); Acting
and Actors ; Elocution and Elocutionists (1894);
The Essentials of Elocution (1897); Some Hl-
Used Words (1901). He died in New York city,
Oct. 26, 1902.
OSSOLI, Sarah Margaret Fuller, author,
was born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 3, 1810 ;
daughter of Timothy (q.v.)and Margaret (Crane)
Fuller. Her younger sister, Ellen, married the
poet, Ellery Channing of Concord, Mass. Mar-
garet was educated at home and at the age of
OSSOL1
OSTERHAUS
fifteen was proficient in Latin, Greek, French and
Italian. She removed to Groton, Mass., in 1833
and upon the death of her father in 1835, taught
school in Boston, Mass., and Providence, R.I., in
order to support the
younger children of
the family. She re-
moved to Jamaica
Plain, Mass., in 1839 ;
was a frequent visitor
at Brook Farm and
there met the famous
patrons of that cele-
brated colony, being
recognized as the in-
spiration of Haw-
thorne's " Zenobia "
in his " Blithedale Ro-
mance." She formed
a club of the bright-
est and most distin-
guished women in Boston and edited the Dila, a
philosophical journal. In December, 1844, she re-
moved to New York city and assumed the position
of literary critic and philanthropic and artistic
reporter on the Tribune, and became a member
of the household of Horace Greely. In August,
1846, she sailed for Europe and after an extended
tour in which she met the foremost leaders in
philanthropic, literary and reform movements,
settled in Rome, Italy, in 1847. While there she
was married in December, 1847, to Giovanni
Angelo, Marquis Ossoli. During the siege of
Rome, at the request of Mazzini, she was in
charge of the Hospital of the Trinity to the
Pilgrims and contributed much to the care of the
wounded ; but upon the possession of the city by
the French in June, 1849, she took refuge with
her husband in Rieti, Italy, where her child had
been placed for safety. After a few months the
family returned to Florence and set sail from
Leghorn, on the merchant ship Elizabeth bound
for America. While off Fire Island, N.Y., the
vessel was wrecked during a severe storm and the
three were drowned. The body of the child, the
only one recovered, was taken to Boston and buried
at lit. Auburn cemetery by the New England
relatives. A memorial to Margaret Fuller, con-
sisting of a pavilion on the dunes overlooking
the sea at Point o1 Woods, opposite the site of the
wreck, was unveiled on July 19, 1901, the 51st
anniversary of the disaster. The idea of its
erection originated with Mrs. Lillie Devereux
Blake and the necessary money was raised by
subscription. The interior of the pavilion con-
tains a bronze tablet giving the name of Margaret
Fuller and those of her husband and child,
to-, ih. T with the facts of the shipwreck, and
bearing an inscription by Mrs. Julia AVard Howe.
Margaret Fuller is the author of : Summer on the
Lakes (1843) ; Woman in the Nineteenth Century
(1844) ; Papers on Literature and Art (1846), of
which a new edition was prepared by her brother,
the Rev. Arthur B. Fuller (q.v.) (1855). The
MS. of her proposed History of the Roman
Republic was lost in the shipwreck. Her life
was written jointly by William Henry Ohanning,
R. W. Emerson and James Freeman Clarke in
1832 ; Julia Ward Howe wrote a memoir in
Eminent Women series (1883), and Thomas Went-
worth Higginson in American Men of Letters
(1884). See also correspondence of Emerson and
Carlyle, and Life of Mazzini. She died at sea off
Fire Island, Long Island, N,Y., July 19, 1850.
OSTERHAUS, Peter Joseph, soldier, was born
in Cobleutz, German}-, Jan. 4, 1823. He emigra-
ted to the United States and settled in Belleville,
111., in 1849. Upon the outbreak of the civil war
he was commissioned major of a battalion of the
2d Missouri infantry and engaged in the battle of
Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. He was pro-
moted colonel of the 12th Missouri regiment. He
commanded the 1st division of the corps under
General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6-8,
1862, and one of the three divisions in the Army
of the Southwest in May, 1862. He was appointed
brigadier-general of volunteers, June 9, 1862, and
commanded the 9th division, 13th army corps,
Army of the Tennessee, in the attack on Arkansas
Post and in the Vicksburg campaign, Ma}' 1-July
4, 1863. On May 2, 1863, he was stationed on the
left branch of the road to Port Gibson and was
repulsed by the Confederate force opposed to
him ; but later in the day he was joined by Gen.
John E. Smith's brigade and made a successful
attack. He commanded the 1st division, 15th
army corps, of the army under Grant at Chatta-
nooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863, and temporarily under
General Hooker. At Lookout Creek he crossed
the bridge, ascended the mountain, subsequently
attacked the southern wing of the enemy on
Missionary Ridge, making thousands of prisoners,
and drove back the Confederate forces stationed
at the summit. He commanded the 1st division,
loth army corps, in the Atlanta campaign, May
3 to Sept. 8, 1863, and during the absence of
General Logan, the 15th army corps, Army of the
Tennessee, Sept. 1, 1864, to January, 1865. He
was chief of staff to Gen. E. R. S. Canby during
the Mobile campaign and at the surrender of
Gen. E. Kirby Smith's army, after which he com-
manded the military district of Mississippi until
Jan. 15,1866. He was appointed U. S. consul to
France and resided at Lyons, 1866-77. He re-
turned to New York city in 1877 and was engaged
in manufacturing and exporting hardware for
several years. He then removed to Mann-
heim, Germany, where he continued the business.
O'SULLIVAN
OTEY
O'SULLIVAN, John Louis, diplomatist, was
born on a British man-of-war in the Bay of
Gibraltar, during the outbreak of the plague in
November, 1813 ; son of the U.S. consul to the
Barbary states. He was a student at the Military
school of Soreze, France, and at the Westminster
school, London, where he received a gold medal;
was graduated at Columbia college, A.B. 1831,
A.M. 1834, and was tutor there, 1831-33. In 1841-
4'2 he was a member of the New York state assem-
bly, where he labored to secure a bill abolishing
capital punishment ; was a regent of the Univer-
sity of the State of New York, 1846-54 ; and
charge d'affaires and U.S. minister resident to
Portugal, 1854-63. At the unveiling of Bartholdi's
Statue of Liberty in New York harbor, Oct. 28,
1886, he addressed the French visitors. He died
in New York city, March 24, 1895.
OSWALD, Eleazer, soldier, was born in Eng-
land about 1755, and immigrated to America in
iTTO. At the outbreak of the Revolution he
entered the Continental army ; became secretary
to Benedict Arnold, serving under him at Ticon-
deroga, and commanded the patriot force at
Quebec after Arnold was wounded. He was com-
missioned lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 1, 1777, and
served with Col. John Lamb's regiment of artil-
lery, distinguishing himself at Compo, where he
fought under Arnold, and at the battle of Mon-
mouth, where he was honorably mentioned in the
official report. He left the service in July, 1778,
and became connected with the Maryland Jour-
nal, Baltimore, where he was unpopular on account
of publishing an article by Gen. Charles Lee re-
flecting on the military ability of Washington.
He removed to Philadelphia, where he established
the Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of
Freedom in 1782, began the publication of the
Price Current in 1783, the first commercial jour-
nal in the United States, and published the
Independent Gazette, or the New York Journal
Revived, in New York city, 1782-87. In 1792 he
joined the Revolutionary army in France as
colonel of artillery, served at Jemmapes and was
sent by the Republican government on a secret
mission to Ireland. He returned to the United
States in 1795, and died of yellow fever, in New
York city, Sept. 30, 1795.
OTERO, Miguel Antonio, delegate, was born
in Valencia, N.M., June 21, 1829 ; son of Vicente
and Maria Gertrudes (Chavez) Otero. His
brother, Antonio Jose Otero, was appointed by
Gen. Stephen Kearny one of the three district
judges, on the acquisition of the territory in 1846.
He was educated in St. Louis, Mo., and Fishkill,
N.Y. ; studied law in New York city and in
Missouri under Gov Trusten Polk, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in St. Louis in 1852. He was
private secretary to W. C. Lane, governor of New
Mexico, 1852-53 ; was elected to the territorial
legislature from Valencia county in 1852 ; de-
clined the appointment of U.S. attorney for the
territory by President Pierce in 1853 ; was a del-
egate to the 34th, 35th and 3Gth congresses, 1855-
61, and delegate to the Democratic national con-
vention at Charleston in I860, where he supported
Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. He
served as territorial secretary from June to Sep-
tember, 1861, under appointment of President
Lincoln, but his nomination was not confirmed
by the senate. In 1864 he went to Leaven worth,
Kansas, where he engaged in merchandising, and
later removed with the progress of the Kansas
Pacific railroad to Ha3's city. When the Atchi-
son, Topeka and Santa Fe road was building he
followed its progressive steps to Granada, La
Junta, El Mora, Otero and Las Vegas. He helped
to organize the New Mexico and Southern Pacific
railroad and was its first vice-president. He also
organized and was the first president of the San
Miguel National bank at Las Vegas in 1880 : was
president of the Jamez Hot Springs company,
and the unsuccessful candidate for delegate to
the 47th congress in 1880. He was married in St.
Louis, Mo., April 2, 1857, to Mary J. Black wood,
and had four children ; Page Blackwood, Miguel
Antonio, Gertrude V. and Mary J. He died at
Las Vegas, N.M., May 30, 1882.
OTERO, Miguel Antonio, governor of New
Mexico, was born in St. Louis. Mo., Oct. 17, 1859 :
son of Miguel Antonio and Mary J. (Blackwood)
Otero. He received his classical education at the
University of St. Louis, Mo., and the University
of Notre Dame, Ind., and was married, Dec. 19,
1888, to Caroline V., daughter of Lafayette
Emrnett, chief-justice of Minnesota, 1858-65.
He was cashier in his father's bank at Las
Vegas, 1880-85 ; city treasurer, 1883-84 ; clerk of
San Miguel county, 1889-90 ; clerk of the U.S.
district court, 1890-93 ; delegate to the Republican
national convention, 1893 ; and on June 7, 1897,
became by appointment of President McKinley
governor of the territory of New Mexico for a
four years' term ; was reappointed by President
McKinley, June 15, 1901, during the vacation of
congress, and by President Roosevelt, Dec. 18,
1901, being confirmed, Jan. 22, 1902. for a second
four year term. He was chairman of the New
Mexico delegation to the Republican national
convention at Philadelphia, 1900.
OTEY, James Hervy, first bishop of Tennessee,
and 30th in succession in the American episco •
pate, was born at Liberty, Bedford county, Va.,
Jan. 27, 1800 ; son of Isaac Otey, and a descend-
ant of John Otey, a soldier of the American Rev-
olution. His father served for thirty years in the
Virginia senate. He received an excellent pre-
paratory education and was graduated with
OTEY
OTIS
honors from the University of Nortli Carolina,
A.B., 1820, A.M., 1823. He was tutor in Latin
and Greek at the university, 1820-21, and taught
in a private school, Warrenton, N.C. He studied
theology under Bishop Ravenscroft ; was ad-
mitted by him to the diaconate and to the priest-
hood, and was rector of St. Paul's, Franklin,
Tenn., 1827-35, and of St. Peter's, Columbia. He
was elected the first bishop of Tennessee in 1834,
and was consecrated by Bishops White, Onder-
donk and Doane, Jan. 14, 1834. As pioneer
bishop of the church in the southwest, he had
missionary jurisdiction over Arkansas, Louisiana,
Indian Territory, Mississippi and Florida. He
made St. Peter's church, Columbia, the cathedral
church in 1835, and removed to Memphis, Tenn.,
where he erected St. Mary's cathedral. At the
outbreak of the civil war he opposed secession,
and although he was a firm friend and co-worker
with Bishop Polk, refused to attend the conven-
tion of southern bishops held in Georgia, and re-
mained loyal to the government. He established
Columbia institute, a school for girls at Columbia,
Tenn., while residing there, and was one of the
first to propose the theological school which be-
came the University of the South at Sewanee.
The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred
upon him by Columbia college in 1833 and that
of LL.D. by the University of North Carolina in
1859. He is the author of : Tlie Unity of the
Church (1852), and of many sermons. He died
in Memphis, Teun., April 23, 1863.
OTEY, Peter Johnston, representative, was
born in Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 22, 1840 ; son of
John M. and Lucy Wilhelmina (Norvell) Otey ;
grandson of Isaac Otey, for thirty years a state
senator, and a descendant of John Otey of Revo-
lutionary fame, and of Capt. Matthews, who
served at Point Pleasant, Va., Oct. 10, 1774. He
was graduated from the Virginia Military insti-
tute, Lexington, Va., in July, 1860, and while a
cadet took part in the defence of the state during
the John Brown raid. He engaged as a civil en-
gineer on the Virginia and Kentucky railroad,
and in April, 1861, joined the Confederate army,
serving throughout the war with the Army of
Northern Virginia. He was severely wounded
at the battle of New Market, Va., May 15, 1864,
and as senior field officer commanded a brigade
under General Early in the battle of Cedar Creek,
Oct. 19, 1864. Upon the close of the war he re-
turned to Lynchburg and engaged in the railroad,
banking and insurance business. He was a
Democratic representative in the 54th, 55th. 56th
and 57th congresses, 1895-1902. He died at
Lynchburg. Va., May 4, 1902.
OTIS, Eliza Henderson (Boardman), author,
was born in Boston, Mass., July 27, 1796 ; daugh-
ter of William H. and Elizabeth (Henderson)
Boardman, and granddaughter of Joseph Hender-
son, who read the proclamation announcing " A
Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and
America," from the Old State House balcony,
Boston, April 23, 1783. She was carefully edu-
cated, and was married, May 6, 1817, to Harrison
Gray Otis, 2d (1793-1827); Harvard, A.B., 1811,
A.M., 1814. Shortly after his death she went to
Europe, where she resided seven years and where
her two sons were educated. While in Europe
she was presented at several courts and after her
return to Boston was prominent in society. She
was interested in various charitable institutions,
especially the Blind asylum and the Sailors' Snug
Harbor. She aided in the purchase of Mt. Ver-
non, the home of Washington, and in the erection
of the Washington equestrian statue, and was
the first to celebrate regularly Washington's
birthday, throwing open her house to the public
on each succeeding February 22. Through her
appeal to the legislature the day was set aside as
a legal holiday by Massachusetts, which was the
first state to recognize it as such. Upon the out-
break of civil war, she took charge of the Evans
House aid committee, for which she was thanked
by the mayor and council. Her portrait, painted
by George P. A. Healy, is owned by the Bostonian
society. She is the author of : Tlie Barclays of
Boston (1854), and articles in the Boston Trans-
cript. She died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1873.
OTIS, Elwell Stephen, soldier, was born in
Frederick, lid., March 25, 1838 ; son of William
and Mary Ann Catharine (Late) Otis ; grandson
of Elwell and Sallie (Evans) Otis, and of Michael
and Maria Late, and descendant of John Otis, born
at Barnstaple, Devon-
shire, England, 1581,
who came to this
country in 1635 and
settled in Hingham,
Mass. He was gradu-
ated from the Univer-
sity of Rochester in
1858, and from the
Harvard Law school
in 1861 ; practiced
law in Rochester, N.
Y., 1860-62, and join-
ed the Federal army,
Sept. 13, 1862, as cap-
tain in the 140th New
York volunteer in-
fantry attached to Warren's brigade, Sykes's di-
vision, and afterward to Ayres's brigade, Griffin's
division, 5th army corps. He participated in the
battles of Fredericksburg. Chancellorsville, Get-
tysburg, Rappahannock Station. Mine Run, the
Wilderness. Spottsylvania. North Anna, Tolopo-
tomy and Bethesda Church : was promoted lieu-
OTIS
OTIS
tenant-colonel, Dec. 23, 1863, and upon the death
of Col. George Ryan at Spottsylvauia, succeeded
to the command of the regiment. He commanded
the 1st brigade, 3d division, 5th army corps, dur-
ing the early operations against Petersburg, Va.,
in 1864, but later in the year was severely
wounded, and after a sick leave of absence was
honorably discharged, Jan. 24, 1865. The brevets
of colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers
were conferred on him, March 13, 1865, for "gal-
lant and meritorious services in the battle of
Spottsylvania and the battle of Chapel House,
Va." He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the
22d U.S. infantry, July 28, 1866, which commis-
sion he accepted, Feb. 7, 1867, and was brevetted
colonel, U.S. army, March 2, 1867, " for gallant
and meritorious services in the battle of Spott-
sylvania, Virginia." He served on frontier duty,
1867-74 ; was inspector-general of the Department
of Dakota, 1874-75, and took part in the cam-
paign against the Sioux Indians, 1876-77. Dur-
ing the labor riots of 1877 he commanded his
regiment, together with other troops, in Penn-
sylvania; upon the death of Col. George Sykes,
succeeded him as colonel of the 20th U.S. infan-
try, Feb. 8, 1880, and organized and conducted
the U.S. Infantry and Cavalry school, Leaven-
worth, Kansas, 1881-85. He returned to the
command of the 20th infantry at Fort Assini-
boine, Montana, in 1885. He was detailed as su-
perintendent of the recruiting service, Oct. 1,
1890, which position he held until Jan. 21, 1893,
and was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
Nov. 28, 1893. He was placed in command of
the Department of the Columbia, including the
states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho and the
territory of Alaska, with headquarters at Van-
couver barracks, Dec. 1, 1893, and remained there
till 1896, when he was engaged in revising the
"Army Regulations" at Washington, D.C. He
was assigned to the command of the Department
of the Colorado, including the state of Colorado
and the territories of Utah, Arizona and New
Mexico, in May, 1897. Upon the outbreak of the
Spanish-American war he was engaged as presi-
dent of a court-martial held at Savannah, Ga.,
and was delayed in entering active service until
May 4, 1898, when lie was commissioned major-
general of volunteers and sent to San Francisco
to organize troops destined for the Philippines.
He sailed from San Francisco to Manila, July 23,
1898, with re-inforcements for Gen. Wesley Mer-
ritt, then commanding the U.S. army in the
Philippines. In August, 1898, he succeeded Gen-
eral Merritt as commanding general of the Philip-
pine army and governor-general of the province.
Orders were issued prohibiting any acts of retali-
ation on the part of the troops to the annoyances
of the insurgent forces, and on Feb. 1. 1899. a de-
tachment of U.S. troops was arrested and im-
prisoned at Malolos for examining, as was alleged,
the Filipino intrencliments. On the same date
the insurgents succeeded in drawing the fire of the
outposts by attempting to break through the lines,
and the ensuing battle lasted twenty-one hours,
resulting in the utter rout of the Filipinos. On
Feb. 4, 1899, he was brevetted major-general,
U.S. army, for " military skill and most distin-
guished services in the Philippine Islands." On
Feb. 23, 1899, on the occurrence of another de-
monstration the insurgents were defeated. Otis
now followed up these engagements with the bat-
tles of Caloocan, Luzon, Iloilo, Island of Panay,
and thereupon pressed Aguinaldo's Luzon army
north, captured his capital of Malolos and drove
the insurgent forces beyond the Rio Grande De
Pampanga. Later, by combined operations of
U.S. forces lasting from September to January,
he took possession of all important points in the
Philippines, scattered and disintegrated the army
of the insurgents, Aguinaldo being among the
fugitives. At the same time he inaugurated muni-
cipal governments, the supreme and some of the
minor courts of the islands, and re-established
trade and commerce throughout that archipelago.
By his request he was relieved of the command
of the U.S. forces in the Philippines, May 5, 1900,
and was succeeded by General MacArthur, who
also exercised the authority of military governor.
He returned to San Francisco, May 23, 1900 ; on
June 15, 1900. was publicly entertained at a cele-
bration held in his honor at the city of Rochester,
N.Y. , and on June 16, 1900, his commission in
the volunteer army was vacated. He was pro-
moted major-general, U.S. army, June 16, 1900,
to succeed Gen. Wesley Merritt, retired for age ;
was given command of the Department of the
Lakes with headquarters at Chicago, 111., and on
March 25, 1902, was retired, the war department,
which issued a general order, reciting his distin-
guished services not only through the civil war,
but in his conduct of the campaign in the Philip-
pines. He was twice married, first in 1870 to
Louise, daughter of Henry R. Selden of Roches-
ter, N.Y., and secondly in 1879 to Louise Bow-
man, widow of Gen. Miles Daniel McAlester,
U.S. army. He received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1900.
He is the author of: Tfie Indian Question (1878),
and contributions to periodicals.
OTIS, Fessenden Nott, surgeon, was born at
Ballston Spa, N.Y., March 6, 1825. He attended
Canandaigua academy and Union college ; was
graduated from the New York medical college in
1852 , was interne at Blackwell's Island hospital.
New York city, 1852-53 ; and surgeon to the U.S.
Mail steamship company, 1853-60. He was mar-
ried in 1859 to Frances H., daughter of Apollos
OTIS
OTIS
Cook. He was surgeon to the New York city
police department in 1861 ; lecturer at the College
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, 1862-
71, clinical professor there, 1871-90, and professor
emeritus. 1890-1900 ; superintendent surgeon of
the Pacific Mail steamship company, 1869-73,
and president of the medical board of the New
York police department, 1870-72. He acted as
consul ting surgeon to several New York hospitals,
1860-90. He made a trip around the world, 1890-
91, and while in Japan gave a course of lectures
at the medical university at Tokio. He was
elected president of the American Association of
andrology and syphilology in 1891 : fellow of
the American Academy of Medicine ; the New
York County Medical society ; the British associa-
tion, and a member of the University club, the
Century association and numerous medical socie-
ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred
on him by Union college in 1851 ; that of M.D.
by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in
1864, and that of LL.D. by Columbia in 1892.
He is the author of : Lessons in Drawing, Studies
of Animals and Landscapes (2 vols.. 1849-50);
Tropical Journeyings (1856); History of the
Panama Railroad and its Connections (1860) , and
of numerous important medical and surgical
works. He also contributed to various foreign
and American medical journals, and invented
many surgical instruments. He died in New
Orleans, La., May 24, 1900.
OTIS, George Alexander, author, was born in
Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1830 ; son of George
Alexander (Harvard, 1821) and Anna (Hickman)
Otis ; grandson of George Alexander Otis, author
of a translation of Botta's " History of the Ameri-
can War for Independence " ; great-grandson of
Dr. Ephraim Otis (Harvard, 1756), and a descend-
ant from John Otis, Hingham.Mass., 1636. Heat-
tended the Boston Latin school and Fairfax in-
stitute near Alexandria, Va., and was graduated
from th College of New Jersey, A.B., 1849, A.M.,
Ido2 ; and from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D. in 1851. He was married, Sept. 19, 1850, to
Pauline, daughter of the Rev. Alfred L. .Baury
of Newton, Mass. He studied in hospitals in
•jondon and Paris, 1851-52, and on his return to
tha United States settled in Richmond. Va. He
»-as associate editor of the Virginia Medical mul
Surgical Journal, 1852-54. and in 1854 removed
to Springfield, Mass. Upon the outbreak of the
civil war he joined the Federal army as surgeon
of the 27th Massachusetts regiment of volunteers
and served throughout the war, receiving brevets
as captain, major and lieutenant-colonel for
faithful and meritorious services. He was ap-
pointed curator of the U.S. Army Medical Mu-
seum, July 22, 1864, and given charge of the sur-
gical record department. His health failing in
1877, he was advanced to the rank of major and
surgeon in the U.S. army, March 17, 1880, and
remained in charge at the Army Medical Museum
until his death. He was a member of the Medi-
cal Society of Norway ; corresponding member
of the Surgical Society of Paris ; an honorary
member of the Massachusetts Medical society, a
member of the Philosophical Society of Washing-
ton, D.C., and of the Academy of Natural Scien-
ces of Philadelphia, Pa. He is the author of
Surgical History of the Rebellion (2 vols. 1881), on
which he was engaged at the time of his death,
and numerous reports for the Medical Museum.
He died at Washington, D.C., Feb. 23, 1881.
OTIS, Harrison Gray, senator, was born in
Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1765 ; son of Samuel Al-
leyne and Elizabeth (Gray) Otis ; grandson of
Col. James and Mary (Alleyne) Otis, and of Har-
rison Gray, a loyalist and receiver-general of
Massachusetts before the Revolution, and a de-
scendant of John Otis, who emigrated from
Hingham, Norfolk county, England, to Hingham,
Mass., in June, 1635. He was graduated at Har-
vard, A.B., 1783, A.M., 1786; studied law under
Judge John Lowell in Boston, and became his
law partner in 1786. He was married, May 31, 1790,
to Sarah, daughter of William Foster. He served
as captain in the Light infantry, 1787-93, his
company escorting Washington on his entrance
into Boston in 1789. He was an aide-de-camp to
Gen. John Brooks during Shays's rebellion.
He delivered the Fourth of July oration in Boston
in 1788 ; represented Boston in the state legisla-
ture in 1796 and 1803-05, and was speaker. 1803-
05. He was a Federalist representative from
Massachusetts in the 5th and 6th congresses,
succeeding Fisher Ames, and served, 1797-1801 ;
was U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts,
1801-03; and state senator and president of
the senate, 1805-11. He was a delegate to
the Federalist convention at Hartford, Conn.,
in 1814 ; judge of the court of common pleas of
Massachusetts, 1814-18, and U.S. senator as suc-
cessor to Joseph B. Varnum, 1817-22, resigning
in 1822, when he was succeeded by James Lloyd,
who completed the term. He was defeated as the
Federal candidate for governor of Massachusetts
by William Eustis in 1823, and was mayor of
Boston, 1829-32. He delivered a eulogy on Alex-
ander Hamilton in 1804 and made an argument
in the U.S. senate in 1820 on the admission of
Missouri, which were extensively copied and
quoted. He was a fellow of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, and was elected an
honorary member of the New England Historic
Genealogical society, Jan. 6, 1846. He was an
overseer of Harvard. 1810-25, a fellow, 1828-25,
and received the degree LL.D. from there in
1814. He died in Boston. Mass.. Oct. 28. 1848.
OTIS
OTIS
OTIS, Harrison Gray, journalist, was born
near Marietta, Ohio, Feb. 10. 1837 ; son of Stephen
(born Litchfield, Conn., 1784) 'and Sarah (Dyar)
Otis ; grandson of Barnabas (1756-1850) and
Mehitable (Turner) Otis ; great-grandson of Joseph
Otis, who was born
in Plymouth, Mass.,
and married Lit-
tle, and a descendant
of James Otis (Hing-
ham, 1635) from
the Otis stock in
America is descended,
including James Otis,
the Revolutionary pa-
triot, and Harrison
Gray Otis.the senator,
for whom he was
named. Barnabas Otis,
his grandfather, serv-
ed thirteen months
in a New Hampshire
battalion, and was wounded, discharged and
pensioned ; and Stephen Otis, his father,
removed with the New England Colonization
company to Ohio in 1800, built a block house at
Marietta, and was joined by his father, Barnabas
Otis, and family from East Poultney, Vt. Harri-
son Gray Otis was partially educated in the
common schools of Ohio, and learned the printer's
trade. He married Eliza A. Wetherby at Lowell,
Ohio, Sept. 11, 1859. He enlisted as a private in
the 12th Ohio volunteers in 1861 ; was promoted
four times and served in that regiment until
1864, when he was transferred to the 23rd Ohio
Veteran Volunteers, in which he was promoted
captain. He was twice wounded in battle and
was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for
gallant and meritorious conduct, having partici-
pated in fifteen actions during the war.
Subsequently he was appointed 3d lieutenant
in the U.S. army, but declined. He was official
reporter of the Ohio house of representatives,
1866-67 ; was foreman of the U.S. government
printing office, 1869-70, and later an employee of
the U.S. patent office, resigning as chief of
division in 1876. He removed to California in
that year, edited the Santa Barbara Press, 1876-79,
and was special U.S. treasury agent in charge of
the Seal Islands of Alaska, 1879-81. He became
editor of the Los Angeles Times in 1882. At the
beginning of the Spanish-American war he
was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers,
May 27, 1898. He served against the Filipino
insurgents in Luzon, commanding the 1st
brigade, 3d division, 8th army corps, and led his
brigade at the capture of Caloocan, Feb. 10, 1899,
being brevetted major-general for meritorious
conduct there, March 25, 1899. After taking
part in the campaign against Malolos, the Filipino
capital, he resigned, was honorably discharged,
returned to California and resumed his newspaper
work.
OTIS, James, orator and patriot, was born in
West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725; son of
James (1702-1778) and Mary (Allyne) Otis ; grand-
son of Judge John Otis (1657-1725) and of Joseph
Allyne of Plymouth, Mass., and great 2-grandson
of John Otis, who came from Hingham, England,
in 1636 with his family and founded the town of
Hingham, Mass. James Otis was tutored by the
Rev. Jonathan Russell of Barnstable and was
graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1743,
A.M., 1746. He studied law in the office of
Jeremiah Gridley, 1745-48 ; was admitted to the
bar in 1748, and began practice in Plymouth,
Mass. He removed to Boston in 1750, soon attain-
ing a high rank in his profession, and was
appointed advocate-general under the crown.
He was married in 1755 to Ruth, daughter of
Nathaniel Cunningham, a Boston merchant. He
was closely identified with the pre-Revolutionary
movements and upon being asked to furnish the
revenue officers with writs of assistance, refused
and resigned his office, acting as counsel for the
merchants in their protests against issuing writs,
and accepting no fee. The case was argued before
Chief-Justice Hutchinson in 1761, Otis's opponent
being Jeremiah Gridley, his legal preceptor. He
spoke for five hours in answer to Mr. Gridley's
defence of the measure, and in his speech, which
has been characterized as one of the greatest of
modern times, embodied all the relations between
the colonies and Great Britain. John Adams
declared that on that day '
ence was born,"
that "the oration
breathed into the
Nation the breath
of life." The court
reserved its decision
until the next term
when it granted the
writs. In May, 1761,
Mr. Otis was elected
a representative in _
the Massachusetts fc
legislature, where
he served, 1761-70 ;
opposed the stamp
act in 1765; was
the mover for the
stamp act congress and a delegate to the same in
New York city in October, 1765, and was a mem-
ber of the committee that prepared an address to
parliament. He was elected speaker of the house
in 1767, but his election was not confirmed by
Governor Bernard, his political enemy. On
' the child of Independ-
STATE HOUSE
BOSTO/J.
OTIS
OTTENDORFER
Sept. 5, 17G9, he was badly beaten by one Robinson,
a customs officer, supported by officers of the
British army and navy, for having attacked the
customs department in the columns of the Boston
Gazette. He received a severe sword-cut on the
head, and for the rest of his life was mildly
insane. When he had received from Robinson
a judgment for damages of £2,000, he refused to
take the money awarded because Robinson had
written an apology. In June, 1775, while residing
at Watertown, Mass., on hearing of the assembly
of troops at Breeds Hill, he borrowed a musket
from one of his neighbors, joined the recruits
and participated in the battle of Bunker Hill.
He removed to Andover, Mass., and in 1778
argued a case in Boston, but his mental powers
were inadequate for the exertion and he returned
to Andover. Shortly after his return, while
standing in his doorway, lie was struck by
lightning and instantly killed. He is the author
of: Rudiments of Latin Prosody (1760); Vindica-
tion of tke Conduct of the House of Representatives
(1762): Rights of the Colonies Asserted (1765);
Consideration in behalf of the Colonists (1765),
and Power of Harmony in Prosaic Composition.
The Massachusetts society, Sons of the Revolu-
tion, placed a granite boulder holding a bronze
inscription to his memory over his grave in the
Old Granary Burying-Ground in Boston in 1898.
He was named as eligible for a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans in 1900 in Class M,
Rulers and Statesmen, and at the election in
October received four votes. His daughter
Elizabeth, on Oct. 4, 1776, married without his
consent Lieut. Leonard Brown of the British
army, who was wounded at Bunker Hill, and
subsequently settled in Steaford, Lincolnshire,
England. Her father, in his will, bequeathed to
her "five shillings"; to his other daughter,
Mary, and to her mother, Ruth Otis (who died in
1789), he bequeathed the residue of his estate and
made them the executrices of his will. His only
son, James, died when eighteen years of age,
and his daughter Mary married Benjamin Lincoln,
Jr, (1756-1784), eldest son of Gen. Benjamin
Lincoln. James Otis died at the Osgood House,
Andover, Mass., May 23, 1783.
OTIS, James. See Kaler, James Otis.
OTIS, Samuel Allyne, delegate, was born in
Barnstable, Mass., Nov. 24, 1740; son of James
and Mary (Allyne) Otis, and brother of James Otis
the patriot. He was graduated from Harvard
second in his class, A.B. , 1759, A.M., 1762 ; studied
law and engaged in business in Boston, Mass., as
a merchant. He was a representative in the
Massachusetts legislature, 1776-88, and speaker,
1784 ; a member of the Massachusetts constitu-
tional convention, 1780, and a member of the
board of war. He was one of the commissioners
that negotiated with the leaders of Shays's rebel-
lion in 1787 ; was a delegate to the continental
congress, 1787-88, and upon the meeting of the
first U.S. congress, March 4, 1789, was made
secretary of the senate, which office he held, 1789-
1814. He was married to Elizabeth, daughter of
Harrison Gray, treasurer of Massachusetts. He
died in Washington, D.C., April 22, 1814.
OTJEN, Theobold, representative, was born in
West China, St. Glair county, Mich., Oct. 27,
1851 ; son of John C. and Dorothea (Schriner)
Otjen. He attended the academy at Marine City,
Mich., and a private school in Detroit, Mich.,
under Prof. P. M. Patterson, and was employed
as foreman in a rolling mill at Milwaukee, Wis.,
1870-72. He was graduated from the law de-
partment of the University of Michigan in 1875
and practiced law in Detroit until 1883, when he
removed to Milwaukee. He was a member of
the common council of the city, 1887-94 : a trus-
tee of the public library, 1887-91, and of the
public museum, 1891-94 ; was defeated for
city comptroller in April, 1892 ; was the un-
successful Republican candidate for represen-
tative in the 53d congress in 1892 and for the
vacancy caused by the resignation of John
Mitchell in 1893, and was a representative from
the fourth Wisconsin district in the 54th, 53th,
56th and 57th congresses, 1895-1903.
OTTENDORFER, Anna (Behr), philanthro-
pist, was born in Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Feb. 13,
1815. She removed to the home of her brother in
Niagara county, N.Y., in 1837, and in 1838 mar-
ried Jacob Uhl, who opened a small printing
office in New York city in 1844. He purchased
the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, a German weekly,
in 1845, which, through the help of his wife,
greatly prospered and became a daily in 1849.
Upon the death of Mr. Uhl in 1852, his wife be-
came proprietor of the Staats-Zeitung, managing
it alone until July, 1859, when she married Os-
wald Ottendorfer (q.v.), the latter assuming the
position of editor-in-chief, while she remained the
business manager. When the property of the paper,
which had become the leading German journal
in the United States, was turned into a stock
company, Mrs. Ottendorfer gave the employees a
ten per cent dividend on their annual salaries,
subsequently raising it to fifteen per cent. She
also bequeathed them $25,000 in her will. She
built and endowed the Isabella Home for Aged
Women at Astoria. L.I.. in 1875. at a cost of Sl.'in.-
000, in memory of her daughter Isabella ; contrib-
uted about $40.000 to a memorial fund in support
of several educational institutions in 1881 ; built
and furnished the woman's pavilion of the Ger-
man hospital in New York city at a cost of $7~>.-
000, and gave §100.000 and a library to the Ger-
man dispensary on Second avenue. New York
OTTENDORFER
OVERSTREET
city. Her fortune was estimated at $3,000,000.
She was awarded a gold medal by the German
Empress in 1883, for her philanthropic work.
She died in New York city, April 1, 1884.
OTTENDORFER, Oswald, journalist, was born
at Zwittau, Moravia, Feb. 26, 1826. His father,
a manufacturer, removed to Galicia, leaving Os-
wald in the charge of a married sister at Briinn.
He attended the gymnasium at Brunn until 1846 ;
was graduated in jurisprudence from the Univer-
sity of Vienna, and subsequently attended the
University of Prague. In 1848 he returned to
Vienna, joined the revolutionists and became a
leader of the party in Saxony and Baden, and
was subsequently commissioned a lieutenant in
the battalion under Robert Blum. Upon the
defeat of the revolutionists in October, 1848, he
escaped to Switzerland and thence to the United
States. He obtained employment in the counting
room of the Staats-Zeitung, then owned by Jacob
Ulil. Upon the deatli of Mr. Uhl in 1852 the
management devolved on his widow, and Mr.
Ottendorfer became an important factor in its
publication. He was married in 1859 to Anna,
widow of Jacob Uhl. and became the proprietor
and editor-in-chief of the Staats-Zeitung, which
rapidly increased in circulation. In politics he
was a Democrat, but his paper was strictly non-
partisan. He was an alderman of the city, 1872-74,
and was named as a candidate for mayor in 1874.
He was a presidential elector on the Cleveland
and Stevenson ticket in 1892. He retired from
business in 1890, and part of his time was spent
in travel in Europe. He donated $300,000 to build
and endow an educational institution in Zwittau,
Moravia ; founded a home for aged and indigent
men on Long Island, N.Y., and founded and con-
tributed to the Ottendorfer Free library on Sec-
ond avenue, New York city. In his will lie
bequeathed to the Isabella Hermath Home
for Aged Women, named in memory of a de-
ceased daughter of his wife, $100,000, supple-
menting a gift of like amount made a few days
before his death ; §20,000 to the New York Free
Circulating library, and the same to the Charity
Organization society, to the Cooper Union and to
the German hospital and dispensary ; $25.000 to
the American Museum of Natural History, and
$10,000 each to the Society for Ethical Culture
and the German Ladies' Society for the Relief of
Destitute Widows and Orphans and Sick Persons.
To each employee of the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung
he bequeathed a share in proportion to his salary
in a total bequest of $50,000. He died in New
York city, Dec. 16. 1900.
OTTO, William Tod, jurist, was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816 ; son of Ur. John
Conrad (q. v.) and Eliza (Tod) Otto. He was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B., 1833, A.M., 1836; studied law with Joseph
R. Ingersoll, and practiced in Indiana, 1836-44.
He was judge of the second judicial circuit, 1844-
52 ; was professor of law in the Indiana univer-
sity, 1847-52 ; assistant secretary of the interior,
1863-71 ; was appointed the arbitrator on the part
of the United States under the treaty between the
United States and Spain in 1871, resigned in 1875,
and was reporter of the decisions of the U.S.
supreme court, 1875-84. He was U.S. represent-
ative to the universal Postal congress at Lisbon,
Portugal, in 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Indiana university in
1852. He is the author of seventeen volumes of
the Reports of the U.S. Supreme Court (1866-82).
OUTHWA1TE, Joseph Hudson, representa-
tive, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 5, 1841 ;
soil of George and Harriet (Hudson) Outhwaite,
and grandson of John Outhwaite. He attended
the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio, 1847-60 ;
taught in the Zanesville high school, 1862-
64 ; was principal of a grammar school in
Columbus, Ohio, 1864-67, and practiced law in
Osceola, Mo., 1867-71, and in Columbus, Ohio,
after 1871. He was prosecuting attorney of
Franklin county, Ohio, 1874-78 ; a trustee of the
Franklin County Children's home, 1879-83 ; a
member of the sinking fund commission of the
city of Columbus, 1883-89, and Democratic rep-
resentative from the 13th and 12th districts of
Ohio in the 49th, 50th, 51st, 52d, and 53d con-
gresses, 1885-95. He was a civilian member of
the board of ordnance and fortification by ap-
pointment of President Cleveland in 1895,
resigning in 1900. and was a trustee of the
Ohio State university in 1897. In 1896 he was
elector-at-large on the " Gold Democracy "
ticket for the state of Ohio. He was presi-
dent of the Columbus board of trade, 1900-
1901.
OVERSTREET, Jesse, representative, was
born in Franklin, Johnson county, Ind., Dec. 14,
1859 ; son of Gabriel Monroe and Sarah L. (Mor-
gan) Overstreet ; grandson of Samuel Overstreet,
who removed from Oldham county, Ky., to John-
son county, Ind., in 1834, and of the Rev. Lewis
Morgan. Jesse Overstreet attended the public
schools and was graduated at Franklin college,
Ind., in 1882. He studied law under his father,
was admitted to the bar in 1886, settled in prac-
tice in Franklin, and in 1891 associated himself
in practice with his father on the death of the
latter's partner, Anderson B. Hunter. He subse-
quently practiced in Indianapolis. He was a Re-
publican representative from the seventh Indiana
district in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th
congresses, 1895-1905. He was married. June 7.
1898, to Katharyne, daughter of F. T. Crump
of Columbus, Ind.
OVERTON
OWEN
OVERTON, Edward, representative, was born
in Towanda, Pa., Feb. 4, 1836 ; son of Edward and
Eliza (Clymer) Overton ; grandson of Thomas
and Mary (Bleasdale) Overton of Wales, and of
Henry and Mary (Willing) Clymer, and a great-
grandson of George Clymer (q.v.). Edward
Overton, Sr., a native of Clithers, Lancashire,
England, was educated for the law in London,
was admitted to the bar of Luzerne county, Pa.,
in 1818, and practiced in WTilkes Barre, Athens
and Towanda, Pa. Edward Overton, Jr., was
graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1856, A. M., 1859. and was admitted to the bar in
1858. He practiced in Towanda, and entered the
Union army as major of the 50th Pennsylvania
volunteers in September, 1861. He was promoted
lieutenant -colonel in 1863, and commanded the
regiment from that time until mustered out in
October, 1864. He resumed practice in Towanda ;
served as U.S. register in bankruptcy, 1867-76,
and as president of Citizens National Bank of
Towanda, Pa., and was a Republican representa-
tive from the fifteenth Pennsylvania district in
1877-81. He died Sept. 18, 190?,.
OVERTON, John, jurist, was born in Louisa
county, Va., April 9, 1766 ; a descendant of
William and Mary (Waters) Overton. William
Overton, a native of England, settled in Virginia
previous to 1670. John was self-educated ; taught
school in Virginia, later went to Kentucky
where he was admitted to the bar in 1787, and in
1789 removed to Tennessee, practicing at Nashville
with Andrew Jackson, at that time district attor-
ney. He was employed as an expert in straighten-
ing out complications in the land titles in the dis-
trict, and in modifying the land laws of North
Carolina in conformity with the acts of 1777 and
1783. He was appointed judge of the superior
court by Governor Sevier in 1804, to succeed An-
drew Jackson, and was judge of the state supreme
court, 1811-16. He purchased with Andrew Jack-
son the Rice grant of land at the mouth of the
Wolf river in 1794, and was influential in establish-
ing the city of Memphis. He was active in promo-
ting the election of General Andrew Jackson to
the Presidency, and was consulted by the Presi-
dent during his two administrations. He owned
the largest estate in Tennessee. He was the
author of Overtoil's Reports 1791-1817 (\S\7), which
contain the land laws of the state, and his de-
cisions became the statute law of Tennessee. He
died near Nashville, Tenn., April 12. 1833.
OWEN, Alfred, educator, was born in China,
Maine, July 20, 1829 ; son of Sewell and Jane
(Maxfield) Owen. He was graduated at Water-
ville college, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856 ; was principal
of the academy at Bridgton, Maine, 1854-56, and
was graduated at the Newton Theological institu-
tion in 1858. He was married, March 4, 1858, to
Elizabeth C. Stark of Waterville, Maine. He
was ordained at China, Maine, Feb. 9, 1858 ; was
pastor at Lynn, Mass., 1858-67 ; at Detroit, Mich.,
1867-77, and at Chicago, 111., 1877-79. He was
president of Denison university, Granville, Ohio,
1879-86, and during his administration all debts
were paid ; the endowment was increased by
§100,000 ; the publication of the Bulletin of the
Scientific Laboratories of the University begun,
and the admittance of the university to the Ohio
branch of the Inter-State Oratorical association
secured. He was president and professor of
theology at Roger Williams university, Nashville,
Tenn., 1887-95, resigning the presidency in 1895,
but continuing to hold the chair of theology and
metaphysics. He received the honorary degree
D.D. from Kalamazoo college, Michigan, in 1871.
He was a frequent contributor to reviews and to
the denominational press, and an occasional
lecturer at several theological seminaries and
ministers' institutes.
OWEN, David Dale, geologist, was born at
Braxfield House, near New Lanark, Scotland,
June 24, 1807 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline
(Dale) Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen
(q.v.). He was educated under a private tutor,
and trained in the use of carpenters' tools in the
mechanical department connected with his
father's mills. He attended the academy at New
Lanark, the school of Emanuel von Fellenberg at
Hofwyle, Switzer-
land, and the Ander-
sonian Institution at
Glasgow, Scotland,
where he studied
science under Dr.
Andrew Ure. He
joined his father's
community at New
Harmony, Ind., in
1828, and with his
brother Richard con-
tinued the study of
chemistry and made
geological researches.
He went to Eng-
land in 1831 to
attend the lectures of Dr. Turner in the London
university, returned to the United States in 1832
and was graduated at the Ohio Medical college
in 1836. He accompanied Dr. Gerard Troost on
the state survey of Tennessee during the summer
of 1836, and \v;is appninted state geologist of
Indiana in 1837. He was married, March 23.
1837, to Caroline C., daughter of Joseph Neif
who had been associated with Pestalozzi in his
educational movement in Switzerland. He made
a preliminary reconnaissance of the state of
Indiana in 1837-38, and immediately published a
OWEN
OWEN
report which was re-issued in 1859. James
Whitcomb, governor of Indiana and commissioner
of the general land office, selected him to
superintend a government survey of the Dubuque
and Mineral Point districts, which comprised
11,000 square miles of the Northwest territory,
the object being to reserve from sale the sections
containing mineral wealth. This was one of the
first surveys under the auspices of the national
government. The results of his investigations
were published in a Report of a Geological
Exploration of a Part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and
Illinois made under Instructions from the
Secretary of the Treasury in 1839, with charts
and illustrations (1844.) He was engaged in
assorting the collection of minerals and fossils
left by William McLure in 1840, was appointed
U.S. geologist and directed to make a survey of
the Chippeway district, a preliminary report of
which was published in 1848. In 1849 the task
was broadened and he was directed to undertake
a survey of the territory lying mainly within
the states of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota,
for which the sum of $40.000 was reserved. This
task required five years of field work and a final
year of office and laboratory work, the results of
which appeared in a Report of a Geological
Exploration of a Part of Iowa, Wisconsin and
Minnesota, and Incidentalltj a Portion of Nebraska
Territory, witli plates (1852). He was state
geologist of Kentucky, appointed by Governor
Powell, 1854-59, presenting four Reports of
the Geological Survey in Kentucky, with an atlas
(1836-61). He was also appointed state geologist
of Arkansas by Governor Conway, serving, 1857-
59, and publishing the results of his efforts in a
Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of the
Northern Counties of Arkansas (1858) and in the
Report of the Middle and Southern Counties
(1860). He was appointed geologist of ludiana in
1859, but owing to his impaired health, the work
was done by his brother Richard, who published
Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of Indiana
(1862). His museum and laboratory were con-
sidered among the finest in the United States,
and his collection of specimens was purchased by
the Indiana State university for §20,000. He
died in New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 1860.
OWEN, Edwin lorwerth, educator, was born
in Wales in 1825, and immigrated to the United
States in his early youth. He was graduated
from Georgetown college, Ky., B.A., 1849, and
became a Baptist clergyman in Kentucky. He
was pastor at Weston, Mo., 1857-59, and professor
of ancient languages at William Jewell college,
1859-61. At the outbreak of the civil war the
college was suspended, reopening in 1863 as a
private school under the presidency of Dr. Wil-
liam Thompson, who retired after a few months.
VIII. — 11
Professor Owen became his successor and held
the office until his death. He received the hon-
orary degree of LL.D. from William Jewell
college in 1859. He died in Chicago, 111., in 1867.
OWEN, George Washington, representative,
was born in Brunswick county, Va., in 1795, son
of a planter, who removed his family to Davidson
county, Tenn., in 1808. He was graduated at
the University of Nashville, studied law under
Felix Grundy and was admitted to the bar in
1816. He practised in Claiborne, Monroe county,
Ala., in partnership with John Gayle, represented
Monroe county in the state legislature, 1819-20,
and was speaker of the house in 1820. He was
representative from Alabama in the 18th, 19th
and 20th congresses, 1823-29 ; removed to Mobile ;
was collector of that port, 1829-36, and mayor of
Mobile, 1836-37. He was married to Miss Hollin-
ger of Mobile, Ala. He died at his plantation
near Mobile, Ala., Aug. 18, 1837.
OWEN, John, governor of North Carolina, was
born in Bladen county, N.C., in August, 1787; son
of Col. Thomas and Eleanor (Portersfield) Owen.
Colonel Owen was born in Chester county, Pa.,
in 1735 ; settled in North Carolina with his father
in 1740 ; represented Bladen in the general assem-
blies of 1775-76 and 1776-77 ; served as 2d major
of a Bladen regiment in the Revolutionary war,
and commanded a regiment in the brigade of
Gen. Isaac Gregory. He was a descendant of
Robert and Rebecca (Humphrey) Owen of Mer-
ionethshire, Wales, who settled in Merion, Penn.,
about 1688. John Owen at-
tended the University of
North Carolina in 1804 ; be-
came a planter, and was i
elected to the North Carolina '
legislature, serving in the
house and senate, 1812-28.
He was governor of North
Carolina, 1828-30, and was defeated as a can-
didate for the U.S. senate by Willie P. Mangum
in 1830, which contest produced an antagonism
which very nearly resulted in a hostile meeting.
He was a member of the state constitutional
convention in 1835, and president of the Whig
national convention at Harrisburg, Pa., Dec. 4,
1839, at which William H. Harrison was nomi-
nated President, and John Tyler Vice-President,
he himself having declined the nomination for
the latter office. He was married to a daughter
of Gen. Thomas Brown of Bladen county, N.C.,
an officer of the Revolution. His brother, James
Owen (1784-1865), was a representative in the
18th congress, 1817-19. He died at Pittsboro,
N.C., Oct. 14, 1841.
OWEN, John Jason, educator and author, was
born in Colebrook, Conn., Aug. 13, 1803. His
parents removed to Johnstown, N.Y., where he
OWEN
OWEN
was prepared for college. He was graduated
from Middlebury college, Vt., A.B., 1828, A.M.,
1831 ; from Andover Theological seminary in
1831, and was ordained by the presbytery of New
York city, Oct. 7, 1831. He was secretary of the
Presbyterian Education society, 1831-35 ; princi-
pal of Cornelius institute, New York, 1835-48 ;
professor of Latin and Greek, and vice-principal
of the newly-organized Free academy, 1846-66.
When the name was changed in 1866 to the Col-
lege of the City of New York, he was made vice-
president and served 1866-69. The honorary de-
gree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the Uni-
versity of the City of New York in 1848, and that
of LL.D. by Ingham college in 1850, and by Mid-
dlebury in 1864. He was a trustee of Middlebury
college, Vt., 1863-69. He is the author of a trans-
lation of : Xenophon's Anabasis (1843); Homer's
Odyssey (1844); Xenophon's Cyropcedia (1846);
Tlie Works of Tlmcydides (1847); also the Acts of
the Apostles in Greek, with a Lexicon (1850); A
Greek Reader (1852), and a. Commentary, Critical,
Expository, and Practical, on the Gospels (3 vols.,
1857-73). He died in New York city, April 18, 1869.
OWEN, Joshua Thomas, soldier, was born in
Caermarthen, Wales, March 29, 1821 ; son of
David and Jane (Thomas) Owen, who immigrated
to the United States in 1830 and settled in Balti-
more, Md. He was graduated at Jefferson college,
Canonsburg, Pa., in 1845 ; engaged in teaching ;
studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1852,
and in connection with his brother Robert
founded a boys' academy at Chestnut Hill, Phila-
delphia. He combined the practice of law with
the duties of teacher, and was a representative in
the Pennsylvania legislature, 1857-59. He was a
private in the 1st city troop of Philadelphia in
1861 ; was elected colonel of the 24th Pennsyl-
vania volunteers, enlisted for three months'
service, and in July organized and became
colonel of the 69th Pennsylvania volunteers,
organized for two years' service. He served
in the Army of the Potomac, holding the
right of the 3d brigade, 2d division, 2d corps, and
was present at every battle in McClellan's Penin-
sula campaign. He was promoted brigadier-
general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious
conduct at the battle of Glendale, June 30, 1862,
and was again with McClellan in the Maryland
campaign, September, 1862, where he succeeded
Gen. O. O. Howard to the command of the 3d
brigade, when Howard succeeded Sedgwick to the
command of the 2d division. He commanded
the 2d brigade in Howard's division at Fredericks-
burg, in Gibbon's division at Chancellorsville,
and in Grant's campaign against Richmond, in-
cluding the battle of Cold Harbor. He was mus-
tered out in 1SG4, and again took up his profes-
sion. He was recorder of deeds of Philadelphia,
1866-71, and in 1871 organized the New York
Daily Register which published the official reports
of the New York courts in 1873, and was a mem-
ber of its editorial staff until shortly before his
death. He was married in 1862 to Annie J.
Shendon. He died at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia,
Pa., Nov. 7, 1887.
OWEN, Richard, geologist, was born at Bran-
field House, near New Lanark, Scotland, Jan. 6,
1810 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale)
Owen, and brother of Robert Dale Owen (q.v.).
He studied under private tutors and attended the
school of Emanuel Fellenberg at Hofwyl, Swit-
zerland, three years, and the lectures of Dr. An-
drew Ure at the Andersonian Institution, Scot-
land. He came to the United States with his
father in 1824; settled at New Harmony, Ind.,
where his father founded a community and he
engaged in teaching the settlers. He was next in
business in Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterward en-
gaged in the management of a stock farm at
New Harmony. He was married to Annie,
daughter of Joseph Neif. On the outbreak of
the Mexican war, in 1846, he was commissioned
captain in the 16th U.S. infantry, and served
during the greater part of the war. With
his brother David he made a geological sur-
vey of Minnesota, exploring in person the
north shore of Lake Superior in 1849, and
was professor of natural sciences in the West-
ern Military institute of Kentucky, 1849-54. In
1854 the school was removed to Tyree Springs,
Tenn., and in April, 1855, became the literary de-
partment of the University of Nashville, with
which department he was connected, 1855-59. He
also shared the military training of the students
with Bushrod R. Johnson (q.v.). He was assist-
ant geologist and geologist on the Indiana sur-
vey, 1859-60 ; was appointed lieutenant-colonel of
the 15th Indiana volunteers in 1861, and served in
western Virginia, commanding a brigade under
Gen. A. J. Smith. He recruited and commanded
the 60th Indiana regiment and was taken pris-
oner at Munfordville, Sept. 17, 1862. He after-
ward served with Generals Sherman and
Banks in the Red River expedition, resigning in
1863. He was professor of natural philosophy
and chemistry in Indiana university, 1863-67 ; of
science and chemistry, 1867-79, and also gave
instruction in geology, mineralogy, French and
German. He made a survey of the mineral re-
sources of New Mexico and Arizona ; a geological
survey of parts of North Carolina and of East Ten-
nessee, while at Indiana university, and after his
resignation, researches in terrestrial magnetism,
and its effect on the formation of land on our
globe. He received the degree M.D. from Nash-
ville Medical college in 1858 and LL.D. from
Wabash college in 1871. He contributed to sci-
OWEN
OWEN
entific and literary periodicals. He died, from
the effects of poison taken accidentally, at New
Harmony, Ind., March 25, 1890.
OWEN, Robert Dale, representative and
author, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 7,
1801 ; son of Robert and Anne Caroline (Dale)
Owen, and grandson of Eobert and -
(Williams) Owen, and of David Dale, a mill
owner and lord provost of Glasgow, Scotland.
His father (1771-1858), a prominent British social
reformer and the author of many socialistic
books, was in America, 1824-27, where he pur-
chased 30,000 acres of land in Indiana and Ill-
inois, and made an unsuccessful attempt to found
a colony, which he named New Harmony.
Robert Dale Owen was educated by private tutors
and at Emanuel von Fellenberg's school at
Hofwyl, Switzerland, 1818-21. He came to the
United States in 1824, and aided his father in es-
tablishing the colony at New Harmony, Ind.,
but in 1827, upon the failure of the enterprise,
went back to England. Returning to America
in the same year he settled in New York, where
he published the Free Inquirer, 1828-32, being as-
sisted in the undertaking by Fanny Wright, the
abolitionist. In 1832 he again went to New Har-
mony, Ind. He was a representative in the
Indiana legislature, 1835-38, and was influential in
securing one half of the appropriation from the
surplus U.S. revenue allotted to Indiana for the
support of the public schools of that state. He
was a Democratic representative from Indiana in
the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-47. While
in congress he introduced a resolution relating
to the Oregon dispute, which subsequently formed
the basis upon which the question was settled in.
1846, and a resolution organizing the Smithsonian
Institution. He was a member of the constitu-
tional convention of Indiana in 1850, chairman of
the committee on rights and privileges, and of
the committee on revision. He was again a rep-
resentative in the state legislature in 1851 ; ap-
pointed by President Pierce charge d' affaires at
Naples in 1853, and U.S. minister in 1855, serving
until his return to the United States in 1858.
He championed the abolitionist cause, and during
the civil war was appointed by Secretary Stanton
chairman of a committee to inquire into the con-
dition of the freed slaves. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him by the Indiana uni-
versity in 1872, and he was a trustee of the univer-
sity, 1838-46 and 1849-51. He is the author of:
Outline of the System of Education at New Lanark
(1824); Moral Physiology (1831); Discussion
with 0 rig en Bachelor, on the Personality of God
and the Authority of the Bible (1832) ; Pocahontas:
a Drama (1837); Hints on Public Architecture
aS4!)): A Treatise on the Construction of Plank
1! ' i l-s (1850): Footfalls on the Boundary of An-
other World (1859) ; Tlie Wrong of Slavery, the
Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the
African Race in the United States (1864); Beyond
the Breakers (1870) ; Debatable Land Between
this World and the Next (1872), and Tlireading
My Way (1874). He died at Lake George, N.Y.,
June 17, 1877.
OWEN, Thomas McAdory, historian, was
born in Jonesboro, Jefferson count}', Ala., Dec.
15, 1866 ; son of Dr. William Marmaduke and
Nancy (McAdory) Owen ; grandson of Judge
Thomas and Dolly Payne (Williams) Owen, and
great-grandson of Marmaduke (q. v.) and Agnes
(Payne) Williams. Agnes Payne was a first cousin
1 of Dorothy Payne, wife of President James
Madison. His Owen and Williams ancestors
were^seated in Henrico and Hanover counties, re-
spectively, in Virginia, as early as the beginning of
the eighteenth century, and his McAdory ances-
tor was a Scotch-Irish immigrant from North
Ireland to South Carolina prior to the Revolution-
ary war. He was graduated from the University
of Alabama, A.B. and LL.B., 1887, A.M., 1893.
He was admitted to the bar in 1887 and practised
in Bessemer, Carrollton and Birmingham, Ala.,
until March 1, 1901, when he retired from the
active practice of law and devoted himself to
literary pursuits. He was married, April 12,
1893, to Marie, daughter of the Hon. John H.
Bankhead (q.v.). He was elected secretary of
the Alabama Historical society, Jnne 21, 1898;
secretary of the Sons of the Revolution in Ala-
bama, April 16, 1894, and a member of the
American Historical association in 1894. He was
one of the founders of the Southern History as-
sociation of Washington, D.C., April 24, 1896;
was instrumental in the establishment of the
Alabama Department of Archives and History,
located in the state capitol at Montgomery, Ala.,
Feb. 27, 1901, and was elected its director, March
2, 1901, and in July, 1902, issued the first number
of The Gulf States Historical Magazine, published
bi-monthly. He edited the Transactions of the Ala-
bama Historical Society (vols. 1 to 4, 1898-1902,)
and the Report of tlie Alabama History Commis-
sion (1901). He is the author of a City Code of
Bessemer, Alabama (1888); Bibliography of Ala-
bama (1897); Bibliography of Mississippi (1900),
Annals of Alabama IS 19-1900, being an addenda
to Pickett's History of Alabama (1900); separate
genealogies of the Lester, Strother, Eaton, Stan-
sel, Lacey, Kelly, Fisher and Ross families ; a Hist-
ory of the Great Seal of Alabama, and a sketch of
Ephraim Kirby, the first Superior Court Judge in
what is now Alabama.
OWEN, William D., representative, was born
in Bloomingtom, Ind., Sept. 6, 1846 ; son of
William D. and Priscilla (Rawlings) Owen ;
grandson of David and Elizabeth (Dunn) Owen,
OWENS
OWSLEY
and a descendant of David and Mary Jennings.
He attended the Indiana State university in 1865,
and studied law, which he relinquished in 1868
to become a minister of the Christian church,
serving as such until 1878. He was married, Sept.
8, 1869, to Mary, daughter of Joha P. and Ada
Ross of Oxford, Ind. He edited the Western
Journal, Logansport. Ind., and was a presi-
dential elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket
in 1880. He was a Republican representative
from the tenth Indiana district in the 49th, 50th
and 51st congresses, 1885-91. He is the author of
Success, and Tlie Genius of Industry.
OWENS, James W., representative, was born
in Springfield, Ind., Oct. 24, 1837. He was
graduated at Miami university, Ohio, B.S., 1862,
A.M. 1865 ; and served in the 20th and 86th Ohio
volunteers respectively, 1862-64, rising to the
rank of captain. He attended the law school of
the University of Michigan, 1864-65, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1865 and settled in practice
in Newark, Ohio. He was married, July 23, 1867,
to Martha, daughter of Elias Kumbler of Oxford.
Ohio. He served as prosecuting attorney of
Licking county, Ohio, 1867-71, was a member of
the state senate, 1876-80, and president pro tern-
pore of that body, 1878-80. He was a Democratic
representative from the sixteenth and fourteenth
Ohio districts in the 51st and 52d congresses,
1889-93. He was a trustee of Miami university,
1878-1900. He died at Newark, O., March 30, 1900.
OWENS, John Edward, comedian, was born
in Liverpool, England, May 4, 1824, of Welsh
parentage. He immigrated to the United States
with his parents in 1827 ; settled first in Balti-
more, Md., and in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1837.
where his father engaged in the drug business.
He was educated in private schools, and after-
ward assisted in his father's store and as a clerk
in a wholesale house in the same business. His
first stage appearance was a small and gratuitous
part in the support of Charlotte Cushman at the
National theatre, Philadelphia, in 1841, of which
William E. Burton was manager. In 1843 he
quarreled with Burton, left the company and
returned to the drug business. He appeared in
Baltimore at the Holliday theatre in 1844, and at
Peale's museum in 1845. In 1846 he accepted the
role of Jack Humphries in " Turning the Tables,"
in a benefit to D. P. Bowers at the Philadelphia
museum, and in 1847 an agreement with Burton
having been effected, was seen as Jakey in " A
Glance at New York " in Philadelphia and Balti-
more, receiving §300 per week. He was associa-
ted with Mr. Hann in the management of the
Baltimore museum in 1849, and was sole proprie-
tor, 1850-53. In New Orleans he made the ac-
quaintance of Joseph Jefferson, with whom he
afterward played in "The Poor Gentleman." He
opened at Brougham's Lyceum, New York city,
in 1852, and made a professional tour of Europe,
1852-53. He gave a panoramic entertainment il-
lustrative of his ascent of Mount Blanc, in various
cities in the United States, 1853, and in the same
year became manager of the Charles Street
theatre, Baltimore, where he personified Uncle
Tom in Mrs. Stowe's novel dramatized. He then
starred for several seasons and was the principal
comedian at the Varieties theatre in New Or-
leans, La., in 1858, and manager, 1859-61. He
opened at Wallack's theatre, New York city, in
August, 1864, in " Solon Shingle," which had a
run of eight months ; appeared in the same play
at the Adelphi theatre, London, in July, 1865,
where he attracted immense audiences, and re-
turned to Wallack's in 1866. He was repeatedly
seen in all the leading cities of the United States
in the roles of Dr. Ollapod, Caleb Plummer,
Aminadab Sleek and Dr. Pangloss. He bought
the Academy of Music at Charleston, S.C., in
1872 ; and while in California in 1880 lost a large
proportion of his acquired fortune through spec-
ulation. He accepted an engagement at the Madi-
son Square theatre in " Esmeralda," 1882-83, and
afterward traveled. He died at his country house
Aigburth Vale, near Towson, Md., Dec. 7, 1886.
OWSLEY, William, governor of Kentucky,
was born in Virginia in 1782 ; son of William and
Catharine (Bolin) Owsley ; grandson of Thomas
and Mary (Middleton) Owsley, and a descendant
of the Rev. John and Dorothea (Poyntz) Owsley.
He removed to Lincoln :
1783 with his parents ; taught
school and served as deputy
sheriff, his father being sheriff |
of Lincoln county ; studied I
law under John Boyle, and es-
tablished a successful practice
in Lancaster, Garrard county.
He served in both branches of the state legislature
several terms, and was a judge of the state supreme
court, 1812-28. He maintained the principle of
anti-repudiation advocated by Henry Clay in 1824,
and remained firm when the majority in the state
legislature tried to abolish the supreme bench,
which act was declared unconstitutional by the
U.S. supreme court. In 1828 he resumed the
practice of law, again represented Garrard county
in the state legislature and served on the bench
of the court of appeals. Retiring from the prac-
tise of law in 1843, he lived on a farm near Dan-
ville, Ky., and in 1844 was elected by the Whig
party governor of Kentucky, defeating Col. Wil-
liam O. Butler. Democrat, and re-elected in 1S46,
serving, 1844-48. Owsley county, Ky..was named
in his honor. Centre college conferred upon him
the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1843. He died
in Danville, Ky., Dec. 9, 1862.
PACA
TACKARD
P.
PACA, William, signer, was born at Wye Hall,
Harford county, Md., Oct. 31, 1740 ; son of John
and Elizabeth Paca. John Paca possessed large
estates in Maryland, inherited from his father,
and held office under the Proprietary governors.
William Paca was
graduated at Phila-
delphia college, A. B.,
1759, A.M., 1762 ;
studied law in the
office of Stephen
Bordley, Annapolis,
Md.,and was licensed
to practise in the
mayor's court in 1761.
He completed his
legal studies in the
Middle Temple, Lon-
don, England, and
was admitted to
the provincial court,
April 11, 1764. He
opposed the ''Stamp Act," in 1765, and every
subsequent measure of British oppression. He
was a member of the provincial assembly of Mary-
land, 1771-74, and a delegate to the Continental
congress from Maryland, 1774-79, where he served
on important committees. He was instructed by
his constituents to agree to all measures that
might be deemed necessary to obtain a redress of
American grievances ; but was restrained from
openly advocating independence until June 28,
1776, when, the restrictions having been recalled,
with his colleagues from Maryland he voted in
favor of the Declaration of Independence, July 4,
1776, and on Aug. 2, 1776, signed the instrument.
He contributed liberally to the patriot cause and
as a member of the committee of safety assisted
in planning a naval armament to defend the ap-
proach to Philadelphia, and in organizing the
army. He was a state senator, 1777-79 ; chief-
justice of Maryland, 1778-80 ; chief-justice of the
court of appeals of Maryland in prize and ad-
miralty cases, 1780-82, and president or governor
of Maryland, 1782-85. He was influential in es-
tablishing Washington college at Chestertown,
Md., in 1786 ; was vice-president of the Maryland
Branch Society of the Cincinnati, 1784-99 ; a
member of the Maryland convention that ratified
the U.S. constitution in 1788, and judge of the
district court of the United States for Maryland,
1789-99. He was married first, in May, 1761. to
Mary, daughter of Samuel and Henrietta Maria
(Lloyd) Chew of Anne Arundel county, Md., and
secondly, in 1777, to Anna Harrison of Philadel-
phia, Pa. He died at Wye Hall, Queen Anne
county, Md., in 1799.
PACHECO, Romualdo, governor of California,
was born in Santa Barbara, Cal., Oct. 31, 1831.
His father was a member of the staff of Echeau-
dia, military governor of Alta California in 1825,
and his mother was Romona Carillo of San Diego.
After attending school in the
Sandwich Islands, 1838-43,
he studied under a private
tutor. Later he went to sea|
with his father-in-law, John \
Wilson of Dundee, Scotland,
a sea captain, and after \\vi.
return engaged in agriculture.
He was a state senator. 1851 and 1861 ; a repre-
sentative in the state legislature, 1853-55 and
1868-70 ; county judge, 1855-59 ; state treasurer,
1863-66 ; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1871-
75, and acting governor in 1875, to succeed New-
ton Booth, who was elected U.S. senator. He
received the certificate of election as representa-
tive to the 45th congress in 1876, but the seat
was awarded to Peter D. Wigginton, Feb. 7, 1878.
He was a representative in the 47th and 48th
congresses, 1881-85, and in 1890 was appointed by
President Harrison, U.S. minister to Guatemala
and Honduras, retiring in 1893. He died in
Oakland, Cal., Jan. 23, 1899.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, educator, was
born in Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 23, 1798 ; son of
the Rev. Hezekiah (1761-1849) and Mary (Spring)
Packard ; grandson of Jacob and Dorothy (Per-
kins) Packard, and of the Rev. Alpheus and
Sarah (Frost) Spring, and a descendant of Samuel
Packard, who emigrated from Windham, Nor-
folk county, England, to America in the Dili-
gence in 1638, with his wife and child, and set-
tled first in Hingham and then in West Bridge-
water, Mass. Alpheus removed to Wiscasset,
Maine, with his parents, in 1802 ; was prepared
for college at Phillips' academy, Exeter, N.H., and
was graduated at Bowdoin, A.B., 1816, A.M., 1819.
He taught school in Gorhatn, Wiscasset and
Bucksport, and was the principal of Hallowell
Academy, Maine, 1816-19; was at Bowdoin as tutor,
1819-24 ; professor of ancient languages and clas-
sical literature, 1824-65, of rhetoric and oratory,
1842-45, and of natural and revealed religion,
1864-84. He was also librarian of Bowdoin, 1869-
81, and acting president, 1.883-84. He was first
married in 1827 to Frances E., daughter of Jesse
Appleton, president of Bowdoin, and secondly in
1844 to Mrs. C. W. McLellan of Portland, Me.
He was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
May 16, 1850, and was a frequent preacher at the
college and the neighboring churches. He w.a1;
an early member of the Maine Historical society,
and its librarian and cabinet keeper for forty-five
PACKARD
PACKARD
years. He also contributed to and jointly edited
several volumes of its Collections, and was a
honorary member of the Royal Historical society
of London, of the New York Historical society,
and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences. He received the degree of D.D.
from Bowdoin in 1860. He contributed to the
North American Review, the Bibliotheca Sacra,
and to Annals of the American Pulpit. He edited :
History of Bowdoin, with Biographical Sketches
(1882) ; Works of the Rev. Jesse Appleton with a
Memoir (2 vols., 1836-3?) ; Xenoplion's Memora-
bilia of Socrates with English notes (1839), and
published several addresses. See " Memorial :
AlpheusS. Packard," by George T. Little (1886).
He died at Squirrel Island, Maine, July 13, 1884.
PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, naturalist, was
born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 19, 1839 ; son of the
Rev. Alpheus Spring and Frances Elizabeth (Ap-
pletou) Packard. He was graduated at Bowdoin,
A. B., 1861, A. M., 1862, M. D., 1864; studied
natural history under Louis Agassiz in the Law-
rence Scientific school, Harvard university, 1861-
64, receiving the de-
gree S. B., 1864, and
served for a time as
an assistant in Agas-
siz Museum. He made
a summer voyage to
Labrador with the
Williams College
Greenland expedition
under Professor Chad-
bourne in 1859, and
inducted members of
his class on a summer
voyage to the Bay of
Fundy in 1860. He
was an assistant on
the Maine geological
survey, 1861-62, and discovered a deposit
of fossils which determined the age of the
rocks in the Fish River region, and visited
northern Labrador with William Bradford,
the artist, during the summer of 1864, after-
ward publishing various papers on the zoology
and geology of that coast. He was assistant
surgeon in the 1st Maine Veteran Volunteers,
Army of the Potomac, 1864-65. He was married
in October, 1867, to Elizabeth Derby, daughter of
Samuel B. Walcott of Salem, Mass. He was act-
ing custodian and librarian of the Boston Society
of Natural History, 186.J-C6 ; one of the organiz-
ers of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem,
Mass., of which lie was one of the curators, 1868-
76, and the director of its museum, 1877-78.
He discovered in 1867 the traces (glacial strias)
of glaciers in the White mountains, which radi-
ated from Mount Washington ; the morphology
and mode of development of the ovipositor and
sting of insects ; the nature of the spiral thread
of the tracheae of insects ; the structure of the
eyes and brains of blind insects, etc., and the
brick-red or renal glands of the king crab. He
established a summer school of biology in Salem,
and in 1868, with Hyatt, Morse, and Putnam,
founded the American Naturalist, of which he
was editor-in-chief, 1868-88. He made zoological
collections on the Florida reefs and also at Beau-
fort, N.C., 1869-70, at Charleston, S.C., in 1871,
in Cuba in 1886, and in Mexico, ascending to the
summit of Mt. Popocatepetl in 1885. In 1889 he
traveled through Morocco, Algeria, and in Egypt
up to the first cataract of the Nile. He was state
entomologist of Massachusetts in 1871-73, and
lectured on entomology at the Massachusetts
State college, 1869-77, and at the Maine State
Agricultural college in 1871. He was an instruc-
tor under Agassiz in the Anderson School of Nat-
ural History, Penikese Island, near New Bedford,
Mass., 1873-74, serving also for a time as dean of
the faculty, and was connected with the U. S.
fish commission, for two seasons dredging off the
New England coast. He was lecturer on natural
history at Bowdoin, 1871-74, and was connected
with the U. S. geological and geographical survey
of the territories under Ferdinand V. Hayden,
1875-77. He was a member of the U. S. entomo-
logical commission, 1877-82, and during the sum-
mers of 1877-80 made extensive tours in the
western and Pacific states and territories ascer-
taining the extent of the breeding grounds and
distribution of the locust. He was elected pro-
fessor of zoology and geology at Brown univer-
sity in 1878. He received the degrees of Ph.D.
in 1879 and LL.D. in 1901 from Bowdoin college.
After 1870 he advocated a modern form of La-
marckism, to which he gave the name of Neo-
Lamarckism, and, witli Hyatt and Cope, was
one of the founders of that school of evolutional
thought in America. He was elected a member
of the National Academy of Sciences in 1872 ;
was an honorary president of the International
Zoological Congress of Paris in 1889 ; vice-presi-
dent, Section of Zoology, of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science (1898), and
became a member and correspondent of twelve
European and many American scientific socie-
ties ; among them the Linnean Society of Lon-
don, the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, the Natural History societies of
Vienna and Moscow, and the Entomological soci-
eties of London, Paris, St. Petersburg, Stock-
holm and Brussels. His bibliography comprises
more than 400 titles, and includes papers on the
classification, anatomy and embryology of in-
sects, on the anatomy of the king crab (Limu-
lus), on fossil Crustacea, on the eyes of trilo-
PACKARD
PACKARD
bites, the brain of Crustacea, on alpine insect
life, on blind or cave animals, and articles on
organic evolution. His larger scientific memoirs
include : Glacial Phenomena of Maine and Lab-
rador (1866), Revision of the Fossorial Hymenop-
tera of North America (1806-67); Development
and Anatomy of Limulus Polyphemus (1871-95);
Monograph of the Geometrid Moths (1876); The
Brain of the Locust (18S1); Monograph of the
North American Phyllopod Crustacea (1883);
Tlie Cave Fauna of North America (1888); Mono-
(jrnph of the Bombycine Moths (1895). His text-
books include : -.4. Guide to the Study of Insects
(1869), (1868-72); Our Common Insects (1876);
Life-Histories of Animals, including Man, or
Outlines of Comparative Embryology (1876); Half
Hours ivith Insects (1877); Insects of the West
(1877) ; Zoology for Students and General Read-
ers, (1879, Briefer Course, 1883) ; First Lessons
in Geology (1882); First Lessons in Zoology
(1886); Entomology for Beginners (1888); For-
est and Shade-Tree Insects (1888), and Text-book
of Entomology (1898). His general works are :
A. Naturalist on the Labrador Coast (1888); and
Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and
Work (1901). For titles of papers on insects see
" The Entomological Writings of Dr. Alpheus
Spring Packard," by Samuel Henshaw (1887).
PACKARD, Hezekiah, educator and clergy-
man, was born in North Bridge water, Mass.,
December 6, 17G1 ; son of Jacob and Dorothy
(Perkins) Packard. He served in the Revolu-
tionary war at Bunker Hill, and afterward at
Castle William (Fort Independence) and at Har-
lem Heights. He engaged in farming, but an
injury preventing him from performing such
labor, directed his thoughts to higher education,
and he was graduated from Harvard college,
A.B., 1787. A.M., 1790. He became principal of
the Cambridge grammar school in 1788, was as-
sistant librarian at Harvard college in 1789,
and tutor in mathematics there, 1789-93. He
was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
1793, was pastor at Chelmsford, Mass., 1793-1802 ;
at Wiscasset, Maine, 1802-30, and at Middlesex
Village, Mass., 1830-36. He was married in Sep-
tember, 1796, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Al-
pheus and Sarah (Frost) Spring of Kittery (now
Eliot), Maine. He was the founder of the Bible
society of Lincoln county, Maine, and of the
Eastern Evangelical society, an overseer of Bow-
doin college, 1802-13, and a member of the board
of trustees, 1813-30. He was a liberal Congrega-
tionalist, being classed in Sprague's " Annals "as
a " Trinitarian-Unitarian." He received the hon-
orary degree of D.D. from Harvard in 1818. He
is the author of : Federal Republicanism (1799) ;
The Christian's Manual (1801) ; Infant Baptism
(1815). He died in Salem, Mass., April 22, 1840.
PACKARD, Jasper, representative, was born
in Austiiitown, Mahoning county, Ohio, Feb. 1,
1832, son of Thomas and Nancy Ann Packard ;
grandson of John and Mary Packard. He removed
to Indiana with his father in 1835, and labored
on the farm until 1850 ; attended Michigan Central
college, and Oberliu college, Ohio ; was graduated
at the University of Michigan, A.B., 1855, and
taught school, 1855-56. He was married Oct. 4,
1855, to Harriet S., daughter of George and
Therina Tibbits of Farmington, Mich., and then
settled in Laporte, Ind., where he edited the
Union and studied law. He was admitted to the
bar in 1861, and in the same year entered the
Union army, rising from the rank of private to
that of 1st lieutenant in the 48th Indiana infantry.
In the Vicksburg campaign, where he received a
facial wound, he was promoted captain. He
was in the march from Memphis to Chattanooga,
and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 128th
Indiana infantry during the Atlanta campaign.
He was brevetted brigadier-general of the
volunteers, March 13, 1865, for meritorious ser-
vices, and was mustered out of the army in 1866.
He was auditor of Laporte count}', Ind., 1866-68 ;
was a Republican representative from the
eleventh Indiana district in the 41st, 42d and
43d congresses, 1869-75, and was chairman of the
committee on private land claims. He established
and edited the Laporte Chronicle 1874-78 ; was
U.S. internal revenue agent 1876-84, and pro-
prietor and editor of the Laporte Daily Public
Spirit, 1886-88. In 1888 he removed to New
Albany, Ind., and was proprietor and editor of
the New Albany Evening Tribune, and a represen-
tative in the Indiana legislature 1896-98. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Hills-
dale college, Mich., in 1873. On June 1, 1899, he
was appointed commandant of the Soldiers' Home,
Lafayette, Ind., and he died there, Dec. 13, 1899.
PACKARD, Joseph, educator, was born in
Wiscasset, Me., Dec. 23, 1812; son of the Rev.
Hezekiah and Mary (Spring) Packard ; grandson
of Jacob and Dorothy (Perkins) Packard and of
Alpheus and Sarah (Frost) Spring, and a descen-
dant of Samuel Packard, who settled first at
Hingham, then in West Bridge water, Mass., in
1638. Joseph Packard attended the private
school kept by his father, and Phillips academy,
Andover, Mass., and was graduated from Bowdoin
college, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834. He taught in
the academies at Wai pole, N.H., and Brattle-
boro, Vt., 1831-33; attended Andover Theological
seminary, 1833-34 ; and was professor of Latin at
Bristol college, Pa., 1834-36. He was ordained
deacon in 1836 and advanced to the priesthood in
1837 ; was professor of sacred literature at the
P. E. Theological seminary, Fairfax county,
Va., 1836-95 ; dean of the seminary, 1880-95, and
PACKARD
PACKER
professor emeritus, 1895-1902. He was married in
January, 1838, to Rosina, daughter of Gen. Walter
Jones of Washington, Pa. The honorary degree
of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon college,
Ohio, in 1847. He was a member of the American
Oriental society, and of the American commis-
sion for the revision of the Bible, 1872-85 ; prepared
a commentary on Malachi for Lange's commen-
tary in 1874, contributed articles to the Bibliotheca
Sacra and other religious periodicals, and publish-
ed several sermons and addresses, including
Questions on the Gospels (1853). He died at
Theological Seminary, Va., May 3, 1903.
PACKARD, William Alfred, educator, was
born in Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 26, 1830 ; son of
the Rev. Alpheus Spring and Francis E. (Apple-
ton) Packard. He was graduated at Bowdoin,
A.B., 1851 ; A.M., 1854; was teacher at Phillips
Andover academy, 1852-53, and tutor at Bowdoin,
1853-54 ; was graduated at Andover Theological
seminary in 1857, studied at the University of
Gottingen, Germany, 1857-58, and was instructor
in modern languages at Bowdoin, 1859. He was
married in 1861 to Susan Breese Gallagher of
Bloomfteld, N.J., who died in Princeton, N.J.,
Dec. 16, 1886. He was professor of modern
languages at Dartmouth, 1859-63, and of Greek
language and literature, 1863-70, and in 1870 was
elected professor of Latin language and literature
and of the science of language at the College of
New Jersey, Princeton. He received the honor-
ary degrees A.M. from Dartmouth, 1804, and
Princeton, 1896, Ph.D. from Hamilton, 1868, and
D.D. from Bowdoin, 1894. He revised with
translations for later editions " Curtius's History
of Greece," prepared memorial sketches of the
lives of earlier presidents and professors of the
College of New Jersey, and articles, including the
reviews of books, in the Princeton Review and the
Presbyterian Review.
PACKER, Asa, representative, was born in
Groton, Conn., Dec. 29, 1805 ; son of Elisha and
Desire (Packer) Packer, and grandson (matern-
ally) of Joseph and Rebecca ( Welles) Packer.
His father and mother were cousins. Elisha
Packer failed in business and the son had few
educational advantages, working as a farmer and
a carpenter. He was married Jan. 23, 1828, to
Sarah M., daughter of Joseph Blakeslee of
Springfield, Pa. In 1833 he removed to Mauch
Chunk, Pa., and engaged with his brother,
Robert W., in transporting coal to Philadelphia,
and in mining, merchandising, boat building
and canal construction. He was a representative
in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1842-43 and
thereafter irregularly for several terms ; and
associate judge of Carbon county, which county
he was instrumental in forming, 1843-48. He
owned a controlling interest in the Lehigh Valley
railroad, was its president, 1851-79, and greatly
extended its lines. He also owned the Bethlehem
Iron Company works and was said to be the
wealthiest man in Pennsylvania. He was a
Democratic representative in the 33d and 34th
congresses, 1853-57 ; a delegate to the Democratic
national convention of 1868 and received the vote
of the Pennsylvania delegates for President of
the United States. He was the unsuccessful
Democratic candidate for governor of Penn-
sylvania in 1868. In 1865, after consulting with
Bishop W. B. Stevens, he carried out a long
cherished plan to found and endow Lehigh
university at South Bethlehem, Pa., with 115
acres of land and §500,000. At this
time no sum so large had been
proposed by a single individual for
such a purpose. The buildings
were also constructed by him, and
the institution was incorporated
Feb. 9, 1866, formally opening Sept.
1, 1866, with Bishop Stevens as the
president of the board of trustees. At his death
he left the university $1,500,000 for a permanent
endowment and $500,000 to the library which
made the institution self-sustaining. He built St.
Luke's hospital, South Bethlehem, and in his will
endowed it with $300.000 with the single provision
that the employees of the Lehigh Valley railroad
should thereafter be cared for without charge.
He also built and endowed several churches of
various denominations, and his darughter and
only surviving child, Mrs. Mary Packer Cum-
mings, built a memorial church on the campus of
Lehigh university to the memory of her family,
which was dedicated Oct. 13, 1887. He was
prominent in encouraging the commercial in-
terests of Pennsylvania, and in 1876 was a
commissioner to the Centennial exposition.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 17, 1879.
PACKER, Horace Billings, representative, was
born in Wellsboro, Pa., Oct. 11, 1851 ; son of Dr.
Nelson and Mary (McDougall) Packer : grandson
of Capt. James Packer of Norwich, New York,
and a descendant of James Packer of Groton,
Conn. He attended Wellsboro academy and Al-
fred university, N.Y., and studied law under
Stephen F. Wilson and J. B. Niles. He was ad-
mitted to the bar at Tioga count}-, Aug. 26, 1873 ;
was district attorney of Tioga county, 1875-79;
a Republican representative in the Pennsylvania
legislature for two terms, 1884-88, and senator,
1888-92. He presided over the Republican state
conventions of 1893 and 1894, and was a repre-
sentative from the sixteenth Pennsylvania dis-
trict in the 55th and 56th congresses, 1897-1901.
In 1901 he resumed the practice of law in Wells-
boro, and engaged in the purchase and sale of
timber and coal lands.
PACKER
PADDOCK
PACKER, John Black, representative, was
born in Sunbury, Pa., March 21, 1824 ; son of
Samuel Jones and Rachel (Black) Packer ; grand-
son of James and Rose (Mendenhall) Packer ; great
grandson of Philip and Ann (Coates) Packer ;
and great2-grandson of Philip Packer, who
emigrated from England about 1700, settled near
Princeton, N.J., and was married to Rebecca
Jones, of Philadelphia. John attended the
academy at Sunbury, and was attached to the
state corps of engineers, 1839-42. He studied
law with Ebenezer Greenough ; was admitted to
the bar in 1844, and practiced in Sunbury. He
was deputy attorney-general of Pennsylvania,
1845-48 ; district attorney of Northumberland
county, 1849-50, and a representative in the state
legislature, 1850-51. He was married May 22,
1851, to Mary M., daughter of William Cameron,
of Levvisburg, Pa. He was a Republican represen-
tative from the fourteenth Pennsylvania district
in the 41st-44th congresses, 1869-77, and in 1876
declined the appointment of postmaster-general
of the United States, offered by President Grant.
He died in Sunbury, Pa., July 7, 1891.
PACKER, William Fisher, governor of Penn-
sylvania, was born in Howard, Centre county,
Pa., April 2, 1807; son of James and Charity
(Bye) Packer ; grandson of James and Rose
(Mendenhall) Packer, and of Hezekiah and Sarah
(Pettit) Bye, and a descendant of Philip and
Ann (Coates) Packer. Philip Packer, an English
Quaker, was among the first immigrants to West
Jersey under the auspices of William Penn. His
ancestors on both sides were Quakers. He at-
tended the country school, and in 1820 apprenticed
himself to his kinsman, Samuel J. Packer, editor
of the Public Inquirer, at Sunbury, Pa. He worked
in the office of the Patriot, at Bellefonte, Pa., and
in the office of the Pennsylvania Intelligencer, pub-
lished by Simon Cameron and David Krause, public
printers at Harrisburg, where he remained until
1827. He studied law in the office of Joseph B.
Anthony at Williamsport, Pa., in 1827, and in
the fall of that year purchased in connection
with John Brandon the Lycoming Gazette, con-
ducted jointly until 1829, when he continued it
alone, 1829-36. He was married Dec. 24, 1829, to
MaryW., daughter of Peter W. Vanderbilt, of
Williamsport, Pa. He was a delegate to the
Democratic national convention at Baltimore,
Md., in 1835, and in 1836 united with O. Barrett
and Benjamin Parke in establishing The Keystone,
at Harrisburg, which became the organ of the
Democratic party in that state, and from which
he retired in 1841. He was a member of the
board of canal commissioners, 1839-41 ; auditor-
general of the state, 1842-45 ; a representative in
the state legislature, 1847-48, and speaker of that
body both terms. He was a state senator, 1849-
51 ; introducing and carrying through the bill to
incorporate the Susquehanna railroad company,
the beginning of railroad connections with Balti-
more, Md. He was made president of the Sus-
quehanua railroad company on its organization
in June 1852, and upon its consolidation under
the title of the Northern Central railway
company, continued as a member of the board
of directors. He managed the Lake Shore
railroad from 1854 until its difficulties were set-
tled, and was a delegate to the Democratic na-
tional convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 2,
1856, when he urged the nomination of James
Buchanan. He was governor of Pennsylvania,
1858-61, and strongly opposed the secession
of the southern states. He died in Williamsport,
Pa., Sept. 27, 1870.
PADDOCK, Algernon Sidney, senator, was
born in Glens Falls, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1830 ; son of
Ira A. and Lucinda (Wells) Paddock ; grandson
of Joseph Williamson Paddock, of Connecticut,
and a descendant of John Faunce and Governor
Bradford. He attended the academy at Glens
Falls, N.Y., studied law, and was admitted to
the bar in Nebraska territory in 1857. He was
married in 1859, to Emma L., daughter of Daniel
and Lucinda (Perry) Mack, of Connecticut. He
settled in practice in Omaha ; was an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the territorial legislature in
1858, and a delegate to the first Republican terri-
torial convention in 1859. He was a delegate to
the Republican national convention at Chicago,
May 16, 1860 ; secretary of the territory by ap-
pointment from President Lincoln, 1861-67, most
of the time acting as governor. He was delegate
to the Republican national convention of 1864 ;
defeated as an Independent Republican candidate
for representative in the 40th congress in 1866 ;
declined the appointment of governor of Wyo-
ming territory in 1868 ; removed to Beatrice,
where he engaged in manufacturing and agricul-
tural pursuits, and was elected to the U.S. senate
by both Republican and Democratic votes, serv-
ing 1875-81. He was defeated by Charles H.
Van Wyck in 1881 ; was a member of the Utah
commission, 1882-86, and was re-elected to the
U.S. senate for the term, 1887-93, where he was
chairman of the committee on agriculture and
forestry. Paddock, the county seat of Holt
county, was named in his honor in 1875. He
died in Beatrice, Neb., Oct. 17, 1897.
PADDOCK, Benjamin Henry, fourth bishop of
Massachusetts and 102d in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Norwich, Conn.,
Feb. 28, 1828 ; son of the Rev. Seth B. Paddock,
rector of Christ church, Norwich, Conn. He was
graduated at Trinity college, A.B., 1848, A.M.,
1851, taught in the Episcopal academy at Ches-
hire Conn., 1848, and was graduated at the Gen-
PADDOCK
PAGE
eral Theological seminary in 1833. He was ad-
mitted to the diaconate at Christ church, Strat-
ford, Conn., by Bishop Brownell, June 29,
1852, and was ordained priest at Trinity
church, Norwich, Conn., Sept. 27, 1853, by
Bishop Williams. He was assistant at the
Church of the Epiphany, New York city,
1852-53 ; rector of St. Luke's church, Portland,
Me., for three months in 1853 ; of Trinity church,
Norwich, Conn., 1853-60, and of Christ church
Detroit, Mich., 1860-09. He was elected mission-
ary bishop of Oregon and Washington Territory
by the house of bishops in 1868, but declined, and
was rector of Grace church, Brooklyn, N.Y.,1860-
73. He was elected bishop of Massachusetts to
succeed Bishop Eastburn, who died Sept. 12,
1873, and was consecrated in Grace church,
Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 17, 1873, by Bishops Smith,
Lee, Williams, Stevens, Littlejohn and Hunting-
ton. He was married to Anna Page, daughter of
Col. Sanger, U.S.A. The Bishop Paddock lec-
tureship, founded in 1880 by Mr. George A. Jar-
vis in the General Theological seminary, was
named for him by the founder, and he was to
have been the eleventh lecturer in 1891, but died
before the date appointed. He received the de-
gree D.D. from Trinity college in 1867, was cura-
tor there, 1870-91, and a member of the board of
visitors, 1873-91. He contributed to reviews and
periodicals, and is the author of : Ten Years in
tlie Episcopate (1883) ; Tlie First Century of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in Massachusetts
(1885); The Pastoral Relation, and canonical
digests. He died in Boston, Mass., March 9, 1891.
PADDOCK, John Adams, first bishop of Olyni-
pia and 127th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 19,
1835 ; son of the Rev. Seth Birdsey and Emily
(Flagg) Paddock, and elder brother of the Rt.
Rev. Benjamin Henry
Paddock (q. v.) He
was graduated at
Trinity college in 1845
and at the General
Theological seminary
in 1849 ; was admitted
to the diaconate July
22, 1849 ; advanced to
the priesthood April
30, 1850 ; was rector of
Christ church. Strat-
ford, Conn., 1849-55,
and of St. Peter's
/ G 7*W? church, Brooklyn, N.
— ^ Y., 1855-80. He was
married April 23.1856,
to Frances Chester, daughter of Patrick and Alada
(Thurston) Fanning, who died April 29, 1881. He
was a member of the standing committee of the
diocese of Long Island from its organization,
1868-80, and also served on the foreign commit-
tee of tlie Board of Missions. He was elected first
missionary bishop of Washington in 1880 and
was consecrated at Brooklyn, N.Y., Dec. 15, 1880,
by Bishops Smith, Lee, Potter, Stevens, Tuttle,
Paddock, Scarborough, Peuick and Seymour.
He founded several church and charitable institu-
tions, among them the Fannie C. Paddock memo-
rial hospital, Tacoma, and the Annie Wright
Seminary for Girls, Tacoma, at a cost of $60.000,
for which he obtained an endowment of §100,000.
His jurisdiction was divided and his title changed
to bishop of Olympia in 1893. He received the
degree D.D. from Trinity college in 1870. He is
the author of History of Christ Church. Strut-
ford, Conn. (1854) and of sermons, addresses
and reports. He died at Santa Barbara, Cal.,
March 4, 1894, and is buried at Tacoma, Wash.
PADELFORD, Seth, governor of Rhode
Island, was born at Taunton, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807 ;
son of John and Mary (Heath) Padelford, and a
descendant of Jonathan Padelford, the English
immigrant. He attended the common schools of
Taunton ; was employed in
a wholesale grocery store at
Providence and later estab-
lished himself in business.
He was a member of the city
council, 1837-11 and 1851-52 ;
a member of the city school
committee, 1837-41, 1851-53
and 1864-73 ; a representative in tlie state legis-
lature, 1853-53 ; lieutenant-governor of Rhode
Island, 1863-65 ; was presidential elector on the
Grant ticket in 1868, and was elected the twenty-
seventh governor of Rhode Island in 1869 to
succeed Ambrose E. Burnside, serving by repeated
re-elections until 1873. He was one of the com-
missioners of the sinking fund of Providence
1873-77 ; was vice-president of the New-England
Emigrant Aid society ; a director of the Provi-
dence Athenaeum ; a member of the R.I.
Historical society and of many charitable socie-
ties. He was twice married, first, Oct. 19, 1834, to
Louisa Rhodes and secondly, Oct. 2, 1845, to Mary
(Barton) Pierce. He died in Providence, R. I.
Aug. 36, 1878.
PAGE, Carroll Smalley, governor of Ver-
mont, was born in Westfield, Vt., Jan. 10, 1843 :
son of Russell Smith and Martha Melvina
(Smalley) Page ; grandson of Francis and Martha
(Hyde) Smalley and of James and Hannah
(Cheney) Page, and a descendant of William
Page of Derry, New Hampshire, and of Capt.
Jedediah Hyde of Norwich, Conn. He attended
the Lamoille county grammar school, Johnson,
Vt., People's academy, Morrisville. Vt., and La-
moille Central academy, Hyde Park, Vt., and
PAGE
PAGE
engaged in business, becoming an extensive
dealer in raw calfskin. He was married in 1865
to Ellen Frances, daughter of Theophilus and
Desdemona Patch of Johnson, Vt. He was a
representative from Hyde Park in the state legis-
lature, 1869-72 ; state senator, 1874-76 ; county
treasurer and register of the probate court ten
years ; a member of the Vermont Republican State
committee, 1872-90, and its chairman, 1884-90 ;
delegate to the Republican national convention
of 1880 ; inspector of finance of savings banks,
1884-88, and was elected the forty-third governor
of Vermont to succeed William Paul Dillingham,
in 1890, serving till 1892. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by Norwich uni-
versity in 1894.
PAGE, Horace Francis, representative, was
born in Orleans county, N.Y., Oct. 20, 1833. He
attended the common schools of the county and in
1854 removed "to California where he engaged in
business as a stage proprietor and mail contractor
at Placerville. He was unanimously nominated
for state senator by the Republican convention
of El Dorado county, but was defeated. He was
a Republican representative from the second
district of California in the 43d-47th congresses,
1873-83, and was defeated in 1883 by James H.
Budd of Stockton, Democrat.
PAGE, Hugh Nelson, naval officer, was born
at North End, Gloucester (now Matthews) coun-
ty, Va. , Sept. 1788; son of John and Elizabeth
(Bur well) Page ; grandson of the Hon. John and
Jane (Byrd) Page; and of the Hon. Mann and
Judith (Carter) Page, and a descendant of Col.
John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He entered the
U.S. navy as a midshipman, Sept. 1, 1811, and
the same year was ordered to Commodore
Chauncey's squadron on Lake Ontario, but later
joined Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, respond-
ing to the call for volunteers. He received a wound
in the hand at the battle of Lake Erie, and had
the honor of bearing to Gen. W. H. Harrison
Commodore Oliver H. Perry's famous dispatch.
You-g Page was
voted a sword by
congress, and another
by the state of Vir-
ginia. He took part
in the operations
against Fort Mackinaw, and in the Mexican
war against Monterey. He was promoted lieu-
tenant 1, April 1818 ; commander, Feb. 28, 1838 ;
captain, May 29, 1850 ; was placed on the reserve
list, Sept. 13, 1855, and resigned his commission,
April 19, 1861. He married first, in November,
1838, Imogen, daughter of Guy Wheeler, and
secondly, July 13. 1848, Elizabeth P.. daughter
of Holt Wilson, of Portsmouth, Va. He died in
Norfolk, Va., June 3, 1871.
/
PAGE, John, governor of Virginia, was born
at " Rosewell," Gloucester county, Va., April 17,
1744 ; son of Mann and Mary Mason (Selden)
Page; grandson of Mann (1691-1730) and Judith
(Carter) Page ; great-grandson of Matthew Page
(1659-1703), and great 2 grandson of John (1627-
1692) and Alice(Luckin) Page. He was graduated
from the College of William and Mary in 1703,
and was married about 1765 to Frances Burwell.
He was a member of the house of burgesses ; of
the colonial council, and the
committee of safety, contri-
buting liberally to the prose- f
cution of the Revolutionary SI
war ; a delegate to the state gi
constitutional convention of %
July, 1776 ; lieutenant-govern-
or of the commonwealth; a ^~- •---—"
representative from the seventh district of Vir-
ginia in the lst—4th congresses, 1789-97; a Jefferson
elector in 1801, and governor ofVirginia, succeed-
ing James Monroe, 1802-05. Being constitutionally
ineligible for re-election in 1805 he was succeeded
by William H. Cabell. He was U.S. commissioner
of loans for Virginia by appointment of President
Jefferson, 1805-08 ; and a visitor to the College of
William and Mary, appointed in 1776. At one
time he was urged to take orders in the church,
his friends desiring that he should become the
first bishop of Virginia. He is the author of :
Addresses to the People (1796 and 1799). He
died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 11, 1808.
PAGE, John, governor of New Hampshire,
was born in Haverhill, N.H., May 27, 1787 ; son
of John and Hannah (Rice) Green Page, and
grandson of the Rev. Samuel Rice of Landaff ,
N.H. His father was a native of Lunenburg,
Mass., who removed to Rindge, N.H., with his
parents in 1762, and finally settled in Haverhill,
Mass. John Page was prepared for college but
did not enter, owing to his father's financial
embarrassment which forced him to engage in
farming. He was married in 1812 to Hannah,
daughter of Nathaniel Merrill of North Haver-
hill, Mass. He was appointed assistant U.S.
tax assessor for Grafton county in 1813, and
assessor in 1815 ; was a representative in the New
Hampshire legislature, 1818-20 and in 1835, and
register of deeds for Grafton county, 1828-34,
with the exception of one year. He was elected
to the state council in March, 1836, and in the
following June to the U.S. senate as a Democrat
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Isaac Hill, and served until the close of Senator
Hill's term, March 3, 1837. He was re-elected to
the state council in 1838, and was governor of
the state, 1839-42. He took an active part in
building the Boston. Concord & Montreal rail-
road. He died in Concord, N.H., Sept. 8, 1865.
PAGE
PAGE
PAGE, John Boardman, governor of Vermont,
was born in Rutland, Vt., Feb. 25, 1826 ; son of
William and Cynthia(Hickok)Page. Heattended
the public schools and Burr & Burton seminary,
and was employed in the bank at Rutland in
1842, succeeding his father as cashier and
becoming president of the
National bank of Rutland.
He was interested in several
railroad and transportation
enterprises, as director, trus-
tee and vice-president. He
was treasurer of the Howe
Scale Co. ; a representative
in the state legislature, 1852-54 and 1880, and state
treasurer, 1860-66, distributing nearly four mil-
lions of dollars for military expenses. He was
elected the thirty-first governor of Vermont
in 1867 to succeed Paul Dillingham, and served
till 1869. He died in Rutland, Vt., Oct. 24, 1885.
PAGE, Mann, delegate, was born at "Rose-
well," Gloucester (now Matthews) county, Va.,
about 1749 ; eldest son of Mann and Ann Corbin
(Tayloe) Page; grandson of Mann and Judith
(Carter) Page, and of the Hon. Matthew and
Mary (Mann) Page, and a descendant of Col.
John and Alice (Luckin) Page. He was a half
brother of Gov. John Page. He was graduated
at the College of William and Mary ; removed to
Mansfield, Spottsylvania county, and was a
delegate from Virginia to the Continental con-
gress in 1777, with Thomas Jefferson, Thomas
Nelson and George Wythe. He was married, in
1776, to Mary, daughter of John Tayloe of
Fredericksburg, Va. He died at Mansfield, Va. ,
but the date could not be ascertained.
PAGE, Richard Channing Moore, physician,
was born at Turkey Hill, Albemarle county, Va.,
Jan. 2, 1841 ; son of Dr. Mann and Jane Frances
(Walker) Page; grandson of Maj. Carter and
Mary (Gary) Page, and of Col. Francis and Jane
(Byrd) Walker, and a descendant of Col. John
and Alice (Luckin) Page. He attended the
University of Virginia, 1860-61 ; entered the
Confederate artillery in July 1861, and was
promoted captain in April 1862. He commanded
a battery in the principal battles of the Army of
Northern Virginia and received a severe wound
at Gettysburg. He was promoted major and
assigned to duty as chief of artillery on the staff
of Gen. John C. Breckinridge in October 1864,
where he served until the close of the war. He
was graduated M.D. from the University of
Virginia in 1867, and from the University of the
City of New York in 1868. He was house
physician in Bellevue hospital, New York, house
surgeon in the Woman's hospital. New York,
and professor of general medicine ;md diseases of
the chest in the New York Polyclinic, 1885-98.
He was vice-president of the New York Academy
of Medicine and an active member of other
medical and scientific societies. He was married
April 30, 1874, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
Stephen Fitch of Norwich, Conn., and widow of
the Hon. R. H. Winslow of Westport, Conn.
He contributed to the New York Medical Record
and other periodicals, and is the author of:
Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia (1882);
Sketch of Page's Battery, Jackson's Corps, Lee's
Army (1885) ; Chart on the Diseases of the Chest,
Chart of Physical Diagnosis (1885), and Practice
of Medicine. He died in New York, June 19, 1898.
PAGE, Richard Lucian, naval officer, was
born in Fairfield, Clark county, Va. , Dec. 20,
1807 ; son of William Byrd and Anne (Lee)
Page ; grandson of Mann and Mary Mason (Selden)
Page and of Richard Henry and Anne H.
(Carter) Lee, and a descendant of Col. John and
Alice (Luckin) Page of Williamsburg, 1050. He
attended the common schools of Clark county,
and Alexandria, Va., and entered the U.S. navy
in 1824. In 1861 he resigned from the Federal
service and entered the Confederate arm}-. He
was appointed brigadier-general in 1863 ; took
part in the fight at Port Royal and commanded
Fort Morgan in Mobile bay at the time of its fall.
In 1865 he retired to civil life and removed to
Norfolk, Va. He was married Nov. 4, 1841, to
Alexina, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth
(Calvert) Taylor of Norfolk. He is the author
of : The Defense of Fort Morgan in " Battles and
Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. IV., pp. 408-10.
He died at Blue Ridge, Summit, Pa.. Aug. 9, 1901.
PAGE, Thomas Jefferson, naval officer, was
born at Shelley, Gloucester (now Matthews)
county, Va., Jan. 8, 1808 ; son of Mann and Eliza-
beth (Nelson) Page; grandson of Gov. John and
Frances (Burwell) Page ; and of Gen. Thomas
and Fannie Tinker (Houston) Nelson of York-
town, Va., and a descendant of Col. John and
Alice (Luckiu) Page. He entered the U.S. navy
as midshipman Oct. 1, 1827 ; was promoted lieu-
tenant, June 10, 1833, and captain, Sept. 14. 1855.
He was married Nov. 8, 1839, to Benjamina,
daughter of Benjamin Price of Loudoun county.
Va. For several years he was employed on the
coast survey, and later he sailed around the world
in the Dolphin. On his return he suggested a
plan for the survey of the China seas, for which
congress made an appropriation, and in 1832,
when John P. Kennedy became secretary of the
navy and the expedition was enlarged, Com.
Mat thew Perry being appointed to the command,
Lieut. Page was~offered the second place, which
he declined. He was given command of an
expedition for the exploration of the tributaries
of the Rio de la Plata and adjacent countries, in
1853. While pursuing his mission he returned a
PAGE
PAGE
shot in response to one fired upon his ship, the
Water Witch, from a Paraguayan fort on the
Paraua river in February, 1855, the affair resulting
in the loss of one sailor, killed, for which the U.S.
government secured reparation in January, 1859.
He returned to the United States in May, 1856.
His surveys were completed in 1860, turning his
charts, notes, and journals over to the navy de-
partment. He resigned his commission April 18,
1861, on the secession of Virginia. He was offered
an admiral's commission in the Italian navy to
aid in its reorganization in 1861, but declined
and entered the Confederate service. He com-
manded the heavy batteries at Gloucester Point
on the York river, and engaged in building gun
boats at West Point, Va., which he burned upon
the surrender and retreat from Yorktown. He
was commisioned commodore in 1862, and sent
to England to take command of an iron clad
then being built in the Mersey river. This vessel,
however, was seized by the English government
under threat of war from the U.S. minister,
whereupon he took command of a small iron-clad
at Copenhagen, Denmark, which he renamed
Stonewall. This also being seized in a Spanish
harbor, thereby cutting off his services to the
Confederate States, he went to Argentine Republic
and engaged in exploration. He was afterward
associated with ex-President Uzquiza in sheep
and cattle raising. Subsequently he went to
England to superintend the construction of two
iron-dads and two gun-boats for the Argentine
navy, in which institution his son was a fleet
captain, and engaged in extending the explora-
tion of the tributaries of the Plata. In 1880 he
took up his residence in Florence, Italy. He is
the author of : La Plata: the Argentine Confed-
eration and Paraguay (1859); describing 3600
miles of river, navigation and exploration on
land extending over 4400 miles. He diod in Rome,
Italy, Oct. 26, 1899.
PAQE, Thomas Nelson, author, was born at
Oakland, Hanover county, Va., April 23,1853;
son of JIaj. John and Elizabeth Burwell (Nelson)
Page ; grandson of Francis and Susan (Nelson)
Page, and of Thomas and Judith Nelson, and a
descendant of Col. John and Alice (Luckin) Page
of the county of York in Virginia. He was
brought up on the family plantation, attended
Washington and Lee university for three sessions,
taught school in Kentucky for one year and was
graduated at the University of Virginia, LL.B.,
in 1874. He practised law at Richmond, 1875-93,
when he removed to Washington, D.C. He re-
ceived the honorary degree of Litt. D. from Wash-
ington and Lee university in 1887, of LL.D. from
Tulane university in 1899, and of Litt. D. from
Yale in 1901. He was married in 1886 to Anne
Seddon Bruce, who died in 1888; and secondly, in
1893, to Florence Lathrop, widow of Henry Field
of Chicago, 111. He devoted his leisure to literary
work, and is the author of : In Ole Virginia, Marse
Chan and Other Sto-
ries (1887) ; Two Little
Confederates (1888);
Befo' De War (with
ArmisteadC. Gordon,
1890); On Newfound.
River (1891); Among
the Camps (1891);
Elsket and Other Sto-
ries (1891); Tlie Old
South : Essays, Social
and Historical (1893);
Pastime Stories (1894);
The Burial of the
Guns (1895); TJie Old
Gentleman of the
Black Stock (1896);
Social Life in Old Virginia (1897) ; Two Prisoners
(1898) ; Red Rock (1898) ; Santa Clans' Partner
(1899), and Gordon Keith (1903).
PAQE, Walter Mines, editor, was born in
Gary, Wake county, N.C., Aug. 15, 1855; son of
Allison F. and Katharine (Raboteau) Page ;
grandson of Anderson Page, and a descendant of
the Page family in Virginia. He attended the
Bingham, N.C., military school; was graduated
from Randolph-Macon college. Va., in 1876 : was
a fellow in Greek at Johns Hopkins university
under Dr. Gildersleeve, 1876-78 ; and was a
teacher at the Boys' High school, Louisville, Ky.,
1878-79. He was editor of the St. Joseph, Mis-
souri, Daily Gazette, 1880-81 ; later became book
reviewer and editorial writer on the New York
World, and returning to North Carolina founded
the State Chronicle, at Raleigh, which he edited
until 1883, when he was engaged on the staff of the
New York Evening Post. He was manager of
the Forum, 1887-91 ; its editor, 1891-95 ; literary
adviser of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1895-99;
editor of the Atlantic Man thly, 1896-99, and became
editor of The World's Work in November, 1899.
He was a member of the publishing house of
Doubleday, Page & Co., of New York city, and of
the University club, in New York. He is the
author of The Rebuilding of Old Commonwealths,
a book of essays toward the better training of
the masses of the population of the Southern
States (1902).
PAQE, William, painter, was born in Albany,
N.Y., Jan. 23, 1811. His parents removed to
New York city in 1819, and in 1821 he received a
premium from the American Institute for a
drawing in India ink. He entered upon the study
of law in the office of Frederick De Peyster in
1825, but soon left and apprenticed himself to
James Herring, the portrait painter, with whom
PAINE
PAIXE
he remained nearly a year. He next became
the pupil of Samuel F. B. Morse through whom
he was admitted as a student at the National
Academy of Design, where he received a silver
medal for his drawings from the antique. He
settled in Albany, N.Y., as a portrait painter;
removed to New York city in 1831, was elected a
member of the National Academy of Design, in
1836, and painted the portrait of Gov. William L.
Marcy for the New York City Hall, and that of
John Quinoy Adams, for Faneuil Hall, Boston,
Mass. He resided in Boston, 1844-47, where he
painted a large number of portraits ; returned to
New York in the latter year, and in 1849 went to
Europe, spending his time chiefly in Florence and
Rome, where he painted the portraits of many
distinguished persons, including Robert and Eliza-
beth Barrett Browning, and Hiram Powers. He
also produced his two " Venuses " ; " Moses and
Aaron on Mount Horeb " ; the " Flight into
Egypt," and the "Infant Bacchus." He made
a study of the works of Titian, whose method
of painting he professed to have discovered, and
his copies were so admirable that one of them was
seized by the authorities at Florence, under the
belief that it was the original painting. He re-
turned to New York in 1860, resided at Eagle-
wood, near Perth Amboy, N.J., for four years,
and then built a house on Staten Island. He was
president of the National Academy of Design,
1871-73, and in 1874 visited Germany to study
the supposed death-mask of Shakespeare, from
which he produced a bust and several portraits.
He delivered several courses of lectures on art ;
was known as an experimenter in colors, and pub-
lished a New Geometrical Method of Measuring
the Human Figure (1860). His work includes :
The Holy Family (1837); Tlie Last Interview
(1838); portraits of Henry Ward Beecher, Wen-
dell Phillips, Charles P. Daly (1848) , owned by the
New York Historical society ; James Russell
Lowell, Gov. Reuben E. Fenton (1870) ; Charlotte
Cushman (1880); General Grant (1880); Thomas
Le Clear (1883); and Charles Sunnier, incomplete
(1-885); Head of Christ (1870); Cupid (1880); and
Ruth and Naomi. He also executed a full-length
painting of Admiral Farragut at the battle of
Mobile Bay, which was presented to the Russian
government in 1871. He died in Tottenville,
Staten Island, N.Y.. Oct. 1, 1885.
PAINE, Albert Bigelow, editor, was born in
New Bedford, Mass., July 10, 1861 ; son of Samuel
E. and Mercy C. (Kirby) Paine ; grandson of
Elija and Cynthia (Brown) Paine, and of Nicho-
las and — — (Ellis) Kirby, and a descendant
of Stephen Paine, who came to America in 1638.
He attended the public schools of Xenia, 111., and
devoted himself to literary work. He contributed
rhymes and stories to Scribner's, Century and
other magazines, and became editor of the chil-
dren's department of the New York Herald in
1898. He accepted the editorship of the League
department of the St. Nicholas Magazine in June,
1899. He is the author of : Rhymes by Two
Friends, with William Allen White (1893); TJie
Mystery of Eveline Delorme (1894); Gobolinks,
with Ruth McEnery Stuart (1896); The Dumpies
(1897); TJie Hollow Tree (1898); TJie Arkansaiv
Bear (1898); The Deep Woods (1899); Tlie Beacon
Prize Medals (1899); TJie Bread Line (1900); The
Little Lady— Her Book (1901); Tlie Van-Dwellers
(1901); The Great Wliite Tray (1901).
PAINE, Charles, governor of Vermont, was
born in Williamstown, Vt., April 15, 1799 ; son of
Judge Elijah and Sarah (Porter) Paine, and
grandson of Seth Paine, and of John Porter. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1820, A.M.,
1823, and engaged in manufacturing with his
father. He was elected by the Whig party gov-
ernor of Vermont in 1840, serving, 1841-43. As
such he was influential in securing the construc-
tion of the Vermont Central railroad. He was af-
terward also connected with the Southern Pacific
railroad, and went to Texas in the interests of that
road. He gave to Northfield academy the land
on which it was built, apparatus and $500 in
money. He built the Congregational church at
Depot village, Vt. ; bequeathed to the Roman
Catholic congregation of the village the land for
its church, and was a liberal benefactor of the
University of Vermont and other institutions of
learning. He died in Waco, Texas, July 6, 1853.
PAINE, Charles Jackson, soldier, was born in
Boston, Mass., Aug. 26, 1833.; son of Charles
Cushing and Fanny Cabot (Jackson) Paine ;
grandson of Judge Charles Jackson of the Massa-
chusetts supreme court, and great-grandson of
Robert Treat Paine, signer. He attended the
Boston Latin school and was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856. He studied law
in the office of Rufus Choate in Boston, Mass.;
«-,-is admitted to the bar in 1856, and practiced
law until 1861. He was commissioned captain in
the 22d Massachusetts volunteer infantry, Oct. 6,
1861 ; major of the 30th Massachusetts infantry,
Jan. 14, 1862, and colonel of the 2d Louisiana
regiment, Oct. 2, 1862. He commanded the first
brigade 19th army corps at Port Hudson, after
the death of Col. E. P. Chapin, May 24-July 8,
1863 ; resigned the command, March 4. 1864, and
joined General Butler's Army of the James, com-
manding the 1st division, 25th army corps, all
colored troops, at Petersburg ; was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers. July 4. 1804, and
led his division of colored troops in the attack on
New Market Road, Va., Sept. 29, 1864. He also
took part in the capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15,
1865, where he commanded the 3d division 25th
PAINE
PAINE
army corps, and was brevetted major-general of
volunteers, Jan. 15, 1865. He served under Gen-
eral Sherman in North Carolina in command of
the 3d division 10th army corps, and after the
surrender of General Johnston was placed in
command of the district of Newbern until No-
vember, 1865. He was mustered out of the vol-
unteer service, Jan. 15, 1866. After 1866 he
was connected with the management of railroad
corporations, and was for many years a direc-
tor of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the
Mexican Central and the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe railroads. He was married March 26,
1867, to Julia, daughter of John and Mary Anna
(Lee) Bryant. He headed the syndicate of
yachtsmen that built the sloop-yacht Puritan in
1885, and successfully defended the cup from the
British sloop Genesta. He later became sole owner
of the Puritan. In 1886 he built the Mayflower
which defeated the Galatea, and in 1887 the Volun-
teer which outsailed the Tliistle. These yachts
were designed by Edward Burgess. In February,
1888, the New York Yacht club, of which he was
a member, presented him with a silver cup in
recognition of his triple defence of America's
cup. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him,
together with Edward O. Wolcott and Adlai E.
Stevenson, a special envoy to Great Britain,
France and Germany, with a view to securing by
international agreement a fixity of relative value
between gold and silver as money.
PAINE, Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Park-
man, Geauga county, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815 ; son of
Hendrick E. and Harriet (Ellsworth) Paine ;
grandson of Eleazer and Anne (Ellsworth) Paine,
and a descendant of Stephen Paine, of Hingham,
Mass. He was graduated from the U.S. Military
academy in 1839, and promoted 3d lieutenant, 1st
infantry, July 1, 1839. He served on General Tay-
lor's staff in the Florida war, 1839-40, and resigned
his commission in the U.S. arniy, Oct. 11, 1840.
He was U.S. deputy marshal for Ohio, 1843-45 ;
lieutenant-colonel in the Ohio militia, 1842-45,
and brigadier-general, 1845-48. He practised
law in Painesville, Ohio, 1843^48, and in Moir
mouth, 111., 1848-61, and was a representative in
the state legislature of Illinois, 1853-54. He was
commissioned colonel of the 9th Illinois volun-
teer regiment, July 3, 1861. He commanded a
brigade at Paducah, Ky., Sept. 27-Dec. 24, 1861,
and at Cairo, 111., January-February, 1863 ; was
in command of the 4th division of Pope's army
in the operations against New Madrid, Island No.
10, Fort Pillow and Memphis, in March and April
1863, and in the attack and siege of Corinth in
May 1862. He was on leave of absence, July 13,
to Aug. 12, 1863 ; was in command of his divi-
sion under Eosecrans, and was by him sent to
strengthen Buell's army ; was subsequently in
command of the district of west Tennessee, Au-
gust-September, 1862 ; of Gallatin, Tenn. , and of
the district of Western Kentucky, July 18-Sept.
11, 1864, and on waiting orders September, 1864, to
April, 1865. He resigned his commission April
5, 1865. After the war he engaged in business.
He died in Jersey City, N.J., Dec. 16, 1882.
PAINE, Elijah, senator, was born in Brook-
lyn, Conn., Jan. 21, 1757 ; son of Seth and Mabel
(Tyler) Paine, and grandson of Seth Paine of
Pomfret, Conn. He entered Harvard college in
1T74, left to enter the American army, and
was graduated A.B., 1781, A.M., 1783. He was
admitted to the bar in 1784 ; removed to Wind-
sor, Vt., where, besides conducting a law busi-
ness, he cultivated a farm. He subsequently
opened a settlement at Williamstown, where he es-
tablished a broadcloth factory employing 200 men,
erected a saw and grist mill, and built a turnpike
to Montpelier at a cost of $10,000, which he pre-
sented to the state. He had at one time a flock
of 1500 merino sheep on his farm, besides im-
proved breeds of horses and cattle. He was a
member and secretary of the convention to re-
vise the state constitution in 1786, and was ap-
pointed a commissioner to settle and close the
controversy between Vermont and New York in
1789. He was a representative in the Vermont
legislature, 1787-1791 ; was judge of the superior
court of Vermont, 1791-94 ; was elected to the
U.S. senate by the Federalist legislature as suc-
cessor to Stephen R. Bradley, taking his seat
Dec. 7, 1795, serving till March 3, 1801, and was
judge of the United States district court of Ver-
mont, 1801-42. He was married, June 7, 1790, to
Sarah, daughter of John Porter, a lawyer of Ply-
mouth, N.H., and had four sons : Martyn (q.v.);
Elijah (q.v.); Charles (q.v.), and George, a law-
yer, who removed to Marsellon, Ohio, and died
aged twenty-nine years. He was a member of
the American Antiquarian society, a fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
president of the Vermont Colonization society ;
a charter trustee of Middlebury college, 1800-09,
a trustee of Dartmouth college, 1806-29, and a lib-
eral benefactor of the University of Vermont.
The honorary degree of A.B. was conferred upon
him by Dartmouth in 1786 and that of LL.D. by
Harvard in 1813 and by the University of Ver-
mont in 1825. He made the speech of welcome
when Lafayette visited Vermont. He died in
Williamstown, Vt., April 28, 1842.
PAINE, Ephraim, delegate, was born in Can-
terbury, Conn., Aug. 19, 1730 ; son of Joshua and
Rebecca (Sparrow) Paine ; grandson of Thomas
and Hannah (Shaw) Paine and of Jonathan Spar-
row, and a descendant of Thomas Paine, the im-
migrant, who settled in Eastham, Mass. Joshua
Paine removed to Nine Partners, N.Y., and Eph-
PAINE
PAINE
raim became the manager of a large farm. He
also studied medicine with Dr. John Adams, and
practiced for a time in Arnenia. He was a dele-
gate to the Provincial congress of 1775, and was
prominent during the Revolutionary struggle.
He was county judge, 1778-81 ; a member of the
council of appointment in 1780 ; a state senator,
1780-84, and a delegate to the Continental con-
gress, 1784-85, where he proposed that the num-
ber of commissioners appointed to negotiate with
tha Indians be reinforced by one, and that the
sum of §8.000 be presented to Baron Steuben.
This latter bill failed in its passage, but was
afterward affirmed and the sum increased to
§10,000. He was married, first, to Elizabeth
Harris of Amenia, and, secondly, to Martha
Thompson. He died in Amenia, N.Y.,Aug. 10, 1785.
PAINE, Halbert Eleazer, lawyer, was born
in Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1826 ;
son of Eleazer and Jane Caroline (Hoyt) Paine;
grandson of Eleazer and Anna (Elsworth) Paine
and of Noah and Rhoda (Waters) Hoyt, and a
descendant of Stephen Paine, who emigrated
from Norfolk county, England, in the ship Dili-
gent in 1638, and settled in Hingham, Mass., and
in 1643. in Seekonk, now Rehoboth, Mass. He
was a miller by trade ; a delegate to the general
court, and with others bought the land from the
Indians on which Attleboro, Mass., is situated.
Halbert Eleazer Paine was graduated at Western
Reserve college, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848 ; was tutor
there, 1847-49, and was admitted to the bar in
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849, where lie practiced,
1849-57, and at Milwaukee, \Vis., 1857-61. He was
major-general in the Ohio militia, 1856-7. He was
married, Sept. 10, 1850, to Eliza Leeworthy,
daughter of Harvey Brigham of Windham, Ohio.
He entered the Union army as quartermaster of
the 3d Wisconsin infantry ; was appointed col-
onel of the 4th Wisconsin infantry in May, 1861 ;
was stationed in Baltimore, Md., and left with
General Butler on the New Orleans expedition in
1862. He captured the town of Grand Gulf and
burnt it. by order of General Butler. He was
placed under arrest at Baton Rouge, La., by Gen.
Thomas Williams for refusing to obey an order
to return fugitive slaves in the camps to their
masters, and remained in arrest, except when
the troops went into action. On the death of
Williams at the battle of Baton Rouge, Aug. 5,
1862, he was released by General Butler and or-
dered to command the forces at Baton Rouge,
where he packed the statue of Washington and the
books in the library at the state capitol, shipping
them to New Orleans before evacuating the place
on the 20th. He was transferred to the command
of the 1st brigade. T. W. Sherman's division,
in September, 1862 ; afterward to the 3d brigade,
Grover's division, and finally to the 3d brigade of
Emory's division, 19th army corps. He was pro-
moted brigadier-general of volunteers March 13,
1863, and in May, 1863, succeeded to the command
of the 3d division, 19th corps, and while leading
in the assault on Port Hudson, lost a leg, June
14, 1863. He was appointed a member of General
Augur's military commission at Washington,
D.C., Sept. 1, 1863; commanded the forces sta-
tioned between Forts Stevens and Totten during
General Early's attempt to capture Washington
in July, 1864, and commanded the military dis-
• trict of Illinois, August to October, 1864. He
returned to Milwaukee, was brevetted major-
general of volunteers, March 13, 1865. and resigned
from the army May 15, 1865. He was a Repub-
lican representative from the first Wisconsin
district in the 39th, 40th and 41st congresses,
1865-71 ; was a member of the committee on
reconstruction, of that on soldiers' and sailors'
bounties and chairman of the committee on elec-
tions, and of that on militia. He framed and
secured the passage of the bill organizing the
U.S. signal service in 1869. He resumed the
practise of law in Washington, D.C., in 1871 ;
was U.S. commissioner of patents, 1878-90, and
was still continuing his law practise at the
national capital in 1902. He received the degree
of LL.D. from Western Reserve college in 1875.
He is the author of : Paine on Contested Elec-
tions (1880).
PAINE, Harriet Eliza, author, was born in
Rehoboth, Mass., May 5, 1845: daughter of the
Rev. John Chester and Eliza (Folger) Paine, and
granddaughter of Hon. Elijah and (Pomeroy)
Paine of Ashfield, Mass., and of Gideon and
Eunice (Macy) Folger of Nantucket. She was
graduated at Wheaton seminary, Norton. Mass.,
in 1862, where she was a pupil of Lucy Lar-
com in literature and composition, and where
she taught for several years. She was principal
of Robinson seminary, Exeter, N.H., 1875-78,
and taught in private schools in Boston. Mass.
She is the author of : Bird Songs of Xeir Eng-
land (1882); Girls anil Women (1890); Chats icith
Girls on Self-Culture (1891), and The Unmarried
\\~oman (1892), the last three being written un-
der the pen name "Eliza Chester.''
PAINE, John Alsop, archaeologist, was born
in Newark, N.J., Jan. 14, 1840 ; son of Dr. John
Alsop (1795-1871) and Amanda (Kellogg) Paine :
grandson of Ezra (1767-1828) and Elizabeth
(Weeks) Paine, and a descendant, in the eighth
generation (through John5. Alsop4, John3, John2)
of Thomas Payne, 2nd (1586-1650), born in Wren-
tham, Suffolk, England, who came to America
about 1637 with six children and settled in Salem.
Mass. John Alsop Paine. 2nd. was graduated
from Hamilton college, A. B., 1859. A. 51., l^i!'.1.
and from Andover Theological seminary in 1862,
PAINE
PAINE
being ordained May, 29, 1867. He was employed
by the regents of the University of the State of
New York to enlarge the flora of the state, 1862-
6? ; was professor of natural science at Robert
college, Constantinople, 1867-69 ; traveled in
Egypt and Palestine, and studied in Germany,
1869-70, and was professor of natural history and
German at Lake Forest university, 111., 1870-71.
He was associate editor of the Independent, 1871-
72 ; was archaeologist to the first expedition sent
out by the Palestine exploration society, visiting
the region east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea,
1872-74 ; edited and published the Journal of
Christian Philosophy, 1882-84 ; was chosen a
member of the editorial staff of the Century Dic-
tionary in 1887, and curator of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York city, in 1889. He
received the degree of Ph.D. from Hamilton in
1873. He contributed largely to scientific jour-
nals, reported many discoveries of the Palestine
Exploration society, and is the author of a Cata-
logue of Plants found in Oneida County and
Vicinity (1865) ; Fifth Statement Containing
Identification of Mount Pisgah (1875); Pharaoh,
the Oppressor and his Daughter in the Light of
their Monuments (Cent. Mag., May, 1887); The
Pharaoh of the Exodus and his Son in the
Liijht of their Monuments (Sept., 1887).
PAINE, John Knowles, musician, was born in
Portland, Maine, Jan. 9, 1839; son of Jacob S.
and Rebecca Beebe (Downes) Paine ; grandson
of John K. Paine, and a descendant of the Paines
of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. He received his
early musical edu-
cation in Portland,
writing a composition
for a string quartette
at the age of sixteen,
and made his first
public appearance as
an organist in 1857.
He studied the organ
in Germany under
Haupt, Wieprecht and
others, 1858-61, and
made a tour of Ger-
many in 1865-66. giv-
ing several organ
recitals. He was lec-
turer on music at
Harvard, 1863-64 ; assistant professor, 1873-75 ;
and in 1875, having gradually built up the depart-
ment of music, was given the title professor of
music, being the first to hold that position in any
American university. In 1867 he directed his
Mass at the Sing-academic in Berlin. He was
elected a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and received the honorary
degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1869 and that
VIII. — 12
of Mus. D. from Yale in 1890. He is the com-
poser of a Mass in D (1867); the oratorio St.
Peter, first presented in Portland, Maine, in 1873;
a Symphony in C minor given by Theodore Tho-
mas in Boston Music Hall, Jan. 6, 1876 ; the Cen-
tennial Hymn (words by Whittier) sung at the
opening of the exposition in Philadelphia,
1876; Overture to As You Like It (1876); Sym-
phonic Poem to The Tempest (1877); Spring
Symphony (1880); CEdipus Tyrannus, performed
in Greek in Cambridge, May, 1881 ; a cantata
Phcebus Arise, words by Drummond of Haw-
thoruden (1882); Keats's Realm of Fancy, for
chorus, quartet and orchestra (1882); Milton's Ka-
ticity, composed for the Handel and Haydn
festival in Boston (1883); Symphonic Poem, an
Island Fantasy (1887); A Song of Promise, can-
tata composed for the Cincinnati festival (1888);
Columbus March and Hymn, composed by invit-
ation for the opening ceremonies of the Chicago
World's Fair (1893); Azara, an opera in three
acts, the libretto being written by the composer
(1901); Birds of Aristophanes, presented by the
Harvard Classical club (May, 1901), and many
lesser pieces, including songs, piano and organ
compositions and chamber music.
PAINE, Levi Leonard, church historian, was
born in Holbrook, Mass., Oct. 10, 1832; son of
Levi and Clementina Maria (Leonard) Paine ;
grandson of Silas and Lydia (White) Paine and
of Caleb F. and Nancy (Thompson) Leonard, and
a descendant of Peregrine White. He %vas gra-
duated from Yale, A. B., 1856, B. D., 1861, and
was at once ordained to the Congregational
ministry. He was married, July 29, 1861, to Jen-
nette H., daughter of George and Julia A.
Holmes of Norwalk, Conn. He was pastor at
Farmington, Conn., 1861-70 ; president of the
Maine Missionary society, 1888-94, and dean of
the faculty of the Bangor Theological seminary,
1870-1902. He is the author of: The Critical
History of the Evolution of Trinitarianiam(1900) ,
and Tlie Ethnic Trinities (1901), both of which
attracted wide attention. He died at Bangor,
Maine, May 10, 1902.
PAINE, Robert, M. E. bishop, was born in
Person county, N.C., Nov. 12, 1799 ; son of James
and Mary A. (Williams) Paine of Oxford, N.C.;
grandson of Robert Paine, an officer in the Con-
federate army, and great-grandson of Dr. James
Paine, a native of London, England. Robert
Paine attended school near.Leasburg, N.C., and
later studied at the school of the Rev. Dr. D. C.
Weir and Professor Alexander, near Lynnville,
Tenn. He joined the M. E. church, Oct. 9, 1817,
and was ordained deacon and elder in 1821 ; was
a missionary preacher ; presiding elder of the
Nashville district, and president of LaGrange col-
lege, Ala. , 1830-46. He was a leader of the mov-
PAINE
PAINE
ement in the Louisville conference of 1844 for the
division of the church, north and south, and was
elected bishop of the M.E. church, south, at the
first general conference held at Petersburg, Va.,
184G, of which he was presiding officer. He con-
tributed ably to the support of the church during
the embarrassments incident to the civil war. He
was a member of the Connecticut Academy of
Arts and Sciences. The honorary degree of A.M.
was conferred on him by the University of Nash-
ville, and that of D.D. by Wesleyan university in
1842. He is the author of : Life and Times of
Bishop McKcndree (2 vols., 1859). He died in
Aberdeen, Miss., Oct. 18, 1882.
PAINE, Robert Treat, signer, was born iu
Boston, Mass., March 11, 1731 ; son of the Rev.
Thomas and Eunice (Treat) Paine. His father
was pastor of the church at Weymouth, Mass., a
merchant in Boston after 1730 and the author of
several published sermons and lectures. His
mother was the granddaughter of Gov. Robert
Treat of Connecticut and of the Rev. Samuel
Willard, vice-president of Harvard college. His
grandfather, James Paine, was a member of the
expedition against Canada in 1694 ; his great-
grandfather, Thomas Paine, emigrated to Cape
Cod with his father, Thomas, and subsequently
settled in Eastham, Mass., and was a representa-
tive in the colonial court. Robert Treat Paine
was graduated from Harvard college, A.B.,
1749, A.M., 1752. After his father's loss of prop-
erty in 1750, he taught school one year, made
three voyages to North Carolina as master of a
vessel, calling on one vo3'age at Cadiz and Fayal,
and next was master of a whaler to the coast
of Greenland. He studied law and theology ; was
chaplain of a northern frontier regiment at Lake
George, 1755 ; preached at Shirley, Mass. ; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1757 and practised in Boston,
1757-61, removing to Taunton, Mass., in 1761. He
was a delegate to the convention of 1768 held at
Boston to consider the condition of the country,
and conducted the prosecution against Captain
Prescott and his soldiers for the Boston Massacre
of 1770. He was married in 1770 to Sally,
daughter of Thomas Cobb and sister of Gen.
David Cobb. In 1773-74 he was chairman of the
Taunton committee to remonstrate against public
wrong, writing the address for the governor's
removal, and was chairman of the committee on
the impeachment of Chief-Justice Peter Oliver.
He was a delegate to the first Continental con-
gress, 1774 ; to the second Provincial congress at
Cambridge, 1775, and one of the committee on
the state of the Province ; a delegate to the 2nd
and subsequent Continental congresses, 1775-76,
where he served on many important committees
and as chairman on the committee of supplies,
and voted for the adoption of the Declaration of
Independence, July 4. 1776. of which instrument
he was a signer. He was re-elected to the Con-
tinental congress for 1777 and 1778, but did not
again attend. He was a member of the committee
of three that visited Gen. Philip Schuyler's army
on the northern frontier ; was elected a repre-
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature in 1777,
being part of the time speaker, and was unanimous-
ly elected attorney-general of the state. He was
a member of the committee appointed from Mas-
sachusetts to confer with members from the other
colonies on the regulation of the price of labor,
provisions and manufactures in 1778 ; of the
executive couiitil of Massachusetts, 1779-80, and
a delegate to the convention that adopted the
state constitution. He was attorney-general of
Massachusetts, 1777-90, covering the period of
Shays's rebellion ; judge of the supreme court,
1790-1804, and a member of the executive council
in 1804. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con-
ferred on him by Harvard in 1805. He was one
of the founders of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1780. He died in Boston,
Mass., May 11, 1814.
PAINE, Robert Treat, philanthropist, was
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1835, son of
Charles Gushing and Fanny Cabot (Jackson)
Paine ; grandson of Charles and Sarah Simmer
(Cushing) Paine and of Judge Charles Jackson,
and great-grandson of Robert Treat Paine, the
signer. He attended
the Boston Latin
school; was graduated
from Harvard in
1855 ; studied law at
Harvard Law school
the following year ;
traveled and studied
in Europe for two
years, and then re-
sumed his law studies
under Richard H.
Dana and Francis E.
Parker of Boston. He
was admitted to the
bar in 1859 and
practised in Boston,
1859-70. He was married, April 24, 1862, to Lydia
Williams, daughter of George Williams and
Anne (Pratt) Lyman of Boston. In 1870 he
retired from business and devoted himself to
philanthropical work. He was a member of the
sub-committee which had charge of the building
of Trinity church, Boston, 1872-77, and v>;is
prominent in organizing the Associati'd Charities
of Boston, being elected its first president iu
1879. In 1887 lie gave $10.000 to endow a
fellowship at Harvard college for the study of
sociology, and in 1890 he' endowed a trust of
PAINE
PAINE
$200,000, called the Robert Treat Paine associa-
tion, for charitable work. He was a representative
in the general court from Waltham in 1884 and
was unsuccessful Democratic and Independent
candidate for representative in the 49th congress
in 1884. He was elected president of the Wells
Memorial Workingmen's institute, which he
organized in 1879 and which included a co-
operative bank and building association. He
also organized the Workingmen's Loan associa-
tion and served as president of the congress of
Workingmen's clubs. In 1891 he became presi-
dent of the Peace association.
PAINE, Thomas, author and diplomatist, was
born in Thetford, Norfolk county, England, Jan.
29, 1737 ; son of Joseph Paine, a Quaker, and by
occupation a staymaker. He attended the Thet-
ford grammar school until 1750, when he learned
the trade of staymaking and engaged in that
business until 1755, when he went to sea on a
privateer. He soon returned to Thetford, and in
1757 obtained employment with a London stay-
maker, becoming interested in the philosophical
lectures of Martyn and Ferguson. He removed to
Dover in 1858, and the following year established
himself as a master staymaker in Sandwich,
Kent county. He was married in 1759 to Mary
Lambert, an orphan, who was a servant in a
woolen draper's family, and in 1760 they removed
to Margate, where she died. He abandoned his
trade and prepared himself for a position as
excise officer, returning to Thetford in 1761 as a
supernumerary officer of excise. In 1764 he was
appointed to watch smugglers, was discharg-
ed from office in August, 1765, and engaged in
teaching English in an academy in London, 1765-
66, and in a school in Kensington in 1767. He
was re-appointed to the excise service in 1768,
and deputed as officer in Lewes, Sussex county.
In 1771 he was married to Elizabeth Ollive of
Lewes. When the excisemen united in signing
a plea to parliament for an increase of salary,
Paine was entrusted with the prosecution of the
matter, and in 1772 prepared his petition, but
was unable to get a hearing. He was again dis-
missed from the excise service in April, 1774,
and in June of the same year became formally
separated from his wife. He removed to London,
and made the acquaintance of Benjamin Frank-
lin, in whose electrical experiments he was
interested. In consequence of this acquaintance
he left England in 1774, with letters from
Franklin to Richard Bache in Philadelphia, where
he obtained employment as a tutor and was
chosen by Robert Aitkiu to assist in publishing
the Pennsylvania Magazine or American Museum,
which he edited for eighteen months. In its
columns he urged the extension of independence
to the enslaved negro, was the first to advocate
international arbitration and to propose national
and international copyright. During the Revolu-
tion he published political pamphlets, including
" Common Sense" (1775), of which half a million
copies were distributed, and donated the copy-
right to the colonies for the cause of independence.
In July, 1776, he published a pamphlet, entitled "A
Dialogue between the Ghost of Gen. Montgomery,
Just Arrived from the Elysian Fields, and an
American Delegate in a Wood Near Philadelphia."
In November, 1776, he joined the Pennsylvania
division of the flying camp, and while in the
army composed the first number of " Crisis,"
writing only by night, and publishing the paper,
Dec. 19, 1776, just before the battle of Trenton.
The opening words, " These are the times that
try men's souls," became a familiar watchword
in the camp. He was appointed secretary to the
commission sent by congress to treat with the
Indians at Easton, Pa., Jan. 21, 1777, and was
elected secretary of the committee of foreign
affairs, April 17, 1777. He resigned his position
of secretary on account of a controversy with
Silas Deane, and was reduced to a clerkship in
Owen Biddle's law office. He was appointed
clerk of the Pennsylvania assembly in 1780, and
in February, 1781, accompanied Col. John Laureiis
to France, for the purpose of procuring a loan.
Their mission was entirely successful and on
their return to Philadelphia, Paine became a
social lion, but was without means and suffered
for want of food. Upon the earnest solicitation
of General Washington congress ultimately paid
Paine a salary of $800 a year for secret services.
After the conclusion of the treaty of peace, upon
his endeavor to obtain some recognition of his
services, New York state presented him with
277 acres of land at New Rochelle ; Pennsylvania
voted him £500, and congress paid him $3,000.
He had been engaged on designs for an iron
bridge over the Schuylkill, and in April, 1787, he
sailed for France to obtain the approval of his
work by the French engineers. The plans were
sanctioned by the French Academy and sent to
the Royal Society. While in France he drew up
a proposal for friendship between France and
England, and acted as arbitrator. Visiting
London, he at once became a social and diplomatic
feature of that metropolis. In November, 1790. he
began his reply to Edmund Burke's " Reflections
on the Revolution in France," entitled "Rights
of Man," which he dedicated to George Washing-
ton, and which reached a large circulation.
The Democratic views set forth in this publica-
tion exposed him to punishment for sedition and
on the conferment of the title of French citizen
by the National Assembly on Aug. 26, 1792, he
returned to France. He was elected president
of the Constitutional society of Calais, and a
PAINTER
PALFREY
member of the convention of France. While in
the convention he tried to save the life of Louis
XVI. by voting for his detention until the close
of the war, and upon the accession of the
Jacobin party he was denounced, shut out of the
convention and was arrested, Dec. 27, 1793,
narrowly escaping the guillotine. While daily
expecting arrest, he wrote the third of his
famous books, "The Age of Reason." He was
released in 1794, and in September, 1802, left
France for the United States. Although anticipa-
ting a cordial welcome in the States, his "Age of
Reason " had stirred up a strong feeling against
him. He took no active part in politics after his
return and resided in New York at the home of
Madame Bonueville until his death. By his own
request, his body was buried on his farm at New
Rochelle. It was subsequently removed to Eng-
land by William Cobbett, the English radical,
and finally found sepulture in France. He died
in New York city, June 8, 1809.
PAINTER, Franklin Verzelius Newton,
author, was born in Hampshire county, Va. ,
April 12, 1852 ; son of Israel and Juliana (Wilson)
Painter, and grandson of John Painter and of
Isaac N. Wilson, the former of German and the
latter of Scotch descent. His boyhood was spent
at West Union, now Aurora, W.Va. He was
graduated with first honor from Roanoke college,
Salem, Va., A.B., 1874, A.M., 1877, and from the
Theological seminary, Salem, in 1878, and was
ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran church
in 1878. He was married, Aug. 9, 1875, to Laura
Trimble Shickel of Salem. He studied in Paris
and Bonn, 1882, and was appointed professor of
modern languages at Roanoke college in 1882.
He was a member of the Modern Language
Association of America, and his paper advocat-
ing a modern classical course in American
colleges was formally approved by that organiza-
tion in 1884. The degree of D.D. was conferred
on him by Pennsylvania college in 1895. He
established the Virginia Teachers' Reading
association in 1885, and is the author of : A
History of Education (1886); Luther on Ednca-
tion (1889); History of Christian Worship (with
Prof. J. W. Richard, 1891); Introduction tn
English Literature (1894); Introduction to Ameri-
can Literature (1897); A History of English
Literature (1900); Lyrical Vignettes (1900);
Tlie Reformation Dau-n (1901), and contributions
to periodicals.
PALFREY, John (iorham, historian, was born
in Boston, Mass., May 2, 1796 ; son of John and
Mary (Gorharn) Palfrey ; grandson of William
(1741-1780) and Susan (Cazneau) Palfrey, and a
descendant, probably, of Peter Palfrey, Salem,
1626. His grandfather was a paymaster-general in
the Continental army, and was appointed consul-
general to France in 1780 by the unanimous vote
of congress, but was lost on the voyage out.
John Gorham Palfrey fitted for college at Phillips
academy, Exeter, N.H., and was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1815, A.M., 1818. He studied
theology at Harvard, and was ordained pastor of
the Brattle Square Unitarian church in Boston in
1818 to succeed Edward Everett. He resigned
his pastorate in 1830 to accept the Dexter chair
of sacred literature at Harvard. In conjunction
with his professorship, he became editor of the
North American Review, with' which he was con-
nected until 1843 ; was dean of the theological
faculty, and one of the preachers in the university
chapel. He resigned his professorship in 1839 to
give more attention to the Xorth American Re-
view, and removed to Boston, returning to Cam-
bridge in 1843. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1842-43 ; secretary of the com-
monwealth, 1844—18 ; a representative in the 30th
congress, 1847-49, and postmaster of the city of
Boston, 1861-67. He represented the United
States in the Antislavery congress held at Paris
in 1867, and on his return to his home, Cambridge,
Mass., devoted himself to literary pursuits. He
delivered a series of eight lectures on the Evi-
dences of Christianity before the Lowell Institute,
1840-42 ; contributed a series of antislavery
articles to the Boston Wliig, and was a member
of the editorial staff of the Boston Commonwealth.
The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on
him by Harvard in 1834, and that of LL.D. in
1839, and by St. Andrews, Scotland, 1838. He
was at one time a member of the Massachusetts
Historical society. He is the author of two dis-
courses on the ' 'History of Brattle Street Church,"
and "Oration at Barnstaple Centennial, 1831";
papers on slave power; "Life of Col. William
Palfrey, in Vol. VII., 3d series, Sparks's " Amer-
ican Biography; " a " Review of Lord Mahon's
History of England," in Xorth American Re-
rii'ir ; Academical Lectures on the Jewish
Scriptures and Antiquities (4 vols., 1833-52); Ele-
mi')itn (if Clmldee, Syriac, Samaritan and Rab-
binical Grammar (1835); Evidences of Christian-
ity (Lowell lectures, 2 vols., 1843); Relation be-
tween Judaism and Christianity (1854); History
of Xeic England (5 vols., 1858). He was married
in 1823 to Mary Ann Hammond (1799-1897), and
their children, Francis Winthrop Palfrey (1831-
1889), and John Carver Palfrey, born in 1833, be-
came brigadier-generals by brevet in the volunteer
army, 1861-65, each contributing valuable papers
on the history of the civil war ; their daughter,
Sara Hammond Palfrey (q.v.), resided in Cam-
bridge in 1902. His name in " Class A," re-
ceived one vote for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Oc-
tober, 1900. He died in Cambridge, April 26*, 1881.
PALFREY
PALMER
PALFREY, Sara Hammond, author, was born
in Boston, Mass., Dec. 11, 1823 ; daughter of John
Gorham and Mary Ann (Hammond) Palfrey.
She attended private schools in Boston and Cam-
bridge, and devoted herself to literary work.
Some of her best known works were written
under the pen-name of •' E. Foxton." She is the
author of: Premises, verse (1850); Herman, or
Young Knighthood, novel (1866); Sir Pavon and
St. Pavon, verse (1867); Agnes Wentwarth, novel
(1869); The. Chapel, verse (1880); TJie Blossoming
Rod, verse (1887) ; Old Times and Neiv (1900) ; King
Arthur in Avalon and Other Poems (1900) ; Kathe-
rine Morne, novel, and contributions to the At-
lantic Monthly and other magazines.
PALMER, Alice Freeman, educator, was born
in Colesville, N.Y., Feb. 21, 1855; daughter of
Dr. James Warren and Elizabeth (Higley) Free-
man, and granddaughter of John and Elizabeth
(Knox) Freeman, and of Isaac and Elvira (Frost)
Higley. Her father, originally a farmer, studied
at the Medical college, Albany, N.Y., 1864-66,
and in 1866 removed his family to Windsor, N.Y.,
where lie practised medicine. Alice Freeman
was graduated at the University of Michigan , A. B. ,
1876, and while there helped to organize the Stu-
dents' Christian association for young men and
women, and was also engaged in teaching. She
taught in the high school at Ottawa, 111.,
1875 ; at Geneva Lake, Wisconsin, 1876-77 ; at
East Saginaw, Mich., 1877-79; was professor of
history in Wellesley college, Massachusetts, 1879-
81 ; acting president of Wellesley, 1881-82, and
president, 1882-87.
During her adminis-
tration she raised the
standard of scholar-
ship, regulated the
granting of degrees,
established the aca-
demic council to legis-
late upon intellectual
matters, reorganized
the departments of
instruction and in-
troduced the "home
idea." Several new
buildings were also
• completed during her
term of office. She
became prominent as a lecturer and writer on
educational subjects ; served as a Massachusetts
commissioner of education to the World's Colum-
bian exposition, 1893, and as dean of the
women's department of the University of
Chicago, 1892-95. She received the degrees :
Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1882,
L.H.D. from Columbia university in 1887, and
LL.D. from Union college in 1895. She was
a member of the Massachusetts State Board of
Education ; president of the Woman's Educa-
tional association of Boston, of the Massachu-
setts Home Missionary association, of the Asso-
ciation of Collegiate Alumnje and of the corpor-
ation of the Institute for Girls in Spain, and a
trustee of Wellesley college. She was married,
Dec. 23, 1887, to George Herbert Palmer (q.v.).
In September, 1902, they set out on a European
trip, and Mrs. Palmer died suddenly in Paris.
PALMER, Anna Campbell, author, was born
in Elmira, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1854 ; daughter of James
Barbour and Sally (Carpenter) Campbell. In
1868 she was left an orphan and taught school in
Elmira. She was married, Sept. 28, 1880, to
George Archibald Palmer. She was a member of
the editorial staff of the Elmira Evening Star,
1895-99, a correspondent to Buffalo Express, and
on the staff of the Elmira Advertiser, 1901. She
\vrote under the pen-name of " Mrs. George
Archibald ": Verses from a Mother's Corner (1889) ;
The Summerville Prize (1890); Little Broicn Seed
(1891); Lady Gay and Her Sister (1891); Lady
Gay (1898); A Dozen Good Times (1898); Three
Times Tliree, in collaboration (1899); Joel Dor-
man Steele, a biography (1900), and in 1901 she
began to use her full married name on all her
books and articles in periodicals.
PALMER, Benjamin Morgan, clergyman,
was born in Charleston, S.C., Jan. 25, 1818; son
of the Rev. Edward (1788-1882) and Sarah
(Bunce) Palmer, and grandson of Job Palmer
(1747-1845), a native of Falmouth, Mass., who
removed to Charleston, S.C. , before the Revolu-
tion. He was graduated at the University of
Georgia, A.B., 1838, and at the Theological semi-
nary at Columbia, S.C., in 1841 ; was married,
Oct. 7, 1841, to Mary Augusta, daughter of Dr.
Robert and Sarah McConnell of Libert}" county,
Ga. He was ordained by the presbytery of Geor-
gia in 1841, and was pastor of the First Presbyte-
rian church, Savannah, Ga., 1841-43 ; of the
Presbyterian church, Columbia, S.C., 1843-56, and
became pastor of the First Presbyterian church,
New Orleans, La., in 1856. He was professor of
church history and polity in the Theological sem-
inary at Columbia, S.C., 1853-56 ; moderator of
the first southern assembly of the Presbyterian
church at Augusta, Ga., in 1861, and a commis-
sioner to ten general assemblies of the church.
He was one of the founders of Tlte Southern Pi-es-
byterian Review in 1847, and one of its editors
and contributors from that year. He was a di-
rector of the Theological seminary, Columbia,
S.C., 1842-56; of the Southwestern Presbyterian
university at Clarksville. Tenn., from 1873, and
of Tulane university at New Orleans, La., from
1882. He received the degree of D.D. from Ogle-
thorpe university, Ga., in 1852, and LL.D. from
PALMER
PALMER
Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., in 1870. He
published several addresses and pamphlets, and
is the author of : The Life and Letters of Rev.
James Henley Thornwell, D.D., LL.D. (1875);
Sermons (3 vols., 1875-76); Tlie Family in its
Civil and Churcldy Aspects (1876); Formation of
Character (1889); Tlie Broken Home (1890); Ttie-
ology of Prayer (1894); Three-fold Fellowship (1902).
He died in New Orleans, La., May 28, 1902.
PALMER, Bertha Honore", was born in Lou-
isville, Ky. ; daughter of Henry H. and Eliza
(Carr) Honore. She was graduated from the
Convent of the Visitation in Georgetown, Ky. ;
was married in 1871 to Potter Palmer (q.v.),
a merchant of Chicago, 111., and became the social
leader of that city. She was associated with
many charitable organizations and clubs, and in
1891 was elected president of the board of lady
managers of the World's Columbian exposition,
and visited Europe in order to interest foreign
governments in the fair. She was appointed by
President McKinley the only woman member of
the National commission for the Paris exposition
of 1900, and was made a chevalier of the Legion
of Honor by the French government in 1891.
PALMER, Erastus Dow, sculptor, was born
in Pompey, N.Y., April 2, 1817 ; son of Erastus
Dow and Laurinda (Ball) Palmer, and grandson
of Uriah C. and Diantha (Dow) Palmer and of
Jonathan and Lydia (Eastman) Ball. He re-
ceived a limited education and engaged as a car-
penter until 1846, when he took up the engraving
of cameo portraits. In 1851 he exhibited a mar-
ble bust of the " Infant Ceres " at the Academy
of Design. He settled in Albany, N.Y., and de-
voted himself to sculpture. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Union college
in 1873. Among his bas-reliefs are : Right,
Morning, Faith, The Spirit's Flight, Mercy, Sap-
pho, Peace in Bondage, and among his statues
are: Tlie Indian Girl (1856), in the Metropoli-
tan Museum, N.Y.; The White Captive (1858);
The Sleeping Peri ; Tlie Little Peasant, and a mon-
ument, Tlie Angel at the Sepulchre (1868). He
also executed many ideal busts, notably : Resig-
nation, Spring, June and Tlie Infant Flora; and
portrait busts of Alexander Hamilton, Commo-
dore Perry, Edwin D. Morgan, Washington Irv-
ing, Moses Taylor and Dr. James H. Armsby.
A large group of sixteen figures, entitled ''The
Landing of the Pilgrims "(1857) designed to occu-
py a pediment in the capitol at Washington,
was refused, but his statue of Robert R. Liv-
ingston, modeled in 1873, received a gold medal
at Philadelphia, 1876, and was placed in Statu-
ary Hall by the state of New York.
PALMER, Francis Asbury, educationist,
was born at Bedford, N.Y., Nov. 26, 1812 ; son of
Lewis and Mary Palmer. He was graduated at
Bedford academy ; was married, Oct. 31, 1834, to
Susannah Shelden, who died childless. He was
founder and president of the National Broadway
bank (1849-1901); president of the Broadway Sa-
vings bank ; chamberlain of New York city,
1871-72 ; gave $10,000 to build a home for aged
ministers at Castile, N. Y. ; founded the chair of
Christian ethics at Antioch college, Ohio, with
§50,000; gave $20,000 to Palmer Christian college,
Legrand, Iowa, in 1867 and §30,000 by his will ;
§100,000 toward founding Palmer university,
Municie, Ind., of which Dr. L. B. McQuinney was
made chancellor; founded the Orphan Home, Lake
Mount, N. Y. ; left by will, among other bequests,
$5000 to Hamilton college ; §30,000 to Elton col-
lege, N.C.; $30,000 to Union Christian college,
Ind., and $500,000 to the Francis Asbury Palmer
Fund. He died in New York city, Nov . 2, 1902.
PALMER, Frank Wayland, representative,
was born in Manchester, Ind. .Oct. 11, 1827; son
of Zacheus Marshall and Selina (Strong) Palmer.
His pai'ents removed to Jamestown, N.Y., during
his early boyhood, and in 1841 he was appren-
ticed to the Jamestown Journal. He worked one
year as journeyman in New York city, and was
joint and sole proprietor of the Jamestown Jour-
nal, 1848-58. He was a member of the state
assembly for two terms, and in 1858 removed to
Dubuque, Iowa, where he became editor and one
of the proprietors of the Times. In 1861 he was
elected state printer and served as such eight
years, taking up his residence during the same
year in Des Moines, where he purchased the Iou-a
State Register, weekly, and soon after issued the
paper daily. In 1868 he sold the paper, but re-
tained its editorship. He was a representative
from the fifth district of Iowa in the 41st and 42d
congresses, 1869-73 ; removed to Chicago in 1873
and purchased one-third interest in the Inter-
Ocean, and was editor-in-chief, 1873-76. He was
one of the commissioners appointed by President
Grant to report upon the most equitable mode
for adjusting compensation for railway postal
service, and in 1877 was appointed postmaster of
Chicago. He was re-appointed by President
Hayes in March, 1877, and by President Arthur
in 1881, serving, 1877-85. In 1897 he was ap-
pointed by President McKinley public printer in
the government printing office and was retained
by President Roosevelt.
PALMER, George Herbert, educator, was
born in Boston, Mass., March 19, 1842 ; son of
Julius Auboynean and Lucy (Peabody) Palmer,
and grandson of Thomas Palmer and of Jacob
Peabody. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1SH4. A.M., 1S07 ; studied in the University of
Tubingen, 1867-69, and was graduated at Andover
Theological seminary in 1870. He was married
in 1871 to Ellen Margaret Wellman of Brookline.
PALMER
PALMER
Mass., who died in 1879 ; and secondly, in 1887, to
Alice Freeman, president of Wellesley college.
He was tutor in Greek at Harvard, 1870-72 ; in-
structor in philosophy, 1873-73 ; curator of the
Gray collection of engravings, 1872-76 ; assistant
professor of philosophy, 1873-83 ; professor of
philosophy, 1883-89, and in 1889 became Alford
professor of natural religion, moral philosophy
and civil polity. He received the degree of LL.D.
from the University of Michigan in 1894, and
from Union college in 1895, and that of Litt.D.
from Western Reserve university in 1898. He
translated "The Odyssey" into rhythmic prose
(1884), and "The Antigone of Sophocles " (1899);
and is the author of : Ttie New Education (1887);
Self Cultivation in English (1897); Tlie Glory of
the Imperfect (1898), and The Field of Ethics (1901).
PALMER, Innis Newton, soldier, was born in
Buffalo, N.Y., March 30, 1824 ; son of Innis Brom-
ley and Susan (Candee) Palmer ; grandson of
Job and Hannah (Bromley) Palmer of Danby,
Vt., and a descendant of Lieut. William Palmer,
of the Fortune, 1621. He was graduated at the
U.S. Military academy, brevet 3d lieutenant in
the Mounted Rifles, July 1, 1846 ; served in the
Mexican war, being wounded at Chapultepec ; was
promoted 3d lieutenant, July 30, 1847 ; brevetted
1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and
Churubusco. and captain, Sept. 13, 1847, for Cha-
pultepec. He took part in the assault and capture
of the City of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847 ; was in
garrison, and on recruiting and frontier duty,
1847-51. He also served as adjutant of the
Mounted Rifles, 1850-51 ; was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, Jan. 27, 1853 ; captain. March 3, 1855,
and transferred to the 3d cavalry, and major,
April 25, 1861, and transferred to the 5th cavalry,
Aug. 3, 1861. He served in the defence of Wash-
ington, D.C., April to July, 1861 ; commanded the
battalion of U. S. cavalry in the Manassas cam-
paign of July, 1861, and was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel for gallantry at Bull Run. He was ap-
pointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 23,
1861, and commanded the 3d brigade, 3d division,
4th corps, at Yorktown and Williamsburg, Va. ;
3d brigade, 3d division, 4th corps, at Seven Pines,
and the 3d brigade, 1st division, 4th corps, in the
Seven Days' battles. He was engaged in organ-
izing and forwarding to the field New Jersey and
Delaware volunteers ; in superintending camps
of drafted men at Philadelphia, Pa., 1862, and
in commanding the first division of the 18th army
corps in North Carolina, January to July, 1863 ;
the department of North Carolina, February to
March, 1863; the district of Pamlico, the 18th army
corps and the defences of Newbern, N.C., March,
1863, to April, 1864, and the districts of North Car-
olina, and Beaufort, N.C., successively, April, 1864,
to June, 1865. At Beaufort he joined in General
Sherman's movements and in the action at Kins-
ton, N.C. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel
and transferred to the 2d cavalry, Sept. 23, 1863 ;
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general in the
regular army, and major-general of volunteers,
March 13, 1865. He was mustered out of the vol-
unteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ; commanded the 3d
cavalry at Fort Ellsworth, Kan. , 1866 ; a regiment
at Fort Laramie, Dak., 1867-68, and wasa member
of the board on a system of Cavalry tactics from
July, 1868, to April, 1869. He was promoted
colonel, June 9, 1868, and commanded a regiment
at Omaha Barracks, Neb., and at Fort Sanders,
Wyo., interspersed with special board service,
1869-76. He was on sick leave of absence, 1876-
79, and was retired fron active service upon his
own application, March 26, 1879. He died at
Chevy Chase, lid., Sept. 10, 1900.
PALMER, James Croxall, naval surgeon, was
born in Baltimore, lid., June 29, 1811 ; son of
Edward and Katherine (Croxall) Palmer. He
was graduated from Dickinson college, A.B., 1829,
and from the University of Maryland, M.D., 1833.
He was commissioned assistant-surgeon in the
U.S. navy, 1834 ; ordered to the Relief store-ship
of Wilkes's exploring expedition, July 17, 1838 ;
subsequently transferred to the Peacock, and when
that vessel was wrecked at the mouth of the
Columbia river, Oregon, July 19, 1841, was placed
in command of the shore party assembled at Asto-
ria. He was promoted surgeon, Oct. 37, 1842, and-
was in charge of the U.S. navy-yard at Washing-
ton when the wounded from the Princeton were
brought to the yard for surgical assistance. He
served in Mexican waters, 1845-47, and in 1857
was ordered to the steam-frigate Niagara, when
that vessel laid the first Atlantic cable. He or-
iginated the idea of making the splice in mid-
ocean. He had medical charge of the U.S. Naval
academy, while that institution was located at
Newport, during the early part of the civil war.
He was fleet-surgeon under Admiral Farragut at
the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, leaving
the Hartford on the admiral's steam-barge, and
by Farragut's orders notifying the iron-clads
to attack the Tennessee. He aided the surgeons
of the iron-clads and did not return to the Hart-
ford until the battle had ended, when he was
ordered to the Tennessee to attend to Admiral
Franklin Buchanan of the Confederate navy,
whose shattered leg he saved from amputation.
Surgeon Palmer was instrumental in procuring an
agreement by which Confederate surgeons were
not detained as prisoners of war. He was in
charge of the U.S. Naval hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
1867-71 ; on March 3, 1871, he was commissioned
medical director ; on June 10, 1872, surgeon-gen-
eral of the U.S. navy, and was retired, June 39,
1873. He died in Washington, D.C., April 24, 1883.
PALMER
PALMER
PALMER, James Shedden, naval officer, was
born in New Jersey in 1810. He was warranted
midshipman in the U.S. navy, Jan. 1, 1825, was
promoted passed midshipman, June 4, 1831, and
lieutenant, Dec. 17, 1836. In the Mexican war
he commanded the Flirt on blockading duty :
was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; com-
manded the Iroquoisof the Mediterranean squad-
ron in 1861, and was transferred to Dupont's
Atlantic blockading fleet. His failure to capture
the Confederate privateer Sumter in West Indian
waters in 1861 called for an investigation, through
which he was exonerated and restored to his
command. He was promoted captain, July 16,
1862, and commanded the Iroquois, which led
the advance in the passage of the Vicksburg bat-
teries, forcing the surrender of Baton Rouge and
Natchez, and taking part in the fight with the
ram Arkansas. In the passage of Vicksburg,
•when the admiral's flagship stopped her engines
to enable the vessels following to close up, Capr
tain Palmer, fearing that the Hartford was dis-
abled, stopped the Iroquois, which led the line,
in order to draw the fire from the forts, arid thus
relieve the admiral's ship. This action at first
called for the censure of the admiral, but when
he comprehended the motive, lie accepted the
courtesy and Captain Palmer became his close
friend. He was promoted commodore, Feb. 7,
1863, and in March, 1863, served as Farragut's
fleet captain in the passage of the Port Hudson
batteries. He was naval commander at New
Orleans, La., in 1864, and afterward commanded
the West Gulf squadron in the capture and de-
struction of blockade runners. He conducted
the movement that resulted in the fall of Mobile
and led the first division in the final attack on
the city. He was promoted rear-admiral, July
25, 1866, for services during the war, and was
placed in command of the West India squadron.
In the "Life and Letters of Farragut " he is
warmly praised as an officer. He died of yellow
fever at St. Thomas, W.I., Dec. 7, 1867.
PALMER, John McAuley, senator, was born
at Eagle Creek, Scott county, Ky.,Sept. 13, 1817 ;
son of Louis D. and Ann (Tutt) Palmer, both
natives of Virginia, and great-grandson of Charles
McAuley, who emigrated from Ireland. His great-
grandfather, Thomas Palmer, came to Virginia
from England, and his grandfather, Isaac Palmer,
was a soldier in the American Revolution, 1776-
84. His father was a soldier in Col. John Allen's
regiment in the war of 1812. He escaped the
massacre at Raisin River and was married in
1813. The family removed to Christian county,
Ky., during John's boyhood, and in 1831 to within
ten miles of Alton, 111. He received his first in-
struction from Isaiah Boone ; learned the trade
of plasterer : attended Alton college in 1834, but
leaving for lack of means to pay his tuition, was
employed as a cooper, peddler and school teacher ;
studied law, 1835-38 ; was admitted to the bar in
1839, and practised in Carlinville, 111., 1839-61.
He was the defeated Democratic candidate for
county clerk in 1839,
and in 1840 he sup-
ported Martin Van
Buren for president.
He was judge of pro-
bate for Macoupin
county, 111., 1843-47;
a member of the state
constitutional con-
vention of 1847; judge
of probate, 1848; coun-
ty judge, 1849-51, and
a member of the Illi-
nois senate, 1852-54.
As a Democrat he did
not agree with his
party on the slavery
question, resigned from the senate in 1854. and was
elected by the anti-Nebraska faction in 1855. He
was president of the Republican state convention
of 1856, resigned his seat in the senate a second
time in 1856, and was a delegate to the Republi-
can national convention at Philadelphia, June
17, 1856, where lie supported the nomination of
Judge McLean for the presidency, although he
preferred Fremont and worked privately for his
nomination. He was defeated as Republican
candidate for representative in the 36th congress
in 1858 ; was an elector at large from Illinois on
the Lincoln and Hamlin ticket in 1861 : a delegate
to the Peace congress at Washington, D.C.. in Feb-
ruary, 1861, and was elected colonel of the 14th Illi-
nois infantry in April, 1861. He accompanied
Gen. John C. Fremont in his expedition to Spring-
field, Mo.; was promoted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Dec. 20, 1861 ; assigned to the com-
mand of the 3d division under Gen. John Pope,
and took part in the capture of New Madrid,
March 14, and Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He
commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, Army
of the Mississippi, during the siege of Corinth,
April 30-May 30, and was ordered home May 29,
on account of sickness. He organized the 122d
Illinois volunteers in August, 1802, and in the
following September was assigned to the com-
mand of the 4th (afterward the 1st) division,
Crittenden's left wing, Rosecrans' Army of the
Cumberland, at the battle of Stone River, Nov.
29. 1862, where he was promoted major-general
of volunteers, and in the battle of Chickamauga
commanded the 2d division, 1st army corps,
Sept. 19-20, 1863. He commanded the 14th army
corps in the Chattanooga campaign and in the
Atlanta campaign until August, 1864, when he
PALMER
PALMER
was assigned to the military division of Ken-
tucky, where he was military governor and had
charge of the Freedman's bureau, and was mus-
tered out of the service, Sept. 1, 1866. He was
the Republican governor of Illinois, 1869-73, de-
clined renomination in 1872, and returned to the
Democratic part}'. He was active in the can-
vass of 1876, speaking in all parts of the coun-
. try for Tilden and Hendricks. He was the de-
feated Democratic candidate for U.S. senator in
1877, when John A. Logan was elected, and in
1883, when Governor Cullom was elected. He was
defeated for governor of Illinois in 1888 by Jo-
seph W. Fifer, and was elected to the U.S. senate
by the Democratic legislature in 1891, serving
1891-97. In 1896 he refused to indorse the plat-
form adopted by the Democratic national con-
vention at Chicago, and when the national con-
vention of the Gold Democrats met at Indianapo-
lis, Sept. 2, 1896, General Palmer accepted the
nomination for President, with Simon B. Buck-
nerof Kentucky forVice-President. In the elec-
tion of November, the Palmer and Buckner
electors received 133,148 popular votes, but none
in the electoral college. In the presidential can-
vass of 1900, General Palmer supported the Re-
publican nominees and announced his intention
to vote for McKinkley and Roosevelt electors.
He was married in December, 1843, to Malinda,
daughter of Julius Neely. Mrs. Palmer died in
1886. They had ten children, and at Senator
Palmer's death, two sons and four daughters sur-
vived. His eldest son, John Mayo Palmer, was
his law partner, and his youngest son, L. J. Pal-
mer, was a lawyer at Rock Springs, Wyo. In
1888 he married as his second wife Mrs. Hannah
M. Kimball, daughter of J. L. Lamb of Spring-
field, III. In 1899 congress voted him a pension
of §100 per mouth. His personal recollections,
The Story of an Earnest Life, were published in
1901. He died in Springfield, 111., Sept. 25, 1900.
PALMER, John Williamson, author, was
born in Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1825 ; son of Ed-
ward and Katherine (Croxall) Palmer; grandson
of John and Mary (Preston) Palmer, and of
James and Eleanor (Gittings) Croxall, all of the
Maryland colony, and a descendant of Edward
Palmer (1572-1625), of Warwickshire, England,
Oxford scholar and antiquary, who purchased
and gave his name to "Palmer's Island,'' in the
mouth of the Susquehannah river (1622), and
was " Projector there of the first College and
School of Arts in North America" (1624). John
W. Palmer was graduated from the University
of Maryland, M.D., in 1847, and went to San
Francisco, Cal., in 1849, where he was city
physician, 1849-50. He was surgeon of a war-
steamer of the East India company, and served
in the second Burmese war, 1851-52, having vis-
ited Hawaii, China, Malacca, Burmah, Aracan
and Hindostan. He returned to the United
States in 1853 ; wrote for the leading magazines,
and was married in 1855 to Henrietta Lee of Bal-
timore, Md., who was later known as a writer for
several periodicals and as the author of Tlic
Stratford Gallery (1859), and Home-Life in the
Bible (1831). Dr. Palmer was the Confederate
war-correspondent of the New York Tribune,
1862-64. In 1870 he returned to New York city,
where he resumed literary work, and was an edi-
tor on the original staffs of the Century and
Standard dictionaries. He translated Michelet's
"L'Amour" and " La Femnie " (1859), and Le-
gouve's "Histoire Morale des Femmes" (1860),
and is the author of : The Queen's Heart, comedy
(1858); The Newandthe OM(1859); L'pandDou-n
the Irrawaddi (1860) ; Epidemic Cholera (1866);
Tlie Poetry of Compliment and Courtship (1867);
The Beauties and Curiosities of Engraving ( 1879) ;
A Portfolio of Autograph Etchings (1882); After
His Kind, novel (1886); For Charlie's Sake, and
Other Lyrics and Ballads (1901).
PALMER, Nathaniel Brown, discoverer, was
born in Stonington, Conn., Aug. 8, 1799 ; son of
Nathaniel (1768-1812) and Mercy (Brown) Pal-
mer ; grandson of Nathaniel (1740-1818) and
Grace (Noyes) Palmer, and of Peleg and Mercy
(Denison) Brown, and a descendant in the
seventh generation from Walter and Rebecca
(Short) Palmer, who came from England to
Stonington, Conn., in 1653, and in the sixth gen-
eration from the Rev. Chad Brown (q.v.). He was
also a direct descendant through Mercy Denison,
of John Rowland of the Mayflower, and through
Dorothy Noyes, of Governor Peleg Saiiford. His
father was a lawyer and afterward a shipbuilder.
The son went to sea in 1813 ; was second mate of
the brig Herselia, Capt. J. P. Sheffield, in 1818,
and returned from the south seas to Stonington
with 10,000 seal skins. He was made captain of
the sloop Hero in 1819, and in company with the
Herselia made a second voyage to the south seas
where he discovered Palmer's laud in latitude 67'
longitude 70'. He next commanded the James
Monroe in an expedition under Capt. W. A. Fan-
ning to the South Shetland Islands, and the Cadet
in several voyages to Cartagena on the Spanish
main, where he was employed by the Colombian
government in transporting a portion of General
Bolivar's army from Cartagena to the river Cha-
gres and prisoners to Santiago de Cuba. In 1826
he took the brig Tampico to Cartagena. He was
married Dec. 7, 1826, to Eliza Thompson, daugh-
ter of Paul Babcock, she died in 1872, having
had no children. He took the brig Francis to
the south seas in 1827, and the Anau-an on a voy-
age of discovery in 1829, east of Cape Horn. On
his next voyage he touched at Juan Fernan-
PALMER
PALMER
des island for water and was captured by Chilian
convicts. His identity as a Mason saved his life,
but the convicts forced him to carry them out of
captivity. In December, 1833, he assumed com-
mand of the packet ship Huntsville between New
York and New Orleans ; in 1835 the Hibernia to
Rio Janeiro ; in 1837 the ship Oarrick of the Collins
line to Liverpool ; in 1838 the Sidelong to the same
port, and in 1841 the Paul Jones to China. He
modeled the clipper ship Hoqua for Brown &
Bell, of New York, and made a voyage in her to
Canton. He next modeled the Sam Russell, Ori-
ental, David Brown and N. B. Palmer for A. A.
Low, and commanded the Oriental and Sam
Russell in the China tea trade, making the cele-
brated passage from Hong Kong to London in
ninety-seven days. In 1848 he took the steamer
United States to Germany, and in 1849 retired
from active sea-service. He was the seventh
charter member of the New York Yacht club,
and held his membership over thirty years. He
modeled and owned seventeen yachts. He was
a member of the Currituck Gun club ; a director
of the Fall River line of steamers, and was in-
strumental in building the Bristol and the Provi-
dence. He bought the Great Republic for Low
Brothers, and was in charge of that vessel for
three years in London, until she was chartered by
the French government. He corrected the U.S.
coast survey of Stonington harbor. His brother,
Alexander Smith Palmer, a famous sailor and
commander and several years his junior, was pre-
sented a silver cup for saving the passengers and
crew of the English ship Dorothy, July 4, 1833,
and a gold medal from Queen Victoria for rescu-
ing the survivors of the Eugenia in 1840. Capt.
Alexander's son, Nathaniel Brown Palmer 2d,
left San Francisco, Cal., for China on a sailing
vessel, with his uncle, Capt. Nathaniel, in 1876,
for the benefit of the health of the younger man.
They left Hong Kong on the return voyage on
board the City of Peking, May 15, 1877, and the
nephew died when one day out, and Capt. Na-
thaniel Brown Palmer died in San Francisco,
Cal., June 21, 1877. Both were buried in Ston-
ington, Conn.
PALMER, Potter, capitalist, was born in
Potts Hollow, Albany county, N.Y., in 1826. His
parents were Quakers. He was brought up on his
father's farm ; attended the district school, and
was a clerk in Lockport, N.Y., 1844-47. He en-
gaged in business in Oneida, N.Y., 1847-49, and
in Lockport, N.Y., 1849-52, and in 1852 removed
to Chicago, 111., when the city had a population
of 38,000. He established a dry goods store,
which subsequently became Field, Palmer &
Lieter, and from which he retired in 1867, invest-
ing his large fortune in real estate and its im-
provement, and becoming one of the largest real
estate owners in the city. The fire of 1871 swept
away his improvements which were valued at
several million dollars. He was active in re-
building the burned district, erected a new hotel on
the ruins of the Palmer house, and soon recovered
his entire loss and largely augmented his fortune.
He was married in 1871, to Bertha, daughter of
Henry H. Honore, of Chicago, 111. He declined the
position of secretary of the interior in President
Grant's cabinet in 1870. He was an early mana-
ger of the Young Men's Christian association of
Chicago, and was interested in the World's Col-
umbian exposition of 1893, to which enterprise
he gave the sum of $200, 000 to erect the Woman's
building, his wife being president of the board of
lady managers. He died in Chicago, May 3, 1902.
PALMER, Ray, poet and author, was born at
Little Compton, R.I., Nov. 12, 1808 : son of Thomas
and Susanna (Palmer) Palmer. He prepared for
college at Phillips Andover academy, was gradu-
ated from Yale A.B., 1830, A.M., 1833; taught
in a New York city school, 1830-31, and at the
Young Ladies' institute, New Haven, Conn..
1831-34. He was married Oct. 3, 1832, to Ann
Maria, daughter of Marmaduke and Maria (Ogden)
Ward, of Newark, N.J. Mrs. Palmer died March
8, 1886. Mr. Palmer was ordained to the Congre-
gational ministry July 22, 1835, at Bath, Maine,
and was pastor there, 1835-50, and at Albany,
N.Y., 1850-66. He was secretary of the American
Congregational union, 1866-78, and after 1870 re-
sided in Newark, N.J., where he was acting asso-
ciate pastor of the Bellevue Avenue church, 1881-
84. He was a visitor to Andover Theological
seminary, 1865-78 ; a corporate member of the
A.B.C. of F.M., 1854-87, and a director of the
American Home Missionary society, 1862-83.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1852. His first hymn,
31 y Faith Looks up to Tliee, written in 1831, be-
came widely known and was translated into over
twenty languages. He is also the author of :
Memoir of Cliarles Pond (1829); Memoir of C. L.
Watson (1839); Doctrinal Text-Book (1839);
Spiritual Improremt'iit (1839); Hints on the
Formation of Religious Opinions (1860); Hymns
and Sacred Pieces (1865); Hymns of My Holy
Hours (1866); Remember Me (1865); Some (1868),
Earnest Words on True Success in Life (1873);
Complete Poetical Works (1876) and Voices of
Hope and Gladness (1880). His name received
one vote for a place in the Hall of Fame, New
York university, October, 1900. He died in
Newark, N.J., March 29, 1887.
PALMER, Thomas Witherell, senator, was
born in Detroit, Mich., Jan. 25, 1830; son of
Thomas and Mary Amy (Witherell) Palmer;
grandson of Thomas and Hannah (Barber) Pal-
mer, and of Judge James and Amy (Hawkins)
PALMEli
PALTSITS
Witherell, and a descendant of Walter Palmer,
who emigrated from England with John Endicott
in 1629, and became an original founder of Charles-
town, Mass. He after-
ward removed to Paw-
catuck (afterward
Stonington), Conn.,
where he died in
1661. Thomas Palmer
was a native of Wind-
ham county, Conn.,
and one of the pioneer
American merchants
of Detroit. Thomas
Witherell Palmer ma-
triculated at the Uni-
versity of Michigan
in the class of 1849,
but was not grad-
uated owing to the
weakness of his eyes. He traveled in Europe,
made a pedestrian tour in Spain, and a tour of
South America and the southern part of the
United States, 1848-50. He was engaged as the
agent of a transportation company and as a mer-
chant in Appleton, Wis., 1850-52, and in the real
estate business in Detroit, Mich., 1853-55. In
1855 he was married to Lizzie Pitts, daughter of
Charles and Francis (Pitts) Merrill. Mr. Merrill
was a lumber merchant and mill owner in Sagi-
naw, Mich., and Mr. Palmer became a partner in
the business. On the death of her father in 1872,
Mrs. Palmer inherited his interest and became a
partner with her husband. He was a member of
the Michigan board of estimates from Detroit in
1873 ; president of the waterways convention at
Sault Sainte Marie, in August, 1887 ; a Republican
state senator in 1878 ; was defeated for nomina-
tion for governor of Michigan in 1880 ; elected to
the U.S. senate in 1883, and at the expiration of
his term, March 3, 1889, was nominated and con-
firmed as U.S. minister to Spain, which office he
resigned in 1890. He was president of the World's
Columbian commission, 1890-93 ; became a direc-
tor in the American Exchange National bank,
and was also interested in several other important
enterprises. He was president of the Detroit
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
He received the honorary degree of A.B. from
the University of Michigan in 1876, as of the class
of 1849. He conducted a large stock farm near
Detroit, and imported valuable horses and cattle.
PALMER, Walter Launt, artist, was born in
Albany, N.Y., Aug. 1, 1854; son of Erastus Dow
Palmer (q. v.). He was a pupil of Frederic E.
Church, Hudson, N.Y., 1870-72, and studied with
Carolus Duran in Paris in 1873 and 1876. After
returning to the United States in 1877 he painted
in NPW York until 1882, when he removed to
Albany. He was elected a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1881; an associate
of the National Academy of Design in 1887, and
Academician in 1897 ; a member of the American
Water-Color society, the Society of American
Landscape Painters and the Pastel club. He re-
ceived the second Hallgarten prize. National
Academy of Design, 1887 ; medal, World's Fair,
Chicago, 1893 ; gold medal, Philadelphia, 1894 ;
Evans prize, New York, 1895 ; first prize, Boston,
1895 ; second prize, Nashville Centennial, 1897 ;
honorable mention, Paris, 1900 ; and gold medal,
Pan- American exposition, 1901. Among his
works are: Dining Boom at Appledale (1879);
An Editor's Study (1880); Waving Grain (1881);
Venice (1882); Tlie Oat Field (1884); The Inlet
(1885); An Early Snow (1887); January (1887);
The Vale of Tawasentha (1895) ; and Tlie Senator's
Birthplace (1900).
PALMER, William Adams, governor of Ver-
mont and senator, was born in Hebron, Conn., Sept.
12,1781; son of Joshua and Susanna Palmer, and
a descendant of Walter Palmer, the immigrant,
1629. He attended the public schools with seven
brothers and sisters, and being debarred from
manual work on account of an accident to his
hand, studied law in Hebron under Judge Peters,
and in Chelsea, Vermont,
under Daniel Buck. He was
admitted to the bar about
1802, practising at St. Johns-
bury until September, 1813, '
when he was married to
Sarah, daughter of Capt.
Peter and Sarah Blanchard,
of Danville, to which place he removed. He was
clerk of Caledonia county, judge of probate for
eight years, and judge of the supreme court in
1816. He served as a representative from
Danville in the state legislature for six terms ;
was elected by the Democratic legislature to
the senate in 1818 to fill out the unexpired
term of James Fisk, resigned, and was
re-elected to a full senatorial term, serving from
Nov. 16, 1818, to March 3, 1825. He was a repre-
sentative from Danville in the state legislature,
1826-27 ; a delegate to the state constitutional
convention of 1828 and 1835, and governor of
Vermont, 1831-35, being elected by the Anti-mas-
onic party four successive terms in closely con-
tested elections. His last public service was as
a member of the state senate in 1837. He con-
ducted his farm at Danville until his death. He
received the honorary degree A.M. from the
University of Vermont in 1817. He died in
Danville, Vt., Dec. 3, 1860.
PALTSITS, Victor Hugo, librarian, was born
in New York city, July 12, 1867 ; son of William
Thomas and Sidonia Ida (Loose) Paltsits, and
PANCOAST
PANCOAST
grandson of Thomas Matthias and Theresa (Low)
Paltsits, and of John Samuel and Adeline Rosa-
rnunde (Schultze) Loose. He attended the com-
mon schools of New York, 1872-81 ; took a
scientific course at the Cooper Institute, N.Y.,
1882-86, and studied Latin, German, Greek,
Spanish and French in high schools and under
private tuition. He became connected with the
Lenox library, Jan. 1, 1888 ; was made assistant
in the reading room in March, 1890, and sub or
assistant librarian in the spring of 1893. He
edited : The Journal of Capt. William Pote, Jr.,
1745-47 (1896); Papers relating to the Siege of
Charleston, S. C., in 17SO (1898); Captivity of
Capt. John Gyles, 16S9-97 (1902). He was biblio-
graphical adviser on the editorial staff of Jesuit
Relations and Allied Documents (73vols); com-
piled a bibliography of the Lettres Edifiantes,
Cleveland, Ohio (1900) and contributed to cyclo-
paedias, magazines and reviews. He delivered
the historical address on Capt. Nathan Hale at
East Haddam, Conn., June 6, 1900.
PANCOAST, Henry Spackman, author and
teacher, was born in Germantown, Pa., Aug. 24,
1858 ; son of Charles Stacy and Mary Anne
(Shelmerdine) Pancoast. and grandson of Stacy
and Eliza (Hatton) Pancoast and of Edward
and Martha Mitchell (Roberts) Shelmerdine.
He attended Germantown academy and studied
under a private tutor, and was admitted to the
bar in 1882. He was married, June 2, 1897, to
Dorothea Napier, daughter of Herman Marcus of
New York. He was a founder of the Indian
Rights association, and is the author of : Impres-
sions of the Sioux Tribes in 1SS2, with some first
principles in the Indian Question (1882); The In-
dian beforetlie Law (188-1); Representative Eng-
lish Literature (1892); Introduction to English
Literature ( 1895); Introduction to American Lit-
erature (1898); and edited a volume of Standard
English Poems (1900).
PANCOAST, Joseph, surgeon, was born in
Burlington, N.J., Nov. 23, 1805 ; son of John and
Anne (Abbott) Pancoast. His first maternal an-
cestor in America emigrated from England to
Pennsylvania with William Penn. He was grad-
uated at the medical department of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1828, and settled in prac-
tice in Philadelphia, Pa., where he married, in
1829, Rebecca, daughter of Timothy Abbott of that
c • i t y . He taught classes in practical anatomy and
surgery, was one of the physicians to the Blockley
hospital in 1834, head physician of the Children's
hospital for several years, and one of its visiting
surgeons, 1838-45. He was professor of surgery
in Jefferson Medical college, 1838-47, succeeding
Dr. George McClellan, and was transferred to the
chair of anatomy, serving 1847-74. when he
resigned and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Wil-
liam H. Pancoast. He was surgeon to the Penn-
sylvania hospital, 1854-64. He performed many
novel and skilful operations which are recorded
in medical works. He was a member of the Amer-
ican Philosophical society ; the College of Phar-
macy ; The Philadelphia County Medical society ;
the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and other
scientific institutions. He contributed to the
American Journal of the Medical Science, Tlie
American Medical Intelligencer and the Medical
Examiner ; translated J. Frederick Lobstein's
Treatise on the Structure, Functions, and Dis-
eases of the Human Sympathetic Nerve from the
Latin (1831); edited Manec on the Great Sympa-
thetic Nerve (1841) ; Manec on the Cerebro-Spinal
Axis of Man (1841); and Quoin's Anatomical
Plates (1852); and is the author of: Treatise on
Operative Surgery, with Descriptions of all the Kew
Operations (1844, revised edition, 1852); A System
of Anatomy for the Use of Students, based on the
work of Casper Wistar (1844), and several essays.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 7, 1882.
PANCOAST, William Henry, surgeon, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 16, 1835; son of
Dr. Joseph and Rebecca (Abbott) Pancoast.
He was graduated at Haverford college, A.B.,
1853; at Jefferson Medical college, M.D., 1856;
studied in the hospitals of London, Paris. Vienna
and Berlin, 1856-59, and while in Paris was a
pupil and assistant of the discoverer of the opera-
tion of lithotrity. He began practice in Phila-
delphia in 1859 and soon became prominent as a
hospital and private surgeon. In 1861 lie entered
the army as surgeon-in-chief and second officer
in charge of the military hospital in Philadelphia.
He was demonstrator of anatomy at Jefferson
Medical college, 1862-74 ; adjunct professor of ana-
tomy during his father's absence in Europe, 1867-
68, and 1873-74, and professor of anatomy , 1874-
97. He was also first president of and professor in
the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia,
1886-96. He was married first, Nov. 13, 1873, to
Mary Anna Gertrude Lewis ; and secondly, to
Matilda Robb. He secured the bodies of the Sia-
mese twins in 1874, and conducted the autopsy
under the auspices of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Philadelphia, proving that the
band could not have been safely cut except in
childhood. He was a member of the American
Philosophical society ; the Academy of Natural
Sciences ; fellow of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Philadelphia ; president of the Phila-
delphia County Medical society; vice-president of
the Pennsylvania State Medical society ; a member
of the American Medical association, of the In-
ternational Medical congress, 1876 : corresponding
member of the Societe Clinique de Paris : first
president of the Red Cross Society in Pennsyl-
vania, and of a section of the Pan-American
PAPE
PAEDEE
Medical congress. He received from Haverford
the honorary degree of A.M., 1876. He died in
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1897.
PAPE, Eric, artist, was born in San Francisco,
Cal., Oct. 17, 1870; son of Friederich Ludvvig
Moritz and Maria (M«ier) Pape, born in Zeven,
Province of Hanover, Germany. His father
came to California and Idaho in the early fifties,
engaged in mining and prospecting, and was
married in San Francisco, 1868, to Maria Meier,
also a native of Zeven, Hanover, Germany. Eric
Pape was educated at the San Francisco School
of Design, under Boulanger, Lefebvre and others
in Paris, and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts under
Gerome. He traveled in Egypt, 1891-93, and
subsequently through remote sections of Mexico,
giving much time and study to the antiquities
of those two countries. He opened a studio in
New York city in 1893, where he illustrated
"The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," "The
Building of the Mahomedan Empire," Life of
Mahomet" and "The Incas of Peru" and exe-
cuted portraits of "Famous Men and Women"
for the Century magazine, 1893-95. He was
married, Aug. 16, 1894, in Dublin, N.H., to Alice,
daughter of Lewis Baxter, and Adeline Frances
(Osgood) Monroe. He removed to Boston in
1897, teaching during that year at the Cowles
Art school, and founded the Eric Pape school of
Art in 1898, of which he became the director.
He illustrated "The Fair God" by Gen. Lew
Wallace, 1898-99, and "The Scarlet Letter" by
Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1901. He exhibited twenty-
one pictures and one gold bas-relief at the Salon
Champ de Mars, 1890-1900; and several pictures
at other exhibitions, including : Exposition du
Cavie, Egypte, 1892 ; World's Columbian exposi-
tion, Chicago, 1893 ; Munich Kunst Anstellung,
1897 ; Paris exposition, 1900, and Pan- American
exposition, Buffalo, 1901. His most important
paintings are : Tlie Spinner of Zeven (1889); Tlie
Great Sphinx by Moonlight (1891); Tlie Tu-o
Great Eras (1892); The Angel with the Book of
Life (1897); Approaching Storm, The Great
Dane and Early Morning (1900), and Foam
Surges (1903). He- received medals at five exhi-
bitions.
PARDEE, Ariovistus, philanthropist, was
born in Chatham, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1810 ; son of
Ariovistus and Eliza (Platt) Pardee ; grandson of
Dr. Calvin Pardee, who served in the Continental
army as a surgeon, and of Capt. Israel Platt,
who served in the New York line, and married
Abigal Scudder ; and a descendant of George
Pardee, of Huguenot descent, who settled in New
Haven, Conn., in 1644, and of Martha Miles his
wife. Ariovistus Pardee, Jr., was brought up on
a farm, attended the district school, and was a
employed as rodman and assistant engineer on the
Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey, 1830-
33. He was chief engineer in the survey of the
Beaver Meadow rail-
road, Pennsylvania,
1833-37, and builder
and superintendent of
the Hazelton railroad,
1837-40. He founded
the city of Hazelton,
Pa., in 1836; settled
there in 1840, bought
anthracite coal prop-
erties in the Jeddo
district, and in a few
years became the
largest shipper of
anthracite coal in
the state. He also
engaged with Asa
Packer in the development of coal mines,
manufactures and railroads in the Lehigh
Valley. He built a gravity railroad to Penn
Haven in 1848, as an outlet to the product of
the mines, which was abandoned in 1860 for
the improved facilities of the Lehigh Valley
railroad. He became interested in iron manu-
factures, and acquired control of the blast furnaces
in Stanhope, N.J., and subsequently of others in
New York, Virginia and Tennessee. He purchased
a tract of forest land in Canada, as large as the
state of Rhode Island, and another tract in North
Carolina. He was president of the Secaucus and
the Musconetcong iron Works in New Jersey ;
the Allentown Rolling Mills, and the Union Iron
Works of Buffalo, N.Y., and a director of the
Lehigh Valley, and other railroads. He fitted out
at his own expense a company of U.S. volunteers
commanded by his eldest son Ario Pardee, who
attained the brevet rank of brigadier-general,
Jan. 12, 1865. Through the influence of William
C. Cattell, president of Lafayette college, he
contributed in 1864 the sum of $20,000, which
prevented the college from closing its doors for
want of funds. He endowed the professorship
of mathematics in 1864, and the Pardee scientific
department in 1866. This was followed by
further donations amounting in 1869 to $200.000.
He afterward gave $250,000 for Pardee Hall, the
corner stone of which he laid in 1873, and for the
scientific equipment of which he gave $50,000 in
all. The building was destroyed by fire in 1879,
when it was rebuilt. He was president of the
board of trustees of Lafayette college, 1882-92 ;
president of the state board controlling the
second geological survey of Pennsylvania, and a
presidential elector in 1876. His benefactions
extended to various charitable organizations of
which he was an officer. He was married, first, to
Elizabeth, daughter of John and Ellen Jacobs of
PARDEE
PARK
Luzerne county, and secondly, in 1849, to Anna
Maria, daughter of William Robinson of Blooms-
bury, Pa. He died while on a visit to Rock Ledge,
Indian River, Fla., March 26, 1892.
PARDEE, Don Albert, jurist, was born in
Wadsworth, Ohio, March 29, 1837 ; son of Aaron
and Eveline (Eyles)Pardee ; grandson of Ebenezer
and Anna (Minon) Pardee and of William and
Polly (Duthick) Eyles, and a descendant of
George Pardee, settled in New Haven, Conn.,
b3tween 1637 and 1642. He was appointed to the
U.S. naval academy in 1854, but left in 1857 to
study law with his father, and was admitted to
the bar in 1859. He entered the volunteer army
in 1861 as major of the 42d Ohio regiment, was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and took part in
the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post,
Port Gibson, Raymond, Champion's Hill, and in
two assaults on Vicksburg, serving during the
siege as inspector-general of the 13th corps. He
was mustered out in December, 1864, and on
March 13, 1855, was brevetted colonel and briga-
dier-general. He practised law in New Orleans,
1865-67 ; was registrar in bankruptcy for the
third congressional district of Louisiana, 1867-68 ;
judge of the 3d judicial district ; 1868-81 ; member
of the state constitutional convention of 1879 ;
Republican candidate for attorney-general of
Louisiana, 1880, and in 1881 was appointed circuit
judge for the fifth judicial circuit embracing
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
and Texas. In June, 1898, he removed from New
Orleans to Atlanta, Ga.
PARET, William, sixth bishop of Maryland,
and 137th in succession in the American episco-
pate, was born in New York city, Sept. 23, 1826 ;
son of John and Hester (Levi) Paret ; and grand-
son of Stephen Paret, a native of Tricolet, France,
who immigrated to
America and settled
in New York about
1765. William Paret
was prepared for col-
lege in the grammar
school of Columbia
college, and gradua-
ted at Hobart in 1849
and the same year
was married to Maria
G., daughter of Isaac
and Agnes Peck of
Flushing, L.I., N.Y.
He was prepared for
holy orders under
Bishop William H.
Delancey ; was admitted to the diaconate by
Bishop Chase in 1852 and was ordained priest in
1853. He was rector of St. John's church, Clyde,
N. Y., 1852-54; Zion church, Pierrepont Manor,
N.Y., 1854-64; St. Paul's church, Saginaw, Mich.,
1864-66; Trinity church, Elmira, N.Y., 1866-68;
Christ church, Williamsport, Pa., 1868-76, and
Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D.C., 1876-
84. He was elected bishop of Maryland in 1884 to
succeed Bishop William Pinkney who died July
7, 1883, and he was consecrated in the Church of
the Epiphany, Washington, D.C., Jan. 8, 1885, by
Bishops Lee, Lay, Stevens, Neely, Howe, Lyman
and Whitehead. By his counsel and influence
the new diocese of Washington was created out
of the diocese of Maryland in 1895, but he con-
tinued from choice to administer in his old dio-
cese. He received from Hobart college the de-
gree of D.D. in 1867, and LL.D. in 1886. He was
married secondly, in 1900, to Mrs. Sarah Hayden
Haskell, daughter of Levi G. and Mary E. (Belden)
Hayden. He is the author of St. Peter and the
Primacy o/ the Roman See ; Our Freedom and
Our Catliolic Heritage, and Tlie Method and Work
of Lent.
PARK, Edwards Amasa, theologian, was
born in Providence, R.I., Dec. 29, 1808: son of the
Rev. Dr. Calvin (1774-1847) and Abigail (Ware)
Park ; grandson of Nathan and Rutli (Bannister)
Park, and a descendant on his maternal side of
the Rev. Samuel Ware of Wrentham, Mass. He
was graduated from Brown university in 1826,
• and from the Andover Theological seminary in
1831. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry in 1831, and was pastor of the First
church, Braintree, Mass., 1831-33 : and professor
of mental and moral philosophy and Hebrew
literature at Amherst college, 1835-36. He was
married in 1836 at Hunter, N.Y., to Ann Maria,
daughter of William and Rebecca (Tappan) Ed-
wards, and great-granddaughter of the Rev. Jon-
athan Edwards. He was professor of sacred rhe-
toric at Andover Theological seminary, 1836-47 ;
professor of Christian theology, 1847-81, and pro-
fessor emeritus, 1881-1900. He was one of the
foremost upholders of the Andover creed, and
became involved in a controversy with several
fellow professors, in which he held that their
teachings were inconsistent with the creed. The
case was brought before an ecclesiastical court,
by which Dr. Park was not sustained. The hon-
orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
Harvard in 1844, and by Brown in 1846, and that
of LL.D. by Brown in 1886. He was a member
of the Massachusetts Historical society, the New
England Historic Genealogical society, and the
Victoria Institute of England ; a fellow of Brown
university, 1863-1900 ; a trustee of Smith college ;
president of the board of trustees of Abbot acad-
emy for thirty-six years, and a charter member
of the A.B.C.F.M. He founded and edited the
Bibliotlieca Sacra (4 vols.. 1844-84). and was a
member of the staff of the Sabbath Hymn Book.
PARK
PARK
He contributed articles to the American Quarterly
Register, Tlie Sjjirit of the Pilgrims, and the
Congregational Quarterly, also to Smith's "Dic-
tionary of the Bible ; " Cyclopedia of Biblical
Literature," and the " Schaff-Herzog Encyclope-
dia." He is the author of : memoirs of The Rev.
Charles B. Storrs (1833), William Bradford
Homer (1842), Prof. B. B. Edwards (1852), Pro-
fessor Moses Stuart (1852) , Tlie Rev. Samuel Hop-
kins(l85i), Tlie Rev. J. M. Manning (1855), Tlie
Rev. Nathanael Emmons (1861), The Rev. Joseph
S. Clark (1861), Dr. Samuel H. Taylor (1871),
Richard S. Storrs (1874) , The Rev. Samuel C.
Jackson (1878), Leonard Woods (1880), and
William G. Sehauffler (1887), and he also pub-
lished Duties of a Theologian (1839); Selections
from German Literature (1839); Unity and Diver-
sity of Belief (1851) ; Theological Education (1865) ;
Essay on the History of Laura D. Bndgman
(1878); Associate Creed of Andover Tlieological
Seminary (1883); Discourses on Some Theological
Doctrines as Related to the Religious Character
(1885), and many essays, addresses and sermons.
He died at Andover, Mass., June 5, 1900.
PARK, Milton, journalist, was born in
Augusta, Ga., Jan. 1, 1846; son of the Rev. Dr.
John Thompson Sankey and Tabitha Ann Park ;
grandson of Joseph Littlejon and Sarah Owen
(Musgrove) Park, and a descendant of John Park,
of Donegal, Ireland. He attended the Orion,
Ala., Institute and was graduated from Mercer
university, Penfield, Ga. He served in the Con-
federate army from March 13, 1862, until Dec.
1864, participating in all the battles of the Army
of Tennessee. On Feb. 5, 1875, he married Alice
Valeria, daughter of Mack Wimberly of Green-
ville, Ala. He was president of South Ala-
bama Female college, Greenville, Ala., 1883-85,
and of Kyle (Texas) seminary, 1890-91, and in
1891 became editor of Southern Mercury, Dallas,
Texas. He was chairman of the Populist national
executive committee, 1896-1900 : and presidential
elector at large on the Populist ticket in 1900.
PARK, Roswell, educator, was born in Leba-
non, Conn., Oct. 1, 1807 ; son of Avery and Betsey
(Meech) Park ; grandson of Roswell and Eunice
(Starkweather) Park, and of Daniel and Zerviah
(Witter) Meech, and a descendant of Robert
Parke, who emigrated from Preston, England, to
America in 1630, settled in Roxbury, Mass., re-
moved to Wethersfleld, Conn., in 1639; from
there to New London, in 1649, and was repre-
sentative to the general court, 1641-42 and 1652.
His parents removed to Burlington, Otsego
county, N. Y., where he prepared for college. He
matriculated at Hamilton college, N.Y., but left
in 1827 before graduating to enter the U.S. mil-
itary academy, where he was graduated first in
the class of 1831, and promoted 2d lieutenant in
the U.S. corps of topographical engineers, July 1,
1831. The same season he passed the final ex-
amination at Union college and was graduated
with the class of 1831. He was assistant engin-
eer at Fort Adams, 1831-33, at Fort Warren,
1833-36, at the Delaware Breakwater, 1836, and
resigned from the army, Sept. 30, 1836. He was
professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in
the University of Pennsylvania, 1836-42. He
prepared for holy orders under Bishop G. W.
Doane in Burlington, N.J., 1842^13 ; was admitted
to the diaconate, Sept. 10, 1843 ; ordained priest
May 28, 1844 ; was rector of Christ church, Pom-
fret, Conn., 1843-52, and conducted the school
known as Christ Church Hall, 1845-52. He de-
clined the presidency of Norwich university, Vt. ,
in 1850 ; spent six months in Europe, 1852 ;
founded and was the first president of Racine
college, Racine, Wis., 1852-59, and its chancel-
lor, 1859-63. He was instrumental in having
St. John's school, Delafield, Wis., unite with
Racine college, and in introducing the elec-
tive course of study, and discontinuing the two-
year scientific course. He was rector of St.
Luke's church at Racine, Wis., 1859-63, and rector
and proprietor of Immanuel Hall, a literary and
scientific school near Chicago, 111., 1863-69. He
received the degree A.M. from Union college in
1836, and from Hamilton college in 1837, and that
of D.D. from Norwich university in 1850. He
was an original member of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science, and held
various offices of trust. He was married first,
Dec. 28, 1836, to Mary Brewster, daughter of Ben-
jamin F. and Mary C. (Coolidge) Baldwin, of
Woburn, Mass., and secondly, April 25, 1860, to
Eunice Elizabeth, daughter of Gardner and Eliza-
beth Niles. He is the author of : Juvenile and
Miscellaneous Poems (1836); Sketch of the History
of West Point (1840); Pantology(184l); Handbook
for Travelers in Europe (1853); Jerusalem and
other Poems (1857) and text-books for his pupils'
use. He died in Chicago, 111., July 16, 1869.
PARK, Trenor William, financier, was born
in Woodford, Vt., Dec. 8, 1823 ; son of Luther
and Cynthia (Pratt) Park, and a descendant of
Richard Park, who came from Hadleigh, Suffolk,
England, to Cambridge, Mass., about 1635. He
removed to Bennington, Vt., with his parents
about 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1844,
and conducted a law office. He was married,
Dec. 15, 1846, to Laura, daughter of Gov. Willard
Hall, of Bennington. In 1852 he removed with
his father-in-law to California and became a
member of the law firm of Halleck, Peachy &
Billings of San Francisco. He also engaged in
real estate operations in that city, and acquired
a large fortune. He assisted James King in
establishing the San Francisco Bulletin in 1855,
PARKE
PARKE
and after the assassination of Mr. King became
attorney of the vigilance committee, which deliv-
ered the city from the power of lawless ruffians.
In 1857 he was defeated by D. C. Broderick for
the U.S. senate. He was associated with John
C. Fremont in the Mariposa estate and in gold
mines. His wife having died, he married, sec-
ondly, Ella, daughter of O. C. Nichols of San
Fraucisco. He returned to Bennington, Vt., in
1863, established the First National bank, and
was a representative in the state legislature.
He assisted in the reorganization of the Ver-
mont Central railroad ; purchased the Western
Vermont railroad, and began the construction of
the Lebanon Springs railroad, hoping to make
Benningtou a great railroad centre, but receiv-
ing no support, lie abandoned the plan, after
losing a large fortune in the venture. He was
associated with General Baxter in Nevada in the
ownership of the Emma mine in 1872, was a di-
rector of the Pacific Mail Steamship company for
several years, and owned a controlling interest in
the Panama railroad, of which he was president,
1874-82. He was a trustee of the University of
Vermont, 1865-67, to which he gave the Park Art
Gallery ; contributed liberally to the New York
Tribune "Fresh Air Fund"; established the
Bennington Free Library, and was a member of
the committee on the design of the Benuington
battle monument. He died at sea on his way to
Panama, Central America, Dec. 13, 1882.
PARKE, Benjamin, jurist, was born in New
Jersey, Sept. 2, 1777. He removed to Lexington,
Ky., in 1797, studied law with James Brown, sec-
retary to Governor Shelby, and was admitted to
the bar. He married Eliza Barton of Lexington,
and in 1801 removed to Vincennes, Ind. Ter.
He was attorney-general of the territory, 1804-
08, succeeding John Rice Jones ; a representative
in the first territorial legislature in 1805 ; and
on Nov. 9, 1806, with William Henry Harrison
and others, lie became a trustee of the proposed
University of Vincennes within the borough of
Vincennes. He was the first territorial delegate
to the 9th and 10th congresses, 1805-08, resign-
ing to accept the appointment as territorial
judge of Indiana by President Jefferson, serving
1808-17. He was a member of the state constitu-
tional convention at Corydon, June 10, 1816, and
was a member of the committee appointed by
that body July 19 to designate the township to be
set apart by the President of the United States
for the use of a seminary of learning ; Perry,
Monroe county, being selected and named for the
President and Commodore Perry. He was judge
of the U.S. district court for Indiana, March 6,
1817-35. In 1811 he raised a company of dra-
goons and went to the relief of the frontier set-
tlers. He served on Governor Harrison's staff in
his treaty with Tecumseh and in the battle of
Tippecanoe, was promoted major, and com-
manded the cavalry after the death of Major
Daviess. He lost his fortune in a bank venture
at Vincennes, and subsequently removed to Sa-
lem, Ind. He founded the law library of the
supreme court of Indiana, was instrumental in
establishing the public library at Vincennes, and
was a promoter and trustee of Vincennes univer-
sity, 1806-35. He also organized and was first
president of the Indiana Historical society. He
died in Salem, Ind., July 12, 1835.
PARKE, John Qrubb, soldier, was born in
Chester county, Pa., Sept. 22, 1827 ; son of Francis
and Sarah (Gardner) Parke, and a descendant of
John Parke, one of the early settlers of Chester
county. He entered at the University of Pennsyl-
vania with the class
of 1847, but left at
the close of his sopho-
more year and was
graduated from the
U.S. Military aca-
demy second in the
class of 1849, being
assigned to the topo-
graphical engineers.
He engaged in various
surveys, including
that of the boundary
line between Iowa
and Minnesota, 1849-
50, and was secretary
of the board for
the improvement of lake harbors and western
rivers, 1852-53. He was promoted 2d lieutenant
April 18, 1854, engaging in the second survey of
Southern California, 1854-56, and 1st lieutenant
July 1, 1856, and was chief astronomer and sur-
veyor in settling the northwest boundary, 1857-
61, under the treaty of 1846. He was commis-
sioned captain of the 13th U.S. infantry in 1861,
but declined to serve, was promoted captain of
topographical engineers Sept. 9, 1861, and briga-
dier-general of volunteers Nov. 23, 1861. He ac-
companied General Burnside on the expedition
to North Carolina, 1861-62, being assigned to the
command of the 3d brigade, with which he en-
gaged in gaining possession of Roanoke Island,
Sept. 7, 1862, Newbern, March 14. 1862, and Fort
Macon, April 25, 1862. He was brevetted lieuten-
ant-colonel, U.S.A., April 26, 1862, for services
in the capture of Fort Macon, and major-general.
U.S. volunteers, July 18. 1862. He was engaged in
the movement to Newport News, Fredericks! mrj;
and Washington, D.C., in 1862, and was chief of
staff of the 9th army corps. Army of the l'< to-
mac. commanded by General Burnside. during
the Maryland campaign, at South Mountain and
PARKE
PARKER
Antietam, and in the pursuit of the enemy to
Warrenton, Va., September-November, 1862.
When Burnside assumed command of the
Army of the Potomac, Nov. 10, 1862, he became
his chief-of-staff, and in the Rappahannock cam-
paign engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg,
Dec. 13, 1862. He was promoted captain of the
corps of engineers, U.S.A., March 3, 1863. When
Burnside took command of the Department of the
Ohio in 1863, General Parke was transferred with
the 9th army corps to Kentucky in March, 1863,
and to Grant's army before Vicksburg, June 14-
17, 1863. He commanded the corps during the
siege, and at the surrender of that city, July 4,
1863, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July 12, 1863,
for "gallant and meritorious services" in the
capture of Jackson, Miss., and commanded the
left wing of General Sherman's army in the re-
occupation of that city, July 16, 1863. He com-
manded the corps in the Department of the Ohio
during the East Tennessee campaign, being en-
gaged in the action of Blue Spring, Oct. 10, 1863 ;
the defence of Knoxville, Nov. 17-Dec. 4, 1863 ;
and in the operations against General Longstreet,
January-February, 1864. When General Burn-
side resumed command of the 9th corps he ac-
companied him in the march to Virginia,
March 17-May 3, 1864, and acted as chief-of-staff
to General Burnside in the Wilderness and Spott-
sylvania campaigns. On May 24, 1864, the corps
was regularly assigned to the Army of the
Potomac. He was promoted major in the corps
of engineers, June 17, 1864, was on sick leave
July-August, 1864, and commanded the 9th army
corps, Army of the Potomac, during the Rich-
mond campaign, Aug. 13, 1864-April 2, 1865 ; was
engaged in the siege of Petersburg, the combat
at Peeble's Farm, Sept. 3 ; at Hatcher's Run, Oct.
27, 1864 ; the assault on Fort Stedman, March 25,
1865, and the final surrender of Lee at Appomat-
tox. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious serv-
ices in the defence of Kuoxville and major-gen-
eral, U.S.A., for the repulse of Fort Stedman,
Va. He commanded the district of Alexandria,
May-July, 1865, and the southern district of New
York, 1865-66. He was mustered out of the vol-
unteer service Jan. 15, 1866, and resumed charge
of the northwestern boundary survey, Sept. 28,
1866. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the
corps of engineers, March 4, 1879 ; colonel, March
17, 1884 ; was superintendent of the U.S. Military
academy, 1887-89, and was retired at his own re-
quest, after forty years' service, July 2, 1889. He
was married to Ellen, daughter of George Blight
of Philadelphia. He compiled Laws of the Uni-
ted States Relating to Public Works for the Im-
provement of Rivers and Harbors (1877, new ed.
1887); Laivs Relating to the Construction of
VIII.— 13
Bridges Over Navigable Waters (1882, new ed.
1887): Opinions of Attorneys-General Relative
to Acquisition of Lands, Bridges, Contracts, etc.
(1882), and is the author of various reports in
Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route
from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 15, 1900.
PARKER, Abraham X., representative, was
born in Granville, Vt., Nov. 14, 1831 ; son of
Isaac and Amanda (Patrick) Parker ; grandson
of Abraham (1763-1829) and Sarah (Whitney)
Parker; great-grandson of Joseph (4th) Parker,
a minute man and soldier at Bunker Hill, and a
descendant of Joseph Parker, who came from
Newbury, England, to Nevvbury, Mass., in 1638,
at the age of twenty-four, removing later with
his brother Nathan to Andover, Mass., where his
descendant, Joseph (4th) was born, 1735. Abra-
ham Parker's maternal grandfather was Joseph
Patrick, of Scotch-Irish extraction, who was
town clerk of Granville, Vt., for more than forty
years. Isaac Parker served in the Vermont leg-
islature, moved to Potsdam, N.Y., in 1840, and
there became a farmer, town superintendent of
schools and supervisor. Abraham X. Parker at-
tended St. Lawrence academy, Potsdam, and
the Albany Law school, and was admitted to the
bar in Albany, 1854, returning to Potsdam to
practice. He was married in 1857, to Mary J.,
daughter of Alpheus Wright, of Potsdam. He
was a member of the assembly, 1863-64, refusing
re-nomination in 1865. He was elector-at-large on
the Republican presidential ticket in 1876, and a
representative from the nineteenth and twenty-
second districts in the 47th, 48th, 49th and 50th
congresses, 1881-89. He served on the judiciary
and other important committees, and in the 50th
congress was a member of the special committee
appointed to investigate the coal and railroad
employee strikes and other labor difficulties
affecting the commerce of four states which were
visited and inspected by the committee. After
this public service he returned to Potsdam and
resumed his law practice until his appointment
by President Harrison as assistant U.S. attorney-
general. Sept. 8, 1890. With the change of ad-
ministration, March 4, 1893, he resigned, but was
retained in office upon the request of Attorney-
General Olney, to complete important work, un-
til the adjournment of the supreme court in May.
He took active interest in the educational institu-
tions of Potsdam, and became president of the
Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Tech-
nology.
PARKER, Alton Brooks, jurist, was born in
Cortland, N.Y., May 14, 1852 ; son of John Brooks
and Harriet F. (Straton) Parker ; grandson of
John and Elizabeth (Brooks) Parker, and great-
grandson of John and Olive (Temple) Parker, of
PARKER
PARKER
Massachusetts. He was educated in the academy
at Cortland, and at the Cortland Normal school ;
studied law in the office of Schoonmaker & Har-
denburgh, at Kingston, N.Y., and taught school
in Ulster county. He was graduated at the
Albany Law school in 1872. He was marri. .1
Oct. 16, 1873, to Mary L., daughter of M. I. and
Phebe (Decker) Schoonmaker, of Rochester, Ul-
ster county, N.Y. He practiced law in Kingston,
N.Y., in partnership with W. S. Kenyon, 1872-78,
and afterward alone until November, 1885. He
was surrogate of Ulster county, 1877-85, a dele-
gate to the Democratic national convention in
1884, and declined the office of first assistant
postmaster-general, in 1885. He was chairman
of the Democratic state executive committee in
1885 ; was appointed a justice of the supreme
court of New York in 1885, and the year follow-
ing was elected to that office without opposition,
serving, 1886-98. He was a member of the court
of appeals, 3d division, 1889-93, and on the disso-
lution of the court in 1892, became a member of
the general term of the supreme court of New
York, serving 1893-96, and of the appellate divi-
sion of the supreme court, 1896-97, and on Jan. 1,
1898, became chief judge of the court of appeals
of New York.
PARKER, Amasa Junius, jurist, was born in
Ellsworth, Conn., June 2, 1807 ; son of the Rev.
Daniel and Anna (Fenn) Parker; grandson of
Amasa Parker, of Wallingford, Conn., and a de-
vendant of William Parker, of Hartford, Conn.
His parents removed
to Hudson, N.Y., in
1816, and he received
a good education
under the tutelage of
his father. He was
principal of the Hud-
son academy, 1823-
27 ; was graduated
from Union college,
Schenectady, N.Y.,
on examination, in
1825 ; was admitted
to the bar in October,
1828, and became a
partner of his uncle,
Amasa Parker, at
Delhi, N.Y. He was married Aug. 27, 1834,
to Harriet Langdou, daughter of Edmund and
Catharine Whipple (Langdon) Roberts, of
Portsmouth, N.H. He was a member of the
state assembly, 1833-34 ; was district attorney of
Delaware county, N.Y., 1834-37 ; was a Demo-
cratic representative in the 25th congress, 1837-
39, and was vice-chancellor and circuit judge of
the third circuit, 1844-47. He presided at the
anti-rent trials of 1845, and disposed of 240 cases
in three weeks. He was judge of the supreme
court, 1847-55, during one year of which he was
on the bench of the court of appeals. In 1856 he
was the Democratic nominee for governor of
New York, John A. King, Republican, being
elected. Erastus Brooks, Native American, was
also his opponent. In 1858 he was again defeated
for governor, Edward D. Morgan, Republican, be-
ing elected. He was appointed U.S. district at-
torney for the southern district of New York, by
President Buchanan, in 1854, but declined the
position and also that of U.S. minister to Russia.
He was a delegate to the state constitutional con-
vention of 1867 and 1868. He was a member of the
board of regents of the University of the State
of New York, 1835-44, the youngest regent ever
elected in the state ; was president of the board
of trustees of Albany Female college for many
years ; trustee of Cornell university, 1871-90, and
a trustee of the Albany Medical college, and
president of the board of trustees, 1875-90. In
1851, in conjunction with Amos Dean and Ira
Harris, he founded the Albany Law school in
which he filled an important professorship. He
was a corresponding member of the Buffalo His-
torical society for twenty-one years. The honor-
ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
(Geneva) Hobart college, in 1846. He edited:
Reports of Criminal Cases (6 vols., 1855-69), and
assisted in editing the Revised Statutes of 1S59
(3 vols.), and was a commissioner of revision of
the New York statutes. He died in Albany, N.Y.,
May 13, 1890.
PARKER, Amasa Junius, lawyer, was born in
Delhi, N.Y., May 6, 1843; son of Judge Amasa
Junius and Harriet Langdon (Roberts) Parker.
He attended the Albany academy, and was gradu-
ated at Union college, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866,
and at the Albany Law school, 1884 ; and was a
law partner with his father, 1865-90. He was
major and aide-de-camp, 3d division, N.G.S.
N.Y., 1866 ; lieutenant-colonel, 1875 ; colonel, 10th
regiment, 1877, and brigadier-general command-
ing the 3d brigade, 1886-91. He was president of
the National Guard association, 1878-80 ; member
of the state assembly, 1883, and state senator,
1886-87, 1892-93 and 1894-95. He compiled the
new military code adopted by the state legisla-
ture in 1883. He served as president of the
Albany Young Men's association ; president of
the board of trustees of the Albany Law school ;
trustee of the Albany Medical college ; trustee of
Union college, 1878-82 ; president of the board of
trustees of the Young Men's association of Albany;
trustee of the Union Trust company of New York
city, and president of the board of managers of
the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane,
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., for sixteen years. After
1890 he continued the practice of law alone.
PARKER
PARKER
PARKER, Cortlandt, lawyer, was born at
Perth Amboy, N.J., June 27, 1818; son of James
and Penelope (Butler) Parker ; grandson of James
Parker, who was one of the Proprietors of the
colony of New Jersey. He bore off the honors of
his class at Rutgers college ; delivered the vale-
dictory, and was gra-
duated A. B., 1836,
A.M., 1839. He stu-
died law under Theo-
dore Frelinghuysen
and Amzi Armstrong,
and established him-
self in practice at
Newark, N.J., in 1839.
His practice contin-
ued to increase for
some eight years and
in September, 1847,
he was married to
Elizabeth Wolcott,
daughter of Richard
W. Stites of Morris-
town, formerly of Savannah, Ga. He was pros-
ecutor of pleas for Essex county, 1857-67. He de-
clined a seat on the supreme bench of New Jersey
in 1867, the judgeship of the court of Alabama
claims offered by President Grant in 1874 ; the
mission to Russia offered by President Hayes in
1877, and that to Austria offered by President
Arthur in 1882. He was named by Governor
Newell with others to the legislature, for the
office of chancellor during the vacancy in that
court in 1888, and was twice a prominent candi-
date before the legislature for U.S. senator. He
also declined the nomination by the Republican
convention, after it was made, for representative
in congress. During the civil war and the re-
construction period he was a leader for the
Union and for the civil rights of the freedmen.
He was one of the revisors of the statutes of New
Jersey in 1875 ; was sent to Louisiana in 1876 by
President Grant to witness the count of electoral
votes ; was commissioner to establish the bound-
ary line between New Jersey and Delaware, and
was largely instrumental in the forming and pas-
sage of the general railroad law which removed
an abundant source of corruption. He acted for
the defense in no less than thirteen homicide
cases, several of them very celebrated, and was
concerned either for the paintiff or the defend-
ant in almost all civil suits of great importance
occurring in the state during his active practice.
His power over a jury was phenomenal. He tried
cases in every county in the state, as well as in
New York and Philadelphia, and in the supreme
court of the United States. He was the counsel
of the Erie Railway company, and president of
the American Bar association, of the State Bar
association and of the Essex County Bar associa-
tion. The College of New Jersey and Rutgers
college conferred upon him the honorary degree
of LL.D. in 1866. He was influential in the coun-
cils of the Protestant Episcopal church, as a del-
egate to the Diocesan convention yearly for about
forty years, and as a representative of his diocese
in five general conventions.
PARKER, Ely Samuel, soldier, was born in
the Indian reservation. Tonawanda, N.Y., in 1828 ;
grandson of Red- Jacket, chief of the Wolf tribe,
Seneca Indians, Six Nations. He was a full-
blooded Indian, and chief in turn of his tribe, his
Indian name being " On-E-Don-E-Wag-Wa."
He was educated in the public schools ; took a
course at the Rensselaer Polytechnic inst'tute at
Troy, N.Y., and studied law, but as Indians had
no claim to citizenship at that time, he could not
be admitted to the bar. He subsequently entered
the employ of the U.S. government as an engin-
eer and in that capacity superintended the erec-
tion of the U.S. custom house and marine hospi-
tal at Galena, 111., 1858-61. He there became the
intimate friend of Ulysses S. Grant. When Gen.
C. F. Smith assumed command at Paducah Parker
was appointed on the engineer corps, and when
Grant was before Vicksburg Parker was commis-
sioned captain and assistant adjutant-general on
his staff, May 25, 1863, and served as lieutenant-
colonel and military secretary to Grant from
Aug, 30, 1864, to July 25, 1866, succeeding Gen.
W. R. Rowley. He wrote from Grant's dictation
the terms of capitulation at the surrender of Lee,
and was mustered out of the volunteer service
July 1, 1866. He was appointed 2d lieutenant in
the 2d cavalry March 22, 1866, served as colonel
and aide-de-camp to General Grant from July 25,
1866, to March 4, 1869, was promoted 1st lieuten-
ant of the 2d cavalry, June 1, 1867, and resigned
April 24, 1869. He was brevetted colonel of vol-
unteers, Feb. 24, 1865, for faithful and meritori-
ous services ; brigadier-general of volunteers
April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services
during the campaign terminating in the surren-
der of the army under General Lee, and 1st lieu-
tenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel
and brigadier general in the U.S. army March 2,
1867, for faithful and meritorious services during
the civil war. He served as U.S. commissioner
of Indian affairs, 1869-71 ; then resumed the pro-
fession of civil engineering, and was appointed
on the police department of New York city,
where he superintended repairs in department
buildings and the purchase of supplies, 1876-95.
He dipd at Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 31, 1895.
PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, naval officer,
was born in New York city, Aug. 5, 1821 : son of
Foxhall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker :
grandson of William Harwar and Mary (Sturman)
PARKER
PARKER
Parker, and of Gen. Robert Bogordus ; great-
grandson of Judge Richard and Elizabeth (Beale)
Parker, great'2-grandsou of Alexander and —
(Harwar) Parker, and a descendant of Thomas
and Elinor Parker, who settled in Rappahannock
county, Va., in the 17th century. He was ap-
pointed midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1839,
attached to the Lavant of the West India squad-
ron in 1840, served in Florida against the Indians,
and was graduated at the naval school, Philadel-
phia, Pa., and promoted passed midshipman June
29, 1843. He served on the Michigan on the lakes,
1844^5, on the coast survey in 1848, and on the
St. Laiwence, Mediterranean squadron, 1849-50.
He was promoted lieutenant Sept. 28, 1850 ; served
on the Susquehanna in the East India squadron,
1851-53, on the coast survey, 1854—55, and in the
Pacific squadron, 1859-61. His brother William
Harwar Parker (q.v.) resigned from the U.S. navy
in 1861 and joined the Confederate navy. Foxhall
Alexander Parker was executive officer at the navy
yard, Washington, D.C., 1861-62, and served with
the navy on the Potomac at Alexandria, Va.,
where he manned Fort Ellsworth July 23, after
the battle of Bull Run, with 250 seamen and ma-
rines to protect Washington. He was promoted
commander July 16, 1862, and was given com-
mand of the U.S. gunboat Mahaska. He com-
manded the THtbas/i off Charleston, S.C., and the
naval battery on
Morris Island,
at the bombard-
ment of Fort
Sumter, Aug. 17-
23, 1863, and en-
gaged the batter-
i ies on the Poto-
• mac and Rappa-
kaunock rivers
and the Confed-
erate forts off Wilmington, N.C. He commanded
the Potomac flotilla after September, 1863. He was
promoted captain July 25, 1866, and was employed
in the bureau of navigation at Washington, D.C.
He commanded the Franklin on the European
squadron, 1870-71 ; was chief of staff to the North
Atlantic fleet in 1872, and drew up a code of sig-
nals for steam tactics September, 1872. Ho was
promoted commodore Nov. 25, 1872 ; served as
chief signal officer of the U.S. navy, 1873-76 ;
and in December, 1874, was detached to act as
chief of staff of the united fleets under Admiral
Case, assembled for instruction in tactics in the
Florida waters. He commanded the navy yard
at Boston, Mass., 1876-78, and in 1878 was made
superintendent of the U.S. naval institute, Annap-
olis, Md., of which he was one of the organizers,
Oct. 9, 1873. He prepared by order of the navy
department, systems of Fleet Tactic* under Xtcum
U S.S. WABASH.
(1863), Squadron Tactics under Steam (1863), The
Naval Howitzer Afloat (1865), and The Naval
Howitzer ^s/iore(1866), all text books at the naval
academy. He is the author of : The Fleets of the
World, The Galley Period (1876), and The Battle
of Mobile Bay, and the Capture of Forts Powell,
Gaines and Morgan, under the Command of
David G. Farragut and Gordon Granger (1878).
He died in Annapolis, Md., June 10, 1879.
PARKER, Francis Wayland, educator, was
born at Piscataquog, N.H., Oct. 9, 1837; son of
Robert and Mille (Rand) Parker ; grandson of
William and Nabby (Parker) Parker, and of
Deacon Jonathan and Sarah (Abbott) Rand ; and
a descendant of Thomas Parker, the immigrant,
1635. He was brought up on a farm, and in 1850
entered the academy at Mt. Vernon, where he
paid his tuition by working on a farm during the
summers. He taught school in New Hampshire,
1854-58 and then in Carrollton, 111., until 1861,
when he entered the 4th New Hampshire volun-
teers as a private, subsequently attaining the
rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Deep Bottom,
Va., July 26, 1864, he was severely wounded and
taken prisoner and was not released till April
1865. He was brevetted colonel, Aug. 16, 1864,
and mustered out in August, 1865. He was prin-
cipal of the grammar school in Manchester, N.H.,
1865-68 ; of the district schools in Dayton, Ohio,
1868-71, and studied psychology, philosophy,
history and pedagogy at King William's univer-
sity, Berlin, 1871-73. He was superintendent of
the schools at Quincy, Mass., 1873-80, where he
applied his methods begun in Dayton, Ohio,
founded on the theories of Comenius, Pestalozzi,
and Frobel, and his influence soon extended all
over the country. He was supervisor of schools
in Boston, Mass., 1880-83; principal of the Cook
county, 111., normal school, 1883-95, and of the
Chicago, 111., normal school, 1895-99, and in the
latter year became president of the Chicago In-
stitute, founded by Mrs. Emmons McCormick
Blaine in 1899 and affiliated with the University
of Chicago, 1901. He was married Dec. 1, 1864, to
Pheue H., daughter of Gilbert Perry Hall of
Bennington, N.H., who died in 1871 ; and second-
ly, Nov. 23, 1882, to Mrs. Frank Stuart, daughter
of Calvin and Dorothy Stuart of Boston, Mass.
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the inauguration
by him of the " Quincy movement " was cele-
brated at Quincy, Mass., April, 1900. He was one
of the founders and the first president of the
Illinois Society for Child Study, the first organi-
zation of its kind in the United States : and
editor of: T/ie Elementary School Teacher <ind
Course of Study, a publication begun at the Cook
County normal school and continued at the
Chicago Institute and the University of Chicagn.
Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary
PARKER
PARKER
degree of A.M. in 1886, and Lawrence university
gave him that of LL.D. He is the author of :
Talks on Teaching (1883); The Practical Teacher
(1884) ; Course in Arithmetic (1884) ; flow to Teach
Geography (1885); Outlines in Geography (1885) ;
How to Study Geography (1889); Talks on Peda-
gogics (IS'ii); Uncle Robert's Geography (1898).
He died at Pass Christian, Miss., March 2, 1902.
PARKER, Helen Eliza Fitch, author, was
born in Auburn, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1827; daughter
of Abijah (1799-1883) and Lanah (Nelson) Fitch ;
granddaughter of Stephen Fitch of Otsego, N.Y.,
and of Colonel Neilson, from county Armagh,
Ireland, a member of the family whose history is
in "Sunrise and Sunset," infra. She attended
the female seminary at Auburn and engaged in
literary work. She was married April 20. 1852, to
the Rev. Dr. H. Webster Parker (q.v.). She is the
author of: Sunrise and Sunset (1854); Morning
Stars of the New World (1854); Ramblers after
Land Shells (1863) ; Missions and Martyrs of Mad-
agascar (1864) ; Frank's Search for Sea Shells
(1866); Constance of Aylmer(lSQQ) ; Blind^Florette
(1871); Arthur's Aquarium (1872). She died in
Amherst. Mass., Dec. 4, 1874.
PARKER, Henry, president of Georgia, was
born at Savannah, Ga., in 1690. He was bailiff of
Savannah in 1734, and in 1741, upon the division
of the colony into Frederica and Savannah coun-
ties, was chosen assistant president of Savannah
county. In 1750 he succeeded President Wil-
liam Stephens, resigned, as colonial president
or governor, holding the office till the appoint-
ment of John Reynolds in 1754. Governor Parker
organized the colonial militia and called the first
meeting of the colonial assembly, Jan. 15, 1751.
He settled a colony at Isle of Hope about eight
miles south of Savannah, to which place he retir-
ed in 1754, and he died there subsequent to 1777.
PARKER, Henry Webster, author, was born
in Danby, N.Y., Sept. 7, 1822 ; son of the Rev.
Samuel (1779-1866) (q.v.) and Jerusha (Lord)
Parker. He attended the schools of Ithaca, N.Y.,
and was graduated from Amherst college A.B.,
1843, A.M., 1847, and from the Auburn Theolo-
gical seminary in 1846. He was ordained by
the presbytery of Cayuga in 1847 and was pastor
at Aurora, N.Y., 1847-50; at Dansville, N.Y.,
1850-52 ; at Bedford and Central Congregational
churches (founding the latter), Brooklyn, N.Y.,
1852-56, and at North Congregational church, New-
Bedford, Mass., 1856-63. After a course of study
in the Lawrence Scientific school, Harvard uni-
versity, 1863-64, he was Dodge professor of
chemistry and natural science at Iowa col-
lege, 1864-70 ; professor of mental and moral
science in the Massachusetts Agricultural college,
Amherst. Mass., 1870-79. and Stone professor of
natural history at Iowa college, 1879-89. He
removed to New York city in 1889, devoted him-
self to cyclopedia work, was on the editorial
staff of the Standard Dictionary, vol. II, and
became editor of Popular Science News in 1896.
He was married, first, to Helen E. Fitch (q.v.), of
Auburn, N.Y., April 20, 1852, and secondly to
Susan M. Winkley of Amesbury, Mass., Nov. 6,
1876. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred
on him by Iowa college in 1886. He is the author
of: Poems (1848); The Story of a Soul (1851);
a volume of verse (1862); Tlie Spirit of Beauty
1888); and The Agnostic Gospel (1896).
PARKER, Horatio William, musician and
composer, was born in Auburndale, Mass., Sept.
15, 1863 ; son of Charles Edward and Isabella
Grahame (Jennings) Parker ; grandson of Elijah
and Sally (Hall) Parker, and of John and Susan
Cornelia (Keyes) Jennings, and a descendant of
Thomas Parker, who sailed from London in the
Susan & Ellen March 11,1635. He was gradu-
ated from the Royal Conservatory of Music,
Munich, in 1885, and was married in 1886 to Anna,
daughter of Franz and Rosa (Hiibrich) Ploessl,
of Munich. He was professor of music at the
Cathedral School of St. Paul, Garden City, Long
Island, N.Y., 1845-87 ; organist of Holy Trinity,
N.Y., 1887-93; and organist of Trinity, Boston,
1893-1901. In 1894 he was appointed Battell pro-
fessor of the theory of music at Yale, receiving
the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1894,
and that of Mus. Doc. from Cambridge (England)
University in 1902. He composed the oratorio
flora NoiHssima which was performed at the Fes-
tival of the Three Choirs, Worcester, England,
September, 1899 ; and at the Chester, England,
Festival in July, 1900 ; tbe oratorio St. Christopher;
the cantatas King Trojan and Tlie Kobohls ;
and A Wanderer's Psalm, which last was given
under his direction at the Hereford festival, Eng-
land, in 1900. He conducted St. Christopher at
the Three Choirs Festival, in Worcester, Sep-
tember 1902, and in Bristol, Oct. 9, 1902.
PARKER, Hosea Washington, representative,
was born in Lempster, N.H., May 30, 1833 ; son of
Benjamin Parker, a farmer, and Olive (Nichols)
Parker ; and a descendant of Capt. Joseph
Parker. He prepared for college at the Green
Mountain Liberal institute at South Woodstock,
Vt., attended Tufts college, 1855-56 ; studied law
at Newport, N.H., 1856-59, and began practice in
Claremont, N.H., in 1860. He was married in
1861 to Caroline Lovisa, daughter of Mark and
Lovisa (Curtis) Southgate of Bridgewater, Vt.
He represented Sullivan county in the state
legislature, 1859-60 ; was a member of the Demo-
cratic state committee for many years ; a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1868,
1880 and 1884; a representative from the third
district of New Hampshire in the 42d and 43d
PARKER
PARKER
congresses, 1871-75, and held several local offices.
He was nominated by acclamation for U.S.
senator by the Democratic caucus of the state
legislature on Jan. 14, 1897. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Tufts college in
1883.
PARKER, Isaac, jurist, was born in Boston,
Mass., June 17, 1768 ; son of Daniel and Margaret
(Jarvis) Parker. His father, a Boston'rnerchant,
was a native of Charleston, S. C. Isaac Parker
prepared for college at the Boston Latin school,
was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1786, A.M.,
1789 ; taught for a time at the Latin school, and
completed his law studies under Judge Tudor of
Boston, practising at Castine, Maine. He was
married to Rebecca Hall of Boston. He was a
Federal representative in the 5th congress, 1797-
99 ; and was appointed U.S. marshal for the
district of Maine by President John Adams in
1799, being removed on the accession of President
Jefferson in 1801. He was chief justice of the
supreme court of Massachusetts, 1814-30 ; Royall
professor of law at Harvard, 1816-27, and an
overseer, 1810-30. He was a trustee of Bowdoin
college, 1799-1810, and president of the Massa-
chusetts constitutional convention of 1820. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Harvard in 1814. He is the author of : Oration
on Washington(lSOQ), and Sketch of the Character
of Chief Justice Parsons (1813). He died in
Boston, Mass., May 26, 1830.
PARKER, Isaac Charles, jurist, was born in
Belmont county, Ohio, Oct., 15, 1838; son of Joseph
and Jane (Shannon) Parker. His father was a
native of Maryland, whose English ancestors
were among the early settlers in Massachusetts
Bay Colony, and his mother wasa niece of Wilson
Shannon (q.v. ). He worked on his father's farm,
attending the country school in winter, until
1855, when for four years he divided his time
between teaching and studying law at Barnes-
ville academy, Ohio. He was admitted to the
bar in 1859, settled in practice in St. Joseph,
Mo., was mayor and alderman, 1859-62, and city
attorney, 1862-64. In 1861 he raised a company
for the 1st Nebraska infantry, served with the
Missouri troops as corporal, and was also provost
marshal. He was a presidential elector on the
Lincoln and Johnson ticket in 1864 ; circuit
attorney of the 9th district of Missouri, 1864-66 ;
circuit, judge 1868-70, and Republican represen-
tative from Missouri in the 42d and 43d congresses,
1871-75. He was appointed by President Grant
chief justice of Utah, and confirmed by the
senate, but at the President's request declined in
order to become judge of the U.S. court for
Western Arkansas in 1875, and held the office
until his death. His name became a terror to
outlaws and fugitives who ran over the Indian
Territory and adjoining states, for he enforced
the law to the letter, and imposed the death
penalty upon more criminals than any other
jurist in the United States. He also made a
record of attendance on court without missing a
day for twenty-one years, and in that time
sentenced 160 murderers to be hanged. He was
probably the only subordinate judge that ever
overruled a decision of the U.S. supreme court,
which he accomplished in November, 1894, with-
out receiving judicial reproof from the higher
court. He died at Fort Smith, Ark. , Nov. 17, 1896.
PARKER, James, representative, was born in
Bethlehem, Hunterdou county, N.J., March 3,
1776 ; son of James and Gertrude (Skinner)
Parker ; grandson of Col. John (1693-1732) and
Janet (Johnstons) Parker, and of the Rev. Wil-
liam Skinner, and great-grandson of Elisha and
Hannah (Rulph) Parker. Elisha Parker removed
from Staten Island, N.Y., to Woodbridge, N. J.,
previous to 1675, and was high sheriff of the
county of Middlesex, and a member of the
Provincial Assembly. Jauies Parker, Sr., served
in the French and Indian war, was one of the
proprietors of the colony and a member of the
council of Gov. William Franklin. James
Parker, Jr., was graduated at Columbia college
in 1793, entered a counting house in New York
city, where he remained until his father's death
in 1797, when he returned to the family estate at
Perth Amboy, N.J. He engaged in mercantile
pursuits there for a few years, was a representa-
tive in the New Jersey legislature, 1806-10, 1812-
13, 1815-16, 1818 and 1827 ; a presidential elector
on the Jackson ticket in 1824, and collector of
customs at Perth Amboy, 1829-33. He presented
to the trustees of Queen's (afterward Rutgers) col-
lege the site for the college buildings. He was one
duet/Vs COLLEGE
of the commissioners appointed in 1807, 1827 and
1833 to obtain a settlement of the boundary
question between New York and New Jersey.
which was accomplished in 1833, and was pro-
minent among the originators of the Delaware
and Raritan canal. He was married first. January
5, 1803, to Penelope, daughter of Anthony Butler
PARKER
PARKER
of Philadelphia, and secondly, Sept. 20. 1827,
to Catherine Morris, daughter of Samuel Ogdeii,
of Newark. N.J. He was a Democratic represen-
tative in the 23d and 24th congresses, 1833-37,
and a member of the state constitutional conven-
tion of 1844. While in the state legislature he
drew up and secured the passage of several laws,
including that prohibiting local slavery in 1819,
and that establishing the school fund. He
was a vice-president of the New Jersey Historical
society and its president, 1864-08. He died at
Perth Amboy, N.J., April 1, 1868.
PARKER, James Cutler Dunn, musician, was
born in Boston, Mass., June 2, 1828 ; son of Sam-
uel Hale and Sarah (Parker) Parker, and grand-
son of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and Annie (Cutler)
Parker. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B. ,
1848., A.M., 1856; read
law in the office of
Samuel Dunn Parker,
attorney of Suffolk
county, 1848-51, aban-
doning it for mu-
sic and studying in
Leipsic, 1851-54. He
made a six mouths'
tour of Europe in
1854, and on his re-
turn to Boston be-
came professor of pi-
anoforte in the Bos-
ton University Col-
lege of Music, accept-
ing a similar position
in the New England Conservatory of Music in
1871. He was organist of the Handel and Haydn
society, 1857-59, and of Trinity church, Boston,
1864—91. lie was made the examiner of the New
England Conservatory of Music in 1891. He re-
ceived the degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1856
and Mus. Doc. from Alfred university in 1887. He
was married, Sept. 6, 1859, to Maria, daughter of
John and Rebecca (Punchard) Derby of Boston.
He translated Ernst F. E. Richter's Manual of
Harmony, and is the author of Manual of Har-
mony (1855). His compositions include: Re-
demption Hymn (1877); Blind King (1883); St.
John (1890); Life of Man, oratorio (1895), and
solos, choruses, orchestra pieces and several
church services.
PARKER, Jane Marsh, writer, was born in
Milan, N.Y., June 16, 1836 ; daughter of the Rev.
Joseph and Sarah (Adams) Marsh ; granddaugh-
ter of Lemuel Marsh of Vergennes, Vt., and of
Jonathan Adams of Sennett, Cayuga county,
N.Y. , and a descendant of Captain James Marsh
of Kent, England, a royalist who was slain at
Marsden Moor, 1644. Joseph Marsh was a Camp-
bellite minister, who became a disciple of Will-
iam Miller, and was a leader in the Second Ad-
vent movement, 1843-50. His daughter was
educated in Rochester, N.Y., and in 1856 married
George T. Parker, a lawyer of Rochester. She
became a regular writer for many leading New
York daily and weekly newspapers, both relig-
ious and secular. She is the author of : Toil-
ing and Hoping, novel (1856); The Boy Mission-
ary (18~)9); The Morgan Boys (1859); Losing the
W<ty (1860); Under His Banner (1862); Roches-
ter, a Story Historical (1884); The Midnight Cry,
a novel founded on the Millerite movement
(1886); Life of S. F. B. Morse (1887); Papers Re-
lating to the Getiesee Country (1888), and histor-
ical articles for leading magazines.
PARKER, Joel, jurist, was born in Jaffrey,
N.H., Jan. 25, 1795 ; son of Abel and Edith (Jew-
ett) Parker ; grandson of Samuel and Mary Rob-
bins (Proctor) Parker, and sixth in descent from
Samuel Parker, who emigrated from England pri-
or to 1643, first settled in Woburn, Mass., in 1644,
and was one of the first settlers at Chelmsford.
Abel Parker was a native of Westford, and served
in the Revolutionary war as 2d lieutenant of the
Middlesex and Worcester brigade under Gens.
Gates and Heath. Joel Parker attended Groton
academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth
college, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814. He studied law
with his brother Edmund of Amherst, N.H., was
admitted to the bar in Cheshire county in 1817 ;
practised at Keene, 1817-21, and at Columbus,
Ohio, after 1821. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1824-26 ; associate justice of the
superior court of New Hampshire, 1833-38, and
chief justice, 1838-48. While associate justice he
originated the bill abolishing the court of com-
mon pleas and providing that trial terms should
be held by a single judge, empowered to try all
causes except murder and treason, and giving
the court full chancery powers. He was chair-
man of the committee appointed to revise the
laws of the state in 1840 ; professor of medical
jurisprudence at Dartmouth college, 1847-57, and
professor of law, 1869-75. He removed to Cam-
bridge, Mass., in 1847, and practised law in Bos-
ton with his brother-in-law, Horatio G. Parker.
He was married, Jan. 20, 1848, to Mary Morse,
daughter of Elijah Parker of Keene, N.H. He
was Royall professor at Dane Law School, Har-
vard university, 1847-75. He was a representa-
tive from Cambridge in the constitutional con-
vention of 1853 and a member of the commission
for the revision of Massachusetts statutes in 1855.
In his will he made provisions for founding the
professorship of law at Dartmouth college, of
which he was a trustee, 1843-60. He was president
of the New Hampshire Medical society and of the
Northern Society of Arts and Sciences. The hon-
orary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by
PARKER
Dartmouth in 1837 and by Harvard in 1848. He is
the author of : Progress (1840.) ; Daniel Webster as
a Jurist (1853); A Charge to the Grand Jury on the
Uncertainty of Law (1854); The Non-Extension of
Slavery ( 1856); Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery
in the Territories (1861); Tlie Eight of Secession
(1861); Constitutional Laic (1862); Habeas Corpus
and Martial Law (1862) ; Tlie War Powers of Con-
gress and the President (1863); Revolution and
Construction (1866); Tlie Three Poicers of Gov-
ernment (1869), and Conflict of Decisions (1875).
He died in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 17, 1875.
PARKER, Joel, clergyman and educator, was
born in Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799. He was grad-
uated at Hamilton college in 1824, and attended
Auburn Theological seminary, 1824-26. He was
married, May 9, 1826, to Harriet Phelps of Lenox,
N.Y. He was pastor of the Third Presbyterian
church in Rochester, N.Y., 1826-30, being or-
dained in February, 1827. He organized and was
pastor of the Dey Street Presbyterian church,
New York city, 1830-33 ; was pastor of the First
Presbyterian church, New Orleans, La., 1833-38,
and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York
city, 1838-40. He was the second president of
Union Theological seminary, New York city, and
its first professor of sacred rhetoric, 1840-42 ; pas-
tor of the Clinton Street Presbyterian church,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1842-52 ; of the Bleecker Street
church, New York city, 1852-62, and of the Park
church, Newark, N.J., 1862-68. He retired from
the ministry in 1868 on account of age. He re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1839. He was a frequent contributor
to the religious press, served at one time as asso-
ciate editor of the Presbyterian Quarterly Review
and edited Sermons of the Rev. John W. Adams,
With a Memoir (1851). He is the author of :
Lectures on Unitarianism (1829); Morals for a
Young Student (1832); Invitation to True Happi-
ness (1843); Reasonings of a Pastor (1849); Notes
on Twelve Psalms (1849); Sermons (1852), and
Pastor's Initiatory Catechism (1855). He died in
New York city, May 2, 1873.
PARKER, Joel, governor of New Jersey, was
born near Freehold, N.J., Nov. 24, 1816; son of
Charles and Sarah (Coward) Parker ; grandson of
Thomas and Sarah (Stout) Parker, and of Capt.
Joseph Coward of the Continental army, and a
descendant of Joseph Parker, who was settled in
Monmouth, N.J. , about 1668. Charles Parker
was sheriff of Monmouth county ; a member
of the New Jersey assembly ; state treasurer
for thirteen years, and also state librarian.
His parents removed to Trenton in 1821. Joel
Parker was prepared for college at Trenton acad-
emy and the Lawrenceville high school, and was
graduated at the College of New Jersey. A.B.,
1839, A.M., 1842. He studied law under Henry
PARKER
W. Green at Trenton, was admitted to the bar in
1842, and practised in Freehold, N.J., 1842-80. He
was married in 1843 to Maria M., daughter of
Samuel R. Gummere of Trenton, N. J. He can-
vassed the state for Van Buren and Johnson
in 1840 and for Polk and Dallas in 1844 ; was a
Democratic member of the state assembly in
1847 ; prosecuting attorney of Monmouth county,
1852-57 ; a presidential elector on the Douglas and
Johnson ticket in 1860, and was commissioned
brigadier-general of the state militia in 1857 and
major-general in 1861. He supported the war
measures of the administration of President Lin-
coln on constitutional grounds ; was Democratic
governor of New Jersey, 1863-
66, and was active in th
organization of volunteers
On the invasion of Peunsyl-l
vania by Lee's army in 1863
Governor Parker supplied
Governor Curtin with several
organized regiments of New Jersey volunteers.
He kept the quota of New Jersey for the army
up to its full number, and so successfully man-
aged the finances of the state during the civil
war that not a bond of New Jersey was sold be-
low par, and in 1865 there was a surplus of $200,-
000 in the treasury. At the Democratic national
conventions of 1868, 1876 and 1884 he received
the unanimous vote of the New Jersey delega-
tion for President. He was the candidate of the
National Labor Reform convention of 1872 for
Vice-President on the ticket with David Davis
for President, but he declined to accept. He was
again governor of New Jersey, 1872-74 ; was at-
torney-general of the state January to April,
1875; a presidential elector on the Tilden and
Hendricks ticket in 1876 ; a justice of the supreme
court for the second district of the state, 1880-88,
and declined a fourth nomination for governor in
1883. He was influential in the erection of the
monument commemorating the battle of Mon-
mouth, which was unveiled Nov. 13, 1884. He
received the degree LL.D. from Rutgers college
in 1872, and was an honorary member of the
New Jersey state branch, Society of the Cincin-
nati. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. Jan. 2, 1888.
PARKER, John, delegate, was born in Charles-
ton, S.C., Jan. 24, 1749 ; son of John Parker. He
was educated in England ; graduated in law at
the Middle Temple, London, in 1775 : practiced
law in Charleston, S.C., and cultivated a rice
plantation near that city. He was elected a
delegate to the Continental congress, serving
1786-88. He was married Dec. 24, 1776, to Susan-
nah, daughter of Henry and Mary (Williams)
Middleton, of South Carolina, and sister of
Arthur Middleton, the signer. He died on his
plantation, near Charleston, S.C., April 20, 1822.
PARKER
PARKER
PARKER, John Adams, landscape painter,
was born in New York city, Nov. 27, 1827. He
was educated in the University of the City of New
York, and in 1830 engaged iu mercantile pursuits,
which he abandoned in 1857 to study art. He
first exhibited at the National Academy of
Design in 1858, from which time he was a regular
contributor. He was elected an associate of the
National Academy in 1864. He settled in Brook-
lyn, N.Y., in 1856, and was a founder of the
Brookh-ii Art association and of the Brooklyn
Art club. His best paintings are those of moun-
tain scenery in the White Mountains, Catskills
and Adirondacks, his summer studio being in
Keene Valley, in the Adirondacks. His works
include: Twilight in Hie Adirondacks (1876);
Winter (1879); Winter Twilight (1880); Land-
scape in the Adirondacks — Twilight (1882); Win-
ter Evening (1884); The Gothics— Adirondacks
(1885), and Close of a November Day, Ausable
Pond, Adirondacks (1886). He died in Brooklyn,
N.Y., in March, 1900.
PARKER, John Mason, jurist, was born in
Granville, N.Y., June 14, 1805 ; son of John Clark
Parker and Susan (Mason) Parker ; grandson of
Peter and Esther (Clark) Parker ; and a descend-
ant of Edward Parker, who settled in New
Haven in 1644. He was prepared for college at
Granville academy ; graduated at Middlebury
college, Vt., in 1828, and studied law under John
P. Cushman, at Troy, N.Y. He was admitted to
the bar in 1833, settled in practice in Owego,
N.Y., and was a Whig representative from the
twenty-seventh New Y^ork district in the 34th and
35th congresses, 1855-59. He was a justice of
the supreme court of New York, 1859-73, and a
justice of the general term of the third depart-
ment, 1867-73. He also sat as a member of the
court of appeals for a part of the time. He was
married first, in September, 1835, to Catherine
Ann, daughter of Charles Pumpelly, of Owego,
N.Y., and secondly, March 1,1854, to his deceased
wife's sister, Stella A. Pumpelly. He received
the degree LL.D. from Middlebury college, in
1865. He died in Owego, N.Y., Dec. 6, 1873.
PARKER, Josiah, representative, was born in
Macclesfield, Va., May 11, 1751 ; son of Nicholas
and Ann (Copeland) Parker; grandson of Nathaniel
and Ann Parker, and a descendant of Thomas
Parker, who settled on Smith's Neck. Isle of
Wight county, Va., in 1650. Josiah Parker was
married May 6, 1773, to Mary Pierce, widow of
Col. Joseph Bridger. He was a member of the
county committee of safety in 1775, and of the
Virginia convention that met in March, July and
December, 1775. He was commissioned major in
the 5th Virginia regiment, Feb. 13, 1776 ; was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, July 28, 1777, and
colonel, April 1, 1778. His regiment served under
Gen. Charles Lee in Virginia, until the latter
part of 1776, when it was transferred to Washing-
ton's army. He rendered distinguished service
at the battles of Trenton, Princeton and the
Brandy wine, and resigned from the army July 12,
1778. He commanded the militia on the south
side of the James river in Virginia, 1778-82 ; was
a member of the Virginia house of delegates
1780-81 ; naval officer at Portsmouth, Va., 1786,
and a candidate for election to the Virginia con-
vention of 1788, but was defeated because he was
opposed to the adoption of the Constitution. He
was a representative in the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th
and 6th congresses from the Norfolk district, Va. ,
1789-1801, and was chairman of the committee on
naval affairs. He was a member of the Virginia
Society of the Cincinnati. He died in Maccles-
field, Isle of Wight county, Va., March 18, 1810.
PARKER, Leonard Fletcher, educator, was
born in Arcade, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1825 ; son of Elias
and Dorothy (Fletcher) Parker ; grandson of Leo-
nard and Mary (Foster) Parker, and of Gershom
and Sarah (Robinson) Fletcher, and a descendant
of Abraham Parker, of Chelmsford, Mass., about
1640, and of Robert Fletcher, of Concord, Mass.,
1630. He was graduated from Oberlin college,
Ohio, in 1851, and finished two years in the theo-
logical department of Oberlin college in 1853. He
was married Aug. 21, 1853, to Sarah Candace,
daughter of Timothy and Harriet (Wilder)
Pearse, of Oberlin, Ohio, formerly of Sudbury,
Vt. He taught in public schools, 1841-53 ; was
superintendent of schools at Brownsville, Pa.,
1853-56, and at Grinnell, Iowa, 1856-60. He was
Carter professor of ancient languages at Iowa
college, 1860-70 ; and in 1864, with all the students
of the college of military age, enlisted in the 46th
Iowa infantry, Col. D. B. Henderson (q.v.), and
was 1st lieutenant of his company, declining the
captaincy in favor of a veteran invalid soldier.
He was a Republican member of the Iowa house
of representatives, 1868-70 ; professor of Greek
or of history at the State University of Iowa,
1870-87 ; Parker professor of history at Iowa col-
lege, 1888-98, and was elected professor emeritus,
in 1898, when he retired from active teaching.
He was a member of the American History asso-
ciation, and received the degree of A.M., in 1860,
and the honorary degree D.D. in 1895, from Ober-
lin. He is the author of : History of Education
in Iowa, in No. 17 of state monographs (published
by the U.S., 1893), and of pamphlets and maga-
zine articles on literary, political and historical
subjects, including Address at the Semi-Centen-
nial of Iowa college ; TJie College on the Campus
and Beyond It; Puritan Faith, not French Athe-
ism, the Foundation of American Liberties, and
The Abuse of Grant's Des Moines Speech (1875),
in which he exposed the falsification of the
PARKER
PARKER
report of the speech which made the President
seem to oppose all education by the state except
in common schools.
PARKER, Linus, M. E. bishop, was born near
Vienna, Oaeida county, N. Y., April 23, 1829 ; son
of John and Alvira (Wadham) Parker, both of
Connecticut, and grandson of EH and Joana
(Stoddard) Parker. His first ancestor in Amer-
ica, William Parker, emigrated from Bristol,
England, and located in Saybrook, Conn., in its
early settlement. Linus Parker removed to New
Orleans, La., in early youth, engaged as a clerk,
and also attended college at Lewisburg, La., be-
coming proficient in Latin and Greek. He served
in the Mexican war in Captain Girault's company
from Louisiana ; entered the Louisiana confer-
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church, south,
Dec. 26, 1849, and was stationed at Lake Provi-
dence in 1850 ; at Shreveport in 1851-52,
was ordained deacon, December, 1852, and elder
December, 1853, and was stationed in New Or-
leans, Jan. 5, 1853. He served as pastor in
principal stations until 1870, when he was elected
editor of TJie Christian Advocate, holding this
position until May, 1882, also acting as presiding
elder at various times. He was a delegate to
the General conference of the Methodist Episco-
pal church, South, in I860, and sat in its quad-
rennial sessions, 1866-82. He was elected bishop
of the M. E. church, South, May, 1882, and filled
this office until his death. He was married June
7, 1853, to Sallie Fitzgerald, daughter of the Rev.
Alexander and - - (Burruss) Sale. She
died Sept. 13, 1853, and he was married secondly,
Jan. 20, 1858, to Ellen K., daughter of the Rev.
John Crenshaw and Emily L. (Nutting) Burruss.
She died Sept. 3, 1900. Bishop Parker died in
New Orleans, La., March 5, 1885.
PARKER, Nahum, senator, was born in Shrews-
bury, Mass,, March 14, 1760 ; sou of Amos and
Anna (Stone) Parker ; grandson of Andrew and
Sarah (Whitney) Parker ; great-grandson of
John Parker and a descendant of Thomas Parker,
who emigrated from England in the Susan and
Ellen in 1635 and settled first in Lynn, and then
in Reading, Massachusetts Bay colony. Nahum
Parker was a soldier in the Continental army
under General Gates and took part in the battles
that resulted in the capture of Burgoyne's forces
at Saratoga in 1777. He settled in Fitzwilliam,
N.H., in 1786. was a member of the board of
selectmen, 1790-94, and clerk and treasurer of
the town, 1792-1815. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1794-1804 and 1806-07 ; a
member of the governor's council, 1804-05, and
was U.S. senator from New Hampshire, 1807-10,
resigning in 1810 when he was succeeded by
Charles Cutts (q.v.). He was justice of the court
of common pleas for Cheshire county, which
included Sullivan county, 1807-13 ; an associate
justice of the Western circuit, 1813-16 ; judge of
the court of sessions of Cheshire county in 1821
and of the court of common pleas for Hillsborough
county in 1822. He was also a member of the
New Hampshire senate and its president in 1828.
He was married, Aug. 11, 1783, to Mary Deeth of
Gerry, Mass., and their son, Amos Andrew
Parker (born Oct. 8, 1791, University of Ver-
mont, 1813, lawyer, editor of New Hampshire
Statesman, author of Recollections of Lafayette
(1879)) celebrated the hundredth anniversary of
his birth, and died in Fitzwilliam, N.H., May 12,
1893. Nahuni Parker died in Fitzwilliam, N.H.,
Nov. 12, 1839.
PARKER, Peter, missionary and diplomat,
was born in Framingham, Mass., June 18, 1804;
son of Nathan and Catharine (Murdock) Parker,
grandson of Peter and Ruth (Eaton) Parker,
great-grandson of John and Experience (Cloyes)
Parker, and a descendant of Hananiah Parker of
Reading, Mass. He was a student at Amherst
college, 1827-30, was graduated at Yale, A.B.,
1831, M.D., 1834; and attended Yale Divinity
school, 1832-34. He was appointed by the A.B.
C. F. M., a missionary to China; was ordained
May 16, 1834, and embarked for Canton in June,
1834. In October, 1835, he opened an ophthalmic
hospital in Canton, which soon became a general
hospital, and not only attended over 2.000 sick,
but preached to his patients in their own language
and trained several in medicine and surgery.
He came back to the United States at the out-
break of the opium war between China and Eng-
land in 1840, and was married, March 29, 1841,
to Harriet Colby, daughter of John Ordway
Webster, of Augusta, Maine. He returned to
China in 1842, accompanied by his wife, who
was the first foreign woman to reside in Canton.
Dr. Parker continued the hospital 1842-55. He
was appointed secretary and interpreter to the
U.S. legation to China in 1844 ; and in 1845
resigned his connection with the American
board to serve as charge d'affaires in the absence
of the U.S. minister. In 1853 he made a brief
visit to the United States, where he was appointed
U.S. commissioner to China with plenipotentiary
powers for the revision of the treaty of 1844, and
served as such, 1855-57. In this capacity he was
again in China, 1855-57, and then settled in
Washington, D.C. He was founder and for
several years president of the Medical Missionary
Society of China, became a regent of the Smith-
sonian Institution in 1868, a corporate member
of the A.B.C. of F.M. in 1871, and in that
year a delegate of the Evangelical Alliance to
petition the Emperor of Russia to permit freedom
of worship in the Baltic provinces. He was
president of the Washington branch of the
PARKER
PARKER
Evangelical Alliance in 1887. Yale conferred
upon him the degree of A.M. in 1858. He is the
author of : Journal of an Expedition from
Singapore to Japan (1838); A Statement respect-
ing Hospitals in China (1841); Eulogy on Henry
Wilson (1880). He died in Washington, D.C.,
Jan. 10, 1888.
PARKER, Richard Elliott, senator, was born
at Rock Spring, Westmoreland county, Va. ,
Dec. 27, 1783 ; son of Capt. William Harwar and
Mary (Sturman) Parker, and grandson of Judge
Richard and Elizabeth (Beale) Parker. He studied
law at La wfield.Va., under his grandfather, Judge
Richard Parker, was admitted to the bar and set-
tled in practice in his native county, which he re-
presented in the Virginia legislature for several
years. He was colonel of the militia in West-
moreland county at the outbreak of the war of
1813, and served as colonel of the 35th Virginia
regiment, with which he defended the Northern
Neck from British attacks, 1813-14. He was
wounded in the action at White House, Sept. 16,
1814, returning after the war to the practice of
law, and was elected a judge of the general court,
July 26, 1817. He was elected to the U.S. senate
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Benjamin Walking Leigh, serving from Dec. 15,
1836, to Feb. 13, 1837, when he resigned to accept
a seat on the bench of the Court of Appeals of
Virginia, to fill the vacancy caused by the death
of Dabney Carr, Jan. 8, 1837. He declined the
position of attorney-general in the cabinet of
President Van Buren, in 1840, as successor to Felix
Grundy. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Dr.
William Foushee, of Richmond, Va. He died at
the "Retreat," Snickersville. Va., Sept. 9, 1840.
PARKER, Richard Wayne, representative,
was born in Newark, N.J., Aug. 6, 1848 ; son of
Cortlandt (q.v.)., and Elizabeth Wolcott (Stites)
Parker, and grandson of Richard Wayne Stites,
of Morristown, N.J. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1867, A.M., 1870,
and at Columbia Law school LL.B., 1869. He
was admitted to the bar in 1870, and practiced
with his father in Newark. He was married,
Jan. 2, 1884, to Eleanor, daughter of Gen. Wil-
liam W. (q.v.) and Eleanor (Kinzie) Gordon, of
Savannah, Georgia. He was a representative in
the New Jersey legislature 1885-86 ; was the
Republican candidate for congress from the
sixth New Jersey district in 1892, and was elected
a representative in the 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th and
58th congresses, 1895-1905.
PARKER, Samuel, second bishop of Massachu-
setts and 10th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 17,
1744 ; son of Judge William and Elizabeth
(Grafton) Parker ; grandson of William and
Zerviah (Stanley) Parker, of England, who fled
OLD TRINITY CHURCH — BOSTO/g
to America and settled in Portsmouth, N.H., in
1703. Zerviah Stanley, a daughter of the Earl of
Derby, married without her father's consent and
abandoned her claims to nobility. Samuel Parker
was graduated at Harvard, A.B. 1764 ; A.M., 1767.
He was married in
November, 1766, to
Annie, daughter of
John Cutler of Bos-
ton, Mass. He pre-
pared for holy or-
ders while teaching
school, and was
elected assistant of
Trinity church in
Boston, Mass. , in
October 1773. He
was ordered deacon
in the chapel of
Fulham palace,
London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1774, and ordained priest
three days later by Dr. Terrich, Lord Bishop of
London. He assumed the duties of assistant in
November, 1774, and during the Revolution was
the only Anglican clergyman to remain at his
post and support the cause of the colonists. He
was elected rector of Trinity church, June 27,
1779, and after the war went about trying to re-
organize and establish the scattered churches and
to reinstate the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel. He was elected bishop of the Eastern
diocese to succeed Bishop Bass, deceased, in 1803,
and was consecrated at Trinity church, New York
city, Sept. 14, 1804, by Bishop White, assisted by
Bishops Claggett, Jarvis, and Moore. He never
discharged the duties of the office, being pros-
trated with gout on his return from New York
from which he did not recover. He received the
degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania
in 1789. He published an Annual Election Ser-
mon before the Legislature of MasscJtusetts (1793) ;
a Sermon for the Benefit of the Boston Female
Asylum (1803), and several occasional discourses.
He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 6, 1804.
PARKER, Samuel, missionary explorer, was
born in Ashfield, Mass., April 23, 1779; son of
Elisha and Thankful (Marchant) Parker, and a
descendant of Robert Parker, the immigrant, who
settled in Barnstable, Mass. Elisha Parker, a
native of Yarmouth, Mass., was a member of the
coast guard at the beginning of the Revolution,
and afterward a soldier in the engagements from
Bennington to Saratoga, 1775-77. Samuel Parker
was graduated at Williams college, A.B., 1806,
A.M., 1809; was principal of the academy at
Brattleboro, Vt., and was graduated at Andover
Theological seminary in 1810, going as a mission-
ary to Steuben and Allegany counties. N.Y. He
was ordained, Dec. 24, 1812, and was pastor of
PAKKER
PARKER
the Congregational church at Danby, N.Y., 1812-
27. He was agent for the Auburn Theological
seminary; was pastor at Fabius, N.Y., 1827-33 ;
at Middlefield, Mass., 1832-33 ; conducted a young
women's school at Ithaca, N. Y., 1833-35, and was
sent to Oregon by the
First Presbyterian
church, Ithaca, un-
der the auspices of
the A.B.C.F.M., 1835,
to explore and locate
missions, returning
by the way of the
Sandwich Islands in
1837. He lectured in
the eastern states on
the character of Ore-
gon Territory, enlist-
ed Dr. Marcus Whit-
man and other mis-
sionaries to work
there, and did much
to set forth the value of that territory, then
in strenuous dispute. He was the first missionary
of the A.B.C.F.M. beyond the Rocky Mountains,
and the discoverer of an easy grade for a rail-
road through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
ocean. He was married first to a Miss Sears of
Ashfielcl, Mass., and secondly, in 1815, to Jerusha
Lord (1790-1857) of Salisbury, Conn., a niece of
Noali Webster. He is the author of Exploring
Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains (1838), which
was republished several times, and of which a
London edition was issued. He died in Ithaca,
N.Y., March 24, 1866, and in 1901 a tablet to his
memory was placed in the First Presbyterian
Church of Ithaca.
PARKER, Samuel Parker, clergyman and
educator, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10,
Iso") ; son of John Rowe and Mary (Hamilton)
Parker ; grandson of the Rt. Rev. Samuel and An-
nie (Cutler) Parker. He prepared for college at the
Boston Latin school and was graduated at Harvard
in 1824. He was usher and sub-master of the Bos-
ton Latin school, 1824-30, and prepared fur holy
orders under Bishop Griswold of the Eastern
diocese. He was ordered deacon in 1834 and
priested in 1835 by Bishop Griswold. He was
married, April 20, 1836, to Eliza Pomeroy, grand-
daughter of Judge Theodore Sedgwick and niece
of Catherine M. Sedgwick, the authoress. He
went as a missionary to Stockbridge, where he
erected St. Paul's church and built up a flourish-
ing parish. He was assistant to Dr. Muhlenberg
in the Church of the Holy Communion. New
York city ; rector of St. Mary's church, Staten
Island, where he erected a stone church ; return-
ed to St. Paul's, Stockbridge, and succeeded Dr.
Huntington at Grace church, Amherst, where lie
also built a fine church. He next labored in
New York city ; was rector of St. Paul's, Stock-
bidge, and of Trinity, Lenox, and conducted a
preparatory school at Stockbridge. He was rec-
tor at Christ church, Exeter ; Epiphany, Win-
chester ; and Trinity, Melrose, and officiated in
vacant churches in western Massachusetts, includ-
ing Christ church, Sheffield, making his home in
Stockbridge and devoting much of his time to
the public library, of which he largely selected the
books purchased and procured funds for its en-
largement. He received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Union college in 1861. He died in
Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1880.
PARKER, Theodore, clergyman, was born in
Lexington, Mass., Aug. 24, 1810 ; son of John and
Hannah(Stearns) Parker ; grandson of Capt. John
Parker, an officer at the battle of Lexington, and
a descendant of Thomas Parker, the immigrant,
Lynn, 1635. Theodore worked on his father's
farm and in his shop ; was a student at the public
school ; attended a day school in Lexington one
term in 1826, where he took up algebra, Latin
and Greek ; from 1827 was self-instructed, mak-
ing rapid progress, and in 1830 was examined and
admitted to Harvard,
where he passed his
successive examina-
tions in each class,
but under the rules of
the college was not
allowed to receive a
degree. He taught
in a private school in
Boston in 1831, in a
private school in
Watertown, Mass.,
1832-42, and prose-
cuted his post-grad-
uate studies, includ-
ing theology, in 1834.
The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred upon him by Harvard in
1840. He was ordained pastor of the Unitarian
society at West Roxbury, Mass., June 21, 1837,
remaining minister of that society until February.
184.">, when he was excommunicated by the Uni-
tarian association on account of alleged heret-
ical teachings, and resigned his pastorate. He
formed and was installed as pastor of a new
society. Jan. 4. 1846. and preached in Boston at the
Melodeon, 1846-52. and at Music Hall, 1852-59.
The new society, aided by the reform movement
in Massachusetts which had reached its height,
grew rapidly. Mr. Parker was a leader in effect-
ing the escape of runaway slaves in Boston and
defended and helped the revolutionary movement
of John Brown in the West. He accepted the
editorship of the Massachusetts Quarterly and
PARKER
PARKER
conducted it, 1847-50. During the winter of 1857,
while on a lecturing tour in central New York, he
contracted a severe cold which settled on his
lungs, and in January, 1859, he made a voyage to
Santa Cruz for the benefit of his health. In May,
1859, he went to Southampton and thence to
Switzerland and Rome, where he suffered a relapse
during the wet season, and was taken to Florence,
where he died aud was buried in the cemetery
outside the walls, the Rev. Mr. Cunningham, an
old friend, conducting the funeral service. Busts
were made by William W. Story and Robert
Hart, and in January, 1902, a bronze statue by
Robert Kraus was erected on the lawn of the
First Parish (Unitarian) church at West Rox-
bury by the society. He is the author of : A
Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion
(1849); Occasional Sermons and Speeches (2 vols.,
1852); Ten Sermons on Religion (1853); Sermons
on Theism, Atheism and the Popular TJieology
(1853); Additional Speeches and Addresses (2 vols.,
1855): Trial of Theodore Parker for the "Misde-
meanor of a Speech in Faneuil Hall against
Kidnapping" (1855); Two Christmas Celebrations
and Experience as a Minister (1859); a volume of
Praters (1862), and Historic Americans (1870).
His complete works were edited by Frances P.
Cobbe (14 vols., 1863-71), and also Lessons from
the World of Matter and the World of Man, selec-
tions from his unpublished sermons by Rufus
Leighton (1865). His biography was written by
John Weiss (1864), and O. B. Frothingham (1874).
In October, 1900, his name received twenty-one
votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great
Americans, New York university, being fifth in
" Class G, Preachers and Theologians," number-
ing twenty-six names, of which but three,
Beecher, Channing and Edwards, received a
place. He died in Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860.
PARKER, Willard, surgeon, was born at Hills-
borough, N.H., Sept. 2, 1800 ; son of Jonathan
and Hannah (Clark) Parker ; grandson of Capt.
Peter Clark, and a descendant of Abraham Parker,
who emigrated from England to Massachusetts
Bay colony in 1640, and settled first in Woburn
and afterward in Chelmsford, Mass. His parents,
who were farmers, removed to Chelmsford in
1805, and he worked on the farm and attended
the public school winters until 1829. He taught
in the district schools, 1819-22, and was graduated
at Harvard, A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829. He taught
school in Charlestown, Mass.; attended the lec-
tures of Dr. John C. Warren, 1826-27 ; was
assistant in the U.S. Marine hospital at Chelsea,
Mass, 1827-29 ; studied surgery under Dr. Warren
during the winter of 1828-29, and was graduated
at Harvard, M.D., in 1830, and at Berkshire
Medical college (Mass.) M.D., 1831. Hedelivered
a course of lectures on anatomy in the Vermont
Medical school at Woodstock, 1829-30 ; was pro-
fessor of anatomy and surgery, Colby university,
1830-33, and in the Berkshire Medical college,
1830-33 ; of anatomy and physiology in Geneva
college, 1834-36 ; professor of surgery in the
Cincinnati university, 1836-37 ; visited Europe in
1837 ; settled in New York city in 1839, where he
was connected with the College of Physicians
and Surgeons as professor of surgery, 1839-69,
professor of clinical surgery, 1870-80, and profes-
sor emeritus, 1880-84. He was twice married ;
first, in 1839, to Caroline Allen of Massachusetts,
and secondly, to Henrietta Bissell. He instituted
college clinics in 1840, became a visiting surgeon
to Bellevue hospital in 1847, and to the New York
hospital in 1856, in the meantime establishing
a large practice. He became president of the
New York state inebriate asylum in 1865, suc-
ceeding Dr. Valentine Mott, and was a consulting
surgeon to the Roosevelt, St. Luke's and Mt. Sinai
hospitals. He was active in the organization of
the New York Pathological society in 1843 ; of
the hospital for the relief of widows and orphans
of medical men in 1846, and of the New York
Academy of Medicine in 1847, becoming its pres-
ident in 1856. He was also influential in estab-
lishing the New York city board of health, 1864-
66, and served as a member of the board. He was
a member of several scientific societies of the
United States and Europe. He received the
degree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey in
1870. The Willard Parker hospital for contagious
diseases was erected and named in his honor.
His discoveries in practical surgery include the
operation of cystotomy, for the relief of chronic
cystitis, an operation for the cure of abscess of
the appendix vermiformis and one for the la-
ceration of the perineum during parturition.
He was also the first in the country to call atten-
tion to the phenomena of the concussion of the
nerves, as distinguished from that of the nerve-
centres, and to report cases of malignant pustule.
His monographs include : Cystotomy (1850) ;
Spontaneous Fractures (1852); Concussion of
Nerves (1856); On the High Operation for Stone
in the Female (1855) ; Ligature of the Subclavian
Artery (1864), and a lecture on Cancer (1873).
He died in New York city, April 25, 1884.
PARKER, William Harwar, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Oct. 8, 1826 ; sou of Fox-
hall Alexander and Sara (Bogardus) Parker. He
was graduated at the U.S. Naval academy in
1748, and was promoted lieutenant in 1855. His
brother, Foxhall Alexander Parker (q.v.), was a
commander in the U.S. navy during the civil
war. William Harwar Parker was dismissed from
the U.S. naval service, April 20, 1861, having
joined the secession movement in Virginia and
accepted a commission as lieutenant commander
PARKHURST
PARKINSON
in the Confederate States navy. He commanded
the gunboat Beaufort in the fleet of Commodore
Lynch, C.S.N., in protecting the sounds of North
Carolina, opposed the landing of the expedition
of General Burnside at Roanoke Island, and sup-
ported Fort Huger against the Federal assault.
The Confederate fleet retreated to Elizabeth City,
followed by the Federal fleet under Commander
Rowan, and there made a stand. The North Caro-
lina militia having evacuated the fort, Com-
mander Lynch ordered Lieutenant-Commander
Parker to reman it with men from the fleet, and on
the destruction of the Confederate fleet Lynch
and Parker escaped to Norfolk through the canal
with the Beaufort. Parker joined in the attack
on the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads, March 8,
1862, where he ordered Lieutenant Pendergast,
commanding the U.S. frigate Congress, after
the surrender of his sword and the colors, to
return to the Congress and aid in rescuing the
crew. The fire from the Merrimac prevented
Pendergast's return to the Beaufort and he escap-
ed to the shore. In 1863 Parker was promoted
captain and established a naval academy on
board the Patrick Henry, moored in the James
River, from which were graduated junior officers
who rendered efficient service to the Confederacy
during the last year of the war. Captain Parker
is the author of : Instructions for Na val Light Ar-
tillery (1862) ; and Recollections of a Naval Officer
(1883). He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 30, 189G.
PARKHURST, Charles Henry, clergyman and
reformer, was born in Framingham, Mass., April
17. 1842 ; son of Charles F. W. and Mary (Goodale)
'k^urst, and grandson of John Parkhurst (Har-
vard, 1811). He pre-
pared for college at
Lancaster academy
and was graduated at
Amherst, A.B., 1866,
A.M., 1869. He was
principal of the Am-
herst high school,
1867-69; studied theo-
logy in the Univer-
sity of Halle, 1869-
70 ; was married,
Nov. 23, 1870, to Nel-
lie, daughter of
Luther and Philena
(Hawks) Bodman of
Williamsburg, Mass.;
taught Greek and Latin in Williston seminary,
Easthampton, Mass., 1870-71 ; completed his theo-
logical studies at Leipzig, 1872-73 : was pastor of
the Congregational church at Lenox, Mass., 1874-
80, and was called to the Madison Square Presby-
terian church, New York city, in 1880. He became
interested in social reform, preaching the same
from the pulpit, was a director in the Society for
the Prevention of Crime, 1890, and its president
in 1891, succeeding Dr. Howard Crosby. He
declared that those entrusted with the enforce-
ment of the laws were derelict of duty and often
corrupt, and in 1892 delivered a sermon for which
he was summoned before the grand jury, which
pronounced the sermon without foundation. He
then personally investigated the truth of the
matter, preached a second sermon, and was again
summoned before the grand jur}-, which, on his
testimony followed by investigations, charged the
police authorities with incompetency or crimin-
ality. Believing that municipal politics could be
reformed he continued to work to that end, but
his positions did not always conform with those
of other reformers, notably with those of Mayor
Low, 1901-02. Dr. Parkhurst charged the reform
mayor of New York city with " having sworn to
enforce all the laws to the best of his ability, and
reserving to himself the privilege of making an
exception of the Excise Law." He received from
Amherst the honorary degree of D.D. in 1880 and
that of LL.D. in 1892, and was trustee of that
institution, 1892-1902. He is the author of:
Forms of the Latin Verb, Illustrated by the San-
skrit (1870) ; Tlie Blind Man's Creed and Other
Sermons (1883) ; Tlie Pattern in the Mount
and Other Sermons (1885) ; TJiree Gates on a
Side (1887); Wliat Would the World be With-
out Religion f (1888) ; Tlie Swiss Guide (1889);
Our Fight with Tammany (1895) ; Tlie Sunny
Side of Christianity (1901); and many sermons
and magazine articles.
PARKHURST, Howard Elmore, composer and
ornithologist, was born at Ashland, Mass., Sept.
13, 1848; son of Charles Ferdinand and Mary
(Goodale) Parkhurst ; grandson of Ephraim Wel-
lington Parkhurst, and a descendant of George
Parkhurst, the first of the family to settle in
America. He prepared for college at Clinton,
Mass., and was graduated from Amherst college
in 1873. He studied music under Speidel, Rheiu-
berger, Haupt and Kellerman and became known
as an organist and composer, devoting his leisure
to the study of ornithology and other sciences.
He was married, Nov. 17, 1885, to Marie S., daugh-
ter of George J. and Sophie (Holden) Huss of
New York city. His more important composi-
tions include: Nobiscum Deus, an oratorio; Fall
of Jerusalem, cantata ; a symphony, and church
music. His published books include : Tlie Birds'
Calendar (1894) ; Songbirds and Waterfowl(\897);
How to Name the Birds (1898).
PARKINSON, Daniel Baldwin, educator, was
born near Highland, Madison county, 111., Sept.
6, 1845 ; son of Alfred Jackson and Mary Emeline
(Baldwin) Parkinson; grandson of Zera and
Mary (Westmore) Baldwin, and of Scotch and
PARKMAN
PARKS
English ancestry. His father served as state
senator, 1878-83. He was graduated from Mc-
Kendree college, B.S., 1868; was superintendent
of schools in Carmi, 111., 1869-70 ; teacher of
mathematics and natural science in Jennings
seminary, 1870-73, and post graduate student in
Northwestern university, 1873-74. He was pro-
fessor of chemistry and physics in Southern Illi-
nois State Normal university, 1874-97, secretary
of the faculty, 1874-92, and in 1897 was elected
president of the university. He was twice mar-
ried ; first, Dec. 28, 1876, to Julia Fuller Mason,
who died Aug. 6, 1879 ; and secondly, July 30, 1884,
to Mary Alice Raymond. He was an active
member of several educational and religious or-
ganizations. He received from McKendree col-
lege the degree of A.M. in 1874 and that of Ph.
D. in 1897.
PARKMAN, Francis, clergyman, was born in
Boston, Mass., June 4, 1788 ; sou of Samuel and
Sarah (Rogers) Parkman ; grandson of the Rev.
Ebenezer Parkman, and a descendant of Thomas
Parkman of Sidmouth, Devonshire, England, and
of Elias Parkman, who settled in Dorchester,
Mass., 1633. Ebenezer Parkman was first minister
at Westborough, Mass., 1724-82, and the author of
" Reformers and Intercessors" (1752); " Conven-
tion Sermon " (1761), and a short sketch of West-
borough. Samuel Parkman was a wealthy Bos-
ton merchant and a liberal benefactor of Harvard
college. Francis Parkman was graduated from
Harvard, A.B.,1807, A.M., 1810, and studied theol-
ogy under the Rev. William E. Channing in
Boston, and at Edinburgh university. He was
ordained to the Unitarian ministry in December,
1813, and was pastor of the New North church,
Boston, Mass., 1813-49. He was married to Car-
oline, daughter of Nathaniel Hall of Medford.
He founded tlie professorship of pulpit eloquence
and pastoral care at Harvard in 1829 ; was vice-
president of the Society for Relief of Aged and
Indigent Unitarian Clergymen, 1849-52, and was
president of the convention of Unitarian ministers
held at Baltimore in 1852. His brother, Dr.
George Parkman, Harvard professor, was mur-
dered by Prof. John G. Webster. The honorary
degree of A.B. was conferred on Francis Parkman
by Yale in 1807 and that of D.D. by Harvard in
1834. He is the author of The Offering of
Sympathy (1829), and of contributions to the
North American Review and the Christian Ex-
aminer. He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1852.
PARKMAN, Francis, historian, was born in
Boston, Mass., Sept. 16, 1823; son of the Rev.
Francis (q.v.) and Caroline (Hall) Parkman. He
attended the school of John Angier, Medford, the
Chauucy Hall school in Boston, and was graduat-
ed from Harvard, A.B.. 1844, LL.B., 1846. During
his freshman year he formed a plan of writing
the history of the French and English rivalry in
America and their relation with the Indian tribes,
and made many journeys in the forests of Maine
and Canada, visiting the places made famous by
the French and Indian war. In 1846 he went to
the Rocky mountains and resided with the west-
ern Sioux and other Indian tribes. The exposure
and fatigue experienced in this research caused
congestion of the brain and threatened blindness,
which followed him through life. He visited
France in 1858, 1868, 1872, 1880-81, in connection
with his historical research. He was professor
of horticulture at Harvard, 1871-72 ; an overseer,
1868-71, and a fellow, 1875-88. He was married in
1850 to Catherine, daughter of Dr. Jacob Bigelow
of Boston, who died in 1858, leaving two daugh-
ters. He was vice-president of the Massachusetts
Historical society, to which society he bequeathed
his valuable MSS.; a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; honorary mem-
ber of the Society of Antiquity, London ; a mem-
ber of the Royal Historical Society of Great
Britain ; of the Literary and Historical Society
of Quebec, and a corresponding member of the
Royal Society of Canada. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by McGill in 1879,
by Williams in 1885 and by Harvard in 1889. He
is the author of : Tlie Oregon Trail ; Sketches of
Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1849); Tlie
Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War of
Conquest in Canada (1851); Vassall Morton, a
novel (1856); Book of Roses (1866); and a series
of books entitled France and England in North
America, comprising : Pioneers of France in
the New World (1865); The Jesuits in North
America in the Seventeenth Century (1867); La
Satte and the Discovery of the Great West (1869);
The Old Regime in Canada (1874); Count Fronte-
nac and New France under Louis XIV. (1877);
Montcalm and Wolf (1884). and A Half Century
of Conflict (1892). His life was written by Charles
Haight Farnham (1901). He died at Jamaica
Plain, Boston, Mass., Nov. 8, 1893.
PARKS, Leighton, clergyman, was born in
New York city, Feb. 10, 1852 ; son of the Rev.
Dr. Martin Phillips and Georgiana Clough
(Mabry) Parks, and grandson of Richard Parks
of North Carolina and of Louis and (Clough)
Mabry of Richmond, Va. He was graduated at
the General Theological seminary, New York city,
with the Seymour prize for extemporaneous
preaching. 1876, receiving his bachelor degree in
1879 : was admitted to the diaconate in 1876 ;
advanced to the priesthood in 1877, and in 1878
became rector of Emmanuel church, Boston,
Mass. In 1902 the membership of the church
and its missions had increased sixfold. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him
by St. John's college, Md., in 1892 and by Harvard
PAKLANGE
PARRISH
university in 1900. He is the author of : His Star
in the East; Winning of the Soul (1893), and
numerous other sermons and addresses.
PARLANQE, Charles, jurist, was born in New
Orleans, La., July 23, 1851. He studied under
private tutors, and attended Centenary college,
Jackson, La. He was appointed an honorary
U.S. commissioner for Louisana to the Paris ex-
position of 1878 ; was a delegate to the constitu-
tional convention of 1879; a member of the state
senate. 1880-85, and U.S. attorney for the eastern
district of Louisiana, 188-1-89. He was lieutenant
governor of the state, 1892-93 ; associate justice of
the supreme court of Louisiana, 1893-94, and was
appointed judge of the U.S. district court for the
eastern district of Louisiana, Jan. 15, 1894.
PARMENTER, William, representative, was
born in Boston, Mass., March 30, 1789; son of
Ezra and Mary (Ellison) Parmenter; grandson of
Samuel Parmenter of Sudbury, Mass., and a
descendant of John Parmenter, the immigrant,
who came from England about 1G38; was original
proprietor of Sudbury, and afterward removed to
Roxbury, Mass. William Parmenter was grad-
uated at the Boston Latin school, where he re-
ceived a Franklin medal; served as a clerk in the
mercantile house of Pratt & Andrews, Boston,
and was chief clerk to AmosBinney, navy agent,
during the war of 1812 and for several years
thereafter. He resided at East Cambridge, Mass.,
1824-66, and was manager of a glass manufactory,
1824-36. He was a member of the state senate in
1836, and was a Democratic and Anti-Mason
representative from the fourth Massachusetts
district in the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th congresses,
1837-45, being chairman of the commitee on naval
affairs during part of his term. He was president
of the Middlesex bank, 1832-36; naval officer of
the port of Boston, Mass., by appointment from
President Polk, 1845-49, and from that year until
his death lived in retirement, occasionally super-
intending some of the county institutions. He
was married in 1815 to Mary, daughter of Thomas
Parker of Boston, Mass. Their son, William El-
lison (Harvard, 1836), was associate justice of the
municipal court of Boston, 1871-83, and chief
justice, 1883-1902; and William Ellison's son,
James Parker (Harvard, 1881), was appointed as-
sociate justice of the same court in 1902. Ezra,
another son of William, was mayor of Cambridge,
1867. William Parmenter died in East Cam-
bridge, Mass., Feb. 25, 1866.
PARRIS, Albion Keith, governor of Maine,
was born in Hebron, Maine. Jan. 19, 1798; son of
Samuel and Sarah (Pratt) Parris; grandson of
Benjamin and Millicent (Keith) Parris, and a
descendant of Thomas Parris. the immigrant, who
came from London, England, to Long Island,
N.Y.. in 168". removed to Boston, Mass., and then
to Pembroke, Mass. Samuel Parris served as an
officer both on land and sea during the Revolu-
tion, and was afterward judge of the court of
common pleas for Oxford county, a representa-
tive in the general assembly
and a presidential elector on
the Clinton ticket in 1812.
Albion Keith Parris was grad-
uated at Dartmouth college,
A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809, studied
law under Chief-Justice Whit-
man in New Gloucester and
Portland, and was admitted to the bar in 1809.
He was married in 1810 to Sarah, daughter of the
Rev. Levi Whitman of Wellfleet. Mass. He set-
tled in practice in Paris, was prosecuting attorney
for Oxford county in 1811, represented Paris in
the general court in 1813, and was a state senator
in 1814. He was a Democratic representative
from Massachusetts in the 14th and loth con-
gresses, 1815-18 ; judge of the district court of
the United States for Maine, 1818-20: a delegate
to the state constitutional convention in 1819;
judge of probate for Cumberland county, Me.,
1820-21 ; governor of Maine, 1822-26 ; U.S. sena-
tor from Maine, 1827-28, resigning in June, 1828,
and associate justice of the supreme court of
Maine, 1828-36. He was appointed second comp-
troller of the U.S. treasury by President Van
Buren in 1836 and held the office until 1850, when
he resumed practice in Portland. He was elected
mayor of Portland in 1852, declined a second
nomination in 1853 and was the defeated candi-
date for governor in 1854, Anson P. Morrill being
elected the first Republican governor of Maine.
He died in Portland, Maine, Feb. 11, 1857.
PARRISH, Celestia Susannah, educator, was
born in Pittsylvania count}-, Va., Sept. 12, 1853;
daughter of Perkins and Jane (Walker) Parrish ;
granddaughter of A brain and Susannah (Giles)
Parrish and of Joseph and Susannah (Muse)
Walker, and a descendant of William Walker,
who settled in Virginia aliout 1678. She was
graduated from Roanoke Female college, 1879 ;
from the Virginia State Normal school, 1885 ;
from Cornell university, Ph.D., 1896, and pur-
sued a post-graduate course at the University of
Chicago in the summer terms of 1897-99. She
was a teacher in the public schools of Pittsylva-
nia county, Va., 1871-75; in the city schools of
Danville, Pa., and in Roanoke Female college,
1875-84 ; teacher of mathematics in the State
Normal school of Virginia, 1884-93, with a year's
leave of absence to study in the University of
Michigan : professor of mathematics and peda-
gogy in Randolph-Macon Woman's college, 1S93-
99 ; professor of philosophy in the same colle.ee,
1899-1902, and on Feb. 4, 1903, became principal
of the department of psychology in the State
PARRISH
PARRISH
Normal school, Athens, Ga. She was instructor
in the summer Normals of Virginia, 1885-89 ; in
the Virginia Summer School of Methods, 1889-
1901 ; and in the Summer School o£ the South,
June-July, 1902. She organized the Virginia
branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae,
the first branch organized in the Southern states,
and was its president, 1899-1902, and was made one
of the vice-presidents of the General Association
of Collegiate Alunmas in October 1901. She
published two original investigations in psychol-
ogy in the American Journal of Psychology, and
contributed to educational periodicals.
PARRISH, Edward, educator, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., May 31, 1823 ; son of Dr. Joseph
Parrish (1779-1840), an eminent physician of
Philadelphia, and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He
attended a Friends school and entered the drug
store of his brother Dillwyn. He was graduated
from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in
1842, conducted a drug store adjoining the
University of Pennsylvania, 1843-50, and in 1849
established a school of practical pharmacy. He
took a course of instruction in analytical chem-
istry under Professor Booth and a course in
materia uiedica at the University of Pennsylva-
nia. He was professor of materia medica at the
College of Pharmacy, 1864-67, and professor of
practical pharmacy, 1867-72. He was one of the
founders of Svvarthmore col-
lege, its secretary, 1864-68, and
president, 1868-72. He was a
, member of the American
Pharmaceutical society, 1852-
72, and its president, 1868-72 ;
a member of the Great Britain
and Berlin societies, and was
a delegate to the International pharmaceutical
congress which met in London in 1858. In 1872
he was sent by the U.S. government as one of the
peace commissioners to settle the Indian difficul-
ties in the west, where he was stricken with
malarial fever from which he died. He is the
author of : An Introduction to Practical Pharma-
macy (1856); Tlie Phantom Bouquet, a Popular
Treatise on the Art of Skeletonizing Leaves and
Seed Vessels, and Adapting them to Embellish the
Home of Taste(l863), and An Essay on Education
(1866), besides many contributions to the Journal
of Pharmacy. He died at Fort Sill, Indian Ter-
ritory, Sept. 9, 1872.
PARRISH, Joseph, physician, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 2, 1779; son of Isaac and
Sarah (Mitchell) Parrish ; grandson of John and
Elizabeth (Roberts) Parrish, and of Abraham and
Sarah (Robins) Mitchell, and fifth in descent from
Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1679) of Yorkshire,
England, who immigrated to Maryland aboxit
1640, and was surveyor-general of the province
VIII. — 11
under Lord Baltimore, whose colonists he is said
to have brought to Maryland in the ship he com-
manded. He was converted to the Quaker faith
by George Fox in 1672. Joseph Parrish received a
classical education ; began the study of medicine
with Dr. Caspar Wistar in 1800, and was gradu-
ated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,
in 1805. He was prominently connected with the
principal hospitals and dispensaries in Philadel-
phia as physician, surgeon or manager throughout
his active life. During the winter of 1807-08 he
delivered a course of popular lectures on chemis-
try, which were subsequently twice repeated. In
1808 he was married to Susanna, daughter of
John and Ann (Dillwyn) Cox. During the epi-
demic of typhus fever of 1812-13 he rejected
the practice of his predecessors and totally
abandoned bleeding in his treatment. He was
president of the board of managers of the
Wills hospital for the relief of the indigent blind
and lame, 1832—40 ; a member of the Medical
society and College of Physicians of Philadelphia ;
long a member and ultimately president of the
Pennsylvania Abolition society, and a prominent
member of the Society of Friends. He is the
author of many serial books and pamphlets on
medical subjects and of contributions to the
North American Medical and Surgical Journal.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 18, 1840.
PARRISH, Joseph, physician, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 11, 1818 ; son of Dr.
Joseph (q.v.) and Susanna (Cox) Parrish. He
attended a Friends school, and was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1844.
He practised in Burlington, N.J. ; founded the
New Jersey Medical Reporter, which he removed
to Philadelphia, Pa. ; was physician to Burling-
ton college and St. Mary's hall, and professor of
obstetrics in the Philadelphia Medical college,
1856-67. Failing health caused his resignation in
1857, and he traveled in England, France, Ger-
many, Switzerland and Italy. While at Rome
his attention was called to the mismanagement
of the insane hospital, and by intercession with
the pope he caused the abuses to be abated. He
was superintendent of the state training school
for idiots and feeble-minded children at Media,
Pa., 1857-63. He entered the service of the U.S.
Sanitary commission in 1863, and visited the camps
and army hospitals with orders for hospital sup-
plies. He established the Pennsylvania Inebriate
asylum in 1865, and conducted the institution,
1865-72. In 1866 he started a reform movement
which resulted in the establishment of the Ameri-
can Association for the Study and Cure of In-
ebriety, of which he was chosen president in 1872.
In the same year, in company with Dr. Dodge of
New York, he was summoned by a commission
appointed by the British Parliament for the study
PARRISH
PARROTT
of inebriety, to give the result of his experience
in regard to its cure. His testimony, showing
that in cases under his care for ten years one-
third were permanently cured, one-third were
subject to occasional relapse, and one third re-
ceived no benefit, was followed by the founding
of several hospitals in Great Britain for the treat-
ment of the victims of intemperance. He was
among the first, if not the first, to advocate the
free use of fresh air in affections of the lungs,
with interesting employment for the miiid,
thus ante-dating by more than half a century
the general practice of physicians at the present
day. He was in temporary charge of the Mary-
land Inebriate asylum, 1872-84, and opened a
private Inebriate asylum at Burlington, N.J.,
in 1876. He was a member of the Neurological
Society of Philadelphia ; the Jurisprudence
Society of Philadelphia ; the Obstetric Society
of Philadelphia ; the American Clirnatological
society ; a life member of the Franklin In-
stitute, Philadelphia; corresponding member of
the Medico-Legal Society of New York ; permanent
member of the American Medical association ;
an honorary member and fellow of the New
Jersey Medical society ; a member of the British
Medical association and vice-president of the
colonial and international congress on inebriety
of London. He was married in February 1840,
to Lydia, daughter of Caleb Oaskill of Burling-
ton, N.J. He is the author of: Inebriety from
a Medical Standpoint (1883). He died in Burling-
ton, N.J., Jan. 15, 1891.
PARRISH, Haxfield, artist, was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., July 25, 1870; son of Stephen
and Elizabeth (Bancroft) Parrish. He matricu-
lated at Haverford college in 1888, but left in
1891 to enter the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, where he remained until 1895, when he be-
came a pupil of Howard Pyle at the Drexel Insti-
tute. He won almost immediate recognition as
an artist, doing much work in text illustrations,
posters and cover designs for Harper's, Scribner's,
and the Century publications. He was married,
June 1, 1895, to Lydia, daughter of Henry W.
and Anne Austin of \Voodstown, New Jersey.
He was elected a member of the Society of Amer-
ican Artists in 1898, and received honorary men-
tion upon recommendation of the judges at the
Universal exposition, Paris, France, in 1000.
Among his noteworthy work in book illustration
may be mentioned Mother Goose in Prose (1898);
Kenneth Graham's Golden Age (1898), and Dream
Days (1902); and twenty-five illustrations for
Ray Stannard Baker's The Great Southwest. His
more important pictures exhibited at the Phila-
delphia Academy of Fine Arts; the Society of
American Artists and elsewhere, include: Bul-
letin Board (1895), and Tlie .Sandman (1895).
PARRISH, Stephen, artist, was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., July 9, 184G; son of Dillwyn and
Susanna (Maxfield) Parrish ; grandson of Dr.
Joseph and Susanna (Cox) Parrish, and a de-
scendant of Capt. Edward Parrish (1600-1672) , the
immigrant. He followed mercantile pursuits
until 1876, when he began the study of art. In
1878-79 lie exhibited paintings at the Pennsylva-
nia academy, Philadelphia, and at the National
Academy of Design, New York city, took up
etching, and produced his first plate in 1879. He
also exhibited in London, Vienna, Paris and in
Germany, and was elected a member of the New
York Etching club and of the Royal Society of
Painter-Etchers of London. His paintings in-
clude: November (1880); In Winter Quarters
(1884); Low Tide (1885); On the Ranee, Brittany
(1886); The Road to Perry's Peak: Among his
etchings are: Northern Moorland (1882); Low
Tide, Bay of Fundy (1882) ; Coast of New Bruns-
ivick (1884); Winter Evening, Windsor, N. S.
(1884); Bethlehem (1884); London Bridge (1886);
On the Tiiames (1886), and A Gloucester Wliarf
(1887.)
PARROTT, Enoch Greenleaf, naval officer,
was born in Portsmouth, JST. H., Dec. 10, 1814.
He entered the U.S. navy as midshipman in
1831 ; served on the Boxer and the Natchez of the
Brazil squadron, 1832-35, and was promoted
passed midshipman, June 15, 1837. He was at-
tached to the Consort on surveying duty in 1840,
was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and served
under Com. Matthew C. Perry on the west coast
of Africa in 1843. He served on the Saratoga on
the coast of Africa in 1843 ; on the Congress of
the Pacific squadron, 1846-48, and with Fre-
mont's expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles,
and at the capture of Guaymas and Mazatlan,
during the Mexican war. He was on the St.
Louis of the Mediterranean squadron, 1852-53 ;
the St. Mary's of the Pacific squadron, 1854-55 ;
at the Naval observatory, Washington, D.C.,
1857-58, and was promoted commander, April 24,
1861. He was a member of the expedition that
destroyed the Norfolk navy yard in April, 1861,
and commanded the brig Perry, that captured
the Confedeiate privateer Savannah, for which
he received the thanks of the department. He
commanded the Augusta, 1861-63, taking part in
the battle of Port Royal, and engaged with the
Confederate rams in Charleston harbor. Jan. 13,
1863, while under the file of their batteries. He
commanded the iron-clad Canonicus of the North
Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-65, and took
part in the engagement with Hewlett's battery
and the iron-dads on Jarnes river, June 21, 1864,
and in subsequent engagements with Hewlett's
batti-ry. He commanded the iron-clad Monad-
nock in the attacks under Admiral Porter on Fort
PARROTT
PARSONS
Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865 ;
was present at the surrender of Charleston, S.C.,
and commanded the receiving ship Boston, 1865-
68. He was promoted captain, July 25, 1866 ;
commanded the navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H.,
in 1809 ; was promoted commodore, April 22, 1870 ;
commanded the navy yard at Mare Island, Cal. ,
1871-72 ; the Asiatic station, 1872-73, and was
promoted rear-admiral, Nov. 8, 1873. He was
placed on the retired list, April 4, 1874, and died
in New York city, May 10, 1879.
PARROTT, John Francis, senator, was born
in Greenland, N.H., in 1768. He attended the
district school. He was a representative in the
New Hampshire legislature in 1811 ; was de-
feated as a war candidate for representative in the
13th congress in 1812 ; was a representative in the
15th congress, 1817-19 ; U.S. senator, 1819-25, and
was appointed postmaster at Portsmouth, N.H.,
by President Adams in 1826. He was the father
of Robert P. Parrott (q.v.). Senator Parrott
died in Greenland, N.H., July 9, 1836.
PARROTT, Robert Parker, inventor, was
born in Lee, N.H., Oct. 5, 1804; son of John
Francis Parrott (q.v.). He was graduated from
the U. S. Military academy in 1824 and was pro-
moted brevet 3d lieutenant and 2d lieutenant, 1st
artillery, July 1, 1824. He served as assistant
professor of natural and experimental philosophy
at the U. S. Military academy, 1824-26 ; assistant
professor of mathematics, 1826-28, and as princi-
pal assistant professor of natural and experi-
mental philosophy, 1828-29. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, 3d artillery, Aug. 27, 1831 ; was in
garrison and on ordnance duty, 1831-35, and dur-
ing the Creek Indian war in 1836 served on staff
duty. He was promoted captain of ordnance,
Jan. 13. 1836, resigning Oct. 31, 1836, to accept
the position of superintendent of the West Point
iron and cannon found^ at Cold Spring. N.Y.
He invented a rifled cannon and projectile which
bear his name. The Parrott gun was made of
cast-iron, strengthened by successive hoops of
wrought-iron, which were shrunk over the cast-
ing. This gun was adopted by the U. S. govern-
ment and was first used at the battle of Bull
Run. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Putnam county, 1844-47. He severed
his connection with the cannon foundry in 1867
and became associated with various manufac-
turing enterprises. He died in Cold Spring,
N.Y., Dec. 24, 1877.
PARSONS, Albert Ross, musician, was born
in Sandusky, Ohio, Nov. 16, 1847 ; son of Brev.
Lieut.-Col. John Jehiel Preston and Sarah Vol-
inda (Averill) Parsons; grandson of Aaron and
Emily (Stow) Parsons, and of Samuel and Chris-
tabel (Kibbe) Averill, and a descendant of Joseph
and Mary (Bliss) Parsons. Joseph Parsons, a
native of England, immigrated to Massachusetts
in 1035 ; became cornet, or 3d in command, in the
Hampshire company of cavalry, in 1678 ; was
partner of Pynchon in the fur trade ; a founder
of Springfield, in 1636, and of Northampton,
Mass., in 1645, and was for fifty years the richest
man in the Connecticut valley. Albert Ross Par-
sons began the study of the pianoforte in 1853,
and in 1856 appeared in concert in Buffalo, N.Y.
He removed to Indianapolis, Ind., with his par-
ents in 1858 ; was a church organist there until
1863, and studied harmony and counterpoint
under Frederick Louis Ritter in New York city,
1863-07. He was graduated at the Leipzig Con-
servatory of Music in 1870, and at the Berlin
academy in 1872, and in the latter year settled in
New York city where he engaged in teaching,
and became prominent in musical affairs, being
organist of Holy Trinity and the Fifth Avenue
Presbyterian churches, 1874-95. He was mar-
ried, April 23, 1874, to Alice Eva, daughter of
Cornelius Henry and Deborah Schuyler (Bradt)
Van Ness of New York city. He was a member
of the New York Historical society, the New
York Genealogical and Biographical society, the
Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Mili-
tary Society of the War of 1812 in New York,
and an honorary member of the Society of the
Cincinnati in the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations ; president of the Music
Teachers' National association in 1889, and a
charter member, incorporator, examiner and
fellow of the American College of Musicians, of
which he was elected president at the World's
Fair in Chicago, 1893, and annually re-elected.
He was also vice-president and director of the
pianoforte department of the Metropolitan Col-
lege of Music, New York city ; pianoforte ex-
aminer at Evelyn college, Princeton, N.J., and
president of the American Society for the Promo-
tion of Musical Art, M.T.N.A., in 1890. He trans-
lated Wagner's philosophic study entitled Beetho-
ven (1870); edited Benham's Review (1872), and
is the author of : Parsifal the Finding of Christ
through Art, or RicJiard Wagner as a Tlieologian
(1888) ; New Light from the Great Pyramid (1896) ,
which was cordially commended by Prof. Dr.
George Ebers ; a Garrard- Spencer Chart (1899);
Cornet Joseph Parsons, a sketch, with Parsons
Genealogies (1901). His musical compositions in-
clude : Tlie Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1878);
Break, Break (1880); Crossing the Bar (1901);
Humoresque-Tarantelle and Tlie Lion and Lizard
(1900), and a new national anthem My Country
'tis of Tliee (1902).
PARSONS, Andrew, governor of Michigan,
was born at Hoosack, N.Y., July 23, 1817 ; son of
John Parsons of Newburyport, Mass., and grand-
son of Andrew Parsons, a Revolutionary soldier.
PARSONS
PARSONS
He removed with his parents to Oswego county,
N.Y., where lie was educated and engaged in
teaching school in 1833. He removed to Michigan
in 1835, taught school at Ann
Arbor, and in 1836 settled in
Coruuna, Shiawassee county.
I He was county clerk, 1836-38 ;
I register of deeds, 1840-46; a
state senator from the sixth
district, 1847-48, and was
elected prosecuting attorney
of the county in 1848. He was elected lieutenant-
governor of the state on the Democratic ticket
with Robert McClelland for governor in 1852, and
on the appointment of McClelland as secretary of
the interior in President Pierce's cabinet, he be-
came the second governor of Michigan, March 8,
1853, and served until Jan. 3, 1855. He represented
his county in the state legislature in 1855. He
was elected regent of the University of Michigan
from the seventh circuit for six years, and served,
1852-54. He died in Corunna,Mich., June 6, 1855.
PARSONS, Charles, artist, was born in Row-
land's Castle, Hampshire, England, May 8, 1821.
He came to the United States with his parents in
childhood ; was educated in the public schools of
New York city : studied art in the National
Academy of Design, and engaged in drawing on
stone for lithographing. He was the director of
Harper & Brothers' art department, New York
city, 1861-89, and during his leisure hours and
after 1889 devoted himself to landscape and
marine painting in oil and water color. He be-
came an associate of the National Academy of
Design in 1850 or 1851, and a member of the New
York Water-Color society. He exhibited at the
National Academy, and his works include: An
Old Orchard, Long Island (1884); Amagansett,
Long Island (1889). and many others.
PARSONS, Charles Carroll, soldier, was born
in Elyria, Ohio, in 1838. After his father's death
in 1839, he was adopted by his maternal uncle,
and appointed to the U.S. Military academy by
his cousin, Judge Philemon Bliss (q.v.). He was
graduated in the class of 1861, and promoted 1st
lieutenant, 4th artillery, June 24, 1861 ; was on duty
in Washington, D.C., and West Virginia, 1861,
and commanded a company in the Army of the
Ohio, in the Tennessee and Mississippi campaign,
at the battle of Shiloh and at the siege of Cor-
inth, 1862. He commanded the artillery that
covered the retreat of the army from the battle
of Richmond to Louisville in September, 1862;
was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious
services at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, and marched
to the relief of Nashville in October, 1862. He
commanded in the Tennessee campaign from
October, 1862, to January, 1863, including Stone
river, where he was brevetted major for gallant
and meritorious services, Dec. 31 , 1862. He was
principal assistant professor of geography, history
and ethics at the U.S. Military academy, 1863-64;
was stationed at Fort Columbus, N.Y., November,
1864, to January, 1865, and at Camp Barry, D.C.,
January to May, 1865. He was brevetted lieu-
tenant-colonel, March 13, 1865, for gallant and
meritorious services during the war, served on
the staff of General Hazen, commanding the 15th
army corps, May to November, 1865, and was
stationed at Fort McHenry, Md., November, 1865,
to March, 1866. He was promoted captain, 4th
artillery, July 28, 1866 ; commanded a battery at
Fort Leaven worth, Kan., until March, 1867; was
chief of artillery and ordnance on Gen. Winfield
S. Hancock's Indian expedition, March to May,
1867, and was stationed at Forts Riley, Harker
and Leavenworth, 1867-68. He was principal as-
sistant professor of geography, history and ethics
at the U.S. Military academy, 1868-70, and was
honorably discharged from the service at his own
request, Dec. 31, 1870. He was ordained to the
Protestant Episcopal ministry in 1871, and was
rector of churches in Memphis, Tenn.. Cold
Spring, N.Y., Hoboken. N.J., 1871-78. He was
also associate editor of the Banner of the Church
at Memphis, 1871-72. He died of yellow fever at
Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 7, 1878.
PARSONS, Frances Theodora, author, was
born in New York city, Dec. 5, 1861 ; daughter
of N. Denton and Harriet (Shelton) Smith, and
granddaughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Street)
Smith and of Theodore and Harriet (Emmons)
Shelton. The Smiths were early settlers of Long
Island, N.Y., and the Emmonses were of Con-
necticut stock. Frances was educated at Miss
Comstock's school in New York city, where she
spent eight years. She was married first. May 20,
1884, to Commander William Starr Dana, U.S.N.
(q.v.), and secondly, Feb. 19, 1896, to James
Russell Parsons, jr. (q.v.). During her private
study 6f flowers, she discovered the lack of
untechnical works on nature study, and her first
book, written to supply the deficiency, became
immediately popular. She wrote under the name
Mrs. William Starr Dana until 1896, after which
she used the name Frances Theodora Parsons.
She is the author of: How to Know the Wild
Flowers (1893); According to Season, describing
flowers found in New Jersey, Connecticut, the
Berkshire Hills and the Adirondacks (1895) ;
Plants and Their Children ; for young children
(1896); How to Know the Ferns (1899).
PARSONS, Frank, economist, was born at
Mt. Holly, N.J., Nov. 14,1854; son of Edward
and Alice B. (Rhees) Parsons ; grandson of
Richard and Elizabeth (Huchens) Parsons and of
John Loxley and Rebecca (McElwee) Rhees, and
a descendant of the Rev. Morgan John and Anna
PARSONS
PARSONS
(Loxley) Rliees and of Col. Benjamin Loxley, a
Revolutionary patriot. He was graduated from
Cornell, B.C.E.. 1873 ; engaged in railway en-
gineering, 1873 ; worked in a rolling mill, 1874 ;
taught a district school, and afterward French,
mathematics and drawing in the high school,
Southbridge, Mass., 1874-81. He was admitted to
the Massachusetts bar, 1881 ; was in New
Mexico in the railroad business, 1881-84 ; was
employed as chief clerk by a leading Boston law
firm, and engaged as a legal text writer for
Little, Brown & Co., 1885-97. In 1890 he obtained
a lectureship in Boston University Law school,
and was a member of the faculty of the Boston
Y.M.C.A., lecturing on English literature. He
lectured on economics and sociology, and was
professor of history and political science in the
Kansas Agricultural college, 1897-99, and in 1899 as-
sumed the same chair in Ruskin college, Trenton,
Mo. In 1900 he was called to testify on railways
before the U.S. senate committee on interstate
commerce, and the next year the U.S. Industrial
commission sent for him to testify on railways,
telegraphs, telephones and municipal monopolies.
In 1901-02 he spent about eight months traveling
in Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy,
Austria, Germany, Belgium and through the
United States, studying railways, cooperative
industry, municipal monopolies, government and
labor conditions in preparation for works on trans-
portation, cooperation and municipal govern-
ment. In 19C2 he lectured in the leading cities
of the west under the auspices of the Chicago
University association. He was elected to
membership in the American Academy of Poli-
tical and Social Science, the American Social
Science association and other organizations ;
became president of the National Public Owner-
ship league and of the National Referendum
league ; director of the Co- Workers' fraternity,
and vice-chairman of the National Non-Partisan
Federation for Maj ority Rule. He is the author
of : The World's Best Books (1892) ; Our Country's
Need (1894); The Drift of Our Time (1898);
Rational 3/o«ey (1899) ; Tlie New Political Economy
(1899); The Power of the Ideal (1899); The City
for the People (1900 and 1902); Direct Legislation
(1900); Tlie Bondage of Cities (1900); Great
3Ii>i-einents of the Nineteenth Century (1901);
Public Ownership (1902), and many contributions
to periodicals.
PARSONS, James Russell, jr., educator,
was born in Hoosick Falls, N.Y., Feb. 20, 1861 ;
sou of James Russell and Ellen Edgerton (Hinds-
dill) Parsons ; grandson of Seth and Carolina
Althea (Edgerton) Parsons, and a descendant of
Dr. Jonas Fay (q.v.j. He was prepared for
college at Bede Hall, Cooperstown, N.Y. ; was
graduated as valedictorian at Trinity college,
Conn., A.B., 1881 ; A.M., 1884; was secretary to
Bishop Williams of Connecticut, 1882-85 ; school
commissioner in Rensselaer county, N.Y., 1885-
87 ; U.S. consul at Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany,
1888-90 ; inspector of academies, University of
the State of New York, 1891 ; of teachers' train-
ing classes, New York department of public
instruction, 1892 ; director of examinations, Uni-
versity of the State of New York, 1892-97 ;
director of high school and college departments
from 1898, and secretary of the university from
1900. He was married, Feb., 18, 1896, to Frances
Theodora (Smith) Dana (q.v.). Trinity gave
him the degree LL.D. in 1902. He is the author
of : Prussian Schools through American Eyes
(1891); Academic Syllabus ; or, Outlines of IVork
for New York Secondary Schools (1891); French
Schools through American Eyes (1892); Revised
Academic Syllabus (1895) ; Professional Educa-
tion in the United States (1900).
PARSONS, Lewis Eliphalet, governor of
Alabama, was born in Broome county, N.Y. , April
28, 1817. He was a great-grandson of Jonathan
Edwards (1703-1758). He studied law under
Frederick Tallmadge of New York, and G. W.
Woodward of Pennsylvania, settled in practice
in Talladega, Ala., in 1840, and in 1841 associated
himself with Alexander White. He was a presi-
dential elector on the Fillmore
and Donelson ticket in 1856,
and representative in the Ala-
bama legislature in 1859. HeJ
was a delegate to the Demo- 1
cratic national convention at
Charleston, S.C., and Balti-
more, Md., in 1860, and a rep-
resentative in the state legislature in 1863, where
he opposed the militia system of the state, as the
Confederate government had full power of con-
scription. He was appointed provisional governor
of Alabama by President Johnson, June 21, 1865,
and devoted himself to the work of reconstruc-
tion until Dec. 20, 1865, when he was elected to
the U.S. senate ; but not being allowed to take
his seat, he resumed the practice of law. He
served several terms as a representative in the
state legislature, and was speaker of the house in
1872. He died in Talladega, Ala., June 8, 1895.
PARSONS, Mosby Monroe, soldier, was born
in Charlottesville, Va. , May 21 , 1822. He removed
to Cooper county, Mo., with his parents, in 1835,
and subsequently settled in Jefferson City. He
completed his education in St. Charles college,
and was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1846.
He practised in Jefferson City, and at the out-
break of the Mexican war raised a company ;
joined the regiment of General Doniphan, and
served under General Kearny in New Mexico,
receiving honorable mention for his conduct at
PARSONS
PARSONS
Sacramento. He was attorney-general of Missouri,
1853-57, represented Cole county in the state
legislature in 1857, and was a state senator in
1859. He joined the Confederate army at the out-
break of the civil war, and was appointed by Gov-
ernor Claiborne F. Jackson brigadier-general in
the Missouri state guards, commanding a brigade
in Sterling Price's state guards in the action at
Carthage, July 5, 1861, battle of Wilson's Creek,
Aug. 10, 1861, the siege of Lexington, Sept. 18-
20, 1861, and the action at Springfield, Oct. 25,
1861. After the engagement at Helena, July 4,
1863, he was promoted major-general, and com-
manded a division in the detachment engaged in
the Red River campaign, and the Missouri division
in General Price's army in Arkansas after April 20,
1864. He took part in Price's raid in 1864 ; sur-
rendered with the trans-Mississippi army May
26, 1865, and went to Mexico intending with
other Confederate officers to found a colony
there, but while camping at China near the
San Juan river, and on the neutral ground
between the French and Liberal forces, they
were attacked by Mexicans and killed, and their
bodies thrown into the river, Aug. 14, 1865.
PARSONS, Samuel, landscape architect, was
born in New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 7, 1844 ; son of
Samuel Bowne and Susan (Howland) Parsons. He
wasastudentin Haverford college.Pa., 1857-60, but
did not graduate, and attended Sheffield Scientific
school, Yale, 1860-63, receiving the Ph.B. degree
in 1862. He was married, Oct. 25, 1865, to Martha
E., daughter of William and Thamsin (Butter-
worth) Francis. He engaged in the nursery
business with his father in Flushing, L.I., N.Y.;
became a member of the firm of Vaux & Co.,
landscape architects, and as superintendent of
parks managed the construction and plant-
ing of the parks of New York city, 1882-97, and
in 1897 became a member of the landscape
architect firm of Parsons & Pentecost, after-
ward Samuel Parsons & Co., New York city. He
founded the Society of American Landscape
Architects, of which he became president, and
designed an extensive system of parks for the
city of Washington, D.C., under an act of con-
gress, June 6, 1900, entitled : " Plans for Treatment
of that portion of the District of Columbia, south
of Pennsylvania avenue, and north of B Street,
S.W., and for a connection between Potomac
and Zoological Parks." He also designed and
planted parks and gentlemen's country places in
twenty-two states of the union. He contributed
articles on landscape art to the leading magazines
and newspapers, the article on " Parks " to
Johnson's Cyclopedia, and is the author of :
Landscape Gardening (1891); Homes in C'iti/
and Country in "Woman's Book" (1894), and
How to Plant the Home Grounds (1899).
PARSONS, Samuel Holden, soldier, was
born in Lyme, Conn., May 14, 1737 ; son of the
Rev. Jonathan and Phoebe (Griswold) Parsons ;
grandson of Ebenezer and Margaret (Marshfield)
Parsons ; great-grandson of Dea. Benjamin and
Sarah (Vose) Parsons, the immigrants, 1630, who
settled in Springfield, Mass., 1636, and great2-
grandson of Sir Thomas Parsons of Great Tor-
rington, near Essex, England. The Rev. Jona-
than Parsons was minister at Lyme, 1731-45 ;
resigned his charge in 1745, removed to Newbury-
port, Mass., and became the first pastor of the First
Presbyterian church, serving, 1746-76. He was in-
strumental through a sermon preached in 1775 in
recruiting the first company of volunteers for the
army of the American Revolution. Whitefield,
who induced him to adopt the Presbyterian faith,
died at his home in 1770, four years before Par-
sous' demise, and the two divines, with their
friend, the Rev. Joseph Prince, were given sepul-
ture in a crypt under the pulpit of the Presbyte-
rian church, Newburyport. Samuel Holden Par-
sons was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1756, A.M.,
1759 ; studied law with his uncle, Gov. Matthew
Griswold (q.v.); was a practicing lawyer in Lyme ;
deputy to the general assembly of Connecticut,
1762-74 ; king's attorney ; member of the commit-
tee of correspondence, and in 1773 wrote to Samuel
Adams suggesting the calling of a Continental
congress. He served in the Colonial militia, was
elected major of the 3d regiment in 1770, lieuten-
ant-colonel in 1774, and colonel of the 6th regi-
ment in 1775. He marched with this regiment to
Roxbury, Mass., and on the evacuation of Boston
was ordered to New York. On the way he met
Benedict Arnold at Hartford, April 27, 1775, who
informed him of the extent of the armament
at Ticonderoga, and with Col. Samuel Wyllys
and Silas Deane he formed a plan for taking the
fort and its large number of brass cannon, so
much needed by the Continental army at Cam-
bridge, Mass. These men with three others
pledged their personal security for the money
borrowed to fit out the expedition. Col. Parsons
informed Ethan Allen of the project, and Allen
met the Connecticut troop at Bennington, took
command and captured the fort. May 10. 1775.
Parsons took part in the battle of Long Island,
and for his services was promoted to the rank of
brigadier-general. Aug. 9, 1776. He also served
at Harlem Heights, White Plains, and in the re-
treat through New Jersey. He projected the
expedition from Connecticut to Sag Harbor,
aided Col. Israel Putnam in the construction of
the forts in and about West Point, and com-
manded the operations during Colonel Putnam's
absence in Connecticut from February 14 to June,
1778. General Me Don sal I assumed chief com-
mand by order of General Washington, March
PARSONS
PARSONS
16, 1778, General Parsons succeeding to the com-
mand of the troops April 22, 1778, when McDou-
gall was ordered to Valley Forge. Parsons com-
manded the troops in the Highlands of the
Hudson until June 23, when, McDougall retreat-
ing, he proceeded to Connecticut, where he en-
gaged the British forces at Norwalk and forced
them to abandon their project to override the
state. In 1780 he returned to the Hudson, and
was the ranking brigadier-general of the board
of general officers that tried Major Andre at Tap-
pan, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1780. On Oct. 23, 1780, he
was commissioned major-general and succeeded
Gen. Israel Putnam in the command of the Con-
necticut line. He made a successful attack on the
British forces near New York, which won for him
the thanks of congress, Feb. 5, 1781. He resigned
from the army, July 18, 1782, and resumed the
practice of law at Middletown, Conn.* In 1785
he was appointed a commissioner to treat with
the Miami Indians, and in 1788 was a member of
the Connecticut convention to act upon the rati-
fication of the Federal constitution, the conven-
tion voting to ratify that instrument on his
motion. He was appointed by President Wash-
ington the first chief justice of the supreme
court of the Northwest Territory in 1788. He
MARIETTA-I73S
settled with other New England soldiers near
Marietta, Ohio, and in 1789 was sent by the state
of Connecticut to treat with the Indian tribes on
* In Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of Amer-
ica,1' Vol. VI., p. 460, General Parsons is branded "as acting
as a spy for the British general," an error that has also
found its way into cyclopedias, and is based on Sir Henry
Clinton's " Record of Private Intelligence," printed in the
Magazine of American History, Vols. X. & XI., where Clin-
ton seems to implicate Parsons as a party to a plot con-
cocted by William Herron, a professional spy, who appar-
ently tried to make Clinton think Parsons purchasable.
See " A Vindication of General Parsons," by George B.
Loring (1888); "An Examination of the Charge of Treason
against Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons " (an address by
Joseph Gurley Woodward, Connecticut Historical society,
May 5, 1896), and " Centennial Oration at Marietta, 1888,"
by George F. Hoar.
Lake Erie for a transfer of the aboriginal title to
the western reserve lands ceded to the state. On
his return journey to Marietta the boat convey-
ing his party was swamped in the rapids of the
Big Beaver river and he was drowned. He re-
ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in
1781, and he is the author of : Antiquities of the
Western States, published in the second volume
of Transactions of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and of History of the Tally Family
ofSaybrook. The date of his death is Nov. 7, 1789.
PARSONS, Theophilus, jurist, was born in
Byfield, Mass., Feb. 24, 1750; son of the Rev.
Moses and Susan (Davis) Parsons ; grandson of
Ebenezer and Lydia (Haskell) Parsons, and of
Abraham and Ann (Robinson) Davis, and a great-
grandson of Jeffrey and Sarah (Vinson) Parsons.
Jeffrey Parsons immigrated to the West Indies
from England about 1645 and settled at Glouces-
ter, Mass., in 1654. Theophilus Parsons was pre-
pared for college at Dummer academy, and grad-
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1769, A.M., 1772. He
studied law with Theophilus Bradbury at Fal-
mouth, was admitted to the bar in 1774, and
practised there until the British destroyed Fal-
mouth in 1775. He then pursued the study of
law under Judge Edmund Trowbridge of Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1775-77, and opened a law office in
Newburyport, Mass., in 1775. In 1778 he was a
delegate to the convention at Ipswich, Mass.,
that opposed the adoption of the state constitu-
tion, and was the author of the pamphlet known
as the "Essex Result," which contributed so
largely to the rejection of that instrument. He
was a delegate in 1779 to the convention that
framed the state constitution finally adopted ; in
1788 to the convention to ratify the Federal con-
stitution, and was the author of the proposition
offered by John Hancock, ratifying the instru-
ment and recommending certain amendments
known as the "Conciliatory Resolutions." He
was married, Jan. 13, 1780, to Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Judge Benjamin Greenleaf of Newbury,
Mass. He devoted himself to his law practice in
Newburyport, 1788-1800, and served as a repre-
sentative in the state legislature several times.
He removed to Boston, Mass., in 1800; was ap-
pointed attorney-general in the cabinet of Presi-
dent Adams as successor to Charles Lee in 1801.
but declined to serve, and was chief- justice of
the supreme court of Massachusetts, 1806-13, suc-
ceeding Francis Dana. He received the degree
of LL.D. from Harvard in 1804, Dartmouth in
1807, and Brown in 1809 ; was a fellow of Har-
vard, 1806-12, and of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. A collection of his opinions
were published under the title of "Commenta-
ries on the Laws of the United States" (1836.)
He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 30, 1813.
PARSONS
PARTON
PARSONS, Theophilus, author, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., May 17, 179? ; son of Judge
Theophilus (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Greenleaf) Par-
sons. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1815,
A.M., 1818, studied law under William Prescott
and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He traveled
in Europe, and on his return settled in practice
in Taunton, Mass., and then in Boston, and sub-
sequently devoted himself to literary pursuits,
founding and editing the United States Free
Press. He was Dane professor of law at Har-
vard, 1848-70 ; a fellow of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the Massa-
chusetts Historical society, and president of the
Magazine club. He received the degree LL.D.
from Harvard in 1849. He was an early convert
> to Swedeuborgianism, and is the author of the
following works on Swedenborgianism : Essays
(1845); Dens Homo (1867); The Infinite and the
Finite (1872), and Outlines of the Religion and
Philosophy of Swedenborg (1875). His legal
writings include: The Law of Conscience (2
vols., 1853, 5th ed., 3 vols., 1864): Elements of
Mercantile Law (1856) ; Lau-s of Business for Bus-
iness Men (1857); Maritime Law (2 vols., 1859);
Notes and Bills of Exchange (2 vols., 1862): S7n>
piiig and Admiralty (2 vols., 1869); and The Po-
litical, Personal and Property Rights of a Citizen
of the United States (1875). He also published
Memoir of Judge Parsons, his father (1859). He
died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 26, 1882.
PARSONS, William Barclay, civil engineer,
was born in New York city, April 15, 1859 ; son of
William Barclay and Eliza (Livingston) Parsons;
grandson of William Burrington and Ann (Bar-
clay) Parsons and of Schuyler and Eliza (Glass)
Livingston, and a descendant of Henry Barcla}',
D.D., and of Cadwallader Golden. He was grad-
uated from Columbia college, N.Y., A.B., 1879 ;
C.E. 1882, and was married, May 20, 1884, to Anna
DeWitt, daughter of Sylvanus and Caroline (Gal-
lup) Reed of New York city. After service on
the Erie railway he engaged in business in New
York as a civil engineer and was appointed chief
engineer of the Rapid Transit commission of New
York and chief of engineers of the National
Guard of the State of New York with the rank
of brigadier-general. He was elected trustee of
Columbia university in 1898, a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers in 1881 and
of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great
Britain. He is the author of : Tract; (1885) ; Turn-
inn.-; (1885); An American Engineer in China
(1900).
PARTON, Arthur, artist, was born in Hudson,
N.Y., March 36, 1842 ; son of George and Elizabeth
(\Voodbridge) Parton, and brother of Ernest Par-
t.m (q.v.). He studied art with William T. Rich-
ards in Philadelphia, Pa. , 1859-61, and at the Penn-
sylvania Academy of Fine Arts ; removed to New
York city in 1865 and established a studio, and
studied in Paris, 1870-71. He was chosen a mem-
ber of the American Water-color society and of
the Artists' Fund society ; was elected an associate
of the Academy of Design in 1871, and academi-
cian in 1884. In 1886 he was awarded a gold
medal by the American Art association, and in
1888 the Temple medal of the Pennsylvania Ac-
ademy of Fine Arts. Among his most famous
pictures are: November (1867); On the Road
toMt. Marcy (1873); A Mountain Brook (1874);
Sycamores of Old Shokam (1876); The Delaware
River near Milford (1879); Nightfall (1880); The
Morning Ride (1884); Winter on the Hudson
(1885); The Evening after the Rain (1886), and
Evening on the Harlem River (1887). He received
honorable mention at the Paris exposition (1889).
PARTON, Ernest, artist, was born in Hudson,
N.Y., March 17, 1845. He was educated at Hud-
son academy and by private tutors and devoted
himself to art at an early age. He studied art
under his brother Arthur and in 1865 opened a
studio in New York city and engaged in oil
painting. In 1873 he visited Scotland and Wales,
and later established himself in London. He
visited New York in 1884-86. He was elected a
member of the Royal Institute and of the Artists'
Fund, New York, and exhibited his paintings in
the Royal Academy, the Academy of Design, N. Y.
city, theGrosvenor academy, and the Boston Art
institute. Among his paintings are : Morning
Mist (1873); Papa's Luncheon (1875); Placid
Stream (1876); Sunny September (1877); Tlie Silent
Pool (1878) ; Au Bord de VEau (1878) ; The Wan-
ing of the Year (1879) ; Silver and Gold (1882); Fall-
ing Leaves and Fading Trees (1883) ; Wliere Mem-
ory Dwells (1884) ; Streatley-on-Thames (1885) ;
Last of October (1886). In 1902 he was residing
in London, England.
PARTON, James, biographer, was born in Can-
terbury, England, Feb. 9, 1822. He immigrated
to the United States with his parents in 1827, at-
tended the public schools of New York city, and
a private school at White Plains, N.Y., continu-
ing his education in Europe. He taught school
in Philadelphia and New York city, engaged in
literary work, became an editorial contributor to
the Home Journal New York city, and devoted
himself principally to biographical writing. He
was married in January, 1856, to Sara Payson
(Willis) Eldredge (Fanny Fern) (q.v.), who died
Oct. 10, 1872, and he married secondly in 1874,
Ellen W.. daughter of Charles H. and Sara Pay-
son (Willis) Eldredge. Under the laws of Massa-
chusetts, this marriage was shown to be illegal,
and they lived apart until, on his petition, the
legislature amended the law. He removed f n mi
New York city to Newburyport, Mass., in 1875; lee-
PARTRIDGE
lured successfully on literary uu d political topics,
and contributed to the New York Ledger and
various periodicals. It is estimated that the sale
of his books brought
him $8000 annually
in royalties for many
years. He is the au-
thor of : Tlie Life of
Horace Greeley (1855);
Humorous Poetry of
the English Language
from Chaucer to Saxe
(185C); The Life and
Times of Aaron Burr
(1857); Life of Andrew
Jackson (3 vols.,
1859) ; General Butler
in New Orleans (1864) ;
Life and Times of Ben-
jamin Franklin (1864);
Famous Americans of
Recent Times (1867); The People's Book of Bio-
graphy (1868); Smoking and Drinking, an essay
(1868) ; Tlie Danish Islands: Are We Bound to
Pay for Them ? (1869) ; Topics of the Time (1871) ;
Triumphs of Enterprise, Ingenuity and Public
Spirit (1871); Tlie Words of Washington (1872);
Fanny Fern, A Memorial Volume (1873); Life of
Thomas Jefferson, Tliird President of the United
States (1874); Taxation of Church Property
(1874); Le Parnasse Frangais, a Book of French
Poetry from A.D. 1550 to the Present Time (1877) ;
Caricature and other Comic Art in All Times and
Many Lands (18~~); Lifeof Voltaire (1881); Noted
Women of Europe and America (1883); Captains
of Industry; or, Men of Business who did Something
besides Making Money (1884); Some Noted Princes,
Authors and Statesmen of Our Time (1885), and
Captains of Industry, second series (1891). He
died iu Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 17, 1891.
PARTON, Sara Pay son (Willis), author, was
born in Portland, Maine, July 9, 1811; daughter
of Nathaniel and Hannah (Parker) Willis ; grand-
daughter of Nathaniel and Lucy (Douglas) Willis,
and of Solomon Parker, and a descendant of
George and Jane (Palfrey) Willis. George Willis
emigrated from England to America, and settled
in Cambridge, Mass., 1626. She was educated in
the public schools of Boston, and in Catherine
Beecher's Young Ladies' seminary at Hartford,
Conn. She was married, May 4, 1837, to Charles
H. Eldredge of Boston, Mass., who died, Oct. 6,
1846, leaving her with two children and without
property. She sewed for a livelihood and tried to
secure a position as a public school teacher, but
was not successful. In 1851 she began to write
for the Olive Branch and the True Flag, Boston
p-1-iodicals, and her articles were copied into
newspapers in all parts of the country. She
received only fifty cents for her first contribu-
tion. Derby and Miller, New York publishers,
brought out a collection of her stories in one
volume in 1853, as Fern Leaves from Fanny's
Portfolio, of which 80,000 copies were sold. She
removed to New York city in 1854. continuing to
use the pen-name of Fanny Fern, and began to
write for the New York Ledger, and for sixteen
years furnished that periodical with an article
every week, and for one story from her pen
Robert Bonner paid her $100 a column. She was
married secondly to a Mr. Farrington, a merchant
of Boston, but the union was brief, and in Jan-
uary, 1856, she became the wife of James Parton,
the biographer. She is the author of : Fern
Leaves from Fanny's Portfolio (1853, 3d ser.,
1854); Little Ferns for Fanny's Little Friends
(1854); Ruth Hall, novel (1854); Fresh Leaves (1855);
Rose Clark, novel (1857) ; A New Story-Book for
Children (1864); Folly as it Flies (ISG8) ; Tlie Play-
Day Book (1869); Ginger Snaps (1870), and Caper
Sauce ; A Volume of Chit Chat (1872). Most of
her books were republished in England. See
"Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern" (London,
1855). She died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1872.
PARTRIDGE, Aldea, educator, was born in
Norwich, Vt., Jan. 12, 1785 ; son of Samuel and
Elizabeth (Wright) Partridge, and grandson of
Samuel and Ruth (Woodwood) Partridge. His
father, a soldier in the Revolution, was present
at the capture of
Burgoyne at Sarato-
ga. He entered Dart-
mouth in August,
1802, but left before
graduating to accept
the appointment as
cadet at the U.S.
Military academy and
was transferred to
the artillery corps in
July, 1806 ; "promoted > ^liM" i > ' / M'
first lieutenant of en-
gineers, Oct. 30, 1806 ;
captain in the engi-
neer corps, July 23,
1810, and in Novem-
ber, 1806, was appointed assistant professor of
mathematics, serving as full professor with
the pay and emoluments of major, 1812-13,
and as professor of engineering, 1813-16. He
was acting superintendent of the academy,
1808-15, in the absence of Colonel Williams, and
superintendent, 1815-17. On Jan. 17, 1817, he
was relieved of the superintendency and on April
15, 1817, resigned his commission in the U.S.
army. He then instructed a volunteer corps and
gave lectures on fortifications and military science
in New York city, and in 1819 engaged in thesur-
PARTRIDGE
PARTRIDGE
vey of the north-eastern boundary. In the latter
part of 1819 he founded in Norwich, Vt., the
American Literary Scientific and Military acad-
emy of which he was superintendent and pro-
fessor of mathematics, philosophy and military
science. The first class of one hundred students
entered Sept. 4, 1820, and on Aug. 23, 1825, the
institution was removed to Middletown, Conn.,
and had an attendance of two hundred and ninety-
seven students. Failing to obtain a charter from
Connecticut he removed the military school back
to Norwich, Vt., in 1829, where he had conducted
a flourishing seminary, 1825-29, as a preparatory
school for his military academy. In November,
1834, lie obtained a charter from the legislature
of Vermont for the Norwich university with full
power to confer degrees and to possess all other
powers and immunities belonging to the colleges
and universities of the United States. He was
elected its first president, which office he resigned
in 1843, owing to differences with the other
trustees as to the management of the university,
and Truman B. Ransom was elected president.
He was married in April. 1837, to Ann Elizabeth,
daughter of John Swasey of Claremont, N.H.,
who with their son, Capt. Henry V. Partridge,
U.S.V., survived him. Capt. Alden Partridge
was surveyor general of Vermont, 1822 ; a repre-
sentative from Norwich to the state legislature,
1833, 1834, 1837 and 1839 ; the unsuccessful Demo-
cratic candidate for representative in the 22d, 24th
25th and 26th congresses, and the unsuccessful
Independent candidate for representative in the
31st congress in 1848. He established a military
school at Portsmouth, Va., 1839, known as the Vir-
ginia Literary, Scientific and Military institute,
and others at Bristol, Pa., 1842, at Pembroke,
N.H., 1847, and at Harrisburg. Penn., 1850 ; was
camp instructor of Pennsylvania volunteer militia
at Reading in 1842, and in 1853 opened at Brandy-
wine Springs, Del., what he hoped to make a
National school of education in the arts of peace
and war. The buildings burned in the autumn
of 1853 and he planned to remove to Bristol,
Penn. He returned to his family at Norwich,
Vt., where he was stricken with what proved a
fatal illness. He is the author of : An Excur-
sion (1822) ; Lectures on Education (1825) ;
Lectures on National Defence (1827) ; Journal
of a Tour of Cadets (1827). He died in Nor-
wich, Vt., Jan. 17. 1854.
PARTRIDGE, Frederick William, soldier and
diplomatist, was born in Norwich, Vt., Aug. 19,
1824 ; son of Capt. Cyrus (1786-1842) and Mary
(Loveland) (1786-1866) Partridge; grandson of
Capt. Isaac Partridge of the Revolution and of
Joseph and Mercy (Bigelow) Loveland ; great-
grandson of Capt. Samuel Partridge of the Colon-
ial wars, and of David and Mercy (Lewis) Bige-
low, and a descendant of Thomas Bigelow, the
immigrant, and of Elisha and Lucy (Sparks)
Lovel, who immigrated to Glastonbury, Conn.
Frederick William Partridge attended the dis-
trict school ; the Norwich Literary, Scientific
and Military academy, and Dartmouth college
one year ; studied law at Albany, N.Y., and in
the office of Franklin Pierce of Concord, N.H.,
and had charge of the Harrisburg Military col-
lege, Pa., established by his cousin, Capt. Alden
Partridge (q. v.), 1845-47. In January, 1847, he
enlisted in the U.S. army and went to Mexico
as special commissioner of President Polk to visit
the seat of war and report his impressions of the
conduct and progress of the campaign to the
secretary of war. Having no credentials, as his
mission was secret, he was captured by the Amer-
ican army as a spy, ordered to be imprisoned at
San Juan de Uliia, commanded by his cousin,
Lieut. Henry S. Burton. 1st artillery, and after
his release returned to Washington without ac-
complishing his mission. He resigned from the
army in 1847 and was located on a farm in Ken-
dall county, 111., 1847-55, during part of which
time he was captain of a company of militia.
He was married in 1852 to Mary, daughter of
William Pauline of East Aurora, N.Y. He con-
tinued his law studies under Isaac N. Arnold in
Chicago, 1855-57. In 1857 he removed to Sand-
wich, 111., and in 1861 became senior captain in
the 13th Illinois volunteer regiment. He was
made major of the regiment in June, 1861, lieu-
tenant-colonel in December, 1862, and colonel,
June 18, 1864, for gallantry at Lookout Mountain,
and was brevetted brigadier-general for acts at
Missionary Ridge. He was wounded at Cliick-
asaw Bayou, Miss., at Chattanooga, and at Ring-
gold Gap. He was mustered out with his regi-
ment, July IS, 1864, practised law in Sandwich
and had an office in Chicago. He was postmaster
of Sandwich ; clerk of the circuit court, and
U.S. consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, 1869-76,
when he saved the life of the son of the king and
did much to promote the safety of Christian mis-
sionaries in the kingdom. He returned to the
United States in 1876 by way of Singapore and
the Suez Canal, visiting the chief cities of Europe.
He served as U.S. examiner of pensions at Rush-
ville, Ind., and Tiffin, Ohio, 1882-89. He died at
Sycamore, 111., Jan. 22, 1899.
PARTRIDGE, George, delegate, was born in
Duxbury, Mass., Feb. 8, 1740 ; son of George and
Hannah (Foster) Partridge : grandson of John
and Hannah (Seabury) Partridge and of Dea-
con Foster of Plymouth, Mass., and a great-
grandson of George and Sarah (Tracy) Par-
tridge. George Partridge came to America from
Kent county, England, about 1636, and receiv-
ed a grant of land at Powder Point. Dux-
PARTRIDGE
PARVIN
bury, Mass., where he settled. George Partridge
was prepared for college under the Rev. Charles
Turner, was graduated at Harvard A.B.. 1T62, A.
51., 1765, and engaged in teaching school in Kings-
ton, Mass. He fitted for the ministry, but
abandoned it, and returned to teaching school in
1770 ; was a delegate to the Provincial congress,
1774-75 ; a representative in the general court,
1775-79, and sheriff of Plymouth county as suc-
cessor to Gen. Joseph Warren, 1777-1812. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1 779-
82, and 1783-85 ; a representative in the Mas-
sachusetts legislature in 1788, and a represent-
ative in the first and second sessions of the 1st
congress, 1789-90, resigning his seat, August 14,
1790. He endowed Partridge seminary at Duxbury,
Mass., and left a large part of his estate to reli-
gious and charitable purposes. He was a fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He died in Duxbury, Mass., July 7, 1828.
PARTRIDGE, Sidney Catlin, first missionary
bishop of Kyoto, Japan, and the 195th in succes-
sion in tin1 American episcopate, was born in New
York city, Sept. 1, 1857 ; son of George Sidney,
Jr., and Helen Derby (Catlin) Partridge ; grandson
of George Sidney and Mary (Tew) Partridge,
and a descendant of George Partridge of Ply-
mouth, 1631. He was graduated at Yale in 1880,
and at Berkeley Divinity school in 1884. He was
admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Williams,
June 4, 1884, and went as missionary to Shanghai,
China, where Bishop Boone assigned him to St.
John's college as teacher and to St. Mary's hall as
chaplain. He was advanced to the priesthood by
Bishop Boone in 1885, and in 1887 became rector
of Boone school. Wu-chang, and missionary in
charge of neighborhood work. At a special meet-
ing of the House of Bishops in 1899, he was
elected bishop of the newly created see of Kyoto,
Japan, and was consecrated at the cathedral in
Tokyo, Feb. 2, 1900, by Bishops McKim, Graves
and Schereschewsky of the American missions,
assisted by Bishops Foss, Evington, Tyson and
Awdry of the Anglican church. He received the
honorary degree of D.D. from Berkeley Divinity
school in 1900.
PARTRIDGE, William Ordway, sculptor, was
born in Paris. France, April 11, 1861 ; brother of
Sidney C. Partridge. He returned to the United
States with his parents in 1868, and was a student
at Cheshire Military academy, Adelphi academy,
Brooklyn, N.Y., and Columbia college successive-
ly. In 1882 he was sent to Europe, where he studied
sculpture in Naples, Florence, Rome and Paris
until 1885, when he returned to the United States.
He appeared at Wallack's theatre, New York, as
"Steerforth" in David Copperfield, devoting his
leisure to modeling in clay and to the study of
Greek art with Thomas Davidson, and subse-
quently gave his entire attention to sculpture.
He was married in 1887 to Mrs. Augusta Merriam
of Milton, Mass. They went to Rome, where 5Ir.
Partridge entered the studio of Pio Welonski.
Upon his return to the
United States in 1889 he
became professor of fine
arts in Columbian univer-
sity, Washington, D.C.,
and a lecturer before the
National Social Science
association, the Concord
School of Philosophy and
the Brooklyn institute.
He had studios in Paris
and in Anvers, Belgium,
1893-94, and in 1894 set-
tled in Milton, Mass. He
held membership in the
Sons of the American
Revolution, in the Au-
thors, Cosmos and Press
clubs and exhibited fre-
quently at the Paris Salon £**?•-'-_ '^j
and at the Royal acade-
mies of London and Ber- STATUE OF
lin. He is the author of : ALEX^AJPER HAMILTON
Art for America; The Song Life of a Sculptor ;
The Technique of Sculpture The Angel of Clay
(1900) and Nathan Hale (1992.) His sculpture
includes : heroic statues of Shakespeare in Lin-
coln Park, Chicago. 111. (1879), and of Alexander
Hamilton, Brooklyn, N.Y. (1880) ; Kauffmann
memorial, Washington, D.C. ; bust of Edward
Everett Hale, Union League club, Chicago, 111. ;
bust of Whittier in Boston Public library (1896);
colossal equestrian statue of Grant for Union
League club, Brooklyn, N.Y. ; marble Madonna ;
an heroic figure of Christ ; heroic statue of John
Reese (1897) ; heroic equestrian statue of Fight-
ing Joe Hooker (1897) ; and a second ideal head
of Christ (1901).
PARVIN, Theodore Sutton, educator, was
born in Cedarville, N.J., Jan. 15, 1817 ; son of
Josiah and Lydia (Harris) Parvin. Josiah Parvin
served as an aide to General Odgen in the war of
1812, and his father was a Revolutionary soldier.
Theodore Parvin removed to Cincinnati. Ohio,
with his parents in 1829, was graduated at Wood-
ward college in 1836, and at the Cincinnati Law
school in 1837. He began practice in Burlington,
Iowa, in 1838, and was private secretary to Gov.
Robert Lucas and territorial librarian, purchas-
ing the first books that formed the nucleus of the
Iowa state library with an appropriation of $5,000
made by congress. He was district attorney
for the middle district of Iowa, 1839-41. He
removed to Muscatine in 1840 ; was secretary of
the legislative council, 1840-41 ; probate judge
PASCHAL
PASCO
1841-47. and clerk of the U.S. district court, 1846-
56. He was county judge, 1848-50 ; register of
the state land office, 1837-59 ; librarian and cur-
ator of the Iowa State university, 1858-70 ;
professor of natural history, 1860-70, and pro-
fessor of political economy there, 1867-70. In
1844 he founded the Iowa Masonic library, and
was its first librarian, the building being erected
in 1884. He was secretary of the Iowa State
Historical society, 1804-66 ; organizer of the
Iowa State Teachers' association in 1854, and
its president in 1867 ; president of the school
board of Muscatine in 1835, and later of the
school board of Iowa City. He was also a founder
of the state library society in 1890, and its pre-
sident, 1892-94, and a member of the Pioneer
Law Makers' association. He was married, May
17, 1843, to Agnes, daughter of George and
Nancy (Barton) McCully of Muscatine, Iowa. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from Miami
university in 1861, and that of LL.D. from the
Iowa State university in 1894. He edited the
Historical Annals of Iowa, the Annals of Iowa
Masonry, the Western Freemason (1859-60) : the
Evergreen (1871-72), and the Transactions of the
Knifjhts Templar (1871-86). He is the author of :
The Newspaper Press of loiva, 1S36-46 • History of
Iowa (1877); History of Templary in the United
States (1877); History of the Early Schools of
Iowa, 1S30-59 (1889).
PASCHAL, George Washington, jurist, was
born in Skull Shoals, Greene county, Ga., Nov.
23, 1812, probably of Hebrew origin. He was
admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised in
Wilkes county, Ga., 1832-36. He was a lieutenant
in the volunteer service, engaged in the removal
of trie Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian
Territory, and served as aide-de-camp to General
John E. Wool, 1834-35. He married Sarah,
daughter of John Ridge, the Cherokee chief. She
was a full-blooded Indian, descended from a long
line of chiefs, was well educated, a famous beauty
and a fine conversationalist. She was an aunt of
Elias C. Boudinot (q.v.). They removed to Van
Buren, Ark., in 1836-37, where he engaged in the
practice of law and was joined by his brother, who
had assumed the name of Brewer. They had an
extensive practice as Paschal & Brewer. He was
justice of the supreme court of Arkansas, 1842—14 ;
was defeated for representative in congress, and
in 1848 'removed with his brother to Texas. It
was largely through his influence that Sam Hous-
ton was elected governor of Texas in 1859. In
1861 he opposed the doctrine of secession and
published his opinions in the Southern Intelli-
gencer, a paper which he had founded at Austin
in 1856. He removed to Washington, D.C., in
1869 where he was prominent in founding the
la\v department of Georgetown university and
was professor of jurisprudence at that institution
for many years. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Georgetown university
in 1875. He is the author of : Annotated Digest of
the Laws of Texas (1866, new ed. 1873): Anno-
tated Constitution of the United States (1868, new
ed., 1876); Decisions of the Supreme Court of
Ti'.ras (5 vols., 1869-71) ; Digest of Decisions of the
Supreme Court of Texas (1871-73) ; a sketch of
the last years of Sam Houston in Harpers ^Mag-
azine in 1866, and many contributions to maga-
zines. He died in Washington, D.C., Feb. 16, 1878.
PASCO, Samuel, senator, was born in London,
England, June 28, 1834 ; son of John and Amelia
(Nash) Pasco, and grandson of Samuel Pasco of
Launceston and of Edward Nash of London.
His father brought him to Prince Edward Island
in 1842, and thence in 1844 to Charlestown, Mass.
He was graduated at the Charlestown high school
in 1854; at Harvard college, A.B., 1858, and was
principal of the Waukeenah academy, Jefferson
county, Fla., 1859-61. He enlisted in the Con-
federate service, Aug. 10, 1861, as a private in the
3d Florida volunteers, which regiment in 1862
formed a part of Bragg's army in the Kentucky
campaign, and was later in Breckinridge's divi-
sion in Tennessee, Mississippi and Georgia. At
the battle of Missionary Ridge he was left on the
field severely wounded and remained a prisoner
until a few weeks before the war closed when he
returned to Florida. He was again principal of
the Waukeenah academy, 1865-66 ; clerk of the
circuit court. Muntiivllo. lsr,r,-tis, -mil was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1868, forming a partnership
with Col. William S. Dilworth, his preceptor,
who died in 1869, leaving a large practice. He
was married, Oct. 28, 1869, to Jessie, daughter of
William and Elizabeth (Scott) Denham. He was
elected a mem-
ber of the Dem-
ocratic state '-j.
committee in !"^
1872, was its '
chairman, 1876- t.
1
:^i*ii^:
U.S. SENATE
88, and a Demo-
cratic presiden-
tial elector in
1880. He rep-
resented his state on the Democratic national
committee, 1880-1900. and in the Democratic state
convention of 1884 received for a time a plurality
of votes as the nominee for governor, but with-
drew his name to prevent a deadlock, and upon
his motion Edward A. Perry, his leading com-
petitor, obtained the nomination. He was un-
animously chosen president of tin- state constitu-
tional convention in 1883. and was a representa-
tive in the state legislature, 1886-87. being speaker
of the house. He was elected U.S. senator in April,
PASKO
PATERSON
1887, and took his seat, Deo. 5, 1887, his term ex-
piring March 3, 1893, when he was appointed by
Governor Henry L. Mitchell to fill the office ad
interim. When the legislature met in April,
he was reuoruinated by acclamation and un-
animously re-elected for the term expiring March
3, 1899. Being again appointed to fill the office
ad interim by Governor William D. Bloxham, he
served until the election of James Piper Taliaferro
by the legislature, April 19, 1899. In the 53rd
congress lie was chairman of the committee on
claims. On June 10, 1899, he was appointed a
member of the Isthmian Canal commission.
PASKO, Wesley Washington, typographist,
was born in Waterloo, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1840 ; son of
Jeremiah and Martha (Van Osdol) Probasco and
a descendant of colonial families of New York.
He did not adopt the surname of Pasko until
after 1872. He was graduated at the public school
of Waterloo, was employed in a cotton and
woolen factory until 1855, when he entered a
printing office in Utica, N.Y., and in 1859 went
to the office of the New York Tribune, removing
to Charleston, S.C., in 1860. He was arrested as
an abolitionist by the vigilance committee, and
on failure to prove the charge he was ordered to
leave the city. He was married, Oct. 31, 1860, to
Elizabeth Theresa Jarret. He published a paper
in Truniansburg, N.Y., 1860-61, and returned to
the Tribune in 1861. He enlisted in the 16th
N.Y. Heavy Artillery, and served in the army
under Gen. B. F. Butler. He returned to New
York at the close of the war and served on the
e Utorial staff of newspapers both in Albany and
Troy. He was an editor in the department of
public instruction, assisted in codifying the N.Y.
school laws in 1867, and on his return to New
York city in 1868, edited the Albion and subse-
quently a newspaper in Lancaster, N.H., again
returning to New York to engage in the printing
business. He was literary advisor for a Cin-
cinnati publishing house, 1879-83, and in 1883
established the New York Typothetae, being
made its secretary and librarian in 1885. He
invented the Pasko Press in 1386, capable of
producing 60,000 impressions of small financial
and stock exchange bulletins in one hour. He is
the editor of : Men who Advertise (1868) ; Old New
York (1870) ; author of : Biographical History of
Indiana (1881) ; History of Butler County, Ohio,
(1883) ; A Dictionary of Printing and Book Ihik-
ing and History of Printing in New York from
its Beginning to the Present Time. He died in
New York city, Dec. 15, 1897.
PATERSON, John, patriot, was born in Farm-
ington. Conn., in 1774; son of Maj. John and
Ruth (Bird) Paterson. His paternal grandfather,
a native of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, emigrated to
America during the latter part of the seventeenth
century. His father, Maj. John Paterson, an
officer in the British army, served in the
French and Indian wars, was with Wolfe at
Quebec and died at Havana, Cuba, Sept. 5, 1762.
Gen. John Paterson was graduated from Yale in
1762, taught school, and studied and practised
law. He was justice of the peace of Farmington
and was married, June 2, 1766, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Joseph and Hannah (Warren) Lee.
In 1774 he removed to Lenox, Berkshire county,
Mass., and the same year was elected clerk of the
propriety of Lenox, selectman and assessor. He
was a member of the Berkshire convention held
at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1774 and was a repre-
sentative in the 1st and 2d provincial congresses
at Salem and Cambridge respectively. He or-
ganized the Stockbridge Indians for military ser-
vice and raised a regiment known as the 15th
foot in the Continental service, of which he be-
came colonel. It marched to Boston the third
day after the battle of Lexington and threw up
the first redoubt along the lines around Boston,
which placed the city in a state of siege by
blockading the highways. During the battle of
Bunker Hill he held Fort No. 3, Prospect Hill,
Charlestown Heights, and engaged in the de-
fence of Lechmere's Point, Nov. 9, 1775, for
which he was complimented by Washington.
He joined Arnold in Canada and took part in the
battle of the Cedars near Montreal in June, 1776,
where seventy-nine of his men were taken
prisoners. He was engaged in the battles of
Trenton and Princeton, N.J. ; promoted brigadier-
general, Feb. 21, 1777 ; sent toTiconderoga, being
present at the evacuation, July 5, 1777 ; fought at
the battle of Hubbardton, July 7-11, and was with
General Gates at Saratoga in October, 1777. He
was with Washington at Valley Forge, 1777-78,
and participated in the battle at Monmouth, June
28, 1778. He was a member of the board that
tried Major Andre ; was in command at West
Point, 1780-81, and was commissioned major-
general, Sept. 30, 1783, being with the exception
of Lafayette the youngest of that rank in the
Continental army. In December, 1783, he retired
from the army and resumed his law practice in
Lenox. Upon the outbreak of Shays's rebellion
in 1785, he was appointed major-general of the
state militia and commanded the Berkshire
militia. For his services in this rebellion he was
tendered the thanks of the legislature. He was
one of the organizers of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati, his name standing second on the list
after General Washington. He removed to Tioga
county, N.Y., in 1791 ; was a member of the state
assembly, 1792, 1793, 1798 and 1801 ; was chief
justice of Tioga and Broome counties, 1798-1808,
and was a representative from New York in the
8th congress, 1803-05. He received his master's
PATERSON
PATRICK
degree from Yale in 1779. His house was burned
soon after his death, destroying all his papers,
memoranda and portraits. A tablet to his
memory was erected in Trinity church, Lenox,
Mass., in 1887, and a granite monument was
erected in the town by his great-grandson,
Thomas Egleston (q.v.) in 1892, and Dr. Egleston
also wrote his memoir in 1899. Gen. John Pat-
erson died suddenly at Whitney's Point, Lisle,
N.Y.. July 19, 1808.
PATERSON, William, associate justice, was
born in the north of Ireland in 1745 ; eldest son
of Richard Paterson, who with his wife and sou
came to Philadelphia in 1747 ; settled first in
Trenton, in Princeton in 1750, and in 1779 in Rar-
itan, where he died in 1781. William Paterson
prepared for college at the grammar school and
was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1763, A.M., 1766. He read law with Richard
Stockton, afterward the signer, and was admitted
to the bar in 1769. He was a deputy to the New
Jersey Provincial congress that met May 11, 1775,
and was secretary of that body. He was an officer
of the Somerset battalion of minute men in 1776,
and in June of that year was appointed, with
John Witherspoon, William Livingston and John
Mehelm, the committee to arrest and depose the
royal gov-
' ernor. He
: was the
first attor-
ney-gener-
' il of New
, Jersey, 17-
* 76 ; a mem-
ber of the
legislative
council, 17-
76 ; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1780-
81, and to the constitutional convention of 1787.
He was elected U.S. senator on the organiza-
tion of the first state legislature in 1789, and
drew the long term. He served in the senate
as one of the tellers to count the electoral
vote, was chairman of the committee on election
certificates and a member of the judiciary com-
mittee. He resigned his seat in the senate in
1790, having been elected by the legislature gov-
ernor of New Jersey, as successor to Governor
Livingston, the first governor of the state. His
term of service expired, Jan. 1, 1793, and he was
appointed by President Washington associate
justice of the. United States supreme court, tak-
ing his place on the bench in 1793 and serving
up to the time of his death. He presided over
several of the Whiskey Insurrection trials, and
over the trial of Ogden and Smith for aiding
Miranda in his South American expedition. He
was married in 1779 to Cornelia Bell of Perth Am-
1785-1788.
^E/NT HOUSE., /'
boy, N.J., who died, Nov. 15, 1785, leaving two
children, William Bell and Cornelia, and he mar-
ried secondly in 1785, Euphemia, daughter of Col.
Anthony White of New Brunswick, N.J. She
died Jan. 29, 1822, childless. He declined the
appointment of secretary of state in President
Washington's cabinet, as successor to Thomas
Jefferson, and also that of attorney-general. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of the State of New York in 1792,
from Dartmouth and the College of New Jersey
in 1805, and from Harvard in 1806. He was a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and the author of Laws of New Jersey
(1798-99). On his way to the springs in Saratoga
county, N.Y., for the benefit of his health, he
died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Stephen
Van Rensselaer, in Albany, N.Y.. Sept. 9, 1806.
PATRICK, George Thomas White, educator,
was born in North Boscawen, N.H., Aug. 19,
1857 : son of John and Harriet (White) Patrick ;
grandson of William and Mary (Gerrish) Patrick,
and of Thomas and Mary (May) White, and a
descendant of Matthew Patrick, of Scotch-Irish
stock, who settled in Western (Warren), Mass.,
about 1731, and of William White, who came
from Norfolk county, England, to Massachusetts
in 1610. He was graduated from the State Uni-
versity of Iowa, A.B., 1878, and from Yale uni-
versity, B.D., 1885, took a post-graduate course in
philosophy and psychology at Johns Hopkins,
1885-87, and received from there the degree of
Ph.D. in 1888, having been twice appointed to a
fellowship in philosophy in that institution. In
1887 he became professor of philosophy in the
State University of Iowa ; in 1902 was the editor
of the university's Studies in Psychology, and be-
came the head of its department of philosophy
and psychology. He was married. Nov. 28, 1889,
to Maud, daughter of William and Jeanuette
(Buck) Lyall. He was a student at Leipzig uni-
versity, 1894. He is the author of : Tlie Frag-
ments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephesns (1889),
and many contributions to scientific periodicals,
notably the Popular Science Monthly.
PATRICK, Marsena Rudolph, soldier, was
born in Houndsfield, N.Y., March 15, 1811. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in
1835, and was promoted brevet 3d lieutenant, 2d
infantry, U.S. A., July 1, 1835. He was promoted
2d lieutenant, Oct. 31, 1836; took part in the
Florida war, 1837-42 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant.
March 1, 1839; engaged in the war with Mexico,
1846-48; served as chief of commissariat of Gen-
eral Wool's column in northern Mexico. 1846-17,
and was promoted captain in the 22d infantry,
Aug. 22. 1847. He was stationed at Vera Cruz.
Mexico, 1847-48, and was bre vetted major. May
30, 1848, for meritorious conduct while serving in
PATRICK
PATTEN
the enemy's country. He was assistant in the
commissary-general's office, Washington, D.C.,
1848-49, and resigned from the army, June 30,
1850. He engaged in farming at Sacket Harbor,
N.Y., 1850-59 ; was president of the Sacket Har-
bor and Ellisburg railroad, 1853-54; general
superintendent of the New York State Agricul-
tural society, 1856-61, and president of the New
York State Agricultural college, Ovid, N.Y.,
1859-61. He was brigadier-general of staff and
inspector-general of New York state volunteers,
1861 ; a member of the staff of General McClel-
lan, 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-general of U.
S. volunteers, March 17, 1862, and commanded a
brigade in the defence of Washington, D.C.,
March-May, 1862. He was military commandant
of Fredericksburg ; took part in McDowell's pur-
suit of Jackson, May 7-Aug. 9, 1862 ; in the
Northern Virginia campaign in command of
the 3d brigade, 1st division, 3d army corps,
Aug.-Sept., 1862, and was present at the second
battle of Bull Run and in the 1st army corps in
the battles of South Mountain and Antietam.
He was provost-marshal-general of the Army of
the Potomac, 1863-65, and of the armies opera-
ting against Richmond, 1864— 65. He was bre-
vetted major-general, U.S. volunteers, March 13,
1865, for " faithful and meritorious services dur-
ing the rebellion," and was provost-marshal-gen-
eral of the department of Virginia, commanding
the district of Henrico, Va., May 25-June 9, 1865.
He resigned, June 12, 1865, and resided at Geneva,
N.Y. He was president of the New York State
Agricultural society, 1867-68 ; commissioner for
New York state, 1868-69 and 1879-80 ; removed
to Dayton, Ohio, and was governor of the cen-
tral branch of the National Home for disabled
volunteer soldiers in Ohio, 1880-88. He died in
Dayton, Ohio, July 27, 1888.
PATRICK, Mary Mills, educator, was born in
Canterbury, N.H., March 10, 1850; daughter of
John and Harriet (White) Patrick ; granddaugh-
ter of William and Mary (Gorrish) Patrick, and
John and Mary (May) White, and great-grand-
daughter of John Patrick, her first ancestor in
America, who came from the north of Ireland
and settled in Warren, Mass. She attended
Franklin and Boscawen academies, New Hamp-
shire ; Lyons college, Iowa ; studied privately at
Heidelberg and in the universities of Zurich,
1893-94, Leipzig, 1894, Berlin, 1895, and Berne,
1896-97. She received the honorary degree of
A.M. from the University of Iowa, 1890, and the
degree of Ph.D. from the University of Berne,
1897. She made special language study in
ancient and modern Armenian, ancient and mod-
ern Greek, French, German and Turkish, and
studied in several libraries in Europe, making
research on the subject of Pyrrhonism. She was
elected president of the American College for
Women, in Constantinople, Turkey, 1890, and
member of the psychological congresses, Munich,
1896, Paris, 1900, and Philosophical congress,
Paris, 1900. She is the author of : Armenian Trans-
lation of Text Book on Physiology (1876); Sextus
Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (1899), and popu-
lar articles, including : Education of Women in
Turkey (Forum, June, 1896); Women's Struggle
for Liberty in Germany (Popular Science Monthly,
January, 1900); Ethics of the Koran (International
Journal of Ethics, April, 1901.)
PATTEE, Fred Lewis, educator, was born in
Bristol, N.H., March 22, 1863 ; son of Lewis and
Mary P. (Ingalls) Pattee ; grandson of Moses
Pattee, and a descendant of Peter Pattee, who
settled in Haverhill, Mass., about 1640. He was
graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1891.
He was principal of Coe's Northwood academy,
New Hampshire, 1890-94, and in 1894 became
professor of English language and literature at
the Pennsylvania State college. He was married,
March 9, 1889, to Anna L., daughter of Charles L.
and Louisa P. (Simons) Plumer of Bristol, N.H.
He is the author of : Tlie Wine of May and other
Lyrics (1893); Pasquaney, a Study (1894); A His-
tory of American Literature (1896); Beading
Courses in American Literature (1897) ; Tlte Foun-
dations of English Literature (1900); Mary Gar-
vin : The Story of a New Hampshire Summer
(1902); Tlie Poems of Philip Freneau (2 vols.,
1902). He also edited Macbeth and contributed
frequently to periodicals.
PATTEE, William Sullivan, jurist, was born in
Jackson, Maine, Sept. 19, 1846 ; son of Daniel and
Mary Ann (Bixby) Pattee ; grandson of Daniel
and Ann (Putnam) Pattee and of Willard and Ab-
bie (Ferguson) Bixby of Monroe, Maine. He was
graduated from Bowdoin, A.B., 1871 ; A.M. 1874;
was married Nov. 30, 1871, to Julia E., daughter of
Jacob and Hannah Tuttle of Plymouth, Maine ;
taught school and studied law, 1871-78 ; was pro-
fessor of natural science at Lake Forest university,
111., 1872-73 ; was admitted to the bar June 28, 1878,
at Faribault, Minn., and practiced in Nortbfield,
Minn., for ten years. He was a Republican
representative in the Minnesota legislature in
1885, and became dean of the college and pro-
fessor of the law of contracts and equity
jurisprudence at the University of Minnesota, in
1888. Iowa college conferred upon him the
honorary degree of LL.D. in 1891. He is the
author of : Pattee's Illustrative Cases in Con-
tracts, in Realty, in Equity, in Personalty, and
author of the Elements of Contracts, and the
Elements of Equity.
PATTEN, John, delegate, was born in Kent
county, Del., in 1746. He was commissioned
first lieutenant in the Delaware regiment, Jan.
PATTEN
PATTERSON
15, 1776, and major in the Delaware line or
" Blue Hen's Chickens," Dec. 14, 1779. He fought
in almost every battle from Long Island to
Caniden, where he was taken prisoner, Aug. 16,
1780, and was on parole until the close of the
war. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress from Delaware, 1785-86, and was a
representative in the 3d congress, 1793-94, when
his seat was successfully contested by Henry
Latimer, who served the remainder of the term.
He was re-elected to the 4th congress, serving
1795-97. and died at Dover, Del., June 17, 1801.
PATTEN, Simon Nelson, political economist,
was born at Sandwich, 111., May 1, 1852; son of
William and Elizabeth (Pratt) Patten ; grandson of
James and Mary (Robertson) Patten and of Simon
and Deborah (Nelson) Pratt, and a descendant of
William Pratt of Saybrook, Conn. (1632), and
of William Patten, New York, 1794. He was
prepared for college at Jennings seminary,
Aurora, 111. ; attended Northwestern university,
Evanston, 111., 1874-76; and was graduated at
the University of Halle, Germany, A.M. and
Ph.D., 1878. He was principal of public schools
in Illinois and Iowa, 1882-88, and in 1883 became
professor of political economy in the Wharton
School of Finance and Economy, University of
Pennsylvania. He contributed to the Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, the Political Science Quarterly, the
Journal of Economics, Conrad's Jahrbitcher, and
other periodicals, and is the author of : Tlie
Stability of Prices (1888) ; The Consumption of
\\\<alth (1889); TJie Economic Basis of Protection
(1890): Principles of Rational Taxation (1890);
Tlie Theory of Dynamic Economics (1892); Ttieory
of Social Forces (1896) ; The Development of
English Thought (1899).
PATTEN, William, clergyman, was born in
Halifax, Mass., in 1763. He was graduated at
Dartmouth college in 1780, studied theology, and
was pastor of a Congregational church in New-
port, R.I., in 1786-1833. He was an overseer of
Brown university from 1790 till his death. He
was the author of Christianity the True Religion,
a reply to Thomas Paine (1795); a memoir of his
mother (1834) ; and Reminiscences of Rev. Samuel
Hopkins (1843). He died in Hartford, Conn.,
March 9, 1839.
PATTERSON, Daniel Todd, naval officer, was
born on Long Island, N.Y., March 6, 1786. In
August, 1800, he was appointed midshipman in the
U.S. navy, being attached to the Philadelphia.
under Captain Bainbridge. In October. 1803, that
vessel surrendered to a fleet of Tripolitan gun-
boats, when he was taken prisoner, and confined
till 1805. He was promoted lieutenant in 1807 ;
master commandant in 1813, and commanded the
naval forces at New Orleans, La., in 1814. receiving
the thanks of congress for his able co-operation
with the land force under General Jackson. He
commanded the expedition against the pirate
Lafitte, on the island of Barataria ; destroyed the
forts and other defences, and carried to New
Orleans, as prizes, the pirate ships and a rich
booty. He was promoted captain in 1815 ; com-
manded the frigate Constitution in the Mediter-
ranean, 1826-28; was navy commissioner, 1828-32 ;
was in command of the Mediterranean squadron,
1832—36, and was commandant of the U.S. navy
yard, Washington, 1836-39. He died in Washing-
ton, D.C., Aug.15, 1839.
PATTERSON, David Trotter, senator, was
born in Greene county, Tenn., Feb. 28, 1819.
He attended Greenville college, Tenn. ; engaged
in business as a paper maker and as a miller ;
was admitted to the bar in 1841, and was judge
of the circuit court of Tennessee, 1854-63. He
was married in 1857, to Martha, daughter of
Andrew and Eliza (McCardle) Johnson. Mrs.
Patterson was mistress of the White House,
1866-69, and died in Greenville, Tenn., July 10,
1901. Judge Patterson was elected U.S. senator
from Tennessee under the reconstruction measure
of July 24, 1866, and drew the short term expiring
March 3, 1869. He afterward practised law in
Tennessee, and died in Greenville, in 1891.
PATTERSON, Francis Engle, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 24, 1827 ; son of
Gen. Robert and Sarah Ann (Engle) Patterson.
He was graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and engaged in
business as a merchant. He served in McCul-
lough's '• Texas Rangers "in the Mexican war;
was appointed 2nd lieutenant of 1st U.S. artillery
in 1847 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1848,
and captain of 9th U.S. infantry in 1855. He
resigned his commission in May, 1857, and
returned to his mercantile business until 1862,
when he was given command of the 115th
regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, April
11, 1862, and commanded the 3rd brigade,
Hooker's division, Heiutzelman's corps at Wil-
liamsburg and Seven Pines. He was killed by
the accidental discharge of his own revolver, and
died at Fairfax Court House, Va., Nov. 22. 1M12.
PATTERSON, George, clergyman, was born
in Boston, Mass.. July 13, 1828 ; son of George
Papathakes, a Greek merchant of Boston, who
wrote his name Patterson. He was admitted to
the diaconate by Bishop Ives of North Carolina
April 9, 1852, and advanced to the priesthood,
April 27, 1856, by Bishop Atkinson, of North
Carolina. He served as assistant to the Rev.
G. A. Watson in Grace church parish, Plymouth,
N.C., and in neighboring parishes and missions, •
including the plantation on Lake Scuppernong
PATTERSON
PATTERSON
of the late Josiak Collins, 1853-61 ; was chaplain
in the C.S. army 1861-65 ; again assistant to the
Rev. G. A. Watson in St. James parish, Wil-
mington, N.C., 1865-70 ; rector of St. John's, Wil-
mington, 1870 ; finance agent of the University
of the South, 1881-83 ; missionary in Texas, 1881-
86, and rector of Grace Church parish, Memphis,
Tenn., 1886-1901. He served as dean of the con-
vocation of Memphis, was a member of the
standing committee of the diocese, deputy to the
general convention, and an examining chaplain
for Bishop Gailor at the time of his death. He
received the honorary degree of D.D. from the
University of North Carolina in 1847, and from
the University of the South in 1895. He con-
tributed to The Diocese of Tennessee and other
periodicals. He died in Memphis, Dec. 10, 1901.
PATTERSON, George Herbert, educator, was
born in Buffalo, N.Y., Dec. 26, 1836; son of the
Rev. Albert Clarke and Juliet Content (Rath-
bone) Patterson ; grandson of Enoch and Mary
(Adams) Patterson, of Boston, Mass., and of
Samuel and Mary (Turner) Rathbone, of Buffalo,
N.Y., and a descendant of James Patterson, of
Lyme Regis. England, who came to America in
the Jane and Sarah, in 1653. Albert Clarke
Patterson (1809-1874), Harvard A.B., 1830 ; A.M.,
1833 ; graduate of Harvard Divinity school, 1833 ;
honorary A.M., Hobart. 1857, was rector and
missionary in western New York, New Jersey
and Massachusetts, 1857-74. George Herbert
Patterson was graduated at Hobart, valedictorian,
A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and from Harvard, LL.B.,
1863. He taught school : was admitted to the
bar in 1864 ; returned to academic work, 1866 ;
headmaster, St. Martin's school, Southborough,
Mass., 1866-69 ; was admitted to the diaconate in
1870, ordained to the priesthood in 1877 ; was
president of the DeVeaux college, N.Y., 1869-81,
and rector of St. Mary's church, South Ports-
mouth, R.I.. 1887-1901. He was principal of
Berkeley school, Providence, R.I., 1883-88, and
was made a corresponding member of the New
England Historic Genealogical society in 1883.
PATTERSON, James Kennedy, educator,
was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 26, 1833 ;
son of Andrew and Janet (Kennedy) Patterson,
and grandson of James and Ann (Langwill) Pat-
terson and of William and Helen (McFarland)
Kennedy. He attended school in Alexandria,
Scotland ; immigrated with his parents to the
United States in 1843. and settled in Bartholo-
mew county, Ind. He was graduated at Han-
over college. Ind., A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859, and
was principal of the Presbyterian academy at
Greenville, Ky., 1856-59. He was married, Dec.
27, 1859, to Lucelia, daughter of Capt. Charles F.
Wing of Greenville, Ky. He was professor of
Latin and Greek in Stewart college, Clarksville,
VIII. — 15
Tenn., 1860-G1 ; principal of the Transylvania
high school, Lexington, Ky., 1861-65; became
professor of history and metaphysics in Ken-
tucky university at Lexington, Ky., in 1865, and
in 1809 was also elected president of the Agricul-
tural and Mechanical college of the same univer-
sity. When the legislature detached the Agri-
cultural and Mechanical college from Kentucky
university in 1878 he continued to be president
of the former, which was given the name of
State college. He was a delegate from Kentucky
to the International Geographical congress at
Paris, France, in 1875, and to the British associa-
tion at Bristol, 1875, and at Leeds, 1890. In 1889
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical
society of Great Britain and a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland. He was successful
in his endeavor to maintain the constitutional
act of levying a tax for the support of the State
college, 1881-82, and bequeathed by will his
library and all Ins estate to the State college to
found and endow a library in memory of his
son, William Andrew Patterson, who was born
in 1868 and died in 1895. He received the degree
of Ph.D. from Hanover college in 1875 and that
of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1896. He
wrote editorials for the Courier-Journal of Lou-
isville, Ky., 1871-74, and contributed to the
Scottish- A merican.
PATTERSON, James Willis, senator, was born
in Henniker, N.H., July 3, 1833; son of William
and Frances M. (Shepard) Patterson ; grandson of
Joseph and Susannah (Duncan) Patterson, and a
descendant of Alexander Patterson, who came
from the north of Ireland in 1721 and settled in
Londonderry, N.H. He was graduated from
Dartmouth, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851 ; taught in
Woodstock academy, Conn. ; read the elements
of law, and on the advice of Beecher began to
study theology at New Haven. He was a tutor
at Dartmouth, 1852-54 ; professor of mathematics,
1854-59 ; professor of astronomy and meteorol-
ogy, 1859-65, and Willard professor of oratory,
1893. He was school commissioner for Grafton
county, N.H., and secretary of the state board of
education, 1858-61 ; was a representative in the
New Hampshire legislature, 1863 ; in the 38th
and 39th congresses, 1863-67, and was U. S. sen-
ator, 1867-73. WithGarfield and Bout well he se-
cured the passage through the house of the bill es-
tablishing the department (afterward the bureau)
of education. He was also the author of the bill
authorizing consular clerkships and the bill for
the establishment of colored schools in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, and was chairman of the com-
mittees on retrenchment and reform and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. He was accused of complic-
ity in the Credit Mobilier, and a resolution to
expel him from the senate was considered Feb.
PATTERSON
PATTERSON
27, 1873, but the resolution was not adopted, and
after his term expired an investigation showed
him to be blameless. He was regent of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1863-66; a delegate to
the Philadelphia Loyalists' convention, 1866 ; was
again a representative in the state legislature in
1877-78, and state superintendent of public in-
struction, 1880-93. He delivered the oration at
the unveiling of the soldiers' monument at Mari-
etta, Ohio, in 1880. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him by Iowa college in
1868. He died in Hanover, N.H., May 4, 1893.
PATTERSON, John James, senator, was born
in Waterloo, Pa., Aug. 8, 1830; son of William
Hart and Mary Ann Moore (Wilson) Patterson ;
grandson of John and Isabella (Lyon) Patterson,
and of George and Isabella (White) Wilson ; and
a descendant of John Patterson, who came from
the north of Ireland in 1701 and settled at Trappe,
Pa., and of Samuel Wilson who settled in Chester
county, Pa., about 1680. He was graduated from
Jefferson college, Pa., in 1848. He was a Whig in
politics and an editor by profession ; edited the
Janiata Sentinel at Mifflintown, Pa., during the
presidential campaign of 1853; the Hiirrisbnrit
Telegraph, 1853-03, and became a banker and rail-
road president. He was a Republican representa-
tive in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1859-61. and
served in the Federal army on the staff of Gen.
E. C. Williams. In 1809 he removed to South
Carolina. He was a Republican U.S. senator from
South Carolina, 1873-79, and was not a candidate
for re-election. He subsequently removed to
Mifflintown, Pa., where he engaged in rail-
roading. He was married first, Jan. 30, 1855,
to Leucretia Eliza Moore, who died Jan. 8, 1884 ;
secondly, Nov. 21, 1887, to Mildred May Franks
of Wisconsin, who died Nov. 19, 1889, and thirdly,
Feb. 15, 1893, to Flora Marcella Warford of Phil-
adelphia. Pa.
PATTERSON, Josiah, representative, was
born in Morgan county, Ala., April 14, 1837 ;
son of Malcolm and Mary (Deloach) Patterson,
and grandson of Alexander Patterson, a soldier in
the Revolutionary war, and of John Deloach. He
attended the academy at Somerville, Ala., taught
school, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He
was married in 1859 to Josephine, daughter of
Judge Green P. and Ann Eliza (Turner) Rice of
Alabama. He practised in Morgan county, 1859-
61, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as
1st lieutenant in the 1st Alabama cavalry. He
commanded a company at the battle of Shiloh ;
was promoted captain in May and colonel of the
5th Alabama regiment in December, 1862 ; ope-
rated in middle Tennessee and northern Alabama
in 1863 ; commanded the district of North Ala-
bama in 1864 and the post at Corinth in Decem-
ber, 1864. He addressed the people of northern
Alabama after the retreat of the army from Ten-
nessee, and induced thousands to rejoin the Con-
federate army. He was captured at the battle of
Selma, but escaping, reorganized his regiment
and served until forced to surrender, April 19,
1865. He resumed the practice of law in Morgan
county in 1865, removed to Florence, Ala., in
1867, and to Memphis, Tenn., in 1872. He was a
representative in the state legislature in 1882 ; a
presidential elector from the state at large on the
Democratic ticket in 1888, and was defeated as
candidate for governor in 1890. He was a Demo-
cratic representative from the tenth Tennessee
district in the 52d, 53d and 54th congresses,
1891-97.
PATTERSON, Malcolm Rice, representative,
was born in Somerville, Ala., June 7, 1861 ; son
of Josiah (q.v.) and Josephine (Rice) Patterson.
He was graduated from the Christian Brothers
college, Memphis, Tenn., A.M., and took a special
library course at Vanderbilt university, Nash-
ville. He was admitted to the bar in 1883 ; prac-
ticed in Memphis, and was elected district attor-
ney for Shelby county in 1894, for a term of eight
years. He resigned, Sept. 10, 1900, on being
nominated for congress, and was a Democratic
representative from the tenth Tennessee district
in the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05.
PATTERSON, Robert, educator, was born in
county Down, Ireland, May 30, 1743. He immi-
grated to the United States in 1768 and settled in
Pennsylvania, where he was employed as a
teacher. He was principal of the academy at
Wilmington, Del., in 1774, and upon the out-
break of the Revolutionary war volunteered in
the patriot .-may. !!.• srrw.l ,-i-i military instruc-
tor, adjutant, assistant surgeon, and brigade
major. He was married to Anne Hunter E\ving
of Philadelphia ; was professor of mathematics
in the University of Pennsylvania, 1782-1813, and
served as vice-provost of the university, 1810-13.
He was a member of the select council of Phila-
delphia and was elected its president in 1799. He
was appointed in 1805 by President Jefferson di-
rector of the U. S. Mint, and served in that
capacity until his death. He was elected a mem-
ber of the American Philosophical society in
1783 and was its president, 1819-24. The honor-
ary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the
University of Pennsylvania in 1787 and that of
LL.D. in 1819. He is the author of : The New-
tonian System (1808); A Treatise on Arithmetic
(1819). besides many articles in the Transactions
of tlie, American Philosophical Society; and ed-
iti'd James Ferguson's Lectures on Mechanics (2
vols.. 180R): Ferguson's Astronomy (1809). and
John Webster's Natural Philosophy, with a me-
moir of the author (1809). He died in Philadel-
phia. Pa.. July 22. 1824.
PATTERSON
PATTERSON
PATTERSON, Robert, soldier, was born in
Cappagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792.
His father immigrated to the United States in
1789 to escape punishment for complicity in the
Irish rebellion, and settled in Delaware county,
Pa. Robert attended the public schools and was
employed in a Philadelphia counting house.
Upon the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was
commissioned 1st lieutenant of infantry and
toward the end of the war served on Gen. Joseph
Bloomfield's staff. He returned to Philadelphia,
was married to Sarah Ann Engle, and engaged in
mercantile pursuits and in establishing cotton
mills. He was a member of the convention that
met at Harrisburg March 4, 1824, and was com-
missioner of internal improvements in Pennsyl-
vania, 1827. In 1836 he was the Democratic
elector for the first congressional district of
Pennsylvania, and in 1837 was president of the
electoral college that declared Martin Van Buren
the President elect. He was commissioned major-
general of volunteers in 1847, and served through-
out the war with Mexico. He commanded a di-
vision at the battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17-18,
1847 ; led the advance brigades in the pursuit, and
entered and captured Jalapa. He was honorably
mentioned in Gen. Winfield Scott's reports. He
was major-general of the Pennsylvania militia,
and on April 15, 1861, volunteered for three
months' service, was mustered in as major-gen-
eral of volunteers, and was given command of
the military department composed of the states
of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and the
District of Columbia. He crossed into Virginia
June 15, 1861, at Williamsport, and was instructed
to watch the troops under Gen. Joseph E. John-
ston at Winchester, Va. When McDowell was
preparing to engage the enemy at Bull Run, July
21, 1861, Patterson, not receiving promised orders
from Gen. Winfield Scott, failed to detain John-
ston by giving him battle, and Johnston marched
to the assistance of Beauregard, Patterson tak-
ing no part in the battle of Bull Run. He was
honorably mustered out of service on the expira-
tion of his commission, July 27, 1861, and resumed
the charge of his important cotton manufactures.
He was a member of the original board of trus-
tees nominated in the charter of Lafayette col-
lege ; was senior member of the board, 1826-35 ;
again a trustee, 1874-81, and president of the
board of trustees, 1876-81. He is the author of :
Narrative of the Campaign in the Shenandoah
(1865.) He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 7, 1881.
PATTERSON, Robert Maskell, educator, was
born in Philadelphia. Pa., March 23, 1787 ; son of
Robert and Ame Hunter (Ewing) Patterson. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsyl-
vania A.B.. 1804; A.M., 1807; M.D., 1808. He
studied the physical sciences in London and
Paris, and was appointed acting U.S. consul-
general at Paris in 1809. He was professor of
natural philosophy and mathematics at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1813-28 ; succeeded
his father as vice provost of the university
1814-28 ; was professor of natural philosophy at
the University of Virginia, 1829-35, and a trustee
of the university, 1836-54. He was director of
the U.S. mint, 1835-51. He was a founder of
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, and one of
its vice-presidents ; a founder of the Musical
Fund society of Philadelphia, and its president,
1838-53 : a member of the American Philosophical
society, Philadelphia, 1809-54 ; delivered the dis-
course at its centennial celebration in 1843, and
was its president, 1849-54 ; and a member of
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1839-54.
He was married to Helen Hamilton, daughter of
Thomas Leiper, of Philadelphia, and their son
Robert (1819-1854) became a successful banker,
and the pioneer trust safe deposit and insurance
organizer in Philadelphia. He is the author of :
Early History of the American Philosophical So-
ciety: a Discourse at its 100th Anniversary (1843).
He died in Philadelphia. Pa., Sept. 5, 1854.
PATTERSON, Robert Mayne, clergyman,
editor and author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
July 17, 1832 ; son of John and Margaret (Mayne)
Patterson, who were of Scotch extraction, and
born near Belfast, Ireland, coming to America
early in the nineteenth century. He completed
the public and high school course, being gradu-
ated with the first honor in 1849, and was an
official reporter of the U.S. senate, 1850-55. He
was graduated from Princeton Theological sem-
inary in 1859, and was ordained by the pres-
bytery of Philadelphia, Aug. 25, 1859. He was
married in 1861 to Margaret Baxter Maclay,
daughter of the Rev. James and Sarah Nourse,
of Washington, Pa., and his wife died in 1863.
He was married secondly, in 1867, to Rebecca
Thomas, daughter of Joseph and Amy Malen, of
Chester Valley, Pa. He was pastor at Great
Valley, Pa., 1859-67 ; of the South church, Phila-
delphia, 1867-81 ; and in 1881 returned to the
Great Valley church, uniting with his pastoral
duties the editorship of the Presbyterian Journal
which he conducted, 1881-94. He was a member
of the committee to revise and publish the
" Digest of the Acts of the Assembly " (1871) ; a
member of the council that met in London in
1875 to form an international Presbyterian alli-
ance ; a delegate to the pan-Presbyterian coun-
cils in Philadelphia, 1880, Belfast, Ireland, 1884,
Edinburgh. 1888 ; moderator of the synod of
Pennsylvania 1890, and member of fourteen
General Assemblies. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by the College of
New Jersey in 1875, and that of LL.D. by La-
PATTERSON
PATTERSON
fayette college in 1881. He is the author of :
What is Our Dut y ? (1863) ; Character of Abraham
Lincoln (1864) ; Revival Councils (1871) ; Counsel
to Young Converts (1871); Total Abstinence (1873);
Presbyterianism in Philadelphia (1873) : \\7iich
is the Apostolic Church? (1874); Paradise: the
Place and State of Saved Souls Between Death
niL'l the Resurrection (1874:) ; History of 'the Synod
of Philadelphia (1876) ; Visions of Heaven for the
Life on Eiti-th (1877) ; Elijah, the Favored Man
(1880) : Proceedings of the Pan-Presbyterian
Council of 1SSO (1881) ; American Presbyterianism
in its Development and Growth (1896) ; The Angels
and their Ministrations (1900) ; Short Method with
Skeptics (1900) ; and editor of Tlie Presbyterian,
1868-80.
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, educator, was
born near Mary ville, Blount county, Tenn., Jan.
21, 1814 ; son of Alexander and Sarah E. (Steven-
son) Patterson, both natives of South Carolina
and a descendant of Scotch Presbyterians, who
immigrated to America to escape persecution.
He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1824,
was graduated at Illinois college in 1837, and
attended Lane Theological seminary at Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1837-39 and 1840-41. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Ottawa, Sept. 14, 1842, was
pastor of the second Presbyterian church, Chi-
cago, 111., 1842-73, and declined the chair of
didactic theology in Lane Theological seminary
in 1854. He was moderator of the new school
Presbyterian church in 1859, and a member of
the conference union of the two schools. He
was professor of Christian evidences and ethics
in McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago,
111., 1873-81 ; president of Lake Forest university,
111., 1876-78, and a lecturer 011 apologetics and
Christian evidences in Lane Theological semi-
nary, 1881-84. He received the degree D.D. from
Hamilton college in 1856, and that of LL.D. from
Lake Forest university in 1884. He retired to
Evanston, 111., where he died Feb. 28, 1894.
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, editor, was
born in Chicago, 111., Nov. 30, 1850 ; son of the
Rev. Dr. Robert Wilson (q. v.) and Julia (Quigley)
Paterson. He attended the public schools of Chi-
cago, the Chicago University preparatory school
and Lake Forest academy, and was graduated
from Williams college in 1871. He began the
study of law which he abandoned for journalism,
being employed during the great fire of 1871 as a
reporter on the Chicago Times. He was on the
staff of the Interior, 1872-73, and in 1873 began his
connection with the Chicago Tribune, serving as
night editor, Washington correspondent, editorial
writer, managing editor, and in 1899 succeeding
Joseph Medill (q. v. ) as editor-in-chief. He was
married. Jan. 17. 1878. to Elinor, daughter of
Joseph and Katherine (Patrick) Medill.
PATTERSON, Thomas, representative, was
born in Lancaster county, Pa., Oct. 1, 1764 ; son
of William and Rosanna (Scott) Patterson, and
grandson of James and Mary (Montgomery) Pat-
terson. James Patterson immigrated from the
north of Ireland, and settled in Lancaster county,
Pa., in 1728. Thomas resided at West Middle-
town and was a Republican representative in
the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1817-25.
He died in West Middletown, Pa., Nov. 17, 1841.
PATTERSON, Thomas Harmon, naval officer,
was born in New Orleans, La., May 10, 1820 ; was
warranted acting midshipman in the U.S. navy
April 5, 1836 ; was made midshipman in March
1837, and served on the Falmoiith, of the Pacific
squadron, 1837-40. He attended the naval school
at Philadelphia in 1842 ; was promoted passed
midshipman, July 1, 1842 ; master, Oct. 31, 1848,
and lieutenant, June 23, 1849. He served on the
eastern coast of Africa, 1849-54, in 1861 was given
command of the Chocnra, Hampton Roads, Va.,
and was senior officer of the naval forces on the
York and Pamunky rivers, co-operating with the
Army of the Potomac. He was promoted com-
mander, July 16, 1862, and commanded the steamer
James Adger of the South Atlantic squadron
November-June, 1862, taking part in the block-
ade of Wilmington and Charleston and in an
attack on a flying battery near Fort Fisher, Aug.
23, 1863. He captured the Confederate blockade
runners Cornubia and Robert E. Lee in Novem-
ber, 1863. He was commissioned captain, July
25, 1866; was stationed at Washington navy yard,
1867-70; was promoted commodore, Nov. 2, 1871,
and rear-admiral. March 28, 1877. He was presi-
dent of the naval board of examiners in 1876-77,
was in command of the Asiatic squadron, 1880-
82, and was retired May 10, 1882. He died in
Washington, D.C., April 9, 1889.
PATTERSON, Thomas MacDonald, senator,
was born in county Carlow, Ireland, Nov. 4, 1840 ;
sou of James and Margaret ( Montjoy) Patterson.
He immigrated to the United States with his par-
ents in childhood and after a short residence in
New York removed to Indiana, where he attended
Asbury (now De Pauw) university and Wabash
college. He was married in 1863 to Kate Graf
ton of Watertown, Mass. He was admitted to
the bar in 1868. He settled in practice at Den-
ver, Col. ; was city attorney of Denver in 1874 ;
a delegate to the 44th congress from Colorado
Territory, 1875-77, and was elected a represen-
tative to the 45th congress. The certificate
of election was given his opponent, James L.
Belford, who was unseated, and Mr. Patterson
took his seat Dec. 13, 1877. and served until March
1879. lie was a delegate to the Democratic nat-
ional conventions of 1*7(1. 1^0. 1*^ and 1^'.i'.' : a
niemlier of the Democratic national committee,
PATTI
PATTISON
1874-80, and the Democratic nominee for governor
of Colorado in 1888. He purchased and edited
the Rocky Mountain News at Denver, Col., 1890,
and continued to practise law. As a member of
the Democratic committee on resolutions in 1892
he brought in a minority report, being the only
member to favor the free coinage of silver, which
was adopted in 1896. He repudiated Cleveland's
nomination in 1892 and led the movement which
gave the electoral vote of Colorado to James B.
Weaver. He was a presidential elector on the
Bryan and Sewall ticket in 1896 and the Bryan
and Stevenson ticket in 1900, and was elected to
the U. S. senate as a Democrat in 1901, for the
term ending March 3, 1907. His wife died July
16, 1902, in Denver, Col.
PATTI, Adelina, prima donna, was born in
Madrid, Spain, Feb. 19, 1843; daughter of Sal-
vatore and Catherine (Cheisa) Barilli Patti, both
singers of repute. She came to the United States
with her parents in early childhood, and studied
music under her step-brother, Ettore Barilli, and
her brother-in-law, Maurice Strakosch. She
made her debut at a concert in New York city in
1850, then toured Great Britain with Strakosch
and Ole Bull, singing the songs of Jenny Lind,
re-appeared in New York city, and in 1854 accom-
panied Gottschalk, the pianist, to the West Indies.
She retired from the concert stage, 1855-58, and
continued her musical education, besides studying
the French, German, Italian and English lan-
guages. She made her first appearance in Italian
opera at the Academy of Music, New York city,
Nov. 24, 1859, in " Lucia ; " in London, May 14,
1861, in " La Sonnambula " and in Paris, Nov. 16,
1862. She subsequently visited Holland. Belgium
Austria, Prussia and Russia. In St. Petersburg
she received the Order of Merit and the title of
" first singer of the Court" from the Emperor in
1870, and sang "Aida" in the Apollo theatre,
Rome, 1874. She made a concert tour of the
United States, 1881-82, and appeared in opera
there in the seasons of 1882-83, 1884-85 and 1886-
87. She made a tour of South America, Mexico,
and the United States, 1887-88. Her voice, a so-
prano of exceptional range, was especially adapted
to pathos and coquetry. She married, July 29,
1868, the Marquis de Caux, from whom she was di-
vorced in 1885; secondly, in 1886, Ernesto Nicolini,
an Italian tenor, who died in 1898 ; and thirdly,
Jan. 25, 1899, Baron Rolf Cederstrom oE Sweden,
and made her home at Craig y Nos Castle,
Wales. She sang in the United States in 1903.
PATTISON, Granville Sharpe, educator, was
born in Scotland in 1791. He was educated in
Glasgow, and became a medical lecturer there.
He emigrated to the United States, and was pro-
fessor of anatomy in Baltimore medical college.
Afterward he held the same professorship in Lon-
don, England. Returning to the United States,
he was a professor in Jefferson Medical college,
Philadelphia, and in 1840 transferred his services to
the University of the city of New York. He trans-
lated and edited medical works and wrote pam-
phlets. He died in New York city, Nov. 12, 1851.
PATTISON, Robert Emory, governor of Penn-
sylvania, was born in Quantico, Somerset county,
Md., Dec. 8, 1850; son of the Rev. Robert Henry
and Catherine Priscilla (Woolford) Pattison ;
grandson of Judge Samuel and Ann (Skinner)
Pattison and of Dr.
Thomas and Margaret
(Le Compte) Wool-
ford, of Cambridge,
Dorchester county,
Md., and a descend-
ant of James Pattison
of James Island, Md.,
who arrived in Amer-
ica, 1640, and of Roger
Woolford who came
to Virginia prior to
1662, and in that year
settled in Somerset
county, Md., where
he was justice of the
county for five years
between 1676-94. Robert Emory Pattison was
graduated at the Philadelphia High school, A.B.,
1870; studied law with Lewis Cassidy, 1870-73,
and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He was city
comptroller, 1877-83, and at once began a reform
movement which resulted in his election as gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania in 1882 by a plurality of
40,202 over his Republican opponent, Gen. James
A. Beaver. At the end of his term in 1886, he re-
sumed his law practice in Philadelphia. In April,
1887, he was elected president of the Chestnut
Street National bank and was a member and pres-
ident of the U.S. Pacific railroad commission,
1887-90. He was re-elected governor of Pennsyl-
vania in 1891 on the reform platform, his term
expiring in 1895, and was again the Democratic
nominee for governor in 1902. but was defeated.
PATTISON, Robert Everett, educator, was
born in Benson, Vt., Aug. 19, 1800 ; son of the Rev.
William and Sarah (Everett) Pattison ; grandson
of Capt. Robert and Elizabeth (Cochrane) Patti-
son and of the Rev. Dr. Jeremiah and Elizabeth
(Warren) Everett. Capt. Robert Pattison and his
wife were both Scotch, but living in the north of
Ireland, whence they immigrated to America, and
settled in Vermont. Their son, the Rev. William
Pattison, was the first male child born in Halifax,
Vt. Robert Everett Pattison graduated from
Amherst A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829 ; was tutor at
Columbian college. Washington, D.C., 1826-27 ;
professor of mathematics and natural philosophy
PATTISON
PATTON
at Waterville college, Maine (which institution
became Colby university, Jan. 23, 1867), 1827-29 ;
pastor at Salem, Mass., and Providence, R.I.,
1829-36 ; president and professor of intellectual
and moral philosophy, Waterville college, 1836-
39; pastor at St. Louis, Mo., 1840^1, and at Provi-
dence, R.I. , 1841-42; secretary of the Baptist Mis-
sionary Union, 1842-45; president of the Western
Baptist Theological institute, Covington, Ky.,
1845-48 ; professor of Christian Theology at the
Newton Theological institution, 1848-54 ; again
president of Waterville college, 1854-57 ; proprie-
tor of Oread institute, Worcester, Mass., 1859-64;
professor of systematic theology and history of
doctrines at Shurtleff college, 1865-69, and pro-
fessor of theology at the Union Baptist Theolog-
ical seminary, Chicago, 111., 1870-74. Brown uni-
versity conferred on him the honorary degrees
A.M., 1832, and D.D., 1838. He is the author of
" Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians "
(1859) . He died at the home of his eldest son, Ever-
ett Wilson Pattison, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 21, 1874.
PATTISON, Thomas, naval officer, was born
in Troy, N.Y.. Feb. 8, 1822. He was appointed
a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March 2, 1839,
and served on the St. Louis of the Pacific
squadron, 1839-42. He attended the naval school
at Philadelphia, Pa. , in 1845, was promoted passed
midshipman July 2, 1845, and served on the
steamers Scorpion and Princeton, the frigates
Raritan and Columbia, the ordnance ship
Electro, and the gunboat Referee, of the home
squadron, during the Mexican war. He served
with the coast survey, 1850-51 ; was promoted
lieutenant, Sept. 12, 1854, and served on the
Portsmouth of the Pacific squadron, 1852-55.
He was the first American naval officer to enter
Tokyo, Japan. He was stationed at the Boston
navy yard in 1857, and was an officer on the
Mississippi of the East India squadron, 1857-60.
He was commissioned lieutenant-commander in
1861, and served as executive officer of the sloop
Perry. During a night engagement off Charles-
ton, S.C., June 4, 1861, he assisted in the capture
of the Savannah, the first Confederate privateer
taken in the war. He commanded the Philadel-
phia of the Potomac flotilla in October,
1861, and engaged the Confederate batteries
on the Potomac river and Aquia creek. He
was transferred to the Sumter of the South
Atlantic squadron, in 1862, and to the Sarah
Dolson of the Mississippi squadron, in 1863. He
was in charge of the naval station at Mem-
phis, Tenn., 1863-65; was promoted commander,
March 3, 1865, and was in charge of the Muscota,
of the Atlantic squadron, 1865-67. He was on
duty at the Norfolk navy yard, 1867-69 ; was
promoted captain in June, 1870. and commanded
the Richmond in the West Indies, 1871-72 ; the
Saranac and the receiving ship Independence,
1872-78. He was promoted commodore, Dec. 11,
1877, and commanded the naval station at Port
Royal, S.C., 1878-80. He was transferred to the
navy yard at Washington, D.C., in 1880, and
served until July, 1883, when he was detached.
He was commissioned rear-admiral, in November,
1883, and was retired Feb. 8, 1884. He died at
New Brighton, N.Y., Dec. 19, 1891.
PATTON, Francis Landey, educator, \raa
born in Warwick parish, Bermuda, Jan. 22,
1843. He attended Warwick academy, the
University of Toronto, Knox college, Toronto,
and was graduated from the Princeton Theolo-
gical seminary in
1865. He was mar-
ried, Oct. 10, 1865,
to Rosa Antoinette,
daughter of the Rev.
John M. Stevenson,
of New York city.
He was ordained by
the presbytery of
New York, June 1,
1865; was pastor of
the Eighty-fourth
Street church, New
York city, 1865-67;
the Presbyterian
church, Nyack, N.Y.,
1867-70 ; the South
church, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Cormick professor at Northwest (now McCor-
mick) seminary, Chicago, 1872-81 ; pastor of
Jefferson Park church, Chicago, 111., 1874-81,
and moderator of the general assembly, 1878.
He was Stuart professor of the relations of
philosophy and science to the Christian religion
(endowed for him by Robert L. Stuart) at
Princeton Theological seminary, 1880-88. He
was made professor of ethics at the College of
New Jersey in 1886, and in 1888 succeeded James
McCosh to the presidency of the College of New
Jersey which in 1896 became Princeton university.
During his presidency he doubled the number of
students, of buildings, of members of the faculty.
and the endowment of the university. He
resigned the presidency of Princeton university
in June, 1903, and on Oct. 14, 1902, was elected
president of Princeton Theological seminary.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by Hanover college in 1872, and by Yale in
1888, and that of LL.D. by Wooster university
in 1878, by Harvard in 1889, by the University of
Toronto in 1894, by Yale in 1901, and by Johns
Hopkins in 1902. He edited the Chicago Interior
(1873-76), and is the author of: Inspiration of the
Xfrijitures (1859); Summary of Christian Doc-
t.rine (1874), and numerous articles and reviews.
1871 ; Cyrus H. Mc-
PATTON
PATTON
<Pa/lio
PATTON, Jacob Harris, teacher and author,
was born in Fayette county, Pa., May 20, 1812;
son of Thomas and Anna (Harris) Patton ; grand-
son of Joseph and Sarah (Weir) Patton and of
Jacob and Rebecca (Mofford) Harris. He was
graduated at Jeffer-
son college, Pa. , A. B. ,
1839, A.M., 1843; was
a tutor in the Uni-
versity of Nashville,
Tenn., 1840-43, and
at Union Theological
seminary, New York
city, 1843^6, and was
graduated there in
1846. He was princi-
pal of a private clas-
sical school in New
York city, 1846-82,
and was licensed to
pi-each by the pres-
bytery of New York
in 1846, but chose the profession of teaching.
He was married in 1854 to Caroline, daughter
of Oliver Chear ; she died in 1880. He received
the degree of Ph.D. from Washington and Jef-
ferson college in 1884. He devoted the latter
part of his life to literary work, and is the
author of : A Concise History of the American
People (2 vols. 1860-1901); Yorktoim Memorial
17S1-1SS1 (1881); Political Parties of the United
States, their History and Influence (1884-1902);
A Popular History of the Presbyterian Church in
the United States (1901) ; The Natural Resources
of the United States (1888-1894); Which Religion
Satisfies the Wants of the Soul? (1902), and con-
tributions to periodicals.
PATTON, John, senator, was born at Curwens-
ville, Pa., Oct. 30, 1850; son of the Hon. John
and Catherine (Ennis) Patton ; grandson of Lieut.
John (U.S. navy) and Susan (Antes) Patton ;
and great-grandson of Col. John Patton of the
16th colonial regiment of Pennsylvania in the
war of the Revolution. His father was a represen-
tative from Pennsylvania in the 37th and 50th
congresses, 1861-63, and 1887-89. John Patton,
Jr., was prepared for college at Phillips Andover
academy ; and graduated from Yale, A.B.,
1875, and from Columbia, LL.B., 1877 ; and in
1878 engaged in the practice of law at Grand
Rapids, Mich. In 1884 he was a member of the
Republican state central committee, and gained
prominence as an orator in national and state
campaigns. He was president of the Michigan
state Republican league, 1890 and 1891. He was
married, Oct. 1, 1885, to Frances S.. daughter of
the Hon. Wilder D., and Fanny L. Foster. On
the death of Senator Francis B. Stockbridge, he
was appointed his successor by Governor John
T. Rich, May 5, 1894, and served until the meet-
ing of the legislature in January, 1895, when
Julius C. Burrows was elected to fill out the
unexpired terra.
PATTON, John Mercer, representative, was
born in Virgina in 1796. He graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1818;
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and
practiced in Fredericksburg, Va. He was married
to P. French Williams, daughter of Isaac H.
and Lucy (Slaughter) Williams, and grand-
daughter of John Williams, and of Capt. Philip
Slaughter. He was elected a representative in
the 21st congress in 1830 to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of John Taliaferro,
and was also a representative in the 22d, 23d,
24th and 2.~>th congresses, 1831-39. He removed
to Richmond, Va., and resumed his law practice,
and was judge of the court of appeals at the time
of his death, in Richmond, Va., Oct. 29, 1858.
PATTON, Robert Miller, governor of Ala-
bama, was born in Monroe county, Va., July 10,
1809 ; son of William and Martha (Hays) Patton.
William Pattou. a native of Ireland, immigrated
to Virginia in early manhood, and in 1813 re-
moved with his wife and chil-
dren to Huntsville, Ala., be-
coming one of the founders
of one of the first cotton mills
in the state. Robert was ed-
ucated in the public schools
and at an early age entered
commercial life, removing in
1829 to Florence, Ala., where he became a mer-
chant. He was elected a representative in the
state legislature in 1834, and in the special legisla-
ture, 1837, called for the relief of those affected by
the financial panic of that year, and served almost
continuously in the legislature until 1861, being
president of the senate in that year. He was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
at Charleston, S.C., in 1860, and to the state con-
vention that passed the ordinance of secession,
where he opposed the movement, but afterward
devoted himself wholly to the southern cause.
He spent his own fortune in aiding it, and as a
commissioner of the Confederate government,
raised several million dollars to keep the armies
in the field. He was a member of the Alabama
constitutional convention of 1865, and was elected
governor of the state, serving from December,
1865, to July, 1868, when he was displaced through
the reconstruction measures of congress. He
obtained the capital for building the railroad to
connect Chattanooga, Mobile, Ala., and New
Orleans, La., and was president of the road from
Chattanooga to Meridian. He was a trustee of
the Missouri State university ; the State Normal
college of Alabama, and the Synodical Female
PATTON
PAUL
college at Florence, Ala. He was married Jan.
23, 1833, to Jane, daughter of Gen. John and Mary
(Brahan) Locke, of Huntsville, Ala. Three sons
served in the Confederate army, two of whom
were killed. Governor Patton died at Sweet-
water, near Florence, Ala., Feb. 29, 1885.
PATTON, William, author, was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., Aug. 23, 1798; son of Col. Robert
and Cornelia (Bridges) Patton and a descendant of
Robert Patton of Scotch Irish descent, who came
to America in 1762 and served as an officer in the
Revolution. William Patton was graduated from
Middlebury college, Vt., in 1818, and was a student
at Princeton Theological seminary, 1819-20. He
was married in 1819 to Mary, daughterof Zachariah
and Mary (Fisk) Weston of Lincoln. He was stated
supply and pastor of the Central Presbyterian
church, New York city, 1821-34 ; secretary of the
American Educational society, 1834-37 ; and was
pastor in New York city, 1837-52. He removed to
New Haven, Conn., in 1854. He was one of the
organizers of the World's Evangelical Alliance in
UNIVERSITY OF THE
1846 ; and was a founder of the University of the
City of New York in 1831, and of Union The-
ological seminary, New York, in 1836. He was a
member of the executive committee of the Amer-
ican Home Missionary society, 1830-70 ; vice
president of that society, and of the American
Missionary association, and a corporate member
of the A.B.C.F.M. He was married secondly to
Mrs. Mary Bird of Philadelphia, and thirdly to
Mrs. Emily T. Hayes of New Haven. The hon-
orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
the University of the City of New York in 1836.
He edited President Jonathan Edwards's work on
Revivals, and Charles G. Finney's Lectures on
Revivals (1839); prepared the American editions
of the Cottage Bible, and ihe.Village Testament
(1833), and was assistant editor of the Christian
Psalmist (1836). He is the author of : Tlie Laws
of Fermentation and the Wines of the Ancients
(1871); The Judgment of Jerusalem, Predicted in
Scripture, Fulfilled in History (1879): Jesus of
Nazareth (1878) ; Bible Principles and Characters
( 1879). He died in New Haven, Conn. , Sept. 9, 1879.
PATTON, William Weston, educator, was born
in New York city, Oct. 19, 1821 ; son of William
and Mary (Westou) Patton. He was graduated
from the University of the City of New York,
A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842, and from the Union Theo-
logical seminary, 1842, and was ordained in 1843.
He was pastor of the Phillips Congregational
church, Boston, Mass., 1843-46 ; at Hartford,
Conn., 1846-07, and at Chicago, 111., 1857-67;
editor of Advance, Chicago, 111., 1867-72; west-
ern secretary of the American Missionary asso-
ciation, 1873-74 ; lecturer at Oberlin and Chicago
theological seminaries, 1874-77, and president of
Howard university, Washington, D.C., 1877-89.
He was married Jan. 11, 1843, to Sarah Jane,
daughter of Horatio and Maria (Pettit) Mott of
New York, who died in 1850 ; and secondly, in
1851. to Mary Boardman, daughter of Norman
Smith. She died in 1880. He was a corporate
member of the A.B.C.F.M., 1869-89 ; a member
of the Society of the Cincinnati ; vice-president
of the Sanitary Commission of the Northwest,
and an honorary member of the Society of
Sciences, Literature and Art, London, England.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Indiana Asbury university in 1862,
and by the University of the City of New York
in 1882. He is the author of: Tlie Duties of
Christians to Suppress Duelling ( 1844) ; Tlie Amer-
ican Board and Slave Holding (1846); Pro-Slav-
ery Interpretation of the Bible Productive of
Infidelity (1846) ; Tlie Young Man's Friend (1847) ;
Conscience and Law (1850); Piety and Military
Services (1861); Spiritual Victory (1874) ; Prayer
and Its Remarkable Answers (1875); Count Tolstoi
and the Sermon on the Mount (1887). He died at
Westfield, N.J., Dec. 31, 1889.
PAUL, Gabriel Rene, soldier, was born in St.
Louis, Mo., March 22, 1813 ; son of Col. Rene and
Eulalie (Chouteau) Paul, and grandson of Eus-
tache and Marie Anne Scholastique (Masse) Paul,
and of Auguste and Marie Therese (Cerre) Chou-
teau. Eustache Paul, a native of France, settled
at Cape Francais, Santo Domingo, and Col. Rene
Paul was colonel of engineers under Napoleon,
serving on the French flag ship at Trafalgar. He
immigrated to Philadelphia, Pa., engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits in St. Louis, Mo., 1808-13, and was
afterward a surveyor of government lands. Gabriel
was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and
bivvftted 2d lieutenant in the 7th infantry, July
1, 1834 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 4.
1834, and 1st lieutenant, Oct. 26, 1836. He served
in the Florida war, 1839-42; was promoted
captain, April 19, 1846, and served in the war
with Mexico, being engaged in the defence
of Fort Brown, the battle of Monterey, the siege
of Vera Cruz, battles of Cerro Gordo (where he
was wounded), Contreras, Churubusco. Molino
PAUL
PAUL
del Rey, and the storming of Chapultepec, where
he was brevetted major for gallant and merit-
orious conduct. He served on the Rio Grande
expedition, where he captured Caravajal and his
gang of desperadoes in April, 1832, was in garrison,
and in Texas and Missouri, 1852-58. He particip-
ated in the Utah expeditions of 1858-60, captur-
ing a band of hostile Indians on Spanish Fork,
was promoted major and transferred to the 8th
infantry, April 22, 1861 ; was acting inspector-
general of the department of New Mexico, July to
December, 1861 ; was appointed colonel, 4th New
Mexico volunteers, Dec. 9, 1861 ; and commanded
Fort Union and the Southern military district of
New Mexico respectively, 1862, participating in the
skirmish at Peralta.New Mexico, April 15, 1862. He
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, April 25, 1862 ;
served as brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 5,
1862, to March 22, 1863, and in the Rappahannock
campaign with the Army of the Potomac, being
engaged in the battles of Freclericksburg and
Chancellorsville. He was appointed brigadier-
general of volunteers. April 18, 1863 ; was severely
wounded at Gettysburg by a rifle ball, which
deprived him of the sight of both eyes, and was
promoted colonel and transferred to the 14th
infantry, Sept. 14, 1863. He was retired from
active service Feb. 1C, 1865, was deputy
governor of the Soldiers' Home, near Washing-
ton, D.C., February to June, 1865, and conducted
the Military asylum at Harrodsburg, Ky.. from
June, 1865, to December, 1866. He was brevetted
brigadier-general U.S.A., Feb. 23, 1865, for gallant
and meritorious services at Gettysburg and was
mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1,
1866. In recognition of his services in Mexico
the citizens of St. Louis, Mo., presented him with
a sword in November, 1863 ; the 29th New Jersey
volunteers gave him a jeweled sword for his
services in the battle of Gettysburg ; and on Dec.
10, 1886, a monument was erected over his grave
in the cemetery at Arlington, Va., by his com-
rades of the Grand Army. He was married March
24, 1835, to Mary Anne, daughter of Col. William
Whistler, U.S.A., and secondly to Louise, daugh-
ter of John and Elizabeth (Neland) Doxon, and
widow of Alfred H. Rogers of Cincinnati, Ohio.
He died in Washington. D.C., May 5, 1886.
PAUL, Henry Martyn, astronomer and civil
engineer, was born in Dedham, Mass., June 25,
1851 ; son of Ebenezer and Susan (Dresser) Paul;
grandson of Samuel and Martha (Crane) Paul,
and of David and Hannah (Farnsworth) Dresser,
and a descendant of Richard and Margery (Tur-
ner) Paul. Richard Paul emigrated from Eng-
land to Boston, Mass., in 1635 ; was a soldier in
the fort in Boston, in 1636, and one of the original
proprietors of Cohannet (now Tauntou), Mass.,
in 1637. Henry Martyn Paul was graduated at
Dartmouth A.B., 1873, A.M., 1878, and at the
Thayer School of Civil Engineering in 1875. He
was principal assistant to Professor Quimby in
the triaugulation of New Hampshire, 1872-75 ;
assistant astronomer in the naval observatory at
Washington, D.C., 1875-80 ; observed the transit
•'• ^^m,:
, ' - li^sief&Z "*•""-„
'"• •'.'-•**ffiLr '£2l
a77®»-;i»ij ^Wfa
Siit'irJlIi- |.*^v
*
UAIITEp STATES AIAVAL. OBSERVATORY, WflSHIAI<; TOfi, t>.C
of Mercury at Dartmouth college in May, 1878,
and the total solar eclipse at West LasAnimas,
Col., in tlie following July. He was married Aug.
27, 1878, to Augusta Anna, daughter of the Rev.
Dr. Edgar Harkness and Mary Jane (Rice) Gray,
of Washington, D.C. He was professor of astron-
omy in the Imperial university, Tokyo, Japan,
1880-83 ; assistant astronomer at the U.S. Naval
observatory, Washington, 1883-97, and in 1897
was made professor of mathematics in the navy.
He became a fellow in the American Association
for the Advancement of Science ; one of the
council of the Philosophical Society of Washing-
ton ; a member of the Washington Academy of
Sciences, and of the Cosmos club, and president
of the Choral Society of Washington, 1896-98.
He made researches in the phenomena of variable
stars, and is the author of astronomical papers,
published as appendices to the volumes of the
Washington Observations. After 1899 he was in
the bureau of yards and docks, navy department.
PAUL, John. See Webb, Charles Henry.
PAUL, John, jurist, was born in Rockingham
county, Va., June 30, 1839; son of Peter and
Maria (Whitmore) Paul; grandson of Nicholas
Paul, who came to America early in the eight-
eenth century, and a descendant of a Huguenot
family who removed from France to Holland.
He attended Roanoke college, Salem, Va., and
upon the breaking out of the civil war enlisted
in the Confederate army as a lieutenant in the
1st Virginia cavalry. He was graduated from
the law department of the University of Virginia
in 1867 ; was attorney for the commonwealth of
Virginia, 1870-77 ; a member of the state senate,
1877-81 ; a Democratic representative in the 47th
congress, 1881-83 ; and judge of the U.S. court
for the western district of Virginia, 1883-1901.
He married, Nov. 19, 1874, Katharine Seymour,
daughter of Charles Green, of Warren county,
Va. He died at Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 1, 1901.
PAULDING
PAULDING
PAULD1NQ, Hiram, naval officer, was born
near Peekskill, Westohester county, N.Y., Dec.
11,1797; son of John Paulding. He attended
the public schools until 1811, when he was com-
missioned a midshipman in the U.S. navy and
began the study of mathematics and navigation.
He was ordered to join Capt. Isaac Chauncey on
Lake Ontario, in 1813, and was transferred to the
President, the flagship of Commander Macdon-
ough, in August, 1814. The American squadron
being short of officers, he was commissioned
acting lieutenant, and for his gallantry while in
charge of the second heavy gun division on board
the Ticonderoga, Lieut. Stephen Cassin, during
the battle of Lake Champlain, was highly com-
plimented, and received a vote of thanks from
congress. After the close of the war he joined
the squadron of Commodore Decatur and served
with distinction during the Algerian difficulty. He
was promoted lieutenant, April 27, 1816; served on
the Independence and the brig Prometlieus, 1816-
17, and cruised on the Macedonian, of the Pacific
squadron, 1817-20. On his return to the United
States lie procured a leave of absence, and attended
the American Literary, Scientific and Military
academy, Norwich, Vt., where he was graduated
in 1833. He joined Commodore Porter's squadron
as first lieutenant on the Sea Gull, in 1823, was
ordered to the frigate United States in 1824, and
cruised in the Pacific ocean on board the Dolphin,
1824-28. He was on the frigate Constitution,
1828-30, and commanded the schooner Shark,
1834-37. In 1837 he was promoted commodore,
and \vas assigned to the command of the sloop of
war Levant, Feb. 9, 1837, cruising in the West
Indies, 1837-41. He was executive officer of the
U.S. navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1841-44 ; was
promoted captain in 1844, and cruised on the
Vincennes in the East Indies, 1844-47. He was in
command of the East Indian station, 1847-48 ;
was transferred to the frigate St. Lawrence, and
cruised in the Baltic, North and Mediterranean
seas, 1848-51. He took charge of the U.S. navy
yard at Wash-
ington, D.C., in
1852, and com-
manded the
home squadron,
1854-57. While
in South Ameri-
can waters in
command of the
'rigate Wabash,
May 1, 1857, he
came into port at the mouth of the San Juan
river, Nicaragua, where William Walker (q.v.),
having captured the town with 200 men a short
time before, had established his camp. Commo-
dore Paulding demanded the surrender of Walker,
U S.S. WABASH.
and backed up his demand by landing 350 armed
men, and by bringing the guns of the Wabash to
bear on the camp. Walker surrendered and was
paroled, but on reaching Washington, D.C., was
not acknowledged by the U.S. government as a
prisoner. His action was pronounced by President
Buchanan in a message to congress, a grave error,
which, if unrebuked, might give serious trouble
to the government. Paulding was also warned not
to exceed his instructions or legal authority in the
future. Paulding's action began the subject of
congressional investigation, and the committee
of foreign affairs in the house reported against
the legality of Walker's arrest, which called out an
extended debate in both houses of congress and be-
came a sectional issue. Paulding was presented
with a sword and a large tract of land as a re-
ward for his services, by the President of Nicar-
agua, but was not allowed by the U.S. govern-
ment to receive the land. He was appointed in
September, 1861, by President Lincoln, to serve
on the board to examine plans of iron-clad vessels.
He was ordered to take command of the U.S.
navy yard at Norfolk, Va., and set out on the
Pawnee with 600 men. Upon his arrival he
found that he could not hold the yard against the
Confederates, and after transferring the arms
and munitions from the Pennsylvania and other
vessels stationed there, he scuttled the ships and
taking the Cumberland in tow, he set fire to the
yard and went to Hampton Roads. He was
relieved by law, Dec. 21, 1861, being over sixty-
two years old, and in July, 1862, was one of the
ten retired officers to receive the newly created
grade of rear-admiral. He was governor of the
naval asylum at Philadelphia, Pa., 1866-69, and
port admiral of Boston, Mass., 1869-74. He is
the author of : The Cruise of the Dolphin (1831).
He died at Huntington, N.Y., Oct. 20, 1878.
PAULDING, James Kirke, cabinet officer and
author, was born in Great Nine Partners, N.Y.,
Aug. 22, 1778 ; son of William and Catharine
(Ogden) Paulding, and a descendant of Joseph
Paulding, who settled in New Amsterdam before
1640. William Paulding was a wealthy ship-
owner and storekeeper at Tarrytown-on-the-
Hudson, and at the outbreak of the Revolutionary
war gave his entire fortune to the patriot
cause and was himself appointed state commissary
to the Continental forces. After the war he
returned to Tarrytown, where he lived in actual
want. James received but little schooling, and
in 1797 obtained employment in an office in New
York city. He entered the best society of the
city and became intimate with such men as
Gouverneur Kenible, Henry Brevoort. Jr., and
Washington Irving. He joined the Calliopean
society, one of the foremost literary institutions
in New York. He began his literary career by
PAULDING
PAULDING
contributions to the Morning Chronicle. lie was
associated with Washington Irving in the publi-
cation of the humorous fortnightly periodical
known as Salmagundi, or the WJiim-ichams and
Opin ions of Launcelot Longstaff, Esq. , and Others,
Jan. 24, 1807. The paper was discontinued Jan.
35, 1808, after twenty numbers had been issued.
He was appointed secretary of the newly-created
board of naval commissioners at Washington,
D.C., in April, 1815, and served until 1823, when
he returned to New York city to accept the ap-
pointment of navy agent of the port of New York.
He was married in 1818 to Gertrude, sister of
Gouverneur Kenible. He was appointed secretary
THE OLD NAVY PERT. BUILPI^C .WASH I/Y6TO/V PC
of the navy in Martin Van Buren's cabinet, in
1838, and ended his public career March 4, 1841,
retiring to his country home at Hyde Park-on-
the-Hudson, where he devoted himself to litera-
ture and the care of his estate. He began a
second edition of Salmagundi in 1819, which also
failed. He is the author of : The Diverting His-
tory of John Bull and Brother Jonathan (1812);
The Lay of the Scotch Fiddle : a Tale of Havre de
Grace (1813) ; Tlie United States and England, a
defence against articles in the Quarterly Review
(1814); Letters from the South by a Northern
Man (1817); Tlie Backwoodsman (1818) ; A Sketch
of Old England by a New England Man (1822);
Koningsmarke, or the Long Finne (a satirical
novel in which the lines " Peter Piper picked a
peck of pickled peppers" occur (1823); John Bull
in America, or the New Munchausen (1824); Tlie
Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham
(1826); New Mirror for Travellers (1828); Tales of
the Good Woman (1829); Chronicles of the City of
Gotham (1830); Tlie Dutchman's Fireside, a novel
(1831); Tlie Lion of the West (a drama produced
1831); Westward Ho! (1833); Life of Washington
(1835); Slavery in the United States, in which he
defended the institution on social, economical
and physiological grounds(1836); Tlie Book of St.
Nicholas (1837); A Gift from Fairy Land (1838);
Tlie Old Continental (1S4G); American Comedies
(1847), and Tlie Puritan and His Daughter (1849).
See life and works by William Irving PauMing
(1S67). He died in Hyde Park, N.Y., April 6, 1800.
PAULDING, John, patriot, was born in New
York, probably in Westchester county, in 1758. He
was brought up on a farm, and while a scout in the
American army under General Arnold, operating
in the highlands of the Hudson river, was taken
prisoner by the British. He was confined in the
old sugar house on Duane street, New York city,
whence he escaped. In order to prevent re-cap-
ture he exchanged his farmer's garb for a British
uniform, and upon reaching the Harlem river
swam the stream and crossed the Hudson river
in a canoe from Spuyten Duyvil to the west
bank. He then journeyed on foot to Stony
Point, and there was rowed by friends across the
river to Verplank's Point. On his way home he
met Isaac Van Wort and David Williams near
the present village of Tarrytown, and the three
joined in a game of cards. While thus engaged
a horseman in civilian's clothes paused at a
stream by the wayside to enable his horse to
drink. Paulding, whose experience in the army
and in prison made him the most alert of the
party, approached the stranger and asked him to
which party he belonged. The horseman, notic-
ing Paulding's uniform and supposing that he was
speaking with a friend, replied "To your party."
" How do you know which party I belong to ? "
asked Paulding. " I can tell by your dress," said
the horseman. "I suppose, then, that you be-
long to the lower party." "Yes," replied the
horseman, " 1 am a British officer out on particu-
lar business and do not wish to be detained."
Paulding ordered him to dismount, and the pris-
oner, who afterward proved to be Maj. John
Andre, produced Arnold's pass for John Ander-
son, saying, ''By detaining me you will hinder
the general's business." This proceeding, taken
in connection with his first assurance that he
was a British officer, aroused Paulding's suspi-
cious, and he searched his prisoner, but found
nothing to identify him. This led Andre to de-
clare that he carried no letters, which Paulding
disbelieving, they thereupon pulled off his boots
and found three parcels under each stocking, all
of which subsequently proved to be in Arnold's
handwriting. Williams then proposed to bar-
gain for his release, and asked if he would give
his horse and equipments, his watch and 100
guineas if they would let him go. Andre not
only agreed to this, but proposed any larger sum
of money his captors might name. Paulding
then interfered, exclaiming : " No, by God, if
you would give us 10,000 guineas you should not
stir a step ; " and the three men took Andre to
the post at North Castle, delivered him to the
lieutenant-colonel in command, and went away
claiming no reward, and not even leaving their
names. Washington, however, sought them out
and presented each with a silver medal, bearing
PAXSON
PAXTON
on one side the word "Fidelity," and on the
other " Viucit armor patriae." He also ordered
an annuity of $200 to each, and the government
further rewarded each of the three men (neither
of whom was in active army service at the time)
with a farm of 200 acres, Paulding's farm being
two miles from Peekskill, N.Y. He was twice
married, his children by both marriages number-
ing twenty-one. Samuel D. Paulding was the
last survivor of the children, and died in New
York city, June 8, 1898. A monument to the
three captors of Andre was erected on upper
Broadway, Tarrytown, at the point where the
famous meeting occurred. John Paulding, the
patriot, died in Peekskill, N.Y., April 30, 1818.
PAXSON, Edward M., jurist, was born in
Buckingham, Bucks county, Pa., Sept. 3, 1824;
son of Thomas and Ann (Johnson) Paxson ;
grandson of Jacob and Mary (Shaw) Paxson, and
a descendant of James Paxson, who emigrated
from the parish of Marsh Gibbon, Bucks county,
England, and settled in Middletown, Bucks
county, Pa., in 1682, and maternally of William
Johnson, a native of Ireland, who settled in New
Jersey before the Revolution and subsequently
was professor in a South Carolina college. He
attended the Friends schools, learned the trade
of printer, and in 1843 became editor of the Newton
Journal, which he established. He founded and
was editor of the Philadelphia Daily News, 1347,
and after conducting it one year sold it and stud-
ied law. He was admitted to the bar of Bucks
county, Pa., April 24, 1850, and practised in Phil-
adelphia. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Philadelphia, 1869-74 ; judge of the su-
preme court of the state, 1874-95, and chief jus-
tice of the supreme court, 1889-93. He resigned
his seat on the bench Feb. 20, 1893, to accept the
appointment as one of the receivers of the Phila-
delphia and Reading railroad company by order
of Judge George M. Dallas. He completed
his task as receiver April 20, 1897, when lie re-
signed. He gave to the committee of the Bucks
County Friends Quarterly Meeting on March 3,
1901, deeds for a large and handsome building
erected by him in Newton as a memorial to his
parents as a home for aged and infirm members
of the Society of Friends of his native county. In
1902 he erected an infirmary for the " Home for
Aged and Infirm Colored Persons" in Phila-
delphia, the building being opened early in Jan-
uary, 1903. He was married, April 30, 1846, to
Mary C., daughter of Nathaniel Newin of Dela-
ware county, and after her death, June 7, INS.">,
secondly, December 1, 1886, to Mary Martha S.,
widow of Samuel A. Bridges of Alleutown, Pa.,
representative in the 45th congress. He is the
author of : Broivn's Collection Laws and Me-
moirs of the Johnson Family.
PAXTON, Elisha Franklin, soldier, was born
in Rockbridge county, Va., March 4, 1828 ; son of
Elisha and Margaret (McNutt) Paxton ; grand-
son of William and Ellen (Hay) Paxton, and a
descendant of the Paxton familj7 who immigrated
to America from the north of Ireland with the
Houstons and others in 1730 and settled in Penn-
sylvania. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1N47 ;
attended the Virginia Military institute at Lex-
ington, Va., but was not graduated, and was
president of a bank in Lynchburg, Va. He en-
tered the Confederate army as colonel of a Vir-
ginia regiment ; was promoted brigadier-general,
and commanded the 1st brigade, Jackson's divis-
ion, at Fredericksburg, and his brigade in Trim-
ble's division, commanded by Gen. R. E. Colston
at the battle of Chancellorsville, where he fell,
May 3, 1863. He was married to Lizzie White.
He died on the battlefield near Chancellor's
House, May 3, 1863.
PAXTON, William Miller, educator, was born
at Maria Furnace, Adams county, Pa., June 7,
1824 ; son of James Duulop and Jane Maria (Mil-
ler) Paxton ; grandson of William Paxton and of
W'illiam Miller, and great-grandson of John
Paxton of the Revolutionary army and pastor of
Lower Marsh Creek, Adams county, Pa. Another
great-grandfather, James Dunlop, was an officer
in the Revolutionary army, and subsequently
member of the Pennsylvania legislature for
twenty-seven years. After attending school at
Millerstown, now Fairfield, and at Gettysburg,
William M. Paxton was graduated from Penn-
sylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1843; stud-
ied law for two years, but decided to enter the
ministry, and was graduated from the Princeton
Theological seminary in 1848. He was ordained
by the presbytery of Carlisle, Oct. 4. 1848,
was pastor at Greencastle, Pa., 1848-50, and be-
came pastor of the First church, Pittsburg, Pa.,
in 1851. He was married, first, in July. 1852, to
Hester V. B. , daughter of Colonel Wickes of
Chestertown, Md., and, secondly, Nov. 8, 1855, to
Caroline Sophia Denny of Pittsburg, Pa. ; was
professor of sacred rhetoric at the Western Theo-
logical seminary, Allegheny, Pa., 1860-67, and
pastor of the First Presbyterian church. New
York city, 1866-83. He was instructor in sacred
rhetoric at. Union Theological seminary, New
York, 1872-75 ; became a member of the board of
foreign missions in 1866, and served as its presi-
dent, 1881-83; was a member of the Presbyterian
Board of Home Missions, 1866-80, and president,
1876-78. He was chosen professor of ecclesiastical,
homiletical and pastoral theology at the Prince-
ton Theological seminary iu 1SS3. and became
president of the faculty in 1900. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Jefferson
college in I860 and that of LL.D. by the same in-
PAYNE
PAYNE
stitution in 1883. He was moderator of the gen-
eral assembly of the Presbyterian church of the
United States which met in Madison, Wis., in
1880 ; a director of Western Theological seminary,
1851-65 ; was elected trustee of the College of
New Jersey in 1867 ; trustee of Jefferson col-
lege, 1853-65 ; served as trustee of Leake and
Watts Orphan asylum, New York, 1866-83, and as
a trustee of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, New York,
1866-83. He is the author of : Memorial of the
Rev. Francis Herron, D.D.
PAYNE, Charles Henry, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Taunton, Mass., Oct. 24, 1830-
He was graduated at Wesleyan university, Con-
necticut, in 1856 ; was a private tutor in Newark,
N.J., 1856 ; studied at the Biblical institute, Con-
cord, N.H., and joined the Providence confer-
ence of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1857.
He was married March 24, 1857, to Mary Eleanor
Gardiner, of Wickford, R.I. ; was pastor in
Sandwich, East Bridgewater, and Fall River,
Mass., in Providence, R.I. , Brooklyn, N.Y., Phila-
delphia, Pa., and in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857-76.
He erected St. John's church, Brooklyn, N.Y., at
a cost of $200,000, and the Arch Street church,
Philadelphia, at a cost of §260,000. He was presi-
dent of Ohio Wesleyan university, Delaware,
Ohio, 1876-88, succeeding Dr. Frederick Merrick,
and was corresponding secretary of the board of
education of the Methodist Episcopal church,
1888-99. He was a member of the committee to
revise the hymn-book of his denomination in 1876,
a delegate to the General conferences of 1880,
1884, 1888, 1892 and 1896, and to the Ecumenical
conference in London in 1881. He traveled ex-
tensively in Europe, Egypt, Greece, Syria and
the Holy Land. He received the degrees D.D.
from Dickinson college in 1870, and LL. D. from
Ohio State university in 1875, and is the author of :
The Social Glass and Christian Obligation (1868) ;
Daniel the Uncompromising Young Man (1872);
Methodism, its History and Results (1881) ;
Women and their Work in Methodism (1881) ;
Temperance (1881); Education (1881); and Guides
in Character Building (1883). He died at Clifton
Springs, N.Y., May 5, 1899.
PAYNE, Daniel Alexander, A.M.E. bishop,
was born in Charleston, S.C., Feb. 24, 1811 ; son
of London (a soldier in the war of 1812) and
Martha Payne, and of mixed African, English
and Indian blood. He attended the Lutheran
Theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., 1835-38,
and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in
1838. He filled the pulpit of a Presbyterian
church in Troy, N.Y. ; conducted a high school
for colored boys and girls in Philadelphia, Pa.,
1838-43 ; became an itinerant minister of the
African Methodist Episcopal church in May, 1842,
and was stationed at Washington, D.C., and in
Baltimore, Md., 1843-52. He was appointed his-
toriographer of his denomination in 1848, and
was elected bishop by the general conference in
New York in 1852. He founded and was presi-
dent of Wilberforce university at Xenia, Ohio,
1865-76 ; traveled in Europe, 1867-68, and attended
the Methodist Ecumenical conference in London
in 1881, where he was presiding officer one day.
He was chancellor of Wilberforce university and
dean of the Theological seminary. He received
the degree LL.D. from Lincoln university in 1879.
He is the author of : History of the African
Methodist Episcopal Church (3 vols., 1865) ; Re-
collection of Men and Tilings and Domestic Educa-
tion (1886). He died at Xenia, Ohio, Nov. 29, 1893.
PAYNE, Elisha, jurist, was born in Canter-
bury, Conn., in February, 1731 ; son of the Rev.
Elisha and Mary (Johnson) Payne ; grandson of
Elisha and Rebecca (Doane) Payne, of Eastham,
Mass., who removed to Canterbury, Conn., about
1700 ; and a descendant of Thomas (1586-1650) and
Elizabeth (Tuthill) Payne, who came with six
children from Wrentown, Suffolk, England, be-
fore August, 1637, to Salem, Mass. The Rev.
Elisha Payne, Sr., said to have been the most
talented lawyer in Connecticut, abandoned the
practice of law in 1742 to become a preacher,
and was twice arrested and thrown into prison
for preaching the Gospel and advocating reli-
gious freedom in New England. In 1752 he
became minister at Bridgehampton, near South-
old, L.I., N.Y., where many of his relatives had
settled in 1651-52. Elisha Pa3'ne, Jr., was edu-
cated and prepared for the law under the super-
vision of his father, and practised in Canterbury
and Plainfield, Conn. He represented Plainfield
in the state legislature, and was one of the five
original settlers of Cardigan (now Orange), N.H.
He served as an officer in the French and Indian
war, gaining the rank of colonel ; was deputy
surveyor-general of the King's woods to preserve
the pine trees, and was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of militia in August, 1775. He was chosen
an assistant justice of the court of common pleas
and register of probate for Graf ton county in
1776 ; represented Cardigan, N.H., in the Ver-
mont legislature during the "East Union" in
1778 ; removed to Lebanon in 1780 ; was a leading
member of the Charleston convention of 1781
which determined the boundary between Ver-
mont and New Hampshire, and was elected by
the legislature lieutenant-governor of Vermont,
chief justice of the supreme court and major-
general of militia in the same year. When this
last "Union " was dissolved he became a citizen
of New Hampshire, serving in the state house of
representatives, 1784-S5, 1790, 1793, 1796, 1797 and
1800, and in the senate, 1786-87. He was married
in 1753 to Anna Waldo, of Connecticut, and
PAYNE
PAYNE
secondly to Elizabeth Spaulding, of Plainfield,
Conn. Their son Elisha, Jr. (1763-1808), Dart-
mouth, 1784, practised law in Lebanon, and
married Lydia Collins, of Mansfield, N.H. Elisha
Payne, the elder, received the honorary degree
A.M. from Dartmouth in 1779. He died in Leba-
non, N.H., July 20, 1807.
PAYNE, Henry B., senator, was born in Ham-
ilton, Madison county, N.Y., Nov. 30, 1810 ; son
of Judge Elisha and Esther (Douglass) Payne.
He was graduated at Hamilton, college, A.B. 1832,
and practised law in Cleveland, Ohio, 1834-46.
He was a presidential elector on the Cass and
Butler ticket in 1848 ; a Democratic state senator,
1849-51 ; was defeated for the U.S. senate by
Benjamin F. Wade, after an exciting canvass in
1851, and for governor of Ohio by Salmon P.
Chase in 1857, by 1,503 votes. He was a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1856,
1860 and 1872, and chairman of the Ohio delega-
tion at the last named. He was a Democratic
representative from the twentieth Ohio district
in the 44th congress, 1875-77, being chairman of
the committee on banking and currency, and re-
ported a bill for the gradual resumption of specie
payment. He was also chairman of the con-
ference committee on the silver bill ; of the com-
mittee on the electoral bill ; of the conference
committee on the counting of the electoral votes
for president and vice-president, and a member
of the electoral commission. He was a candidate
for the Democratic presidential nomination in
1880 and 1884, and succeeded George H. Pendle-
tonasU.S. senator, serving, 1885-91. Subsequently
he was connected with railroad corporations, was
a heavy investor in Lake Superior mining stocks,
and at his death his .estate was estimated at over
$r>,000,000. He was married to a daughter of
Nathan Perry, a pioneer merchant of Ohio ; his
son, Nathan Perry Payne, was mayor of Cleve-
land, and another son, Oliver H. Payne, was
colonel of the 124th Ohio volunteers during the
civil war, and afterwards treasurer of the Stan-
dard Oil company. Senator Payne died in Cleve-
land, Ohio, Sept. 9, 1890.
PAYNE, Henry Clay, postmaster-general, was
born in Ashfield, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843; son of
Orion P. (1820-1886) and Eliza (Ames) (1826-
1886) Payne, who settled in Stockton, N.Y., after
1843 ; grandson of Samuel and Laura (Elmer)
Payne ; great-grandson of Joseph and Anna
(Billings) Paine, who removed from Ashfield,
Mass., to Allegany county, N.Y. ; great2-grand-
son of Joseph Ruggles (1735-1822), and Mehitable
(Gittings) Paine, who removed from Braintree
to Ashfield in 1767 ; greats-grandson of Samuel
Paine, born 1689 ; great4-grandson of Stephen
Paine, born 1652 ; and great6-grandson of Stephen
Paine, who came to Massachusetts with his
father, Moses Paine, and lived in Braintree after
1628. Joseph Ruggles Paine was a soldier in the
American Revolution. Henry Clay Payne at-
tended Franklin academy, Shelburne Falls, Mass. ;
was clerk in the post office there, and removed
in 1863 to Milwaukee, Wis. , where he was cashier
in a dry goods store, 1863-67. He was mar-
ried, Oct. 15, 1867, to Lydia W., daughter of
Richard Van Dyke, Jr., of New York city, whose
ancestor, Franz ClaessenVan Dyck settled on Man-
hattan Island about the middle of the 17th cen-
tury. They had no children. He was chairman
of the Young Men's Republican club ; secretary
and chairman of the Republican county com-
mission ; secretary and chairman of the Republi-
can state central committee ; a member of the
Republican national committee from 1880, and
a delegate to the Republican national conven-
tions of 1888 and 1892. He was postmaster of
Milwaukee, 1876-86 ; was elected president of the
Milwaukee electric railway and light company
in 1889 ; was president of the American Street
railway association, 1893-94, and receiver of North-
ern Pacific railway, 1893-95. He was appointed
U. S. postmaster-general by President Roosevelt,
Jan. 15, 1902, to succeed Charles Emory Smith,
resigned.
PAYNE, John, missionary bishop at Cape
Palmas, Africa, and 52d in succession in the
American episcopate, was born in Westmoreland
county, Va., Jan. 9, 1815; a descendant of John
Payne, who emigrated from England to the Vir-
ginia colony with his brother William in 1G20,
armed with chartered rights to appropriate land
obtained through their brother. Sir Robert Payne,
a member of the London Charter company. He
was graduated at William and Mary college,
Virginia, A.B., 1833, and at the Virginia Theolo-
gical seminary in 1836. He was ordered deacon in
Christ church, Alexandria, by Bishop Richard
Channing Moore, July 17, 1836, and immediately
sailed for the missionary field in Africa, where he
remained until his return to the United States in
1841. He was ordained priest in St. George's
church, Fredericksburg, Va. , b}~ Bishop Moore,
July 18, 1841 ; served as a missionary in Africa,
1841-51, and was consecrated bishop of Cape Pal-
mas and parts adjacent, in Christ Church, Alexan-
dria, Va., July 11, 1851, by Bishops Meade, East-
burn, Lee and Johns. He returned to the United
Statesjcompletely broken in health, and his resig-
nation was accepted by the House of Bishops in
October, 1871. He received the degree D.D. from
William and Mary college in 1851. He died at
Ca valla, Westmoreland county, Va., Oct. 23, 1874.
PAYNE, John Howard, dramatist, was born
in New York city. June 9, 1791 ; son of William
and Sarah (Isaacs) Payne, and a descendant of
Thomas Paine, who emigrated from England to
PAYNE
PAYNE
America in 1622, and settled in Yarmouth, Mass.,
in 1639. He was educated in Boston, Mass., and
became an assistant instructor of elocution with
his father. He succeeded his brother, William
Osborn Payne, as a clerk in a counting house in
New York city in
1804, and there clan-
destinely edited the
Tliespian Mirror,
1805-06. He attend-
ed Union college at
Schenectady, N. Y.,
1806-08, where he ed-
ited and published a
college paper called
the Pastime. After
his mother's death in
1807, he gained the
consent of his father,
who had lost all his
property, to his ap-
pearance upon the
stage, this having been his ambition from child-
hood. He made his debut as Young Norval at the
Park theatre, New York, Feb. 24, 1809, and subse-
quently appeared in Boston, Providence, Balti-
more and Philadelphia, as Zaphna in " Mahomet,"
Octaviau in "The Mountaineers," Salem in " Bar-
barossa," Tancred in " Sigismonda," and Romeo
in " Romeo and Juliet." He traveled through
the south and north and was everywhere greeted
as the juvenile wonder. He appeared in New
York, March 1, 1811, playing Edgar to George
F. Cooke's Lear; in Boston, Mass., in March
1812, as Hamlet to Mrs. Duff's Ophelia, and then
in Philadelphia and Baltimore. He played as
Young Norval at the Drury Lane theatre, Lon-
don, England, June 4, 1813, and afterward traveled
through the principal cities of England and Ire-
land, retiring from the stage in 1817. He resided
in France and England for nearly twenty years
and was engaged chiefly as a playwright, selling
his first play, " The Maid and the Magpie," a
translation from the French, to the managers of
Covent Garden for £100. He wrote, translated
and adapted more than sixty plays, among them,
" Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquin," " Mahomet,"
"Married and Single," "Two Sons-in-Law,"
" Spanish Husband," " Paoli," Judge and the
Attorney," " White Maid," " Post Chaise," " Mrs.
Smith and Boarding School," " Clari, or the Maid
of Milan," (in which occurs his song of "Home,
Sweet Home," and through which everyone con-
cerned except Payne realized a fortune), and
" Charles II." " Brutus, or the Fall of Tarquin,"
produced at the Drury Lane theatre with Ed-
mund Kean in the title role in 1818. was a success
and became a favorite role of Cooper, Forrest,
and the elder Booth, as did " Charles II." with
Charles Kemble. He returned to the United
States in 1832 and received several benefits from
members of the theatrical profession in various
cities. He lived among the Cherokee Indians for
a time and became an adviser of the chief Ross
in his difficulties with the United States ; was
arrested with the chief by the Georgia state
guards, and was influential in securing the treaty
that resulted in the removal of the tribe to the
west. He became interested in several projects
in the United States, but none of them prospered,
and in 1841 he was appointed U. S. consul to
Tunis, Africa, from which post he was recalled
in 1845. He resided in Italy, Paris and London,
1845-7, returned to New York city in 1847, and
lived at Washington, D. C., until April, 1851, when
he was reappointed to Tunis and served until his
death. Mr. Payne never married. On June 5, 1883,
his body was removed from the cemetery of
St. George, Tunis, where a monument had been
erected to his memory, and reinterred in Oak
Hill cemetery, Washington, D.C., while a thou-
sand voices sang his " Home, Sweet Home." His
portrait hangs on the walls of the Corcoran
gallery at Washington, a colossal bust was erect-
ed in Prospect park, Brooklyn, N.YT., and a monu-
ment marks his grave. In the selection of names
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Ameri-
cans, New York university, October, 1900, his
name in " Class A, Authors and Editors " received
four votes. See: "Life and Writings of John
Howard Payne " by Gabriel Harrison (1875, 2d ed.,
1885) , and " John Howard Payne : a Biographical
Sketch", by Charles H. Brainard (1885). He
died in Tunis, Africa, April 9, 1852.
PAYNE, Sereno Elisha, representative, was
born in Hamilton, N. Y., June 26, 1843; son of
William Wallace (1814-1863) and Betsy (Sears)
Payne ; grandson of Elisha, founder of the village
of Hamilton and a native of Connecticut, and
Esther (Douglass) Payne, and of David, a pioneer
of Cayuga county, and Tliankf ul (Irish) Sears, and
a lineal descendant of Stephen Hopkins, May-
flower, 1620. Sereno Elisha Payne attended the
Auburn academy, and was graduated from Roch-
ester university in 1864. He studied law at
Auburn ; was admitted to the bar in 1866, and
practised in Auburn in partnership with John T.
M. Davie, 1869-70, and alone, 1870-82. He was
married, April 23, 1873, to Gertrude, daughter of
Oscar Fitzhugh and Arietta (Terry) Knapp of
Auburn, N. Y. He was city clerk, 1867-68 ; super-
visor, 1871-72 ; district attorney, 1873-79, and presi-
dent of the board of education, 1879-82. He was
a Republican representative from the 26th dis-
trict in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and from the
27th district in the 49th congress, 1885-87. He
was defeated for nomination for the 50th congress
by Newton W. Nutting (q. v. ) , whom he succeeded
PAYNE
PAYNE
in 1889 as representative in the 51st congress,
and served continuously in the 51st-58th con-
gresses, 1889-1905. He was a member of the
committee on ways and means in the 51st-58th
congresses, was appointed chairman of the com-
mittee on ways and means in the 56th, succeeding
Nelson Dingley, deceased, and in the 57th and
58th congresses. He was appointed a member of
the joint high commission to negotiate a treaty
with Canada in 1898.
PAYNE, Will, editor and author, was born in
Whiteside county, 111., Jan. 9, 1865 ; son of Will-
iam Augustus and Caroline (Ferris) Payne ;
grandson of William and Eliza (Wells) Payne
of Lebanon, N.H., and a descendant of Thomas
Paine, East ham, Mass., about 1630. He was
brought up on a farm, attended a country school
and early in life removed to Nebraska, where he
was employed in a bank. In 1890 he engaged in
journalism in Chicago, where he was successively
reporter, city editor and financial editor of the
Daily News, holding the position of city editor
during the World's Columbian exposition, 1893.
In 1896 he left the News to become financial
editor of the Chronicle, and in March, 1897, ac-
cepted a similar position on the Economist. He
published novels, including : Jerry, the Dreamer,
(1896) ; The Money Captain (1898) ; TJie Story
of Eva (1901), and numerous short stories contri-
buted to the magazines.
PAYNE, William Harold, educator, was born
in Farmington, N.Y. , May 12, 1836 ; son of Gideon
Riley and Mary Brown (Smith) Payne ; grandson
of Gideon and Phoebe (Hill) Payne and of Wil-
liam and Lydia (Brown) Smith, and a descend-
ant of Stephen Pa3Tne, born in Great Ellingham,
Norfolk county, England, who came to America
in 1638 in the ship Diligent, and settled first at
Hingham, Mass., also maternally from the Brown,
Peck and Smith families, who were among the
first settlers of Providence, R.I. He was brought
up on his father's farm, attended the district
school, Macedon academy three terms, and New
York Conference seminary one term. He taught
school, 1854-58, in New York state ; was principal
of the Union school, Three Rivers, Mich., 1858-64 ;
superintendent of schools, Niles, Mich., 1864—66 ;
principal of Ypsilanti seminary, 1866-69 ; super-
intendent of schools, Adrian, Mich., 1869-79;
professor of the science and art of teaching,
University of Michigan, 1879-88; chancellor of
the University of Nashville and president of
Peabody Normal college, Nashville, Tenn., 1888-
1901, and in 1901 returned to the University of
Michigan as professor of the science and the art
of teaching. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. in 1872 and LL.D. in 1888 from the
University of Michigan, and the degrees of Ph.D.
from the University of Nashville in 1888, and
Litt.D. from Western University of Pennsylvania
in 1897. He edited and published The Michigan
Teacher, 1864-69, and is the author of : School
Supervision (1875); Science of Education (1879);
Outlines of Educational Doctrine (1882); The
Education of Teachers (1901), and translator of :
Compayre's Hist ory of Pedagogy (1886); Lectures
on Teaching (1888) ; Elements of Psychology
(1890); Applied Psychology (1893), and Rous-
seau's Emile (1892).
PAYNE, William Henry, soldier, was born at
Clifton, Fauquier county, Va., Jan. 27, 1830 ;
eldest son of Arthur Alexander Mason and Mary
Conway Mason (Fitzhugh) Payne ; grandson of
Capt. William and Marion (Morson) Payne, and
of the Hon. Nicholas and Sarah Washington
(Ashton) Fitzburgh, and a descendant in the
seventh generation from John Payne, who with
his brother William came to Virginia in 1620.
His mother was a great-granddaughter of Augus-
tine Washington. He was educated at the Uni-
versity of Missouri, the University of Virginia,
and the Virginia Military Institute, and was mar-
ried, Sept. 29, 1852, to Mary Elizabeth Winston,
daughter of Col. William Winter Payne (q.v.) ;
practised law, and served as commonwealth's at-
torney for Fauquier county until 1869, save dur-
ing the suspension of civil duties, 1861-65. He
entered the Confederate service as captain of the
Black Horse cavalry, and in September, 1861, was
promoted major of the 4th Virginia cavalry, and
took part in the Peninsula campaign. He was
wounded, left on the field and reported dead in
the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1861, was
taken prisoner, and after his release promoted
lieutenant-colonel and placed in temporary com-
mand of the 2d North Carolina cavalry, with
which regiment he held Warrenton, Va., against
a Federal attack, thus preventing the capture of
3,000 wounded Confederates in hospital there.
He was wounded and taken prisoner at Hanover,
Pa., June 30, 1863, and on his exchange was pro-
moted brigadier-general and commanded the 5th,
6th, 8th and 36th battalion, Virginia cavalry,
which made up Payne's brigade. Fitz Lee's divi-
sion, Early's army, operating in the valley against
Sheridan in the fall of 1864, and south of the James
river in the spring of 1865 in Fitzhugh Lee's
cavalry corps. He was conspicuous in the battle
of Five Forks, April 1, 1865, where he was
wounded, Col. R. B. Boston succeeding to the
command of the brigade. He was captured. April
13, 1865, brought to Washington April 16, was
mistaken for the Payne implicated in the assas-
sination of President Lincoln and by the firmness
of the officer having him in charge was rescued
from a mob intent on killing him. He practised
law at Washington, D.C., and in 1902 was the
counsel for the Southern railway.
PAYNE
PEABODY
PAYNE, William Morton, educator and critic,
was born iu Newburyport, Mass., Feb. 14, 1858;
sou of Henry Morton and Emma Merrill (Tilton)
Payne; grandson of Joel and Eunice (Lane)
Payne, and of William and Elizabeth (Merrill)
Tilton, and a descendant of William Payne, who
came from England to Massachusetts Bay in 1635,
during the Puritan emigration, and settled at
Watertown. He removed to Chicago, 111., in
1868, and attended the public schools, but was
mainly self-educated. He was assistant librarian
of the Chicago public library, 1874-76, and taught
in the high schools of Chicago, 1876-1901. He
was chairman of the committee on the philo-
logical congress, Chicago, in 1893 ; president of
the Chicago French club, 1887-90, and secretary
and treasurer of the Chicago Twentieth Century
club, 1889-1901. He was lecturer on English
literature at the University of Wisconsin in
1900. He was literary editor of the Chicago
Morning News, 1884-88, and of the Chicago Even-
ing Journal, 1888-92, and became associate editor
of the Dial in 1892. He was prominent as a
literary critic, chiefly of the modern English,
French, German, Italian and Scandinavian lan-
guages, and is the author of : Tlte New Education
(1884); Little Leaders (1895); a translation of
Bjornson's Sigurd Slembe (1888), and of Jaeger's
He.nrik Ibsen (1890 ; ne\v ed., with additions, 1901);
and Editorial Echoes (1902). He edited " English in
American Universities" (1895), and contributed
many articles to the leading magazines.
PAYNE, William Winter, representative, was
torn in Fauquier county. Va., Jan. 2, 1805 ; son of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Winter) Payne ; grandson
of William, of Clifton (born Feb. 4, 1753), and
Susanna (Stone) Payne. Richard Payne, his first
native American ancestor, was born at Round
Tower, Northumberland county, Virginia, May
12, 1633 ; son of John Payne, who emigrated
from England with his brother William in 1620,
armed with chartered rights to appropriate lands
in Virginia obtained through their brother Sir
Robert Payne, a member of the London Charter
company. William Winter Payne received an
academical education and removed to Tusctim-
bia, Ala., in 1825. He represented Franklin
county in the state legislature in 1831 ; removed
the Gainesville, Sumter county, Ala., in 1833. and
engaged in planting. He was a representative in
the state legislature, 1834-38, and in 1840, and a
Democratic representative from Alabama in the
27th, 28th and 29th congresses, 1841-47. He was
defeated for re-election in 1846. returned to Vir-
ginia, settling at Warrenton. and engaged in
agricultural pursuits until his death. He was
chairman of the Democratic state convention
that met at Richmond, Va. , in 1859. He was mar-
ried in 1826 to Minerva, daughter of John J. Win-
VIII. — 16
ston of Franklin county, Ala., and their son served
as colonel in the Confederate army. W. Winter
Payne died at Warrenton, Va., Sept. 2, 1874.
PAYNTER, Samuel, governor of Delaware,
was born in Sussex county, Del., in 1768. He
engaged in the mercantile business in Lewes ;
was appointed associate judge of Delaware iu
1818, and served as governor of the state, 1824-27.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
1844-45, and died at Lewes, Del., Oct. 2, 1845.
PAYNTER, Thomas H., representative, was
born in Lewis county, Ky., Dec. 9, 1851. He
attended the district school and Joseph Rand's
academy, and matriculated at Centre college in
the class of 1870, but did not remain to graduate.
He was admitted to the bar in 1872, and practised
in Greenup. He was married, May 25, 1876, to
Elizabeth K. Pollock. He was attorney for the
county, 1876-82, and a representative from the
ninth district of Kentucky in the 51st, 52d and
53d congresses, 1889-95. In 1894 he was elected
justice of the court of appeals of Kentucky,
resigning from congress, Jan. 5, 1895, to take his
seat on the bench, and the vacancy caused by
his resignation was not filled.
PAYSON, William Farquhar, author, was
born in New York city, Feb. 1 8, 1876 ; son of
Francis and Mary F. (Dabney) Payson ; grandson
of John Larkin and Frances (Lithgow) Payson,
and of Charles Henry and Ellen M. (Jones)
Dabney. and a descendant of Edward Payson
(1614-1675), who came over with other Puritans
from Nazing, Essex, England, and settled at
Roxbury, Mass., where he was admitted " free-
man " in 1640. He received his preparatory edu-
cation in England and in New York city ; was a
student at Columbia university, 1892-93, and in
1893 engaged in journalism. He was on the
editorial staff of the New York Times, 1893-95,
and managing editor of Vogue, 1895-97, after
which time he made his home in Bristol, R.I.,
and gave his attention to literary work. He was
married, Oct. 27, 1897, to Mary Farquhar, daughter
of Charles G. King of Providence, R.I. He is
the author of : Tlie Copymaker (1897); Tlie Title-
Mongers (1898); John Vytal (1901), and nu-
merous short stories in English and American
magazines.
PEABODY, Andrew Preston, educator, was
born in Beverly, Mass., March 19, 1811 ; son of
Andrew Peabody (b. Feb. 29, 1772, d. Dec.
19. 1813 or 14), who was married, May 30 (Dec. 4),
1808, to Mary Rantoul of Salem. She died Nov.
15, 1836. He attended the public school of Bev-
erly, of which his father was for several years
principal ; was graduated from Harvard, A.B. ,
1826, A.M., 1829 ; taught school in Middleton,
Mass., 1826-27; was private tutor, 1827-28, and
principal of the academy at Portsmouth, N.H.,
PEABODY
1828-29. He was graduated from Harvard Divin-
ity school in 1833, was tutor of mathematics at
Harvard, 1832-33, and in 1833 was appointed as-
sistant to the Rev. Nathan Parker, pastor of the
South Parish Unitarian church at Portsmouth,
N.H. Upon Dr. Parker's death the same year he
succeeded to the pastorate, which he held until
1860. He became Dr. Frederic Dan Huntington's
successor as preacher to the University and Plum-
mer professor of Christian morals at Harvard in
1860, being professor emeritus, 1881-93. He was
acting president of Harvard,
1862, and 1868-69, and an over-
seer, 1883-93. The honorary
•.degree of D.D. was conferred
Ion him by Harvard in 1852 and
'that of LL.D. by the Uni-
versity of Rochester in 1865.
He was a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society and vice-presi-
dent of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. He was editor of The Xorth American
Review, 1852-61, and Ely lecturer at Union Theo-
logical seminary, 1874. He compiled a Sunday-
school hymn book (1840); edited, with memoirs,
the writings of James Kennard, Jr. (1847); Rev.
Jason Whitman (18-19) ; John W. Foster (1852);
Charles A. Cheever, M.D. (1854), and William
Plummer and William Plummer, Jr. (1857). He
is the author of : Lectures on Christian Doctrine
(1*14); Sermons of Consolation (1847); Conversa-
tion, its Faults and its Graces (1856) ; Christian-
ity, the Religion of Nature (1864) ; Sermons for
Children (1866); Manual of Moral Philosophy;
Christianity and Science (1874) ; Christian Belief
and Life (1875) ; Harvard Reminiscences (1888);
Harvard Graduates Whom I Have Known (1890),
besides many sermons and addresses and frequent
contributions to leading periodicals. He died in
Boston, Mass., March 10, 1893.
PEABODY, Charles Augustus, jurist, was
born in Sandwich, N.H., July 10, 1814; son of
Samuel and Abigail (Wood) Peabody ; grandson
of Capt. Richard Peabody (born April 13, 1731),
and of Jonathan Wood, and a descendant of
Lieut. Francis Peabody (1641-1697) of St. Albans,
Hertfordshire, England, who came to New Eng-
land in the ship Planter in 1635, and settled at
Topsfield, Essex county, Mass., in 1667. He re-
ceived a private education ; studied law at Balti-
more and at the Harvard Law school ; was ad-
mitted to the bar, and began practice in New York
in 1839. He became interested in politics ; was a
member of the convention that organized the Re-
publican party in New York state in 1855 ; was a
justice of the supreme court, 1855-57 : was ap-
pointed commissioner of quarantine in 1858; was
judge of the U.S. provisional court of Louisiana,
1862-65, and chief justice of the supreme court,
PEABODY
1863-65. He declined the appointment of U.S. at-
torney for the eastern district of Louisiana in 1865
and returned to his profession in New York city.
He was vice-president of the association for the
reform and codification of the laws of the na-
tions, and was chosen a delegate of the U. S.
government to the international congresses of
commercial law in 1885. He was married in
1846, to Julia Caroline Livingstone ; secondly,
in 1881, to Mary E. Hamilton, and thirdly, in
1889, to Athenia L. Bowen. He died in New
York city, July 3, 1901.
PEABODY, Elizabeth Palmer, kindergartener,
was born in Billerica, Mass., May 16, 1804 ; daugh-
ter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody. She studied Greek
under Emerson ; was assistant to Bronson Alcott
and Dr. Channing, and continued to teach in
Boston, 1822-49, resid-
ing at Jamaica Plain,
Mass. She was one
of the first to intro-
duce the kindergar-
ten system of instruc-
tion in the United
States, and in 1858
published an arti-
cle on kindergarten
training in the Chris-
tian Examiner. In
1862 she published
a " Kindergarten
Guide," which cre-
ated a widespread in-
terest in the work,
leading to the establishment of several schools,
which proved unsuccessful. She went to Ger-
many to visit the kindergartens which Froe-
bel and his colleagues had organized, and on her
return to Boston in 1868 publicly repudiated her
former methods of teaching and re-wrote her
" Kindergarten Guide." Training classes were
established and the reform took a firm hold.
She was known as the "Mother of Kindergartens
in America." She is the author of : Esthetic
Papers (1849); Crimes of the House of Austria
(1852); The Polish American System of Chronol-
ogy (1852) ; Kindergarten in Italy (1872) ; a re-
vised edition of Mary Mann's " Guide to the Kin-
dergarten and Intermediate Class ; and a Moral
Culture of Infancy " (1877) ; Reminiscences of Dr.
Channing (1880); Letters to Kindergarteners(\^i'«:
Last Evening icith Allnton (1887). She died at
Jainaira Plain, Mass.. Jan. 3. 1894.
PEABODY, Francis Greenwood, educator,
was born in Boston, Mass., December 4. 1847 ; son
of the Rev. Ephraim nnd Mary Jane (Derby)
Peabody: grandson of Ephraim and Rlio;la (Ab-
bot) Peabody of Wilton. N.H.. and of John aivl
Sarah Ellen (Foster) Derby of Salem, Mass., and
PEABODY
a descendant of Lieut. Francis Peabody, the im-
migrant. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B.,
18G9, A.M., 1872, aud from the Harvard Divinity
school, B.D., 1872. He was pastor of the First
Parish church, Cambridge, Mass., 1874-80, re-
signing on account of ill-health in 1880. In 1881
he was appointed Parkman professor of theology
at Harvard, which chair he held until 1886, when
he became Plummer professor of Christian mor-
als. He was an overseer of Harvard, 1877-82.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Yale in 1887. He is the author of : Morn-
ings in the College Chapel (1897); Founder's Day
at Hampton (1898); Afternoons in the College
Chapel (1898) ; Jesus Christ and the Social Ques-
tion (1900.)
PEABODY, George, philanthropist, was born
in Danvers, Mass., Feb. 18, 1795 ; a descendant of
Lieut. Francis Peabody, the immigrant (1614-
1697). He served as apprentice to a country
grocer in Danvers, 1806-10 ; resided in Thetford,
Vt., 1810-11, and en-
gaged in the dry-
goods business in
Newburyport, Mass.,
with his elder brother,
David, in 1811, re-
moving after the de-
struction of the store
by fire to George-
town, D.C. , to become
financial assistant to
his uncle, John Pea-
body. Upon the out-
break of the war
of 1812, he joined a
company of volun-
teer infantry and
was stationed at Fort Warburton to command
the river approach to Washington. In 1814 he
formed a partnership in the wholesale dry goods
business with Elisha Riggs.and in 1815 the house
removed to Baltimore. He traveled on horseback
through western New York, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land and Virginia, and in 1821 had so increased
the business that branch offices were opened at
Philadelphia and in New York city. In 1829 Mr.
Riggs retired from business, and in 1837 Peabody
established the firm of George Peabody & Co.,
merchant and money broker, Wamford Court'
London, Eng. The business grew to be among
the foremost in London and negotiated large
government loans, including the sale of $S,000.000
Maryland state bonds in 1835. The $200,000 com-
mission thereon Peabody remitted to the state,
for which he received a special vote of thanks
from the legislature. In 1851 he advanced $15,-
000 to enable the products of American industry
to be properly displayed at the exhibition of that
PEABODY
year, and in 1852 he donated $10,000 to be used
for equipping the Advance, which had been pre-
sented by Henry Grinnell of New York city for a
second arctic expedition to search for Sir John
Franklin. The searchers named part of the
newly-discovered territory " Peabody Land." In
June, 1852, he donated the means for the estab-
lishment of the Peabody Institute in his native
town ; in 1866 established the Peabody library at
Thetford, Vt., and also founded the Peabody In-
stitute at Baltimore, Md., in 18G6. In 1859 he
began a plan for promoting the comfort and hap-
piness of the poor of London, advancing $750,000
for the foundation of a tenement-house fund.
The work of erection was at once begun, and in
1864 a block was opened to its tenants, the fund
being increased by Mr. Peabody in 1873 to $2,500,-
000. He also gave $3,000,000 for the education of
the poor children of the south, part of which fund
was in Mississippi state bonds, which have re-
mained inactive, but the interest from the earn-
ing part of the gift is used to assist normal
schools for teachers in the southern states. In
1866 lie declined the choice of a baronetcy or
the grand cross of the Order of the Bath. On
July 23, 1869, the Prince of Wales unveiled in a
public square in London a bronze statue of Mr.
Peabody, the donation of the people of the city.
Among his other notable gifts were the follow,
ing : §150,000 to Harvard university ; $150,000 to
Yale ; $140,000 to the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence, Salem, Mass. : $25,000 to Kenyon college,
Ohio; $25,000 to Phillips academy, Andover,
Mass. ; f20,000 for the Massachusetts Historical
society, and $100,000 for the building of a church
in memory of his mother at Georgetown, Mass.
He visited America for the last time in 1869, and
on his return to England was in such poor health
that he decided to remove to France. He died,
however, in London. The funeral services were
held at Westminster Abbey and his remains were
brought to the United States in H. M. S. Monarch,
convoyed by an American and a French vessel.'
When the body reached Portland, Maine, it was
received by an American naval squadron and
transferred to Peabody, Mass., where, after appro-
priate services were held, it was placed in the
family vault at Harmony Grove cemetery, Salem,
Mass. His name was given a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans, New York uni-
versity, October, 1900, in " Class F, Philanthro-
pists " receiving 72 votes, the highest in the class.
The date of his death is Nov. 4, 1869.
PEABODY, Josephine Preston, poet, was
born in New York ; daughter of Charles Kilham
and Susan Josephine (Morrill) Peabody ; grand-
daughter of Francis and Hannah Kilham (Pres-
ton) Peabody and of Charles Augustine and
Susan Simonds (Jackson) Morrill, and a descend-
PEABODY
PEAK
ant of Lieut. Francis Peabody, the immigrant,
who settled in Essex county. She attended the
Girls' Latin school, Boston, and took special
courses at Radcliffe college, 1894-96, giving
particular attention to literature. She became
well known through her poems, many of which
appeared in the Atlantic Monthly and other
magazines. In November, 1901, she was made a
member of the faculty of Wellesley college,
having charge of two courses in English poetry.
Among her books are : Old Greek Folk Stories
(1897); Vie Wayfarers: a Book of Verse (1898);
Fortune and Men's Eyes; News Poems with a
Plai/ (1900); Marlowe : a Play (1901).
PEABODY, Nathaniel, delegate, was born in
Topsfield, Essex county, Mass., March 1, 1741 ;
son of Dr. Jacob Peabody. He attended school
at Leominster, Mass. ; studied medicine with his
father, and was licensed to practise in 1761. He
established himself in Plaistow, N.H., and was
commissioned a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal
army in 1774. He resigned his commission on
account of political opinions and joined the
patriot army. He engaged in the capture of
Fort William and Mary at Newcastle, Del., and
served on many of the early Revolutionary com-
mittees and conventions. He was a member of
the committee of safety, Jan. 10, 1776, and
became its chairman ; was appointed adjutant-
general of the state militia, July 19, 1777, and
served in Rhode Island in 1779. He was a dele-
gate to the convention held at New Haven to
regulate the price of labor, produce and manu-
factures in 1779, to the Continental congress,
1779-80, and to the convention to frame the State
constitution, 1782-83, serving as chairman of the
committee. In 1786 he was again elected a
delegate to the Continental congress, but did not
take his seat. He was a representative in the
state legislature for eight years, and served as
speaker of the house in 1793. He was major-
general of militia, 1793-98. The latter part of
his life was spent in a debtor's prison, under the
harsh law then enforced. He died in Exeter,
N.H., June 27, 1823.
PEABODY, Selim Hobart, educator, was born
in Rockingham, Vt., Aug. 20, 1829 ; son of the
Rev. Charles Hobart and Grace Stone (Ide)
Peabody ; grandson of Dr. John and Kezia
(Hobart) Peabody, and a descendant of Lieut.
Francis Peabody, the immigrant. He attended the
Boston Latin school, 1842-43 ; afterward obtained
employment as a carpenter ; taught school during
the winter months, beginning in 1846, and was
graduated from the University of Vermont, A.B.
1852, A.M., 1855. He was married, August 9,
1852, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of David
Knapp Pangborn, of Burlington, Vt., where he
was principal of the high school, 1852-54. He
was professor of mathematics and civil engineer-
ing at the Polytechnic college, Philadelphia, Pa.,
1854-59 ; principal of the high school at Fond du
Lac, Wis., 1859-62; superintendent of public
schools at Racine, Wis., 1862--65, and teacher of
physical science in the high school at Chicago,
111., 1865-71. During 1865-71 he conducted the
first evening schools for working men in Chicago.
He was professor of physics and civil engineering
at the Massachusetts Agricultural college, 1871-74 ;
returned to the Chicago high and evening schools
in 1874 ; was professor of mechanical engineering
at the Illinois Industrial university, 1878-80, and
was president of that institution, 1880-91. During
his presidency the university was greatly enlarged
and the name was changed to the University of
Illinois. In 1891 he resigned to become chief of
the liberal arts department at the World's
Columbian exposition. He was editor and statis-
tician, U.S. commission to the Paris exposition,
1899-1900. He was secretary of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1874-88 ; president, 1892-
95 ; president of the national council of education,
1889-91 ; superintendent of the Division of Liberal
Arts at the Buffalo exposition in 1901, and super-
intendent of education and of awards at the
Charleston exposition in 1902. The honorary
degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the
University of Vermont in 1877, and that of LL.D.
by the University of Iowa in 1881. He was one
of the editors of the International Cyclopaedia,
and is the author of : Natural History (3 vols.
1869); Astronomy (1871); A'eic Practical Arithme-
tic (1872); American Patriotism (1880); Charts
for Teaching Reading (1899); Juvenile Arithmetic
(1900). He died in 1903.
PEACOCK, Dred, educator, was born in Stan-
tonburg, N.C., April 12, 1864 ; son of Dr. Calvin
Casswell and Ava (Heath) Peacock ; grandson
of Zadock and Sallie Peacock and of William and
Elizabeth Heath. He was graduated from
Trinity college, N.C., A.B., 1887, A.M., 1888 ; and
was married, June 9, 1887, to Ella, daughter of pro-
fessor Obed William and Roxana (Moriah) Carr of
Trinity, N.C. He was principal at the Lexington,
N.C., Female seminary, 1887-88 ; professor of
natural sciences in the Greensboro Female college,
1888-94, and president of the college, 1894-1902.
The honorary degree of Litt.D. was conferred
upon him by Trinity college, Durham, N.C., in
1897.
PEAK, John Lee, diplomatist, was born in
Scott county, Ky., in April, 1839 ; son of Jordan
J. and Eliza A. (Bradley) Peak ; grandson of
Presley and Judith Peak, and of John W. and
Sallie Bradley, and a descendant of John Peak,
who came from England early in the eighteenth
century, and settled at Fairfax Court House,
Virginia. He was graduated from the George-
PEALE
PEALE
town college, Kentucky, in 1858, and from the
law school at Louisville in 1860, and settled in
practice at Georgetown. He was married in
December, 1862, to Mattie H., daughter of James
H. and Mary C. Davies of Georgetown, Ky. He
removed to Jackson county, Mo., in 1868; was
prosecuting attorney of the county, 1877-1881,
and U.S. minister to Switzerland by appointment
of President Cleveland, 1895-97. At the close
of the service abroad he engaged in the practice
of law in Kansas City, Mo.
PEALE, Charles Willson, artist, was born in
Chestertown, JId., April 16, 1741 ; son of Charles
Peale. He attended school in Annapolis, Md.,
1750-54 ; was apprenticed to a saddler, and estab-
lished himself in that business. His first attempt
at painting was a likeness of himself, and his suc-
cess led him to study under Hesselius, a German
painter. He afterward studied under John Sin-
gleton Copley in Boston, 1768-69, and in 1770-74
in London under Benjamin West, who painted
his portrait. On his return he painted portraits
in Annapolis, 1774-75, and in Philadelphia, 1775-
1827. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution he
was appointed a lieutenant in a company of mili-
tia, and was later commissioned, a captain. He
led his company at the battles of Trenton and
Princeton, and was one of the men selected to
remove the public stores from Philadelphia when
that city was in danger of capture by the British.
He was a representative in the state legislature
in 1779, and advocated a plan for the gradual
abolition of slavery. In 1802 he opened Peale's
museum, where he exhibited natural curiosities
which he had collected in his travels, and por-
traits which he owned or borrowed. He also
gave lectures at the museum on natural history,
and practised dentistry. He was one of the
founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, to which he contributed largely. His ver-
satility is shown in the titles of his books, which
include: Building Wooden Bridges; Discourse
Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Natural
History ; Epistles on the Means of Preserving
Health, and Domestic Happiness. His fame as a
portrait painter was national, Washington giving
him sittings for fourteen portraits, one of which
was painted for the College of New Jersey in
1780. Among his other portraits are those of
Hancock, Morris, Steuben, Franklin, Greene,
Gates, Jefferson, Hamilton, Monroe, Jackson,
Calhoun and Clay. He also painted "Christ
Healing the Sick," in 1829, and a full length
portrait of himself in 1824, when eighty-three
years of age. He left a collection of 269 portraits
and historical scenes. His sons. Rembrandt
(q.v.) and Raphaelle (1774-1825), were painters of
portraits and of still life, and another son, Titian
Ramsey (1800-1885), painted animal life, was a
learned ornithologist and accompanied Wilkes
on his explorations, 1839-42. Charles W. Peale
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 22, 1827.
PEALE, James, artist, was born in Annapolis,
Md., in 1749 ; son of Charles Peale. He served in
the Continental army as an officer during the
Revolution, and later engaged in portrait paint-
ing. He painted many miniatures, portraits in
oil and figure compositions. His most noted
works are, a full length portrait of Washington,
which was hung in the New York Historical
society and which has been engraved, and an-
other portrait of Washington in 1795, which
was hung in Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
He also painted : Rencontre between Col. Allen
McLane and Tico British Horsemen (1811); View
of the Battle of Princeton, and a View of Bdfield
Farm, near Germantown (1818). His son James
(1779-1876) was a banker, but devoted his leisure
to painting, producing several marine views. His
daughter, Anna Clay Poole (1791-1878), was a
still life and miniature painter, and married, first,
the Rev. Dr. William Staughton, and secondly,
Gen. William Duncan ; another daughter, Sarah
M. (1800-85), painted portraits of Bainbridge,
Lafayette, Caleb Gushing and Henry A. Wise,
and still life subjects. James Peale died in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., May 24, 1831.
PEALE, Rembrandt, artist, was born in Bucks
county, Pa., Feb. 22, 1778 ; son of Charles Willson
Peale (q.v.). He early developed artistic talent ;
removed to Charleston, S.C., in 1796, and in 1801
studied painting in London under Benjamin
West. He returned in 1803 on account of ill
health, and immediately gained popularity in
Philadelphia as a portrait painter. He visited
Paris in 1807 and 1809 to study art in the Louvre,
painting several portraits of distinguished French-
men for his father's museum, and in 1810 again
established himself in Philadelphia. He painted
in New York, Boston and Baltimore, 1810-29 ;
visited France and Italy, 1829-30, England in
1832, and in 1833 opened a studio in London and
exhibited in the Royal academy. He was presi-
dent of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences ; one of the founders of the Pennsyl-
vania Academy of Fine Arts in 1805 ; an original
member of the National Academy of Design. New
York city, and upon his removal to Philadelphia
was elected an honorary member in 1827. He was a
skilful lithographer, being one of the first to draw
on stone, and was awarded a silver medal by the
Franklin Institute for a lithographic portrait of
Washington in 1827. His most noted portrait
was that of Washington, begun in 1795, completed
in 1823, exhibited in Rome, Florence and London
and finally purchased by the U.S. senate. Among
his other portraits are : Baron Cuvier, Bernardin
de Saint Pierre, Jean Antoine Houdon, Thomas
PEARCE
PEARCE
Jefferson, Mrs. James Madison, Thomas Sully,
Oliver H. Perry, Ranmohun Roy, G. W. Bethune,
William Bainbridge, Joseph Priestly, General
Armstrong and Stephen Decatur. His figure
compositions include : Napoleon on Horseback ;
Babes in the Wood ; Errina ; Song of the Shirt ;
Jupiter and lo ; Wine and Cake ; Lyseppa on the
Rock; Roman Daughter ; An Italian Peasant ;
Ascent of Elijah, and Court of Death. He lectured
on "Washington and His Portraits " in several
of the larger cities of the Union, and edited the
Portfolio of an Artist (1839). He is the author of :
An Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth (1802) ;
Historical Disquisition on the Mammoth (1803);
Notes on Italy (1831); Graphics (1841); Reminis-
cences of Art and Artists (1845), and translations
contributed to the Crayon and other publications.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 1860.
PEARCE, Charles Edward, representative, was
born in Whitesboro, N.Y., May 29, 1842; son of
William Greene and Rebecca Ann (Paine) Pearce ;
grandson of Nathaniel and Anna (D' Auby ) Pearce,
and of Philip and Phoebe (Stevens) Paine, and a
descendant of John Pearce of North Kingstown,
R.I., and of Nicholas Stillwell of Manhattan Is-
land, N.Y. He attended Fairfield seminary ; was
graduated from Union college, N.Y., in 1863, and
enlisted in the Federal army immediately upon
his graduation, as captain of a company of heavy
artillery. He was promoted major in June, 1864,
and served in the armies of the James and the
Potomac. After the fall of Fort Fisher, he was
appointed on the staff of Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry,
and was detailed as provost marshal-general of
the eastern district of North Carolina during the
occupation of Wilmington, Del. He resigned
from the army in 1865 ; removed to St. Louis,
Mo. , in 1866 ; was admitted to the bar in 1867, and
established himself in the practice of law and in
manufacturing. He was chosen commander of the
national guard of the state of Missouri in 1875 ;
organized the first regiment in 1877, and served
as its colonel, 1877-78. He was a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1888 ; chair-
man of the Sioux Indian commission in 1891, and
in 1894 was sent to India and Japan to inves-
tigate their industries. He was a Republican
representative in the 55th and 56th congresses,
1897-1901. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 30, 1902.
PEARCE, Charles Sprague, artist, was born
in Boston, Mass., Oct. 13, 1851 ; son of Shadrach
Houghton and Mary Anna (Sprague) Pearce. He
traveled in Egypt and Algiers, 1873-74, and stud-
ied painting under Leon Bonnat in Paris, 1873-75.
He exhibited frequently in the Paris Salon and
also in New York, Boston and Philadelphia. He
was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor,
France, 1894 ; chevalier of the order of Leopold,
Belgium, 1895 ; chevalier of the order of the Red
Eagle, Prussia, 1897 ; chevalier of the Order of
Danebrog, Denmark, 1898 ; a member of the
Society of American Artists in 1886 ; first vice-
president of the Paris Society of American
Painters ; member of the National Society of
Mural Painters of Ne%v York ; the National Insti-
tute of Art and Letters, and the Salmagundi club,
and received prize medals in Boston, Philadelphia,
San Francisco, Atlanta, Paris, Ghent, Munich,
Berlin and Vienna. He was a member of the
jury of awards at the Paris exposition of 1889 ; at
the Antwerp exposition of 1894, and chairman of
the Paris advisory committee and jury of recep-
tion for the World's Columbian exposition of
1893. He was married to Louise C., daughter of
Louis Bonjeau of Paris. Among his more im-
portant works are : Death of the First Born in
Egypt (1877); Le Sacrifice a" Abraham (1881); De-
capitation of John the Baptist (1881); Prelude
(1883); Water Carrier (1883); Bebe et sa Sceur
(1883); Prayer (1884); A Toiler of the Sea (1884);
Peines de Cceur (1884) ; Une bergere (1886); St.
Genevieve (1887), and mural decorations for the
congressional library, Washington.
PEARCE, Dutee Jerauld, representative, was
born on Providence Island, R.I., April 3, 1789.
He was graduated from Brown university, A.B.,
1808, A.M., 1811, studied law and established
himself in practice at Newport, R.I. He was
active in state politics ; served as a representa-
tive in the state legislature for several years ;
was attorney-general of Rhode Island, 1819-25 ;
Monroe and Tompkins presidential elector ill
1821, and U.S. district attorney for Rhode Island,
1824-25. He was a Democratic. National Republi-
can, People's and Administration representative
in the 19th-24th congresses, 1825-37, having been
first elected at a special election Nov. 25, 1825,
not receiving a majority at the election of Au-
gust, 1825, and was re-elected successively until
August, 1837, when he was defeated as the Ad-
ministration candidate by Robert B. Cranston,
Whig, by 960 votes, as declared by the canvassing
board, Sept. 2, 1837. He died in Newport, R.I. ,
May 9, 1849.
PEARCE, James Alfred, senator, was born at
Alexandria, Va. , Dec. 8, 1804; son of Gideon and
Julia (Dick) Pearce, and grandson of Dr. Elisha
Cullen Dick, the medical attendant of General
Washington. His first ancestor in America,
James Pearce, emigrated from Kent, England,
in 1680 and settled in Cecil county, Md. James
Alfred Pearce attended a private academy at
Alexandria, Va., and was graduated from the
College of New Jersey in 1822. He studied law in
Baltimore, Md. ; was admitted to the bar in 1S24,
and established himself in practice in Cambridge,
Md. He engaged in sugar planting in Louisiana.
1823-31, and resumed his law practice in Chester-
PEARRE
PEARSON
town, Kent county, Mil., in 1831. He was a
representative in the Maryland legislature in
1831, and a Democratic representative in the
24th, 25th and 27th congresses, 1835-1839 and
1841-43. In 1843 he
was elected to the
U.S. senate and was
re-elected in 1849,
1855 and 1861. He
was married in 1831
to Martha J., daugh-
ter of the Rev. Wil-
liam Laird of Cam-
bridge, Md., and sec-
ondly, to Matilda Cox
Ringold of George-
town, D.C. He de-
clined a seat on the
bench of the U.S.
^J district court of
Maryland and the
nomination as secretary of the interior, both of
which offices were tendered him by President
Fillmore. He was a regent of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, D.C., and professor of law, visitor and
governor of Washington college, Maryland. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him by the College of New Jersey in 1859 and by
St. John's college, Md., in 1856. He died in Ches-
tertown, Md., Dec. 20. 1862.
PEARRE, George Alexander, representative,
was born in Cumberland, Md., July 16, 1860 ; son
of the Hon. George A. and Mary (Worthington)
Pearre. He was graduated at the West Virginia
university. A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883 ; studied law
with his father, 1880-81 ; attended the Maryland
University Law school, Baltimore, 1881-82 ; was
admitted to the Baltimore bar, 1882, and after
traveling for his health, 1882-87, began the prac-
tice of law in Cumberland. He became a member
of the state militia in 1887 ; was adjutant of the
3d battalion of infantry in 1889; was commis-
sioned lieutenant-colonel, and resigned his com-
mission in 1893^ He was a state senator, 1890-93 ;
prosecuting attorney, 1895-99, and a Republican
representative in the 56th, 57th and 58th con-
gresses, 1899-1905.
PEARSON, Alfred L., soldier, was born in
Pittsburg. Pa., Dec. 38, 1838; son of Joseph and
Mary Pearson, and grandson of Joseph and
Hannah Pearson. He attended Jefferson college,
Canonsburg, and Allegheny college, Meadville,
Pa., and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He
enlisted in the Union army in 1861, and in August,
1863, was commissioned captain in the 155th Penn-
sylvania volunteers. He served throughout the
war ; was promoted successively major, lieuten-
ant-colonel and colonel ; was brevetted brigadier-
general, Sept. 30, 1864, for gallant services at
Peeble's Farm, and major-general, March 29,
1805, for a gallant charge at Quaker Road, for
which he was also complimented by General
Meade. He received the congressional medal of
honor for gallant conduct during the war and
returned to the practice of his profession in 1865.
He was district attorney in 1870, 1872 and 1873,
and served as major-general of the national
guard of Pennsylvania for seven years. He com-
manded the state troops during the Pittsburg
riots of 1877 and in the Luzerne county, where
lie ordered the troops to fire on the rioters, for
which he was arrested on the charge of murder,
but was not indicted. He was twice elected com-
mander of the Union Veteran Legion, in 1869 and
1888 ; became a member of the board of managers
of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers in
1891 ; was a member of the select council, and
of the Pittsburg board of health. He edited the
Sunday Critic, 1886-87, and wrote three plays.
He died in Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 6, 1903.
PEARSON, Eliphalet, educator, was born at
Byfield, Mass., June 11, 1735 ; son of David and
Sarah (Danforth) Pearson, and a descendant of
John Pearson, who emigrated from Yorkshire,
England, in 1643, and settled at Rowley, Mass.,
where he built the first clothing mill in New
England. Eliphalet attended Dumnier academy,
Byfield, Mass., and was graduated from Harvard
college, A.B., 1773, A. M., 1776. He taught
school at Andover, Mass. ; engaged with Samuel
Phillips in the manufacture of gunpowder for the
American army in 1775, and upon the opening of
the Phillips school in April, 1778, became its first
preceptor, which office he held until 1786. He
was Hancock professor of Hebrew at Harvard
college, 1786-1806. Upon the death of Lieutenant-
Governor Phillips in 1802, Pearson succeeded him
as president of the board of trustees of Phillips
academy and continued in office until 1820. He
was acting president of Harvard college, 1804-06 ;
was connected with Col. John Phillips in the
establishment of the Andover Theological semin-
ary, and succeeded in combining the Hopkinson
and Andover seminaries in 1808. He was or-
dained to the ministry, Sept. 32, 1808, and served
as associate professor of sacred literature at the
Andover Theological seminary, 1808-09. He was
secretary of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences ; a member of the Society for Promoting
the Gospel among the Indians and Others in
North America; a founder of the American Edu-
cation society ; president of the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge ; a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society, and fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was married, first, to Priscilla, daughter of
President Edward Holyoke of Harvard college,
and secondly, in 1785, to Sarah, daughter of
PEARSON
PEARSONS
Henry Bromfield of Harvard, Mass. The hono-
rary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by
Yale and by the College of New Jersey in 1802.
He edited Bishop Wilson's " Sacra Privata ; " and
is the author of a Hebrew grammar, and lectures.
He died at Greenland, N.H., Sept. 12, 1826.
PEARSON, George Frederick, naval officer,
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 6, 1796. He
was appointed to the U.S. navy as a midshipman,
March 11, 1815 ; was promoted lieutenant, Jan.
13, 1825 ; commanded the schooner Shark at
Norfolk, Va., in 1839, and was stationed at the
U. S. navy yard, Portsmouth, N.H., 1839-41. He
was promoted commander, Sept. 8, 1841, com-
manded the Falmouth at Norfolk, Va. , 1852-53,
and was promoted captain, Sept. 14, 1855. He
commanded the steamer Powhatan in the East
Indies, 1858-60, was placed on the retired list,
Dec. 21, 1861, but served as commandant of the
U.S. navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., 1861-67.
He was promoted commodore on the retired list,
July 16, 1862, and rear-admiral, July 25, 1866.
He died in Portsmouth. N.H., June 30, 1867.
PEARSON, Jonathan, educator, was born in
Chichester, N.H., Feb. 23, 1813; son of Caleb
Pearson, a fifer in the Revolutionary arm}1, and
a descendant of John Pearson, a carpenter, who
emigrated from England in 1643, and settled at
Rowley, Mass. He was graduated at Union col-
lege, N.Y., A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838; wasa tutor
there, 1836-39 ; adjunct professor of chemistry
and natural history, 1839-50 ; full professor,
1850-57 ; professor of natural history, 1857-73,
and of agriculture and botany, being also lib-
rarian, 1873-87. He was treasurer of the col-
lege, 1854-83. He devoted his leisure to historical
and genealogical research, translated the records
of Albany and Schenectady from Mohawk Dutch
into English, and is the author of : Early Records
of the County of Albany (1869) ; Genealogy of the
First Settlers of Albany (1872) : Genealogies of the
First Settlers of Schenectady (181$); History of the
Reformed Protestant Dn tch Church of Schenectady
(1880) ; History of the Schenectady Patent (1883).
He died in Schenectady, N.Y., June 20, 1887.
PEARSON, Joseph, representative, was born
in Rowan county, N.C., about 1776 ; son of Rich-
mond Pearson, who removed from Dinwiddie
county, Va., to Rowan county, N.C., where
Joseph was educated for the law. He practised
in Salisbury, N.C. ; was a member of the house
of commons of North Carolina, 1804-05, and a
Federalist representative in the llth, 12th, and
13th congresses, 1809-15. He fought a duel while
a member of the llth congress with Representa-
tive John George Jackson (q.v.) of Virginia, and
was severely wounded on the second fire. He
was married three times: first, to a Miss Linn,
secondly, to Ellen, daughter of R. Y. Brent of
Washington, D.C., and thirdly, to Elizabeth
Worthington of Georgetown, N.C. He died at
Salisbury, N.C., Oct. 27, 1834.
PEARSON, Richmond, representative, was
bom at Richmond Hill, N.C., Jan. 26, 1852 ; son
of Judge Richmond Mumford (q.v.) and Margaret
(Williams) Pearson. He was graduated at the Col-
lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and was
admitted to the bar of North Carolina in 1874.
He served as U.S. consul at Belgium, 1874—77 ;
was a representative in the North Carolina
legislature in 1885 and in 1887, and an originator
of the coalition which in 1894 overwhelmed
the Democratic party in his state. He was
married in 1882 to Gabrielle daughter of James
Thomas of Richmond, Va. He was a Pro-
tectionist and Republican representative from
the ninth congressional district in the 54th, 55th
and 56th congresses, 1895-1901, where he served
as a member of the committee on foreign affairs
and of the sub-committee, which drafted the
house declaration of war against Spain, 1898.
On Dec. 10, 1901, he was appointed U.S. consul at
Geneva, Italy.
PEARSON, Richmond Mumford, jurist, was
born in Rowan county, N.C., June 28, 1805 ; son
of Richmond (a student at the University of
North Carolina, 1799) and Eliza (Mumford)
Pearson, and grandson of Richmond Pearson, a
native of Dinwiddie county, Va., who settled in
Rowan county in early life, served in the Revolu-
tionary war, and was afterward a merchant and
planter. Richmond Mumford Pearson was pre-
pared for college at Statesville, N.C., by John
Mushat, and was graduated at the University of
North Carolina, A.B., 1823. A.M., 1826. After
studying law under Judge Archibald Henderson
he was admitted to the bar in 1826. He was
married in 1832 to Margaret, daughter of Col.
John Williams (q.v.) of Knoxville, Tenn. He
was a representative in the general assembly,
1829-32 ; an unsuccessful candidate for represen-
tative in the 24th congress in 1834 ; judge of the
superior court of North Carolina, 1836-48 ; of the
supreme court, 1848-58, and chief-justice, as
successor to Chief-Justice Frederick Nash, 1858-
78. For several years he conducted a large law
school at Richmond Hill, N.C. He died at
Winston. N.C., Jan. 6. 1878.
PEARSONS, Daniel Kimball, philanthropist,
was born in Bradford, Vt., April 14, 1820 ; son of
John and Hannah (Putnam) Pearsons; grand-
son of John Putnam, and a descendant of Gen.
Israel Putnam. He was a pupil at the public
school, 1826-36 ; a teacher, 1836-41 ; was graduated
from the medical college at Woodstock, Vt.,
M.D., in 1842, and practised in Chicopee, Mass.,
1849-53. He was married in August, 1847, to
Marietta, daughter of Giles S. Chapiu of Chico-
PEARY
PEARY
pee, Mass. He engaged in farming in Ogle
county, 111., 1857-60, and in the real estate busi-
ness in Chicago, 111., 1860-87. He was alderman
of the city of Chicago, 1873-76, and during the
financial crisis when certificates of indebtedness
were issued for the payment of city debts, he
was largely instrumental in the restoration of
the credit of the city. He retired from active
business in 1887, but retained the directorship in
the Chicago City Railway Co., and in other
corporations. He gave sums of money aggregat-
ing $3.500,000 to various educational and other
institutions, including McCormick Theological
seminary ; Chicago Theological seminary ; Lake
Forest college ; Beloit college ; Yukon college,
S.D. ; Mount Holyoke college ; Drury college ;
Colorado college, and Knox college.
PEARY, Robert Edwin, explorer, was born in
Cresson, Pa., May 6, 1856; son of Charles and
Mary (Willey) Peary. His ancestors were Maine
lumbermen. His father died in 1858, and he
removed with his mother to Portland, Maine,
where he prepared
for college. He was
graduated from Bow-
doin in 1877, second
in a class of fifty-one ;
was a land surveyor
in Fryeburg, Maine,
1877-79, and was em-
ployed in the U.S.
coast and geodetic
survey, Washington,
B.C., 1879-81. In
1881 he passed the
navy department ex-
mination for the ad-
mission of civil en-
gineers, and in the
same year planned and built a new pier at Key
West, Fla., at nearly $30,000 less than the previous
estimate, though the contractors had given it
up as impossible at the estimated cost. He was
in Nicaragua as sub-chief of the Inter-Oceanic
canal survey, 1884-85, and after his return
conceived the idea of making an arctic exploring
expedition. In May, 1886. having obtained a six
months' leave of absence from the navy depart-
ment, he started for Greenland, penetrating
farther into the interior than any white man
had ever gone before. After his return he was
engineer-in-chief of the surveys of the Nicaragua
canal, 1886-88, and in 1888 was sent to superin-
tend the building of the new dry dock at the
League Island navy yard, Philadelphia. In the
same year he was married to Josephine Diebitsch.
Meanwhile he was devoting all his leisure to
plans for future explorations, and in June, 1891,
having obtained eighteen months' leave of absence
from the navy he started to discover the northern
limits of Greenland and perhaps to reach the
pole. He was accompanied by Mrs. Peary and a
small party. In the spring of 1893 he started
north with a single companion. In forty days
they covered 600 miles, and on July 4 reached the
rocky northern shore of Greenland which no
man had ever seen before. Peary named the
hill on which the American flag was set up,
" Navy Cliff" ; the bay he called " Independence
Bay " in honor of the day, and the land visible
across the bay "Melville and Heilprin " lands.
Returning, he reached McCormick Bay in August
and thence the party sailed to New York. He was
received with enthusiasm, was awarded several
medals from learned societies, and the name Peary-
land was suggested by Pcttermann's Mitteilungen
and adopted for North Greenland. He at once
planned another expedition, and securing a three
years' leave of absence, started on a lecturing tour
to secure funds. He spoke 168 times in 96 days, and
thus earned $13,000, meanwhile dictating matter
for his book. He also obtained contributions from
scientific societies, $2000 from a New York news-
paper for letters, and a considerable sum from a
book written by Mrs. Peary. After the Falcon had
been chartered and the equipment provided, the
funds were exhausted, and the deficiency was
supplied by exhibiting the ship at various large
cities. The expedition sailed in June, 1893, Mrs.
Peary accompanying her husband. A daughter,
Marie, was born in Greeland in this year, and
Mrs. Peary returned on the first relief ship,
together with all the party, save Lieutenant Peary
and two men. In April, 1895, they started to cross
the ice-cap and after fearful hardships reached a
latitude of 81° 47', ten miles farther north than
Peary had gone before, when they were forced to
turn back for lack of provisions. In 1896 and
1897 he made two voyages, discovering and
bringing back the Cape York meteorites, the
largest in the world, one of which weighed forty
tons. In 1898 he lectured before the London
Geographical society, and was the recipient of
numerous honors. A four years' leave of
absence from the navy was secured in 1897 ; the
Peary Arctic club was formed, and in 1899 he
started well equipped on his fifth expedition,
which he stated would be his last. He arrived
at Brigus, Newfoundland, Sept. 10, 1899, and
spent the winter among the Eskimos at Etah,
Greenland. During the first winter out, while
on the march to Fort Conger, both his feet were
frost-bitten, necessitating the amputation of
seven toes. In 1900 he rounded the northern
limit of the Greenland archipelago, the most
northerly known land in the world ; attained the
highest latitude reached in the western hemis-
phere, 80°' 50 N., and determined the origin of
PEASE
PEASE
the so-called paleocrystic ice (floe-berg). He
made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the pole
in the spring of 1901 ; encamped at Cape Sabine
in the winter of 1901-02, living among the
Eskimos, whose customs he had thoroughly
mastered, and having established ample caches
of provisions along the route, was preparing to
start for the pole in March, 1902, by way of
Smith Sound and Kennedy and Robeson channels
to Cape Hecla, planning to make his " dash "
from that point, about 500 miles south of the
pole. After continuing his travels 150 miles he
found insuperable natural obstacles preventing
further progress and the attempt was abandoned
when he was within 350 miles of the north pole.
He found Greeley's outfit and reached 84° 17 '
north latitude, the highest yet attained by any
American. In the fall of 1902 he met the Wind-
ward at Cape Sabine and arrived in Portland,
Me., Sept. 23,1902. Lieutenant Peary attributed
his failure to reach the pole to the fact that his
ship was unequal to the requirements, and to his
lack of sufficient money and time. In May,
1902, the Geographical Society of Philadelphia
awarded the Kane gold medal to Lieutenant
Peary.
PEASE, Calvin, educator, was born in Canaan,
Conn., Aug. 12, 1813. He removed with his
parents to Charlotte, Vt., in 1826, attended Hines-
burgh academy, and was graduated from the
University of Vermont, A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841.
He was principal of the academy at Montpelier,
Vt., 1838-42; professor of Latin and Greek at
the University of Vermont, 1842-55, and librarian
of the university, 1847-53. He was licensed to
preach in 1851, and in December, 1853, was
elected president of the University of Vermont,
to succeed the Rev. Worthington Smith. He
presided during the monetary crisis of 1857-58,
and resigned on account of failing health in
1861. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church, Rochester, N.Y., 1861-63. He was a
member of the Vermont board of education ;
president of the Vermont Teachers' association,
and a member of the American Philosophical
society. The honorai-y degree of D.D. was con-
ferred on him by Middlebury college in 1856. He
is the author of : A Discourse on the Import and
Value of tlie Popular Lecturing of the Day(lS-iO);
Aililress Before the Medical Department of the
University (1856): Baccalaureate Sermons (1856-
60), and many contributions to the " Bibliotheca
Sacra." He died in Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, 1863.
PEASE, Elisha Marshall, governor of Texas,
was born at Enfield, Conn., Jan. 3, 1812 ; son of
Lorain Thompson and Sarah (Marshall) Pease,
and grandson of John Pease, a soldier in the Con-
tinental army during the Revolutionary war.
His first ancestors in America, Robert and Mar-
garet Pease, emigrated from Great Baddow,
England, and settled in Boston in 1634. Elisha
attended the district schools of Enfield and an
academy at Westfield, Mass., and in 1826 obtained
employment as a clerk in a country store. He
removed to Mina, Col., in 1834 ; studied law with
Col. D. C. Barrett ; entered the Texan insurgent
army in 1835, and engaged in the battle of Gon-
zales. He was secretary of the provisional coun-
cil of Texas, 1835-36 ; chief clerk of the navy and
treasury departments, and for a short time act-
ed as secretary of the treasury. He was a mem-
ber of the committee that framed the state con-
stitution, and in November, 1836, was appointed
clerk of the judiciary committee of the state leg-
islature. He was admitted to the bar in April,
1837, and practised in Brazoria, Texas. He was
district attorney of Brazoria, and upon the an-
nexation of Texas in 1845, a representative in the
state legislature for two terms, and state senator
in 1849. He was married in 1850 to L. C. Niles
of Windsor, Conn. He was governor of Texas,
1853-57, and during the civil
war lived in retirement, be-
ing opposed to secession.
In 1866 he was a delegate to
the convention of southern
loyalists and chosen vice-
president of the same. He
was candidate for governor
on the Union ticket being defeated by J. AV.
Throckmorton in 1866, but served as provisional
governor by appointment of General Sheridan,
1867-69. He retired from law practice in 1877
and was appointed collector of the port of Gal-
veston, Texas, in 1879. He died at Lampasas
Springs, Tex., Aug. 26, 1883.
PEASE, Henry Roberts, senator, was born in
Connecticut, Feb. 19, 1835. He received a normal
school training and engaged in teaching in 1848-
59. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and
practised until 1861, when he entered the Union
army as a private. He attained the rank of cap-
tain and served principally on staff duty, and in
1865 was appointed superintendent of education
in Louisiana while the state was under military
rule. He was appointed superintendent of edu-
cation by the Freedmen's bureau in Mississippi in
1867; was active in the reconstruction of that
Btate ; was elected state superintendent of educa-
tion in 1869, and was elected to the U. S. senate
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Adelbert Ames, and served from Feb. 12, 1874, to
March 3, 1875. He was appointed postmaster of
Vicksburg, Miss., in 1875, but was soon removed
for political reasons. He established and edited
The Mississippi Educational Journal, the pioneer
of popular education in the south, and subse-
quently removed to Dakota.
PEASLEE
PECK
PEASLEE, Charles Hazen, representative,
was born at Gilmantun, N.H., Feb. 6, 1804; son
of William and Hannah (Folsom) Peaslee ; grand-
son of Robert and Ann (Hazen) Peaslee, and a
descendant of Joseph and Mary (Johnson) Peas-
lee, who emigrated from Wales to New Eng-
land about 1635, settled in Newbury, Mass., pre-
vious to 1043, and in Haverhill, Mass., about 1640.
He was graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B.,
1834, A.M., 1837, studied law under Stephen
Moody, and was admitted to the bar. He settled
in practice in Concord, N.H., in 1838; was a rep-
resentative in the state legislature, 1833-37, adju-
tant and inspector-general of New Hampshire,
1839-47, and Democratic representative from
New Hampshire in the 30th, 31st and 32d con-
gresses, 1847-53. He was appointed collector of
the port of Boston, Mass., by President Pierce,
April 1, 1853, and served until March 4, 1857,
when he retired to Portsmouth, N.H. He was a
trustee of the New Hampshire Asylum for the
Insane and a director of the Concord railroad.
He was married, Dec. 9, 1846, to Mrs. Mary A. L.
Dana, daughter of Robert Harris of Portsmouth,
N.H. He died in St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 20, 1866.
PEASLEE, John Bradley, educator and
author, was born at Plaistow, N.H., Sept. 3, 1842 ;
son of Reuben and Harriet (Willetts) Peaslee ;
grandson of Joab and Elizabeth (Eaton) Peas-
lee, and of John and Lavina (Smith) Willetts,
and a descendant of Joseph Peaslee, the " come-
outer, " who emigrated from England ; settled
in Newbury, Essex county, Mass., in 1635; with
Thomas Whittier, an ancestor of the poet, laid
out and surveyed Haverhill, Mass, in 1643, and
removed to East Parish, Haverhill, in 1645. John
B. Peaslee was educated at Atkinson and Gil-
manton academies ; was graduated from Dart-
mouth, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866, and from Cin-
cinnati college, LL.B., in I860. He was principal
of the North grammar school, Columbus, Ohio,
1863-64 ; first assitant of district and principal of
district and intermediate schools, Cincinnati,
1864-74, and superintendent of Cincinnati public
schools, 1874-86. In 1879 he was awarded a di-
ploma of life membership in the University of
Turin for the exhibit of the Cincinnati schools at
the Paris exposition of 1878. He inaugurated the
celebration of "author day" and " arbor day,"
and in 1883 the school children planted and dedi-
cated to American authors a grove of six acres,
now known as " Authors' Grove." On Oct. 18,
1889, the American Forestry congress planted an
oak tree near Agricultural hall. Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, dedicating it to Dr. Peaslee in
"recognition of his distinguished services in pro-
moting the cause of popular forestry, and espe-
cially in introducing the celebration of Arbor
Day by the public schools of Cincinnati and
thereafter of the country." He was a trustee of
Miami university, 1871-79 ; clerk of the Hamilton
county courts, 1888-95 ; president of the Ohio
State Teachers' association, 1886 ; president of the
Ohio Forestry bureau, 1889-95 ; candidate for
lieutenant-governor of Ohio, 1895 ; a life member
of the National Council of Education and of the
National Educational association ; director of the
University of Cincinnati ; president of the Ohio
state board of examiners for teachers, and a
director of the Ohio Humane society. His pub-
lished works include : Reports of the Cincinnati
Public Schools (1874-86); Graded Selections for
Memorizing (1883) ; Trees and Tree-planting,
with Exercises and Directions for the Celebration
of Arbor Day (1884) ; Moral and Literary Train-
ing in Public Schools, an address (1881); German
Instruction in Public Schools, an address (1889);
Thoughts and Experiences In and Out of School
(1900), and maiiy articles in educational journals.
PEATTIE, Elia Wilkinson, journalist and
author, was born in Kalamazoo, Mich., Jan. 15,
1863 ; daughter of Frederick and Amanda (Cahill)
Wilkinson. She removed with her parents to
Chicago, where she received a good education.
She was married in 1883 to Robert Burns Peattie,
a Chicago journalist, and was engaged in news-
paper work with him, 1883-95, being a reporter
on Chicago dailies, 1883-88, and an editorial
writer for the Omaha World Herald, 1888-96.
She returned to Chicago in 1896, and engaged in
literature. She is the author of : With Scrip and
Staff (1891) ; A Mountain Woman (1896); Pip-
pins and Cheese (1897); Love of Caliban (1897) ;
27(6 Shape of Fear (1898) ; 'Iclcery Ann (1899) ;
Tlie Beleaguered .Forest (1901) ; How Jaques came
into the Forest of Arden (1901), and many con-
tributions to periodicals.
PECK, Asahel, governor of Vermont, was born
in Royalston, Mass., in September, 1803 ; son of
Squire and Elizabeth (Goddard) Peck ; grandson
of John and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descen-
dant of Joseph and Rebecca (Clark) Peck. Joseph
Peck, a native of Suffolk
county, England, emigrated
from Hingham, Norfolk
county, to New England in
the ship Diligent in 1638,
settled in Hingham, Mass.,
and at Seekonk or Rehoboth,
Mass., in 1645. Asahel Peck
was taken to Moutpelier, Vt. , by his parents in
1803, attended the public schools irregularly, 1808-
24. and the University of Vermont, 1834-26, but
was not graduated. He studied French in the
family of the president of a French college in
Canada, and law under his brother, Nathan Peck,
at Hiuesburgh, and subsequently in the office of
Bailey & Marsh, Burlington, Vt. He was ad-
PECK
PECK
milled to the bar in 1832, settled in practice in
Montpelier and was at one time associated with
Archibald Hyde and later with D. A. Srnalley.
He was originally a Democrat in politics, but in
1848 became a Free Soiler, and a member of the
convention at Buffalo that nominated Van Buren
and Adams, and was subsequently active in or-
ganizing the Republican party. He was judge of
the circuit court of Vermont, 1851-57, judge of
the supreme court of the state, 1860-74, and gov-
ernor of Vermont, 1874-76. He retired to his
farm in Jericho Vt., in 1876, where he died, May
18, 1879.
PECK, Elijah Wolsey, jurist, was born in
Blenheim, Schoharie count3r, N. Y., Aug. 7,
1799 ; son of David and Christiana (Minturn)
Peck. He was educated for the profession of law
and was admitted to the bar in 1824. He prac-
tised law in Ely ton, Ala., 1824-38 ; removed to
Tuskaloosa, Ala., in 1838, and was chancellor of
Alabama, 1839-40. He opposed secession in 1861 ;
was chairman of the military reconstruction con-
vention of 1867 ; was elected a judge of the su-
preme court of Alabama, and chief-justice in
1869. resigning in 1874, before the end of his term
of office. He was married in 1828 to Lucy,
daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall
of Talladega, Ala. He died at Tuskaloosa, Ala.,
Feb. 13, 1888.
PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, commissioner, was
born in Chicago, 111., July 15, 1848 ; sou of Philip
F. W. and Mary Kent (Wythe) Peck. He was
admitted to the bar in 1869. He engaged in
philanthropic work in Chicago, was one of J;he
founders of the Illinois Humane society ; presi-
dent and a member of the board of governors of
the Chicago Athenaeum, and president of the
Chicago Auditorium association. He conceived
and carried into completion the Chicago audi-
torium and hotel. He was vice-president of the
Chicago board of education for four years, being
twice appointed by the mayor to that position. He
was chairman of the finance committee, a vice-
president of the World's Columbian exposition
and a member of the commission of five to visit
Europe in the interest of the exposition. He
was a trustee of the University of Chicago,
1894-97. In 1898 he was appointed by President
McKinley U. S. commissioner-general to the
Paris exposition of 1900, where he secured much
additional space for American exhibits and con-
cluded the plans for the execution of the bronze
equestrian statue of Lafayette, executed by
Paul Wayland Bartlett, paid for by popular sub-
scriptions largely from school children in the
United States and placed in the court of the
Louvre at Paris. He was appointed a grand offi-
cer of the Legion of Honor by the president of
France in 1900.
PECK, George, clergyman and editor, was born
in Middlefield, Otsego county, N. Y., Aug. 8.
1797 ; son of Luther and Annis (Coller) Peck ;
grandson of Jesse and Ruth (Hoyl) Peck, and a
descendant of Henry Peck, who emigrated from
England to America in the ship Hector in 1637
and settled in New Haven, Conn., in 1638.
George Peck attended the district school, and
when nineteen years old became active as a
Methodist preacher. He was pastor and presid-
ing elder in the Oneida conference, 1816-35 ; was
principal of the Oneida conference seminary at
Cazenovia, N. Y., 1835-39 ; editor of the Method-
ist Quarterly Review, 1840-48, and of the Christian
Advocate, 1848-52. He returned to the Wyom-
ing, Pa., conference in 1852, and was pastor of the
church at Scranton and presiding elder of the
Wyoming district, 1852-73. He was a member
of thirteen general conferences, 1824-72, and a
delegate to the first evangelical alliance in Lon-
don in 1846. He received the honorary degree
A.M. from Wesleyan university in 1835, andD.D.
from Augusta college, Kentucky, in 1840. He
was married, June 10, 1819, to Mary, daughter of
Philip Myers of Kingston, Pa. Their sons,
George Myers and Luther Wesley (q.v.), were
clergymen. He is the author of: Universal ism.
Examined (1826) ; History of the Apostles and
Evangelists (1836) ; Scripture Doctrine of Chris-
tian Perfection (1841) ; Rule of Faith (1844) ;
Reply to Dr. Bascom's Defence of American Slav-
ery (1845) ; Manly Character (1852) : Wyoming,
Its History, Romantic Adventures, etc. (ls>i:
Early Methodism, within the Bounds of the Old
Genesee Conference (1860): Our Country, Its
Trials and Its Triumphs (1865) ; Life and Times
of the Rev. George Peck, D. D. (1874). He died
in Scranton, Pa., May 20, 1876.
PECK, George Wesley, educator, was born in
Kingston, Pa., Feb. 7, 1849; son of the Rev.
George Wesley and Abigail (Bennett) Peck, and
grand-nephew of the Rev. George (q. v.) and
Mary (Myers) Peck. He was educated in the-
public schools ; was licensed to preach in 1872,
and was graduated at Syracuse university, Ph.
D., 1878. He was president of Hedding college,
Abingdon, 111., 1878-82; traveled in Europe and
the Orient, 1882-83, and was in New York state
as pastor in Buffalo, 1882-S5, Medina, 1885-86,
Danville, 1886-91, Rochester, 1891-96, and Buf-
falo, from 1896. He was a delegate to the Metho-
dist Ecumenical conference in London in 1881.
He was married, June 11, 1890, to Ina Merle Car-
ter of Adams, N. Y. He received the degrees of
A.B. and A.M. from Illinois Wesleyan university
in 1879 and that of LL. D. from Hedding college
in 1882. He is the author of : The Realization
and Benefit of Ideals (1S7Q) ; Walk in the Light
(1882), and Life of Jesse T. Peck (1887).
PECK
PECK
PECK, George Wilbur, governor of Wiscon-
sin, was born in Jefferson county, N.Y., Sept. 28,
1840 ; son of David B. and Alzina Peck. He at-
tended the public schools, and in 1855 went to
Wisconsin, entering the printing office of the
Whitewater Register. He assisted in establish-
ing the Jefferson County Republican; was em-
ployed by the State Journal, Madison ; enlisted
in the Federal army as a private ; served, 1861-66,
being one year in Texas after the war, and at-
tained the rank of 2d lieutenant. He was mar-
ried in 1800 to Francena Rowley of Delavan, Wis.
He established the Ripon Representative in 1866
and soon afterward removed to New York, where
he was one of the editors of Pomeroy's Democrat.
He subsequently edited the La Crosse edition of
the Democrat, called the La Crosse Democrat,
aud in 1878 published Peck's Sim in Milwaukee,
Wis., which gained a wide reputation for its hu-
morous character. He was chief of police of La
Crosse, 1874-75, and chief clerk of the state assem-
bly in 1874. He was mayor of Milwaukee, 1890-
91, and governor of the state of Wisconsin, 1891-
95. He is the author of : Peck's Bad Boy and
his Pa, and The Grocery-man and Peck's Bad
Boy : a Continuation of Peck's Bad Boy.
PECK, Harry Thurston, editor and author,
was born in Stamford, Conn., Nov. 24, 1856; son
of Harry and Elizabeth (Thurston) Peck; grand-
son of Turney and Rebecca (Burr) Peck), and of
John Gates and Harriet (Lee) Thurston, and a
descendant from Daniel Thurston of Gloucester-
shire, England, and later of Newbury, Mass., who
died in 1693. He attended a private school in
Greenwich, Conn., and was graduated from Co-
lumbia college, A.B., 1881, A.M., 1882, L.H.D.,
1884. He was a university fellow of Columbia,
1881-83 ; tutor in Latin, 1882-85, and studied at
the University of Berlin in 1888. He was mar-
ried, April 26, 1882, to Nellie MacKay, daughter
of Charles and Mary E. (MacKay) Dawbarn. He
was instructor in Latin and Semitic languages at
Columbia, 1886-88 ; acting professor of Latin,
1886-88, and became professor of Latin in 1888. The
degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Cumber-
land university in 1883. He was secretary of the
University Council of Columbia in 1892, and of the
Faculty of Arts from 1894. He was editor of the
Bookman from 1895 ; literary editor of the New
York Commercial Advertiser, 1897-1901 ; member
of the general editorial staff of the same journal
from 1902 ; editor of " Harper's Dictionary of
Classical Literature and Antiquities" (1896) ;
"The International Cyclopaedia" (15 vols. , 1890-
1902) ; " The New International Encyclopedia "
from 1903 ; the " Student's Series of Latin
Classics" (1892-1902) ; "American Atlas of the
World " (1892) ; " Library of the World's Litera-
ture " (1896), and "Masterpieces of Literature"
(1899). He translated " Trimalchio's Dinner"
(1898), and is the author of : Tlie Personal Equa-
tion (1897) ; The Semitic Theory of Creation
(1886) ; Latin Pronunciation (1890) ; The Adven-
tures of Mabel (1896) ; What is Good English?
(1899) ; Greystone and Porpyhry (1900.)
PECK, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bishop, was
born in Middlefield, N.Y., April 4, 1811 ; son of
Luther and Annis (Coller) Peck, and brother of
the Rev. George Peck (q.v.). He was educated
at the Oneida Conference seminary, Cazenovia,
N.Y., and was licensed as a local preacher in
1829. He was married, Oct. 13, 1831, to Persis,
daughter of Capt. David Wing of West Dennis,
Mass. ; was admitted to the Oneida conference,
July 12, 1832, and was pastor of the churches at
Dryden, Newark Valley, Skaneateles and Pots-
dam, N.Y., 1832-37. He was principal of the
Gouverneur Wesleyan seminary, 1837-41 ; of the
Troy Conference academy, Poultney, Vt. , 1841-
48; president of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa.,
1848-52 ; pastor of
the Foundry church,
Washington, D.C.,
1852-54 ; secretary
and editor of the
Tract Society of the
Methodist Episcopal
church, 1854-56, and
pastor of the Green
Street church, New
York city, 1856-58.
He was transferred
to California in 1858,
and was pastor and
presiding elder in
San Francisco, Sac-
ramento and Santa
Clara. 1858-66, also president of the board of
trustees of the University of the Pacific and of
the State Bible society. He was pastor at Peeks-
kill, Albany and Syracuse, N.Y., respectively,
1866-72 ; a founder of Syracuse university, presi-
dent of its board of trustees and chairman of the
building committee. He was elected bishop of
the Methodist Episcopal church in 1872, and made
a tour of Europe in 1881, holding conferences and
studying educational systems. He was a mem-
ber of several general conferences and a delegate
to the Methodist Ecumenical conference in Lou-
don in 1881. He received the degree of A.M.
from Wesleyan university in 1838, D.D. from
University college in 1846, and LL.D. from Will-
amette university in 1875. He is the author of :
The Central Idea of Christianity (1855) ; The True
Woman (1857); What Must I Do to be Saved
(1858), and History of a Great Republic, con-
sidered from a Christian Standpoint (1868). He
died in Syracuse, N.Y., May 17, 1883.
PECK
PECK
PECK, John Hudson, educator, was born in
Hudson, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1838 ; son of Judge Darius
and Harriet Matilda (Hudson) Peck ; grandson
John and Sarah (Ferris) Peck and of Horace and
Sarah (Robinson) Hudson, and a descendant of
William Peck, who emigrated to America in
1638 and was one of the original founders of the
colony of New Haven. He attended the Hudson
Classical institute and was graduated from
Hamilton college in 1859. He was admitted to
the bar at Albany, N. Y., in 1861, and practised in
partnership with his preceptor, Jeremiah Romeyn,
in Troy, N. Y., until 1867, and with Cornelius L.
Tracy, another preceptor, until 1888. He was
married, Aug. 7, 1883, to Mercy Plum, daughter of
Nathaniel Mann of Milton, N. Y. He was made
a trustee of Troy Female seminary in 1883, and
of the diocese of Albany, and was president of
the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, 1888-1900.
The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on
him by Hamilton college in 1889.
PECK, John James, soldier, was born in Man-
lius, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821. He was graduated from
the U.S. Military academy in 1843 and assigned
to the artillery. He was promoted 3d lieutenant,
April 16, 1846, and was engaged in the battles of
Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Vera
Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the assault and capture
of the city of Mexico, 1846-47. He was promoted
first lieutenant, March 3, 1847 ; was brevetted
captain, Aug. 30, 1847, for gallant and meritorious
conduct in the battles of Contreras and Cheru-
busco ; major, Sept. 8, 1847, for gallant and mer-
itorious conduct at the battle of Molino Del Rey,
and was presented with a sword on his return to
New York iu 1848. He was engaged in scouting
and frontier duty, 1849-53. He resigned his com-
mission in the army, March 31, 1853 ; was treas-
urer of a projected railroad from New York to
Syracuse via Newburg, N.Y., 1853-60 ; cashier of
Burnet bank, Syracuse, N.Y., 1853-61, and pres-
ident of the board of education, 1859-61. He en-
tered the U. S. volunteer army as brigadier-gen-
eral, Aug. 9, 1861, and served in the defences of
Washington, 1861-63. He commanded the 3d
and 1st brigades, 1st division, 4th army corps,
during the Virginia Peninsular campaign, March-
July, 1862. being engaged in the siege of York-
town and in the battles of Williamsburg and Fair
Oaks. In the operations of the seven days' bat-
tles before Richmond on the change of base to the
James river, June 36-July 2. 1862, he commanded
the 3d division, 4th corps. He was promoted ma-
jor-general U.S. volunteers, July 4, 1862, and his
division of about 9,000 men, augmented, March
31, 1863, to 15,000, and April 30 to nearly 25.000,
embracing all the Federal troops in Virginia
south of the James river. He was engaged in the
operations about Suffolk, Va., and its defences,
September, 1862, to May, 1864. Suffolk was in-
vested by Longstreet, April 11, 1863, and this led
to the transfer of the Army of the James to
Peck's support. He was in command in North Car-
olina, 1863-64, and of the department of the east,
with headquarters at New York, 1864-65. He was
mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, and returned to Syra-
cuse, where he organized and became president
of the New York State Life Insurance company
in 1866. He died in Syracuse, N.Y., April 28, 1878.
PECK, John Mason, pioneer clergyman, was
born at South Farms, Litchfleld, Conn., Oct. 31,
1789. He removed to Windham, N.Y., in 1811,
and became a Baptist preacher at New Durham,
N.Y. He was ordained, June 9, 1813, and preach-
ed in Catskill and Amenia, N.Y., 1813-15. He
studied mission work under Dr. Stoughton at
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1815, and was subsequently
appointed a missionary to St. Louis, Mo., preach-
ing through Missouri and Illinois, 1817-26. He
made a home in Rock Spring, 111., in 1832, where
he established in 1826 the Rock Spring seminary
for training teachers and preachers, which be-
came Shurtleff college in 1835, and was located
at Upper Alton, 111. He travelled 6,000 miles and
collected $20,000 to endow this institution. He
established and published the Western Pioneer
and Baplist, the first official organ of the Baptist
church in the west, 1828 ; helped to organize the
American Baptist Home Missionary society in
1831 ; established and edited the Illinois Sunday
School Banner, and was one of the originators
and chief factors in establishing the theolo-
gical institution at Covington, Ky. He was
corresponding secretary and financial agent of
the American Baptist Publication society, 1843-
45, and held pastorates in Missouri, Illinois and
Kentucky, 1845-58. He received the honorary
degrees A. M. from Brown in 1835, and U.D. from
Harvard in 1852. He contributed to the his-
torical societies of the northwestern states and
territories, and is the author of : A Guide for
Emigrants (1831); Gazetteer of Illinois (1834);
New Guide for Emigrants to the West (1836);
Father Clark, or the Pioneer Preacher (1855); Life
of Daniel Boone in Sparks's "American Biogra-
phy," and edited the second edition of " Annals of
the West: Forty Years of Pioneer Life"; " Me-
moir of John Mason Peck, edited from his Jour-
nals and Correspondence" (1864) by the Rev.
Rufus Babcock. He died in Rock Spring, 111.,
March 15, 1858.
PECK, Lucius B., representative, was born in
Waterbury,Vt., in October, 1803 ; son of Gen. John
and Anna (Benedict) Peck ; grandson of John
and Mary (Drown) Peck, and a descendant in the
seventh generation of Joseph Peck, who came
from Hingham, Norfolk county, England, t>>
Hingham, Mass., in 1638. He was admitted to
PECK
PECKHAM
the U.S. Military academy as a cadet, July 1,
1822, but left after one year's study on account of
ill health and studied law with Judge Samuel
Prentiss at Montpelier and with Deuuison Smith
at Barre, with whom he formed a partnership im-
mediately after his admission to the bar in Sept-
ember, 1825. He was married, May 10, 1832, to
Martha, daughter of Ira Day of Barre.Vt. He rep-
resented Barre in the state legislature in 1831 ;
removed to Montpelier and practised law there,
1333-66, the later years of his life in partnership
with B. F. Fifield. He was a Democratic repre-
sentative from the second district of Vermont in
the 30th and 31st congresses, 1847-51, and U.S.
district attorney for Vermont, 1853-57. He was
the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for gov-
ernor of Vermont in two elections, and president
of the Vermont and Canada railroad, 1859-66.
He died suddenly in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 28, 1866.
PECK, Luther Wesley, clergyman. was born in
Kingston, Pa., June 14,1825; son of the Rev. George
(q.v.) and Mary (Myers) Peck. He attended the
Wesleyan university, 1841-43, was graduated
from the University of the City of New York,
A.B., 1845, A.M. 1849; studied theology, and
joined the New York conference on trial in 1845.
He was stationed at Brooklyn, Durham, Rhine-
beck, Newburg, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Mid-
dleton and smaller places, 1845-66, and in the
Wyoming conference where he was presiding
elder of the Honesdale district, 1875-79. He was
married, Jan. 18, 1848, to Sarah Maria, daughter
of Dr. Ransom H. Gibbons of Dormansville, N.Y.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by the University of the City of New York
in 1878. His pastorate covered a period of forty-
five years and he retired in 1891. He was an ex-
tensive contributor to the National Magazine,
Quarterly Review, and Ladies' Repository ; edited
"A View from Campbell's Ledge in Wyoming," by
his father, and is the author of : The Golden Age
(1858); The Burial of Lincoln, a poem in Jesse T.
Peck's " History of the Great Republic," and Tlie
Flight of the Humming Birds, a poem (1895).
He died at Scranton, Pa., March 31, 1900.
PECK, Samuel Minturn, poet, was born in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., Nov. 4, 1854; son of Elijah
Wolsey and Lucy (Randall) Peck, and grandson
of David and Christiana (Minturn) Peck, and
of Samuel and Lucy (Lamb) Randall. He at-
tended the public schools ; was graduated from
the University of Alabama in 1876 ; studied medi-
cine, and was graduated from Bellevue Hospital
Medical college, N.Y., M.D., in 1879. He never
practised his profession, but devoted himself to
literary work, contributing his first work, a lyric
entitled Tlie Orange Tree, to the New York Even-
ing Post in 1878. He published long and short
stories in the leading periodicals and also com-
posed numerous lyrics, including: A Knot of Blue;
Tlie Dimple in her Cheek ; Cupid at Court ; My
Little Girl, and Tlie Grape Vine Stving, all of
which have been set to music. Among his pub-
lished volumes are : Cap and Bells (1886) ; Rings
and Love Knots (1893), and Rhymes and Roses
(1895). all poems.
PECKHAM, Mary Chase Peck, author, was
born at Nantucket, Mass., July 15, 1839 ; daughter
of Charles Miller and Adriana (Fisher) Peck ;
granddaughter of Philip and Abigail (Chase)
Peck and of Rufus and Mary (Pease) Fisher, and
great-granddaughter of Capt. Jonathan Peck, a
Revolutionary officer. She attended the Provi-
dence high school and taught schools in that city,
1857-65. She was married, June 13, 1865, to
Stephen F. Peckham (q.v.) and accompanied him
to Southern California. On their return to Pro-
vidence in 1866, she engaged in literary work,
and in 1873, removing to Minneapolis, Minn.,
devoted herself to philanthropy. She was a mem-
ber of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage asso-
ciation and of the Association for the Advance-
ment of Women. She is the author of : Father
Gabriel's Fairy (1873), and Windfalls Gathered
Only for Friends (1894). She died at Ann Arbor,
Mich., March 20, 1892.
PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, jurist, was born
in Rensselaerville, N.Y., Dec. 20, 1809; son of
Peleg and Desire (Watson) Peckham ; and grand-
son of Benjamin, Jr., and Mary (Hazard) Peck-
ham. His parents removed to Cooperstown,
N.Y., where he was prepared for college. He was
graduated from Union in 1827 ; studied law ;
was admitted to the bar, and in 1830 established
himself in practice in Albany, N.Y. He was
appointed district attorney of Albany county,
1838 ; was a Democratic representative in the 33d
congress, 1853-55, and in June, 1855, resumed his
law practice in partnership with Judge Lyman
Tremain. He was a justice of the New York su-
preme court, 1859-70, and a judge of the court of
appeals, 1870-73. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Union college in 1870. He
married in 1832, Isabella, daughter of the Rev.
William B. and Hannah Lacey of Albany, N.Y.
She died April 4, 1848, and in February, 1863, he
married Mary E. Foote of Brooklyn, N.Y. His
health failing, he sailed for France with his wife,
and both perished in the wreck of the Ville du
Havre, Nov. 22, 1873.
PECKHAM, Rufus Wheeler, associate justice
of the United States supreme court, was born in
Albany, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1838; son of Judge Rufus
Wheeler and Isabella (Lacey) Peckham. He
attended school in Albany, N.Y., and in Phila-
delphia, Pa., and studied law with his father, be-
ing admitted to the bar in December, 1859. He
was married, Nov. 14, I860, toHarriette, daughter
PECKHAM
PECKHAM
of Dan H. and Harriette Maria (Welles) Arnold of
New York city. He was district attorney of
Albany county, N.Y., 1868 ; corporation counsel
of the city of Albany in 1880-81, and a justice of
the supreme court of
the state of New
York, 1883-86, resign-
ing iii 1886 to accept
the office of judge of
the court of appeals.
He was appointed,
Dec. 3, 1895, by Presi-
dent Cleveland to
fill the vacancy on
the bench of the
U.S. supreme court,
caused by the death
of Justice Howell E.
Jackson, his appoint-
"ment being duly con-
firmed by the senate.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1894 ; by Yale university
in 1896, and by Columbia university in 1901.
PECKHAM, Samuel Wardwell, librarian, was
born in Providence, R.I., July 5, 1814 ; son of
Thomas and Sarah (Wardwell) Peckham. His
father, collector of the port of Providence for
many years, was a descendant of the Peck-
hams, who were Quakers, and among the first
settlers of Aquidneck. He was graduated from
Brown university, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835 ; taught
school ; studied law with Chief-Justice Richard
W. Greene, and was admitted to the bar in 1836.
He was librarian of the Providence Athenaeum.
1836-38 ; secretary, 1836-45 and 1856-57, and one
of its constant directors, and was a member of
the school committee, 1845-19 and 1855-57. He
was married in 1846 to Margaret, daughter of
Jacob and Mary Wanton (Lyman) Duunell. She
died of small-pox in 1849. Mr. Peckham was
justice and clerk of the court of magistrates,
1846-53 ; a representative in the state assembly
in 1854 ; justice of the police court, 1857-69 ; clerk
of the municipal court during the summer of
1857, and master in chancery for over thirty
years. He declined his election as president of
the Athenaeum in 1888, but consented to serve
in 1889 and was annually re-elected. Upon his
death he bequeathed $4,000 to the Rhode Island
hospital to establish a free bed in memory of his
wife. He was a member of the First Congrega-
tional (Unitarian) society, 1845-95, and its presi-
dent for several years. He is the author of : Re-
ports of the Providence Alhenceum (1844, 1850,
1883 and 1886) ; Verses in Various Moods and on
Various Occasions, and valuable contributions to
library literature. He died in Providence, R.I.,
June 29, 1895.
PECKHAM, Stephen Farnum, chemist, was
born at Fruit Hill, North Providence, R.I.,
March 26, 1839 ; son of Charles and Hannah
Lapham (Farnum) Peckham ; grandson of
Thomas Peckham of Providence, R.I., and a
descendant of John Peckham of Newport, R.I.,
1638, of John Howland of the Mayflower and of
Richard Scott, the first Quaker in Rhode Island.
He attended the district schools and the Friends
boarding school at Providence, and studied
chemistry at Brown university. In 1861 he en-
gaged in erecting an establishment for the manu-
facture of illuminating oil from petroleum. He
enlisted in the Federal army, Aug. 15, 1862, as
hospital steward of the 7th R.I. regiment, and in
1864 had charge of the chemical department of
the U. S. army laboratory at Philadelphia, being
honorably discharged, May 26, 1865. He was
chemist of the California Petroleum company,
Santa Barbara county, Cal., 1865-66 ; a member
of the California Geological survey, 1866-67, and
prepared a report on the " Oil Interests of
Southern California ; " was an instructor in chem-
istry at Brown university, 1867-68 ; professor of
chemistry at Washington college, Pa., 1868-69;
professor of chemistry at the Maine State College
of Agriculture, 1869-71 ; at Buchtel college, Ohio,
1871-72, and at the University of Minnesota,
1872-80. He returned to Providence in 1881. He
was chemist of the Minnesota Geological survey ;
special agent of the U. S. census office, 1880-85 ;
state assayer of Maine, Rhode Island and Minne-
sota, and chemist of the Union Oil company of
California, 1893-94. He investigated the problem
of street paving with asphaltum and read a paper
on the subject before the congress of chemists at
the Columbian exposition. He made wide re-
searches into the subject of bitumens and became
a recognized expert, being for a number of years
chemist to the commissioners of accounts of the
city of New York. He was married, June 13,
1865, to Mary Chace, daughter of Charles Miller
and Adriana (Fisher) Peck of Providence, R.I.
She died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 20, 1892. He
was elected a member of the New York Academy
of Sciences in 1876 ; a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1870 ; a member of the Society of Chemical In-
dustry in 1898 ; the'Americau Philosophical society
in 1897, and the American Chemical society in 1898.
The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on
him by Brown university in 1870. He is the
author of: Elementary Text Book on CJicmistry
(1873) ; a monograph on Petroleum and its Pro-
ducts for the " Tenth Census of the United Stairs "
(1885) ; an article on Petroleum for the last
original edition of the " Encylopaedia Britanniea ''
(1885), and many contributions to current
(scientific literature.
PEEL
PEET
PEEL, Samuel W., representative, was born
near Batesville, Independence county, Ark.,
Sept. 13, 1831 ; son of John W. and Elizabeth
Peel ; grandson of Richard Peel, who with his
brothers, John, Thomas and James, sons of
Thomas Peel, an immigrant from Ireland to Vir-
ginia and thence to Kentucky with Daniel Boone,
settled in Batesville in 1815. Samuel W. received
a common school education and was clerk of the
Carroll county court, 1858-61 ; was major of the
3d Arkansas militia in the state service in 1861 ;
colonel of the 4th Arkansas volunteers, Confed-
erate service, 1862-65, and saw service at Wilson's
Creek, Prairie Grove, and in later engagements.
He read law with his brother-in-law, Judge J. M.
Pitman, and came to the bar in 1866. He was
married, Jan. 30, 1853, to Mary E., sister of Senator
J. H. Berry (q.v.), and practised law in Benton-
ville, Ark., in partnership with his brother-in-
law, who removed to Bentonville in 1869. He
was prosecuting attorney for the fourth judicial
circuit, 1873-76, and Democratic representative
from the fifth district of Arkansas in the 48th-
52d congresses, 1883-93, serving as chairman of the
committee on Indian affairs in the 50th and 52d
congresses.
PEELLE, Stanton Judkins, jurist, was born
in Wayne county, Ind., Feb. 11, 1843 ; son of
John Cox and Ruth (Smith) Peelle ; grandson of
William and Sally (Cox) Peelle, and of Eleazer
and Ruth (Davis) Smith. He attended the public
schools in Wayne and Randolph counties, Ind.,
and a seminary in Winchester, Ind., until the
outbreak of the civil war, when he joined the 8th
Indiana volunteers as corporal. He served at Pea
Ridge, and for meritorious conduct in that battle
was promoted 2d lieutenant, 57th Indiana volun-
teers, Dec. 10, 1862, and took part in the battle at
Stone's River, Tenn., serving on the left wing in
General Crittenden's corps, and was slightly
wounded. He was admitted to the bar, 1866 ;
practised at Winchester, Ind., 1866-69, and re-
moved to Indianapolis in 1869. He was twice
married ; first, July 16, 1867. to Lou R. Perkins,
daughter of Jonathan Perkins of South Bend,
Ind., and secondly, Oct. 16, 1878, to Arabella,
daughter of Judge Milton C. Canfield of Pains-
ville, Ohio. He was a representative in the In-
diana legislature, 187T-79 ; a representative from
the seventh district in the 47th and 48th con-
gresses, 1881-85 ; alternate delegate from the
state at large to the Republican national conven-
tion of 1888. and was chosen a delegate to that of
1892, but did not serve, having been appointed,
March 28, 1892, a judge of the U. S. court of
claims and took the oath of office, April 7, 1892.
He also was elected a professor in the law de-
partment of the Columbian university at Wash-
ington. D.C., a trustee of Howard university and
a member of the board of managers of the Young
Men's Christian association of Washington, D.C.
VIII. —17
PEERS, Benjamin Ore, educator, was born in
Loudoun county, Va., April 20, 1800 ; son of Maj.
Valentine Peers, a native of Ireland and soldier
in the Revolutionary army, who married Elea-
nor, daughter of John Alexander and Susannah
(Grayson) Orr, and a descendant of the Rev.
Alexander and Agnes (Dalrymple) Orr from
Scotland. His parents removed to Kentucky in
1803. He was graduated at the Transylvania
university in 1821, and entered Princeton Theolo-
gical seminary, but left at the close of his first
year. He afterward took orders in the Protes-
tant Episcopal church, and settled in Lexington,
Ky., where he established the Eclectic institute of
which he was principal, 1824-27. He was presi-
dent of Transylvania university, 1833-35 ; de-
voted himself to furthering education in Ken-
tucky, and established the public school system
of the state. He edited the Sunday school publi-
cations of the Episcopal church and the Journal
of Christian Education, 'New York city. He is
the author of National Education Suited to the
United States (1838). He died in Louisville, Ky.,
Aug. 20, 1842.
PEET, Harvey Prindle, educator, was born in
Bethlehem, Conn., Nov. 19, 1794 ; son of Richard
and Joanna (Prindle) Peet. He attended the
district schools, and in 1810 engaged in teaching,
thereby earning the money to prepare for college
at Phillips academy,
Andover, Mass. He
was graduated at
Yale, A.B., 1823,
A.M., 1825; was a
teacher in the Amer-
ican Asylum for the
Deaf and Dumb
at Hartford, Conn.,
1822-31 ; principal of
the New York Insti-
tution for the Deaf
and Dumb in New
York city, 1831-67;
president of the board
of directors fourteen
years, and emeritus
principal of that institution, 1867-73. Under
his direction the New York institution grew to
be the largest and the most successful in the
world. He was married, Nov. 27, 1823, to Mar-
garet Maria, daughter of the Rev. Isaac Lewis,
D.D. ; secondly, in 1835, to Sarah Ann, daughter
of Dr. Matson Smith, and thirdly, Jan. 15, 1868,
to Mrs. Louisa P. Hotchkiss. He received the
degree LL.D. from the regents of the University
of the State of New York in 1849, and that of
Ph.D. from Gallaudet college in 1871. Of his
sons, Isaac Lewis (q.v.) succeeded him as princi-
pal of the institute; Edward (1826-1862.) was
an instructor in the institute, 1848-62, and Dud-
ley (1830-1862), was a practising physician and also
FEET
PEFFER
assisted his father as an instructor in the in-
stitute. He prepared a series of elementary
books for deaf mutes, entitled Course of Instruc-
tion for the Deaf and Dumb (1844-46); contributed
articles on his specialty to the American Journal
of Insanity, and to the American Annals for the
Deaf and Dumb, and is the author of : Scripture
Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb (1846) ; Statistics
of the Deaf and Dumb (1853) ; Report on Educa-
tion of the Deaf and Dumb in Higher Branches
(1853) ; Letters to Pupils on Leaving the New
York Institution for the Deaf and Dtrab(1854) ;
Legal Rights, etc., of the Deaf and Dumb (1856),
and History of the United States of America
(1869). He died in New York city, Jan. 1, 1873.
PEET, Isaac Lewis, educator, was born in
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 4, 1834; son of Harvey
Prindle (q.v.) and Margaret Maria (Lewis) Feet.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1849,
and at Union Theological seminary, 1849, but was
never ordained. He became instructor at the New
York Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, conducted
by his father, 1845 ; vice-principal in 1854 ; prin-
cipal in 1867, when his father retired, and was
retired as principal emeritus in 1893. He was
married, June 27, 1854, to Mary, daughter of
Alvah Toles of Forestville, N.Y. He received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in
1873. Dr. Feet was president of the Medico-
Legal society of New York, 1886, and author of :
A Monograph on Decimal Fractions; Language
Lessons for the Deaf and Dumb, and Manual of
Vegetable Physiology, and revised and enlarged
Dr. Dudley Feet's " Manual of Inorganic Chemis-
try." He died in New York city, Dec. 27, 1898.
PEET, Stephen Denison, archaeologist, was
born in Euclid, Ohio, Dec. 2, 1830 ; son of Stephen
and Martha (Denison) Feet; grandson of Elijah
and Betsey (Leaven worth) Feet and of Amos and
Hannah (Williams) Denison, and a descendant
from Capt. George Denison of the King Philip
war, and from John (1597-1678) and Sarah (Os-
borne) Feet. He was graduated from Beloit col-
lege, A.B., 1851, A.M., 1854, Ph.D. 1896; studied
theology at the Yale Divinity school, 1851-53, and
was graduated from Andover Theological semin-
ary in 1854. He was ordained to the Congrega-
tional ministry in February, 1855, and was pastor
at Genessee, "VVis., 1855-57; New London, Wis.,
1857-59 ; Fox Lake, Wis., 1860-63 ; Racine, Wis.,
1864-65; Elkhorn, Wis., 1865-66; New Oregon,
Inwa, 1866-68; Chatham. Ohio, 1869-72; Ashta-
bula, Ohio, 1873-76 ; Clinton, Wis., 1879-88, and
Mendon, 111., 1888-92. He removed to Chicago
1897. He was elected a member of the American
Oriental society ; the American Antiquarian
society ; the Victoria Institute of Great Britain ;
the American Historical society ; the American
Numismatic society cf New York, and a fellow of
the American Association for the Advancement
of Science. He founded and edited the American
Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, 1879-1902 ;
published the Oriental and Biblical Journal in
1881, and is the author of : The Ashtabula Disaster
(1879) ; History of Ashtabula County, O/«'o(1879);
History of Early Missions in Wisconsin (1886) ;
Religious Belief of the Aborigines of North
America (1886) ; Myths and Symbols (1887) ;
Emblematic Mounds and Animal Effigies (1890) ;
The Mound Builders ; Their Works and Relics
(1892) ; History of the Explorations in the Mis-
sissippi Valley (1896); Cliff Dwellers and Pue-
blos (1899) ; Ancient Monuments and Ruined
Cities (1902).
PEFFER, William Alfred, senator, was born
in Cumberland county, Pa., Sept. 10, 1831 ; son
of John and Elizabeth (Souder) Peffer, and a
descendant of Philip Peffer, who emigrated from
Holland about the middle of the 18th century and
settled in central Pennsylvania. He attended
the public schools of
Cumberland county ;
taught in a country
school, 1846-49 ; went
to the California gold
mines, 1850-53, and
was married, Dec. 28,
1852, to Sarah Jane,
daughter of William
Barber of Papertown,
Pa. He settled in St.
Joseph county, Ind.,
in 1853, as a farmer,
removed to Morgan
county, Missouri, in
1859, and engaged in
farming and teach-
ing. He delivered a speech there on the de-
fence of the Union, July 4, 1860, and, obliged
to move North on account of his Union sen-
timents, settled in Warren county. 111., in March,
1862. He enlisted as a private in the 83d Illi-
nois volunteer infantry in August, 1862 ; was
promoted 2d lieutenant the following March,
serving in various responsible positions by detail
— regimental quartermaster, adjutant, post-
adjutant, judge advocate of a military commis-
sion, and concluding his service as depot quarter-
master in the engineering department at Nash-
ville, Tenn. He was honorably discharged, June
26, 1865. He began his law practice in Clarks-
ville, Tenn., in August, 1865, and attempted the
organization of a conversative Union party, em-,
bodying the right of free schools, free speech and
free press. He removed to Kansas in 1S?(> ;
settled on a claim in Wilson county ; established
a law practice, and began the publication of the
Fredonia Journal. He was elected state senator
PEGRAM
PEGRAM
in 1874, and was chairman of the joint legislative
committee oil the Centennial exposition iu 1876.
He engaged in the practice of law in the adjoin-
ing county of Montgomery, 1875-78, and estab-
lished the Coffeyville Journal in 1875. He was a
presidential elector on the Garfield and Arthur
ticket in 1880, and in 1881 became editor of the
Kansas Farmer at Topeka. He was elected U.S.
senator by the People's party and served, 1891-97 ;
was chairman of the committee to examine the
several branches of the civil service, and a mem-
ber of the committees on claims, pensions, agricul-
ture, census, railroads, and improvement of the
Mississippi River. He was defeated as Prohibi-
tion candidate for governor of Kansas in 1898,
and took an active part in the campaign of 1900,
favoring the re-election of McKinley. He wrote
many articles on political science for the Forum
and the North American Review, and is the
author of : Myriorama (1869) ; Tlie Carpet Bag-
ger in Tennessee (1869) ; Oeraldine, or What
May Happen (1882) ; Peffer's Tariff Manual
(1888) ; Tlie Way Out (1890) ; The Farmers' Side
(1891) ; Americanism in the Philippines (1900);
Rise and Fall of Populism in the United States
(1900), and in 1901 began the preparation of a
subject index to the debates of congress from
1789 to date.
PEGRAM, John, soldier, was born in Dinwid-
die county, Va., Nov. 16, 1773 ; son of Capt.
Edward and Mary (Lyle) Pegram. His grand-
father, Edward Pegram, came from England in
the fall of 1699 with a party of engineers under
Col. Daniel Baker, whose daughter, Mary Scott
Baker, he married. Their second son, Capt.
Edward Pegram (born about 1744, died, March 30,
1816), was appointed " special commander "to de-
fend his parish and county against the Indians, and
thus became known as " King Pegram." He was
also a captain in the American Revolution and a
juror in the trial of Aaron Burr. John Pegram
was a magistrate for more than twenty years, a
member of the house of delegates for many years
and of the state senate for eight years ; a rep-
resentative in the 15th congress, 1818-19, com-
pleting the term of Peterson Goodwin, deceased ;
major-general of state militia in the war of 1812,
and U.S. marshal of the eastern district of Vir-
ginia in Monroe's administration. He married,
first, Miss Coleman of Dinwiddie ; and secondly,
Martha Ward Gregory, and was the father of
fourteen children. He died in Dinwiddie
county, Va., April 8. 1831.
PEGRAM, John, soldier, was born in Peters-
burg, Va., Jan. 24, 1832; son of James West
(1803-1844) and Virginia (Johnson) Pegram, and
grandson of John (q.v.) and Martha Ward
(Gregory) Pegram and of William R. and Mary
(Evans) Johnson. John Pegram was graduated
from the U.S. Military academy in 1854 and was
assigned to the dragoons. He served in Cal-
ifornia, 1854-57 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant of
2d dragoons, March 3, 1855, and served in Kansas
and Dakota, 1855-57. He was promoted first lieu-
tenant, Feb. 28, 1857 ; was assistant instruct-
or of cavalry at the U. S. Military academy,
Jan. 12 to Sept. 11, 1857 ; served as adjutant of
3d dragoons in the Utah expedition, 1857-58 ;
was on leave of absence in Europe, 1858-60,
and served on the Navajo expedition of 1860.
He was stationed in New Mexico, 1860-61, and
resigned his commission May 10, 1861. He was
appointed lieutenant-colonel in the provisional
army of Virginia ; commanded a detachment of
about 1300 men and four cannon at Ricli Moun-
tain, Va., in July, 1861, and sent a force of 350
men and one cannon, with orders to guard the
road at the mountain summit. The force was
attacked by General Rosecrans and after a
gallant defence defeated, and Colonel Pegram
was forced to abandon his position, July 12,
1861. He retreated to Beverly and on account
of scarcity of food, and on learning of Gen-
eral Garnett's retreat, surrendered his force of
30 officers and 525 men to General McClellan,
July 13, 1861. He was commissioned brigadier-
general in the Confederate army, Nov. 7, 1862 ;
was assigned to the command of a brigade
made up of the 1st Georgia and 1st Louisiana
cavalry regiments in Wheeler's cavalry corps,
in the Army of Tennessee, and engaged in the
battle of Stone's River, Tenn., where he was
posted on the Lebanon Pike in the advance of
Breckenridge's right. He was promoted major-
general and took part in the battle of Chicka-
mauga in command of the2d division of Forrest's
cavalry corps, and his divison was held in re-
serve by General Breckinridge. He commanded
a brigade in Early's division, E well's corps, in the
Wilderness and at Cold Harbor, and when Early
assumed command of the Confederate army in
the Shenandoah Valley he succeeded to the
command of Early's division and took a conspi-
cuous part in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's
Hill and Cedar Creek. He commanded his divi-
sion in Gordon's corps at Petersburg and Rich-
mond, December, 1864, to February, 1865. He
was married in January, 1865, to Hetty Cary of
Baltimore, Md. He was fatally wounded at
Hatcher's Run near Petersburg, and died on the
battlefield, Feb. 6, 1865.
PEGRAM, Robert Baker, naval officer, was
born in Dinwiddie county, Va., Dec. 10, 1811 ; son
of Gen. John (q.v.) and Martha Ward (Gregory)
Pegram. He was appointed midshipman in
the U.S. navy, Feb. 2, 1829, and served in the
Mediterranean squadron. He was promoted
lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and during the war with
PEGRAM
PEIRCE
Mexico, served under Capt. David G. Farragut
on the Saratoga. In 1852 he took part in the
Japan expedition. He was engaged in the ex-
pedition organized by the combined forces of the
British ship Battler and the U.S. vessel Poivhatan
against a piratical fleet of thirty-one junks, of
which he captured sixteen, and also one hun-
dred cannon with a loss to the pirates of 600 men.
For this service lie was personally thanked by
Admiral Sir James Stirling, flag officer of the
British East India squadron, and by the govern-
ment of Hong Kong and Great Britain, and
presented with a sword from the state of Vir-
ginia. He was on duty in the Norfolk Navy
yard, 1856-60 ; served in the Paraguay expedition
nine months of 1858, and as a commissioner to
define the limits of the Newfoundland fisheries in
1859. He resigned his commission in the U.S.
navy, April 17, 1861, and was appointed captain
in the Confederate navy. He was given com-
mand of the Norfolk Navy yard after its evacua-
tion by the Federal troops, April 21, 1861 ; forti-
fied Pig Point on the Nansemond river, Va., and
with its batteries disabled the U.S. steamer
Harriet Lane, which was surveying and buoying
the river. He commanded the steamer Nashville,
October, 1861, to February, 1862. It was the in-
tention of Mason and Slidell, the Confederate
commissioners, to take passage on the Nashville,
and for this purpose Pegram was to run the
blockade from Charleston ; but they feared to
take the chances, and while he ran the blockade
successfully in October. 1861, they were captured
on board the British mail steamer Trent. Pe-
gram after capturing the Harvey Birch in the
English channel, landed his prisoners at South-
ampton and was held in port by the U.S. steamer
Tuscarora until February, when he effected his
escape and made harbor at Beaufort, N.C. He
was detailed to superintend the armament of the
iron-clad steamer Richmond, which he took to
Drewry's Bluff, when he was transferred to the
new iron-clad Virginia, the best vessel in the
Confederate fleet. In 1864 funds were raised by
Virginia to purchase and equip in England, a
naval force to be called the Virginia volunteer
navy, to be commanded by Captain Pegram. He
went to England for the purpose, and had one
vessel in readiness when Lee surrendered. He was
married first to Lucy Binns Cargill of Sussex
county, who was the mother of his seven chil-
dren ; and secondly, to Sarah Leigh of Norfolk.
His eldest son, John Cargill Pegram, was killed
in battle before Petersburg, June 16, 1864, while
a member of the staff of Gen. Matt. W. Ransom
of North Carolina who commanded the 4th bri-
gade in Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson's division, Gen.
R. H. Anderson's corps. Captain Pegram died
in Norfolk, Va., Oct. 24, 1894.
PEGRAM, William Johnson, soldier, was
born in Richmond, Va., June, 29, 1841 ; son of
James West (1703-1744) and Virginia (Johnson)
Pegram. He was a student of law at the Uni-
versity of Virginia in 1861 ; left to enlist in the
Confederate artillery, and was rapidly advanced
through the respective grades from private to
colonel. He handled his battery, Purcell's artil-
lery, A. P. Hill's division, with effectiveness at
Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, at Chancellors-
ville, May 1-5, 1863, and in all the battles around
Richmond and Petersburg, and was promoted
to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At Gettys-
burg, July 1-3, 1863, he commanded a battal-
ion in Col. R. Lindsay Walker's reserve artillery
and won the rank of colonel. He took part in
the battles of the Wilderness and Cold Harbor
and in the defence of Petersburg. He was
promoted brigadier-general in 1865. His brother,
Maj. James West Pegram, served on the staffs
of Generals Armstead andE well, surrendered with
General Lee at Appomattox, was a prisoner at
Johnsons Island for several months and died in
1881. Gen. W. J. Pegram was killed while
directing his battalion in Mahone's division in the
defence of Petersburg, April 2, 1865.
PEIRCE, Benjamin, editor and librarian, was
born in Salem, Mass., Sept. 30, 1778 ; son of Jerah-
raael (or Jej-athmiel) and Sarah (Ropes) Peirce ;
grandson of Jerahmael, of Charlestown, and
Rebecca (Hurd) Peirce; great-grandson of Benja-
min, of Charlestown, and Hannah (Bowers) Peirce;
great'2-grandson of Robert, of Woburn, and Mary
(Knight) Peirce ; and great3-grandson of John
Pers, weaver, and Elizabeth Pers, who emigrated
witli four children in 1637, from Norwich, Eng-
land, to Watertown, Mass. Benjamin Peirce
was graduated from Harvard with the highest
honors of his class, A.B., 1801, A.M., 1804, and
entered business with his father in Salem, as a
member of the firm of Peirce & Waite, having
trade with China. He was a representative from
Salem in the general court for several years and
state senator, 1811. He was married, Dec. 11, 1803,
to Lydia Ropes, daughter of Ichabod and Lydia
(Ropes) Nichols of Salem. He was librarian of
Harvard college, 1826-31, and prepared ^4 Cata-
logue of the Library of Harvard University (4 vols.
1830-31), and A History of Harvard Univerxitt/
from Its Foundation in the Year 1636 to the Period
of the American Revolution (1833). He died in
Cambridge, Mass., July 26, 1831.
PEIRCE, Benjamin, mathematician and as-
tronomer, was born in Salem, Mass., April 4,
1809 ; son of Benjamin (q.v.) and Lydia Ropes
(Nichols) Peirce. He was graduated from Har-
vard university, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1833; taught
at Round Hill school, Northampton. Mass., 182(1-
31 ; was tutor in mathematics at Harvard uni-
PEIRCE
PEIRCE
versity, 1831-33 ; university professor of mathe-
matics an4 natural philosophy, 1833-42, and Per-
kins professor of astronomy and mathematics,
1842-80. He was married, July 23, 1833, to Sarah
Hunt, daughter of Elijah Hunt and Harriette
(Blake) Mills of Northampton, Mass. While
still a schoolboy he
evinced decided orig-
inal powers in the
field of mathematics,
and attracted the no-
tice of his townsman,
Nathaniel Bowditch
(q.v.), to whom he
owed much during
the period of his
youth and early man-
hood, for instruc-
tion, counsel, friendly
encouragement and
backing. While still
an undergraduate at
Harvard college, he
assisted Dr. Bowditch in reading the proof-
sheets of the latter's translation of Laplace's
" Mecanique Celeste," with its learned commen-
tary, added by the translator. He was rather a
worker and an investigator than a teacher, a large
share of his study and labor being given to astro-
nomy and later to cosmical physics and geodesy.
For several years, about 1840, he took part in the
actual night work of the old college observatory.
He paid much attention to the theory of comets,
and his lecture on the great comet of 1843 stimu-
lated public interest in astronomy, and led to the
foundation of the present Harvard observatory.
His discussion in 1846 and 1847 of the discovery of
Neptune and its relation to the labors of Lever-
rier made him known to the scientific world. He
was consulting astronomer to the American Ephe-
meris and Nautical Almanac from its founda-
tion in 1849 to 1867. He was with Joseph Henry
and Alexander Dallas Bache, a member of the
scientific council that organized the Dudley ob-
servatory, under the direction of Dr. B. A. Gould,
at Albany, N.Y., in 1855. He had charge of the
longitude determinations of the U.S. coast sur-
vey, 1852-67, and on the death of Alexander D.
Bache, succeeded him as superintendent of the
survey in 1867, holding that office until 1874, at
the same time retaining his professorship. He
carried out Bache's plans for a great geodetic
system extending from the Atlantic to the Gulf,
thus laying the foundation for a general map of
the United States, and he also superintended the
work of measuring the arc of the parallel of 39
degrees to join the Atlantic and Pacific system of
triangulation and for determining geographical
positions in states where surveys were being made.
He was in charge of the American expedition to
Sicily to make observations on the eclipse of the
sun in 1870, and organized two expeditions to ob-
serve the transit of Venus in 1874. Under his
superintendency the name of the " Coast Survey "
was altered to " Coast and Geodetic Survey," and
its great function in unifying and helping for-
ward the scientific enterprise of the country was
raised to even a higher point than it had attained
under Bache. He was a contributor to the pro-
ceedings of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science ; to the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, and to the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. The earlier volumes of Gould's
Astronomical Journal contain several important
papers from his hand. Among the subjects
which he illuminated for his contemporaries, and
on which, in some instances, portions of his work
are in print, are: Espy's Theory of Storms ; the
orbit of Neptune, and the perturbations of Ura-
nus ; the general theory of perturbations : the
theory of Comets and Comets' Tails ; the Con-
stitution of Saturn's Rings ; the Meteoric Con-
stitution of the Solar System and the Universe ;
the Nebular Theory ; the Cooling of the Earth
and the Sun ; the occupations of the Pleiades ; an
ingenious and remarkable Criterion for the rejec-
tion of Doubtful Observations ; Personal Equa-
tion ; the motion of a Sling, a study in stable and
unstable equilibrium ; the theory of the Billiard
Ball ; the motions of two Pendulums attached to
the same horizontal cord ; the forms of stable
equilibrium of a fluid enclosed in an extensible
sack, and floating in another fluid, — an investiga-
tion in Morphology ; the so-called School-Girl
Puzzle, an interesting and difficult problem in
cyclic permutation, which he generalized, and
of which, in its generalized form, he put forth an
able solution. His most elaborate writing was
the treatise entitled Analytic Mechanics, of
which the first two hundred pages appeared in
1855, and the complete volume (496 pp.) in 1857.
In this work, he sought " to consolidate
the latest researches of the great geometers
and their most exalted forms of thought
into a consistent and uniform treatise." At the
time of its publication it was the most important
mathematical treatise that had been produced
in America. While he was still engaged upon
his treatise, he became interested in Hamilton's
great calculus of Quaternions, and his study of
this subject led him to enter upon an enquiry
into the possible systems of multiple algebra and
the conditions by •which they are determined.
The enquiry resulted in his memoir on Linear
Associative Algebra communicated to the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences in 1870, issued in that
year for private circulation, and first printed in
1881, under the editorship of his son, Charles S.
PEIRCE
PEIRCE
Peirce (q.v.). Professor Peirce's mind reverted
later to questions of cosmical physics, con-
nected with his earlier astronomical work, and
revived by the writings of Sir William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin). He presented to the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences a series of notes on
these questions during the years 1877-79 ; and a
semi-popular account of his speculations on the
matter is contained in his Ideality in the Physi-
cal Sciences, (Lowell Institute lectures 1879).
He was a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences ; a member of the American
Philosophical society ; a founder of the National
Academy of Sciences ; an associate of the Royal
Astronomical Society of London, and a foreign
honorary fellow of the Royal societies of London,
Edinburgh, and Gottingen. The honorary degree
of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University
of North Carolina in 1847, and by Harvard in
1867. He was an honorary fellow of the Univer-
sity of St. Vladimir, at Kief, Russia. In associa-
tion with Professor Joseph Lovering, he issued in
1843 five numbers of the Cambridge Miscellany of
Mathematics and Physics; and is the author of:
An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry (1835-36), afterward extended to
include Navigation, Surveying and Spherical As-
tronomy; An Elementary Treatise on Sound
(1836); An Elementary Treatise on Plane and
Solid Geometry (\m~), printed forthe blind (1840) ;
An Elementary Treatise on Algebra (1837); An
Elementary Treatise on Curves, Functions, and
Forces (2 vols. 184H6) ; Tables of 'the Moon (1853),
for the American Ephemeris; A System of Analy-
tic Mechanics (1855-57); Linear Associative Alge-
bra (lithographed in 1870, printed in 1881, in the
American Journal of Mathematics, and in a sepa-
rate volume); Ideality in the Physical Sciences
(1881). His name in "Class H, Scientists," re-
ceived fourteen votes for a place in the Hall of
Fame for Great Americans. New York univer-
sity, October, 1900. He died in Cambridge, Mass.,
Oct. 6, 1880.
PEIRCE, Benjamin Osgood, physicist, was
born in Beverly, Mass., Feb. 11, 1854 ; son of
Benjamin Osgood and Mehetable Osgood (Sec-
comb) Peirce ; grandson of Benjamin and Re-
becca (Orne) Peirce, and of Ebenezer and Mary
(Marston) Seccomb of Salem ; great-grandson of
Benjamin of Charlestown and Salem, killed at
the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, and of
Mary (Waite) Peirce ; great-grandson of Jerah-
mael Peirce of Charlestown, and a descendant of
John Pers, Watertown, Mass., 1637. He was
graduated from Harvard in 1876, and was an as-
sistant in the physical laboratory, 1876-77. He
studied in Berlin and Leipzig, Germany, 1878-79,
receiving the degrees A.M. and Ph.D. from the
University of Leipzig in 1879, and was a teacher
in the Boston Latin school, 1880-81. He was in-
structor in mathematics at Harvard, 1881-84, as-
sistant professor of mathematics and physics,
1884-88, and was elected Hollis professor of math-
ematics and natural philosophy in 1888. He was
married, July 27, 1882, to Isabella Turnbull
Landreth of Edinburgh, Scotland. He was
elected a fellow of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. He is the author of : Tiieory
of the Newtonian Potential Function (1886);
Table of Integrals (1899), and many scientific
papers on physics and mathematics.
PEIRCE, Bradford Kinney, author, was born
in Royalston, Windsor county, Vt., Feb. 3, 1819 ;
son of the Rev. Thomas and Huppy Peirce. He
was graduated from Wesleyan university, Conn..
in 1841 ; joined the New England Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church in 1843 ; was
stationed at Waltham, Mass., 1843-44, and at
Newburyport, Mass., 1844-45, where he was editor
of the Sunday School Messenger ; at Charlestown,
Mass., 1846-47, and located in Boston, Mass., as
agent of the American Sunday School union,
1847-56. He was married, Aug. 5, 1841, to Har-
riet W. Thompson of Middletown, Conn. He
was a state senator, 1855-56 ; was appointed
trustee of the Massachusetts Industrial School for
Girls in 1856, and was superintendent and chap-
lain of the institution, 1856-62. He was a trustee
of Wesleyan university, 1871-82, and secretary
of the board of trustees, 1871-74. He joined the
New England conference at Watertown, Mass.,
in 1862 ; was chaplain of the House of Refuge,
Randall's Island, N.Y., 1863-72 ; editor of Zion's
Herald, 1872-88, and superintendent of Newton
free library, 1888-89. The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by Wesleyan uni-
versity in 1868. He is the author of : Temptation
(1840); Tlie Eminent Dead (1846); Bible Scholars'
Manual (1847): Sotes of the Acts (1848); Bible
Questions (3 vols., 1848); Life in the Woods: Ad-
i-ent tires of Aitdubon (1863); Hymns and Ritual
for the House of Refuge (1864); Trials of an In-
ventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear
(1866); Stories from Life, which the Chaplain
Told (1866); Sequel of Stories from Life (1867);
A Half Century with Juvenile Offenders (1869);
Chaplain, u-ith the Children (1870); Tlie Young
Shetlander and His Home (1870); Hymns of the
Higher Life (1871), and a new annotated edition
of the Proceedingsof the Massachusetts State Con-
vention of i:&1 (1856). He died at Newton, Mass.,
April 19, 1889.
PEIRCE, Charles Sanders, scientist, was born
in Cambridge, Mass., Sept. in, 1839 ; son of Ben-
jamin and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce, and grand-
son of Benjamin Peiroe, historian of Harvard col-
lege, and of Elijah Hunt Mills, U.S. senator from
Massachusetts. He was graduated from Harvard,
PEIRCE
PEIRCE
A.B., 1859, A.M., 1862, and from the Lawrence
Scientific school, S.B., 1863. Entering the ser-
vice of the U.S. coast survey, and in 1872 made
assistant in that capacity, he undertook impor-
tant investigations on the density and ellipticity
of the earth, on metrology, measurements of
light waves, etc. His researches into logic, his-
tory of science, sensation of color and stellar pho-
tometry, are well known. He was twice married,
first in 1862, to Melusina Fay (q.v.), secondly
to Juliette Froissy of Nancy, France. The
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
National Academy of Sciences, in 1877, and
other scientific bodies admitted him to member-
ship ; Harvard college and Johns Hopkins univer-
sity appointed him to lectureships on logic, and
in 1869 and 1892 he delivered courses of lectures
before the Lowell Institute in Boston. He is
the author of : Photometric Researches (1878); fre-
quent contributions to the Nation and other jour-
nals, and many memoirs and articles on logic,
psychology, metaphysics, mathematics, gravita-
tion, astronomy, optics, chemistry, engineering,
library cataloguing and early English pronuncia-
tion ; edited, with additions, " Studies in Logic by
Members of the Johns Hopkins University " (1883),
and " Linear Associative Algebra " by Benjamin
Peirce (1882); contributed most of the philoso-
phical and many other definitions in the " Cen-
tury Dictionary/' and wrote many articles in the
'• Dictionary of Pyschology and Philosophy."
PEIRCE, Ebenezer Weaver, soldier, was born
in Freetown, Mass., April 5, 1822; son of Ebene-
zer and Joanna (Weaver) Peirce ; grandson of
Capt. Job and Elizabeth (Rounsville) Peirce, and
of Col. Benjamin and Amy (Brownell) Weaver,
and a descendant of Abraham and Rebecca
Peirce, who came to America as early as 1623,
and settled in Plymouth colony. Ebenezer W.
Peirce attended the Freetown academy, and later
removed to Lakeville, Mass. He was married,
Dec. 13, 1849, to Irene Isabel, daughter of Capt.
Sylvanus Payne, of Freetown, and until the be-
ginning of the civil war held several important
local offices. He was commissioned major of the
Old Colony regiment in 1844 ; brigadier-general of
state militia in 1855, and accompanied Gen. B. F.
Butler to Fort Monroe, where he was placed in
command of a brigade made up of five New York
three months' militia regiments, detachments
from the 4th Massachusetts and 1st Vermont
militia and four guns of the regular U.S. artillery,
commanded by Lieutenant Greble. With this
force of 3500 men he conducted the attack on the
Confederate force under Col. J. B. Magruder at
Big and Little Bethel, June 10, 1861. His com-
mand under explicit orders from General Butler
was to concentrate near Little Bethel, where ad-
ditional troops from Newport News were to join
him, and together they were to attack the enemy.
The advancing columns, each mistaking the other
for the enemy, opened fire, which warned the
Confederates, and after a short skirmish, General
Peirce was obliged to retreat. He was given
command of the 29th Massachusetts volunteers,
Dec. 31, 1861 ; assigned to the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 2d army corps, and lost an arm in the
battle of White Oak Swamp, Va., June 30, 1862.
He returned to his regiment in the 2d brigade,
1st division, 9th corps, Army of the Ohio, and was
present at the defence of Knoxville, Tenn., Nov-
ember-December, 1863. He resigned his commis-
sion in November, 1864. He was appointed collec-
tor of internal revenue for the first district of Mass-
achusetts, by President Johnson, in August, 1866,
but the appointment was not confirmed by the
senate. He is the author of : The Peirce Family
of the Old Colony (1870); Contributions, Bio-
graphical, Genealogical and Historical (1874);
Indian History, Biography and Genealogy (1878);
Civil, Military and Professional Lists of Plymouth
and Rhode Island Colonies (1881). General Peirce
was one of the few general officers of the volun-
teer service to survive the century and in 1903 he
was residing at Freetown, Mass.
PEIRCE, James Mills, mathematician, was
born in Cambridge, Mass., May 1, 1834 ; son of
Benjamin (q.v.) and Sarah Hunt (Mills) Peirce.
He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1853, A.M.,
1856 ; was a tutor there, 1854-58 and 1860-61 ; as-
sistant professor of mathematics, 1861-69 ; uni-
versity professor of mathematics, 1869-85 ; Per-
kins professor of astronomy and mathematics
from 1885 ; secretary of the academic council,
1872-90 ; dean of the graduate school, 1890-95, and
dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, 1895-98.
His courses of instruction at first covered analytic
geometry, elementary and modern ; the differen-
tial and integral calculus ; the theory of func-
tions and mechanics ; besides elementary and
subsidiary branches. Later he confined his teach-
ing chiefly to quaternions ; the general theory of
algebraic plane curves and of triangular and
tetrahedral co-ordinates ; linear associative alge-
bra; the elements of the algebra of logic. His
administrative duties were as secretary and dean.
He was elected a member of the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science and
of the American Mathematical society and a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-
ences, and is the author of : A Text-Book of An-
alytic Geometry (1857) ; Three and Four Place
Tables of Logarithmic and Trigometric Functions
(1871) ; The Elements of Logarithms (1873), and
Mathematical Tables chiefly to Four Figures (1st
series, 1879); and editor of his father's last work
" Ideally in the Physical Sciences," which waa
published in 1881.
PEIRCE
PELOUBET
PEIRCE, Melusina Fay, author and organizer,
was born in Burlington, Vt., Feb. 24, 1836;
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Charles and Emily
(Hopkins) Fay ; granddaughter of Judge Samuel
Phillips Prescott and Harriet (Howard) Fay and
of the Rt.-Rev. John Henry and Melusina (Mullnr)
Hopkins, and lineally descended from John Fay,
colonist, 1656, from Mistress Anne Hutchinson
(q.v.), and from the Rev. Peter Bulkeley (q.v.).
She attended the Young Ladies' School of Prof.
Louis Agassiz at Cambridge, Mass., and was
married to Charles Sanders Peirce (q.v.) in
1863. Originating the theory that cooperative
housekeeping by housekeepers, and cooperative
farming by farmers are the only possible cure
for modern poverty, she organized the Cambridge
Cooperative Housekeeping Association, 1870; also
the Boston Woman's Education association, 1871,
and the Cambridge Woman's union, 1877. She
contributed essays and reviews to the Atlantic
Monthly, 1868-77, and was music critic on the
Boston Post, 1877-78, and on the Chicago Evening
Journal, 1883-84. She proposed and started the
New York Women's World Fair committee,
1876 ; the New York women's movement for
cheap summer-night concerts, 1895 ; the New
York movement to save the Poe cottage, 1896, and
Fraunces Tavern, 1897. She proposed and organiz-
ed the street cleaning committee of the Ladies'
Health Protective Association of New York, 1887-
88 ; the Women's Philharmonic Society of New
York, 1898-99, and the Women's Auxiliary to the
American Scenic and Historic Preservation
society. New York, 1900-01. She is the author of :
Cooperative Housekeeping : Hoiv not to do it, and
How to do it (1884) ; Cooperative Housekeeping
(1889), and edited Amy Fay's " Music-Study in
Germany " (1881 ; 19th ed., 1900).
PEIRCE, William Foster, educator, was
born at Chicopee Falls, Mass., Feb. 3, 1868; son
of Levi Merriam and Mary Hobbs (Foster)
Peirce ; grandson of Levi and Polly (Merriam)
Peirce of West Boylston, Mass., and of William
and Calista (Ward) Foster of Norway, Maine,
and a descendant of John Peirce, Watertown,
Mass., 1637. He was graduated at Amherst
college, A.B., 1888, A.M., 1893, and was a
graduate student at Cornell university in philo-
sophy and economics, 1889-90. He was ateacher
in a boys' boarding school at Mount Hermon,
Mass., 1890-92, and substitute professor of psycho-
logy and pedagogy in Ohio university at Athens
in the spring of 1893. He was elected Spencer
and Wolfe professor of moral and mental philo-
sophy at Kenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, in Sep-
tember, 1893, acting also as professor of history,
l - i. '-96. In 1896 he was elected president of
Kenyon college to succeed D. Theodore Sterling.
In the same year Hobart college conferred ujxm
him the honorary degree of L.H.D. In 1894 he
was ordained to the diaconate in the Episcopal
church, and was advanced to the priesthood in
1901. He was secretary and treasurer of the
Ohio Society for Psychological and Pedagogical
Inquiry and a member of the Knox County and
Ohio State Teachers' associations, and of the Ohio
College association. He was married, June 18,
1891, to Louise Stephens, daughter of Ansel Fagan
of Hackettstown, N.J., a graduate of Vassar col-
lege, 1888.
PELLICIER, Anthony Domenec Ambrose,
R. C. bishop, was born in St. Augustine, Fla.,
Dec. 7, 1824. He attended St. Joseph's college,
Ala., and was ordained priest, Oct. 15, 1850, by
Bishop Portier of Mobile. He was pastor of St.
Peter's church, Montgomery, Ala., and founded
churches in Camden and Selma, Ala. He was
transferred to the cathedral at Mobile in 1865,
and was appointed a member of the bishop's
council and vicar-general in 1867. He served
as chaplain in the Confederate army during the
civil war. He was consecrated bishop of the
diocese of San Antonio, Texas, Dec. 8, 1874, at the
cathedral at Mobile by Archbishop Perche of New
Orleans, assisted by Bishops Fitzgerald of Little
Rock, and Gibbons of Richmond. During his
administration he visited every parish in his
diocese, on horseback, built several churches and
schools, and the exposure undermined his health.
He died at San Antonio, Texas, April 14, 1880.
PELOUBET, Francis Nathan, clergyman and
author, was born in New York city, Dec. 2. 1831 ;
son of Chabrier and Harriet (Hanks) Peloubet ;
grandson of Alexander Joseph and Elizabeth ( Al-
cott) de Chabrier de Peloubet and of Joseph and
Anna(Frary)Hanks. His grandfather, Alexander
Joseph de Chabrier de Peloubet, was born at the
Chateau de Peloubet, an estate near Luzon, Lot-
et-Garonne, France, and arrived in New York
in October, 1803. The family received their
patent of nobility in 1603. Francis N. Peloubet
was graduated from Williams in 1853, and from
the Bangor (Maine) Theological semi nary in 1857,
and was ordained to the Congregational minis-
try. He was married, April 28, 1859, to Mary
Abby, daughter of Sidney and Sophronia (Chase)
Thaxter of Bangor, Maine. He was pastor of the
Lanesville (Gloucester) Congregational church,
1857-60; pastor at Oakham, 1861-66; Attleboro,
1867-71 ; Natick, 1873-83, all of Massachusetts.
In 1884 he gave up the active ministry for author-
ship, and after 1889 made his home at Auburndale,
Mass. He became widely known as the author
of lesson books, etc., for Sunday-schools, his
Select Notes on the International Sunday-School
Lessons (28 vols., lS7o-1902), reaching a sale of
more than a million copies. The University of
Tennessee conferred upon him the honorary
PEMBERTON
FENDER
degree of D.D. in 1884. Besides the Select Notes
already mentioned, he is the author of : Sunday-
Scliool Quarterlies for the Scholars (3d and 4th
grades, 1880-190:2) ; Suggestive Illustrations on
Matthew, OIL John, and on Acts (3 vols., 1898-
99) ; The Loom of Life (1900) ; The Teachers' Com-
mentary on the Neiv Testament, Matthew (1901),
and Acts (1903). He also edited : " Smith's Bible
Dictionary" (rev. ed., 1884); "Select Songs for
the Sunday-School" (Nos. 1 and 2,1884,1893),
and revised and unified " Helps for the Oxford
Teacher's Bibles" (1902).
PEMBERTON, John Clifford, soldier, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1814: son of
John and Rebecca (Clifford) Pemberton ; grand-
son of Joseph and Mary (Galloway) Pemberton, and
great2-grandson of Israel Pemberton, merchant
(1065-17.34). He matriculated at the University
of Pennsylvania in the class of 1834, but left in
his junior year. He was graduated from the
U.S. Military academy in 1837 and promoted in
the army 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, July 1,
1837. He served in the Florida war against the
Seminole Indians, 1837-39, and on the northern
frontier during the Canada border disturbances,
1840-41. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March
19, 1842 ; was in garrison, 1842-45 ; in military
occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and took part in
nearly all the battles in the war with Mexico.
He received the brevet of captain, Sept. 23, 1846,
for gallant and meritorious conduct in the several
conflicts at Monterey, and major, Sept. 8, 1847,
for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle
of Molino del Rey. He was married in 1848 to
Martha, daughter of William Henry Thompson
of Norfolk, Va. He served as aide-de-camp to
Geueral Worth, 1846-49 ; in Florida against the
Seminoles, 1849-50 and 1856-57 ; was promoted
captain, 4th artillery, Sept. 16, 1850, and was
detailed on frontier duty, 1857-61. He resigned
his commission in the U.S. army, April 29, 1861,
and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Virginia
state militia intrusted with organization of the
artillery and cavalry. He was commissioned
colonel, May 8, 1861, and major-general, Feb. 13,
1862. He was appointed to the command of the
department of South Carolina and Georgia with
headquarters at Charleston, and was relieved by
Gen. G. T. Beauregard, Sept. 15. 1862. On Oct.
13, 1862, he was promoted lieutenant-general
C.S.A., and on the 14th superseded Gen. Earl
Van Dorn in command of the Department of
Mississippi and East Louisiana, owing to the
disastrous defeat of Van Dorn at Corinth. He
established his headquarters at Jackson, Miss.,
where commanded the Confederate forces com-
posed of 25,000 men. On March 24, 1862, when
the commands of Pemberton and Bragg were
placed under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, with
headquarters at Chattanooga, Pemberton com-
manded the army in defence of Chickasaw
Bluffs, Dec. 27, 1862-Jan. 3. 1863. He opposed
General Grant's army at Baker's Creek, May 16,
1863, and after four hours of hard fighting fell
back across the Big Black River to Vicksburg,
May 19. 1863. The siege of Vicksburg lasted till
July 4, 1863, when owing to a scarcity of ammuni-
tion and provisions, and having lost all hope of
being re-enforced by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston,
Pemberton surrendered his entire army of
29,491 officers, soldiers and non-combatants. lie
was paroled, returned to Richmond, and resigned
his commission in the Confederate States army,
but was re-appointed inspector of ordnance with
the rank of colonel. After the war he retired to
Warrenton, Va., and in 1876 moved to Perth
Amboy, N.J., and subsequently to Philadelphia,
Pa. He is the authorof : The Terms of Surrender
in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol.
III. He died at Penllyn, Pa.. July 13, 1S81.
RENDER, William Dorsey, soldier, was born
in Edgecombe county, N.C., Feb. 6, 1834 ; son of
James and Sarah (Routh) Fender. He was grad-
uated from the U. S. Military academy, and pro-
moted brevet 2d lieutenant, 1st artillery, July 1,
1854. He served in Florida against the Indians,
1854-55 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 2cl artillery,
Aug. 16, 1854, and was on frontier duty, 1856-59,
in New Mexico, Washington, Oregon and Cali-
fornia. He was married, March 3, 1859, to Mary
Frances, daughter of the Hon. Augustine H.
Shepperd of North Carolina. He was adjutant
of the 1st dragoons, Nov. 8, 1860, to Jan. 31, 1861,
and resigned his commission in the U. S. army,
March 21, 1861. He was commissioned captain
of artillery in the provisional army of the Con-
federate States and had charge of recruiting in
Baltimore, Md., up to May, 1861, when he re-
turned to North Carolina and served as drill mas-
ter at Raleigh and Garrysburg. He was chosen
colonel of the 3d N. C. volunteers, May 16, 1861 ;
was transferred to the 6th N. C. regiment, Aug
15, 1861, and served in Whiting's brigade, Smith's
divison, left wing of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's
army in the Peninsular campaign. In the battle
of Fair Oaks, Va. , May 31- June 1 , 1862, by a sudden
flank movement he extricated his regiment from
a perilous position, thereby saving the entire
division, and for this service he was promoted on
the field by President Davis to the rank of brig-
adier-general. He commanded the 6th brigade,
composed of the 2d Arkansas battalions, 16th.
22d, 34th, and 38th North Carolina regiments and
the 22d Virginia battalion, forming part of A. P.
Hill's division, in the Army of Northern Virginia
in the seven days' battles before Richmond, June
25-July 1, 1862 ; in Magruder's command, Hill's
division, at second Bull Run, Aug. 16-Sept. 2,
PENDLETON
PENDLETON
1863, and in the Maryland campaign in Jackson's
command. At Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
1862, he was praised for the steadiness of his
brigade. He opened the battle at Chancellors-
ville, May 3, 1863, and, although wounded, com-
manded the division until relieved by Geii. R. E.
Colston. He was promoted major-general. May
27, 1863, and his division, composed of the brig-
ades of Generals Scales, Lane, Thomas and
McGowan in A. P. Hill's 3d army corps, was
conspicuous at Gettysburg when he drove the
Federals from the woods on Seminary Ridge,
July 2, 1863, and was wounded by a fragment of
shell. It was found necessary to amputate his
leg and he did not survive the operation. He
died at Staunton, Va., July 18, 1863.
PENDLETON, Edmund, jurist, was born in
Caroline county, Va., Sept. 9, 1721 ; son of Henry
Pendleton, and grandson of Philip and Isabella
(Hurt) Pendleton. Philip Pendleton emigrated
from Norwich, England, in 1674, settled in Vir-
ginia and was buried in King and Queen count}'.
Edmund Pendleton received no school training,
but early in life became assistant to the clerk of
Caroline county, under whom he had an oppor-
tunity to read law. He was licensed to practise
law in 1744, became justice of the peace in 1751,
and was a member of the Virginia house of bur-
gesses, 1752-74. He declared the stamp act un-
constitutional, and that it did not bind the in-
habitants of Virginia ; was a member of the
committee of correspondence in 1773, a member
of the colonial convention of 1774, called by
reason of the Boston port-bill, and of which he
was elected president. He was chosen by that
body a delegate to the 1st continental congress,
serving from Sept. 5, 1774, to Oct. 26, 1774, and
accompanied George Washington, Peyton Ran-
dolph, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin Harrison
and Patrick Henry to Philadelphia in September,
1774. As president of the Virginia convention of
1774, he was the governor of the embryo colony
until the state constitution was framed and
adopted in May, 1776, when he again served as
president and was also appointed president of the
committee of safety. He drew up the instruc-
tions of the Virginia convention to the delegates
in congress, proposing a declaration of independ-
ence, in which document he expressed the sen-
timents of Virginia in the words used almost
verbatim in the declaration itself as written by
Jefferson. He belonged to the planter class, and
his position as head of the committee of safety
gave him the control of the militia and of the
foreign correspondence of Virginia. When the
state government was organized under the con-
stitution he was elected speaker of the house of
burgesses, and with George Wythe and Thomas
Jefferson revised the colonial laws. He was re-
elected speaker in 1777, and upon the organiza-
tion of the court of chancery was made its presi-
dent by a unanimous vote, and was transferred
to the head of the court of appeals on its forma-
tion in 1779, holding the office up to the time of
his death. He was president of the state conven-
tion that ratified the Federal constitution and
was its most eloquent advocate before the conven-
tion. In 1789 President Washington appointed
him judge of the U.S. district court of Virginia,
but he declined the office. He wrote a protest
against waging war against France in 1789, claim-
ing that government to be a " sister republic."
He died in Richmond, Va., Oct. 23, 1803.
PENDLETON, George Hunt, senator, was born
in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 25, 1825; son of Na-
thaniel Greene (q.v.) and — — (Hunt) Peu-
dleton. He attended the University of Heidel-
berg, and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati,
Ohio. He was married in 1846 to Alice, daugh-
ter of Francis Scott and Mary Tayloe (Lloyd)
Key. He was state senator, 1854-56, and a Demo-
cratic representative in the 35th-38th congresses,
1856-65. He was one of the leading candidates
for the Democratic nomination for President in
1860, and was nominated for Vice-President on
the ticket with George B. McClellan for Presi-
dent in 1864. He was a member of the Philadel-
phia Loyalist convention in 1866, and was de-
feated in the election for governor of the stiite of
Ohio by Rutherford B. Hayes in 1869. He was
chosen president of the Kentucky railroad com-
pany in 1869, and in 1879 was elected to the U.S.
senate, serving until March 4, 1885. He was
chairman of the committee on civil service re-
form, and was instrumental in securing the pas-
sage of the civil service law, June 26, 1882. He
was appointed U.S. minister to Germany by Pres-
ident Cleveland in 1885, serving 1885-89. He
died in Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 24. 1889.
PENDLETON, John Overton, representative,
was born in Wellsburgh, Brooke county, Vir-
ginia, July 4, 1851 ; son of Maj. Joseph H. (C.S.A.)
and Margaret (Ewing) Pendleton ; grandson of Dr.
Joseph Winston and Elizabeth (Goodwin) Pend-
leton and of Albert G. and Jane (Campbell)
Ewing, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton,
New Kent, Va., 1674 ; of Maj. James Goodwin,
York, Va., 1648 ; of William E\rin, Rockingham,
Va., 1761, and of Alexander Campbell, Bethany,
Va., 1810. He removed with his parents to
Wheeling and attended Aspen Hill academy,
Louisa county, Va., 1865-69, and Bethany college,
West Va. , 1869-70. He established a law pnict iiv
in Wheeling in April, 1874. and became active in
politics. He was the Democratic nominee for
state senator in 1886. but was defeated ; was given
a certificate of election as representative from the
first congressional district of West Virginia in
PENDLETON
PENDLETON
the 51st congress in 1888 and took his seat which
was successfully contested by George W. Atkin-
son, who succeeded him on Feb. 27, 1890. He was
re-elected to the 53d and 53d congresses, serving,
1891-95.
PENDLETON, John Strother, representative
was born in Culpeper county, Va., March 1, 1802
son of William and Ann (Strother) Pendleton
grandson of James and Mary (Bowie) Pendleton
great grandson of Henry and Mary (Taylor)
Pendleton, and a descendant of Philip Pendleton
of Norwich, England, who immigrated to
America in 1674 and married Isabella Hurt. He
was a leading lawyer of Culpeper county ; mem-
ber of the Virginia legislature for several years
prior to 1840 ; charge d'affaires to the republic of
Chili, 1841-44; representative from the Culpeper
district in the 30th and 31st congresses, 1845-49,
and U. S. minister resident to the Argentine Con-
federation, 1852-54. In conjunction with Gen.
R. C. Schenck of Ohio, who was at the time U. S.
Minister to Brazil, he negotiated a treaty with
Paraguay and Uruguay. He died in Culpeper
county, Va., Nov. 19, 1868.
PENDLETON, Louis (Beauregard), author
and journalist, was born at Tebeauville (now
Waycross), Ga., April 21, 1861; son of Philip
Coleman and Catharine (Tebeau) Peudleton ;
grandson of Coleman Pendleton, a Virginian, who
settled in Georgia, and married Martha, daughter
of Benjamin Gilbert, a captain in the Revolution,
and great-grandson of Capt. Philip Pendleton
also an officer of the Revolution. His father was
editor (1840-45) of The Magnolia, the first maga-
zine ever published south of Richmond, Va.
Louis attended the Valdosta, Ga., high school.
Later he was a student for two years at the
College of the New Jerusalem Church, Phila-
delphia, also taking a course in modern languages
at the Berlitz school. In 1899 he became a mem-
ber of the editorial staff of the Macon, Ga., Tele-
graph. He is the author of : Bewitched (1888) ;
In the Wire-Grass (1889) ; King Tom and the
Runaways (1890) ; Tlie Wedding Garment (1894) ;
The Sons of Ham (1895) ; In the Okefinokee (1895) ;
Corona of the Xantahalas (1895) ; Carita (1898) ;
A Forest Drama (1902) ; Little Tiger Tail (1902),
and short stories contributed to periodicals.
PENDLETON, Nathaniel, jurist, was born in
Culpeper county, Va., in 1756. He joined the Rev-
olutionary army, 1775 ; was promoted brevet-
major, serving as aide-de-camp to Gen. Nathanael
Greene, and received the thanks of congress for
his gallantry at Eutaw Springs, S.C., Sept. 8, 1781.
On the close of the war he studied law in Georgia
and was subsequently appointed U. S. district
judge. He was proposed to President Washing-
ton as a candidate for the office of secretary of
state, but was objected to by Alexander Hamil-
ton, who afterward became his friend and for
whom Pendleton acted as second in his duel with
Aaron Burr. He was a delegate to the Federal
constitutional convention in 1787, but was not
present when the constitution of the United
States was signed. He was a member of the
Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. In 1796 he
settled in practice in New York city, where he
married his second wife, Susan, daughter of Dr.
John Bard (q.v.). He became judge of Duchess
county, residing on a farm at Hyde Park, N.Y.,
where he died, Oct. 20, 1821.
PENDLETON, Nathaniel Greene, representa-
tive, was born in Savannah, Ga., in August, 1793 ;
son of Nathaniel Pendleton, jurist (q.v.) He was
graduated at Columbia college in 1813, and was
married to a Miss Hunt. He was aide-de-camp
on the staff of Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines,
U.S.A., 1813-15 ; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio,
in 1818, where he practised law, was a member of
the state senate, 1825-27, and a representative
from the first district in the 27th congress, 1841-
43. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 16, 1861.
PENDLETON, William Kimbrough, educator,
was born in Louisa count}', Va., Sept. 3, 1817;
son of Edmund and Unity Yancey (Kimbrough)
Pendleton, and great-grandson of John Pendleton,
who was a brother of Judge Edmund Pendleton
(q.v.). He was graduated in an elective course of
classical, scientific and philosophical studies, and
from the law department of the University of
Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1840.
In the same year he was married to Lavinia
Macgregor ; secondly, in 1847, to Clarinda, both
daughters of Alexander and Margaret (Brown)
Campbell, and thirdly, in 1855, to Catharine Hunt-
ington, daughter of Judge Leicester King of
Warren, Ohio. In 1840 he removed to Bethany,
Va. , to take part in the founding of Bethany
college, in which institution he was professor and
vice-president until 1866, when he succeeded Mr.
Campbell as president. From 1846 till its discon-
tinuance in 1870, he was co-editor of the Millennial
Harbinger, and from then until his death was
on the staff of The Christian Standard. He was
senatorial representative in the West Virginia
state constitutional convention of 1877, and a
member of the committee on finance and educa-
tion. He received the honorary degree of LL. D.
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1873.
He was state superintendent of public schools in
1873, during this term practically framing the
school law, which stood without material change
for twenty years, and subsequently served in the
same office four years. He died at Bethany, W.
Va., Sept. 1, 1899.
PENDLETON, William Nelson, clergyman and
soldier, was born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 26,
1809 ; son of Edmund, Jr., of Caroline Count}- ,Va.,
PENDLETON
PENICK
and Lucy (Nelson) Pendleton, and a descendant
of Philip and Isabella (Hurt) Pendleton, who
came from Norwich. England, to Virginia in 1C74,
and of Thomas Nelson ("Scotch Tom'') who
came from Penrith, England, to Virginia in 1705.
He was graduated from the U.S. Military acad-
emy and promoted brevet 2d lieutenant and 2d
lieutenant, 3d artillery, July 1, 1830. He was
assistant professor of mathematics at the acad-
emy, 1831-32 ; was transferred to the 4th artillery,
Oct. 27, 1832 ; was in garrison at Fort Hamilton,
N.Y., 1832-33, and resigned his-commission in the
army, Oct. 31, 1833, to accept the chair of mathe-
, matics in Bristol col-
lege, Penn. He was
professor at Dela-
ware college, New-
ark, Del., 1837-38;
was admitted to the
diaconate of the P.E.
church in 1837, and
to the priesthood in
1838. In 1838 he es-
tablished the Episco-
pal high school at
Alexandria. Va., and
was its principal,
1838-44. He was in
Baltimore, Md., 1844-
47 ; rector of All
Saint's church, Frederick, Md., 1847-53 ; rector of
Latimer parish, Lexington, 1853-61, and upon the
outbreak of the civil war joined the Confederate
army as captain of the Rockbridge artillery. He
was promoted to the rank of colonel and ap-
pointed chief of artillery to Gen. Joseph E.
Johnston commanding the Army of the Shenan-
doah, and served as such from July 21, lt<61. to the
close of the war. He was commissioned brigadier-
general in March, 1862, and commanded the re-
serve artillery in the Maryland campaign and at
Sharpsburg, Sept. 15, 1862. At Gettysburg, July
1-3, 1863, he was commander-in-chief of all the
artillery, consisting of the horse-artillery and of
15 battalions of four batteries each, and directed
the Confederate artillery in the duel with the
Federal, preceding the charge of Pickett's divi-
sion. At the surrender at Appomattox he was
appointed with Generals Longstreet and Gordon
to carry out the terms of surrender. In 1865 he
returned to his parish at Lexington. Va.. where
he remained as rector until his death. He was a
founder of Grace Memorial church, erected to the
memory of Gen. Robert E. Lee, for which he
raised the money by delivering lectures on the
war throughout the South. His statements in re-
gard to the failure of Longstreet to commence
the attack on the morning of the second day of
the battle, were accepted by President Davis, but
denied by General Longstreet, and led to an un-
settled historical controversy. (See " Lee's Right
Wing at Gettysburg" by James Longstreet in
" Battles and Leaders of the Civil War." Vol.
Ill, pp. 339-56). The honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him byKenyon college.
Ohio, in 1857. He is the author of : Science, a
Witness for the Bible (1860). He died in Lexing-
ton, Va., Jan. 15, 1883.
PENFIELD, Edward, artist, was born in New
York city, June 2, 1866 ; son of Josiah and Ellen
(Moore) Penfield, and grandson of Henry L. Pen-
field of Rye, N.Y. He studied at the Art Stud-
ents' league, New York city, and in Europe,
chiefly in England and Holland. In 1890 he be-
came art director of Harpers' Magazine, Bazar,
and Weekly, which position he resigned in Feb-
ruary, 1901, to give his entire time to art. He
became especially well known through his poster
designs and magazine illustrations in color, and
was the pioneer in America in the use of flat
colors in posters. All the posters for Harpers'
Magazine, 1893-99, were designed by him.
PENFIELD, Frederic Courtland. diplomatand
author, was born in East Haddam, Conn.. April
23, 1855 ; son of Daniel and Sophia (Young) Pen-
field, and grandson of Zebulon Penfield of Pen-
field Hill, Portland, Conn. He was graduated at
Russell's Military school, New Haven, Conn., in
1876 and studied later in Germany. He was a
member of the editorial staff of the Hartford.
Conn., Courant, 1880-85, and was by appointment
of President Cleveland, U.S. vice-consul-general
at London, 1885-89, and U.S. diplomatic agent
and consul-general to Egypt, 1893-97. He was
made a fellow of the Royal Geographical society,
London, 1886 ; an officer of the French academy,
1898 ; was decorated with the order of the Palms
Academique by the French government, and with
the grand cross of the Order of Medjidieh by the
Sultan of Turkey ; was given the Grand Com-
mander degree of the Order of Osmanieh by the
Khedive of Egypt, 1897, and received many other
foreign honors. He is the author of: Present-
Day Egypt (1899), and numerous articles in the
leading American and English magazines and
reviews.
PENICK, Charles Clifton, third missionary
bishop of Cape Palmas, and 117th in succession
in the American episcopate, was born in Char-
lotte county, Va., Dec. 9, 1843; son of Edwin
Anderson and Mary (Hamner) Penick, and
grandson of Charles Penick and of Clifton
Hamner. He attended Hampden Sidney college
and the military institute at Danville, Va., and
was graduated from the Theological seminary at
Alexandria. Va., in 1869. He served throughout
the civil war as quartermaster-sergeant in the 38th
Virginia regiment, Pickett's division, C.S.A. He
PENINGTON
PENN
was ordained deacon at Alexandria, June 26,
1869, and priest at the same place by Bishop
Johns. June 24, 1870. He was rector of Emman-
uel church, Goodson, Va ; St. George's church,
Mt. Savage, Md., 1870-73 ; Church of the Mes-
siah, Baltimore, 1873-
77 ; was chosen mis-
sionary bishop of
Cape Palmas and
parts adjacent, West
Africa, and was con-
secrated in St. Paul's
church, Alexandria,
Feb. 13, 1877, by
Bishops Atkinson,
Whittle, Pinkney,
and Dudley. He was
married in 1881 to
Mary Hoge of Wheel-
ing, W. Va. He
served in Africa until
1883, when he re-
signed, and was rector of St. Andrew's church,
Louisville, Ky., 1883-93; general agent for com-
mission of the P.E. church for colored people, 1893-
96 ; rector of St. Mark's church, Richmond, Va.,
1896-99, and rector of Christ church. Fairmont,
W. Va., from 1899. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Kenyon college,
Gambier, Ohio, in 1877. He is the author of :
More Tlian a Prophet (1880) ; Advice to the
Church in Africa ; Hopes, Perils and Struggles of
the Negroes in America ; What Can the Chureli do
for the Negro in the United States ? Tlie Won-
ders of Christmas ; Origin of the Church Build-
ing ; Eternal Life ; The Science of Missions ;
Birth, Life, Reign and Glory of Christ in the
Soul ; Our Dead — Our Memories — Our Lessons —
Our Duties ; Tlie Commonwealth and the Pris-
oner.
PENINGTON, Edward, jurist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 4, 1726; son of Isaac
Penington, sheriff; grandson of Edward Pening-
ton (1667-1711), who immigrated in 1698 to
Pennsylvania with William Penn (q. v.), his half
brother by marriage, was surveyor-general of
the province, and the author of : " The Discov-
erer Discovered " (1695), " Rabshakeh Rebuked "
(1695), and "Observations upon George Keith's
Earnest Expostulation " (1696). Edward Pening-
ton, 3d, was educated in Friends schools, became
a merchant in Philadelphia and judge of the
court of common pleas. In 1762 he was made by
the assembly of Pennsylvania, a trustee of the
state house (Independence Hall) " for the use of
the freemen of the Province and their Represen-
tatives." He was attorney for Ann Penn and in
1767 offered Pennsbury Manor for sale ; was
elected a member of the American Philosophical
society in 1768, and treasurer of the Society for
the Cultivation of Silk in 1770. He formed the
committee of correspondence in May, 1774, and
was a member of the Provincial convention of
July, 1774. When, however, the British threat-
ened Philadelphia in 1777, his loyalty to the
colonists was suspected, and he was sent to Vir-
ginia. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 4, 1796.
PENINGTON, John, author, was born at Mul-
berry Hill, Monniouth county, N. J., Aug. 1,
1799 ; grandson of Edward Penington (q. v.) He
attended the College of New Jersey and studied
law with John Sergeant of Philadelphia, but did
not graduate or practice. He became connected
with the Bank of the United States and upon the
failure of this institution, established a book
store in Philadelphia. He was a member of the
Historical society of Pennsylvania and of the
American Philosophical society in 1839. The
honorary degree of A. M. was conferred on him
by the University of Pennsylvania in 1845. He is
the author of : An Examination of Beauchamp
Plantagenet's Description of the Province of New
Albion (1840); Scraps Osteologic and Archceologi-
cal (1841), and edited a "Description of New
York," by Daniel Danton. published in 1670, which
was reprinted by the Historical Society of Penn-
sylvania (1845). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
March 18, 1867.
PENN, John, governor of Pennsylvania, was
born in London, England, July 14, 1729; son of
Richard (1706-1771) and Hannah (Larduer) Penn,
and grandson of William the founder, and Han-
nali (Callowhill) Penn. He immigrated to Amer-
ica early in life ; was a member of the council
of the colony of Pennsylvania, 1753-54, and after
serving as commissioner to the congress at Al-
bany in 1754, visited England, 1755-63, returning
in 1763 as lieutenant-governor of the colony of
Pennsylvania. The Mason and Dixon line was
run during his administration in 1767-68, and in
the latter year the treaty with the Indians at
Fort Stanwix, N. Y., was accomplished. Upon
his father's death in 1771 , he returned to England,
where he remained until 1773, when he was ap-
pointed governor of Pennsylvania. He opposed
the action of the British parliament in its method
of taxation of the colonists, but fearing a royal
government for the province might supplant the
proprietors took no active part in the contention
with the crown. In July, 1775, he was superseded
by the committee of safety who doubted his
loyalty to the colonies, and in 1776 by the su-
preme executive council. He was arrested, Aug.
12, 1777, and imprisoned, but was released, May
15, 1778, his rights as proprietor being set aside
by the state legislature, June 28, 1779. His branch
of the Penn family received £32,500 in compen-
sation, and the Penn heirs later received from
PENN
PENN
England £4000. He died in Bucks county, Pa.
and his remains were subsequently transferred
irom under Christ church, Philadelphia, to the
home of the Penns in England. The date of his
death is Feb. 9, 1795.
PENN, John, signer, was born in Caroline
county, Va., May 17, 1741 ; son of Mosesand Cath-
arine (Taylor) Penn. His early education was
limited, owing to the neglect of his father, and
when his father died in 1759 he began the study
of law with his cousin Edmund Pendleton, and in
1762 was admitted to the bar. He was married
in 1763 to Susan Lyme. In 1774 he removed to
Granville county, N.C., and established himself
in practice. He was a delegate to the Continen-
tal congress in 1775, succeeding Richard Caswell,
who resigned to assume the governorship of North
Carolina, and signed the Declaration of Indepen-
dence in August, 1776. He was again a delegate
to the Continental congress, 1777-80, and by re-
quest of the North Carolina legislature, took
charge of the affairs of the state during its occu-
pation by the British army. He was appointed
receiver of taxes for North Carolina by Robert
Morris in 1784, but resigned after one month's
service, owing to the indifference of the people
to support the cause of the colonies by their pro-
portion of the tax levied. He died in Granville
county, N. C., in September, 1788.
PENN, William, founder of Pennsylvania,
was born on Tower Hill, London, England, Oct.
16, 1644; son of William (1621-1670) and Mar-
garet (Jasper) Penn. His father was a lieuten-
ant, captain, rear-admiral, vice-admiral and ad-
miral in the English
navy ; served in the
first Dutch wars as
general, 1653-55 ; was
captain commander
of the royal fleet in
the fight against the
Dutch fleet in 1664,
and was knighted
in 1697. William at-
tended school at Chig-
well and a private
school in London.
He matriculated as a
gentleman commoner
at Christ church, Ox-
ford university, and
while there was foremost in opposing the in-
troduction of a more elaborate ceremonial ser-
vice into the church, became a follower of
George Fox, and when a rule compelling all
the students to wear college gowns was en-
forced, led a rebellious band, who tore the
vestments from the backs of their wearers. For
this act he was expelled from the college. His
non-conformist views greatly displeased his
father, who brought him to London and intro-
duced him into the gayest society, hoping to
change his notions. He joined the Society of
Friends in 1667, which so enraged his father that
he disowned him. He began to preach and write
in behalf of the Friends, and in 1668 published a
pamphlet entitled Tiie Sandy Foundation Shaken,
for which he was arrested and committed to the
Tower. His imprisonment lasted nine months,
during which time he wrote No Cross, No Crown.
Upon his release he left London and resumed
control of his estates in Cork, where he preached
at the Friends meetings and wrote religious
pamphlets. In 1670 he returned to London, was
again arrested, in company with William Mead,
and was tried but not convicted. Upon the death of
his father in 1692, he inherited a large estate, and
in 1694 was married to Gulielma Maria (Proude)
Springet. His wife died in 1694 and the same
year, upon the withdrawal of the declaration of
indulgence and the imprisonment of George Fox,
Penn went to court in behalf of Fox, whose re-
lease he obtained from the Duke of York. About
this time he engaged in a controversy with
Richard Baxter. In 1677 he made a missionary
voyage to Holland and Germany in company
with Fox, Barclay and other prominent Quakers.
He entered politics in the endeavor to make
them contribute to the advancement of religion ;
spoke for Algernon Sidney, who was a candidate
for parliament, and in 1680 entered upon the
great project which he had formed in his student
days, the planting of a colony in America. With
the downfall of the Dutch rule in New York, the
Duke of York had become owner of New Jersey.
This he divided into West and East Jersey, sell-
ing the latter to Lord Berkeley and the former to
Sir George Carteret, who in turn disposed of it to
Edward Byllinge, a Quaker. West Jersey later
became the property of Penn, as receiver of the
creditors of Byllinge. In 1679 East Jersey was
for sale and Penn, with eleven others, bought it
at auction. Twelve more Quarkers were added
to this number and they appointed Robert Bar-
clay governor of New Jersey. Penn found in
1680 that the king was in his father's debt to the
amount of 16,000 pounds, for unpaid salary and
loans, and he agreed to change the debt for
land in America. The territory thus obtained
was " bounded on the east by the Delaware River
from twelve miles northward of New Castle to
the 40tli degree of northern latitude, and on the
south by a circle drawn twelve miles distance
from New Castle unto the beginning of the 40th
degree of northern latitude, and then by a straight
line westward to the limits of longitude above
mentioned." The charter was signed, March 4,
1681, and on Aug. 21, 1682, the Duke of York
PENN
PENNELL
released the tract of land called Pennsylvania,
to William Penn. He acquired the land as
" King's tenant," having the right to make laws,
and to appoint judges and other oificers. The
laws enjoined that all persons who confessed one
almighty God to be creator and ruler of the
world and who lived peaceably and justly in
society were not to be molested for their religious
practice or ministry. All children at the age
of twelve were to be taught some useful trade ;
all proceedings in the courts of law were to be
made as short as possible ; capital crimes to con-
sist of two, murder and treason ; all prisons to
be made into workhouses ; no oaths to be re-
quired, and drinking healths, trading in rum,
cursing, lying, fighting, gaining and the pleasures
of the theatre, were prohibited. Colonists
soon sought the land across the sea, a hundred
acres being promised for forty shillings ; but in
cleaning the ground, one acre of trees was to be
left for every five acres cleared. The Indian
difficulties were to be settled by a jury of six
planters and six Indians. Penn sailed for the
colony in 1682 on the ship Welcome with one
hundred passengers, mostly Quakers. Twenty-
five died of smallpox on the voyage and the re-
mainder landed at Newcastle, Del., Nov. 28, and
entered Pennsylvania, Nov. 29, 1682. He estab-
lished his capital city at a place called by the
Indians Coaquannoc and which he called Phila-
delphia. He now made his famous treaty with
the Indians, recognizing them as the owners of
the land. Several meetings bet ween the Quakers
and Indians to transfer land took place beneath
the spreading elm at Shackamaxton, June 23,
1683. The generosity shown by Penn to the
Indians contributed to peace, and emigrants
arrived in large numbers. The indefinite bound-
ary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland
caused serious complications, as Lord Baltimore
claimed considerable of the territory held by
Penn, including Philadelphia. Hearing that
Baltimore was on his way to England to lay the
question before the privy council, Penn im-
mediately followed him in August, 1684. Upon
the death of Charles II., in 1685, and the accession
of James, the Duke of York, Penn, although op-
posed to the Roman Catholic religion, kept the
position of favorite and agent of the court. He
obtained the freedom of all Quakers, and sup-
ported the king in the abolishment of the " tests,"
which prevented Roman Catholics from holding
office, claiming that the declaration of indulgence
was the sovereign remedy of the English consti-
tution. Thus during James's reign Penn became
influential in affairs of state. In 1688. when James
was dethroned and William of Orange suc-
ceeded, Penn was arrested and upon examination
said that he had done nothing but what he could
answer for before God and all the princes in the
world and that he loved his country and the Pro-
testant religion above his life. He was thereupon
released. In 1690 he was accused of receiving a
letter from James asking for help ; but he replied
that " he could not hinder the king from writing
to him," and was again discharged. Later in the
year he was arrested with others, imprisoned for
several months awaiting trial, and hearing after
his release that another warrant was out against
his liberty, hid himself for three years. He was
publicly proclaimed a traitor and deprived of the
government of his colony. His pardon was se-
cured in 1693. He was married secondly, in 1695,
to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Hannah
(Hollister) Callowhill of Bristol, England. In
1699 Penn made his second visit, bringing his
family with him to Philadelphia which was at
this time a city of nearly seven thousand popula-
tion. During his exile the colony had divided
into two parties, the proprietary and the popular.
The acting governor was a soldier and his warlike
notions confused the Quakers. Although slaves
were brought into the colony, they were well
treated, Penn liberating them in 1701. When a
movement to put an end to all proprietary govern-
ments was instigated, Penn returned to England,
Oct. 28, 1701. Upon his withdrawal, disputes again
arose in the colony on the question of bearing
arms, and an unending strife began between the
governor's deputy and the people. Affairs became
so disheartening that in 1713 he thought seri-
iously of selling the governorship. His affairs in
Ireland claimed his attention, since by an un-
molested system of fradulent bookkeeping Penn
found himself in debt to the estate of Philip
Ford, his late manager, for more than ten thous-
and pounds and Ford's widow sued Penn for three
thousand pounds' rent, which was due from the
property held by Penn as tenant. He was ar-
rested while at a religious meeting ; was impris-
soned for debt in the Fleet jail, but released by
the subscription of his friends, and a com-
promise was made with the Fords. The colony
also was improving under the administration of a
new governor and the province soon yielded
Penn a substantial income. He suffered a
paralytic stroke in 1712 which impaired his
memory. He died at Ruscombe, Berkshire,
England, July 30, 1718.
PENNELL, Joseph, artist and author, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 4, 1860. He at-
tended the Philadelphia public schools, the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the
Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. He was
married to Elizabeth Robins. For his art work
he was awarded honorable mention and medals
at various exhibitions in Paris, Philadelphia
and Chicago, and a gold medal at the World's
PENNEY
PENNINGTON
Fair, Paris, 1900. He made his home in London
where he became a leading member of the So-
ciety of Illustrators. His published works in-
clude : A Canterbury Pilgrimage (1885) ; An
Italian Pilgrimage (1886) ; Two Pilgrims' Progress
(188?) ; Our Sentimental Journey through, France
fiinl Jtaly(1888) ; Pen Drawing and Pen Draughts-
men (1889) ; Our Journey to the Hebrides (1889) ;
Charing Cross to St. Paul's, with notes by Justin
McCarthy (1890) ; TJie Stream of Pleasure (1891);
The Jew at Home (1892) ; Play in Provence
(1892) ; To Gi/psyland (1893) ; Modern I/lustra-
iion(1895) ; The Illustration of Books (1896) ; Tlie
Alhambra (1896) ; Tlie Work of Charles Keene
(1897); Lithography and Lithographers (with his
wife, 1899).
PENNEY, Joseph, educator, was born in Ar-
dahy, county Down, Ireland, Aug. 12, 1793. He
was a student at Trinity college, Dublin ; was
graduated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland,
in 1813 ; attended the Theological seminary at
Ballinabusch, Ireland, 1815-19, and was licensed
to preach by the presbytery of Down, March 2,
1819. He immigrated to the United States in
May, 1819 ; was engaged as an instructor at Eras-
mus Hall, Flatbush, Long Island, N.Y., 1819-21 ;
was ordained by the presbytery of Newburgh in
1823, and was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church at Rochester, N.Y., 1822-32. He visited
Europe during his pastorate and organized the
first temperance society on the continent. He
was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at
Northampton, Mass. , 1833-35 ; president and cura-
tor of Hamilton college, Clinton, N.Y., 1835-39,
pastor in New York city, 1839-43, and at Nyack,
N.Y., 1843-17. He was active in promoting the
causes of temperance and education. He resided
at Grand Rapids, Mich., 1847-56, and in 1856
returned to Rochester, N.Y. He was married,
May 3, 1823, to Margaret, daughter of William
Sterling, a merchant of New York city. He re-
ceived the degree D.D. from Union college in
1831. He died in Rochester, N.Y. , March 23, 1860.
PENN1NQTON, Alexander Cummings Mc-
Whorter, representative, was born in Newark,
N.J., July 2, 1810 ; son of Samuel (1765-1835) and
Sarah (Hayes) Pennington ; grandson of Samuel
and Mary (Sandford) Pennington, and of Major
Samuel and Sarah (Bruen) Hayes, and a descend-
ant of Epbraim Penningten, New Haven, Conn.,
1643, and an original settler of Newark, N.J., and
of Obediah Bruen of Newark, N.J., and New
London, Conn., 1639. Alexander Pennington
was appointed a cadet, U.S. Military academy,
1826 ; resigned in 1828 ; was educated for the
law, and practised in Newark. He was married,
Feb. 1, 1836. to Ann Johnston, daughter of Robert
and Ann Johnston (Pennington) Kennedy. He
was a member of the New Jersey legislature for
two years ; a representative from the Essex dis-
trict in the 33d and 34th congresses, 1853-57,
and brigadier-general of New Jersey militia for
several years. He removed to New York city in
1857, where he continued his practice. He died
in New York city, Jan. 25, 1867.
PENNINGTON, Alexander Cummings Mc=
Whorter, soldier, was born in Newark, N.J.,
Jan. 8, 1838 ; son of Alexander Cummings Mc-
Whorter, representative, and Ann Johnston (Ken-
nedy) Pennington. He was graduated from the
U.S. Military acad-
emy in 1860, and was
promoted in the army
brevet 2d lieutenant
of artillery, July 1.
1860. He served in
garrison at Fort ilon-
roe, Va., 1860-61, and
was promoted 3d lieu-
tenant, 3d artillery,
Feb. 1, 1861. He
served during the .
civil war in garrison
at Washington, D.C.,
in 1861 ; in the de-
fence of Fort Pick- >
ens, Fla., 1861-62 ;
was promoted 1st lieutenant May, 14. 1861 ; was
engaged in the Virginia Peninsular campaign,
March to August, 1862, in Horse Batter}' A,
2d artillery, and in the Maryland Rappahan-
nock and Pennsylvania campaigns, September,
1862, to July, 1863, commanding Horse Battery
M, 3d artillery. He was brevetted captain, June
9, 1863, for gallant and meritorious services at
the battle of Beverly Ford. Va., and brevetted
major, July 3, 1863, for gallant and meritorious
services in the Gettysburg campaign. He was
engaged in the Rapidan and Richmond cam-
paigns, 1863-64 ; was promoted captain, March
30, 1864 ; served in General Sheridan's Shenan-
doah campaign, August to October, 1864 ; was
promoted colonel of the 3d New Jersey cavalry
volunteers, Oct. 1, 1864, and commanded the 1st
brigade, 3d cavalry division, October, 1864. to
May, 1865. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel,
Oct. 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va.. and partici-
pated in Sheridan's raid, Feb. 13 to March 26,
1865. He commanded the 1st brigade, 3d cavalry
division, in the Richmond campaign, March to
April, 1865, was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., March
13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur-
ing the war and brigadier-general, U.S.V., July
15, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services, and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, Aug.
1,1865. He commanded a battery at San Francisco,
Cal., 1865-67; was on various posts, 1867-85; was pro-
PENNINGTON
PENNOCK
moted major in the 4th artillery Nov. 8, 1882 ;
was a director of instruction in the U. S. artillery
school at Fort Monroe, 1885-92. and artillery in-
spector of the Department of the East, 1892-96.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of 4th artil-
lery, Nov. 28, 1892 ; colonel of 2d artillery Oct.
29, 1896, and was stationed at Fort Adams, R.I.,
1896-98. Upon the outbreak of the war with
Spain he was commissioned brigadier-general of
U.S. volunteers, commanding at Camp Black,
L.I., May to July, 1898, and was in command of
the Department of the Gulf, July 4, 1898, to March
22, 1899. He was promoted brigadier-general,
U.S.A., Oct. 16, 1899, and was retired at his own
request, Oct. IT, 1899. He was married, Feb. 5,
1863, to Clara Miller, daughter of the Rev. John
French, chaplain and professor of ethics, U.S.
Military academy, West Point, N.Y. He was
elected a member of the Military Order of Foreign
Wars, the Military Order of American Wars,
and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of
the United States. The degree of M. A. was
conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey
in 1864.
PENMNQTON, William, governor of New Jer-
sey, was born in Newark, N.J., Jlay 4, 1796 ; son
of Gov. William Sandford and Phoebe (Wheeler)
Pennington. He was graduated from the Col-
lege of New Jersey, A.B. 1813, A.M., 1816. He
was clerk of the U.S. district court, 1815-26 ;
studied law with Theodore Frelinghuysen ; was
admitted to the bar in 1820, and practised in
Newark. He married Caroline, daughter of Dr.
William Burnet. He was a representative in the
state assembly ; was elected governor of the state
in 1837, to succeed Philemon Dickerson.and serv-
ed by successive re-elections until 1843. He also
served ex officio as chancellor and judge of the
prerogative court. During his gubernatorial
administration the "broad seal war" occurred,
•caused by the congressional election of 1838. Sis
representatives were to be elected from New
Jersey on a general ticket ; the validity of the
election of five of these was questioned, and Gov-
ernor Pennington was obliged to commission
those who should properly represent the state.
He therefore commissioned the five Whig can-
didates who, according to the statistics, had the
majority of votes. When it was found that the
five votes from New Jersey must decide the
speakership of the house, an excited debate took
place, John Quincy Adams presiding as temporary
chairman. The result was the election of Robert
M. S. Hunter as speaker and the five Democratic
members from New Jersey were admitted to
seats. Considerable feeling was aroused by the
fact that seats were refused to the candidates
ciiinmissioned under the "broad seal" of one
•of the states of the United States. Governor
VIII. — 18
Penuington was a Republican representative in
the 35th congress, 1859-61, and was chosen speak-
er after a contest extending over two months.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey,
1848-62. His death was caused by a dose of mor-
phine administered through the blunder of a
druggist. He died in Newark. N. J., Feb. 16, 1862.
PENNINGTON, William Sandford, governor
of New Jersey, was born in Newark, N. J. , in 1757 ;
son of Samuel and Mary (Sandford) Pennington ;
grandson of Judah Pennington, and a descendant
of Ephraim Pennington, New Haven, 1643. He at-
tended the district schools and was apprenticed
to his maternal uncle, a Royalist, who cancelled
his indentures when William joined the patriot
army. He served in the 2d
regiment, New Jersey artil-
lery, under General Knox,
and in 1780 was commis-
sioned a lieutenant. He
was wounded at the siege of
Yorktown, and attained the
rank of captain in the U.S.
army. He engaged in various employments after
his resignation; was a representative in the state
assembly in 1797, and in 1801 a member of the
council. He studied law with Elias Boudinot,
was admitted to the bar in 1802 and practised in
Newark. He married Phoebe, daughter of Capt.
James Wheeler, a Revolutionary soldier. He was
elerted an associate justice of the supreme court
of New Jersey, Feb. 28, 1804 ; was chosen gov-
ernor of the state and chancellor ex officio to suc-
ceed Aaron Ogden in 1813, and served until he
succeeded Robert Morris, deceased, as judge of
the U.S. district court of New Jersey, serving as
such, 1815-26. He is the author of Supreme Court
Reports (1803-16). He died in Newark, N.J.,
Sept. 17, 1826.
PENNOCK, Alexander Mosely, naval officer,
was born in Norfolk, Va., Nov. 1, 1813. He was
appointed a midshipman in the U.S. navy in
April, 1828 ; served in the Pacific and Brazilian
squadrons, 1828-34 ; was promoted passed mid-
shipman in 1834, and was attached to the Medi-
terranean and East Indian squadrons. 1834-39. He
was commissioned lieutenant in March, 1839, and
commander in December, 1855. He was a mem-
ber of the Paraguay expedition, 1859-60. in com-
mand of the steamer Southern Star. He was
promoted captain, Jan. 2, 1863, was fleet captain
of the Mississippi squadron, 1862-64 ; was on duty
at the Brooklyn navy yard, 1866-67 ; and was given
command of the flag-ship Franklin of the Euro-
pean squadron in 1868 ; was promoted commodore,
May 6, 1868, and in 1869 commanded the entire
European squadron. He was promoted rear-
admiral in 1S7J and retired in 1875. He died at
Portsmouth, N.H.,Sept. 20, 1876.
PENXOYER
PENNYPACKER
PENNOYER, Sylvester, governor of Oregon,
was born in Groton, N.Y., July 6, 1831 ; son of
Justus Powers and Elizabeth (Howland) Pen-
noyer, and a descendant of Robert Peiinoyer,
who came to Massachusetts in 1670 and left real
estate yielding £40 annually, to Harvard college.
He was graduated at Homer academy, at Harvard
law school in 1854. and in 1855 moved to Oregon,
where he was married to Mary A. Allen of Port-
land. He engaged in teaching school, 1855-60,
and subsequently in lumbering. He was editor
of the Oregon Herald, 1868-71 ; was elected gov-
ernor of Oregon in 1886 and 1890, serving 1887-95,
and was mayor of Portland, 1896. He died in
Portland, Oregon, May 30, 1902.
PENNYBACKER, Isaac Samuels, senator, was
born in Shenandoah county, Va., Sept. 3, 1805;
son of Benjamin and Sarah (Samuels) Penny-
backer ; grandson of Capt. Dirck, a Revolutionary
war officer, and Hannah (De Haven) Penny-
backer, and a descendant of Hendrick and Eve
(Umstat) Pannebecker, the founders of the family
in America. Isaac S. Pennybacker matriculated
at Washington college, Va., but did not graduate ;
studied in the Winchester law school ; was ad-
mitted to the bar, and settled in practice in Har-
risonburg, Va. He was married in May, 1832, to
Sarah A. , daughter of Col. Zebulon Dyer. He was
a Democratic representative from the fourteenth
Virginia district in the 25th congress, 1837-39,
and was judge of the U.S. district court of West-
ern Virginia, 1839-45. He declined the office of U.S.
attorney-general, that of justice of the supreme
court of Virginia, and the nomination of the
Democratic party for governor of the state. He
was elected to the U.S. senate in 1845, succeeding
W. C. Rives, his term to expire March 3, 1851.
He was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian
Institution by President Polk. He died in Wash-
ington, D.C., Jan. 12, 1847.
PENNYPACKER, Qalusha, soldier, was born
at Valley Forge, Pa., June 1, 1844 ; son of Joseph,
junior, and Tamson Amelia (Workizer) Penny-
packer, and grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth
(Funkl Pennypacker, and of John and Sarah
(Rooks) Workizer. His father was a volunteer
aide on the staff of General Worth during the
Mexican war, and his great-grandfather, Mat-
thias Pennypacker, was a bishop of the Menno-
nite church and grandson of Hendrick Panne-
becker, the immigrant, a native of Holland, a
surveyor for the Penns, and a large landholder in
Pennsylvania. Galusha Pennypaeker attended
the Phcenixville Classical institute and left school
in April, 1861. to enter the army as a non-com-
missioned staff officer in the 9th Pennsylvania
three months' volunteers. At the close of his
enlistment he entered the volunteer army for
the war, Aug. 22, 1861, as captain in the 97th
Pennsylvania volunteers ; was promoted major,
Oct. 7, 1861, and served in the 10th army corps,
department of the south, 1862-65, commanding
his regiment in the 1st brigade, in Gen. A. H.
Terry's seige operations on Morris Island, S. C.,
August-September. 1863. He commanded a most
successful expedition
against Woodstock
Mills, Fla., in Feb-
ruary, 1864, and in
April, 1864, was
placed in command
of the post at Fer-
nandina, having been
promoted lieutenant-
colonel, April 3, 1864.
He was transferred
to the Army of the
James under Gen. B.
F. Butler, and was
promoted colonel,
June 23, 1864. He
was in action at
Swift's Creek, May 9 ; Drewry's Bluff, May 16,
and Chester Station, May 18, 1864. He com-
manded his regiment in the charge upon Pickett's
division at Green Plains, May 20 ; lost 176 of
295 men ; was carried off the field after receiving
three wounds, and was in the hospital at Fort
Monroe for three months. He was assigned to
the command of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 10th
corps in September, 1864, and took part in the
engagements at Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plain
and Malvern Hill ; in the trenches before Peters-
burg, and in the capture of New Market Heights.
He was wounded and his horse shot under him in
an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Gilmer ;
was in command of the 2d brigade, 2d division,
24th corps before Petersburg in December, 1864,
and took part in Gen. B. F. Butler's unsuccessful
effort to capture Fort Fisher, N.C.. Dec. 25, 1864,
and in the capture of the fort by General Terry,
Jan. 15, 1865. He was the first brigade com-
mander to gain the third traverse of the fort,
where he planted the flag of his old regiment, the
97th Pennsylvania, and desperately wounded,
fell inside of the fort, followed and rescued by
his men. He was in the hospital at Fort Monroe
for ten months. General Terry declared that but
for his bravery the assault would probably have
failed, and designated him the real " hero of Fort
Fisher." He was brevetted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Jan. 15, 1865 ; was promoted to that
rank Feb. 18, 1865, and brevetted major-general
of volunteers, March 13, 1865. The medal of
honor was conferred on him by congress for dis-
tinguished bravery in the battle, and he was ap-
pointed colonel of the 34th U.S. infantry, July 28,
1866 ; soon transferred to the 16th U.S. infantry ;
PENNYPACKEE
PENROSE
brevetted brigadier-general and major-general
U.S.A., March 2, 1867, and placed on the retired
list of the regular army on account of disability
from wounds received in action, July 3, 1885.
Prior to his retirement he saw considerable ser-
vice in the regular army, in command at various
posts in the south and west. He was wounded
seven times within eiglit months : was the young-
est officer to hold the full rank of general in the
volunteer army, and the youngest officer in the
regular army to hold the rank of colonel and
brevet major-general.
PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, jurist,
was born in Phcenixville, Pa., April 9, 1843 ; son
of Dr. Isaac and Anna Maria (Whitaker) Penny-
packer ; grandson of Bishop Matthias and Sarah
(Anderson) Pennypacker, and of Joseph and
Grace Whitaker, and a descendant of Hendrick
and Eve (Umstat) Pannebecker. Hendrick Panne-
becker emigrated from Homborn, on the upper
Rhine, to Pennsylvania, about 1699, and settled
on Skippack Creek, where he became a large
landholder and surveyor of public lands for the
Penns. Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker was edu-
cated in the West Philadelphia institute ; served
as a private in the 26th emergency regiment in
1863, and was graduated at the University of
Pennsylvania, LL.B., in 1866. He was married,
Oct. 20,- 1870, to Virginia Earl, daughter of Nathan
B. Broomall, of Phoenixville, Pa. He was made
president of the Law Academy of Philadelphia
in 1868 ; served on the board of public education
of Philadelphia and was controller of public
schools for the 29th ward, 1886-89, and was ad-
mitted to practice in the U.S. supreme court in
1887. He was judge of the court of common
pleas of Philadelphia, by appointment under
Governor Beaver to fill a vacancy, 1889-90, and
by election, 1890-1900, and served as president
judge of the court. In 1902 he was elected gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania by the Republican party.
He was elected a member of numerous scientific,
historical and patriotic societies ; was a trustee
of the University of Pennsylvania from 1886 ;
state commissioner of the Valley Forge reserva-
tion ; founder and manager of the Pennsylvania
society, Sons of the Revolution ; a vice-provost
of the Philadelphia Law academy, and a member
of the supervisory committee on the restoration
of Independence Hall. He received. the honor-
ary degree of LL.B. from Franklin and Marshall
college. In his library he collected about 7000
printed books on early Pennsylvania, of which
260 were from the press of Benjamin Franklin,
and his collection relating to the German coloni-
zation of Pennsylvania was the largest ever
made. He compiled, together with E. G. Platt
and Samuel S. Hollingsworth. a Digest of the Eng-
lish Common Law Reports (1879); Pennypacker's
Supreme Court Cases (4 vols.); Pennsylvania
Colonial Cases, and aided in the preparation of
Weekly Notes of Cases (40vols.). He is the author
of the Annals of Phcenixville and Its Vicinity
(1878); Tlie Pennypacker Reunion (1878); Histor-
ical and Biographical Sketches, many of which
have been translated in Dutch and German (1883),
and Tlie Settlement of Germantoum.
PENROSE, Boies, senator, was born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., Nov. 1, 1860; son of Dr. Richard
Alexander and Sarah Hannah (Boies) Penrose ;
grandson of the Hon. Charles Bingham and Val-
eria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose, and great-grand-
son of Clement Biddle Penrose, one of the com-
missioners appointed by Jefferson for the Louisi-
ana territory. He was graduated at Harvard in
1881, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in
1883. He was a representative in the Pennsyl-
vania legislature in 1885 ; a member of the state
senate, 1887-97, and president pro tempore of the
senate in 1889 and 1891. He was a Republican
U.S. senator from Pennsylvania, 1897-1909, serv-
ing as chairman of the committee on immigra-
tion, and as a member of many important com-
mittees. He contributed several chapters on
municipal law to the American and English En-
cyclopedia of Law, and with Edward P. Allinson
wrote: Philadelphia; a History of Municipal De-
velopment (1887).
PENROSE, Stephen Beasley Linnard, edu-
cator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 20,
1864 ; son of the Hon. Clement Biddle and Mary
(Linnard) Penrose ; grandson of the Hon. Charles
Bingham and Valeria Fullerton (Biddle) Penrose,
and of Stephen Beasley and Emily (L.) Linnard.
He was graduated from Williams college in 1885,
and from Yale, B.D., 1890. He taught school at
Pottstown, Pa., 1885-66 ; was instructor of Greek
and elocution at Williams college, 1886-87, and in
1890 was sent as home missionary by the Congre-
gational Home Missionary society to Dayton,
Washington. He was pastor of the Congrega-
tional church at Dayton, 1890-94, and in 1894 was
elected president of and Cushing Eells professor
of mental and moral science at Whitman college,
Walla Walla, Wash. He was married in 1896, to
Mary Deming, daughter of Judge Nathaniel Ship-
man, of Hartford, Conn. He was made a corpo-
rate memberof A.B.C.F.M. and honorary member
of several religious and educational societies.
PENROSE, William Henry, soldier, was born
at Madison Barracks, Sacket Harbor, N.Y.,
March 10, 1832 ; son of Capt. James Wilkinson'
1808-1849 (U.S.A.) and Mary Ann (Hoffman)
Penrose ; grandson of Clement Biddle (1771-1820)
and Ann Howard (Bingham) Penrose ; great
grandson of James (1737-1778) and Sarah (Biddle)
Penrose : great2-grandson of Thomas (1709-1757)
and Sarah (Coats) Penrose and great3-grandson
PENTECOST
of Bartholomew (the emigrant from Cornwall,
England, about 1700, ship-builder in Philadelphia)
and Hester (Leech) Penrose. He attended Dick-
inson college, Pa., in 1849, and engaged in busi-
ness as a civil and mechanical engineer in
Michigan. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant
in the 3d U.S. infantry, April 13, 1861, and was
promoted 1st lieutenant, May 14, 1861. He was
appointed colonel of the loth New Jersey volun-
teers, April 18, 1863, and commanded the 1st
brigade, 1st division, 6th corps from the afternoon
of the first day's fight at Chancellorsville (2d
Fredericksburg) until three days before the fight
at Gettysburg, when Gen. A. T. A. Torbert, absent
by reason of wounds received at Crampton's Gap
Sept. 14, 1862, returned. Hecommanded the reg-
iment at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 ; in Grant's
campaign against Richmond early in 1864, and
again commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 6th
army corps at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864; and
through the overland campaign, having been
placed in command without regard to rank, being
the junior of four colonels, while engaged on the
battlefield in front of Spottsylvania Court House ;
continuing in command through the Shenandoah
valley under Sheridan, and being wounded at
Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864. He was brevetted
captain, May 3, 1863, for Marye's Heights, Va.,
and major, July 2, 1863, for Gettysburg ; promoted
captain, Sept. 11, 1863 ; brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, May 5, 1864, for the Wilderness, Va.,
colonel, Oct. 19, 1864. for Cedar Creek, Va., brig-
adier-general of volunteers, Oct. 19, 1864, for
Middletown, Va., and brigadier-general U.S.A.,
April 9, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services
in the field during the war. He was promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers, June 27, 1865, and
was honorably mustered out of the volunteer ser-
vice Jan. 15, 1866. He was promoted major of
the 12th infantry, May 31, 1883 ; lieutenant-colonel
of the 16th infantry, Aug. 21, 1888, and colonel of
the 20th infantry, Nov. 28, 1893. He was trans-
ferred to the 16th infantry, Sept. 15. 1894, and was
retired, March 10, 1896, by operation of law. He
invented a set of infantry equipments recom-
mended for use in the army by a board of officers.
In 1903 he was residing at Salt Lake City, Utah,
where he conducted a mining bureau of informa-
tion.
PENTECOST, George Frederick, clergyman
and author, was born in Albion, 111., Sept. 23,
1842 ; son of Hugh Lonkett and Emma (Flower)
Pentecost ; grandson of Scarboro and Phebe
(Lockett) Pentecost and of Georg and Eliza
Julia (Andrews) Flower, and a descendant of Eng-
lish (Flower), Huguenot (Pentecost), and Jewish
(Andrews) ancestors. He was educated in the
public schools; learned the printer's trade, and
served as clerk of the U.S. district court for
PEPPER
Kansas Territory in 1858 and as private secretary
to Gov. Samuel Medary in 1858-59. He matri-
culated at Georgetown college in Kentucky in
1861, but left the following year to enter the
Union army in the 8th Kentucky cavalry, in
which he attained the rank of captain. He re-
signed to accept the chaplaincy of the regiment,
which position he held, 1862-63. On Oct. 6, 1863,
he was married to Ada, daughter of Dr. Augustus
Webber of Hopkinsville, Ky. Having been
licensed to preach in the Baptist church in 1862,
he was settled pastor at Greencastle, Ind., 1864;
Evansville, Ind., 1866-67 ; Covington, Ky., 1867-
68; Brooklyn, N.Y., 1868-71 and 1880-87, and
Boston, Mass., 1871-80. He engaged in evangeli-
cal work in Scotland, 1887-88, and as a special
missioner to the English speaking Brahmins in
India, 1889-91. He was minister to Marylebone
Presbyterian church in London, Eng., 1891-97,
and pastor of the First Presbyterian church,
Yonkers, N.Y., from 1897 until 1902, when he
resigned, to resume work of evangelistic and
missionary character. He received the honorary
degree of A.M. from Hamilton, 1870, and that of
D.D. from Lafayette, 1884. On Sept. 13, 1902,
he was sent to the Philippine Islands, China and
Japan as special representative of the Presbyterian
Board of Foreign Missions and of the American
Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions.
He edited Words and Weapons for Christian
Workers, a monthly, 1885-90 ; and is the author
of: In the Volume of the Book (1876) The Angel
in the Marble (1876) ; A South Window (1876) ;
Out of Egypt (1884) ; Bible Studies (10 vols.,
1880-89) ; Birth and Boyhood of Christ (1896) ;
Forgiveness of Sins (1897) ; Systematic Beneficence
(1897) ; Precious Truths (1898) ; and several tracts
and pamphlets.
PEPPER, Charles Hovey, artist, was born in
Waterville, Maine, Aug. 27, 1864 ; son of George
Dana Boardman (q.v.) and Annie (Grassie)
Pepper. He was graduated at Coburn Classical
institute, Waterville, 1884, and at Colby uni-
versity under the presidency of his father, A.B.
1889, A.M. 1892. He was married in July, 1889, to
Frances Coburn of Skowhegan, Maine. He studied
at the Art Students' league, New York city, 1890-
93, and under Aman-Jean and Jean Paul Laurens,
Paris, France, 1893-95. He exhibited in the
Paris Salon, 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1898, and also in
Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, New York, Philadelphia,
Chicago, and at Bing's Gallery, Paris (private ex-
hibition) , 1897. He was elected a member of the
New York and Boston Water Color clubs and after
July, 1898, resided and had his studio in Concord
Mass.
PEPPER, George Dana Boardman, educator,
was born in Ware, Mass., Feb. 5, 1833; son of
John and Eunice (Hutchinson) Pepper ; and
PEPPER
PEPPER
grandson of Stephen and Sarah (Simonds) Pepper.
He was graduated at Williston seminary, East-
hampton, Mass., iu 1853. at Amherst college, A.B.,
1857, and at Newton Theological institution in
1860. He was ordained to the ministry Sept. 6,
1860. and was married Nov. 29, to Annie,
daughter of George and Elizabeth (Field) Grassie
of Bolton, Mass. He was pastor of the Baptist
church, Waterville, Me., 1860-65 ; professor of
ecclesiastical history in Newton Theological in-
stitution, 1865-67 ; of Christian theology at Crozer
Theological seminary, Upland, Pa., 1867-83 ;
president and professor of intellectual and moral
philosophy at Colby university, Waterville,
COL.BY UAI'VERSITY
Maine, 1882-89, and pastor at Saco, Maine, 1890-92.
During his term of office at Colby, the Shannon
observatory and the physical laboratory were
erected and two professorships were added. He
traveled and preached, 1889-92 ; was made pro-
fessor of Biblical literature at Colby university
in 1892 and served as acting president in 1895.
He resigned his professorship in 1900 but con-
tinned to reside in Waterville. He received the
degree of D.D. from Colby in 1867 and from
Amherst in 1882. that of LL.D. from the Uni-
versity of Lewisburg in 1882, and from Colby in
1890. He wrote the monthly expositions of the
" International Sunday-School Lessons " for the
Baptist Teacher (about 1870-71) ; published
occasional sermons, addresses, reviews, and
essays ; and is the author of : Outlines of Syste-
matic Tlieology (1873) ; Lecture IV in "Madison
Avenue Lectures" (1867) ; and the chapter on
Baptist Doctrine during the Century in the Cen-
tennial volume of Baptists (1876).
PEPPER, Qeorge Seckel, philanthropist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 11, 1808 ; son of
George and Mary (Seckel) Pepper. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey in
1827, and was admitted to the bar in 1830, but
did not practice. He was left a large estate by
his father, and devoted himself to its manage-
ment, and to philanthropise work. He was
interested in the principal financial concerns of
Philadelphia, was president of the American
Academy of Music, and of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts. His estate amounted to
several millions of dollars of which he bequeathed
$150,000 for the erection of a public library in
Philadelphia ; $60,000 for the endowmen . of a
professorship in the University of Pennsylvania,
$.">((, 000 each to the Pennsylvania Academy of
Fine Arts, the hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania, the hospital of the Protestant
Episcopal church, the Pennsylvania hospital,
and the hospital of Jefferson Medical college, as
well as generous bequests to the numerous
hospitals, charitable and religious institutions,
scientific organizations, libraries, schools and
colleges, the total bequests aggregating $1,034,000.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 2, 1890.
PEPPER, Qeorge Wharton, lawyer and educa-
tor, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 16,
18G7 ; son of George and Hitty Markoe (Wharton)
Pepper ; grandson of William and Sarah (Platt)
Pepper and of George Miffiin and Maria (Markoe)
Wharton. He was graduated from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. A.B. (valedictorian), 1887;
LL.B. (law orator), 1889, and was admitted to the
bar. While an undergraduate, he edited the
Pennsylvanian and the University Magazine, was
active in college athletics and took the principal
role in the ' ' Acharnians," a Greek play performed
in the original by the students of the University.
He was a fellow of the law department, 1889-92.
He was married, Nov. 25, 1890, to Charlotte
Root, daughter of Prof. George Park Fisher
(q.v.). In 1893 he accepted the Algernon Sydney
Biddle professorship of law in the University of
Pennsylvania. He was active in the cause
of the reform of methods of equal education,
and his paper upon that subject read before the
Pennsylvania Bar association in 1895 was the
starting point for the important changes which
followed in that commonwealth. He became a
member of the American Philosophical society,
and the Pennsylvania society, Sons of the Revolu-
tion. He edited Tlie American Law Register and
Review. 1892-95 ; and is the author of : The
Borderland of Federal and State Decisions (1899) ;
Pleading at Common Law and under the Codes
(1891) ; Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania (1893-
97, jointly with Wm. Draper Lewis), and of the
Digest of Decisions and Encyclopda>.ia of Penn-
sylvania Laio 1754-1S98 (jointly with William
Draper Lewis). Of this work the thirteenth
volume appeared in 1902.
PEPPER, William, educator, was born in
Philadelphia. Pa., Aug. 21, 1843 ; son of Dr.
William and Sarah (Platt) Pepper. He was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
A.B.. 1862, M.D., 1864, A.M., 1865; established
himself in practice in Philadelphia, and attained
high rank as a physician, both in private practice
and as official physician to hospitals. He was
lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania on
morbid anatomy, 1868-70, on clinical medicine,
PEPPER
PERCHE
1870-74, and on physical diagnosis, 1871-73. He
was married in 1873, to Frances Sergeant, daugh-
ter of Christopher Grant Perry. He was pro-
fessor of clinical medicine, 1874-84 ; professor of
the theory and practice of medicine, 1884-98 ;
provost of the Uni-
versity of Pennsyl-
vania, 1881-94, and
as such was largely
instrumental in the
growth of the Ameri-
can Society for the
Extension of Univer-
sity Teaching. He
88®^ was foremost in es-
P; tablishing the uni-
i \tv versity hospital, of
which he was man-
ager, 1874-98 ; gave
$50,000 for the found-
ing of the laboratory
of clinical medicine,
and endowed it with $50,000, Dec. 4, 1894. On
resigning the office of provost, April 23, 1894, he
gave $50,000 for the extension of hospital build-
ings. He was one of the founders of the
Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial
Art, and a member of its board of managers for
several years. He was a director of the Centen-
nial exposition, 1875-76, and for his services
received from the King of Sweden the decoration
of Knight Commander of the Order of St. Olaf,
in 1877. He was elected a member of the Assay
commission of the U.S. mint in 1882 ; was presi-
dent of the Pau- American Medical Congress of
Washington in 1893, and of the Foulke and Long
Institute for Orphan Girls, 1886-98 ; became a
member of the Pathological Society of Philadel-
phia in 1865, and its president, 1873-76 ; was
elected a member of the American Philological
society in 1870 ; of the Academy of Natural
Science of Philadelphia in 1867-76, and of its
biological section, 1868-74 ; a member of the
Obstetric Society of Philadelphia, 1870-82 ; of the
American Neurology association, 1874-98; cor-
responding member of the New York Society
of Neurology and Electrology, 1874-98, and was a
regular or honorary member, and an officer of
the leading medical societies of the United States.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Lafayette college in 1881. He founded the
Philadelphia Medical Times and was its editor,
1870-71, and with John F. Meigs, M.D., edited
System of Medicine by American Authors (5 vols.
1885-86). He is the author of: Strephining in
Cerebral Disease (1871); Social Treatment of
Pulmonary Cavities (1874); Sanitary Relations
of Hospitals (1875); Higher Medical Education
(1877); Report of the Medical Department of the
Centennial Exposition (1877); Catarrhal Irrita-
tion (1881); Epilepsy (1883); Phthisis in Pennsyl-
vania (1886); and a text book of the Tlieory and
Practice of Medicine (1893), and many contribu-
tions to medical and literary journals. He died
in Pleasanton, Cal., July 28, 1898.
PEPPERRELL, William, soldier, was born in
Kittery, Maine, June 27, 1696; son of Col. Wil-
liam and Margery (Bray) Pepperrell. His father
came to America from Tavistock, Cornwall,
Eng., and engaged in the fishing trade, first on
the Isles of Shoals, and subsequently at Kittery,
where he was married. William, their only son,
studied land surveying and navigation under a
tutor ; and became a successful ship-builder and
marine merchant in partnership with his father,
as William Pepperrell & Son. He was made
justice of the peace and captain of a company of
cavalry in 1717, and received promotions to the
ranks of major, lieutenant-colonel, and brevet
colonel, having charge of the entire militia of
Maine. He was a representative in the general
court of Massachusetts in 1726 ; a member of the
Governor's council, 1727-59, and secretary of the
board for thirteen years. He was married,
March 16, 1723, to a niece of the Rev. Samuel
Moody, of New York city. He was chief justice
of the court of common pleas, 1730-59. In 1744
he was commander-in-chief of New England
volunteers, and marched against Louisburg, the
strongest fortress in America. He was supported
by a small squadron under Commodore Warren,
and after a siege of forty-nine days compelled its
surrender, June 17, 1745. For this service he
received the thanks of the colonists, and was
created a baronet of Great Britain, being the first
American to receive that honor. He retired
from business, having amassed a large fortune,
and entertained lavishly at his house at Kittery.
In 1755 he raised and equipped troops for the
French and Indian war, and was commissioned
major-general. He was acting governor of
Massachusetts, 1756-58, and was commissioned
lieutenant-general in 1759. He is the author of:
Conference with the Penobscot Tribe (1753). He
died in Kittery, Maine. July 6, 1759.
PERCHE, Napoleon Joseph, archbishop, was
born in Angers, France, Jan. 30, 1805. He became
a professor of philosophy, 1823 ; entered the Semi-
nary of Beaupreau in 1825, where he was prepared
for the priesthood and ordained priest, Sept. 19,
1829. He accompanied Bishop Flaget to the United
States in 1837, and engaged in missionary work
in Kentucky. He formed a congregation at Port-
land, Ky., built the church of Our Lady, and in
1841 went to Louisiana to collect money to free
it from debt. Through his eloquent preaching
while in New Orleans he received an invitation
from Archbishop Blanc to settle in that city.
PERCIVAL
PERKINS
and was appointed almoner to the Ursuline con-
vent. During the schism in New Orleans, which
was occasioned by Archbishop Blanc's refusal to
appoint certain priests, he established and edited
Le Propagateur Catliolique in support of the
archbishop, and finally restored peace. The pub-
lication then became the chief organ of the
French people in the south. He was elected coad-
jutor to Archbishop Odin in 1870, and was con-
secrated at New Orleans, La., May 1, 1870,
by Bishop Rosecrans of Columbus, assisted by
Bishop Feehan of Nashville and Bishop Foley of
Chicago, receiving the title Bishop of " Abdera."
He succeeded as Archbishop of New Orleans,
May 25, 1870, and after many litigations over
church property and cemeteries, was invested
with the ownership by the wardens of the cathe-
dral. He received the Pallium from the hands
of Pius IX. in 1871 ; established a community of
Carmelite nuns in his diocese, founded Thibo-
deaus college, St. Mary's Commercial college,
four academies for girls, thirteen parochial
schools, and an asylum for aged colored women.
He also built twenty new churches and chapels,
and organized a Roman Catholic society. He died
in New Orleans, La., Dec. 27, 1883.
PERCIVAL, James Gates, geologist, was born
in Berlin, Conn., Sept. 15, 1795. He was gradu-
ated from Yale in 1815, and his tragedy "Zamor"
was presented at the commencement exercises.
He taught school in Philadelphia, Pa., and was
graduated from the University of Pennsylvania,
M.D., in 1820. He established' himself in practice
in Charleston, S.C. ; was appointed assistant sur-
geon in the U.S. army and professor of chemistry,
mineralogy and geology in the U.S. Military
academy in 1824, resigning his professorship in
a few months to become examining surgeon in
the recruiting service in Boston, Mass. He re-
moved to New Haven, Conn., in 1827, engaged in
literary work and continued the study of geology.
He explored the ranges of trap rock in Connec-
ticut in 1834, and with Prof. Charles M. Shepard
made a geological and mineralogical survey of
the state in 1835. He was state geologist of Con-
necticut, 1835-42, and state geologist of Wiscon-
sin, 1853-56. He edited Knox's Elegant Extracts
(1826) ; assisted in compiling Noah Webster's
Dictionary, and is the author of : Prometheus ;
Clio (1834) ; Report of the Geological Survey of
Connecticut (1842); Dream of a Day (1843); Re-
port of the Geological Survey of Wisconsin (1855),
and many minor poems including : The Coral
Grove ; Tlte Graves of the Patriots, and Setting
Sail. He contributed largely to journals and mag-
azines. He was never married. He died in
Hazel Green, Wis., May 2. 1856.
PERHAM, Sidney, governor of Maine, was
born in Woodstock, Maine, March 27, 1817 ; son of
Joel and Saphronia (Bishee) Perham ; grandson
of Lemuel and Betsey (Gurney) Perham, and of
Rowse and Hannah (Carroll) Bisbee, and a de-
scendant of John Perham, who settled in Chelins-
ford, Mass., in 1604. He at-
tended the public schools and
Gould's academy, Bethel,
Maine, in 1838 ; engaged in
teaching school during the
winter months, and in 1840
in farming and sheep raising
on his family homestead.
He was married Jan. 1, 1843, to Alrnena Jane,
daughter of Lazeras Hathaway of Paris, Maine.
He was a Republican representative in the state
legislature, and speaker in 1855 ; was presidential
elector on the Fremont and Dayton ticket in 1856,
and on the Harrison and Morton ticket in 1888 ;
clerk of the supreme judicial court for Oxford
county, 1858-62, and a Republican representative
from the second Maine district in the 38th, 39th
and 40th congresses, 1863-69, being a member of
the committee on pensions, 1863-69, and chairman
of the committee, 1865-69. He served three terms
as governor of Maine, 1871-74 ; was appraiser for
the port of Portland, Maine, 1877-85, and a mem-
ber of the commission appointed by President
Harrison to select a site for a dry dock on the
Gulf of Mexico in 1891. He took an active part
in teachers' institutes and educational conven-
tions, served as president of the board of trustees
of Westbrook seminary and female college and
of the Maine Industrial school ; lectured on tem-
perance, and was a member of the Maine board
of agriculture, 1853-54. After 1886 he made his
home in Washington, D.C., spending the sum-
mers at Paris Hill, Maine.
PERKINS, Bishop Walden, senator, was born
in Rochester, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1841 ; son of Ben-
jamin Chaplin and Hannah M. (Cole) Perkins ;
grandson of Benjamin Chaplin and Elizabeth
Ann (Walden) Perkins and a descendant of John
Perkins, Boston, 1636. He was educated at Knox
academy, Galesburg, 111.; studied law at Ottawa,
was a soldier in the 83d Illinois infantry. 1861-62,
and captain in the 16th U.S. colored infautry,1862-
65. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in
1867; removed to Oswego, Kan., in 1869; was
attorney for Labette county in 1869, and was mar-
ried April 11. 1872, to Louise Cushman. He was
probate judge of Labette county, 1870-73 ; judge
of the 1 1th judicial district, 1873-82, and a Repub-
lican representative from the third Kansas district
in the 48th, 49th, 50th and 51st congresses, 1883-91.
He was appointed to the U.S. senate by Governor
Humphrey to fill the vacancy caused by the death
of Preston B. Plumb, Dec. 20, 1891, serving, 1891-
93, and in 1893 took up the practice of law in
Washington, D.C., where he died June 20, 1894.
PERKINS
PERKINS
PERKINS, Charles Callahan, author, was
born in Boston, Mass., March 1, 1823. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846,
studied painting under Scheffer in Paris, and later
studied music and etching in Europe. He was
one of the pioneer American etchers, resided in
Boston and became famous as an art-critic. He
was president of the Boston Art club, 1869-79 ;
founder and honorary director of the Boston
Museum of Fine Arts ; a member of the city
school board, 1870-83 ; president of the Handel
and Haydn society, 1875-86 ; a fellow of the
American Academy, and a member of the Massa-
chusetts Historical society. He is the author of :
Tuscan Senators (2 vols., 1864); Italian Sculp-
tors (1868); Art in Education (1870); Raphael
and Michelangelo (1878); Sepulchral Monuments
in Italy (1883); Historical Hand-Book of Italian
Sculptors (1883); History of the Handel and
Haydn Society (Vol. I., 1883-86), and Ghiberti et
son ecole (1886). He died in Windsor, Vt.,
Aug. 35, 1886.
PERKINS, Frederic Beecher, author, was
born in Hartford. Conn., Sept. 27, 1828; son of
Thomas Clap and Mary Foote (Beecher) Perkins ;
grandson of Enoch and Anna (Pitkin) Perkins,
and of the Rev. Lyman and Roxana (Foote)
Beecher, and a descendant of John Perkins,
Boston, 1631, Ipswich, 1633. He matriculated at
Yale in the class of 1850, but left in 1848 to study
law under his father ; was admitted to the bar in
1851, and was graduated at the Connecticut
Normal school in 1852. He practised law in
Hartford, and held various local offices, 1852-54 ;.
engaged in literary work in New York, 1854-57,
and was married, May 21, 1857, to Mary, daughter
of Henry and Clarissa (Perkins) Westcott of
Providence, R.I. He was associated with Henry
Barnard in editing the American Journal of
Education at Hartford, Conn., 1857, meantime
serving as librarian of the Connecticut Historical
society ; was secretary of the Boston public
library for a time ; librarian of the San Francisco
free public library, 1880-87, and connected with a
San Francisco newspaper after 1887. He pub-
lished : President Greeley, President Hoffman,
and the Resurrection of the Ring (1872); Scrope
(1874); Check List for American Local History
(1876); My Tliree Conversations with Miss Chester
(1877); Devil Puzzlers and other Studies (1877);
Charles Dickens: His Life and Works (1877);
Rational Classification of Literature for Shelv-
ing and Cataloguing Books in a Library (1881).
He died at Morristown, N.J., Jan. 27, 1899.
PERKINS, George Clement, senator, was born
in Kennebunkport, Maine, Aug. 23, 1832 ; son of
Clement and Lucinda (Fairfield) Perkins. Both
his father and mother were of New England
Puritan ancestry. He was brought up on a farm,
received a limited education, and in 1852 went
to sea as a cabin boy on the ship Golden Eagle.
He made six voyages to Europe on sailing ships.
In 1885 he shipped before the mast on the ship
Galatea, bound for San Francisco, Cal. He en-
gaged in mining and
teaming in California
but without success,
and opened a mercan-
tile business in Oro-
ville, Cal. Later he
engaged in the bank-
ing, mining and mill-
ing industries. He
became a member of
a shipping firm in
San Francisco, Good-
all, Perkins & Com-
pany, which later
became the builders
and owners of the
Pacific Coast Steam-
ship company. He was the pioneer in the
introduction of steam whalers for the Arctic
ocean, and operated steamships on the coast of
California, Oregon, Washington, British Colum-
bia, Mexico and Alaska. He was a representative
in the state senate, 1869-76 ; governor of the state
of California, 1879-83, and was appointed July
24, 1893, U.S. senator, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Leland Stanford, and was elected
Aug. 8, 1893, for the remainder of the unexpired
term. He was re-elected in 1895 and 1903, his
term expiring March 3, 1909. He was chairman
of the committee on fisheries, and a member of
the appropriations, education and labor, naval
affairs, commerce, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico
and coast and insular survey committees. He
was president of the Merchants' Exchange, and
of the Art association, and a director of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Science.
PERKINS, George Douglas, representative
was born in Holly, Orleans county, N.Y.. Feb.
29, 1840 ; son of John Dyer and Lucy (Forsyth)
Perkins. He learned the printers' trade at Bara-
boo, Wis., joined his brother in establishing the
Gazette, Cedar Falls, Iowa, in 1860, and was a
private in the 31st Iowa infantry regiment, 1862-
63. He married, July 2, 1869, Louise E. Julien, the
same year removed to Sioux City. Iowa, where
he published the Journal. He was a member
of the Iowa state senate, 1874-76 ; U.S. marshal
for the northern district of Iowa by appointment
of President Arthur, 1881-85 ; delegate at large to
the Republican national conventions at Cincin-
nati, 1876, Chicago, 1880, and Chicago, 1888 ; and
a Republican representative from the eleventh
district of Iowa in the 52d, 53d, 54th and 55th con-
gresses, serving, 1891-99.
PERKINS
PERKINS
PERKINS, Qeorge Hamilton, naval officer,
was born in Hopkintuu, N.IL, Oct. 20, 1836 ; son
of Judge Hamilton Eliot and Clara Bartlett
(George) Perkins, and grandson of Roger Eliot
Perkins, and of Jolm and Ruth (Bradley) George
of Concord, N.H.
His father, a gradu-
ate of Norwich uni-
versity, was judge of
probate for Merri-
mack county, 1855-
74. George Hamilton
Perkins was gradu-
ated at the U.S.
Naval academy in
1856, was appointed
acting master, Aug.
18, 1858, and served
on the Sabine at
Montevideo, and oil
the Sumter on a cruise
on the west coast
of Africa, 1859--61. He was promoted master,
Sept. 5, 1859, and lieutenant, Feb. 3, 1861 ; was
ordered to the Cayuga, fitting out in New York
navy yard and commanded by Napoleon B. Harri-
son (q.v.), December, 1861, and was second in
command of that vessel. Upon reaching Ship
Island, March 31, 1862, the Cayuga was made
flagship, and with Lieut. Perkins as pilot led the
first division of gunboats in the passage of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip, April 24, 1863. The
Cayuga received the first fire, passed under the
walls of Fort St. Philip, sank the Confederate
steamer Governor Moore and the ram Manassas,
and on the morning of April 25, 1862, led the fleet
up the river and captured New Orleans, receiving
the surrender of the city with Capt. Theodoras
Bailey, the two officers walking alone and un-
guarded from the wharf to the city hall. He was
executive officer of the Cayuga, October, 1862-
June, 1863, and was promoted lieutenant-com-
mander, Dec. 31, 1862. He commanded the gun-
boat New London on the Mississippi, June-July,
1863, and ran the batteries at Port Hudson five
times ; commanded the New London, which in
company with the Cayuga blockaded Sabine Pass
from Jan. 22, 1863, and the Scioto on blockade
duty off the coast of Texas, July, 1863- April, 1864,
when lie was ordered north, but volunteered to
assume command of the monitor Chickasaw, in the
battle of Mobile Bay. "When within fifty feet of the
stern of the Tennessee lie planted 52 11-inch shot
on the most vulnerable part of the armored Con-
federate ram which effected her capture, and he
was largely instrumental in the reduction of Forts
Powell, Gaines and Morgan. He served as super-
intendent of iron-clads at New Orleans, 1865-66 ;
as executive officer of the Lackawanna in the
Pacific, 1866-69, and in the ordnance department
at the U.S. navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1869-71.
He was promoted commander, Jan. 19, 1871, and
on March 3 was assigned to the command of the
U.S. store-ship Relief, to convey contributions to
the French, Jan. 29, 1876; He was on duty in
Boston as ordnance officer and as lighthouse in-
spector. He commanded the U.S.S. Ashitelot of
the Asiatic squadron, 1879-81 ; commanded the
torpedo station at Newport, R.I., in 1882, and was
promoted captain, Marcli 10, 1882. He com-
manded the Hartford of the Pacific station, 1885-
86; was placed on the retired list, Oct. 1, 1891,
and was promoted commodore on the retired list,
May 9, 1896, for his distinguished services during
the rebellion. He was married in 1870 to Anna
Minot Weld of Boston, Mass. See " Letters of
George Hamilton Perkins, U.S.N.," edited and ar-
ranged by his sister and including a sketch of his
life. His mother died in Concord in March, 1902.
His statue of heroic size executed by Daniel C.
French, on the Capitol grounds, Concord, N.H.,
the gift to the state by his daughter, Mrs. Larz
Anderson, was unveiled April 25, 1902, being
presented to the state in behalf of the donor by
Rear-Admiral George E. Belknap, U.S. N. He
died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1899.
PERKINS, Qeorge Roberts, educator, was
born in Otsego county, N.Y., May 3, 1812 ; son of
Joseph and Alice (Roberts) Perkins, and grand-
son of George Roberts Perkins. He acquired his
education through his own exertions, and became
proficient in mathematics and civil engineering.
He was employed on the slackwater survey of
the Susquelianna river in 1830, and taught
mathematics in Clinton, N.Y., 1831-38. He was
principal of the academy atUtica, N.Y., 1838-44 ;
professor of mathematics in the New York State
Normal school, 1844-48, and principal of the
normal school, 1848-52. He superintended the
erection of the Dudley observatory at Albany,
X.Y., 1852, and was deputy state engineer, 1858-
62. He received the honorary degree of A.M. in
1838 and that of LL.D. in 1853 from Hamilton
college, and was a regent of the University of the
State of New York, 1862-76. He is the author
of: Higher Arithmetic (1841); Treatise on Algebra
(1841) Elements of Algebra (1844); Elements of
Geometry (1847); Trigonometry and Surveying
(1851); Plane and Solid Geometry (1854); a text-
book on astronomy, and many scientific articles.
He died in New Hartford, N.Y., Aug. 22, 1876.
PERKINS, James Breck, author and represen-
tative, was born in St. Croix. "Wis., Nov. 4,
1847 ; son of Hamlet H. and Margaret A. (Breck)
Perkins, and a descendant of Breck, who landed in
Massachusetts about 1635. He removed with his
parents to Rochester, N.Y., in 1856 and was gradu-
ated from the University of Rochester in 1867,
PERKINS
PERKINS
He was admitted to the bar in December, 1868,
and was cit}' attorney of Rochester, 1874-78. He
engaged iu historical study in Paris, France, 1890-
95. He was a member of the New York assembly
1898, and a Republican representative from the
thirty-first district in the 57th and 58th con-
gresses, 1901-05. He was made a member of the
National Institute of Art, Science and Letters and
received from the University of Rochester the
honorary degree of LL.D. in 1897. He is the
author of : France under Richelieu and llazarin
(1887) ; France under the Regency (1892) France
under Louis XV. (1897) •.Richelieu (in " Heroesof
the Nation Series" 1900) and numerous contribu-
tions to periodicals.
PERKINS, Jennie Saunders, poet, was born
near Purdy, McNairy county, Tennessee, April
8, 1832 ; daughter of Lindsey and Martha Ann
(Landreth) Saunders, and a descendant of Thomas
Saunders and Elizabeth (Rook) Saunders, who
settled in Chatham
county, N.C., near
the close of the
eighteenth century.
Thomas was the son
of Benjamin Saun-
ders, a staunch Qua-
ker, and bis wife was
a lineal descendant
on her father's side
of Admiral Rook of
the British navy, and
on her mother's side
of a younger brother
of Lord Stanford, and
Marie Wills, of Ger-
many. The family
removed to McNairy county, Tenn., in 1825. Her
first education was received from the common
schools and from her parents. She evinced a
literary taste at an early age, and before the civil
war many of her poems were published in the
leading papers of the South, over the signature
of "Jennie S.," and at once attracted attention.
Gen. Marcus J. Wright, a native of her county,
and a resident of Memphis, was prominent iu the
business and literary circles of his adopted city,
and having seen some of her poems in current
papers, became interested in the success of his
former neighbor, and gave able advice and kindly
encouragement that made a marked impression
on her subsequent life and its work. In 1863 she
was married to E. D. M. Perkins, by whom she
had seven children. Even with the care and ed-
ucation of these, she continued her literary work.
In 1872 she received the second prize over forty-
nine contestants for the best poem on the Trenton
Massacre. The family removed to Florida in
1878, and while there some of her best poems, in-
eluding : From Tennessee to Florida, Lake Beau-
claire, Florida Winter, Summer on the St. Johns,
were published, and were widely copied through-
out the country, extracts from them appearing
in pamphlets and books. After a dozen years in
Florida Mr. and Mrs. Perkins went to reside in
Washington, where she continued to contribute
numerous poems, floral articles and biographical
sketches to leading papers and magazines. Here
her lengthiest and most elaborate epic, Grant,
was also written. In 1903 she was engaged in
collecting her writings, published and unpub-
lished, with a view to issuing a volume of her
complete works.
PERKINS, Samuel Elliott, jurist, was born
in Brattleboro, Vt., Dec. 6, 1811 ; son of John
Trumbull and Hannah (Hurlburt) Perkins;
grandson of Caleb and Sarah (Trumbull) Perkins,
and a descendant of John Perkins, Ipswich,
Mass., 1633. He was left an orphan when five
years old and was brought up by William Baker
on his farm in Conway, Mass. In 1834 he re-
moved to Penn Yan, N.Y., where he attended the
Yates County academy, and in 1836 to Richmond
Ind., where he was admitted to the bar in 1837
and published Tlie Jeffersonian, a Democratic
paper. He was married first, in July, 1838, to
Amanda Juliet, daughter of Joseph Pyle of Rich-
mond, Ind., and secondly to Lavinia Wiggins
Pyle, his deceased wife's sister. He was nomi-
nated by Governor Whitcomb to a seat on the
supreme bench of the state in 1841, and again in
1842, but failed of confirmation in the senate. He
was prosecuting attorney for the sixth judicial
district of Indiana, 1843-45 ; a presidential elector
on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844, and was
judge of the supreme court of Indiana, 1845-64.
He removed to Indianapolis in 1847 ; was chosen
professor of law in the Northwestern Christian
university (Butler college) in 1857 ; was professor
of law in the Indiana State university, 1870-72,
and judge of the superior court of Marion county,
1872-76. He was again judge of the state supreme
court, 1876-79, and was serving as chief justice
at the time of his death. He is the author of : Digest
of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Indiana
(1858) ; and Pleadings and Practice under the Code
in the Courts of Indiana (1859). He died in
Indianapolis, Ind., Dec. 17, 1879.
PERKINS, Thomas Handasyd, philanthropist,
was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 15, 1764; son of
— and Elizabeth (Peck) Perkins and grandson
of Edmund and Edna (Frothingham) Perkins
and of Thomas (Handasyd) Peck. His father
was a merchant, and his mother a founder of
the Boston female asylum. He was prepared for
Harvard by the Rev. Mr. Shute of Hingham, but
did not matriculate, determining to engage in
commercial pursuits. He was trained in a
PERLEY
PERRY
Boston counting room in 1785, visited and en-
gaged in business with his brother James in Santo
Domingo, and returned soon after as the Boston
agent of his brother's house. He was married in
1788, to Sarah, daughter of Simon Elliot. He
formed a partnership with his brother James in
Boston in 1792, which continued till the latter's
death in 1823, and in the meantime established a
house in Canton under the name Perkins &
Co. He traveled in Europe, 1794-95, was made
president of the Boston Branch of the Bank of
the United States in 1796, but resigned the next
year and was succeeded by George Cabot. He
was elected to the Massachusetts senate in 1805
and for nearly twenty years thereafter, serving
in one or the other branch of the state legislature.
He was a projector of the Quincy railroad, the
first in the United States, in 1827, and retired
from business with a large fortune in 1838. He
was prominent in establishing the Massachusetts
general hospital with an asylum for the insane,
and about 1812 donated his mansion house on
Pearl Street, worth §50,000, for a blind asylum,
which was the foundation of the Perkins Institu-
tion for the Blind in 1853. The condition of the
gift was that $50.000 should be raised as a fund for
its support. With other members of his family
he gave more than §60,000 to the Boston Athen-
aeum, and was the largest contributor to the
Mercantile Library association. He also contrib-
uted to the erection of Bunker Hill monument
and toward the completion of the Washington
monument. His diaries of travel and autobio-
graphical sketches were partly preserved in
Thomas G. Gary's " Memoir of Thomas H. Per-
kins" (1856) and he published a small book in-
tended to teach the art of reading to the blind
(1827) the Gospel of St. John, for the blind (1834),
and afterward several other books for the blind.
He died in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 11, 1854.
PERLEY, Ira, jurist, was born in Boxford,
Mass., Nov. 9, 1799 ; son of Samuel and Phebe
(Dresser) Perley ; grandson of Maj. Asa and
Susanna (Low) Perley, and a descendant of
Allen Perley, a native of Wales, who immigrated
to New England, settled first at Charlestown in
1630. and in Ipswich in 1635 and was married in
1635 to Mrs. Susanna Bokeson. Ira Perley was
prepared for college in Bradford academy,
graduated at Dartmouth college A.B., 1822, A.M.,
1825, and was a tutor there, 1823-25. He studied
law under Benjamin J. Gilbert of Hanover,
N. H. , and Daniel M. Christie of Dover, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1827, and settled in practice
in Hanover, N. H. He was treasurer of Dart-
mouth college, 1830-35 ; represented Hanover in
the state legislature in 1834, removed to Concord
in 1836, and served as a representative in the
state legislature in 1839 and in 1870. He was an
associate judge of the superior court of New
Hampshire, 1850-52 ; chief justice of the superior
court, 1855-59 and 1864-69, and in 18(39 resumed
practice as a consulting lawyer. He received
the honorary degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in
1852. He was married in June, 1840, to Mary S.,
daughter of John Nelson of Haverhill, Mass. He
is the author of : ^4 Charge to the Grand Jury •
A Eulogy on Daniel Webster, and An Address at
the Dartmouth Centennial. He died at Concord,
N.H., Feb. 26, 1874.
PERRIN, Bernadotte, educator, was born in
Goshen, Conn., Sept. 15, 1847 ; son of Lavelatte
and Ann Eliza (Comstock) Perrin ; grandson of
Aaron and Lois (Lee) Perrin, and of William
and Ann (Keeler) Comstook, and a descendant
of Thomas Perrin, who came from England to
Lebanon, Conn., in 1709, and, on the same side,
of John Porter, who came to Windsor, Conn., in
1639. He was graduated from Yale in 1869 ;
taught in the high school at Hartford, Conn.,
and was tutor at Yale, 1869-76. He studied at
the Universities of Tubingen, Leipzig and Berlin,
1876-78 ; was again tutor at Y'ale in 1878, assistant
principal of the Hartford high school, 1879-86,
professor of Greek at Western Reserve university,
1881-93, and was appointed professor of Greek
language and literature at Yale in 1893. He
was married, Aug. 17, 1881, to Luella, daughter
of James J. Perrin of Lafayette, Ind., who died
in 1889 ; and secondly, Nov. 25, 1892, to Susan,
daughter of Charles S. Lester of Saratoga, N.Y.
He was president of the American Philological
association in 1897. He edited : Ccesar's Civil
War (1882) ; Homer's Odyssey (Books I.-IV.,
1889 ; V.-VIII. 1894) ; School Odyssey, eight books
and vocabulary (1897); Plutarch's Tliemistocles
and Aristides (1901), and contributed articles on
Greek and Roman history and literature to
scientific journals.
PERRY, Alfred Tyler, educator, was born in
Geneseo, 111., Aug. 19, 1858; son of George
Bulkley and Maria Louise (Tyler) Perry ; grand-
son of Dr. Alfred and Lucy (Benjamin) Perry
and of Duty S. and Amy (Arnold) Tyler, and a
descendant of Arthur Perry of Stratford, Conn,
(supposed to be the son of Arthur Perry of
Boston, 1638); of Job Tyler of Andover, Mass.,
(1650), and of William Pynchon, settler of
Springfield, Charles Chauncey, Boston, 1635, the
Rev. Gershom Bulkeley of Wethersfield, Conn.
(1636), Capt. Richard Lord of Hartford, 1636,
and other early settlers. He was graduated from
Williams college, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1891, and
from the Hartford Theological seminary in
1885. He was ordained to the Congregational
ministry in 1886 and was appointed assistant
pastor of the Memorial church at Springfield.
Mass., in 1886. He was married, April 13, 1887,
PERRY
PERRY
to Anna, daughter of Jonathan Flynt Morris of
Hartford, Conn. He was pastor of the East
Congregational church, Ware, Mass., 1887-90;
professor of bibliology and librarian of Hartford
Theological seminary, 1891-1900, and was elected
president of Marietta college, Ohio, in 1900. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him
by Williams college in 1901. He is the author
of: A Handy Harmony of the Gospels (3d ed.,
1892), and The Pre-eminence of the Bible as a
Book (1899).
FERRY, Benjamin Franklin, governorof South
Carolina, was born in the Pendleton district,
S.C., Nov. 20. 1805; son of Benjamin and Anne
(Foster) Perry, and grandson of Lieut. John
Foster of Virginia, an officer in the Continental
army. Benjamin Perry was a native of Massa-
chusetts ; was a sol-
dier in the Revolu-
tionary army ; re-
moved to Charleston,
S.C., in 1784, and en-
gaged in planting in
Greenville. Benja-
min Franklin Perry
was brought up on
the plantation and
attended a classical
school in Asheville,
N.C., 1821-24. He
then studied law un-
der Judge Earl in
Greenville and Col.
James Gregg in Col-
umbia. He was admitted to the bar in Greenville
in 1827 and in 1832 took charge of the editorial de-
partment of the Greenville Mountaineer and made
the paper the organ of the Union party in that
state, in opposition to the teachings of John C.
Calhoun. He was a delegate to the Union state
convention at Columbia in 1832, and was defeated
as a candidate for representative in the 24th
congress in 1834 by Waddy Thompson, Jr. He
was married in 1837, to Elizabeth Frances,
daughter of Hext McCall of Charleston. He
represented Greenville in the state legislature,
1836-43 ; was a state senator, 1844-CO ; an elector
at large on the Cass and Butler ticket in 1849,
and one of the organizers of the Greenville and
Columbia railroad. In 1850 he established at
Greenville the Southern Patriot, which was the
only Union newspaper in the state. In the same
year he made a stirring Union speech in the
state legislature, and was a member of the
Democratic state convention in 1851. He was a
delegate to the Charleston Democratic national
convention in 1860, and although opposed to
secession accepted the situation when that
ordinance was adopted by his state. He was a
member of the state legislature, a commissioner
under the Confederate government to regulate
prices, and a district attorney and district judge
during the war. He was appointed provisional
governor of South Carolina by President Johnson
in 1865, filling the office six months ; was elected
to the U.S. senate from South Carolina in 1866 ;
presented his credentials Feb. 28, 1866, but like
the other southern senators was denied his seat ;
and was a delegate to the Democratic national
conventions of 1868 and 1876. He was a trustee
of the Medical College of Charleston, S.C. He
contributed to the press, and is the author of :
Reminiscences of Public Men (1883) and left in
manuscript several sketches of American states-
men, afterwards edited, enlarged and published
by his wife, with a sketch of his life and intro-
duction by Wade Hampton (1887). He died in
Greenville, S.C., Dec. 3, 1886.
PERRY, Bliss, editor, was born in Williams-
town, Mass., Nov. 25, 1860; son of Arthur
Latham and Mary (Smedley) Perry : grandson
of the Rev. Baxter and Lydia (Gray) Perry, and
of Dr. James and Lucy (Bridges) Smedley, and a
descendant of John Perry, who came from Lon-
don to America about 1666. He was gradu-
ated from Williams college, A.B., 1881, A.M.,
1883, studied at Berlin and Strasburg universi-
ties, Germany ; was professor of elocution and
English at WTilliams college. 1886-96, and pro-
fessor of oratory and aesthetic criticism at Prince-
ton university, 1893-99. He was married in
1888 to Annie L., daughter of F. R. Bliss, of New
Haven. Conn. In 1899 he became editor of the
Atlantic Monthly, Boston, Mass. The honorary
degree of L. H D. was conferred on him by
Princeton university in 1900. and by Williams
college in 1902. He edited selections from
Burke ; Scott's Woodstock and Ivanhoe, and
Little Masterpieces, and is the author of : Tlie
Broughton House (1890); Salem Kittredge and
Other Stories (1894); The Plated City (1895);
The Powers at Play (1899), and A Study of Prose
Fiction (1902). In 1902 he delivered the Charter
Day address at the University of California,
Berkeley.
PERRY, David Brainerd, educator, was born
in Worcester, Mass., March 7, 1839 ; son of
Samuel and Mary (Harrington) Perry. He
attended the high school at Worcester ; was
graduated from Yale, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866,
B.D., 1867, and was a tutor at Yale, 1865-67. He
was married, in 1876, to Helen Doane, of Charles-
town, Mass. He was a tutor at Doane college,
Crete, Neb., from its foundation in 1872-73;
professor of Latin and Greek, 1873-1881 ; a trustee
from 1884 ; member of the executive committee
from 1895 ; Perry professor of mental and
moral philosophy, 1881-90 ; professor of mental
PERRY
PERRY
philosophy and history from 1890, and was
elected president of the college in 1881. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by Yale in 1898.
PERRY, Edward Aylesworth, governor of
Florida, was born in Richmond, Mass., March 15,
1831 ; son of Asa and Philura (Aylesworth)
Perry ; grandson of the Rev. David and Jerusha
(Lord) Perry, and a descendant of Arthur Perry,
Boston, 1630, member
of the Ancient and
Honorable Artillery
company, 1638, and
of Arthur Ayles-
worth, North King-
ston, R.I., 1681.
Edward Aylesworth
Perry matriculated
at Y'ale college in the
class of 1854, but left
in 1855 ; went to
Alabama, where he
studied law, and
practiced in Pensa-
cola, Fla., 1857-61.
At the beginning of
the civil war he recruited a company for the 2d
Florida infantry and was commissioned succes-
sively captain, major and lieutenant-colonel. On
the death of Col. George T. Woods at the battle
of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, he succeeded to
the command of the regiment which was as-
signed to Garland's brigade, D. H. Hill's division,
Longstreet's wing of Johnston's army. In the
battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, 1862, the
regiment was in Pryor's brigade, Anderson's di-
vision, Longstreet's corps, and also in the seven
days' battle before Richmond. He was wounded
at Frayser's Farm, June 30, 1862, but rejoined his
brigade at Antietam. He was promoted briga-
dier-general and commanded the 3d, 5th and 8th
Florida regiments in Anderson's division at Fred-
ericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. His
brigade at Gettysburg was conspicuous for the
mortality of its men, losing the largest number
of any brigade on the Confederate side. He was
wounded a second time after distinguishing him-
self in the Wilderness campaign by driving back
Burnside's troops on the Orange Plank road. May
5, 1864. He was unable to resume command of
his brigade, and after the war resumed the
practice of law in Pensacola. In 1884 he was
elected governor of Florida by the Democratic
party for the term expiring Dec. 31, 1888. In
1887 he was a prominent candidate before the
Democratic caucus of the Florida legislature for
U.S. senator, and after 100 ballots with no choice
between himself and Ex-Governor Bloxham, both
withdrew their names. Upon the expiration of
his term as governor, he continued the practice
of law, and while on a visit to Kerrville, Texas,
died there Oct. 15, 1889.
PERRY, Enoch Wood, artist, was born in
Boston, Mass., July 31, 1830 ; son of Enoch Wood
and Hannah Knapp (Dole) Perry ; grandson of
John and Lucy (Burkes) Perry, and of Samuel
and Katherine (Wigglesworth) Dole, and great-
grandson of Col. Edward Wigglesworth, an inti-
mate friend of Gen. George Washington. Three
of his ancestors were professors of theology at
Harvard. He removed in 1848 to New Orleans,
La., 'where he studied art, continuing his studies
in Diisseldorf and Paris, 1852-55, and in Rome and
Venice, 1855-58, and serving as U.S. consul at
Venice, 1856-58. He opened a studio in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1859 ; traveled through the southern
and Pacific states ; sailed for the Sandwich Is-
lands from San Francisco in 1863, and settled in
New York city in 1865. He was elected an asso-
ciate of the National Academy of Design in 1868,
an academician in 1869, recording secretary of
the same, 1871-73, and of the American Art union,
1882-83 ; and a member of the American Water-
Color society, and of the Century Association,
1868. He was married, Feb. 4, 1899, to Fannie
Field, daughter of Isaac Newton and Emily (Dun-
bar) Gregory, of Keeseville, N.Y. He painted
portraits of many distinguished men, including
General Grant (in Union League club, New
York) ; George W. DeLong ; Justice Field of the
U.S. supreme court ; Brigham Young and his
Apostles ; King Kamehaha, 5th, of the Sand-
wich Islands (in the Czar's collection at St.
Petersburg) ; Jefferson Davis, John C. Breckin-
ridge ; John Slidell ; Li Hung Chang, the Chinese
statesman ; Governor Washington Bartlett of
California, and the Rev. Dr. John C. Hall. His
genre pictures include : Tlie Weaver (1869) ; Tlie
Red Ear (1870) ; A Los< Art (1871) ; Tiianksgiv-
ing Time (1872); Young Franklin at the Press
(1875); The Clock Doctor (1876); Words o/ Com-
fort (1877); The Sower (1877) ; Tlie Story (1878);
Tlie Quilting Bee (1879); The Tabouret (1880);
Mother and Child (1881); The Story Book (1882);
Solitaire (1884); Modern Eve (1885); The Milk-
maid (1886) ; Tlie Wicker-Workers (1887) ; Tlie
Cradle Song (1887); Tlie Pottery Artist (1888) ; A
Breton Family (1890); A Holland Doorway (1891);
Watching the Wlieel (1891); A Helping Hand
(1892) ; Ave Maria (1893); W. J. Linton, N. A.,
Engraring his Last Block (1894); Jack O" Lantern
(1895) ; Tlie Last Chapter (1896) ; Winter's Tale
(1897) ; Tlie Story of the Tiles (1898) ; Tlie Stage
Coach (1898) ; The Last Vision of Jeanne d'Arc
(1900); Rest (1900); Swing Partners (1901);
John Anderson, My Jo (1901) ; For those at Sea
(1901); Tin* Home of the Hermit Thrush (1902);
Peace (1902) ; A Xew Hampshire Forest (1903).
PERRY
PERRY
PERRY, Matthew Calbraith, naval officer,
was born in Newport, R.I., April 10, 179-1 ; son of
Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander)
Perry. He was warranted a midshipman in the
U.S. navy through the influence of his father,
and joined the schooner Revenge in January,
1809. He was transferred to the frigate President
under Captain Rodgers, in 1810 ; ordered to the
frigate United States in 1813 ; commissioned
lieutenant, July 34, 1818 ; returned to the Presi-
dent under Commodore Decatur in April, 1814,
and the same year transferred to the Chippewa.
He served at the Brooklyn navy yard, 1814-19 ;
was executive officer on the U.S. ship Cyane
under Captain Trenchard, and sailed for the coast
of Africa to aid the Colonization society in its
efforts to found, on the island of Shebro, a free
negro colony, which, owing to the unhealthful-
ness of the location, was transferred to Liberia.
He was appointed to the command of the schooner
Shark in 1831, and engaged in the war against
the West Indian pirates, 1822-23. He was pro-
moted lieutenant-commander in 1822 ; was ex-
ecutive officer of the North Carolina, under Com-
modore Rodgers, and cruised in the Mediterranean.
He was commissioned commander, March 21,
1826, and until 1830 was on recruiting service
at Boston, Mass. , where he founded the first naval
apprenticeship system in the United States. In
1830 he was in command of the corvette Concord;
conveyed John Randolph to St. Petersburg as
U.S. minister to Russia, this being the first
American man-of-war to enter Russian waters,
and he was offered, but declined, a high rank in
the Russian service. He was promoted master
commandant, Jan. 7, 1833 ; was detailed at the
Brooklyn navy yard, and during this service su-
perintended the school of gun practice at Sandy
Hook ; organized the Brooklyn Naval lyceum ;
assisted in founding the Naval Magazine ; made
a study of the tides on the American coast ; per-
fected plans for a steam naval service, and com-
manded the first steam war vessel of the U.S.
navy, the Fulton II., 1838^0. He was promoted
captain, Feb. 7, 1837, and declined the command
of the South Sea exploring expedition. He intro-
duced the Fresnel light at Navesink, and prepared
pl;ms for the construction and equipment of the
Missouri and Mississippi, the first steam frigates
built for the U.S. navy. He was promoted com-
modore, June 12, 1841, and commanded the
African squadron sent out under the provisions
of the Ashburton treaty ; commanded the Mis-
sissippi in the squadron under Commodore Con-
ner, 1846 ; was in charge of a fleet of five ves-
sels sent against Tabasco, Mexico, and succeeded
in burning the town and destroying the Mexican
storehouses. He had directed the naval attack
against Tampico ; succeeded to the command of
the Gulf squadron, and completed the Seige of
Vera Cruz, begun by Commodore Conner. In
March, 1852, he was placed in charge of the Japan
expedition with orders to secure a treaty with
that empire that would afford protection for
United States seamen and ships wrecked on the
coast, and free access for the U.S. navy to one or
more ports for the protection of merchantmen
there for purposes of trade. This treaty was
signed, March 31, 1854, and Perry returned to the
United States. The state of Rhode Island pre-
sented him with a piece of plate for his services
in Japan, June 15, 1855 ; the city of Boston, a gold
medal ; the merchants of the city of New York,
a silver dinner service, and the merchants of
Canton, China, a silver candelabrum. He is the
author of : Tlie History of the Japan Expedition
(1854). In 1868 Mr. and Mrs. August Belmont
caused a bronze statue to be erected to his mem-
ory at Touro Park, Newport, R.I. He died in
New York city, March 4, 1858.
PERRY, Matthew Calbraith, naval officer,
was born in 1821 ; son of Matthew and Jane
(Slidell) Perry. He entered the U.S. navy as
midshipman, June 1, 1835, and was ordered to the
frigate Potomac. He served as acting master of
the brig Somers, under Commander Alexander
S. Mackenzie, and was one of the officers to
recommend the immediate execution of three
of their mutinous crew. He served in the Mexi-
can war on the frigate Cumberland ; was com-
missioned lieutenant in the U.S. army, April 3,
1848, and served on the coast survey. He was
commissioned captain, and was retired from
active service, April 4, 1867. He died in New
York city, Nov. 16, 1873.
PERRY, Nora, author, was born in Dudley,
Mass., in 1841. She removed to Providence, R.I.,
with her parents in childhood, and was educated
at home and in private schools. At the age of
eight she wrote her first story, " The Shipwreck,"
which was never published, and in 1859 she be-
gan to write for publication. Her first published
story appeared in a religious magazine ; her first-
successful poem. " Tying Her Bonnet under Her
Chin," in a newspaper in Washington. D.C.. and
her first serial story, "Rosalind Newcomb," in
Harper's Magazine, 1859-60. She then removed
to Boston, Mass. ; became the correspondent of
FOUNT
PERRY
PERRY
the Chicago Tribune and the Providence Journal ;
contributed stories and poems to magazines, and
for several years before her deatli confined her-
self to writing stories for girls. She is the author
of: After the Ball and Other Poems (1874); The
Tragedy of the Unexpected and Other Stories
(1880); BookofLove Stories (1881); For a Woman
(1885); New Songs and Ballads (1886); A Flock
of Girls (1887); The Youngest Miss Lorton and
Other Stories (1889); Brave Girls (1889); Lyrics
and Legends (1890); Hope Benham (1894); Her
Lover's Friends and Other Poems, and Three Lit-
tle Daughters of the Revolution (posthumous,
(1896). She died in Dudley, Mass., May 13, 1896.
PERRY, Oliver Hazard, naval officer, was born
in Newport, R.I. , Aug. 21, 1785; eldest son of
Christopher Raymond and Sarah (Alexander)
Perry; grandson of Freeman Perry, and a descen-
dant in the sixth generation of Edward Perry,
who emigrated from
Devonshire, England,
and settled in Sand-
wich, Mass., in 1653.
His father was an
officer in the patriot
army and navy dur-
ing the Revolution-
ary war ; was made
post captain in the
U.S. navy Jan. 9,
1798 ; built and com-
manded the Oeneral
Greene and cruised
in the West Indies ;
participated in the
civil war in Santo
Domingo and was appointed collector of New-
port, R.I., in 1801. Oliver attended private
schools, and was a pupil of Count Rochambeau.
He joined the U.S. navy as a midshipman,
April 7, 1797, and sailed with his father to the
West Indies. He was ordered to the Adams in
1803 and served in the Tripolitau war under
Preble : served on board the Constellation in the
Mediterranean, 1804-05 ; was promoted lieutenant
and given command of the Nautilus in 1805, and
during the embargo that led to the war of 1812
commanded a fleet of seventeen gun boats off
Newport Harbor. He was promoted master of
the schooner Revenge in 1809, and served on that
vessel until she was stranded on the rocks off
Watch Hill, R.I,, Jan. 9, 1810. He was married
May 5, 1811, to Elizabeth Champlain, daughter
of Dr. Benjamin Mason, Newport. Upon the
outbreak of the war of 1812, he was promoted
captain and resumed command of the gunboat
fleet off Newport, but was transferred to Sackett's
Harbor. N.Y., Feb. 17. 1813, to assist Commodore
Isaac Chauncey in the building of a fleet to
operate on the lakes. In March, 1813, he was pro-
moted master-commandant of a proposed fleet to
be built at Erie, Pa., and joined Captain Jesse D.
Elliott in the completion of a fleet for the defence
of the northwest. The fleet of nine vessels, com-
prising the tugs Lawrence and Niagara and the
schooners Caledonia, Scorpion, Porcupine, Ti-
gress, Ariel, Somers and Trippe of 500 tons burden,
of lighter build but armed with heavy long guns,
was completed in less than six months, and Perry
set sail from Put-in bay on the morning of Sept.
15, 1813, to meet the British fleet under Commo-
dore Barclay. This fleet comprised the Chippewa,
Detroit, Hunter, Queen Charlotte, Lady Prevost
and Little Belt. The opening shot of the engage-
ment was fired from the British flag-ship Detroit,
to which Captain Perry replied from the Law-
rence. This was immediately followed by a storm
of iron hail from the entire British fleet that
soon played havoc with the rigging, masts and
bulwarks of the Americans. The battle now
took the form of a duel, the heaviest vessels in
each fleet confronting each other. The Lairrence
was reduced to a hulk by the steady fire of the
Detroit, and in two hours only one gun was left
mounted and the deck was crowded with dead
and wounded. The Niagara floated out of range,
owing to the lightness of the wind, and was
unable to give assistance to the Lawrence, and
the rest of the American fleet were of little use
on account of their light armament. Perry,
assisted by Chaplain Breeze, Hambleton, the
purser, and two unwounded sailors, continued to
work the one remaining gun of the Lawrence
until a shot killed Hambletou and dismantled
the gun. A British victory seemed imminent
when the undaunted Perry determined on a bold
move. Ordering a boat lowered, with four
sailors, and his brother Alexander, and with the
flag of the Lawrence on his arm, he left the ship,
and sheltered by the smoke and escaping a volley
fired by the enemy, was rowed to the Niagara,
where he hoisted his commodore's flag and as-
sumed command. Captain Elliott volunteered
to bring up the laggard schooners to his support,
and a new line of battle was formed at close
quarters. The wind freshened and the American
fleet under full sail bore down upon the enemy.
In endeavoring to wear ship, the British ships,
Detroit and Queen Charlotte, fell foul, and taking
advantage of the situation, the Niagara dashed
through the enemy's line, discharging both broad-
sides as she passed the gap. The Caledonia,
Scorpion and Trippe broke the line at other
points, and the batteries of the Niagara, assisted
by the riflemen in the tops, so disabled the enemy
that after seven minutes of fighting the flag of
the Detroit was lowered and four of the six British
vessels surrendered. The two smaller boats that
FERRY
PERRY
attempted to escape were pursued and captured
by the Scorpion and Trippe, and after securing his
prisoners and manning the prizes, Perry dis-
patched a letter to General Harrison in these
words: " We have met the enemy and they are
ours : Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one
sloop." Later a second letter to Secretary of the
Navy Jones informed the country of the victory.
The British loss was over one hundred and sixty
men killed and wounded, while Perry lost twenty-
seven killed and ninety-six wounded. He was
commissioned post captain in the navy ; present-
ed with the thanks of congress, a sword and a
gold medal, with a set of silver by the city of
Boston, and was voted thanks by other cities. He
co-operated with the army of General Harrison
in the invasion of Canada and took an impor-
tant part, as commander of the fleet and of the
naval battalion on land in the battle of the
Thames, Oct. 5, 1813, where the British troops
were almost entirely annihilated and the great
Indian chief, Tecumseh, was killed. He partic-
pated in the defence of Baltimore, and commanded
the frigate Java in the Mediterranean squadron
under Stephen Decatur during the operations
against Algiers in 1815-18. He was promoted
commodore and placed in command of the naval
station in the West Indies in 1819, and during
the service fell a victim to the yellow fever. His
remains were interred at Port Spain, but were
later removed to Newport, in a ship of war, and
buried there, Dec. 4, 1826. A granite obelisk
was erected to his memory by the state of Rhode
Island ; a marble statue was unveiled in Cleve-
land, Ohio, in September,1860, and a bronze statue
by William G. Turner, erected by the citizens of
Newport, R.I., was unveiled opposite his old
home, Sept. 10, 1885. The state of Ohio presented
to the capital at Washington pictures of the
" Battle of Lake Erie " and of " Perry leaving the
Lawrence for the Niagara." His name received
twenty-six votes for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Octo-
ber, 1900. He died on board his ship off Port of
Spain. Trinidad, W.I., Aug. 23, 1819.
PERRY, Thomas, naval officer, was born in
Elmira, N.Y., May 26. 1844 ; son of Guy Maxwell
and Elizabeth (Taylor) Perry; grandson of Thom-
as Miflin and Elizabeth (Konkle) Perry and a
descendant of John Konkle, the first settler of
Elmira, N.Y. He was graduated from the U.S.
Naval academy, September, 1865 ; was promoted
ensign, Dec. 1, 1866; master, March 13, 1868;
lieutenant, March 26, 1869 ; lieutenant-com-
mander, Nov. 6, 1881 ; commander, Jan. 10, 1802,
and captain, June 11, 1899. During the Spanish
war he was in command of the Ijnicusti-r. flag-
ship, at the base of supplies, Key West, Fla. He
was naval secretary of the light-house bo:n.l.
1899-1901, and April 1, 1901, was placed in com-
mand of the U.S. battleship Iowa, flagship on the
Pacific station, which vessel became flagship on
the South Atlantic station in 1902, being trans-
ferred from the Pacific station in February of that
year.
PERRY, Thomas Sergeant, author, was born
in Newport, R.I., Jan. 23, 1845; son of Christo-
pher Grant and Frances (Sergeant) Perry ; grand-
son of Oliver Hazard and Elizabeth Champlin
(Mason) Perry and of Judge Thomas and Sarah
(Bache) Sergeant ; and a descendant of Edward
and Mary (Freeman) Perry, Plymouth, Mass.,
1635, and on his mother's side, of Benjamin
Franklin. Thomas Sergeant was judge of the
supreme court of Pennsylvania. Thomas Ser-
geant Perry was graduated from Harvard A.B.,
1866, A.M., 1869; studied in Paris and Berlin,
1866-68 ; was a tutor in German at Harvard, 1868-
72; instructor in English, 1877-81, and lecturer
on English literature, 1881-82. He was married
April 9, 1874, to Lilla, daughter of Dr. Samuel
Cabot of Boston, Mass. In 1898 he became pro-
fessor of English literature in the College Keio-
gijuku, in Tokyo, Japan. He was editor of the
North American Revieic, 1872-74, and of Life
and Letters of Francis Lieber (1882); English Lit-
erature in the Eighteenth Century (1873); and is
the author of : From Opitz to Lessing (1884) ; The
Evolution of the Snob (1888); History of Greek
Literature (1888) and occasional translations from
French and German.
PERRY, William Flake, soldier and educator,
was born in Jackson county, Ga. , March 12, 1823 ;
son of Hiram and Nancy (Flake) Perry, and a
descendant of Edward Perry, who came from
Devonshire, England, to Sandwich, Mass., in 1653.
His parents removed to Alabama in 1834, and he
attended Brown wood institute, Lagrange, Ga.,
1841-43. He conducted a prosperous high school
in Talladega, Ala., 1848-53, and in 1851 married
to Ellen Douglass, daughter of George P. Brown
and niece of Judge William P. Chilton (q.v). He
read law under Judge Chilton and was licensed
to practice in 1854. In February. 1854. he was
elected superintendent of education for Alabama,
which office he resigned in 1858 to become pre-
sident of the East Alabama female college. Tusk-
egee. He joined the Confederate army as a
major of the 44th Alabama regiment, Col. James
Kent, in 1862 ; reached Richmond with the
regiment in June, 1862, and was assigned to
Wright's brigade, Longstreet's corps. He was
promoted lieutenant-colonel in August, 1862. and
colonel in September as successor to Colonel
Derby who had been killed at Sharpsburg. In
October his regiment, with the 4th, 15th, 47th
and 48th Alabama regiments, formed Gen. E. M.
Law's brigade of Hood's division. Colonel Perry
PERRY
PERRY
opened the second day's battle at Gettysburg by
storming and capturing " The Devil's Den" and
aided by Benning's Georgia brigade defended the
position. At Chickamauga on the evening of
the first day's battle he made an independent
charge which secured the first decided Confed-
erate advantage in that battle. On the second day
he commanded Law's brigade and was con-
spicuous in Longstreet's charge which broke the
Federal right wing, and at Snodgrass Hill his
brigade captured sixteen pieces of artillery. He
was also conspicuous at the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania and around Richmond and Petersburg and
his brigade was on the last line of battle when
the news of Lee's surrender suspended hostil-
ities. He was recommended for promotion in
January, 1864, but by some error the recommen-
dation was not laid before the senate until Jan-
uary. 1863, and he received his commission as
brigadier-general in February, 1865. His record
names him as present in twenty engagements
with the enemy, of which eight were the bloodiest
battles of the war. He cammanded a regiment
in nine and a brigade in ten of the engage-
ments. He returned to his vocation as teacher,
conducting a school at Lynnland, Ky., 1869-
82, and was professor of English language and
literature, elocution and history in Ogden col-
lege. Bowling Green, Ky., 1883-1900. He was
commander of the camp of Confederate veterans.
Bowling Green, where he died, Dec. 17, 1901.
PERRY, William Hay tie, representative, was
born in Greenville, S.C., June 9, 1839 ; son of Gov.
Benjamin Franklin (q.v.) and Elizabeth Frances
(McCall) Perry. He graduated at Furman uni-
versity, S.C. ; attended South Carolina college ;
graduated, fifth orator, at Harvard in 1859 ; studied
law with his father, 1859-61, and in 1861 en-
tered the Confederate service in Brook's cavalry.
He was made first lieutenant of his company,
which was afterward attached to the Hampton
legion, and served in Virginia and South Car-
olina. After the close of the war he practised
law with his father ; was a member of the
state convention of 186"> ; a representative from
Greenville in the state legislature. 1865-61! ; soli-
citor of the eighth judicial district, 1808-72 ; a
member of the state senate, 1880-84, and a repre-
sentative from the fourth district of South Car-
olina in the 49th, 50th and 51st congresses,
1885-91.
PERRY, William Stevens, second bishop of
Iowa and 116th in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Providence, R.I., Jan. 22,
1832 ; a descendant of John Perry, who settled,
in 1636, in Roxbury, Mass., where he was a mem-
ber of John Eliot's church. He was named for
his maternal uncle, the Rt. Rev. William Bacon
Stevens (q.v.). He attended the Providence high
VIII. — 19
school and Brown university, 1850-51, and was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857.
He studied theology at the Virginia Theological
seminary, Alexandria, Va., and under the Eev.
John S. Stone of Boston ; was ordered deacon,
March 29, 1857, and was ordained priest, April 7,
1858 ; was assistant minister of St. Paul's, Boston,
1857-58 ; rector of St. Luke's, Nashua, N.H., 1858-
61 ; of St. Stephen's, Portland, Maine, 1861-63 ;
of St. Michael's, Litchfield, Conn., 1864-69, and
of Trinity church, Geneva, N.Y., 1869-76. He
was married in 1863 at Gambler, Ohio, to Sarah
A. W., daughter of the Rev. Thomas Mather
Smith. He was professor of history and the evi-
dences of Christianity at Hobart college. Geneva,
N.Y., 1871-76, and served as president of the col-
lege, April 20-Sept. 1, 1876. He was deputy to
the general convention from New Hampshire in
1859 and from Maine in 1862 ; was assistant secre-
tary to the house of deputies, 1862-65, and secre-
tary, 1865-74. He was appointed historiographer
of the church in America in 1868 ; was chaplain
general of the Society of the Cincinnati and
president of the Iowa Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution. He was elected Bishop of
Iowa and consecrated, Sept. 10, 1876, by bishops
Stevens, Coxe and Kerfoot, assisted by bishops
Bissell and Oxenden of Montreal. He was elected
professor in systematic divinity and president of
Griswold college in 1876. The honorary degree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Bishop's col-
lege, Lennoxville, Canada, in 1859 ; S.T.D. by
Trinity college in 1869 ; LL.D. by William and
Mary college, Virginia, in 1876 ; D.C.L. by
Bishop's college in 1885 and by King's college,
Windsor, N.S., in 1886; S.T.D. by Oxford uni-
versity in 1888 ; D.C.L. by the University of the
South in 1893 and LL.D. by Dublin university in
1894. He was assistant editor of the Boston
Church Monthly in 1864, and editor of the lon-a
Churchman, 1877-98 ; and is the author of contri-
butions to the principal church periodicals and of
a large number of works on church history includ-
ing : Journals of the General Conventions of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States
in America (1861) ; Documentary History of the
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States
of America (2 vols., 1863-64) both of which were
written in conjunction with Dr. Francis L.
Hawks ; Historical Collections f>f the Amerintn
Colonial Church (1871-78), including Vinjinin
(1871), Pennsylvania (1872), Massachusetts (1873),
Maryland (1878), and Delaware (1878); The His-
tory of the American Episcopal Church, 15S7-1SS3
(2 vols., 1885), and Tlie American Church and the
American Constitution (1895). Among his other
works are Some Summer Days Abroad (1880) and
Life Lessojis from the Book of Proverbs (1885).
He died in Dubuque, Iowa, May 13. 1898.
PERSICO
PETERS
PERSICO, Ignatius, R. C. bishop, was born in
Naples, Italy, Jan. 30, 1823 ; son of Francisco
Saverio and Guiseppino (Pennachio) Persico. He
was baptized Camillo Guglielmo Maria, and as-
sumed the name Ignatius when he entered the
Order of Minor Capuchins. He attended the Jesuit
college at Naples ; was ordained priest, Jan. 24,
1846 ; was graduated at the Propaganda, Rome,
in 1847, and was apostolic missionary to Patna,
1847-53 ; apostolic visitor to the East Indies,
1852-54, and was elected coadjutor to the vicar-
apostolic of Bombay, India, March 8, 1854. He
was consecrated at Bombay, India, June 4, 1854,
in the cathedral of " Our Lady of Hope " by the
Right Rev. Anastasius Hartman, vicar-apostolic of
Bombay. He was vicar-apostolic of Hindostan and
Thibet, 1856-60, and on March 11, 1870, was trans-
ferred to Savannah, Ga., as successor totheRt.
Rev. Augustin Verot, transferred to St. Augus-
tine. He was a member of the provincial and
Vatican councils at Baltimore, Md.; resigned his
see in 1872 ; was translated to the see of " Bo-
leno " June 20, 1874 ; became bishop of the united
dioceses of Acquino, Pontecowo and Sora, in the
East Indies, in 1878. He was sent as commissary
to Ireland, in June, 1887, and was created cardinal
priest, Jan. 16, 1893. He died at Rome, Italy,
Dec. 7, 1895.
PETER, Sarah (Worthington) King, philan-
thropist, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, May 16,
1800; daughter of Gov. Thomas and Eleanor
(Swearingen) Worthington, and granddaughter
of Robert Worthington of Berkeley county, Va.
She was married in 1816 to Edward, son of the
Hon. Rufus King (q.v.), and made her home
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her husband died and she
was married secondly, in 1844, to William Peter,
British consul at Philadelphia, Pa., and during
her residence in that city, she established the
School of Design for Women, which was opened,
Dec. 2, 1850. She returned to Cincinnati after
the death of Mr. Peter in 1853, and established
the Ladies' Academy of Art, which became the
Art School of Cincinnati. She was converted to
the Roman Catholic faith in 1856, making nine
pilgrimages to Rome, on special visits to the Holy
Father, and founded at least twenty sisterhoods
and convents in the archdioceses of Philadelphia
and Cincinnati. She purchased paintings and
other works of art in Europe for the Cincinnati
art school, and statues of saints which she pre-
sented to different Catholic churches. She be-
queathed her wealth to charitable institutions
and died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1877.
PETERKIN, George William, first bishop of
West Virginia and 120th in succession in the
American episcopate, was born at Clear Spring,
Md., March 21, 1841 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Joshua
and Elizabeth (Hanson) Peterkin ; grandson of
Lieut. William Wilkes and Elizabeth (Spencer)
Peterkin, and of Thomas Hawkins and Elizabeth
Howard (Beall) Hanson, and great-grandson of
Col. William Dent Beall of the Maryland Line.
He was educated at the Episcopal High School
of Virginia, 1856-58 ; the University of Virginia,
1858-59, and enlisted as a private in the 21st Vir-
ginia infantry, April 17, 1861, which was brigaded
with the 42d and 48th regiments and after De-
cember, 1861, was attached to Jackson's division.
He was promoted through the ranks of corporal
and sergeant to that of first lieutenant in April,
1862; made adjutant in May, 1862; transferred
to the staff of Gen. W. N. Pendleton (q.v.) June,
1862, and served as his aide until paroled at Ap-
pomatox court-house, April 10, 1865. He was
graduated at the Protestant Episcopal Theological
Seminary of Virginia at Alexandria in 1868 ; was
admitted to the diaconate, June 24, 1868, ad-
vanced to the priesthood, June 25, 1869, and was
assistant to his father, rector of St. James's
church, Richmond, Va., 1868-69. He was rector
of St. Stephen's church, Culpeper,Va., 1869-73, and
of the Memorial church, Baltimore, Md., 1873-78.
The diocese of West Virginia was organized in
1877 and he was elected its first bishop, March 1,
1878, and consecrated in St. Matthew's church,
Wheeling, W.Va., May 30, 1878, by Bishops Bedell,
Kerfoot,Whittle, Dudley and Jaggar. In 1903 he
had in his diocese 88 parishes and missions, about
4500 communicants and several well organized in-
stitutions for mission and charitable work. He
was made a member of the board of managers of
the Domestic and Foreign Missionary society in
1886, and visited the church mission in Brazil,
S.A., at the request of the house of bishops in
1893, reporting the condition of the church in that
region to the board of managers. He also visited
Porto Rico in 1901 and reported the condition of
that Mission to the board. He was vice-president
of the American church missionary society for
some years. He was married, first, Oct. 29, 1868,
to Constance Gardner, daughter of Cassius Fran-
cis and Anne Eliza (Cazenove) Lee of Alexandria,
Va. She died Aug. 8, 1877 ; and he was married
secondly, June 12, 1884, to Marion Mclntosh,
daughter of John Stewart of Brook Hill.Va. He
received the degree D.D. from Kenyon college
and Washington and Lee university in 1878, and
LL.D. from Washington and Lee in 1892. He
published sermons and addresses and contributed
to church periodicals.
PETERS, Christian Henry Frederick, astron-
nomer, was born in Coldenbuttel, Schleswig.
Denmark, Sept. 19. 1813. He was graduated
from the University of Berlin, Ph.D. in 1836 and
studied in Copenhagen, 1836-38. He was a mem-
ber of the expedition to Mount Etna. Sicily, under
Baron Sartorius von Walthershausen ; was en-
PETERS
PETERS
gaged on the geodetic survey of Naples, Italy ;
joined the revolutionists under Garibaldi ; was
appointed major of artillery, and after the insur-
rection was brought to a close in 1848, fled to
Turkey. He immigrated to the United States in
1853 and was employed by the U.S. coast survey,
1854-57. He was elected first director of the Litch-
field observatory, Hamilton college, N. Y., in
1858, and was professor of astronomy at the
college, 1867-90. He was the first discoverer of
forty-seven asteroids and made many observa-
tions on comets and solar spots. He was employed
by the regents of the University of the State of
New York to determine the longitude of several
places in the state of New York, including the
western boundary line. He had charge of an
expedition to observe the solar eclipse at Des
Moines, Iowa, Aug. 7, 1869, and headed the gov-
ernment expedition to New Zealand to observe
the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 1874. He was a
member of the National Academy of Sciences,
1876-90, and received the decoration of the cross
of the Legion of Honor from the French govern-
ment in 1887. He prepared twenty " Celestial
Charts " and is the author of numerous articles
in various scientific publications. He died in.
Clinton, N.Y., July 18, 1890.
PETERS, John Abram, educator, was born in
Hagerstown, Md., Jan. 35, 1832 ; son of George
and Caroline (Reynolds) Peters, and grandson of
Abraham Peters, who emigrated from the vicinity
of Strasburg, Germany, in 1774, and settled at
Millersville, Lancaster county, Pa., and of John
Reynolds. His mother was of English-Irish de-
scent. He removed with his parents to Lancas-
ter, Pa., where he attended the public schools;
was a student at the academy at Mercersburg,
Pa., in 1851 ; at the preparatory department of
Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., in
1853 ; was graduated from the college A.B., 1857,
A.M., 1860, and studied theology privately under
Rev. George L. Staley, D.D. He was principal
of Irwin academy, Pa., 1857-59; vice-principal
of Mt. Washington Female college, Md. ; was
licensed to preach by the classis of the Reformed
church in 1862, and was in Pennsylvania as pastor
at Mt. Pleasant, 1864-69, Carlisle, 1869-70, Alex-
andria, 1871-78, Lancaster, 1878-84, and Danville,
1884-91. He was president of the General Synod
of the Reformed church at Dayton, Ohio, in
1899, and president of the literary department of
Heidelberg university, Tiffin, Ohio, 1891-1901.
He was married first in 1864 to Roberta George
of Lovettsville, Va., who died leaving four sons ;
and secondly in 1880 to Mary H. Harnish of Alex-
andria, Pa., who, with their two sons, survived
him. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him by Heidelberg university in 1887. He died
at Tiffin, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1901.
PETERS, John Andrew, jurist, was born at
Ellsworth, Maine, Oct. 9, 1822 ; son of Andrew
and Sally (Jordan) Peters ; grandson of Mel-
atich and Elizabeth Jordan and of John and
Mary Peters, and a descendant of the Rev.
Robert Jordan of the Church of England, who
came to America about 1642. Melatich Jordan
was collector of customs, Frenchman's Bay dis-
trict, 1789. John Andrew Peters was prepared
for college at Gorharn academy ; was graduated
from Yale in 1842 ; studied law at Harvard, 1843-
44 ; was admitted to the bar in 1844, and prac-
tised in Bangor. He was married first, Sept. 2,
1846, to Mary Ann, daughter of Judge Joshua W.
Hathaway of Bangor ; and secondly, Sept. 23,
1857, to Fannie E., daughter of the Hon. Amos
M. and Charlotte Roberts of Bangor. He was a
member of the Maine senate, 1862-63 ; of the
house of representatives, 1864 ; attorney-general
of the state, 1864-67 ; Republican representative
in the 40th, 41st and 42d congresses, 1867-73;
associate justice of the Maine supreme court,
1873-83, and its chief justice, 1883-1900, when he
retired and was succeeded by his nephew, Andrew
P. \Viswell of Ellsworth, Maine. Judge Peters was
elected a member of the Maine Historical society
in 1866, and of the New England Historic Gene-
alogical society in 1896, and a trustee of Bowdoin
college in 1891. He received the degree LL.D.
from Colby in 1884, from Bowdoin in 1885, and
from Yale in 1893.
PETERS, John Punnett, clergyman and au-
thor, was born in New York city, Dec. 16, 1852 ;
son of Thomas McClure and Alice Clarissa (Rich-
mond) Peters ; grandson of Edward Dyer and
Lucretia (McClure) Peters, and a descendant of
Andrew Peters, who appeared in Boston, Nov. 18,
1659. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1873,
Ph.D., 1876; was tutor at Yale, 1876-79, and
studied at the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig,
1879-83. He was married, Aug. 13, 1881, to Ga-
briella Brooke, daughter of Thomas March and
Helen (Brooke) Forman of Savanah, Ga. He was
ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal
church, Dec. 24, 1876, and advanced to the priest-
hood, Dec. 23, 1877. He was professor of Old
Testament languages and literature at the Prot-
estant Episcopal divinity school, Philadelphia,
1884-91 ; professor of Hebrew at the University
of Pennsylvania, 1886-93, and was in charge of the
expedition of the University of Pennsylvania to
Babylonia, conducting excavations at Nippur,
1888-91, and retaining general direction of the
work until 1895. In 1893 he became rector of St.
Michael's church. New York city, of which he hud
been an assistant minister since 1883. He receiv-
ed the honorary degree of D.D. from Yale and that
of Sc.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in
1896. His published works include : Scriptures,
PETERS
PETERS
Hebrew and Christian (Vols. I. and II., 1886-89),
published in England under the title The Bible
for Home and School (1898); contribution in
" The Bible as Literature," edited by Dr. Lyruan
Abbott (1896); Laula Zion (1896); Nippur, or
Exploration* and Adventures on the Euphrates
(2 vols., 1897); The Old Testament and the New
Scholarship (1901); Archceological History of
Hither Asia in "The Universal Anthology " (1902).
He also translated Political History of Recent
Times, with an additional section carrying it
down to date (1882); edited Diary of David
McClure (1899), and also Labor and Capital
(1902).
PETERS, John Samuel, governor of Connec-
ticut, was born in Hebron, Conn., Sept. 21, 1772;
son of Beneslie and Ann (Shipman) Peters;
grandson of William Peters, and a descendant of
William Peters, son of Lord Peters of England,
who immigrated to America with
his brothers Thomas and Hugh,
and settled in Meriden, Mass.
Beneslie Peters in company with
other loyalists sailed to England
in 1777, and after residing there
for a time secured a large tract of
land in Upper Canada, where he
settled with his family. John worked on a farm,
attended the district schools, and in 1790 began
to teach school in Hebron. He studied medicine
under Dr. Benjamin Peters of Marbletown, N.Y.,
for six months and then under Dr. Abner Mosely
of Glastonbury, Conn. ; in 1796 attended lectures
in Philadelphia, Pa., and practised in Hebron,
1797-1837. He was town clerk for twenty years,
judge of probate for the district of Hebron, and
frequently a member of the state legislature.
He received the votes of one branch of the state
legislature in 1824, when Calvin Willey was
elected ; was lieutenant-governor of Connecticut,
1827-3 1, and governor of the state, 1831-33. He
was a fellow of the Tolland County Medical so-
ciety ; treasurer, vice-president and president of
the State Medical society, and received the hon-
orary degree of M.D. from Yale in 1818, and
LL.D. from Trinity in 1831. He died in Hebron,
Conn., March 30, 1857.
PETERS, Richard, delegate to congress, was
born at Blockley, Philadelphia, Pa., June 22, 1743 ;
son of William and Mary(Breintnall) Peters. His
father was for many years register of the admiralty,
and his uncle, the Rev. Richard Peters, was secre-
tary of the proprietary government and afterward
rector of Christ church. Richard was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1761,
A.M., 1765 ; was admitted to the bar in 1763, and
practised in Philadelphia. He was register of
the admiralty, 1771-7"), and upon the outbreak of
the Revolutionary war was commissioned captain
in the Continental army, and commanded a
company of provincial troops, 1775-76. He was
elected by congress, secretary of the Continental
board of war. June 13, 1776, and served till 1781,
when he was appointed a commissioner of war.
In 1780 he personally subscribed £5000 for the
provisioning of the army, and when he resigned
his office of secretary in 1781, congress passed a
vote of thanks for his long and faithful services.
He was a delegate to the Continental congress,
1782-83 ; a member and speaker of the state
assembly, 1787-90, and speaker of the state senate
in 1791. He declined the comptrollership of the
treasury tendered him in 1792 by President Wash-
ington, and was appointed judge of the U.S.
district court for Pennsylvania, April 11, 1792.
serving till his death. He was a member of the
Philadelphia Agricultural society for over thirty
years, and its first president ; was instrumental in
constructing the first bridge over the Schuykill
river, and was first president of the bridge com-
pany. He was married to Sarah, daughter of
Abraham Robinson. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him in 1827 by the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, of which institution he
was a trustee, 1789-91. He is the author of : Ad-
miralty Decisions of the District Court of the
United States for the Pennsylvania Districts. 17SO-
1807 (1807). He died at Belmont, Philadelphia,
Pa., Aug. 22, 1828.
PETERS, Richard, law reporter and author,
was born at Blockley, Philadelphia, Pa., in August,
1780 ; son of Richard (q.v.) and Sarah (Robinson)
Peters. He was admitted to the bar in 1800 and
practised in Philadelphia. He was solicitor of
Philadelphia county, 1822-25 ; was one of the
founders of the Philadelphia Saving Fund socie-
ty, and was chosen reporter of the U.S. supreme
court to succeed Henry Wheaton. He edited
"Chitty on Bills of Exchange" (3 vols., 1810),
and Bushrod Washington's " Circuit Court Re-
ports" (4 vols., 1826-29), and is the author of:
Reports of the U.S. Circuit Court, 1S03-1S (1819);
Reports of tlieU.S. Supreme Court, 1S2S-4J(\~ vols.,
1828-43) ; Condensed Reports of Cases in the U.S.
Supreme Court from its Organization till /N..'
(6 vols., 1835) ; Full and Arranged Digest of cases
determined in the Supreme, Circuit and District
Courts oftheUnited States, from the Organization
of the Government (3 vols., 1838-39 ; 2d ed.. 2
vols., 1848). He died at Belmont, Philadelphia.
Pa.. May 2, 1848.
PETERS, Samuel Ritter, representative, was
born in Walnut Township, Pickaway county.
Ohio, Aug. 16, 1842 ; son of Lewis S. and Margaret
(Ritter) Peters. He matriculated at Ohio Wos-
leyan university with the class of 1864 : served in
the Federal army as private, sergeant, lieutenant,
adjutant and captain in the 73d Ohio volunteers,
1861-65 ; was graduated at the University of Mich-
igan, LL.B., 1867 ; practised law in Memphis.
PETERSON
PETIGRU
Mo., 1867-72 ; removed to Marion, Kansas, in 1873 ;
was state senator, 1874-75, and resigned to accept
the judgeship of the ninth district, serving t\vo
terms, 1875-83. He was representative at large
from Kansas in the 48th congress, 1883-85, and
from the seventh district in the 49th, 50th and
51st congresses, 1885-91. He received the degree
of A.B. from the Wesleyaii university in 1894.
He practised law in Newton, Kansas, after 1891.
PETERSON, Charles Jacobs, publisher, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 20, 1819 ; son of
Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs) Peterson ;
grandson of Lawrence and Rachel Peterson, and
a descendant of Laurencius Peterson, bishop of
Upsal at the time of the Swedish reformation,
and son-in-law of King John. His first American
ancestor, Erick Peterson, came from Sweden in
1038, and settled the Delaware colony of Swedes.
He matriculated at the University of Pennsyl-
vania in the class of 1838 in the sophomore year,
but left in 1839 to engage in the book business.
He married Sarah Powell, daughter of Charles
Pitt Howard. He was editor, with Ann S. Ste-
phens, of Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine,
and author of : History of the U.S. Navy; History
of the American Revolution; Military Heroes of
the War of 1812; Military Heroes of the War
with Mexico ; a continuation of Charles von
Rotteck's " History of the World " (4 vols., 1856),
and several novels. He died in Philadelphia,
Pa., March 4, 1887.
PETERSON, Henry, author, was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa. , Dec. 7, 1818 ; son of George and Jane
(Evans) Peterson ; grandson of Lawrence and
Rachel Peterson, and of John and Rachel Evans.
He was clerk in a hardware store at fourteen,
and in 1839 a member of the firm of Deacon &
Peterson, who became publishers of the Saturday
Evening Post, of which Henry Peterson was
editor for twenty years. He was married to
Sarah "Webb of Wilmington, Del., who edited
Tlie Lady's Friend for ten years, and their son,
Arthur Peterson, became assistant editor of the
Saturday Evening Post, editor of Peterson's
Journal, and paymaster with rank of lieutenant
in the U.S. navy. Henry Peterson is the author
of: Tlie Twin Brothers (1843); Universal Suf-
frage (1867); The Modern Job (1869) ; Pemberton,
or One Hundred Years Ago (1873); Faire-Mount
(1874); Confessions of a Minister (1874); Caesar,
a Dramatic Study (1879); Poems (1863, new
edition, 1883), and the drama Helen, or One hun-
dred Years Ago, produced in Philadelphia in 1876.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10, 1891.
PETERSON, Robert Evans, publisher, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 12, 1812; son of
George and Jane (Evans) Peterson. He received
a commercial education and engaged in the hard-
ware business until 1834, when he married Han-
nah Mary, only daughter Judge John Bouvier
(q.v.). He then studied law with his father-in-
law and assisted him in editing his law works.
He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and in order
to absolve the debt of his clients. Daniels &
Smith, booksellers, purchased their business, con-
ducting it as R. E. Peterson & Co. On the death
of his father-in-law in 1851 he established with
George W. Childs the publishing house of Childs
& Peterson, which became involved in 1857-58.
Mr. Peterson then retired from the publishing
and bookselling business and took up the study
of medicine. He was graduated at the University
of Pennsylvania, M.D.,1863, but did not practise,
devoting his life to study. He presented Judge
Bouvier's valuable law library to the University
of Pennsylvania. His wife died, Sept. 4, 1870, at
the home of her son-in-law, George W. Childs,
Long Branch, N. J., and he was married secondly,
in 1872, to Blanche, sister of Louis M. Gottschalk
(q.v.) and after her death in 1879, thirdly, to her
sister Clara. He published " Bouvier's Law Dic-
tionary " and " Bouvier's Institutes of American
Law " ; edited : " Familiar Science, a Guide to
Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar" ; " Dr.
Kane's Arctic Explorations " ; " Brazil and Brazil-
ians", and numerous text books, and is the
author of : Tlie Roman Catholic Church not the
Only True Religion (1891). He died in Asbury
Park, N.J., Oct. 30, 1894.
PETERSON, Theophilos Beasley, publisher,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 14, 1821 ; son
of Thomas and Elizabeth Snelling (Jacobs) Pet-
erson. He was a drygoods clerk at thirteen and
afterward a clerk in a shipping-office, later learn-
ed the trade of stereotyper and printer and in
1845 became bookseller and news agent. He
admitted his brothers, George W. and Thomas,
into partnership in 1858, the firm becoming T. B.
Peterson & Brothers. He was the first publisher
to issue a catalogue giving portraits of authors
with brief biographical sketches, and the pioneer
in issuing cheap editions of English books. He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 30, 1890.
PETIGRU, James Lewis, statesman, was born
in Abbeville district, S.C., March 10, 1789 ; son of
William and Louise (Gibert) Petigru, and grand-
son of James Petigru (or Pettigrew), who emi-
grated in 1740, settled in Pennsylvania, removed
to Tyrrell county, N.C., and thence to Abbeville,
S.C., 1768 ; and of Jean Louis Gibert, a Huguenot
clergyman, who fled from persecution in France,
and settled in South Carolina in 1695. James
Lewis Petigru attended school in Willington, S.C.,
and was graduated from South Carolina college
in 1809. He was a teacher in Beaufort college,
1809-12 ; was admitted to the bar in 1812, and
practised at Coosawhatchie, S.C. He served as a
private soldier in the war of 1812. and was ;ip-
PETTIBONE
PETTIGRE
pointed solicitor of Abbeville district in 1815. He
removed to Charleston, S.C., and formed a part-
nership with James Hamilton, Jr., which con-
tinued until Hamilton's election to congress in
1821, when he practised alone. He attained high
rank at the bar, and succeeded Gen. John V.
Hayne as attorney-general of South Carolina,
serving, 1822-30. He opposed the doctrine of nul-
lification, was defeated as the Union candidate
for state senator, and lost much of his popularity
on account of his opposition to the dominant
party. He was, however, elected district attor-
ney and served as a representative in the state
legislature, where he stood almost alone among the
men of wealth and social position to oppose the
nullification acts. When the state seceded in 1860
he was too old to take an active part, but gave his
approval to the measure. He married in August,
1816, a daughter of Capt. James Postell, and grand-
daughter of Colonel Postell of Marion's brigade,
and of their children, Caroline, born May 24, 1819,
married William A. Carson in 1840 and attained
distinction as a painter of portraits, that of her
father being the best known of her works. He
was president of the South Carolina Historical
society and is the author of : Oration Delivered
before the South Carolina College on the Occasion
of its Semi-Centennial Celebration (1855); an Ad-
dress before the South Carolina Historical Society
(1858), and Codification of the Laws of South Car-
olina (1862). A " Memorial " containing proceed-
ings of the bar of Charleston on the occasion of
his death was published in 1863, and his biography
written by William J. Grayson in 1866. He
died in Charleston, S.C., March 3, 1863.
PETTIBONE, Augustus Herman, representa-
tive, was born at Bedford, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1835 ;
son of Augustus N. and Nancy L. (Hathaway) Pet-
tibone ; grandson of Elijah Pettibone, a Revolu-
tionary soldier of the Connecticut line, and Mary
Field, his wife, and of Zephaniah and Silence
(Alden) Hathaway, and a descendant of John
Aldeu, clerk of the Mayflower, and of Mathew
Grant, first American ancestor of Gen. U.S.
Grant. He was educated at Hiram college,
Ohio, was graduated at the University of Michi-
gan in 1859, and studied law under the Hon.
Jonathan E. Arnold at Milwaukee, Wis. He
uas admitted to the bar in 1861 ; settled in prac-
tice at La Crosse, Wis., and entered the Union
army as a private in the 20th Wisconsin volun-
teers in 1861. He was promoted 2d lieutenant,
captain and major and served until the close of
the war, when he established his practice in
Greeneville, Tenn. He was attorney-general for
the 1st judicial circuit of Tennessee, 1870-82 ; a
presidential elector on the Grant and Colfax
ticket in 1868, and on the Hayes and Wheeler
ticket in 1876, and assistant U.S. district attorney
for the eastern district of Tennessee, 1872-80.
He was a Republican representative from the
first Tennessee district in the 47th, 48th and 49th
congresses, 1881-87, resuming practice in Greene
ville in 1887, and was a representative in the
general assembly of Tennessee, 1896-97.
PETTIQREW, Charles, clergyman, was born
in Chambersburg, Pa., March 20, 1748 ; son of
James Petigru, or Pettigrew, the immigrant.
He remained in North Carolina and obtained his
education under the tutelage of the Rev. Henry
Pattillo and the Rev. James Waddel. He taught
school at Edenton, N.C., 1773-74, and received
ordination in the established church at London,
England, in 1775, from the bishop of Rochester.
He was rector of St. Paul's church, Edentou, N.C.,
and one of the foremost movers in the organiza-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal church in North
Carolina, first calling a meeting of the clergy
and laity at Tarboro, June 5, 1790. He was a
trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1790-
93, and was elected the first bishop of North
Carolina, May 31, 1794, but was never consecrated,
on account of the yellow fever epidemic in Nor-
folk and his own ill health. He died in Tyrrell
county, N.C. April 8, 1807.
PETTIQREW, James Johnston, soldier, was
born at Lake Phelps, Tyrrell county, N.C., July 4,
1828; son of Ebenezer Pettigrew (1783-1848),
representative in the 24th congress, 1835-37 ; state
senator and extensive planter ; brother of the
Rev. Dr. William Shephard Pettigrew (1818-1900),
at the time of his death the oldest Protestant
Episcopal clergyman in the state, and grandson
of the Rev. Charles Pettigrew (q.v.). He was
graduated with the highest honors from the
University of North Carolina in 1841, and was
professor in the national observatory, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1848. Shortly after he removed to
Charleston, S.C., studied law with his kinsman,
James L. Petigru, 1849-51, and was admitted to
the bar in 1850. He traveled extensively in
Europe, was secretary to the U.S. minister to
Spain, Daniel M. Barringer of North Carolina,
for several months in 1852, and on his return to
the United States established a law practice in
Charleston, S.C. He was a representative in the
South Carolina legislature, 1858-59, and in 1859
joined the Sardinian army in Italy, but the early
termination of the war prevented him from see-
ing active service. He accordingly returned to
Charleston, and organized and drilled a regiment
of riflemen. Upon the secession of South Carolina
in December, 1860, he took possession of Castle
Pinkney, and demanded of Major Anderson
the evacuation of Fort Sumter. He was trans-
ferred to Morris Island and engineered the con-
struction of batteries to guard the harbor ; was
commissioned colonel of the 22d North Carolina
PETTIGREW
PETTIT
regiment in 1861, and was stationed at Evans-
port, on the Potomac, where he constructed and
guarded the fortifications. He was commissioned
brigadier-general in 1863 and took an active part
in the Peninsular campaign of that year. He was
present at Seven Pines in June, 1863, being
severely wounded and taken prisoner ; was ex-
changed in August, 1863, and assigned to a new
brigade. He was placed in command at Rich-
mond, Va., which he defended against General
Stoneman's raid. On the third day of the battle
of Gettysburg he commanded Heth's division and
took part in Pickett's charge. While defending
the rear of General Lee's army during the retreat
that followed he was surprised at Falling
Waters, Va., by a small band of Federal cavalry
and was mortally wounded, July 14, 1863. He is
the author of Spain and the Spaniards (1859).
He died near Winchester, Va., July 17, 1863.
PETTIQREW, Richard Franklin, senator,
was born at Ludlow, Vt., in July, 1848; son of
Andrew and Hannah B. (Sawtelle) Pettigrew ;
grandson of Andrew and Priscilla (Barn) Petti-
grew and of Elnathan and Millie (Pitt) Sawtelle.
His great-grandfather was a soldier in the battle
of Bunker Hill. In 1854 he removed to Evansville,
Wis., attended Evansville academy and Beloit
college, 1866-68, spent the years 1869-73 in Sioux
Falls, Dak. Ter., as a surveyor and dealer in real
estate, and after 1873 in the practice of law. He
was elected to the territorial council in 1876, 1878
and 1884. The University of Wisconsin conferred
upon him the degree of LL.B., 1878. He was
married, Feb. 37, 1879, to Bessie Vaughn, daugh-
ter of Henry Hamilton and Annie (Arthur) Pittar
of Chicago, 111. He was a Republican delegate
from Dakota Territory in the 47th congress, 1881-
83. In 1883 he was a member of the convention
which framed the constitution for the proposed
state of South Dakota, having been an early ad-
vocate of the division of Dakota Territory into two
states. He waselec-ted to the U.S. senate, Oct. 16,
1889, after the admission of South Dakota to the
Union, and drew the long term expiring March
3, 1895. He was re-elected in 1894, his second
term expiring March 3, 1901. In 1900 he was the
unsuccessful candidate of the Fusionists for re-
election. In the campaigns of 1896 and 1900 he
supported Bryan for the Presidency. He was
opposed to the policy of the government in ac-
quiring the Hawaiian Islands and in the annexa-
tion of the Philippines.
PETTINQ1LL, John Hancock, theologian, was
born in Manchester, Vt., May 11, 1815 ; son of the
Rev. Amos and Hannah (Dean) Pettingill. His
father (1780-1830), a graduate of Harvard, 1805,
was pastor of Methodist churches in New York
and Connecticut, 1807-30, and published a " View
of the Heavens" (1836), and "The Spirit of
Methodism" (1829). John Hancock Pettingill
was graduated at Yale, A. B., 1837, A.M., 1840; was
a teacher in the Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb in New York city, 1838-43, and was a stu-
dent at Union Theological seminary, 1839^11. He
was ordained to the Congregational ministry,
Dec. 6, 1843 ; was stated supply at South Dennis,
Mass., 1843-48 ; pastorat Saybrook, Conn., 1848-53;
district secretary of the A.B.C.F.M. at Albany,
N.Y., 1853-60, and visited the missions of the
American Board in Servia, Turkey and Greece,
1856-57. He was pastor at Saxonville, Mass.,
1860-63, at Westbrook, Conn., 1863-66, and was
chaplain of the Seamen's Friend society at Ant-
werp, Belgium, 1866-73. He visited northern
Europe in the interest of missions, and in 1866
assisted in the care of those sick with cholera,
which service was publicly acknowledged by the
Belgian government. He resided in New York
city, 1873-76 ; in Philadelphia, 1876-86, where he
gave his time chiefly to literary work, and in
1866 removed to New Haven, Conn. He was
married, April 38, 1845, to Rebecca S. Parker of
Falmouth, Mass., and secondly, June 17, 1863, to
Jeannie, daughter of Judge Copeland of Brooklyn,
N.Y. He wrote principally on the science of
religion, and was the first American teacher to
propound the doctrine that eternal life was de-
pendent upon knowledge of and faith in Christ
as held by the primitive Church up to the time
of Plato. He was subjected to great losses and
determined opposition by reason of his teachings,
and his books were not received %vith favor even
after he had succeeded in having them published.
Finally they grew in favor and were reprinted
in several continental languages, and at his
death he had a large number of disciples. He
wrote for current magazines, and is the author
of The Homiletical Index (1877) ; Tlie Theological
Trilemma (1878); Platonism versus Christianity
(1881); Bible Terminology (1881); Life Everlast-
ing (1882); The Vnspeakable Gift (1884); and
Views and Reviews in Eschatology (1887). He
died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 37, 1887.
PETTIT, Charles, delegate, was born at Am-
well, N.J., in 1736, of Huguenot ancestry. He
received a good education and married a sister of
Joseph Reed, under whom he was commissioned
surrogate in 1767, and whom he succeeded as
deputy-secretary of the province in 1769. He
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1770, and
was appointed a councillor in 1773. He was sec-
retary to Governor William Franklin, 1772-74,
but upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary war
resigned his position and joined the patriot cause.
He was secretary to Gov. William Livingston,
1770-78 ; assistant quartermaster-general of the
Continental army, 1778-83 ; removed to Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1783, where he engaged in mer-
PETTIT
PETTIT
cantile business ; was a representative in the
Pennsylvania legislature, 1783-84, and proposed a
plan for funding the state debt, which was
adopted. He was a
delegate to the Con-
tinental congress,
1785-87, and a mem-
ber of the general
convention which
met at Harrisburg,
Pa., to consider the
adoption of the Fed-
eral constitution,
which he earnestly
advocated. He was
a trustee of the Uni-
versity of Pennsyl-
vania, 1791-1802, a
member of the Amer-
ican Philosophical so-
ciety, and president of the Insurance Company of
North America, 1796-98 and 1799-1806. He died
in Philadelphia, Pa.. Sept. 4, 1806.
PETTIT, George Albert Joseph, educator,
was born in Dunmore, Ireland, Sept. 15, 1858 ;
son of William and Elizabeth Pettit. He attend-
ed the academy of St. Francis Xavier, N.Y. ;
became a member of the Society of Jesus, July
30, 1880, and was graduated from Woodstock
college, Md., in 1887. He was instructor in Eng-
lish and the classics at Gonzaga college, Wash-
ington, D.C., 1887-90, and at St. John's college,
Fordham. N.Y., 1890-92; attended the Jesuit
seminary of Woodstock college. 1892-96, and
was ordained priest in June, 1895, by Arch-
bishop Satolli. He supplied the chair of English
literature at Gonzaga college, made vacant by
the retirement of a professor near the close of
the scholastic year, 1895-96 ; was prefect of disci-
pline and vice-president of St. John's college,
1896-98 ; was assistant master of novices in the
novitiate at Frederick, Md., in 1898, and was re-
appointed vice-president and prefect of studies
at St. John's college in 1899. He was elected to
succeed the Rev. T. J. Campbell, S.J., as presi-
dent of St. John's college, Fordham, in 1900.
PETTIT, Henry, engineer and architect, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 23, 1842; son of
Robert and Laura (Ellmaker) Pettit ; grandson
of Andrew and Elizabeth (McKean) Pettit and
of Levi and Hannah (Hopkins) Ellmaker, and
great-grandson of Charles (q.v.) and Sarah
(Reed) Pettit and of Thomas McKean, the signer.
Robert Pettit was pay director in the U.S. navy.
Henry Pettit matriculated at the University of
Pennsylvania with the class of 1863, but at the
close of his freshman year entered the scientific
course, remaining until the junior year, 1862. He
was employed by the Pennsylvania railroad com-
pany in the engineering department and in the
construction of bridges and buildings, 1862-74 ;
was special agent of the Philadelphia centennial
commission to the exposition at Vienna, 1873 ;
was architect of the Main building, Machinery
hall, and other constructions of the centennial
exhibition. Philadelphia, 1876 ; chief of the bureau
of installation, 1875-76, and engineerand architect
for the organization of the permanent exhibition
at Philadelphia, 1877. He was also in charge of
the U.S. department, and designed and superin-
tended its construction for the French universal
exposition, Paris, 1879, and was a member of the
advisory art commission for Pennsylvania at the
World's Columbian exposition, 1893. Meanwhile
he established a general practice as a civil
engineer and architect, retiring in 1890. He
twice made the tour around the world and re-
ceived the decoration of many foreign orders,
including : Ridder of St. Olaf from King Oscar of
Norway and Sweden ; chevalier of the Legion
of Honor from France ; commander of Nichan
Iftakhar from the Bey of Tunis, and Caballero
of Ysabel laCatolica from Alfonso XIII. of Spain.
He was made a member of the American Society
of Civil Engineers ; associate member of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers ; member
of the Philosophical society and one of its cura-
tors, 1879-1901; a member of the Loyal Legion, and
of the Union league, Philadelphia, serving on its
board of managers for two terms. He received
the degree of M.S., gratice causa, from the L~ni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1877. He is the
author of : Ellmaker Genealogy ; Descendants of
Col. Charles Pettit, Member of the Continental
Congress; The Pettit Family of Cornwall, Eng-
land, and Long Island, N. Y., and also the
author of several musical compositions. He took
numerous photographs in the Orient and America
for use in illustrating lectures delivered before
various societies, and he compiled fort3" volumes
of illustrated notes of travel.
PETTIT, John, senator, was born in Sacket
Harbor, N.Y., June 24, 1807. He was admitted
to the bar in 1831, and engaged in practice in
Lafayette, Ind. He served two terms in the
Indiana legislature, and was subsequently U. S.
district attorney. He was a Democratic repre-
sentative for the eighth district of Indiana in the
28th. 29th, and 30th congresses, 1843^9; a dele-
gate to the state constitutional convention of
1850, and a presidential elector at large from
Indiana on the Pierce and King ticket in 1853.
He was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of James Whit-
comb, serving, 1853-55 ; was later appointed U.S.
circuit judge, and was made chief justice of the
territory of Kansas by President Buchanan,
serving, 1859-63. He was a delegate to the Demo-
PETTIT
PEYTON
cratic national convention of 1864 ; was justice
of the Indiana supreme court, 1870-76, and was
renominuted, but owing to scandals in connection
with the court that excited popular indignation,
his name was withdrawn. He died at Lafayette,
Ind., June 17. 1877.
PETTIT, John Upfold, representative, was
born in Fabius, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1830 ; son of George
and Jane (Upfold) Pettit, and grandson of Jona-
than Pettit. He attended Hamilton college : was
graduated at Union college in 1839 ; was admit-
ted to the bar in 1841, and settled in practice in
Wabash, Ind. He was married, Nov. 25, 1858, to
Julia, daughter of Samuel and Eliza (Holmes)
Breuton of Fort Wayne, Ind. He was a representa-
tive in the state legislature in 1844 and 1864, and
speaker of the house, 1864 ; U.S. consul-general at
Maranham, Brazil, 1850-53 ; judge of the 8th judi-
cial district of Indiana, 1854-55, and a Republican
representative from the eleventh district in the
34th, 35th, and 36th congresses, 1855--61, serving
as chairman of the library committee. He was
engaged in recruiting soldiers, 1861-62 ; assisted
in organizing the Orphan's home at Knightstown,
Ind., in 1863; and in 1865 was largely instru-
mental in securing from President Johnson a
commutation of the sentence of Bowles and
Milligan, who had been condemned to death by
the U.S. military commission for treasonable
conspiracy in Indiana. He was professor of law
in Indiana university, 1869-70 ; judge of the 17th
judicial district of Indiana, 1872-81, and pay-
master to disburse the principal due the Miami
Indians in 1881. He received the degree LL.D.
from Indiana university in 1871. He died at
Wabash, Ind.. March 21, 1881.
PETTUS, Edmund Winston, senator, was
born in Limestone county, Ala., July 6, 1821 ;
son of John and Alice T. (Winston) Pettus, and
grandson of Capt. Anthony Winston of Hanover
county, Va., a colonial officer of 1776, who re-
moved first to Tennessee and then to Alabama.
John Pettus, served in the Creek war, and settled
in Limestone county, Ala. The son attended Clin-
ton college, Smith county, Tenn. ; was admitted
to the bar in 1842, and practised in Gainesville,
Ala., 1842-44. He was married, June 27, 1844, to
Mary S. Chapman, and their son, Francis L.
Pettus (died March 6, 1901), was speaker of the
Alabama house of representatives. He was
solicitor for the seventh circuit of Alabama,
1844-49 ; served in the Mexican war as a lieuten-
ant ; in 1849 joined a party of gold seekers in
California, traveling on horseback to the gold
fields, and on his return in 1851 resumed the
practice of his profession. He was judge of the
seventh Alabama circuit, 1855-58 ; removed to
Selma in 1858. and in 1861 joined the Confederate
army as major of the 20th Alabama infantry and
was later promoted lieutenant-colonel. On the
death of Col. John W. Garrett at Vicksburg,
Pettus succeeded him as colonel and led Col. T.
N. Waul's Texas legion in a desperate charge at
Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. He was promoted
brigadier-general and commanded the second
brigade in Stevenson's division in the Atlanta
campaign, distinguishing himself by keeping the
enemy in check at Rocky-face Ridge, May 8,
1SG4. In the march to the sea and the Carolina
campaign, he continued in command of his
brigade in S. D. Lee's corps, surrendering with
Johnston in North Carolina. In 1865 he resumed
his law practice ; was a delegate to the Democra-
tic national conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884,
1888, 1892 and 1896, serving in each as chairman
of the Alabama delegation ; was nominated for
U.S. senator by the Democratic caucus of the
general assembly, Nov. 16, 1896, by a vote of 67
to 26, Governor Gates, Representative Bankhead
and Senator Pugh being the other candidates,
and was elected for the term beginning March
4, 1897, and expiring March 3, 1903. He served
on the judiciary committee, and on the com-
mittees on military affairs, railroads, privileges,
elections and Indian depredations.
PETTUS, John J., governor of Mississippi,
was born in Wilson county, Tenn., in 1813 ; son
of John and Alice T. (Winston) Pettus. He
was educated in Limestone county, Ala. , where
he also prepared for the law. He engaged
in practice in Sumter county,
and subsequently removed to
Keinper county, Miss., where
he became a planter. He
served in both branches of
the state legislature ; was
governor of Mississippi, 1860-
62, and convened a special
meeting of the legislature in 1862 to provide for
additional troops for the Confederate army. He
was a brigadier-general in the Confederate army,
1863-65, and after the war removed to Arkansas,
where he died in 1867.
PEYTON, Balie, representative, was born in
Sumner county, Tenn., Nov. 26, 1803; son of
John and Margaret (Hamilton) Peyton ; grand-
son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton ; great-
grandson of Valentin and Frances (Harrison)
Peyton, and a descendant of Henry and Ellen
(Partington) Peyton. Henry Peyton was a native
of London, England, and settled at Ragged
Point, Westmoreland county, Va., about 1656.
Balie Peyton passed his childhood with his
maternal grandmother ; attended Gallatin col-
lege ; was admitted to the bar in 1824, and
settled in practice in Gallatin. He was a Whig
representative in the 23d and 24th congresses,
1833-37, and in 1837 removed to New Orleans,
PEYTON
PEYTON
La. He was appointed U.S. district attorney at
New Orleans, by President Harrison, in March,
1841, and was offered but declined the portfolio
of war in President Tyler's cabinet. At the out-
break of the Mexican war he raised a volunteer
regiment of 1200 men. Since the regiment was
not accepted by President Polk, he became chief of
General Worth's staff ; was present at the battle
of Monterey, and presented with a reward by the
state of Louisiana for his gallantry in that battle ;
was appointed U.S. minister to Chili by Presi-
dent Taylor in 1849, serving, 1849-53, and practised
law in San Francisco, Cal., 1853-58. He returned
to Gallatin, Tenn., in 1859, and was an elector-
at-large from Tennessee on the Bell and Everett
ticket in 1860. He was a Unionist throughout
the civil war, and a member of the Tennessee
senate, 1869-70. He was married in 1830 to Aim
Carr, daughter of William and Alethia (Eaton)
Smith of Granville county, N.C. Their son,
Balie Peyton, Jr., a lieutenant on the staff of
Gen. F. K. Zollicoffer, of the Confederate army,
was killed in the battle of Fishing Creek, Ky.,
Jan. 19, 1862. Peytonsville, Tenn., was named
in honor of Balie Peyton, Sr., who died at
Gallatin, Tenn., Aug. 19, 1878.
PEYTON, Ephraim Geoffrey, jurist, was born
in Elizabethtown, Ky., Oct. 29, 1802 ; son of
Ephraim and (Jennings) Peyton, and grand-
son of Robert and Ann (Guffey) Peyton, and of
Jonathan Jennings. He was a cousin of Balie
Peyton of Tennessee, their fathers being brothers.
He was educated in Gallatin college, Tenn., and
in 1818 removed to Mississippi, where he taught
school and learned the printer's trade. He was
admitted to the bar in 1824, and settled in prac-
tice first in Copiah county, and then in Gallatin,
Miss. He was married, March 31, 1831, to Artemisia
G., daughter of Francis Patton, a planter of Clai-
borne county, Va. He was a representative in the
Mississippi legislature in 1835, was district
attorney of the fourth judicial district for
several years from 1839, and in 1861 refused
to favor seccession. He was a member
of the Mississippi constitutional convention
of 1865, and a Republican representative to
the 39th congress in the same year, but was
denied his seat because Mississippi was not a
reconstructed state. He was judge of the su-
preme court of Mississippi, 1868-70, and chief
justice, 1870-75. He lost his fortune, estimated
at about §100.000, by the failureof the banks, and
was left deeply in debt, which debt he fully paid.
He died in Jackson, Miss., Sept. 5, 1876.
PEYTON, John Howe, lawyer, was born in
Stafford county. Va., April 29, 1778; son of John
Rowze and Ann (Howe) Peyton ; grandson of
John and Elizabeth (Rowze) Peyton, and of How-
son and Mary (Dade) Howe, and a descendant of
Henry (of London) and Ellen (Partington) Pey-
ton who settled in Westmoreland county, Va.
He was graduated from the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1797, A.M., 1800 ; was a law student
in the office of Bushrod Washington, and was
admitted to practice in 1799. He married Ann
Montgomery, daughter of Maj. John and Mary
(Preston) Lewis. He represented Stafford county
in the Virginia assembly, 1806-10 ; was prosecut-
ing attorney for the Augusta district, 1809-10 :
major on the staff of General Porterfield in the
war of 1812 ; mayor of Staunton, 1815 ; deputy
U.S. attorney for the western district of Virgina,
1815-36 ; refused a nomination for representative
to the 17th congress in 1820, and a U.S. judgeship
in 1824 ; served as state senator, 1836-44 ; as
trustee of Washington college, 1832-46 ; as visitor
to the U.S. Military academy, 1840, writing the
report of the board, and as president of the
board of directors of the Western Virginia
Lunatic asylum, 1837-47. He is the author of:
Resolutions upon the attitude of Pennsylvania
with reference to an Amendment to the Constitu-
tion of the United States, providing a tribunal for
settling disputes between the State and Federal
judiciary, pronounced by Daniel Webster as
conclusive and admitting of no further discussion.
He died in Staunton, Va., April 27, 1847.
PEYTON, John Lewis, author, was born in
Staunton, Va., Sept. 15, 1824 ; son of John Howe
(q.v.) and Ann Montgomery (Lewis) Peyton.
He was graduated at the University of Virginia,
LL.B. in 1845 ; was in Europe on official business
connected with the state department of Secretary
Webster, 1852-53; resided in Chicago, 111., 1853-
55, and there served as major of the 1st Chicago
regiment, and as lieutenant-colonel of the 18th
battalion of the National Guards. He declined
the office of U.S. district attorney of Utah,
offered by President Pierce in 1855, returned to
Virginia that year, and was made magistrate,
bank director, and member of the board of
visitors of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind institution
at Staunton. He was married, Dec. 17, 1855, to
Henrietta E. Clark, daughter of Col. John C.
and Mary (Bond) Washington of Lenoir county,
N.C. He recruited and drilled troops for the
Confederate army in 1861 ; was appointed agent
of the state of North Carolina in Europe, and
remained abroad, 1862-76. He was made a fellow
of the Royal Geographical Society of London ;
of the Society of Americanists of Luxembourg,
Prussia ; an honorary member of the Reform
club. London, and a corresponding member of
the Virginia and Wisconsin Historical societies.
He was entertained by Napoleon III. in the
Tuileries and had audience with Cardinal Anto-
nelli in the Palace of the Vatican. He edited
Dauenhower's Journal, while in Chicago, con-
PEYTON
PHELPS
tributed to the press and to the leading magazines,
and is the author of : Pacific Railway Communi-
cations and the Trade of China (1854); A Statis-
tical View of the State of Illinois (1854); The
American Crisis ; or, Pages from the Note Book
of a State Agent during the Civil War in America
(1866) ; Over the Alleglianies and across the
Prairies, Personal Recollections of the Far West.
One and Twenty Years Ago (1867); Memoir of
William Mi-tilisoii Peyton (1870); The Adventures
of My Grandfather (1871); Memorials of Nature
and Art (1881); A History of Augusta County
(1882); Rambling Reminiscences of a Residence
Abroad (1886), and A History of Virginia from
the Retrocession of Alexandria to the Reconstruc-
tion of the Union. He also edited and wrote an
introduction to " The Glasseof Time" by Thomas
Peyton of Lincoln's Inn (1887). and edited " Tom
Swindel, or the Adventures of a Boomer" (1893).
See life in Brock's "Virginiaand Virginians." He
died in Staunton, Va., May 23, 189G.
PEYTON, Samuel Oldham, representative, was
born in Bullitt county, Ky., in 1804 ; son of Wil-
liam and Mary (Ross) Peyton ; grandson of
Craven and Ann Peyton, and of Lawrence and
. (Oldham) Ross, and a descendant of
Henry and Ellen (Partington) Peyton. He was
graduated at Transylvania university, M.D., in
1827. He was married to Mary Kincheloe ; prac-
tised medicine in Hartford, Ky. ; represented Bul-
litt county in the state legislature in 1835 ; was a
Democratic representative from Kentucky in
the 30th, 35th and 36th congresses, 1847-49 and
1857-61, and was defeated for the 31st congress
in 1848. He was a member of the committee on
public buildings and groundsill the 36th congress.
He died in Hartford, Ky., Jan. 4, 1870.
PHELAN, James, senator, was born in Hunts-
ville, Ala., Oct. 11, 1821 ; son of John and Priscilla
Oakes (Ford) Morris Phelan, and grandson of
Dennis Phelan, who emigrated from Maryborough,
Queen's county, Ireland, to New York city, with
his wife, Mary (Lalor) Phelan, and children in
1793, and resided in New Jersey, Virginia and
Alabama. James served an apprenticeship in the
office of the Huntsville Democrat, 1835^42, be-
came editor of The Flag of the Union at Tuska-
loosa in 1842, and state printer in 1843. He was
married, Sept. 22, 1846, to Eliza J., daughter of
Dr. Alfred and Eliza (Jones) Moore of Madison
county, N.J. He practised law in Huntsville,
1846-49, and in Aberdeen, Miss., 1849-65. He
was a state senator in 1860, and Confederate
States senator, 1862-64. He introduced in the
Confederate senate in 1863, a bill to impress all
the cotton in the South, pay for it in Confederate
bonds and use it as a basis for a foreign loan.
This bill failed to pass, and Mr. Phelan was de-
feated in the next senatorial election. He served
as judge advocate of Alabama, 1864-65, and then
resumed the practice of law in Memphis, Tenn.,
where he died, May 17, 1873.
PHELAN, James, representative, was born in
Aberdeen, Miss., Dec. 7, 1856 ; son of Judge James
and Eliza J. (Moore) Phelan. He removed to
Memphis, Tenn., with his parents, 1867, and was
educated in the Kentucky Military institute, the
literary department of the University of Nash-
ville, and at University of Mississippi, where he
matriculated in 1872. He went to Europe in 1874,
and completed his education in the Gymnasium
of St. Thomas, and at the University of Leipzig,
where he received the degree Ph.D. in 1878. In
1881 he settled in the practice of law in Memphis,
and was married, Oct. 15 of that year, to Mary,
daughter of Dr. Robert Early of Lynchburg, Va.
He was a Democratic representative from the
tenth Tennessee district in the 50th and 51st con-
gresses, 1887-91. He died in Nassau, Bahama Is-
lands, seeking relief from phthisis, Jan. 30, 1891.
PHELAN, Richard, R. C. bishop, was born at
Tralee, county Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1828.
He was educated in St. Kieran's college, Kilkenny.
He immigrated to the United States with Bishop
Michael O'Connor of Pittsburg, Pa., in 1850, on
the latter 's call for students to take up the work
of the church in his diocese, and prepared for the
priesthood in St. Michael's seminary, Pittsburg,
and in St. Mary's Theological seminary, Balti-
more, Md. He was ordained priest at Pittsburg,
Pa., by Bishop O'Connor, May 4, 1854, was charged
with a small mission at Camerons Bottoms, In-
diana county, Pa., and was assistant rector at
St. Paul's cathedral, Pittsburg, Pa., 1855-58. He
was rector of the church at Freeport, Pa., 1858-
68, and of St. Peter's church at Allegheny, Pa.,
1868-85, where he built a church at a cost of
$150,000, and completed the schools commenced
by the Rev. Tobias Mullen. In 1881 he was ap-
pointed administrator of the diocese of Pittsburg
and Allegheny, during the absence of Bishop
Tuigg, and vicar-general in 1883, and was nomi-
nated coadjutor of the two sees with the right of
succession in 1885. He was consecrated titular
bishop of Cibyra at Pittsburg, Pa., Aug. 2, 1885,
by Archbishop Ryan of Philadelphia, assisted by
Bishops Mullen and Shanahan, and succeeded to
the full bishopric on the death of Bishop Tuigg.
Dec. 7, 1889, taking up his residence at Pittsburg,
the see city, in 1891.
PHELPS, Almira (Hart) Lincoln, educator,
was born in Berlin, Conn., July 15, 1793 ; daugh-
ter of Capt. Samuel and Lydia (Hinsdale) Hart :
granddaughter of Lieut. Samuel and Mary
(Hooker) Hart and of Capt. John and Elizabeth
(Cole) Hinsdale, and a descendant of Thomas
Hooker and of Stephen Hart, who came from
Essex, England, to Massachusetts about 1632,
PHELPS
PHELPS
settled first at Braintree and then in Newtown,
and was an original proprietor of Hartford, Conn.,
in 1635. She was instructed by her sister, Mrs.
Emma Hart Willard (q.v.), whom she assisted at
Middli-biiry. Vt., and completed her education
in the Female academy, Pittsfield, Mass. She
taught a private school at Middletown, Conn., was
again with her sister at Middlebury and was prin-
cipal of the Sandy Hill, N.Y., Female academy,
1815-17. She was married, Oct. 15, 1817, to Simeon
Lincoln, Jr., and after his death she became
head teacher in the department of natural science
in Mrs. Willard's seminary at Troy, N. Y. , and
rice-principal of the seminary in 1827, managing
it while her sister was in Europe. She was mar-
ried secondly, in 1831, to Judge John Phelps of
Vermont, and retired from active educational
work until 1838, when she became principal of
the West Chester, Pa., Female seminary. She
was subsequently principal of a private school at
Rahway, N.J. , and conducted, with her husband,
the Patapsco institute, a diocesan female school
at Baltimore, Md., 1841-1849, where she remained
alone, 1849-56. She was the second woman to be
elected a member of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, and read before
that body papers on the religious and scientific
character and writings of Edward Hitchcock
(1866), and the "Infidel Tendencies of Modern
Science " (1878). She was also a member of the
Maryland Academy of Science, to which society
she gave her herbarium containing about 600
specimens. She is the author of : Familiar Lec-
tures on Botany (1829) ; Dictionary of Chemistry
(1830) ; Botany for Beginners (1831) ; Geology
for Beginners (1832) ; Female Student or Fireside
Friend (1833) ; Chemistry for Beginners (1834) ;
Lectures on Natural Philosophy (1835) ; Lectures
on Chemistry (1837) ; Natural Philosophy for
Beginners (1837) ; Ida Norman (1850) ; Christian
Households (1860) ; Hours with My Pupils (1869) ;
Autumn Fruits (1873), and Preserved inthe Win-
ter of Life (1873). She also edited : Our Coun-
try, iu its Relation to the Past, Present and Future
(1868), and the proceeds from its sale were de-
voted to the Christian and sanitary commis-
sions. She died in Baltimore, Md., July 15, 1884.
PHELPS, Austin, clergyman, was born in
West Brookfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1820; son of
Eliakim and Sarah (Adams) Phelps ; grandson of
Eliakim and Abigail (Combes) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, who came from
Tewksbury, England, to America in the ship
Mary and John in 1630, settled first at Hull and
then in Dorchester, Mass., and Windsor, Conn.,
in 1635. He attended Hobart college, 1833-34 ;
Amherst college in 1835 ; was graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1837, A.M.,
1840 ; was resident licentiate at the Andover
Theological seminary, 1838—42 ; was licensed to
preach in 1840, and was pastor of the Pine St.
Congregational church, Boston, Mass., 1842-48.
He was professor of homiletics and sacred rhetoric
in Andover Theological seminary, 1848-79, pro-
fessor emeritus, 1879-90, and president of the
seminary, 1869-79. He served as chaplain of both
houses of the Massachusetts legislature and
preached the "election sermon" in 1861. He
was married in September, 1842, to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. Moses Stuart of Andover ;
secondly in April, 1855, to Mary, her sister, and
thirdly in June, 1858, to Mary A., daughter of
Samuel Johnson of Boston, Mass. He received
the honorary degree of D.D. from Amherst in
1856. He edited Hymns and Choirs with Prof.
Edwards A. Park and Rev. David Furber (1859);
Sabbath Hymn-Book with Prof. Park and Dr.
Lowell Mason (1859), and is the author of : Tlie
Still Hour (1858), which had a large circulation
in America and abroad; The New Birth (1867);
The Solitude of Clirist (1868) ; Sabbath Hours
(1870) ; Studies of the Old Testament (1878) ;
Tlieory and Practice of Preaching : Lectures on
Homiletics (1882) ; My Portfolio (1882) ; English
Style in Public Discourse (1883) : My Studies and
other Essays (1886) ; My Note-Book ; Fragmentary
Studies in Tlieology and Subjects Adjacent Tliereto
(1889) ; besides addresses and contributions to the
Congregationalist and other periodicals. See
" Memoir " by Mrs. E. S. P. Ward (1891). He
died at Bar Harbor. Maine, Oct. 13, 1890.
PHELPS, Charles Edward, jurist, was born in
Guilford, Vt., May 1, 1833; son of John and
Almira (Hart) Lincoln (q.v.) Phelps; grandson
of Capt. Samuel Hart, a soldier in the Revolu-
tion, and a colonial champion of religious liberty ;
great-grandson of
Charles Phelps, the
first lawyer who set-
tled in Vermont, and
a descendant of Wil-
liam Phelps, who
came from England
in 1630, and of the
Rev. Thomas Hooker
(q.v.). He removed
to Maryland in 1841 ;
was graduated from
the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1852,
A.M., 1855; studied
law at Harvard ; be-
came a practising law-
yer in Baltimore in 1855, and was admitted to prac-
tice in the U.S. supreme court in 1859. He was
elected on the Reform ticket a member of the
city council of Baltimore in 1860 ; was one of the
organizers and major of the Maryland Guard,
PHELPS
PHELPS
1853-61, and lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the
7th Maryland Volunteers, 1862-64. At the battle
of the Wilderness his horse was killed and
his clothing riddled, and at Spottsylvania,
May 8, 1864, his horse was killed, and he was
wounded and taken prisoner while leading the
3d division, 5th army corps, in the charge on the
works. He was recaptured by Sheridan's cavalry,
brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct,
and awarded the congressional medal of honor.
He was elected on the National Union ticket as a
representative from the third district of Maryland
iu the 39th congress, 1865-67, where he opposed
the radical measures and policy of reconstruction,
and was re-elected on the Conservative ticket to
the 40th congress, 1867-69. He declined an exe-
cutive appointment as judge of the court of
appeals in 1867 ; was married, Dec. 29, 1868, to
Martha Woodward of Baltimore, Md., and resumed
his practice in Baltimore. He was president of
the Baltimore school board, 1876 ; commander of
the 8th Maryland regiment during the strike
riots in 1877 ; president of the Maryland Associa-
tion of Union Veterans, and a member of various
scientific, historical, military and social organiza-
tions. In 1882 he was elected on the Independent
ticket judge of the supreme bench of Baltimore,
and iu 1897 was nominated by all parties and re-
elected without opposition, the legislature, in
1902, upon the application of the Baltimore Bar
association, unanimously extending his term be-
yond the constitutional age limit. In 1884 he
was chosen a law professor in the University of
Maryland. He is the author of : Juridical Equity
(1894), and Falstaff and Equity (1901).
PHELPS, Edward John, diplomatist, was born
in Middlebury, Vt., July 11, 1822 ; son of the Hon.
Samuel Shethar Phelps (q.v.). He was.graduated
at Middlebury. college, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843 ;
practised law in Middlebury, 1843-45, and removed
to Burlington in 1845, where he was married in
August. 1846, to Mary, daughter of the Hon.
Stephen Haight. He was second comptroller of
the U.S. treasury, 1851-53. He was a delegate to
the state constitutional convention in 1870 ; pre-
sided over the centennial ceremonies commem-
orating the battle of Bennington in 1877 ; lectured
on medical jurisprudence in the University of
Vermont in 1880, and the same year was made
president of the American Bar association. He
was defeated as the Democratic candidate for
governor of Vermont in 1880 ; was Kent professor
of law at Yale, 1881-1900, and lectured on consti-
tutional law at Boston university in 1882. He
was U.S. minister to Great Britain, 1885-89 ; was
the defeated Democratic candidate for U.S. sen-
ator in 1890 ; was a member of the council of the
U.S. government before the court of arbitration
on the Bering Sea controversy in 1893, and
in 1896 supported William McKinley for the
presidency, although, being an anti-expansionist,
he strongly disapproved of his policy in regard to
Cuba and the Philippines. He received the de-
gree of LL.D. from Middlebury in 1870. He
published an address on Chief Justice Marshall
and the Constitutional Law of his Time (1879).
and articles on The Constitution of the United
States in the Nineteenth Century in 1888. He
died at New Haven, Conn., March 9, 1900.
PHELPS, Elisha, representative, was born in
Simsbury, Conn., Nov. 7, 1779; son of Noah and
Lydia (Griswold) Phelps ; grandson of David and
Abigail (Petibone) Phelps and of Edward and
Abigail (Gaylord) Griswold, and a descendant of
William Phelps, who settled in Windsor, Conn.,
in 1635. His father (born in Simsbury, Jan. 22,
1740) , a large landholder and captain of militia,
planned aud took part with Gen. Samuel H. Par-
sons in the expedition to Fort Ticonderoga in April,
1775, entering the fort the day before as a spy and
reporting its condition to Ethan Allen, which
enabled them to capture it ; served as captain in
Wards' Connecticut regiment, 1776-77, and sub-
sequently as lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and
in 1780 transferred cannon from Salisbury,
Conn., to Boston, for the ship Defense; was judge
of probate twenty-two years, a representative in
the state legislature twenty seasons, and a major-
general of state militia, and died in Simsbury,
Conn., March 4, 1809. Elisha was graduated at
Yale in 1800 ; practised law at Simsbury, 1803-05,
and at Hartford, Conn., 1805^7, and was a mem-
ber of each house of the state legislature for
several years, serving as speaker in 1821 and 1829.
He was a Democratic representative from Con-
necticut in the 16th, 19th and 20th congresses,
1819-21 and 1825-29 ; state comptroller, 1830-34 ;
a commissioner to revise and codify the state
laws in 1835, and judge of the county court for
years. He died in Simsbury, Conn., April 18, 1847.
PHELPS, Elizabeth (Stuart), author, was
born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1815; daughter
of the Rev. Moses and Abigail (Clark) Stuart and
a descendant of Robert and Bertha (Rumball)
Stuart. Robert Stuart came to Massachusetts in
1650, resided in Boston and at Milford, Conn.,
and settled in Norwalk, Conn., in 1660. Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps was educated at Andover, Mass.,
and in September, 1842, married the Rev. Austin
Phelps. They resided in Boston, Mass., 1842-48,
and then removed to her native place, where she
spent the remainder of her life. She began to
write short stories of New England life at an early
age, many being published under the pen name
" H.Trusta." Her works include : the Kitty Broicn
series(1850); Sunnyside (1851); .4 Peep at Xiimhcr
Five (1851); Tlie Angel over the Right Shoulder
(1851); TJie Tell-Tale (1852), and The Last Leaf
PHELPS
PHELPS
from Sannyside, with a memoir by her husband
(1853). The last book was published posthu-
mously, and Sunnyside, a story of life in a country
parsonage, reached a sale of 100,000 copies in a
year. She died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 30, 1852.
PHELPS, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward, Eliza-
beth Stuart Phelps.
PHELPS, James, representative, was born in
Colebrook, Conn., Jan. 12, 1822 ; son of Dr. Lan-
celot and Elizabeth (Sage) Phelps: grandson of
Lancelot Phelps, a volunteer in the Revolutionary
war, and a descendant of William Phelps, Wind-
sor, Conn., 1635. His father was a representative
from Connecticut in the 24th and 25th congresses,
1835-39. He was educated in the Episcopal aca-
demy at Cheshire, Conn., and in Washington
college, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He
settled in practice in Essex, Conn.; was married,
Sept. 30, 1845, to Lydia A., daughter of Samuel
and Lydia (Wilson) Ingham, and served as judge
of probate. He was a representative in the Con-
necticut legislature, 1853-54, and in 1856 ; a state
senator, 1858-59 ; judge of the state superior court
1863-73 ; judge of the supreme court of errors,
1873-75 ; a Democratic representative from the
second district in the 44th-47th congresses, 1875-
83, and judge of the state superior court, 1885-92.
He died in Essex, Conn., Jan. 16, 1900.
PHELPS, John Smith, governor of Missouri,
was born in Simsbury, Conn., Dec. 22, 1814 ; son
of Elisha Phelps (q.v.). He was graduated from
Trinity college in 1832 ; studied law with his
father, and practised in Connecticut until 1837,
when he moved to Spring-
field, Mo. He was a member
of the Missouri legislature
in 1840 ; brigade-inspector of
militia in 1841, and Demo-
cratic representative to the
29th-36th congresses, 1845-
1861. During the 35th and
36th congresses respectively, he was chairman of
the committee on ways and means and one of the
select committee of thirty-three on the rebellious
states. He declined election to the 37th congress ;
joined the Federal forces as colonel of U.S. volun-
teers in 1861 ; was made brigadier-general in July,
1862 ; was military governor of Arkansas, 1862-
63 ; delegate to the National Union convention at
Philadelphia, 1866 ; commissioner to settle war
claims in Indiana, 1867 ; unsuccessful Democratic
candidate for governor of Missouri. 1868, and
governor, 1876-82. He died in St. Louis, Mo.,
Nov. 20, 1886.
PHELPS, John Wolcott, soldier, was born in
Guilford, Vt., Nov. 13,1813; son of Judge John
and Lucy (Lovell) Phelps ; grandson of Timothy
Phelps, sheriff of Cumberland county under the
jurisdiction of New York, and a descendant of
William Phelps, Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was
graduated at the U.S. Military academy and
brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 4th artillery, July
1, 1836; was promoted 2d lieutenant, July 28,
1836, and served in the Florida war, 1836-39, and
in the Cherokee nation while removing the In-
dians to the West. He was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, July 7, 1838 ; served on the northern
frontier during the Canada border disturbances,
1839-40, and at various forts in Michigan, 1840-
41 ; at Fort Monroe, Va., and Carlisle barracks,
Pa., 1841^5. In the war with Mexico, 1846-48,
he served in the engagements leading up to the
capture of the city of Mexico, and declined the
brevet rank of captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal-
lantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was a
member of the board that devised a complete
system of instruction for siege, garrison, seacoast
and mountain artillery, 1849-50 ; was promoted
captain, March 31, 1850, and served in Texas,
1851-56, where he broke up a filibustering expe-
dition. He was a member of the artillery board
at Fort Monroe, Va., 1856-57 ; served on frontier
duty in Kansas and on the Utah expedition,
1857-59, and resigned from the service, Nov. 2,
1859. Until the beginning of the civil war he
resided in Brattleboro, Vt.. where he wrote force-
ful articles pointing out the danger of the con-
stantly increasing political influence of the slave
states. He enlisted for the volunteer service and
was appointed colonel of the 1st Vermont volun-
teers, May 2, 1861 ; took possession of and held
Newport News for the defense of Hampton Roads,
Va., May to November, 1861, and was engaged in
several skirmishes. He was promoted brigadier-
general of volunteers, May 17, 1861; served on the
expedition to the Gulf of Mexico, late in 1861,
when he took military possession of Ship Island,
Miss., and with Commodore Farragut's fleet forced
the opening of the lower Mississippi in April and
May, 1862. While in garrison at Camp Parapet,
La., in 1862, he organized the first Negro troops.
He was, however, ordered by the government
commander to cease such organization, and for
that reason resigned, Aug. 21, 1862, but not before
being declared an outlaw by the Confederate
government. He declined the commission of
major-general when the negroes were armed,
and retired to Brattleboro, Vt., where he resided
until 1883, when he was married to Mrs. Anna
B. Davis, and removed to Guilford. He devoted
himself to literary work ; was the candidate for
the American party for president of the United
States in 1880 ; was vice-president of the Vermont
Historical society, 1863-85, and of the Vermont
Teacher's association, 1865-85. He contributed
to current literature ; translated Lucien de la
Hodde's "Cradle of Rebellions" (1864) from the
French, and is the author of : Good Behavior,
PHELPS
PHELPS
text books for schools, adopted in the west (1880);
History of Madagascar 1884) , and The Fables of
Florian (1888). See " Memoir " by C.H. C. Howard
(1887). He died in Guilford, Vt., Feb. 2, 1885.
PHELPS, Philip, clergyman and educator,
was born in Albany, N.Y., July 12, 1826 ; son of
Philip and Hannah (Mascraft) Phelps ; grandson
of John and Catherine (Conine) Phelps and of
John and Jane (Wilson) Mascraft, and a descend-
ant of William Phelps, who emigrated from
Tewkesbury, England, and settled in Dorchester,
Mass. His father was for fifty years deputy comp-
troller of the state of New York. Philip Phelps,
Jr., attended the Boys' Academy of Albany,
N.Y., and was graduated with honor from Union
college, Schenectady, N.Y., A.B., 1844, and from
the New Brunswick, N.J., Theological seminary
in 1849. He was the organizer of the Reformed
church of Hastings-on-the-Hudson, and its
pastor, 1850-59; principal of Holland academy,
Mich., 1859-66; organizer and first president of
Hope college, Holland, Mich., 1866-78 ; founder of
Hope church, and lector in the Theological sem-
inary at Holland. He engaged in literary work,
1879-86, and was pastor of the Reformed churches
of North Blenheim and Breakabeen, Classis of
Schoharie, N.Y., 1886-96. He was married in
1853 to Margaret Anna Jordan, and of his four
children, Frances Few Chrystie married Dr. J. A.
Otte, missionary to Amoy, China, and the Rev.
Philip T. Phelps became pastor of the first Re-
formed Church of Ghent, N.Y. Philip Phelps,
Sr., received the honorary degree of D.D. from
New York university in 1864, and that of LL.D.
from Hope college, Mich., in 1894. He was
elected to the presidency of the general synod of
the Reformed Church of America in 1864, and to
that of the particular synod of 1893. He died in
Albany, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1896.
PHELPS, Samuel Shethar, jurist, was born
in Litchfield, Conn., May 13, 1793; son of Capt.
John and Sally (Shethar) Phelps ; grandson of
Edward and Hannah (Marsh) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, the immigrant,
Windsor, Conn., 1635. He was graduated at
Yale, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and served in the
war of 1812, in the ranks at Burlington and
Plattsbnrg, and afterward as a paymaster ; was
admitted to the bar in 1815, and settled in prac-
tice in Middlebury, Vt. He was a member of
the Vermont legislature, 1821-32 ; of the council
of censors in 1827, and of the governors' council
in 1831. He was judge of the supreme court of
Vermont, 1832-38, a member of the state senate,
1838-51, and was appointed to the U.S. senate in
1853, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
William Upham. He served until March 4, 1854,
but was refused admission at the next session on
account of his intemperate habits. He was a
member of the committees on claims and Indian
affairs, made several notable speeches in condem-
nation of slavery and was a member of the select
committee of thirteen. When the gun exploded
on the frigate Princeton in 1844, Mr. Phelps was
a visitor on board, and narrowly escaped death.
In 1854 he retired to private life, although he
still continued to practise law. He published an
Address on the Council of Censors (1827) ; Speech
on the Tariff Bill (1844) ; Speech on the Oregon
Question (1848). He died in Middlebury, Vt.,
March 25, 1855.
PHELPS, Stephen, pastor and educator, was
born in Lewistown, 111., Feb. 6, 1839; son of
Myron and Adaline (Rice) Phelps, and grandson
of Stephen and Lois Phelps and of Asaph and
Abigail Rice. He was graduated from Jefferson
college, Pa., in 1859 and from the Western Theo-
logical seminary, Allegheny, Pa., in 1862. He
was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Ohio
in 1861 ; ordained by the Presbytery of Missouri
River in 1863 ,• was in Iowa as pastor at Sioux
City, 1862-64 ; Waterloo, 1864-69 ; Janesville,
1869-70 ; Cedar Valley, 1870-71 ; Vinton, 1871-81 ;
president of Coe college, Cedar Rapids, 1881-87,
and pastor at Council Bluffs, 1887-96. He was
also professor of homiletics, pastoral theology
and church government at the Presbyterian
Theological seminary, Omaha, Neb., 1891-1902,
and on June 1, 1902, became pastor of the Pres-
byterian church, Essex, Iowa. He was married
first, June 20, 1862, to Amelia, daughter of Wil-
liam McComb of Lewistown, 111., and secondly,
Dec. 25, 1882, to Sarah Frances, daughter of
William Thompson Miller of Vinton, Iowa. He
received the degree D.D. from Lenox college
and from Washington and Jefferson college in
1882.
PHELPS, Thomas Stowell, naval officer, was
born in Buckfield, Maine. Nov. 2, 1822 ; son of
Stephen and Elizabeth Nixon (Stowell) Phelps ;
grandson of Henry and Lucy (Putnam) Phelps,
and a descendant of George, who came to
America with his brother, William Phelps, in
1630, and settled in Windsor, Conn., in 1635.
Thomas S. Phelps was graduated from the U.S.
Naval academy, passed midshipman, July 11,
1846, and was wrecked in the sloop Boston on
the Island of Eleuthera, West Indies, Nov. 16,
1846. He was attached to the Polk in Mexico
waters, February to April, 1847 ; was mar-
ried, Jan. 25, 1848, to Margaret R., daughter of
Capt. John B. Levy of Virginia ; served on the
U.S. coast survey, and in the Mediterranean
squadron and on the Pacific coast, 1855-56, parti-
cipating in the battle of Seattle, Oregon, Jan. 26,
1856. He was promoted master, March 1, 1855;
lieutenant, Sept. 14, 1855 ; served on the Brazil
squadron and took part in the Paraguay expedi-
PHELPS
tion, 1858-59 ; commanded the steamer Vixen on
the coast survey, 1859-61, and was attached to the
fleet sent for the relief of Fort Suinter in 1861.
He made a survey and chart of the Potomac river
in 1861 ; was transferred to the Corwin for ser-
vice in North Carolina waters in September, 1861;
surveyed Hatteras Inlet, and had several skir-
mishes with Confederate gunboats. He received
the thanks of the secretary of the navy for his
services ; was engaged in surveying Virginia
waters in March, 1862 ; had several engagements
with the Yorktown and Gloucester Point bat-
teries, April, 1862 ; captured five and destroyed
two Confederate vessels, and prevented the de-
struction of White House, Va., May 4, 1862. He
ascended the Matipony river during the battle of
West Point, Va., May 7, 1862 ; made reconnois-
sance charts of the Matipony and Pamimky rivers,
and was promoted lieutenant-commander, July
16, 1862. He made a complete survey of the
Potomac river from July, 1862 to March, 1863 ;
commanded steamer Corn-in in making surveys
in anticipation of naval and military movements,
March, 1863 to December, 1864 ; commanded the
Saiigus, December, 1864. to January, 1865 ; the
Juniata at the capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15,
1865 ; the Lenupee, of the Atlantic coast squad-
ron, March, 1865 to April. 1867, and was promoted
commander, Aug. 5, 1865. He was stationed at
the Mare Island navy yard, Cal., 1867-70; com-
manded the receiving ship Independence, 1870-71 ;
the Saranac of the Northern Pacific station,
1871-73 ; was promoted captain, June 19, 1871,
and commanded the Mare Island navy yard, 1873-
77. He commanded the receiving ship Independ-
ence, 1877-79 ; was promoted commodore, Jan. 13,
1879 ; commanded Mare Island navy yard, 1881-
83 ; South Atlantic station, 1883-84; was promoted
rear-admiral, March 1,1884, and was placed on the
retired list, Nov. 2, 1884. He is the author of
Reminiscences of Washington Territory (1882).
He died in New York city, Jan. 10. 1901.
PHELPS, William Walter, diplomatist, was
born in New York city, Aug. 24, 1839 ; son of
John Jay and Rachel B. (Phinney) Phelps, and a
descendant of William Phelps, Windsor. Conn.,
1635. His father removed from Simsbury, Conn.,
to New York city and became prominent as an
importing merchant and as the organizer and
first president of the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western railroad company. William was grad-
uated at Yale, A. B.. 1860, A. M., 1863, and was
married, July 26, 1860. to Ellen, daughter of Joseph
E. Sheffield of New Haven. Conn. He was grad-
uated at Columbia, LL.B., 1863 ; settled in prac-
tice in New York city, and became counsel for
various banks, trust companies and railroad cor-
porations. Upon the death of his father in 1869,
he devoted himself entirely to the management
of the family estates and other private trusts.
He declined the judgeship of the 6th judicial
district of New York in 1869, removed to Engle-
wood, N.J., and was a Republican representative
from the fifth district in the 43d, 48ch, 49th, and
50th congresses, 1873-
75 and 1883-89. He
was a delegate to the
Republican national
conventions of 1880
and 1884; U.S. minis-
ter to Austria, 1881-
82 ; U. S. minister to
Germany, 1889-93,
and lay judge of the
court of errors and
appeals of New Jer-
sey. He served on
the committee on
foreign affairs for
three successive con-
gresses, and repre-
sented American interests at the International
conference on the Samoan question in Berlin
in 1889. He was a regent of the Smithsonian
Institution ; was influential in securing for the
graduates of Yale a share in the government
of the university ; was a fellow of Yale, 1872-92,
and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
Rutgers in 1889, and from Yale in 1890. He made
gifts to Yale university aggregating $150.000.
He was a prominent member of the leading
clubs in New York city. His published speeches
include : Franking Privileges (1874) ; Sound
Currency (1874) ; Civil Rights Bill (1875) ; Fitz-
John Porter's Case (1884) ; Laskar Resolutions
(1884) ; oration before General Grant and his
cabinet at a Grand Army reunion on The Dangers
• of War at Paterson, N.J. ; The Dangers of Peace,
Decoration Day, Mount Holly, N.J. (1886) ; Tariff,
address before the Agricultural Society of New
Jersey (1884), and one on Congress before the
New England society (1886). He died atTeaneck,
near Englewood, N.J.. June 17, 1894.
PHILIP or POMETACOM, Indian chief, was
born in New England ; son of Massasoit, chief of
the Wampanoags, whose treaty with the colonists
in 1621 was maintained for fifty years. Philip
became chief sachem in 1662. two years after his
father's death, and was apparently friendly with
the English for many years, although he always
opposed Christianity, especially the work of John
Eliot, and his example largely influenced his
warriors. Many of his tribe became impatient
at the frequent demands of the colonists for the
purchase of lands, and the consequnt frequent
quarrels made King Philip apprehensive for his
own safety. In 1671 be was summoned with his
warriors to answer to the charge of secret plot-
PHILIP
PHILIP
ting against the colonists, and in the interview
he alleged that his preparations were designed as
a defense against the Narragansetts and not
against the white settlers. He then signed an
agreement to keep peace, but refused to surren-
der his arms, whereupon he was summoned to
Boston, and signed articles of submission and
deposited £100 as a bond of indemnity. After
three years of peace the discovery of the murder
of Sassamon, an Indian spy and convert, was the
signal for war. In the meantime a defensive al-
liance of all the New England tribes against the
English had been planned, and the result was the
banding of a force of nearly 10,000 warriors.
King Philip's principal village was at Mt. Hope,
E.I., and there in 1675 he began his preparations
for war, first sending the women and children of
his people to the Narragansetts for protection.
The first attack by the Indians was made at Swan-
sea, June 24, 1675, while the colonists were keep-
ing a day of fasting. Volunteers hurried to the
town from all parts of Massachusetts and on
June 29, Philip and his men took refuge with the
Nipmucks. In July the whites secured a treaty
of peace with Canochet, chief of the Narragan-
setts, but in the meantime, King Philip with
about 1500 braves visited the various tribes and
incited them to a general war. He then marched
against the settlers in the valley of the Connecti-
cut, spreading destruction from Springfield,
Mass., north to the Vermont line. Brookfield and
Deerfield were burned and Hadley surprised, but
there the Indians were checked and repelled by
the villagers. It was soon learned by the colon-
ists that the Narragansetts sheltered the
W.uupanoags, and in December, 1675, an attack
was made 011 their stronghold, the site of the
future city of Kingston. Canochet, who escaped,
was recaptured and killed ; 600 warriors and 1000
women and children were put to death, and their
wigwams and provisions burned. The Indians
retaliated in the spring of 1076 by laying waste
Weymouth, Groton, Medfield, Lancaster and
ilarlborough, Mass., and Warwick and Pro-
vUence, R.I. Philip's cause, however, soon
•waned, and several tribes stopped fighting, while
those who were neutral joined the side of the
colonists. The government set a price of thirty
shillings per head on every Indian killed in battle,
and many captured Indian women and children,
including Philip's wife and son, were sold as
slaves. In 1676 Capt. Benjamin Church organ-
ized an expedition to destroy Philip and his
warriors. After being pursued from one place
to another, overtures of peace were made which
King Philip declined, and soon after Alderman,
a former member of his band, led a large
company of whites into his camp near Mount
Hope at midnight on Aug. 12, 1676, and Philip
VIII. — 20
was shot dead while trying to escape. His head
was cut off by Church and was exposed in Ply-
mouth on a gibbet for twenty years. In con-
formity with the law of the colonies in dealing
with traitors his body was drawn and quartered on
a day set aside for public thanksgiving. See Ben-
jamin Church's "Entertaining History of King
Philip's War " (1716), with additions by Samuel
Drake (1858); "Philip of Pokanoket" in Irv-
ing's" Sketch Book," and "Mount Hope" by
Gideon H. Hollister (1851). He died near Mount
Hope, R.I., Aug. 13, 1676.
PHILIP, John Woodward, naval officer, was
born in New York city, Aug. 26, 1840. He was
graduated at the U.S. Naval academy, Jan. 1,
1861, served in the Constitution and the Santee,
and was promoted acting master, June 1, 1861,
and ordered to the
Mai-ion of the Gulf
blockading squadron.
He served on the
Sonoma of the James
river fleet in 1862 ;
•was promoted lieu-
tenant, July 16, 1862,
and was executive
officer of the Cliip-
pewa, the Paimee,
and monitor Mon-
tauk of the South
Atlantic blockading
squadron during the
siege of Charles-
ton, S.C., and was
wounded in the leg at Stono River. He served
as executive officer of the Wachusett of the
Asiatic squadron, 1865-67 ; was promoted lieuten-
ant-commander, July 25, 1866 ; was executive of
the flagship Hartford of the Asiatic squadron,
1867-68 and 1872-73 ; of the Richmond, European
squadron, 1868-71, and commanded the Monocacy,
1873-74. He was promoted commander, Dec. 18,
1874 ; commanded one of the Pacific mail steam-
ships, on leave of absence, 1874-76 ; the Adams,
1876-77 ; commanded Woodruff's scientific expe-
dition around the world, April to December,
1877 ; commanded the Tusearora, 1877-80, and
the Ranger, 1880-83. He engaged in the survey
of the west coast of Mexico and Central America,
and as lighthouse inspector of the twelfth dis-
trict, 1884-87 ; commanded the U.S. receiving
ship Independence at Mare Island Navy yard, Cal.,
1887-90,and was promoted captain, March 31, 1889.
He commanded the Atlanta, 1890-91, served as
general inspector of the construction of the New
York in 1892, and commanded her when ready
for service until 1894. He commanded the U.S.
Navy yard at Boston, Mass., 1894-97, the Texas
of the North Atlantic squadron, 1897-98, and
PHILIPS
PHILIPSE
under Admiral Sampson in Cuban waters during
the Spanish American war, being conspicuous in
the naval battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898. He
was promoted commodore, Aug. 10, 1898 ; com-
manded the North Atlantic squadron on the flag-
ship New York, September, 1898, to January, 1899,
and the Brooklyn navy yard from 1899 until his
death. He was promoted rear admiral, March 3,
1899. On Feb. 4, 1899, he was presented by
Governor Roosevelt, in behalf of several New
York friends, with a handsome sword in com-
memoration of his services in the destruction of
Cervera's fleet off Santiago. He was conspicuous
for his interest in religious matters and in the
work of the Y.M.C.A., and his request to his
crew not to cheer, when the Spanish sailors were
dying all around them, indicates his character. He
died in Brooklyn. N. Y., June 30, 1900.
PHILIPS, George Morris, educator, was born
in Atglen, Pa., Oct. 28, 1851 ; son of John Morris
and Sarah (Jones) Philips ; grandson of George
and Elizabeth (Morris) Philips and of Thomas and
Eliza (Todd) Jones, and a descendant of Joseph
Philips and of Griffith John Jones of Pembroke-
shire, Wales, who emigrated to Chester Co., Pa.,
in 1755 and 1712 respectively. He was graduated
from Bucknell university, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874 ;
was professor of mathematics at Monongahela
college, 1871-73; professor of higher mathematics
at the Pennsylvania State Normal school, West
Chester, 1873-78 ; professor of mathematics and
astronomy at Bucknell university, 1878-81, and
principal of the Pennsylvania State Normal
school from 1881. He was elected president of
the Chester County Historical society ; member
of the Sons of the Revolution ; president of the
Pennsylvania State Teachers' association, 1891 ;
vice-president of the National Educational asso-
ciation, 1894, and trustee of Bucknell university,
of which he was elected president in 1888, and
was also appointed state superintendent of public
instruction of Pennsylvania, but declined both
offices. He was made a member of the college
and university council of Pennsylvania and
director and vice-president of the local banks.
He received the degree of Ph. D. from Bucknell
in 1884. His published works include: Astronomy
(with Isaac Sharpless, 1882); Natural Philosophy
(1883); Key to Philosophy (with C. C. Balderson,
1884); Civil Government of Pennsylvania (1893);
Geography of Pennsylvania (1895).
PHILIPS, John Fines, jurist, was born in
Thrall's Prairie, Boone county, Mo., Dec. 31, 1834 ;
son of John G. and Mary (Copeland) Philips;
grandson of John and Mary Philips and of John
and .Sarah Copeland, and of Scotch-Irish descent.
He attended the University of Missouri, 1851-53 ;
was graduated at Centre college, Ky., 1855 ;
studied law at Fayette, Mo.; was married, May 14,
1857, to Fleecie Batterton of Danville, and prac-
tised law in Georgetown, 1857-61; Sedalia, 1865-82,
and Kansas City, Mo., 1882-83. He was a member
of the state constitutional convention of 1861 ;
served as colonel of the 7th Missouri cavalry^ in
the U.S. Volunteer army, 1861-65. and was
brevetted brigadier-general in the state militia.
He was a delegate to the Democratic national
convention of 1868, a representative from the
seventh Missouri district in the 44th and 46th
congresses, 1875-77 and 1880-81 ; commissioner
to the Pan Presbyterian convention, Edinburgh,
Scotland, 1877 ; commissioner of the supreme
court of Missouri, 1883-85 ; presiding judge of
the Kansas City court of appeals, 1885-88, and
U.S district judge for the western district of
Missouri from June 25, 1888. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Centre college,
Kentucky, in 1888, and from Central college,
Fayette, Mo., and the University of Missouri,
Columbia, Mo., in 1890.
PHILIPSE, Frederick, last lord of Philipse
Manor, was born in New York city in 1746 ; son
of Frederick Philipse (1690-1751), and great-
grandson of Frederick Philipse (1626-1702), first
lord of the manor of Philipsborough, West-
chester county, N.Y., who built the first manor
house, Castle Philipse and Philipse church, Sleepy
Hollow, N.Y., and married, first, the widow
of Peter Rudolphus De Vries, and the owner of
considerable property, and secondly in 1690, Cath-
erine, daughter of Oloff I. Van Cortland. Fred-
erick, the last lord of the manor, was graduated
at King's (afterward Columbia) college in 1773,
in the class with Beverley Robinson (q.v.), who
married his sister Susanna. He was captain of
dragoons in the British army ; a member of the
assembly of the colony of New York, and the last
lord of the manor of Philipseborough. He was
anxious to maintain his friendship for the mother
country without offending the patriots, among
whom he had many friends, but early in the Revo-
lution his sympathies for the crown became more
marked and his property was confiscated, and
he was proscribed and banished by the Conti-
nental congress. His sister Mary married Col.
Roger Morris of the British army, in 1758, and
before this marriage, while a guest at the home
of her brother-in-law, Beverly Robinson, in New
York city, met Col. George Washington, whose
suit she was said to have declined, although
Washington's private papers disprove the claim.
Colonel Morris built for his bride the mansion on
the heights north of New York city, which became
Washington's headquarters, and subsequently the
home of Madam Jumel, the second wife of Aaron
Burr. Colonel Philipse was a governor of King's
college subsequently to 1780. He died in Eng-
land in 1785.
PHILLEO
PHILLIPS
PHILLEO, Prudence Crandall, educator, was
born in Hopkinton, R.I., Sept. 3, 1803. She was
educated in the Friends school, Providence, R.I.,
engaged in teaching and in 1833 opened a select
boarding school for girls in Canterbury, Conn.,
which was patronized by the leading families of
the town. Through the admission of a colored
student, Sarah Harris, in 1833, her former patrons
withdrew their children. After consulting with
William Lloyd Garrison, she decided to conduct
her school entirely for the education of the
Negro, and it was so advertised in the Liberator
of March 2, 1833. Town meetings were held
denouncing Miss Crandall ; the grocer and the
provision dealer refused to sell food to the school,
and the pupils were assailed and insulted in the
streets. On May 24, 1833, a state law was passed
forbidding any person establishing a school for
the education of colored people without the
written permit of the selectmen. She was arrest-
ed and imprisoned in June, and in August and
October was tried and convicted at the Wmdham
county court. The supreme court of errors
reversed the judgment on a technicality in July,
1834. The townspeople then sacked and burned
her house, and she reluctantly abandoned the
beginning of higher education for colored people
in New England, and shortly afterward married
the Rev. Calvin Philleo, a Baptist clergyman,
who died in 1876. She spent the remainder of
her life in New York, Illinois and Kansas. Her
portrait, painted by Francis Alexander for the
American Anti-Slavery society in 1838, was
presented to Cornell university by S. J.May. See
" Prudence Crandall" by John C. Kimball (1886).
She died in Elks Falls. Kan., Jan. 28, 1890.
PHILLIPPS, Adelaide, singer, was born in
Stratford-on-Avon, England, Oct. 26, 1833. She
removed to Canada with her parents in 1840, and
they subsequently settled in Boston, Mass. She
made her first public appearance in " Old and
Young " at the Treniont theatre in January, 1842,
where she sang, danced, and represented five
characters. She was connected with the stock
company of the Boston Museum, 1843-51, mean-
time cultivating her voice under Madame
Arnoult, who advised her to study for the Italian
opera. She sang before Jenny Lind in 1850, who
also advised her to go to Europe, recommended
her to the care of Emanuel Garcia, her own
teacher, and gave her §1000 towards her tuition.
Jonas Chickering of Boston came to her finan-
cial aid, and in March, 1852, she became the pupil
of Garcia. She continued her studies in Italy
under Signor Profondo, and made her debut at
Brescia, in Lombardy,as Arsacein "Semiramide"
in the same year. She sang in Milan and Rovereto
with great success, became a favorite with the
Italians, but she was underpaid by the Italian
managers, and returned to the United States in
1855. She made her first American appearance
in Italian opera at Philadelphia, as Arsace, in
1855, and from there went to New York where
sickness compelled her to close her engagement.
She reappeared in 1856, singing Azucena in
" II Trovatore " and Leonoro in "La Favorita,"
and went to Havana, Cuba, where she sang for
three or four seasons. She made her first ap-
pearance before the Boston Handel and Haydn
society, Dec. 30, 1860, in the "Messiah," and a
second time in the "Stabat Mater" in March,
1861. Later in 1861 she made a professional
tour of Europe, winning immediate success.
Returning to the United States she appeared in
the principal cities in opera, oratorio and con-
cert, 1863-81. She was the contralto in the
great Peace Jubilee in Boston in 1869 ; organized
a quartet in 1874 ; the Adelaide Phillipps Opera
company in 1876, and joined the Ideal Opera
company in 1879, to which she was attached
until December, 1881, when she made her last
appearance at Cincinnati. Her health failed
there and in August, 1882, she sailed for Europe,
hoping to restore her health. Her stage name in
Europe was Signorina Fillippi. Her voice was a
contralto with a compass of two and one half
octaves. She died in Carlsbad, Germany, Oct. 3,
1882, and her body is buried at Marshfield, Mass.
PHILLIPS, Charles, educator, was born in
Harlem, N.Y., July 30, 1822 ; son of James (who
came from England in 1818) and Judith (Ver-
meule) Phillips ; grandson of the Rev. Richard
(of Essex county, England) and Susan (Meade)
Phillips, and of Cornelius (of New Jersey) and
Elizabeth (Middagh) Vermeule. He was gradu-
ated from the University of North Carolina, A.B.,
1841 ; A.M., 1844 ; was tutor there, 1844-54 ; pro-
fessor of engineering, 1854-60 ; of mathematics,
1861-68 and 1875-79, and professor emeritus, 1879-
89. He was married, Dec. 8, 1847, to Laura,
daughter of Joel and Mary Battle, of Edgecombe,
N.C. He supplied the Chapel Hill Presb3'terian
church, 1857-68 ; was professor of mathematics
and astronomy in Davidson college, 1868-69, and
of mathematics and engineering, 1869-75. He
received the degree of D.D. from the University
of North Carolina in 1868 and that of LL. D. from
Davidson college in 1876. He died at Columbia,
S.C., May 10, 1889.
PHILLIPS, Henry, author, was born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., Sept. 6, 1838; son of Jonas Altamont
and Frances (Cohen) Phillips ; grandson of
Zeligman and Arabella (Solomons) Phillips and of
Moses and Rachel (Moses) Cohen. He prepared
for college at a Quaker school and at the academy
of Henry D. Gregory (q.v.); was graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1856, A.M.,
1859, and after studying at universities in Europe
PHILLIPS
PHILLIPS
was admitted to the bar in 1859, but devoted
himself to the study of numismatics, archaeology
and philology, becoming recognized as an au-
thority in these branches, winning two gold
medals in Europe. In 1868 he was appointed
U.S. commissioner. He became treasurer of the
Numismatic and Antiquarian society of Philadel-
phia in 1862. and its secretary in 1868 ; a curator
of the American Philosophical society in 1880, a
secretary in 1884, and its librarian from 1885 ;
treasurer of the American Folk-Lore society, and
a member of many societies at home and abroad.
His writings on the paper currency of the
American colonies, and on American Continen-
tal money have been quoted in legal tender
cases by the U.S. supreme court. He was vice-
consul for Belgium at Philadelphia, 1892-95. He
translated : " Poems from the Spanish and Ger-
man" (1878); "Faust" from the German of
Chamisso (1881), and four volumes from the
Spanish, Hungarian and German (1884—87 ). He
is the author of : History of American Colonial
Paper Currency (1865) ; History of American
Continental Paper Money (1866); Pleasures of
Numismatic Science. (1867), and many valuable
papers on philology, archaeology, numismatics
and folk-lore. See Memoir by Albert H. Smyth
(1896). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 6, 1895.
PHILLIPS, John, philanthropist, was born in
Andover, Mass., Dec. 27, 1719 : son of the Rev.
Samuel and Hannah (White) Phillips ; grandson
of Samuel and Mary (Emerson) Phillips, and of
Capt. John White, Haverhill, Mass., and a
descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Norfolk
county, England, who immigrated to Salem,
Mass., in the ship Arbella with Winthrop and
Saltonstall in 1630, and settled in Watertown,
Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1735,
A.M., 1738 ; taught school at Andover, Mass.,
Exeter, N.H., and elsewhere, and afterward
conducted a private Latin school in Exeter. He
fitted for the ministry and was called to the
church in Exeter, but decided instead to engage
in mercantile pursuits, in which he accumulated
a large fortune. He was a justice of the peace,
and a member of the New Hampshire council for
several years ; a justice of the supreme court at
odd times ; founded and endowed the Phillips
professorship of divinity in Dartmouth college in
1782, and was a trustee of Dartmouth, 1773—93.
He founded Phillips academy at Andover, Mass.,
with his brother Samuel, in April, 1778, giving to
it $31,000 besides a third interest in his estate,
and in 1871 founded Phillips academy at Exeter,
N.H., endowing it with $134, 000. He was trustee
of Phillips at Andover, 1778--95, and president of
the board, 1790--95. He contributed liberally to
the College of New Jersey, and received the
degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1777. He was
married first to Sarah, daughter of the Rev.
Mr. Emery, and widow of Nathaniel Gilman, and
secondly to Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. E.
Dennet of Portsmouth, N.H., and widow of Dr.
Hale. He died in Exeter, N.H., April 21, 1795.
PHILLIPS, Morris, journalist, was born in
London, England, May 9, 1834 ; son of Philip and
Rosetta Phillips. He came to America, attended
school in Cleveland, Ohio, until 1853, and finished
his education in New York city, where he entered
the law office of Brown, Hall and Vanderpoel.
Returning to Cleveland he engaged in mercantile
business, but soon after resumed the study of
law in Buffalo. In 1854 he accepted the position
of private secretary to George P. Morris, editor
of the Home Journal, New York city. Upon Mr.
Morris's death in 1864 he became co-editor with
N. P. Willis, and in 1866 sole proprietor of that
periodical. He was married, July 5, 1865, to
Elizabeth Rode of .New York, who died in 1877.
He traveled extensively in both hemispheres, and
is the author of: Abroad and At Home (1893),
and numerous articles in leading periodical pub-
lications.
PHILLIPS, Samuel, philanthropist.was born in
North Andover, Mass., Feb. 7, 1750: son of
Samuel and Elizabeth (Barnard) Phillips, and
grandson of the Rev. Samuel and Hannah (White)
Phillips, and of Theodore Barnard. He was
graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1771, A.M., 1774 ;
was a member of the Provincial congress at
Watertown, Mass., in 1775, and of the state
constitutional convention of 1779 ; a member of
the Massachusetts senate, 1780-1800, and presi-
dent of that body, 1783-1800 ; judge of the court
of common pleas, 1781-98 : a commissioner of
the state in Shays's insm-rection, and lieutenant-
governor of Massachusetts, 1801-02. He pre-
vailed upon his father to divert the property
•'-;•"'"• ''if — ""*'
PHILLIPS MANSE, ANDOVKB.
which would legally fall to him to the found-
ing of Phillips academy at Andover, which he
planned and organized. He also gave it lands,
procured endowments from his relatives and left
$4000 to the town of Andover, to be added to the
fund for maintaining instruction in divinity.
PHILLIPS
PHILLIPS
He was a founder and fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, and received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Dartmouth in 1774,
and that of LL.D. from Harvard in 1793. He
was married, July 6, 1773, to Phebe, daughter of
the Hon. Francis Foxcroft of Cambridge, Mass.,
and after her husband's death she assisted in
founding Andover Theological seminary. Mr.
Phillips died in Andover, Mass., Feb. 10, 1802.
PHILLIPS, Stephen Clarendon, representa-
tive, was born in Salem, Mass., Nov. 4, 1801 ;
son of Capt. Stephen and Dorcas (Woodbridge)
Phillips ; grandson of Stephen and Elizabeth
(Elkins) Phillips, and of Dudley Woodbridge of
Salem, and a descendant of the Rev. George
Phillips, first minister of Watertown, Mass. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1819, A.M.,
1822 ; studied law, but soon abandoned it, and
engaged in business in Salem. He was a repre-
sentative in the Massachusetts legislature, 1824-
30 and 1832-33, a state senator in 1831, and a
Whig representative from the fifth district in
the 23d, 24th and 25th congresses, being elected
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Rufus Choate from the 23d congress in 1834,
and resigning from the 25th congress in 1838.
He was the second mayor of Salein, 1838-42, a
Harrison presidential elector in 1841 ; was defeated
as the Free-soil candidate for governor of
Massachusetts in 1848 and 1849, and engaged in
the lumber business in Canada, 1849-57. He was
an overseer at Harvard, 1846-54, and a member
of the state board of education. He was
married to Jane Appleton, daughter of Willard
Peele of Salem, Mass., and secondly, Sept. 3,
1838, to Margaret Mason, sister of his deceased
wife. He perished in the burning of the steamer
Montreal, St. Lawrence river, June 26, 1857.
PHILLIPS, Wendell, abolitionist, was born in
Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811 ; eighth child of
John and Sally (Walley) Phillips; grandson of
William (1737-1772) and Margaret (Wendell)
Phillips, and of Thomas Walley ; great-grandson
of John (1701-68) and Mary (Buttolph) Phillips,
and of Jacob Wendell ; great2-grandson of Samuel
Phillips of Salem and of Nicholas Buttolph of
Boston ; great3-grandson of the Rev. Samuel
(1625-1696) and Sarah (Appleton) Phillips, and
greaf-grandson of the Rev. George Phillips
(1593-1644), who with his wife and two children,
left Boxted, Essex county, England, embarked
on the Arbella, April 12, 1630, and arrived in
Salem, Massachusetts Bay colony, June 12,
1630. Wendell Phillips attended the Boston
Latin school, 1822-26, and was graduated from
Harvard in 1831. While in college he was pres-
ident of the Hasty Pudding club and of the
Gentlemen's club, and had so little interest in
reform that he defeated the first proposition to
establish a temperance society at Harvard. He
showed no taste for oratory, but was fond of
debate. He was graduated from the law depart-
ment of Harvard university in 1834, and was
admitted to practice
at the Suffolk bar.
He continued his law
studies in the office of
Thomas Hopkinson,
Lowell, Mass., and
established himself
in practice in Boston.
He took no part in
the early antislavery
movement, but upon
the imprisonment and
subsequent outrage
upon the person of
William Lloyd Gar-
rison, Oct. 21, 1835,
he cast in his lot
with the antislavery party. He was married
in October, 1837, to Ann Terry, daughter of
Benjamin Green. She was deeply interested
in the antislavery movement, and was largely
instrumental in converting him to the cause.
On Dec. 8, 1837, at a meeting held in Faneuil
Hall for the purpose of giving expression to
the horror felt by a number of persons headed
by Dr. William Ellery Channing, at the murder
of the Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, Phillips made his
debut as an orator, in an impromptu reply to the
scurrilous utterances of Attorney-General James
T. Austin. He was one of the first to take part in
the movement for a lyceum-lecture system, and
in 1836 he delivered his first lecture. This was
followed by several others, including one on " The
Lost Arts " 1838, which was probably one of the
most popular lectures ever delivered in America.
He was one of the lecturers who succeeded in
breaking down the old rule of refusing negroes
admittance to the lyceum lectures. He delivered
his first antislavery lecture at Lynn, Mass., and
in 1838 delivered a Fourth of July oration at
Lynn. He advocated the rights of women as
co-equal with men, and was a delegate to the
world's antislavery convention held at London,
England, June 12, 1840, where he earnestly spoke
on the eligibility of women as delegates. His
advice was out-voted, however, and the women
were excluded. He traveled in Europe, visiting
France, Italy and Great Britain, and returned
to Boston. July 12, 1841. He was foremost in
opposing the slave measures of 1841-50. The fugi-
tive-slave act was passed in October, 1850, and a
meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston, for the
denunciation of the law, at which Phillips was
one of the speakers. Instant repeal of the act
was demanded and a vigilance committee of
PHILLIPS
PHILLIPS
fifty was appointed to protect the colored people
from the new danger. In 1853 he addressed the
antislavery woman's rights and temperance
conventions held in New York city. Upon the
election of President Lincoln and the outbreak
of the civil war, Phillips favored the commence-
ment of hostilities and delivered an address to
that end in Boston Music Hall. On Sept. 23,
1862, the President issued his proclamation of
freedom to the slaves, to take effect Jan. 1, 1863,
and the Negro was allowed to enlist as a soldier.
Phillips was one of the first to favor the enlist-
ment of colored regiments in Massachusetts,
and authority was obtained, Jan. 26, 1863. On
March 11-12, 1863, Phillips delivered his panegyric
on Toussaint L'Ouverture in New York and
Brooklyn, and on July 4, 1863, he delivered an
address at the mass-meeting of the Friends of
Freedom at Framingham, Mass., which was
perhaps the most remarkable speech delivered
by him during the war. He also spoke on " The
Amnesty " at the Cooper Institute, N.Y., Dec. 22,
1863. Upon the re-nomination of President Lin-
coln in 1864, Mr. Phillips opposed, while William
Lloyd Garrison favored, his election. This led to
a controversy, as Garrison held that as slavery
had been abolished, the Antislavery society
should be abolished. Phillips, however, contended
that it should not be discontinued until the Negro
had gained his ballot. He succeeded Garrison as
president of the society in 1865, and continued in
office until 1870. He was an advocate of tem-
perance, an upholder of trades unions, and
was in favor of a greenback system of finance.
He was nominated for governor of Massachusetts
by the Labor Reform convention held at Worces-
ter, Sept. 8, 1870. He supported General Butler for
governor on a joint Republican and Labor plat-
form, and in the presidential canvass of 1872 he
supported General Grant and his southern policy.
In 1878 an unsuccessful effort was made to induce
Phillips to accept the nomination for governor on
the Republican ticket. He delivered addresses
on : " Capital Punishment," April 29, 1866 ; " The
Meaning of the War," July 4, 1866 ; " The Perils
of the Hour," 1866; "The New Constitutional
Amendment," Jan. 24, 1867 ; " General Grant,"
Nov. 18, 1867; "The Political Situation," Jan.
29, 1869 ; " Sir Henry Vane " in May, 1877 ;
" Trades Unions" in April, 1869 ; " A Review of
Dr. Howard Crosby's Anti-total-abstinence dis-
course," Jan. 24,1881; "The Crisis in Irish Affairs,"
in February, 1881, and " The Scholar in a Repub-
lic," delivered at the centennial anniversary
of the Phi Beta Kappa of Harvard college, June
30, 1881. His last address was delivered on the
unveiling exercises of the statue of Harriet
Martineau, at the Old South Meeting House. Dec.
26,1883. He is the author of : TIte Constitution,
a Pro-Slavery Contract (1840); Review of Daniel
Webster's 7th of March Speech (1850), and a col-
lection of speeches, letters and lectures, revised
by himself (1863). By vote of the legislature
and city government his body was laid in state
at Faneuil Hall, where it was viewed by a large
number of citizens. His name in "Class A,
Authors and Editors," received nineteen votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer-
ican, New York university, October, 1900. He
died in Boston, Mass., Feb. 2, 1884.
PHILLIPS, Willard, editor and author, was
born in Bridgewater, Mass., Dec. 19, 1784; son
of Joseph Phillips, grandson of Thomas and
Mary (Hatch) Phillips, and a descendant of the
Rev. George Phillips, first minister of Water-
town, Mass. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B.,
1810, A.M., 1813 ; was tutor there, 1811-15 ; prac-
tised law in Boston, Mass., 1818-45 ; was a repre-
sentative in the general court, 1825-26 ; judge of
probate for Suffolk county, 1839-47, and president
of the New England Mutual life insurance com-
pany, 1843-73. He received the degree LL.D.
from Harvard in 1853, and was a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He
was connected editorially with the General Re-
pository and Review; the North American Re-
view ; the American Jurist ; the first and second
American editions of Collyer's Law of Partner-
ship (1834-'9), and the first eight volumes of
Pickering's Reports (1824) ; and is the author of:
Treatise on the Law of Insurance (1823): Manual
of Political Economy (1828); The Law of Patents
for Inventions, including the Remedies and Legal
Proceedings in Relation to Patent Rights (1837);
The Inventor's Guide (1837), and Protection and
Free Trade (1850). He died in Cambridge, Mass.,
Sept. 9, 1873.
PHILLIPS, William Addison, representative,
was born in Paisley, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1824. He
was educated in the schools of Paisley, and in
1839 came to the United States with his parents
and settled in Randolph county, 111. He engaged
in farming, 1839-45, edited the Herald at Chester,
111., and also acted as a correspondent of the
New York Tribune, 1845-55. He was admitted
to the bar in 1855, and settled in practice in
Kansas, where he continued his contributions to
the Tribune, and became active in the history of
the free state movement. He was first justice
of the supreme court under the Leavenworth
constitution, and in 1858 founded the city of
Salina, Kan. He raised some of the first troops
in Kansas in 1861, and entered the army as
major of volunteers. He was afterward pro-
moted colonel, and served as commander of the
famous Cherokee Indian regiment ; organized
the Indian brigade, and commanded a division
made up of Indians from Kansas, Arkansas, Illi-
PHILLIPS
PHYSICK
nois, Wisconsin and Colorado, under General
Schofleld, and served on the frontier during the
war. He was wounded in battle three times.
He refused a nomination for governor of Kansas
and an offer of $10,000 a year as a correspondent
of the New York Tribune with the Army of the
Potomac, and in 1865 represented Salina in the
Kansas legislature. He served as attorney of
the Cherokee Indians at Washington, D.C., and
was a Republican representative from the first
Kansas district in the 43d, 44th and 45th con-
gresses, 1873-79. He was president of the Kansas
Historical society, contributed to periodicals, and
is the author of Labor, Land and Law (1886).
He died at Fort Gibson, I.T., Nov. 30. 1893.
PHILLIPS, William Fowke Ravenel, clima-
tologist, was born in Bedford county, Va., July
13, 1863 ; son of Dinwiddie Brazier and Nannie
(Walden) Phillips ; grandson of William Fowke
Phillips, and a descendant of Colonel William
Phillips of the Revolutionary army. He re-
ceived his school training at Chatham, Va., and
was graduated at Columbian university, M.D. ,
1890, and was professor of hygiene there, 1891-92,
and after 1895 ; also demonstrator of anatomy.
He became medical climatologist of the U.S.
weather bureau in 1895, and was also placed in
charge of the library of the bureau in 1898. He
is the author of articles on medical climatology,
and was elected a member of the Philosophical
Society Of Washington, the National Geographic
society, the American Climatological association,
and its vice-president, 1901-02, and was editor of
Climate and Health (1896-97).
PHOENIX, Jonas Phillips, representative, was
born in Morristown, N.J., Jan. 14, 1788; son of
Maj. Daniel and Anna Lewis (Phillips) Phoenix,
grandson of Alexander and Cornelia Phoenix ;
and of Jonas and Anna (Lewis) Phillips, and a
descendant of Alexander and Abigail (Sewall)
Phoenix. Alexander Phoenix emigrated from
England to New Amsterdam in 1640, and re-
moved to Rhode Island in 1652. Jonas Phillips
Phoenix attended the public schools and early
engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York
city, where he became a prominent merchant.
He was married, April 5, 1810, to Mary, daughter
of Stephen and Harriet (Suydam) Whitney of New
York. He was a member of the board of alder-
men, 1838-39 ; a presidential elector on the Harri-
son and Tyler ticket in 1840, and a Whig repre-
sentative from the third district in the 28th and
31st congresses, 1843-45 and 1849-51. He was
an unsuccessful candidate for mayor of New
York in 1840, 1842 and 1847 ; a member of the
state assembly in 1848 ; one of the commissioners
of the Croton aqueduct in 1842, and one of the
governors of the New York almshouse in 1849.
He died in New York city, May 4, 1859.
PHOENIX, Stephen Whitney, antiquarian,
was born in New York city, May 25, 1839 ; son
of the Hon. Jonas Phillips and Mary (Whitney)
Phoenix. He was graduated at Columbia, A.B. ,
1859, A.M., 1862, and LL.B., 1863. He then
studied and traveled abroad, and on his return
to New York city, devoted himself to antiquarian
and genealogical research. The epitaphs on the
tombstones in Trinity churchyard, New York
city, and the records of births, baptisms,
marriages and deaths of the Reformed Dutch
and Presbyterian churches in New York, were
copied at his expense for preservation, and
printed in the New York Genealogical and Bio-
graphical Record. He also collected and pre-
served portraits of old New Yorkers, many of
which were engraved, as well as nearly 3,000
prints relating to New Amsterdam and old New
York, which are owned by Columbia university.
He left his herbarium to the American Museum
of Natural History in New York ; his genealogical
works and $15,000 to the New York Historical
society, the income to be invested in books on
heraldry and genealogy ; his pictures, curiosities,
and coins to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
and his library of books, to be known as the
Phoenix collection, to Columbia university, with
$500,000 for use in the school of mines. He is
the author of : Tlie Descendants of John Plioenix
(1867) ; Tlie Whitney Family of Connecticut
(3 vols., 1878); Tlie Family of Alexander Phoenix
(MS.). He died in New York city, Nov. 3, 1881.
PHYSICK, Philip Syng, surgeon, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1769 ; son of Edmund
and Abigail (Syng) Physick. His father was
receiver-general and keeper of the great seal of
Pennsylvania, and became agent of the Penn
estates after the Revolutionary war. Philip Syng
Physick was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and studied
medicine under Dr. Adam Kuhn in Philadelphia,
and under Dr. John Hunter in London. He was
appointed house-surgeon of St. George's hospital,
Jan. 1, 1790, and received his license to practice
from the Royal College of Surgeons, London, in
1791. He was graduated from the University of
Edinburgh, M.D., 1792, and returning to the Uni-
ted States, September, 1793, established himself
in Philadelphia. He married Elizabeth Emlen.
He was attending physician at the hospital at
Bush hill during the yellow fever epidemic of
1793, and was elected one of the surgeons of the
Pennsylvania hospital in 1794, in recognition of
his services. He continued his labors during the
second breaking out of the yellow fever epidemic
in 1798. He lectured on surgery in the medical
department of the University of Pennsylvania
in 1800 ; was professor of surgery in the univer-
sity, 1805-19 ; professor of anatomy, 1819-31, and
PIATT
PIATT
professor emeritus, 1831-35. He was surgeon ex-
traordinary of the alnishouse infirmary, 1801-16 ;
was elected consulting surgeon to the Institute
for the Blind in 1822 ; president of the Phreno-
logical society of Philadelphia in 1822, and presi-
dent of the Philadelphia Medical society in 1824.
He was a member of the American Philosophical
society ; of the Royal Academy of Medicine of
France, and an honorary fellow of the Royal
Academy of Medicine and Chirurgy of London.
He introduced numerous valuable surgical instru-
ments and improved modifications of others, and
by the number and success of his operations,
became the " father of American surgery."
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1768.
PIATT, Abram Sanders, soldier, was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 2, 1821 ; son of Benjamin
M. and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt ; grandson of
Capt. Jacob and Hannah Cook (McCullough) Piatt,
and great-grandson of John and Frances (Van
Vleet) Wycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N.J. He
was a student at the Athenaeum and at Kinmont
academy in Cincinnati, and engaged in farming
in the Macacheek valley. He began the study of
law in 1846, and founded, and for several years
edited, the JIacacheek Press. He enlisted in the
volunteer army early in 1861, was appointed
colonel of the 13th Ohio infantry, April 30, 1861,
and raised in July, 1861, the first Zouave regi-
ment in Ohio, which became the 34th Ohio in-
fantry, and of which he was made colonel. He
continued to recruit with permission from the
state authorities, and organized another regi-
ment, known as the 54th, with the intention of
forming a brigade, but was ordered to join
General Rosecraus in West Virginia. He engaged
in various skirmishes with the enemy on the
march, and in March, 1862, returned home on
sick leave. He was appointed brigadier-general
of volunteers, Feb. 22, 1862, and on his return
commanded a brigade under General Schenck in
the army of the Shenandoah. He commanded
the post at Winchester, Va., for a short time,
and in July, 1862, was assigned to a brigade in
the reserve corps of Gen. S. D. Sturgis, Army of
Virginia, and was attached to the 5th corps, Aug.
27-31, in the second battle of Bull Run. He also
took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, in com-
mand of the 1st brigade, 3rd division, 3rd corps.
He resigned from the service in April, 1863, and
resumed farming. He became a member of the
National (Greenback-Labor) party, and was its
candidate for governor, Oct. 14, 1879. He was a
member of the Patrons of Husbandry, serving
for two years as its state lecturer, and contributed
poems to his own publication and to the Cincin-
nati Commercial. In 1903 he was living at his
home Mac-a-cheek, near West Liberty, Ohio, and
devoting his time to agriculture.
PIATT, Donn, journalist, was born in Cincin-
nati, Ohio, June 29, 1819 ; son of Benjamin M.
and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt. He attended the
Athenaeum school in Cincinnati for three years
studied law under his father, and in the office
of his brother, Jacob
Wycoff Piatt, and his
brother-in-law, N. C.
Read, and was ad-
mitted to the bar,
settling in practice
in Cincinnati. In
1840 he became editor
of the Democratic
Club, published at
West Liberty, and
afterward at Mac-a-
cheek, the family
home. He was mar-
ried in August, 1847,
to Louise, daughter
of Timothy Kirby of
Cincinnati, Ohio. While in Europe she con-
tributed letters to the Home Journal, which
were published in book form, as Bell Smith
Abroad (1855). He was married, secondly, in
July, 1866, to Ella, sister of his deceased wife.
He was judge of the court of common pleas of
Hamilton county, 1852-53 ; secretary of the U.S.
legation at Paris, 1854-55, and charge d'affaires
from December, 1854, to October, 1855, when he
resigned. He was a speaker in the Fremont
and Dayton campaign in 1856, and in 1860, with
Robert C. Schenck, canvassed southern Illinois
for Lincoln and Hamlin. He volunteered as a
private early in 1861, raised a company, and in
June, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general
and chief-of-staff of General Robert C. Schenck,
serving with him in the battles of Vienna, Va.,
June 17, and at Bull Run, July 21. He also
served under Rosecrans in western Virginia and
in the Shenandoah valley, in opposing General
T. J. Jackson, and in the relief of Milroy at
McDowell. He was made assistant inspector-
general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
when Schenck was given command of a divi-
sion by Fremont, and was chief-of-staff with the
rank of colonel, when Schenck commanded the
8th corps and the middle department at Balti-
more, Md., September, 1862. During the absence
of his chief, Piatt ordered General Birney to
recruit a negro brigade in Maryland, which order
aroused the indignation of President Lincoln,
who threatened to dismiss him from the array
in disgrace. He was judge advocate of the com-
mission that investigated the military conduct
of Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and favored Buell's
acquittal ; was sent to Winchester to observe
the situation in June, 1863, and ordered General
PIATT
PICARD
Milroy to evacuate the place and fall back on
Harper's Ferry. This order was countermanded
by General Halleck, and resulted in Milroy's
escape three days after, with a loss of 2,300 men.
He was a representative in the Ohio legislature,
1865-66 ; Washington correspondent of the Cin-
cinnati Commercial, 1868-71 ; established and
edited, with George Alfred Townsend, the
Capital at Washington, D.C., 1871-73, and was
its editor-in-chief, 1872-80. He was arrested in
1876. by order of President Grant, on the charge
of inciting the people through his paper to rebel-
lion, insurrection and riot. He retired to his
estate Mac-a-cheek, Ohio, in 1880, and devoted
himself to literary work. He edited Belford's
Magazine, New York, 1888-89. The University
of Notre Dame, Indiana, conferred upon him the
degree LL.D. in 1882. He is the author of
several plays, including Lost and Won ; A. Hunt
for an Heiress; Jane Shore, a King's Love;
Emotional Insanity, and of Keno, a comic opera ;
Memoirs of the Men who Saved the Union
(1887), and The Rev. Melancthon Poundex, a
novel (1889). He was engaged with General
Henry M. Cist (q.v.) in preparing a life of
General George H. Thomas, at the time of his
death. See " Work and Ways of Donn Piatt," by
diaries Grant Miller (1893) . He died at his home
Mac-a-cheek, in central Ohio, Nov. 12, 1891.
PIATT, John James, poet, was born at James's
Mills, now Milton, Ind., March 1, 1835; son of
John Bear and Emily (Scott) Piatt ; grandson of
James and Rachel (Bear) Piatt, and of John and
Catharine (Gray) Scott ; great-grandson of Capt.
William Piatt, of the Revolutionary army, and
great'2-grandson of John and Frances (Van Vleet)
Wycoff Piatt of Six Mile Run, N. J. He learned
the printer's trade in the office of the Ohio State
Jiitirnal, published by his uncle, Charles Scott,
an 1 subsequently attended the high school, Capi-
tal university at Columbus, and Kenyon college.
He removed to Illinois with his parents in 1856,
lived for some time on a farm, and wrote
verses which were published in the Louisville
Journal. In 1859 he became confidential secretary
to George D. Prentice, editor of the Journal,
and a member of its editorial staff. He was a
clerk in the U.S. treasury department at Wash-
ington, D.C., 1861-67 ; served on the staff of
the Cincinnati, Ohio, Chronicle, 1868-69, and
as literary editor and correspondent of the Cin-
cinnati Commercial, 1869-78. He was assistant
clerk of the U.S. house of representatives in
1870, and its librarian, 1871-75 ; U.S. consul at
Cork, 1882-93, and at Dublin, April to September,
1893, when he returned to the United States,
owing to a change in the administration, and
devoted himself to literary work. He was married,
June 18, 1861, to Sarah Morgan Bryan of
Kentucky. He contributed to the Atlantic
Monthly and other magazines, and is the author
of : Poems of Two Friends (with William Dean
Howells, 1860); Tlie Nests at Washington and
Other Poems (with Mrs. Piatt, 1864); Poems in
Sunshine and Firelight (1866); Western Windows
and Other Poems (1869); Landmarks and Other
Poems (1871); Poems of House and Home (1878);
Pencilled Fly Leaves: A Book of Essays in Town
and Country (1880); The Union of American
Poetry and Art (1880-81); Idylls and Lyrics of the
Ohio Valley (1881); Tlie Children of Out-of -Doors:
A Book of Verses by Two in One House (with
Mrs. Piatt, 1884) ; At the Holy Well : a Handful of
New Verses (1887);^! Return to Paradise (rev. ed.
of Pencilled Fly Leaves, London, 1890) ; Little
New World Idylls and Other Poems (1893) ; Tlie
Ohost's Entry and Other Poems (1895): Odes in
Ohio and Other Poems (1897). He also edited
and published Tlie Hesperian Tree, an Annual of
the Ohio Valley (1900 and 1903).
PIATT, Sarah Morgan (Bryan), poet, was
born near Lexington, Ky., Aug. 11, 1836;
daughter of Talbot Nelson and Mary Anne
(Spiers) Bryan ; grand-daughter of Morgan and
Mildred (Simpson) Bryan, and of William and
Mary (Simpson) Spiers. Morgan Bryan emigrated
from North Carolina to Kentucky with Daniel
Boone, whose wife was Rebecca Bryan, and set-
tled at Bryan's Station, near Lexington. Sarah
was graduated at Henry Female college, New-
castle, Ky., in 1854, and began to write verses
during her school days. She received encourage-
ment from George D. Prentice (q.v.), who pub-
lished her poems in the Louisville Journal, and
they were extensively copied. Subsequently her
contributions appeared in the New York Ledger,
the Atlantic, Harpers and other periodicals in
America and England. In addition to the works
mentioned in connection with her husband, John
James Piatt (q.v.), she is the author of : A
Woman's Poems (1871); A Voyage to the Fortu-
nate Isles and Other Poems (1874); Tliat New
World and Other Poems (1786) ; Poems in Com-
pany with Children (1877); Dramatic Persons and
Moods (1880) ; An Irish Garland (1884); Selected
Poems (1885); In Primrose Time (1886); Childs'-
World Ballads (1887; new ser., 1895); The
Witch in the Glass (1888); An Irish Wild-
Flower (1891) ; An Enchanted Castle (1893), and
Complete Poems (2 vols., 1894).
PICARD, George Henry, author, was born in
Berea, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1850 ; son of Jonathan
Newman and Mary (Fairchild) Picard ; grandson
of Peter and Marie (Spaulsbury) Picard, and of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Cooke) Fairchild, and a
descendant of French Anabaptist emigres and
Scotch and English Puritans. He was graduated
from P>;ildwin university, Berea, Ohio, in 1869,
PICK
PICKENS
and from the College of Medicine and Surgery,
Cincinnati, M.D., 1877, and began practice in
New York city in 1883. He was married, Oct.
24, 1878, to Mary S., daughter of Burr Kellogg,
M.D., of Ashland, O. He is the author of: A
Mutter of Taste (1884); A Mission Flou-er (1886);
Old Boniface (1888); Madame Noel (1900), and
contributions to periodicals.
PICK, Bernard, clergyman and author, was
born in Kempen, Prussia, Dec. 19, 1842. He
attended school in Breslau and Berlin, and was
graduated from the Union Theological seminary,
New York, in 1868. He was ordained to the
Presbyterian ministry, April 8, 1868, and was
pastor in New York city, 1868-69; in North
Buffalo, N.Y., 1869-70; Syracuse, N.Y., 1870-74;
Rochester, N.Y., 1874-78; Allegheny, Pa., 1881-95,
and in 1895 was appointed pastor of the German
Lutheran church at Albany, N. Y. He was elected
a member of the German Oriental society of
Leipzig in 1877, and of the Society of Biblical
Literature in 1881. The honorary degree of Ph.D.
was conferred on him by New York university in
1876, and that of D.D. by Pennsylvania college,
Gettysburg, Pa., in 1893. He published Luther's
" Eine Feste Burg" in twenty-one languages
(1883); Luther's " Hymn of the Reformation " in
the English language (1897), and is the author
of: Luther as a Hymnist (1875); Juedisches
volksleben zur Zeit Jesu (1880); Index to Lange's
Commentary on the Old Testament (18S2) ; Life of
Jesus According to Extra Canonical Sources
(1887); The Jews Since the Destruction of Jerusa-
lem (1887); The Talmud: What it is and mat it
Knows about Jesus and His Followers (1890);
General Index to the Ante-Nicene Fathers (1887);
Historical Sketch of the Jews Since their Return
from Babylon (1897); Vade Mecum Homilet icum,
Vol. I. ; The Old Testament (1899), and many
contributions to various religious cyclopedias.
PICKARD, Josiah Little, educator, was born
in Rowley, Mass., March 17, 1824 ; son of Samuel
and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah
and Hannah (Harvey) Pickard, and of Joseph
and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of
John Pickard of Rowley, England, who came to
Rowley, Massachusetts, with the Rev. Ezekiel
Rogers in 1638, and who married Jane Crosby,
1644. He was graduated from Bowdoin college,
A.B., 1844, A.M., 1S47 ; was principal of the
Platteville, Wis., academy, 1846-60 ; state super-
intendent of public instruction of Wisconsin,
1860-64 ; superintendent of public schools,
Chicago, 111., 1864-77; president of the State
University of Iowa, and professor of political
science, 1878-87, and lecturer on political science
and pedagogy, 1877-79. He was president of the
Iowa Historical society, 1880-1900. He received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from Beloit in
1870 ; from the University of Chicago in 1870,
and from Bowdoin in 1894. His published writ-
ings, chiefly educational, are as follows : School
Reports of Wisconsin (1861-65) ; School Reports
of Chicago (1865-78); School Supervision (1890);
Brief Political History of United States (1892);
History of State University of Iowa (1900).
PICKARD, Samuel Thomas, author, was born
in Rowley, Mass., March 1, 1828 ; son of Samuel
and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard ; grandson of Jeremiah
and Mehitable (Dresser) Pickard and of Joseph
and Judith (Tappan) Coffin, and a descendant of
Tristram Coffin. John Pickard, the first of his
name in America, settled in Rowley. Samuel
T. Pickard attended Lewiston Falls, Maine,
academy, and later removed with B. P. Shillaber
(" Mrs. Partington ") to Boston, where they con-
ducted a humorous paper, the Carpet Bag. In
1852 he sold his interest to Charles G. Halpine
("Miles O'Reilly") and returned to Portland,
Maine, where he became connected with the
Transcript, and for forty-two years was one of the
proprietors and editors. On April 19, 1876, he
married Elizabeth H. Whittier of Amesbury,
Mass., who died in Boston, April 9, 1902. She
was a niece of the poet Whittier, whose literary
executor Mr. Pickard became. He was elected a
trustee of the Portland public library and a mem-
ber of the Maine Historical society. He received
the honorary degree of A.M. from Bowdoin in
1894. He is the author of : WJiittier's Life and
Letters (2 vols., 1894); Hawthorne's First Diary
(1897); Portland in "Historic Towns of New
England " (1898) ; Wliittier as a Politician (1901),
and many contributions to periodicals.
PICKENS, Andrew, soldier, was born in
Paxton, Bucks county, Pa., Sept. 13, 1733 ; son
of Andrew Pickens, and a descendant of Andre
Pickon, a Huguenot refugee, who escaped from
France with his family in 1598, went to Scotland,
and thence to Ireland, from where Andrew and
his brother, Robert Pike Pickens, emigrated to
Pennsylvania. Andrew removed to Augusta
county, Va., about 1740, and in 1752 to the Wax-
haw settlement in South Carolina. In April,
1761, Andrew, Jr., served as a volunteer in Grant's
expedition against the Cherokee Indians. At the
outbreak of the Revolution he removed to Long
Cane settlement, raised a militia company and
was appointed to its command by Col. James
Grant, being the youngest officer in the field.
He was married in 1765 to Rebecca (1745-1810),
daughter of James Calhoun, and aunt of John
C. Calhoun. He commanded in the battle of
Eastatoe, and as a commissioner to treat with
the Indians at Hopewell in 1776, effected the sur-
render of the whole country as far as the Chatooga
river, including Pickens. Greenville and AndiT-
son districts, to the state of South Carolina.
PICKENS
PICKENS
With the aid of Colonels Darby and Clark he
defeated Colonel Boyd, Kettle Creek, February,
1779 ; covered the retreat at the battle of Stono,
June, 1779, where his horse was killed under
him. and routed the Cherokee Indians at Tomas-
see during the same year. He was engaged in
the battle of the Cow-pens, Jan. 17, 1781, where,
according to Lee's memoirs, as " Col. Morgan's
foremost counsel and aid," he commanded the
militia, and rallied and turned the retreating
ranks, for which service congress presented him
with a sword. He was soon after promoted
brigadier-general. At Haw River, N.C., when
witli Colonel Lee he pursued Tarleton, he met
and utterly defeated Colonel Pyle and his men,
who had fallen in with General Pickens's force,
supposing them to be British. Acting jointly
with Lee lie laid siege to Augusta, Ga.,
May 23, 1781, and compelled its surrender on
June fifth. In the same month lie took part in
the campaign against Fort Ninety-Six under
Gen. Nathanael Greene. At this siege his brother
Joseph, who commanded a company, was shot
while reconnoitering the fort, and another
brother was taken prisoner by the Tories and
delivered into the hands of the Indians, who
scalped and burned him. At the battle of
Eutaw Springs, General Pickens commanded the
left wing, Marion commanding the right, and
was severely wounded. He was judge of the
district courts at Abbeville and at Ninety -Six, and
a representative in the state legislature, 1783-93.
In 1793 he settled at Hopewell, on Keowee river,
the place where the Indian treaty was held in
1776. He was presidential elector from the first
district, 1793 and 1797 ; a representative in the
3rd congress, 1793-95, declining re-election, but
serving in the state legislature, 1795-96, and
declining to accept the nomination for governor in
1796, although assured of his election. He was
commissioned one of the two major-generals of the
state militia in 1794, which commission he
resigned after a few years. General Washing-
ton requested his attendance at Philadelphia for
consultation on the practicability and best means
of civilizing the Southern Indians, and also offered
him the command of a brigade of light troops in
General Wayne's campaign against the northern
Indians, which he declined. He was one of the
commissioners who settled the boundary line
between South Carolina and Georgia, and was
appointed commissioner of the United States in
all treaties with the Southern Indians until he
retired from public life to his farm at Tomassee.
The historical papers, letters, and manuscripts,
which he there collected, were handed to his son
Joseph before his death, but through negligence
were lost or destroyed. He died at Tomassee,
near Pendleton, S.C., Aug. 11, 1817.
PICKENS, Andrew, governor of South
Carolina, was born in Waxliaw district, S.C.,
Nov. 13, 1779 ; son of General Andrew (q.v.)
and Rebecca (Calhoun) Pickens. He was a
student at the College of New Jersey, Princeton ;
was appointed lieutenant-
colonel in the U.S. army, and
served in the war of 1812
on the Canada frontier, fight-
ing at the battle of Lundy's
Lane, July 24, 1814, and com-
manding a regiment of state
troops in the south in 1815.
He was a presidential elector from the third dis-
trict of South Carolina in 1813, and governor of
South Carolina, 1816-18. In 1820 he received a
commission from congress with full power and
authority to hold conferences and make treaties
with the Creek tribe of Indians in the state of
Georgia. Subsequently he removed to Alabama,
where he engaged in cotton planting, and was
appointed president of the state bank by the legis-
lature. He married Susan Smith (1788-1810) of
St. Paul's parish, daughter of Francis and Susan
Wilkinson, and descendant of Landgrave Joseph
Morton, colonial governor of South Carolina,
1682-85, who married Elizabeth Blake, niece
of Admiral Robert Blake, England (1598-1657).
Of their two children, Francis Wilkinson and
Susan, the latter married James Calhoun, nephew
of John C. Calhoun. Andrew Pickens died,
while on business in Mississippi, June 24, 1838.
PICKENS, Francis Wilkinson, governor of
South Carolina, was born in Togadoo, St. Paul's
parish, S.C., April 7, 1805 ; son of Governor
Andrew and Susan (Wilkinson) Pickens, and
grandson of Andrew and Rebecca (Calhoun)
Pickens. He attended South Carolina college,
and was admitted to the bar in 1829, practising
in Edgefield district, S.C. While a representa-
tive in the state legislature in 1832, he made a
report on the unity of sovereignty and allegiance,
claiming that congress, as the agent of the states,
had no claim to allegiance and could exercise no
sovereignty. He was a representative in the
24th-29th congresses, 1835-45 ; a state senator,
1845-46 ; a delegate to the southern convention at
Nashville, 1850-51, and a delegate to the Demo-
cratic national convention at Cincinnati in 1856.
He was married first to Eliza S., daughter of Col.
Eldred Simkins of Edgefield county, S.C., and
maternal grand-daughter of Gen. Elijah Clarke
of Georgia ; secondly, to Marion, daughter of
Col. William Dearing of Georgia ; and thirdly, at
Marshall, Texas, in 1858, to Lucy, daughter of
Beverly Holcomb, a native of Petersburg, Va.
She died at Edgewood, S.C., Aug. 8, 1899. He
was U.S. minister to Russia. 1858-60, and during
his residence at St. Petersburg his daughter,
PICKENS
PICKERING
Rebecca Calhoun, was married to John E. Bacon
of Edgefield, at that time secretary of legation.
As governor of South Carolina, 1858-60, he
demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter from
Major Anderson and gave the order to fire upon
the Star of the West. He died at Edgewood,
Edgefield district, S.C., Jan. 25, 1869.
PICKENS, Israel, governor of Alabama, was
born in Cabarrus county, N.C., Jan. 30, 1780;
son of Samuel Pickens, an officer in the American
army, 1776-84. He was graduated in 1802 with
the first class that left Jefferson college, Canons-
burg, Pa., and he settled in
the practice of law in Burke
countjr, N.C. He was a mem-
ber of the house of commons
of North Carolina in 1807,
state senator in 1809, and
Democratic representative
from the twelfth North Car-
olina district in the 12th, 13th and 14th congresses,
1811-17. He was appointed register of the land
office at St. Stephens, Mississippi Territory, which
included the present state of Alabama, in 1817,
and represented Washington county in the con-
vention that framed the Alabama constitution in
1819. He was governor of Alabama, 1821-25 ;
was appointed to the U.S. senate from Alabama
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry
Chambers, and served, April to December, 1826,
and was appointed U.S. district judge for Ala-
bama by President Adams in 1827, but declined
on account of ill health. He died in Matanzas,
Cuba, W.I., April 24, 1827.
PICKERING, Charles, naturalist, was born at
Starrucca, Susquehanna county, Pa., Nov. 10,
1805 ; sou of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker-
ing ; grandson of Zebulon and Sarah (Hart) Cole,
and of Timothy Pickering (q.v.). Charles was
taken by his grandfather, Timothy Pickering, to
Wenham, and later to Salem, Mass., where he
prepared for college, entering Harvard with the
class of 1823. He did not complete his course
in arts but was graduated in medicine in
1826, and in 1827 began practice in Philadel-
phia, Pa., some years later removing to Bos-
ton, Mass. He was married to Sarah Stoddard,
daughter of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Ham-
mond. He devoted much of his time to the study
of natural science and was naturalist to the
Wilkes exploring expedition of 1838-42. In
1843-45 he traveled in Egypt, Arabia, eastern
Africa and western and northern India. Harvard
conferred upon him the degree of A.B. in 1849
and that of A.M., in 1850, placing his name on
the records with the class of 1823. He was a
member of the American Oriental society, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
American Philosophical society and the Academy
of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He is the
author of : The Races of Man and their Geographi-
cal Distribution (1848); Geographical Distribution
of Animals and Plants (1854) ; Geographical Dis-
tribution of Plants (1861) ; Plants and Animals
in their Wild State (1876); Chronological History
of Plants : Man's Record of his own Existence
Illustrated through their Names, Uses and Com-
panionship (1879). He died in Boston, Mass.,
March 17, 1878.
PICKERING, Charles Whipple, naval officer,
was born in Portsmouth, N.H., Dec. 23, 1815.
He joined the U.S. navy as midshipman, May 22,
1822 ; was promoted lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1838 ;.
commander, Sept. 14, 1855 ; captain, July 15,
1862, and com-
modore, Dec. 8,
1867. He was
executive offi-
cer of the Cyane,
and conveyed ~:
the Strain sur- *
veying party to
the Isthmus of
Darien in 1854. He was ordered to Greytown,
Nicaragua, to investigate the treatment of Ameri-
can citizens, and finding it outrageous, he bom-
barded the town and completely reduced it in
four hours. He was inspector of a light-house
district near Key West, Florida ; was the first to-
command the U.S.S. Kearsarge, and was trans-
ferred to the Housatonic, commanding that ves-
sel when she was sunk by a submarine torpedo
near Charleston, S.C., Feb. 17, 1865. He later
commanded the Vanderbilt ; was ordered to the-
Portsmouth navy yard in 1865, and was retired,
Feb. 1, 1867. He died in St. Augustine, Fla.,
Feb. 29, 1888.
PICKERING, Edward Charles, astronomer,
was born in Boston, Mass., July 19, 1846 ; son of
Edward and Charlotte (Hammond) Pickering ;
grandson of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker-
ing and of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Hammond,,
and great-grandson of Timothy Pickering (q.v.).
He prepared for college at the Boston Latin
school ; was graduated from the Lawrence-
Scientific school, Harvard, in 1865 ; was instructor
of mathematics there, 1865-67 ; and Thayer profes-
sor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1867-77. He was married, March 9,
1874, to Lizzie Wadsworth, daughter of Jareil
and Mary (Silsbee) Sparks of Cambridge, Ma.-*.
He established the physical laboratory at the
Institute of Technology, which was the first of its
kind in the United States, and made a special
study of light and spectra of the stars. He was.
director and Phillips professor of astronomy at
the astronomical observatory at Harvard. 1876-
87, was elected director and Paine professor of
PICKERING
PICKERING
astronomy in 1887 and a director of the astro-
nomical department of the Carnegie Institution,
Washington, D.C., in March, 1902. He invented
an improved spectrum telescope and a telephone
receiver in 1870. He established an auxiliary
observation station at Arequipa, Peru, and on
August 7, 1869, accompanied the Nautical Alma-
nac expedition to observe the total eclipse of the
sun. He was also a member of the coast survey
expedition to Xeres. Spain, to observe the eclipse
of Dec. 22, 1870. He was a vice-president of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1876 ; was elected a fellow of the Amer-
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of
the National Academy of Sciences, receiving the
Henry Draper medal for work on astronomical
physics ; an associate member of the Royal
Astronomical society, London, receiving its gold
medal in 1886 for photometric researches and in
1901 for researches on variable stars and work in
astronomical photography ; an associate member
of the Astronomical Society of Liverpool, and an
honorary member of several other foreign socie-
ties. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred
on him by Harvard in 1880, that of LL.D. by the
University of California in 1886 and by the
University of Michigan in 1887, that of S.D. by
the Victoria institute, England, in 1900, and that
of LL.D. by the University of Chicago in 1901.
Besides many volumes of Annals of the Obser-
vatory, he is the author of : Elements of Physical
Manipulation (2 parts, 1873-76), and editor of Tlie
Tlieory of Color in its Relation to Art and Art
Industry, by Dr. William Bezold (1876).
PICKERING, John, jurist, was born at New-
ington, N.H., Sept. 22, 1737 ; son of Joshua and
Maiy Pickering ; grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Gee) Pickerin, and great-grandson of John
Pickerin, a native of England, who was in Ports-
mouth, N.H., as early as 1633. John Pickering
was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1761, A.M.,
1764, and opened a law office at Greenland, N.H.,
removing shortly afterward to Portsmouth. He
was married to Abigail Sheafe. He was a member
of the state constitutional convention in 1784, and
in 1787 was elected a member of the Federal con-
stitutional convention, but declined to serve. He
was a state senator ; judge of the supreme court
of New Hampshire, 1790-95, serving as chief
justice in 1795, and judge of the U.S. district
court for New Hampshire, 1795-1804. He was
impeached in 1803, and removed from office by a
party vote, the charge being drunkenness and
profanity on the bench, and the defence before
the senate being insanity. He was a fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by Dartmouth in 1792. He died in Ports-
mouth, N.H., April 11, 1805.
PICKERING, John, philologist, was born in
Salem, Mass., Feb. 7, 1777 ; son of Timothy (q.v.)
and Rebecca ( White ) Pickering. He was grad-
uated from Harvard, A.B., 1796, A.M., 1799 ;
studied law in Philadelphia, and was secretary to
William Smith, U. S. minister to Portugal, 1897-
99, and to Rufus King, U.S. minister to Great
Britain, 1799-1801. He practised law in Salem,
Mass., 1801-27; removed to Boston in 1827, and
was city solicitor until his resignation in 1846.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
state senator and member of the committee
that revised and arranged the statutes of Massa-
chusetts. He spoke fluently the English, French,
Portugese, Italian, Spanish, German, Romaic,
Greek, and Latin languages, and studied the
Eastern languages and the Indian languages of
America. He declined the professorship of Eng-
lish and Oriental languages, also that of Greek
Literature at Harvard, and the office of provost
of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a
member of the board of overseers of Harvard,
1818-24, and received the honorary degree of
LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1822, and from Harvard
in 1835. He was president of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, and of the American
Oriental society ; a member of the Linnaean So-
ciety of New England ; the American Philosoph-
ical society ; the American Antiquarian society ;
the Society of the Cincinnati ; the Boston Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; the Mas-
sachusetts Historical society ; the Royal Society
of Northern Antiquarians ; the Frencli Society of
Universal Statistics ; the Berlin Academy of
Sciences, and the Oriental Society of Paris ; and
an honorary member of the Philadelphia Society
for the Promotion of Legal Knowledge ; the His-
torical Society of Pennsylvania, the Archaeolog-
ical Society of Greece, the New Hampshire His-
torical society, the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge in China, the Michigan His-
torical society, and the Egyptian Literary asso-
ciation. He is the author of : A Vocabulary or
Collection of Words and Phrases which have been
supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of
America (1814); Memoir on the Adoption of a
Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages
of North America (1820) ; Review of the Interna-
tional McLeod Question (1825); Comprehensive
Dictionary of the Greek Language (1826); Lecture
on the Alleged Uncertainty of Law (1830); Tlie
Agrarian Laws (1833); Memoir on the Inhab-
itants of Lord North's Island (1835) ; Remarks on
the Indian Languages of North America (1836).
He died in Boston, Mass., May 5, 1846.
PICKERING, Timothy, statesman, was born
in Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745; sou of Timothy
and Mary (Wingate) Pickering ; grandson of John
and Sarah (Burrill) Pickering, and of Joshua and
PICKERING
PICKERING
Mary (Lunt) Wingate, and a descendant of John
Pickering (born 1615), who emigrated from Eng-
land and settled in Ipswich, Mass., in 1634,
was made an inhabitant in 1636, and removed
to Salem, Mass., in 1637. Timothy Pickering
was graduated from
Harvard, A.B., 1763,
A.M., 1766, and was
admitted to the bar
in 1768. He was regis-
ter of deeds for Essex
county ; lieutenant
of militia, 1766-75,
and colonel, 1775-76.
He led the Continen-
tal force in the pur-
suit of the British
through Charlestown,
but arrived too late
to effect a capture.
He was elected jus-
tice of the peace in
1775 ; justice of the superior court of common
pleas ; judge of the maritime court in Decem-
ber, 1775, and a representative in the general
court in 1776. He was married, April 8, 1776,
to Rebecca White of Bristol, England, who
died in Salem, Mass., Aug. 14, 1828. He joined
the Continental army at the head of a regiment
of 700 men ; was promoted adjutant-general,
June, 1777 ; was a member of the board of war,
Nov. 7, 1777 ; was appointed quartermaster-
general of the army, Aug. 5, 1780, and was
present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York-
town. In July, 1785, the quartermaster's de-
partment was abolished, and he went into the
commission business in Philadelphia, but in 1787
he removed to the Wyoming valley, Pa. He op-
posed the insurgent Connecticut settlers and on
the imprisonment of John Franklin, the insurg-
ent leader, his house was attacked by the rioters
and he escaped to Philadelphia. He was a mem-
ber of the convention for ratifying the U.S. con-
stitution, and on his return to Wyoming lie was
taken prisoner by the rioters and confined for
three weeks, his captors wishing him to intercede
in behalf of Franklin. He was finally released
and engaged in putting down the lawlessness in
the state. He was a member of the state conven-
tion of 1789, that framed the constitution of
Pennsylvania ; was sent on a mission to pacify
the Seneca Indians, who were aroused by the
murder of two of their tribe in 1790, and com-
pleted negotiations in 1791 with a treaty between
the United States and the Six Nations. He was
postmaster-general, 1791-95, and was appointed
secretary of war to succeed Gen. Henry Knox,
Jan. 2, 1795, controlling the Indian affairs and
the navy administration. During his term of
service in that department, the military academy
at West Point was founded, and the U.S. frigates
Constitution, Constellation, and United States
were built. He served as secretary of state on
the resignation of Edmund Randolph in 1795,
and was later appointed to the office, serving till
May 12, 1800, when, owing to a disagreement be-
tween President John Adams and his cabinet, he
was discharged. Embarrassed by debt, he re-
moved to Susquehanna county, Pa., where he
lived in a log cabin and engaged in farming.
A subscription was taken by a number of Boston
citizens amounting to $25,000, and after his debts
were paid he was induced to remove to Danvers,
Mass. He was chief justice of the court of com-
mon pleas, 1802-03 ; was appointed U.S. senator
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Dwight Foster in 1803, and elected for the full
term of six years in 1805. By his opposition to
the Louisiana purchase and the embargo act he
became extremely unpopular. He removed to
Wenham, Mass., in 1812, and was a Federalist
representative in the 13th and 14th congresses,
1813-17. He was a member of the executive
council of Massachusetts in 1817, president of
Essex Agricultural society in 1818, and retired
to Salem, Mass., where he died, Jan. 29, 1829.
PICKERING, William Henry, astronomer,
was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 15, 1858 ; son of
Edward and Charlotte (Hammond) Pickering ;
grandson of Timothy and Lurena (Cole) Picker-
ing and of Daniel and Sally (Stoddard) Hammond,
and great-grandson of Timothy Pickering, (q.v.).
He was graduated from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1879 ; was instructor
in physics there, 1880-87 ; assistant in the Harvard
observatory, 1887-89, and assistant professor in
1889. He was married, June 11, 1884, to Anne
Atwood, daughter of Isaac Butts of Boston,
Mass. He led the expedition to observe total
solar eclipses at Colorado, 1878 ; Grenada, West
Indies, 1886; California, 1889; Chili, 1893, and
Georgia, 1900. He established a temporary
observatory in Southern California in 1889 ; the
Arequipa station of Harvard observatory in 1891 ;
tlie astronomical station at Mandeville, Jamaica,
W.I., in 1900, and erected the observatory and
telescope for Mr. Lowell at Flagstaff, Arizona, in
1894. He ascended the Half-dome in Yosemite
Valley, and El Misti in Peru, where he gained an
altitude of 19,500 feet and made valuable notes
on atmospheric conditions at different altitudes.
He also made observations from over 100 otln-r
mountain peaks. He is the author of : Walking
Guide to Mt. Washington Range (18S2) ; Investi-
gations in Astronomical Photography (1895);
Visual Obsei~vations of the Moon and Planets
(Harvard College Annals, 1900); Lunar Atlas
(1903).
PICKETT
PICKING
PICKETT, George Edward, soldier, was born
in Richmond, Va. , Jan. 25, 1825. His father was
a wealthy planter of Henrico county, Va., and
George received a good preparatory education.
He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy
in 1846, being brev-
etted 2nd lieutenant
of 8th infantry, July
1. He served in the
war with Mexico,
1846-48, being pro-
moted 2nd lieutenant
of 2nd infantry,
March 3, 1847. He
took part in the siege
of Vera Cruz, March
9-29, 1847, and the
battle of Cerro Gordo,
April 17-18, 1847 ;
was transferred to
tlle 7th infantry,
July 13, 1847, and to
fine 8th infantry, July 18, 1847, and was present
at the capture of San Antonio, Aug. 20,1847.
He was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847,
for gallantry at Contreras and Cliurubusco ; took
part in the battle of Moiino del Key, Sept. 8,
1847 ; was brevetted captain, Sept. 13, 1847,
for gallant conduct at Chapultepec ; engaged in
the assault and capture of the city of Mexico,
Sept. 13-14, 1847 ; was in garrison at Jefferson
Barracks, Mo., in 1848: was promoted 1st lieu-
tenant, June 28. 1849, and was on frontier duty
in Texas, 1849-55. He was promoted captain of
9th infantry, March 3, 1855, and served on the
expedition against the Indians on Puget Sound,
Wash., March-June, 1856; at Forts Steilacoom
and Billingham, Wash., 1856-60, and on San
Juan Island, Wash., 1860-61. He resigned his
commission in the U.S. army, June 25, 1861, and
joined the Confederate States army. He was
commissioned colonel of Virginia troops and
assigned to duty oil the Rappahannock river,
lie was promoted brigadier-general, and com-
manded the 3d brigade in Longstreet's division
of Magruder's command at the opening of the
s:even days' battle before Richmond, June 25-
• ruly 1, 1862, and in the battle of Gaines's Mill,
June 27, he was severely wounded and forced to
relinquish his command. On Oct. 10, 1862, he
was promoted major-general and given com-
mand of the third division, Longstreet's corps,
Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He occupied
the center of Lee's line at Fredericksburg ; and
his famous charge at Gettysburg, where he
commanded the second division, Longstreet's
corps, became the subject for story and the
painter's brush. He was given command of the
department of North Carolina, Sept. 23, 1863,
and on May 18, 1864, he saved Petersburg from
capture . personally leading the force that captured
the Federal works and turned the guns on the
retreating foe. He was engaged in the battle of
Five Forks where he commanded the first division
of Longstreet's corps and his division received the
full force of the Federal attack, April 1, 1865.
After the war he engaged in the life insurance
business. He declined the U.S. marshalship of
the state of Virginia tendered him by President
Grant. He died in Norfolk, Va., July 30, 1875,
and was buried at Hollywood, Richmond, Va.
PICKETT, James Charnberlayne, diplomat,
was born in Fauquier county, Va., Feb. 6, 1793 ;
son of Col. John and Elizabeth (Chamberlayne)
Pickett ; grandson of Capt. William S. and Eliz-
abeth (Metcalfe) Pickett, and a descendant of
William S. Pickett. In 1796 he removed with
his parents to Mason county, Ky., where his
father served in both branches of the state
legislature. He was appointed from Ohio 3d
lieutenant in the 2d U.S. artillery, Aug. 4, 1813 ;
was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 19, 1814,
transferred to the corps of artillery, May 12, 1814,
and left the service at the close of the war in
1815. He edited the Eagle at Maysville, Ky., in
1815 ; studied law, and on June 16, 1818, entered
the U.S. army as captain and assistant quarter-
master-general, serving until June, 1821. He
settled in the practice of law in Mason county
in 1821 ; was a representative in the Kentucky
legislature in 1822, and secretary of the state,
1825-28. By appointment of President Jackson,
he was secretary of the U.S. legation to Colom-
bia, 1829-33, acting for a time as charge d'affaires.
He was a commissioner of the U.S. patent office
in 1835 ; fourth auditor of the U.S. treasury,
1835-38 ; U.S. minister to Ecuador in 1838, and
charge d'affaires to Peru, 1838-15. In 1845 he
removed to Washington, D.C., where he was
editor of the Congressional Globe for several
years. He was married, Oct. 6, 1818, to Ellen,
daughter of Governor Joseph Desha of Kentucky.
Their son, Joseph Desha Pickett, was a minister
of the Christian church, professor in Bethany
college, Virginia, chaplain in the Confederate
army, and professor of English literature and
sacred history in Kentucky university. Another
son, Col. John T. Pickett, was U.S. consul at
Vera Cruz, 1853-61, special envoy extraordinary
of the Confederate states to Mexico in 1865, and
in 1870 sold the diplomatic correspondence of the
Confederate States, known as the " Pickett
Papers", to the United States government for
$75,000. James Chamberlayne Pickett died in
Washington, D.C., July 10, 1872.
PICKING, Henry Forry, naval officer, was
born in Somerset county, Pa., Jan. 28, 1840. He
was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in
PICKLEH
PICKNELL
1861, and served as acting master on the U.S.
frigate St. Lauvence of the North Atlantic
blockading squadron, 1861-62 ; was promoted
lieutenant, July 16, 1862 ; took part in the en-
gagement with the privateer Petrel, and was
present at the engagement of the U.S. fleet with
the Confederate ram Merrimac and the Sewell's
Point batteries. He served on shore duty at
the U.S. Naval academy, and was assigned to
the U.S. ironclad Nahant in 1864. He was com-
missioned lieutenant-commander, July 25, 1866,
and commanded the Swatara in European and
West Indian waters, 1865-68 ; the flagship
Colorado in the Asiatic squadron in 1872 ; served
on ordnance duty at Washington and at Newport,
1873-75 ; was promoted commander, Jan. 25,
1875, and was a member of the lighthouse board,
1875-85, serving as secretary, 1881-82. He com-
manded the U.S.S. Kearsarge, 1879-81, and the
U.S.S. Michigan on the northwestern lakes,
1887-89. He was promoted captain, Aug. 4,
1889 ; was hydrographer of the U.S. navy, 1889-
•90 ; was a member of the board of inspection
and survey, and commanded the cruiser Charles-
ton during a rebellion in Brazil, and the receiving
CHARLEJTOAI
ships Minnesota and Wabash. 1890-98. He was
promoted commodore, Nov. 25, 1898 ; rear-ad-
miral, March 3, 1899, and succeeded Admiral
Howison as commandant of the Charlestown navy
yard. He died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 8, 1899.
PICKLER, John Alfred, representative, was
born near Salem, Ind., Jan. 24, 1844. Heremoved
with his father to Davis county, Iowa, in 1853,
and served in the Federal army, 1862-65, as
captain in the 3d Iowa cavalry, and major of the
138th U.S. colored infantry. He was graduated
from the Iowa State university, Ph.B., 1870, and
from the University of Michigan, LL.B. , 1872.
He removed to Muscatine, Iowa, in 1874 : was
presidential elector on the Garfleld ticket in
1880, and a representative in the state legisla-
ture in 1881. He removed to Faulkton, Dakota
Territory, 1883 ; was a representative in the
territorial legislature. 1884, and inspector in the
public land service, 1889. He was a Republican
representative at large from South Dakota in the
5l8t-54th congresses, 1889-97.
PICKNELL, William Lamb, painter, was born
in Hinesburg, Vt., Oct. 23, 1854 ; son of the Rev.
William and Ellen (Upham) Picknell ; grandson
of Samuel and Sarah (Lamb) Picknell, and
of Joshuah and Mary (Nichols) Upham, and a
descendant of John
Upham, who was
born in England in
1597 ; came to New
England in 1C35, with
his wife and three
children ; was one of
the founders of Wey-
mouth, Mass., and
later aided in found-
ing the town of Mai-
den. William L.
Picknell began the
study of art under
George Inness in
Rome in 1872 ; was
later, 1875-77, a pupil
of Gerome in Paris, and studied in Brittany under
Robert Wylie, 1877-81. He exhibited at the Royal
Academy, London, and at the Paris Salon, where
he received honorable mention in 1880, and in 1882
opened a studio in Boston, Mass. He was elected
a member of the Society of American Artists in
1880, of the Society of British Artists in 1884,
and an associate of the National Academy of
Design in New York city in 1891. He received a
silver medal in 1881, and a gold medal in 1884, at
the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Associa-
tion Fair ; a medal at the World's Columbian
exposition, Chicago, 1893 ; a gold medal at the
Paris Salon in 1895 ; the Lippincott prize at the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1896 ; and
a medal at the Atlanta, Ga., exposition in 1896.
He was married, April 18, 1889, to Gertrude,
daughter of John and Ann (Goodwin) Powers of
Boston. His strength lay in landscape work, and
prominent among the localities chosen for his
subjects are Normandy and the South of France,
the new forest in England, the Mexican frontier,
Southern California, Florida and the New Eng-
land coast. Among the more important paint-
ings are : Breton Peasant Girl Feeding Ducks
(1877); The Fields of Kerren (1878); Tlie Con-
carneau Road, in the Corcoran art gallery,
Washington (1880); On the Borders of the Marsh,
in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
(1880); A Stormy Day (1881); Coast of Ipswich,
in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1882); Sun-
shine and Drifting Sand (1883); .4 Sultry Day
(1884) ; Wintry March, in the Walker art gallery,
Liverpool (1885) ; Bleak December, in the Metropol-
itan Museum, New York (1886) : After the Storm
(1886); November Solitude (1887): Edyeof Winter
(1891) ; Le Declin de Jour( 1894) ; A Toiler of the Sea,
PIEPEE
PIERCE
in the Carnegieart gallery, Pittsburg, Pa., (1889);
Late Afternoon, Florida, in the Brooklyn Institute
Museum of Arts and Sciences (1890); Morning
on the Loing (1895); Morning on the Mediter-
ranean, in Luxembourg collection, Paris (1896);
The Road to Nice (1896), and Sand Danes at
Ipswich (1896). He died at Devereaux Rocks,
Marblehead, Mass., Aug. 9, 1897.
PIEPER, Franz August Otto, educator, was
born in Carwitz, Pomerania, Germany, June 27,
1853 ; son of August and Bertha Pieper. He was
a student at the Dom-Gymnasium, Colberg,
Pomerania, and in 1870 came to the United
States. He was graduated at Northwestern
university, Watertown, Wis., A.B., 1872, and at
Concordia Lutheran Theological seminary, St.
Louis, Mo., in 1875 ; was ordained to the Luthe-
ran ministry at Centreville, Wis., in 1875, and
was pastor there and at Manitowoc, 1875-78. He
•was professor of theology in Concordia Theolo-
gical seminary at St. Louis, 1878-87, and in 1887
became president of the seminary and professor
•of dogmatic and pastoral theology, succeeding
Dr. C. F. W. Walther. He was elected presi-
dent-general of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod
of Missouri, Ohio, and other states in 1899, and
re-elected in 1902, at the same time retaining the
professorship and presidency at Concordia. He
also became editor of Lehre and Wehre, Luthe-
raner and Homiletisches Magazin. He is the
author of : Grundbekenntniss de ev.-Lutherischen
Kirche, mil einer geschichtlichen Einleitung und
Jeurzen erklarenden Anmerkungenversehen(lSSO);
Lehre von Christi Werk (1898); Distinctive
Doctrines of the Lutheran Church (1892), and
contributions to denominational periodicals.
PIERCE, Benjamin, governor of New Hamp-
shire, was born in Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 25,
175". His first ancestors in America settled in
Plymouth in 1623. He was the seventh of ten
children, and his parents having died when he
was six years old, he was
eared for by a paternal uncle,
but received a very limited
education. He engaged in
farming from childhood, ami
iu 1775, on learning of the
battle of Lexington, he en-
listed as a regular soldier in
the Continental army at Cambridge, serving under
Colonel Brooks. He fought in the battle of Bun-
ker Hill, was appointed sergeant in the Continen-
tal regiment in Washington's army in 1776, and
sergeant in the 8th Massachusetts, in January,
1777. He was promoted ensign for bravery in
saving the flag of the company at Saratoga,
Oct. 7, 1777 ; lieutenant, July 7, 1782. and was
transferred to the 1st Massachusetts, Jan. 1,
17S:J, as captain, having command of a detach-
VIII. -21
ment that entered the city of New York upon
its evacuation, Nov. 25, 1783. He entered the
employ of a large landholder in New England
after the war, and was soon enabled to purchase
a tract of land in Hillsborough, N.H., which he
cleared and on which he settled and built a rude
log house. He was married in 1787 to Elizabeth
Andrews of Hillsborough, who died in 1788, and he
was married secondly in 1789 to Anna Kendrick
of Amherst, N.H. He was appointed brigade
major of his district in the New Hampshire
militia by Governor Sullivan in 1786, arid was
promoted brigadier-general. He represented
Hillsborough in the state legislature, 1789-1801,
was a member of the governor's council, 1808-09
and 1813-18, and sheriff of Hillsborough county,
1809-13 and 1818-27. He was governor of New
Hampshire in 1827 and 1829, but was defeated in
1828, and was a Democratic presidential elector
at large in 1833, voting for Andrew Jackson.
He died in Hillsborough, N.H., April 1, 1839.
PIERCE, Byron Root, soldier, was born in
East Bloomfield, Ontario county, N.Y., Sept. 20,
1839 ; son of Silas and Mary (Root) Pierce. He
was educated in Rochester, N.Y., worked in his
father's woolen factory, and became a dentist.
He removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1856, and
in 1861 enlisted in the 3d Michigan volunteer
infantry, being promoted captain, May 13, 1861,
major, Oct. 21, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, July 25,
1862, and colonel, Jan. 1, 1863. He served with
the Army of the Potomac during the entire war ;
was promoted brigadier-general of U.S. volun-
teers, June 7, 1864 ; was brevetted major-general
of volunteers, April 6, 1865, for gallant services
at Sailor's Creek, Va., and was mustered out cf
the service, Aug. 24, 1865. He was married,
Oct. 12, 1881, to Abbie L. Evans of Rhode Island.
He was commandant of the Soldiers' Home at
Grand Rapids, Mich., 1887-91, and in 1902 was an
employee in the U.S. post office at Grand Rapids.
PIERCE, Edward Lillie, publicist and law -vcr.
was born in Stoughton, Mass., March 29, l*L".i ;
son of Col. Jesse and Elizabeth S. (Lillie) Pierce,
and brother of Henry Lillie Pierce (q.v.). Ho
was prepared for college at the academies at
Bridgewater and Easton ; was graduated from
Brown university in 1850 ; from Harvard Law
school in 1852; was admitted to the bar in Boston,
1853, and subsequently practised in Cincinnati,
Chicago and again in Boston. He was a member
of the Republican national conventions of 1860,
1876. 1880, 1884. At the opening of the civil war
he enlisted as a private in the 3d Massachusetts
regiment ; served at Fort Monroe, and was detailed
to organize, educate and render self-supporting
the freedmen of the Sea Islands, S.C., in 1862,
which enterprise proved so successful that he
started companies in other districts to carry on
PIERCE
FIERCE
his work. He was collector of internal revenue
of Boston, 1863-66 ; district attorney of Norfolk
and Plymouth counties, 1866-70 ; lecturer at the
Massachusetts University Law school for ten
years, and secretary of the board of state charities,
1869-71, for which he made reports of the work
in Europe and the United States. He was
member of the state legislature, 1875-76, 1895
and 1896, chairman of the house committee on
the judiciary, 1876, and while serving in that
capacity devised and carried a comprehensive
act limiting municipal indebtedness. He de-
clined the office of assistant treasurer of the
United States at Boston in 1878, and was the
unsuccessful Republican candidate from the 3d
Massachusetts district for representative in the
52nd congress in 1890. He was a member of the
Massachusetts Historical society, and a personal
friend of Charles Sunnier and John Bright. He
founded the free public library at Milton, Mass.,
and between 1869 and 1897 traveled extensively in
Europe and the East. He was married first, April
19, 1865, to Elizabeth Helen, daughter of the Hon.
John Kingsbury of Providence, R.L.and secondly,
March 8, 1882, to Maria Louisa Woodhead of Hud-
dersfield, England. He received the degree LL.D.
from Brown in 1882, and from Claflin in 1894. He
was an advocate of ballot reform and an authority
on railroad law, and his articles on these subjects
together with his lecture on John Bright, col-
lege exercises and political addresses are included
in "Enfranchisement and Citizenship'' (1896).
He compiled a " Genealogy of the Pierce Family "
and an " Index of the Special Railroad Laws of
Massachusetts " (1874) ; published a "Sketch of
Major John Lillie " a maternal ancestor ; edited
"Walter's American Law," and is the author of :
Effect of Prospective or Extreme Legislation, etc.
(1857) ; Personal Liberty Laics (1861); Negroes at
Port Royal (1862) ; Freedmen of Port Royal, S.C.
(Atlantic Monthly, Aug., 1863); Tiro Si/stems of
Government Proposed for the Rebel States (1867);
Laivs of Railroads (1881), and Memoirs and
Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols., 1877-93). He
died in Paris, France, Sept. 5, 1897.
PIERCE, Franklin, fourteenth president of the
United States, was born in Hillsborough, N.H.,
Nov. 23, 1804; son of Governor Benjamin and Anna
(Kendrick) Pierce. He attended the academies
at Hancock, Francestown and Exeter, and was
graduated at Bowdoin in 1824, standing third in his
class. He was an officer in the college batallion,
and during his college course taught district
schools in the winter to pay his tuition. He
studied law under Levi Woodbury at Portsmouth,
1825; at the law school, Northampton. Mass.,
1825-26, and in the office of Judge Edmund Parker,
Amherst, N.H., 1827. He was admitted to the
bar in 1827, and practised first at Hillsborough
and subsequently at Concord. He was a represen-
tative from Hillsborough in the state legislature,
1829-32 ; speaker of the house, 1831 and 1832, and
a Democratic representative in the 23d and 24th
congresses, 1833-37. He served on the judiciary
BOWOOIA* <10l-LeCC IN ISa.2..
committee, and spoke against receiving petitions
for the abolition of slavery in the District of
Columbia, and against appropriations for the
U.S. Military academy on the ground that the
institution was aristocratic and that the profes-
sion of arms was dangerous to the liberties of the
country, which should depend on the yeomen
militia for defence. He sustained President
Jackson in opposing the growing demand for
appropriations for internal improvements, and
his course as a representative determined his
party to make him a senator in congress, March
3, 1837, as successor to John Page, who completed
the term of Isaac Hill. He took his seat Sept.
24, 1837, the youngest senator in the chamber,
and not till his birthday, Nov. 23, 1837, thirty-
three years of age. He supported the recommenda-
tion of Joel Roberts Poinsett, secretary of war,
to give government aid to the states in order to
make more effective their militia, and when the
motives of the secretary were questioned Senator
Pierce ably defended him. He opposed the
removal of government employees for political
opinions. He resigned his seat in the senate at
the close of the second session, Aug. 31, 1842, in
order to resume the practice of law, and joining
his family who had removed to Concord in 1838,
he practised in that city, Leonard Wilcox (q.v.)
completing his term in the senate. When Senator
Levi Woodbury resigned, Nov. 20, 1845. to take
his seat on the bench of the U.S. supreme court,
Governor Steele urged Mr. Pierce to accept the
appointment as his successor, which he declined,
as he did the Democratic nomination for governor
and the cabinet position of attorney-general from
President Polk the same year. In 1846 he made
a determined but hopeless battle for the Demo-
cratic party against the united Whig and Free Soil
parties with John P. Hale as his chief opponent,
with the result that Hale was elected U.S.
senator, and the state gave to the coalition two
representatives in congress. When the war with
Mexico was declared he enrolled as a private in a
PIERCE
PIERCE
volunteer company recruiting in Concord, and
his efficiency as a drill-master secured for him
the appointment by President Polk to the
colonelcy of the 9th volunteer infantry, and pro-
motion to the rank of brigadier-general by
the President, March 3, 1847. On the 27th of
March he embarked from Newport, R.I., with
Colonel Ransom and three companies of the 9th
regiment, arriving at Vera Cruz, June 28, and on
July 14, left Vera Cruz, reaching the main army
VE.P.A CRUZ.
of General Scott at Puebla, August 6. On August
19, at the battle of Contreras, General Pierce led
his brigade across the lava bed, the rough
volcanic rocks disabling his horse and the fall
i n j uri ng the general's leg. Contrary to the advice
of the surgeon he mounted another horse and
continued the assault until almost midnight,
when darkness ended the charge, which was
taken up at daylight with General Pierce in the
saddle; but the army had gained the rear of the
fortified Mexicans, and those escaping capture
retreated to Churubusco, where General Santa
Anna with his main army had gathered. Despite
the advice of General Scott to leave the field,
Pierce continued in the saddle, and his brigade
and that of Gen. James Shields were ordered to
make a detour in order to gain the enemy's rear.
In doing this they were opposed by a superior
force of Mexican reserves and a bloody battle
ensued, most of which time Pierce was on foot,
his horse being unable to cross a ravine, and the
battle had not been determined when Worth and
Pillow were successful in their attack on the
front, and thus relieved the two outnumbered
brigades. General Pierce was overcome by the
pain in his leg, and carried to hospital after the
battle. The defeat of the Mexicans at Churu-
busco, led Santa Anna to propose a truce looking to
terms for peace, and General Scott appointed Gen-
eral Pierce one of the commissioners to meet repre-
sentatives from the Mexican army and arrange
an armistice ; but the commissioners soon discov-
ered the purpose of the Mexican general to be
merely to gain time, and General Scott closed the
negotiations after a truce of two weeks and
following the battles of Molino del Key and
Chapultepec, the City of Mexico capitulated and
the war was at an end. In December, 1847,
General Pierce was welcomed home in Concord,
and the state legislature presented him with a
sword. He was a delegate to and president of the
state constitutional convention of 1850, and in
the convention he endeavored to remove the con-
stitutional bar against non-Protestants holding
office in the state, by an amendment which was
not adopted by the people, but thereafter the
restriction was not enforced. His legal practice
was continued, 1847-52, with eminent success, and
his services as an orator were in constant demand.
He accepted the compromise measures of 1850
as settling the question of slavery in the newly
acquired territory, and the Democratic national
convention met at Baltimore, June 12, 1852. \vilh
Buchanan, Cass, Douglas and Marcy as the prom-
inent candidates. After the 35th ballot the
name of Franklin Pierce was presented by Vir-
ginia and on the 39th ballot lie was nominated
as the candidate of the party for President of
the United States, receiving 282 of the 293
votes of the convention and in the election that
followed in November his electors received
1,601,474 popular votes to 1.380,576 for the elec-
tors of Wiufield Scott, 156,149 for those of John
P. Hale, and 1,670 in Massachusetts for those of
Daniel Webster. At the meeting of the electoral
college in 1853, he received 254 electoral votes to
42 for Winfleld Scott, all the states but Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky,
voting for Pierce and King. He was inaugurated,
THE. WHITE HOUSE ,- ie<t-9-|S66.
March 4, 1853, and on March 7, announced the
following appointments : William L. Marcy of
New York, secretary of state ; James Guthrie
of Kentucky, secretary of the treasury ; Jefferson
Davis of Mississippi, secretary of war ; Robert
McClelland of Michigan, secretary of the interior ;
James C. Dobbin of Nortli Carolina, secretary
of the navy ; James Campbell of Pennsylvania,
postmaster-general, and Caleb Gushing of Mass-
achusetts, attorney-general. His cabinet as thus
constituted remained without change to the close
of liis administration, the only example of an un-
broken official Presidential family in the history of
the United States. He appointed James Buchanan
of Pennsylvania (succeeded in 1856 by George M.
Dallas, of Pennsylvania) U.S. minister to Great
Britain ; John Young Mason of Virginia, U.S.
minister to France ; Henry E. Jackson of Georgia,
U.S. minister resident to Austria ; Thomas H.
Seymour of Connecticut, U.S. minister to Russia,
and Pierre Soule of Louisiana (succeeded in 1855
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PIERCE
by Augustus C. Dodge of Iowa) U.S. minister
to Spain. He appointed John A. Campbell of
Alabama associate justice of the U.S. supreme
court in 1853, to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of Mr. Justice McKinley of Alabama. In
his inaugural address President Pierce advised
against the agitation of the question of slavery
and the rendition of fugitive slaves, as long as
the constitution protected the slaveholders and
the institution. He feared that the excitement
attending such discussion might threaten the
stability of the union of the states. He settled
the boundary dispute with Mexico by appointing
James Gadsden U.S. minister to Mexico, and
empowering him to negotiate a treaty with that
country, by which the United States secured
45,000 square miles out of which parts of Arizona
and New Mexico were formed, paying therefor
$10.000,000, but re-
ceiving a considera-
bly larger sum from
Mexico for Indian
depredation claims.
Under the direction
of the war depart-
ment he caused the
surveys of several
routes for a railroad
to the Pacific, and the
publication of the va-
rious reports gave to
the people a large
amount of knowledge
of the territory tra-
versed. In 1853 Mar-
tin Koszta. a Hungarian refugee, was captured in
the harbor of Smyrna and confined on the Austrian
brig Hussar as a political prisoner. The United
States agent at that port demanded his release
on the ground that he had taken the preliminary
steps toward becoming an American citizen.
Commander D. N. Ingraham (q.v.) of the U.S.
sloop of war St. Louis threatened to fire upon
the Hussar unless Koszta was released, and by
mutual agreement he was placed in charge of
the French consul, and a few days thereafter
released by order of the Austrian government.
The President and both houses of congress
appro veil the course of Ingraham and presented
him with a medal. By mutual concessions the
question in controversy respecting the fisheries
claims of Great Britain was amicably settled.
The treaty with Great Britian insuring commer-
cial reciprocity with the Canadian provinces,
and the treaty with Japan opening the ports of
that empire to commerce were ratified by the
senate in 1854. In the United States congress
the Kansas-Nebraska bill was debated in the 33d
congress and passed. This act rendered void the
Missouri compromise and re-opened the question
of slavery in the territories, which resulted in
the Kansas dual government and a miniature
civil war, which was ended by the action of the
President in appointing John W. Geary of Penn-
sylvania military governor of the territory in
1856, with power to restore order. During the
progress of the Crimean war, 1854-55, recruits
were being secretly enlisted in the United States
for the British army. Learning that the British
minister sanctioned the proceeding, President
Pierce demanded Mr. Crampton's recall, and when
the British government refused, he promptly dis-
missed him, and also the British consuls at New
York, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, who were
parties to the movement. The British govern-
ment accepted the situation, and sent new men
to fill the places of those dismissed. During Pres-
ident Pierce's administration, the court of claims
was organized, the diplomatic and consular system
was reorganized, and General Scott was made lieu-
tenant-general. He vetoed a bill appropriating
10,000.000 acres of land to the states for the relief
of indigent insane, the appropriation bill for public
works in 1854, the bill for the payment of French
spoliation claims, and an increased appropriation
for the Collins line of steamers in 1855. When
William Walker, the filibuster, gained undisputed
control of Nicaragua in 1856, and announced
that he had been elected president, the President
recognized the government, and received a
minister sent by Walker to Washington. By di-
rection of President Pierce the United States
ministers to Great Britain, France and Spain,
met at Ostend, Oct. 9, 1854, adjourned to Aix la
Chapelle, and sent from there to Washington the
"Ostend Manifesto", which declared that the
sale of Cuba to the United States would be
advantageous to both governments : but that if
Spain refused to sell, it was incumbent upon the
United States to " wrest it from her " rather than
see it Africanized like Santo Domingo. The un-
settled conditions of the European powers, and
the question of slavery in the territories of the
United States overshadowed the Cuban ques-
tion, however, and it was not revived during Pres-
ident Pierce's administration. The Democrat;c
national convention met at Cincinnati, June -,
1856, and President Pierce was a candidate for
renomination, receiving on the first ballot 122
votes to 135 for Buchanan, and 33 for Douglas.
On the 17th ballot James Buchanan was nomin-
ated. In August, 1856, the house of representa-
tives attached a rider to the army appropriation
bill, providing that no part of the army should be
employed to enforce the laws of the Kansas
territorial legislature until the validity of such
laws was determined by congress ; and when the
bill came before the senate, that body refused to
PIERCE
PIERCE
concur, and the 34th congress adjourned, Aug.
18, 1856. President Pierce at once issued a pro-
clamation convening congress in extra session.
It met, Aug. 21, 1856, the bill was passed without
the proviso, and congress adjourned, Aug. 30, 1856.
In his message to congress, Dec. 1, 1856, the Pre-
sident laid before that body the condition of
affairs in Kansas as viewed from what he con-
sidered a constitutional standpoint, and criti-
cised the free-state party for alleged revolu-
tionary methods to secure the success of their
measures. On March 4, 1857, he welcomed James
Buchanan, his successor, to the White House,
and after attending the inauguration ceremonies
he returned to Concord, and resumed the practice
of his profession. He visited Madeira, the
British Isles, and the continent of Europe, 1857-
60, and returned home early in 1860. He took no
active part in the political canvass of that year.
He deplored the revolutionary methods adopted
by the abolitionists and urged the defeat of the
promoters of discord at the polls. When, how-
ever, the Southern states fired on the government
forts and took possession of government property,
he urged the people to support the government.
His wife, Jane Means Appleton (q.v.), died in
Andover, Mass., Dec. 2, 1863. Of their three
sons, two died in early youth, and the youngest,
Benjamin Pierce, was killed in a railroad accident,
Jan. 6, 1853, after his father's election, but be-
fore his inauguration as President of the United
States. President Pierce received the degree of
LL.D. from Bowdoin in 1853, and from Dartmouth
in 1860. The legislature of New Hampshire
caused his portrait to be painted and placed in
the hall of representatives in the state capitol.
See lives of Pierce by Nathaniel Hawthorne and
D. W. Bartlett, and a review of his administra-
tion by A. E. Carroll. He died in Concord, N.H.,
Oct. 8, 1869.
PIERCE, Frederick Clifton, historian, was
born in Worcester, Mass., July 30, 1856 ; son of
Silas Austin and Maria N. (Smith) Pierce ; grand-
son of Amos Pierce, and a descendant of John
Pers of Watertown, Mass., 1637. He attended
Groton academy, Mass., and engaged in journal-
ism in Worcester, Mass., in 1879. He removed
to Chicago, 111., 1880, and was city editor of the
Gazette, 1880-90. He was business manager of
the Chicago Journal, 1890-1900, and was chosen
advertising manager of the Chicago Inter-Ocean
in 1900, and business manager in 1901. He
organized the City Grays, 3d regiment, Illinois
National Guard, in 1883, and commanded it until
1885, when he was promoted colonel of staff to
Governor Richard Oglesby. He was also a mem-
ber of the staffs of Governors Fifer and Altgeld,
and served as secretary of the National Guard
for six years. He became a member of the
American Historical society, 1900 ; the Society
of American Authors, and many other organiza-
tions. He is the author of : History of Grafton,
Mass. (1879) ; History of Barre, Mass. (1880) ;
Life and Services of R. M. A. Hawk (1886) ; His-
tory of Rockford, HI. (1887) ; and numerous
genealogies, including the Field, Foster, Har-
wood, Whitney. Fisk, Fiske, Pierce, Peirce,
Pearce, Forbes, Forbush, Gibson, Batcheller,
Batchelder and Sherman families.
PIERCE, George Edmond, educator, was born
in Southbury, Conn., Sept. 21, 1794 ; son of
Samuel and Martha (Edmond) Pierce, and a de-
scendant of Robert Edmond, a native of Ireland.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1816, A.M., 1819 ;
was principal of Fail-field academy, Conn., 1816-
18 ; was graduated at Andover Theological semi-
nary in 1821 ; was ordained July 12, 1822, and
was pastor at Harwinton, Conn., 1822-34. On
Dec. 7, 1824, he married Susan, daughter of
Martin Rockwell of Colebrook, Conn. He was
president of Western Reserve college, 1834-55,
t-_- . : ..
^>-_Sk
THE OLD WESTERAJ RESERVE COLLEGE, HUDSOAI .OHIO.
and during his administration a medical school
was established at Cleveland in 1844, and an ob-
servatory, athenaeum, chapel and several other
new buildings erected. In 1850 he was sharply
criticised for what was termed his extravagance,.
the attendance decreased, the theological depart-
ment closed, subscriptions fell off, and he re-
signed his office in 1855, and was without charge
at Hudson, Ohio, 1855-71. He received the de-
gree D.D. from Middlebury college in 1838. He
died at Hudson, Ohio, May 27, 1871.
PIERCE, George Foster, M.E. bishop, was
born in Greene county, Ga., Feb. 3, 1811 ; son of
the Rev. Lovick and (Foster) Pierce. He
graduated at Franklin college, Athens, Ga., A.B.,
1829, A.M., 1832, and studied law under his uncle,
Col. George Foster, in Greensborough, 1829-30.
In January, 1831, he was admitted into the
Georgia conference of the Methodist church, and
was later a member of the South Carolina con-
ference. He wTas presiding elder of the Augusta
circuit, 1837-39, president of the Georgia Female
college, which became the Wesleyan Female col-
lege, at Macon, Ga., 1839^40, and agent of this
institution in 1841. He was engaged in pastoral
work, 1842-48 ; was a delegate to the general con-
PIERCE
PIERCE
ference at New York city in 1844 ; to the conven-
tion at Louisville, Ky. , which organized the
Methodist Episcopal church, South, in 1845, and
to its first general conference at Petersburg, Va.,
in 1846, and to those of 1850 and 1854. He was
president of Emory college at
Oxford, Ga., 1848-54, and was
elected and ordained bishop
of the Methodist Episcopal
church, South, at Columbus,
Ga., in 1854. He built St.
John's Methodist church at
Augusta, Ga., 1843—14; made
au overland journey to San Francisco on a stage
coach in 1859, in the interests of his work, and
received the degrees D.D. from Transylvania
university, LL.D. from Randolph-Macon college
in 1867, and was a trustee of the University of
Georgia, 1867-84. He is the author of Incidents
of Western Travel (1857). He died at Sparta, Ga. ,
Sept. 3, 1884.
PIERCE, Gilbert Ashville, senator, was born
in East Otto, Cattaraugus county, N.Y. He
moved to Indiana in 1854, and later attended the
University of Chicago Law school for two years.
In April, 1861, he enlisted in the 9th Indiana
volunteers for three months' service, and was
elected 2d lieutenant. He re-enlisted, Aug. 3,
1861, was appointed captain and made assistant
quartermaster. He served under General Grant
at Paducah, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Grand Gulf
and Vicksburg, being present at its surrender,
July 4, 1863. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1863 ; served at Matagorda Island,
Texas ; was promoted colonel in 1864 ; appointed
inspector and special commissioner of the war
department, in which capacity he served at Hil-
ton Head and Pocotaligo, S.C., thence being
ordered to the department of the gulf, and in
October, 1865, he was retired with the brevets,
major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volun-
teers. He was a representative in the Indiana
legislature in 1868 ; assistant financial clerk of
the U.S. senate, 1869-71 ; assistant and managing
editor of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, 1871-83 ; editor
of the Chicago News, 1883-84, and governor of
Dakota Territory, 1884-87. He was chosen Re-
publican U.S. senator from the new state of
North Dakota. Nov. 20, 1889, and drew the short
term, which expired March 3, 1891. In 1891 he
purchased with W. J. Murphy, the Minneapolis,
Minn., Tribune, and became its editor-in-chief.
He was appointed U.S. minister to Portugal by
President Harrison in 1893, resigning after a few
months' service. He is the author of several
novels, sketches and plays, and published a
Dickens Dictionary: A Key to the Characters and
Principal Incidents in the Works of Charles Dick-
ens (1872). He died in Chicago, 111., Feb. 15, 1901.
PIERCE, Henry Lillie, representative, was
born in Stoughton, Mass., Aug. 23, 1825 ; son of
Col. Jesse and Elizabeth S. (Lillie) Pierce ; grand-
son of Jesse and Catherine (Smith) Pierce, and of
Capt. John Lillie (aide to Major-General Knox
in the Revolution), and a descendant of John
Pers, who immigrated from Norfolk county,
England, and settled in Watertown, Mass., in
1637. He attended a private school conducted
by his father at Stoughton, also the academy
and the state normal school at Bridgewater,
Mass. ; removed to Dorchester, Mass., with his
parents in 1849 ; in 1850 entered the chocolate
manufactory of Walter Baker & Co., and on the
death of Mr. Baker in 1854, took charge of the
business. He was active in the organization of
the Free-Soil party in Massachusetts in 1848 ;
was a representative in the state legislature,
1860-62 and 1866 ; was a member of the Boston
board of aldermen, 1870-71, mayor of Boston in
1873 and 1878, and a Republican representa-
tive from the third Massachusetts district in the
43d and 44th congresses, having been elected to
fill the vacancy caused by the death of William
Whiting, and serving from December, 1874, to
March 4, 1877. In 1884 he helped to organize an
independent movement to support Grover Cleve-
land for president, and thereafter acted with the
Democratic party. After numerous bequests to
charitable and other public institutions, aggre-
gating 3600,000, and including $50,000 each to
Harvard university, the Massachusetts General
hospital, the Massachusetts Institute of Techno-
logy, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and
the Massachusetts Homoeopathic hospital, he
transferred his valuable farm adjoining the Blue
Hills reservation to the Boston Park commis-
sioners to be added to the park lands of the city,
and bequeathed the residue of his estate to be
divided among the five beneficiaries first named.
He was never married. He died in Boston, Mass.,
Dec. 17, 1896.
PIERCE, Henry Miller, educator and inven-
tor, was born in Susquehanna county, Pa., Oct.
6, 1831 ; son of Henry Miller and Susan (Peironnet)
Pierce ; grandson of Dr. John Harvey and Jane
(Miller) Pierce and of James Stephen and
Susan (Bishop) Peironnet, and a descendant
of Dr. William Harvey, who discovered the
circulation of the blood, and of Admiral
Adam Duncan, the hero of Camperdown in
1797. His parents came to America from Eng-
land in 18UO. He was graduated at \Vaterville
college, Maine, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1857; was prin-
cipal of Newcastle academy, 1853-55, of the
high school, Chicopee Falls, Mass., 1856-57, and
president of Rutgers College for Women, New
York city, 1858-71. In 1861 with Dr. Francis
Lieber and Judge White of New York he organ-
PIERCE
PIERCE
ized the army ambulance corps and personally
directed its work, 1861-62. He was married,
Nov. 9, 1855, to Mary Quimby, daughter of Joshua
and - (Stockbridge) Page of Bath, Me., and
secondly, June 21, 1866, to Mary Jane, daughter
of Col. Dennis and Mary H. (Stewart) Church of
Riga, N.Y. He was manager of charcoal and
iron manufacturing companies, Bangor and Elk
Rupicls, Mich., Nashville and Goodrich, Teiin.,
and Calera and Decatur, Ala., 1871-94,, and was
president of the West Nashville Improvement
company, 1887-94. He invented processes for
making acetate of lime and wood alcohol from
the waste gases of charcoal kilns. He intro-
duced wood alcohol on the commercial market
and also became interested in the development of
the phosphate industry. He made a number of
inventions in connection with the iron and
chemical industries for which 27 patents were
issued to him. West Nashville, which city he
founded in 1887, became the centre of extensive
manufacturing industries. He received the hon-
orary degree of LL.D. from Bucknell university,
Lewisburg, Pa., 18GG. He removed to Wash-
ington, D.C., in 1890 and to Rochester, N.Y., in
1894. He died at Ocala, Fla., Feb. 18, 1902.
PIERCE, Henry Niles, fourth bishop of Arkan-
sas and ninety-fifth in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Pawtucket, R.I., Oct. 19,
1820; son of Benjamin B. and Susan (Walker)
Pierce ; grandson of Moses and Sarah (Bently)
Pierce, and a de-
scendant of Richard
Pearce, Jr., born 1590,
in Bristol, England,
who came to this
country about 1638,
and resided in Ports-
mouth, R.I. Henry
N. Pierce was gradu-
; ated at Brown, A.B.,
1842, A.M.. 1845. He
was ordered deacon,
April 25, 1848, and
ordained priest, Jan.
3' 1849' by Bish°P
Freeman in Christ
church, Matagorda,
engaged in missionary work in Washing-
ton county. Tex., 1849-52: was rector of Christ
church. Matagorda, Tex., 1852-54 ; Trinity church,
New Orleans, La., in 1854: St. Paul's, Rahway,
N.J., 1855-57; St. John's, Mobile, Ala., 1857-68,
and St. Paul's, Springfield, 111., 1868-70. He
was married, April 18, 1854, to Nannie Hayward,
daughter of Abram and Eleanor (Wallace)
Sheppard of Matagorda. He was elected mission-
ary bishop of Arkansas and Indian Territory
and was consecrated in Christ church, Mobile,
Tex.
Ala., Jan. 25, 1870, by Bishops Green, White-
house, R. H. Wilmer, Quintard, J. P. B. Wilmer
and Young. In 1871 Arkansas was organized as
a diocese, of which he became the first diocesan,
and retained the charge of the missionary juris-
diction of Indian Territory until 1893, when
the territory became part of the missionary
district of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. He
received the degree D.D. from the University of
Alabama in 1862 and from the University of the
South in 1869, and that of LL.D. from William
and Mary college in 1867. He is the author of
published sermons, addresses, translations, mis-
cellaneous pamphlets and The Agnostic and
Other Poems (1884). He died at Fayetteville,
Ark., Sept. 5, 1899.
PIERCE, James Oscar, historian, was born at
Oriskany Falls, N.Y., Feb. 3, 1836; son of James
and Lucy (Barnes) Pierce ; grandson of Stephen
(a Revolutionary officer) and Abigail (Taylor)
Pearce, and of Thomas Barnes, and a lineal de-
scendant of John and Priscilla (Molines) Alden,
and of Richard Warren, passengers on the May-
flower, 1630 ; also of Edward Rossiter, assistant
in the first government of Massachusetts Bay,
1630. James Oscar Pierce attended the public
schools of Syracuse, N.Y. He enlisted, April 20,
1M51, in the 1st Wisconsin volunteers for three
months' service ; was admitted to the bar in
Dodge county, Wis., in September, 1862, and was
married, Sept. 14, 1862, to Ada, daughter of Wel-
lington H. and Caroline (White) Butterfield. He
re-entered the army, Sept. 27, 1862, as 1st lieu-
tenant of the 29th Wisconsin volunteers ; was
promoted major and assistant adjutant-general,
May 8, 1863, serving on the staff of General B. M.
Prentiss, and as his chief of staff participated in
the battle of Helena, July 4, 1863. He was mus-
tered out, Nov. 29, 1865, and took up the practice
of law at Memphis, Tenn., where he resided until
1886. He was appointed judge of the law court
of Memphis, October. 1867, and elected judge of
the circuit court of Shelby county, Tenn.,
August, 1878, which office he held for eight
years. He was lecturer on constitutional juris-
prudence and history in the College of Law in
the University of Minnesota, 1888-1902, and in
July, 1902, was chosen dean of the College of
American History, a department of the National
Memorial university, Mason City, Iowa, esta-
blished in 1902. He was an active member of
the Tennessee State Historical society and of the
Tennessee State Bar asssociation, 1875-86, and
president of the Eclectic club of Memphis. 1876-
86. He was elected a member of the Minnesota
Historical society in 1890 ; was president of the
Bar association of Hennepin county. Minnesota,
1901; a member of the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion, and of several other patriotic socie-
PIERCE
PIERCE
ties. He edited : Hutchinson on Carriers (1878),
left unfinished by Judge Robert Hutchinson,
and is the author of Fraudulent Mortgages of
Merchandise (1884), and contributions to the
Southern Law Review, Central Law Journal, and
American Laic Review.
PIERCE, Jane Means Appleton, wife of Presi-
dent Pierce, was born in Hampton, N.H., March
12, 1806 ; daughter of the Rev. Jesse Appleton.
She was married in 1834 to Franklin Pierce, and
they had three children (sons), twoof whom died in
infancy, the youngest son, Benjamin, when about
thirteen years of age, was instantly killed while
en route from Boston to Concord, N.H., and near
Andover, Mass., the car in which he sat with his
parents being derailed, and both parents escaping
without injury. This shock coming immediately
before her husband's inauguration as President
and her advent as mistress of the White House,
greatly affected her health, which was not
rugged, and she took up the cares and duties of
her "Washington life under great depression.
Aside from her necessary duties as the first lady
of Washington official life, which she performed
with dignity and tact, she withdrew wholly
from the gaieties and festivities of society. After
her return to her home in Concord, she traveled
three years with her husband in Europe, and
died at Andover, Mass., Dec. 2, 1863.
PIERCE, Lovick, clergyman, was born in
Halifax county, N.C., March 17, 1785. He was
taken by his parents to Barnwell district, S.C.,
where his school training was limited, amounting
to about six months' attendance at an " old field
school." He entered the Methodist ministry in
1804, and removed to Greene county, Ga., in 1809,
where he married a daughter of the Hon. George
Wells Foster, attorney-at-law. He was a chaplain
in the army during the war of 1812 ; studied medi-
cine in Philadelphia, and practised medicine and
preached the gospel in Greensborough, Ga., for
several years, and then devoted himself to the
ministry altogether. He was a delegate to the
general conferences of the Methodist church in
1836, 1840 and 1844, and after the organization
of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was a
delegate to its general conventions continuously
up to the time of his death, his council being
greatly valued. He took part in the Louisville
conference of 1874, to which his son and grandson
were also present as delegates. He continued to
preach occasionally up to his ninety-fourth year.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Randolph-
Macon college in 1843, and was a trustee of that
college, 1835-79. He published a series of theo-
logical essays a short time before his death,
which occurred at the residence of his son, Bishop
George Foster Pierce (q.v.), near Sparta, Ga.,
when nearly 95 years of age, Nov. 9, 1879.
PIERCE, Rice Alexander, representative, was
born in Weakley county, Tenn., July 3, 1849; son
of Thomas M. Pierce. After attending the com-
mon schools he enlisted in the Confederate army
as a private in the 8th Tennessee cavalry regi-
ment, under General Forrest, and was taken
prisoner at Jackson, Tenn., in 1864, and confined
till the close of the war. He attended the high
school at London, Ontario, and was admitted to
the bar of North Carolina in July, 1868. He was
married in April, 1873, to Mary Hunter of Ham-
burg, Mo. He was district attorney-general for
the twelfth judicial circuit of Tennessee, 1874-83,
and a Democratic representative in the 48th con-
gress, 1883-85, the 51st-52nd congresses, 1889-93,
and in the 5oth-58th congresses, 1897-1905.
PIERCE, William, delegate, was born in
Georgia about 1740. He received a liberal edu-
cation, and engaged in merchandising as William
Pierce & Co. , Savannah, Ga. He was appointed
captain of the 1st Continental artillery, Nov. 30,
1776, served as aide-de-camp to General Nathanael
Greene throughout the war, and on Oct. 29, 1781,
received the thanks of congress, and was pre-
sented with a sword for his meritorious conduct
in the battle of Eutaw Springs, S.C. He con-
tinued business in Savannah, Ga., 1783-88; repre-
sented Chatham county in the Georgia legisla-
ture ; was a delegate from Georgia to the Conti-
nental congress, 1786-87, and was a member of
the Convention of 1787, in Philadelphia, that
framed the Federal constitution, but his ab-
sence in New York, Sept. 17, 1787, prevented his
signing the document. He was a vice-president
of the Society of the Cincinnati at the time of
his death. While in congress he prepared his-
impressions of the delegates, which were pub-
lished in the Georgia Gazette of March 20. ITsx.
and form a part of the Peter Force collection in
the Congressional library. He died in Savannah.
Ga., Dec. 10, 1789.
PIERCE, William Oscar, minister, author,
and musician, was born in New Haven, Ohio.
Oct. 28, 1835 ; son of Samuel Ransom and Sylvia
Jane (Comstock) Pierce ; grandson of Phii
and Annie (Kellog) Pierce and of Dr. James and
Chloe (Beach) Comstock, and a descendant of
Thomas Pierce, who emigrated from England in
1633 and settled in Charlestown, Mass. He was
graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university.
A.B., 1859; A.M., 1862; was professor of Greek
in Moore's Hill college, Ind., 1861-62. and its
president, 1862-64 ; in the pastorate, 1864-73 ; pro-
fessor of Greek in Fort Wayne college, Ind.. 1873-
76 ; professor of Greek and Hebrew in Illinois.
Wesleyan university, 1876-79, and again in tln>
pastorate, 1879-84 and 1887-90. Cornell college
conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in Ix7v
He was editor of T!ie Methodist Pulpit and Pew*
PIERPONT
PIERPONT
1884—87. He wrote numerous hymns, including :
" The Banner of Beauty and Glory," national
hymn of the Sons of Veterans, U.S.A. (1894);
"Lincoln's Prayer " (1895); "The Flag of the
Rising Sun," Japanese national hyrnn (1896),
and " No More Marching through Georgia"(1896).
He is also the author of : The Church Republic, a
Romance of Methodism (1892); On to Louisrille
(1895); De 'Pos'le Petah ub Kentucky, a Series of
Sketches iti the Darky Dialect (1902).
PIERPONT, Francis Harrison, governor of
Virginia, was born in Monongahela county, Va.,
Jan. 25, 1814 ; son of Francis and Catherine
(Weaver) Pierpont; grandson of John and Anne
(Morgan) Pierpont ; great-grandson of Zaquil
Morgan ; great2-grandson of Col. Morgan, who
came from London to
Delaware, and was an
Episcopal clergyman
as well as a soldier :
and a descendant of
William Pierrepont,
one of the chief men-
at-arms of William
the Norman, through
John Pierpont (Bos-
ton, 1640; Roxbury,
1656), founder of the
name in America.
Francis Harrison
Pierpont removed to
Fairmont, Va., with
his parents in 1827, at-
tended the public schools and assisted his father on
the farm and in his tan-yard until 1835. He was
graduated at Allegheny college, Meaclville, Pa., in
1839 ; taught school in Mississippi, 1841-42 ; was
admitted to the Virginia bar in 1842 ; settled in
practice in Fairmont ; was a presidential elector
on the Taylor ticket in 1848, and served as local
council of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad com-
pany for Marion and Taylor counties, 1848-56.
He engaged in mining and shipping coal by rail
in 1853, and later in the manufacture of fire
bricks. He became prominent as an uncom-
promising Union man, and at the convention at
Wheeling, Va., in 1861, was foremost in organiz-
ing a provisional state government with Wheel-
ing as the capital, and was chosen provisional
governor of Virginia, holding this office for one
year. He immediately organized twelve regi-
ments of militia for service in the U.S. army ;
was governor of the loyal portion of Virginia
with the capitol at Wheeling, 1861-63, and during
this time put more than 40,000 Union troops in
the field. West Virginia was admitted to the
Union as a separate state largely through his
influence, June 19, 1863. He was governor of
Virginia, 1863-68, and called the convention in
February, 1864, which abolished slavery in the
state, and at the fall of Richmond in May, 1865,
removed the seat of government from Alexandria
to that city, and soon had the state reorganized.
He continued in office until April, 1868, his term
having expired in January. He resumed the
practice of law in Fairmont in 1868 ; represented
Marion county in the West Virginia legislature
in 1870, and served as U.S. collector of internal
revenue under President Garfield. The legisla-
ture of West Virginia caused his statue to be
placed in Statuary Hall, Washington, D.C. He
was married, Dec. 26, 1854, to Julia, daughter of
the Rev. Samuel and Dorcas (Platt) Robertson
of New York, and their daughter Anna (Pier-
pont) Siviter, became an Oriental scholar and
the author of Nehe, a picture of Persian court
life during the reign of Artaxerxes. During the
last years of his life, he resided with his daughter
in Pittsburg, Pa., where he died March 24, 1899.
PIERPONT, James, clergyman, was born in
Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 4, 1659 ; son of John and
Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. John Pierpont emi-
grated from London, England, to Boston, Mass.,
in 1640, became a freeman in 1652 ; settled on an
estate of 300 acres in Roxbury, Mass., in 1656;
was a representative in the General Court in 1672,
and died in Ipswich, Mass., 1682. James was grad-
uated at Harvard, A.B., 1681, A.M., 1684 ; became
pastor of the church at New Haven, Conn., in
September, 1684, and was ordained July 2, 1685.
He was associated with the Rev. Samuel Andrew
and the Rev. Samuel Russell, in 1698, in laying
plans which led to the founding of Yale college
in 1701, and his representation of the needs for
higher education in the colonies induced Elihu
Yale to become its first benefactor. He was a
fellow of Yale, 1701-14. and it is also stated that
he read lectures to the students at Yale as pro-
fessor of moral philosophy. He was a member
of the committee that considered the complaints
of England against the colony in 1705, and fur-
nished the agent there with directions and
answers. He also drew up what became known
as the Say brook platform, adopted by the synod
for the administration of church discipline in
1708. He was married, first, Oct. 27, 1691, to
Abigail, daughter of John and Abigail (Pierson)
Davenport of New Haven ; secondly, May 30,
1694, to Sarah, daughter of the Rev. Joseph and
Sarah (Lord) Haynes ; and thirdly, July 26,
1698. to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas
Hooker of Hartford, Conn. His portrait,
painted in 1711, was presented to Yale by his
descendant, Edwards Pierrepont. in 1887. His
son John removed to Paulus Hook, N.J., about
1770, and from there to Virginia, built a fort
near Morgantown. married Anne Morgan, and
was the grandfather of Francis Harrison Pier-
PIERPONT
PIERSON
pont (q.v.) James Pierpont published Sundry
False Hopes of Heaven, Discovered and Decryed,
a sermon (1712). He died at New Haven, Conn.,
Nov. 32, 1714.
PIERPONT, John, jurist, was born in Litch-
field, Conn., Sept. 10, 1805; son of Daniel and
Sarah (Phelps) Pierpont ; grandson of James and
Anne (Sherman) Pierpont, and great-grandson
of John and Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. He was
taken to Rutland, Vt., in 1815, and resided with
his brother, Judge Robert Pierpont (1791-1865).
He was graduated at the Litchfleld law school in
1827, and practised in Pittsford, Vt., removing
in 1832 to Vergennes, where he was married in
1833 to Sarah M. Lawrence. He was register of
probate, 1836-55, represented Vergennes in the
state legislature in 1841, was a member of the
state senate, 1855-57, and chairman of its judi-
ciary committee for two years. He was an asso-
ciate judge of the supreme court of Vermont,
1857-65, and chief justice, 1865-82. He died in
Vergennes, Vt., Jan. 6, 1882.
PIERREPONT, Edwards, jurist, was born in
North Haven, C mn., March 4, 1817; son of Giles
and Eunice (Munson) Pierrepont ; grandson of
Jonathan Munson. and a descendant of John and
Thankful (Stow) Pierpont. He was graduated
at Yale, A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840, commenced the
study of law in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated
at the New Haven law school in 1840. He was a
tutor in Yale, 1840-41, settled in practice in
Columbus, Ohio, in partnership with Phineas B.
Wilcox, in 1842, and in 1845 removed to New
York city and resumed practice. He was
married, May 27, 1846, to Margaretta, daughter
of Samuel A. Willoughby of Brooklyn, N.Y. He
was judge of the superior court of New York
city, 1857-60, and in 1862 was appointed by
President Lincoln, in conjunction with General
John A. Dix, to try the prisoners of state accused
of political offences. He was an active member
of the Union defence committee ; one of the
three appointed to proceed to Washington to
confer with the government, when all com-
munication was cut off by the way of Balti-
more after the attack on the Massachusetts
troops in Baltimore, and lie conducted, on the
part of the government, the prosecution of John
N. Surratt, indicted for aiding in the murder of
President Lincoln ; the Arkansas Hot Springs
case, and the Pacific Railway case. He was a
member of the state constitutional convention
in 1867, serving on its judiciary committee. He
was U.S. attorney for the southern district of
New York, 1869-70 ; a member of the committee
of seventy that fought the Tweed ring in 1870 ;
declined the office of U.S. minister to Russia in
1873, and was U.S. attorney-general in President
Grant's cabinet from April, 1875, until May, 1876,
when he accepted the appointment of U.S.
minister to England, serving until 1878. He was
secretary of legation and charge d'affaires at Rome,
1884-85. He was a founder, and for many years
governor, of the Manhattan club. He received
the degree of LL.D. from Columbian university,
Washington, D.C. , in 1871, and from Yale in
1873, and that of D.C.L. from Oxford univer-
sity, England, in 1878. He is the author of
political and literary orations, published in
pamphlet form. He died in New York city,
March 7, 1892
PIERSON, Abraham, educator, was born in
Lynn, Mass., in 1645; son of the Rev. Abraham
Pierson (1608-1678), who emigrated from York-
shire, England, in 1639, and settled successively
in Boston, Mass., Long Island, N.Y., Branford,
Conn., and Newark, N.J. ; was most successful
in his efforts toconvert the Indians, and prepared
an Indian catechism (1654). Abraham Pierson,
Jr., was graduated from Harvard in 1663, and
was ordained to the ministry in 1669. He was
assistant to his father at Newark, N.J., 1672-78 ;
pastor 1678-94, and was appointed pastor at Kill-
ingworth. Conn., in 1694. He was associated
with the Rev. James Pierpont (q.v.) in the
revival of the plan to form,
found and govern a college
in New Haven. A charter
was drafted and after the
legislature had convened
Oct. 9, 1701, an act was
passed giving them the
liberty to erect a collegiate
school. It was first estab-
lished at Saybrook with /
Abraham Pierson as rector,
in 1701, which office he con-
tinued until his death. The
office did not entitle him to
membership in the Corpora-
tion, but lie was one of the
eleven trustees constituted
by the charter of 1701. He composed a system
of natural philosophy, and published an Elec-
tion Sermon (1700). A bronze statue by Launt
Thompson was erected to his memory on the
Yale grounds in 1874. He died in Killingworth,
Conn., March 5, 1707.
PIERSON, Arthur Tappan, editor, was born in
New York city, March 6, 1837 ; son of Stephen
H. and Sally Ann (Wheeler) Pierson of New
York and Newark, N.J. , and a descendant of the
same ancestors to whom the Rev. Dr. Abraham
Pierson, first president of Yale college, belonged.
He was graduated from Hamilton college, N.Y. ,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860, and studied at the Union
Theological seminary, N.Y., 1857-60. He was
ordained by the presbytery of New York, M.ny
PIERSON
PIKE
13, I860, and was married July 12, I860, to Sarah
Frances, daughter of Williston H. Benedict of
New York. He was pastor of the Congregational
church at Binghamton, N.Y., 1860-63 ; pastor of
the Presbyterian church at Waterford, N.Y.,
1863-69 ; of the Fort Street Presbyterian church
at Detroit, Mich., 1869-82 ; of the Second Presby-
terian church at Indianapolis, Ind., 1882-83; of
the Bethany Presbyterian church at Philadel-
phia. Pa., 1883-91, and acting pastor of the
Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, England, 1891-
93. He gave a special lecture course on missions
at Rutgers college in 1891, and in the university
of Scotland in 1892 as Duff Lecturer. In 1888 he
became editor of the Missionary Review of the
World. The honorary degree of D.D. was con-
ferred on him by Knox college in 1874. He is
the author of : Crisis of Missions (1886); Keys to
the Word (1887); Many Infallible Proofs (1889);
Evangelistic Work (1890); TJie One (?ospeZ(1891) ;
The Heart of the Gospel (1892); Divine Enter-
prise of Missions (1S93); Miracles of Missions
(1892-1902); Tlie Divine Art of Preaching (1893);
Stumbling Blocks Removed (1893); New Acts of
the Apostles (1893) ; The Heights of the Gospel
(1893); Hopes of the Gospel (1893); Life Power
(1894); Lessons in the School of Prayer (1896);
Seven Years in Sierra Leone (1896); In Christ
Jesris (1897); SJiall We Continue in Sin? (1898);
Acts of the Holy Spirit (1898); Catherine of
Sienna (1899); George Mutter of Bristol (1899);
Forward Movements (1900); Seed Tlioughts for
Public Speakers (1901): The Modern Mission
Century (1902) ; The Gordian Knot (1902) and
contributions to periodical literature.
PIERSON, Hamilton Wilcox, educator, was
born in Bergen, N.Y., Sept. 22, 1817; son of the
Rev. Josiah Pierson ; grandson of Samuel and
Rebecca (Parrnele) Pierson, and descendant of
the Rev. Abraham Pierson of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, who was graduated from Trinity college,
Cambridge, in 1632, and came to America in
1639 " in pursuit of religious freedom." Hamil-
ton Wilcox was graduated from Union college,
N.Y., in 1843; was agent of the American Bible
society, Alexandria. Va., 1843^5; was graduated
from the Union Theological seminary in 1848,
and on account of ill health, traveled in the
interest of the American Bible society, 1848-49.
He was ordained by the presbytery of New York,
Nov. 13, 1833 ; was agent of the American Bible
society in the West Indies, 1849-50. and at
Louisville, Ky., 1833-58. He was president of
Cumberland college, Princeton, Ky., 1858-61 ;
agent of the American Tract society, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1861-62; secretary of the United States
Christian society at Toledo, Ohio, and taught
school in Virginia and Georgia, 1863 69. He
went to California for his health in 1875, and
engaged in literature and travel, 1877-85. He
was state librarian at Columbus, Ohio, 1885-88.
The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on
him by Union college in 1860. He edited The
American Missionary Memorial (1853), and is the
author of : Tiiomas Jefferson at Monticello (1862) ;
In the Brush (1881). He died in Bergen, N.Y.,
Sept. 7, 1888.
PIERSON, Henry R., educationist, was born
in Charleston, Montgomery county, N.Y., June
13, 1819 ; son of Rufus Pierson, and a descendant
of Henry Pierson of Southampton, L.I. He was
graduated from Union college, N.Y., in 1846, and
was admitted to the bar in 1848, practising his
profession in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1849-60. He was
elected president of the Brooklyn City Railroad
Company in 1860 ; was a member of the board of
education, Brooklyn, N.Y., president of the
board of aldermen for several terms during his
residence in Brooklyn, 1849-69, and state senator
1867-68. He was elected financial agent of the
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad company,
Chicago, 111., in 1871, later becoming its superin-
tendent and vice-president. He was elected
resident executive director of the New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad company at
Albany, N.Y., in 1871 ; was a member of the state
assembly, 1873, and served as chairman of its
committees on cities and on railroads, and in
1875 he established a banking house at Albany.
He was a trustee of Union college 1871-72 ; of
the Albany Medical college, and of Dudley
Observatory, and a regent of the University of the
State of New York, 1872-90, having been elected to
succeed Erastus Corning. He succeeded Erastus
C. Benedict as vice-chancellor, serving 1878-81,
and became chancellor in 1881 on the death
of Chancellor Benedict. The honorary degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by Union college
in 1874. He died in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 1, 1890.
PIKE, Albert, soldier, was born in Boston,
Mass., Dec. 29, 1809. He removed with his
parents to Newburyport, Mass. : attended Har-
vard college, 1825-26 ; taught at Fairhaven and
Newburyport, Mass., and in 1831 traveled the
unexplored regions of the West. In August, 1831,
he connected himself with a caravan of ten
wagons under Capt. Charles Bent, traveling to
Santa Fe, where he obtained employment as a
clerk. In September, 1832, he joined a party of
trappers down the Pecos river and into the
Staked Plains, and with four companions traveled
on foot to Fort Smith, Ark., reaching there Dec.
10, 1832. He engaged in teaching at Van Buren
and on Little Piney river, and contributed articles
to the Little Rock Advocate, of which paper he
became assistant editor in 1834, nnd owner. He
was admitted to the bar in 1835, and sold his
paper in 1836. Upon the outbreak of the Mexican
I 'IKE
PIKE
war he recruited a company of cavalry and was at-
tached to Col. Charles May's regiment of mounted
volunteers at the battle of Buena Vista. In
command of a company of forty-one men he rode
from Saltillo to Chihuahua, Mex., receiving the
surrender of the city of Mapimi on the way. He
returned to his extensive law practice in 1849,
and transferred his office to New Orleans in 1853,
returning to Arkansas in 1857. As attorney for
the Choctaw Indians he obtained the award of
$•,2,1(81,247 from the U.S. government. At the
beginning of the civil war he was appointed
Confederate commissioner to negotiate treaties
of alliance with the Indians. He •was appointed
a brigadier-general, C.S.A., commanded the
department of the Indian Territory and organized
brigades of Indians which he commanded at the
battles of Pea Ridge and Elkhorn. In 1866 he
removed to Memphis, Tenn., where he edited the
Appeal, 1867-68 ; and after 1868 he practised in
Washington, B.C. He was grand commander of
the supreme coxmcil of the thirty -third degree
Masons, and was also grand commander of the
royal order of Scottish Rite Masons. He is the
author of : Prose Sketches and Poems (1834);
Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Arkan-
sas (5 vols., 1840-45); Arkansas Form Book
(1845); Nugce, poems (1854), two other collec-
tions of poems (1873 and 1882); Masonic Statutes
and Regulations (1859) ; Morals and Dogma of
Freemasonry (1870). He also wrote numerous
Masonic rituals, and a reply to Pope Leo XIII's
bull against Masonry. He died in Washington,
D.C.. April 2, 1891.
PIKE, Austin Franklin, senator, was born at
Hebron, N.H., Oct. 16, 1819; son of Uriah and
Mary (Page) Pike. He attended Holmes academy,
Plymouth ; studied law at Franklin, with George
W. Ne<mith, 1841-45 ; and practised in partner-
ship first with his preceptor, and later with
Daniel Barnard, Isaac N. Blodgett, and Frank N.
Parsons. He was married, in 1850, to Caroline
White. He was a representative in the state
legislature, 1850-52 and 1865-66, being speaker of
the house, 1865-66. He was a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1856 ; a mem-
ber of the state senate, 1857-58, and its president
in 1858 ; chairman of the Republican state com-
mittee, 1858-60 ; a Republican representative in
the 43rd congress, 1873-75, and U.S. senator,
1883-86. The honorary degree of A.M. was
conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1858. He
died at Franklin, N.H., Oct. 8, 1886.
PIKE, Frederick Augustus, representative,
was born in Calais, Maine, Dec. 9, 1817. He was
graduated at Bowdoin college in 1839 ; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1840, and practised at Calais.
He was a representative in the state legislature
eight terms, and a Republican representative in
the 37^JOth congresses, 1861-69, serving as chair-
man of the naval committee for six years. He
was again a representative in the state legisla-
ture, 1870-71 ; and a member of the state consti-
tutional convention in 1875. He was married in
1846 to Mary Hayden Green, author of Ida May
(1854) ; Caste (1856) ; and Agnes (1858). Mr.
Pike died in Calais, Maine, Dec. 3, 1886.
PIKE, James Shepherd, diplomatist, was born
in Calais, Maine, Sept. 8, 1811. He attended the
public schools, engaged in the mercantile busi-
ness in 1826, and later devoted himself to journal-
ism. He was Washington correspondent and
associate editor of the New York Tribune, 1850-
60, and was a strong anti-slavery partisan. He
was U.S. minister to the Netherlands, 1861-66 ;
and supported Horace Greeley for the presidency
in 1872. He bequeathed to the public library at
Calais, Maine, $15,000, on condition that no book
should be purchased until it had been published
ten years. He is the author of : Tlie Restoration
of the Currency (1868) ; Tlie Financial Crisis, its
Evils and Tlieir Remedy (1867) ; Horace Oreelcy
in 1S72 (1873) ; The Prostrate State (1874) ; Tlie
New Puritan (1879) ; The First Blows of the Civil
War (1879). He died in Calais, Me., Nov. 29, 1882.
PIKE, Maria Louisa, naturalist, was born in
England ; daughter of Benjamin Hadley. British
Commissioner to South Africa. She was private
secretary to her father for several years, and em-
ployed much of her spare time in studying and
making sketches of the flora of South Africa.
She went to the island of« Mauritius in 1870 and
became acquainted with Nicholas Pike, U.S.
consul, who was making a scientific research
for natural history specimens for the Agassiz
museum, Cambridge, Mass. She assisted him in
the classification of over 800 species of fish, of
which she made many colored sketches. She
was married to Mr. Pike in 1875, and removed
to America, where she contributed frequently
to the Scientific American. American Agricul-
turist, and American Garden. She reproduced
in colors a large collection of spiders made by
her husband, and also made a nearly complete
set of pen-and-ink drawings of North American
snakes. She was a member of the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences. She died in
Brooklyn, N.Y., March 23. 1S92.
PIKE, Zebulon Montgomery, soldier, was
born in Lamberton, N.J., Feb. 5, 1770: son of
Maj. Zebulon Pike (1751-1834) of the patriot
army. The Pike family resided in New Jersey
for several generations, one ancestor, Capt. John
Pike, acquiring his military title in Indian war-
fare. Zebulon Pike removed with his parents to
Bucks county, Pa., and later to Easton. He was
ensign in his father's regiment on the western
frontier, and was promoted lieutenant in the 1st
PILE
PILLOW
regiment U.S. infantry in November, 1799. He
•was married in March, 1801, to Clarissa, daughter
of General John Brown of Kentucky. Upon the
organization of Louisiana Territory in 1805, h'e
was ordered on an expedition to^iexplore and
trace the head waters of the Mississippi. He
embarked at St. Louis, Aug. 9, 1805, with twenty
men, and after nine mouths' labor succeeded in
discovering what he pronounced to be the source
of the river. He was
appointed by General
Wilkinson to lead an
exploring party into
the interior of the
newly-acquired terri-
tory, and during this
expedition discovered
Pike's Peak in the
Rocky mountains.
The party reached
the Rio del Norte, and
being found on Span-
ish territory they
were taken to Santa
Fe, where Pike's
papers were taken
from him. After a long examination he was re-
leased, and arrived at Natchitoches, July 1, 1807,
where he was commended by the U.S. government
for his " zeal, perseverance, .and intelligence."
He was promoted captain in 1806 ; major in 1808 ;
lieutenant-colonel in 1809 ; deputy quartermaster-
general in 1813 ; colonel of 15th infantry July 6,
1813 ; and brigadier-general March 12, 1813. Upon
the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was appointed
adjutant and inspector-general of the army, and
commanded the expedition against York, Upper
Canada, in April, 1813. He landed with 1,500
troops April 37, 1813, and captured one of the
redoubts, and while making arrangements for a
further attack, an explosion took place in the
British magazine, and General Pike was fatally
injured by the falling stones. See An Account
of Two Expeditions to the Sources of the Missis-
sippi (2 vols., 1810), of which Elliott Coues pub-
lished a new edition (3 vols., 1895). He died in
York, Canada, April 27, 1813.
PILE, William A., soldier, was born near
Indianapolis, Iiid., Feb. 11, 1829. He became a
minister of the Methodist Episcopal church,
joining the Missouri conference. In 1861 he
enlisted in the Federal army as chaplain of a
regiment of Missouri volunteers. He commanded
a light battery in 1862 ; a regiment of infantry
in 1863 ; and was promoted brigadier-general of
volunteers, Dec. 26, 1863. He saw service at
Corinth, Vicksburg, and Mobile, and was mus-
tered out of the volunteer service Aug. 24, 1865.
He was a Republican representative from Mis-
souri in the 40th congress, 1867-69 ; was defeated
for the 41st congress in 1868 ; was governor of
New Mexico, 1869-70, by appointment of Presi-
dent Grant, and U.S. minister to Venezuela, 1871-
74. He died at Monrovia, Cal., July 7, 1889.
PILLING, James Constantine, ethnologist,
was born in Washington, D.C., Nov. 16, 1846.
He attended Gonzaga college ; joined Maj. J. W.
Powell's Rocky Mountain surveying expedition
in 1875, and began a work of tabulating the
vocabularies of the Indian tribes and collecting
data concerning their mythology. In 1880 he
was elected chief clerk of the bureau of eth-
nology, and upon the appointment of Major
Powell to the office of chief of the geological
survey, he became chief clerk, in which office
he continued until his death. He was an autho-
rity on North American Indian bibliography,
and is the author of bibliographies of the
Languages of the North American Indians (1885);
Eskimo Language (1887) ; Siouan Languages
(1887) ; Iroquoian Languages (1888); Muskho-
gean Languages (1889) ; Salishan Languages
(1893) ; Wakashan Languages (1894) ; Mexican
Language (1895) ; and memoirs on ethnological
subjects. He died in Olney, Md., July 26, 1895.
PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, was born
in Williamson county, Tenn., July 8, 1806 ; son
of Gideon and Annie (Payne) Pillow ; grandson
of John and Mary (Johnson) Pillow, and of Josiah
Paine, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and
great-grandson of Jaspar Pillow, who emigrated
from England in 1740, and settled in the Virginia
colony. His paternal grandfather and his two
great-uncles, Jaspar and William Pillow, were
Revolutionary soldiers and were present at the
surrender of Cornwallis, and his father was a
soldier under General Jackson, and was conspicu-
ous in the attack on the Indian fortress Nicka-
jack. Gideon John-
son Pillow was grad-
uated from the Uni-
versity of Nashville
in 1827, studied law
under Judge W. E.
Kennedjr and Wil-
liam L. Brown, es-
tablished himself in
practice in Columbia,
Tenn., and became a
prominent member of
the Tennessee bar.
He was a member of
the staff of Gov.
William Carroll, with
the rank of brigadier
general, 1829-35, a delegate to the Democratic
national convention of 1844, and afterward made
a canvass for James K. Polk. LTpon the out-
PILLOW
PILLSBURY
break of the war with Mexico, he was commis-
sioned brigadier-general, U.S. army, July 13, 1846,
and reported with a brigade of Tennessee volun-
teers to General Taylor, at Caniargo, Mexico. He
was engaged at the battle of Vera Cruz, where he
was complimented for gallantry ; Cerro Gordo,
where he was severely wounded and was commis-
sioned major-general, and during the campaign
that followed was second in command. He was
present at Contreras, Cherubusco and Chapulte-
pec, and at the latter place his ankle was crushed
by a grape shot and he was in hospital for three
months. He favored pressing the Mexican army
to the extreme boundary of the country, making
the final capitulation beyond the Sierra Madre,
which became known as the " Pillow line " and
was afterward admitted by military experts to be
correct. He was later arrested by General Scott,
on charges of insubordination, but was com-
pletely vindicated by the court of inquiry. He
returned to his home in Maury county, Tenn.,
relinquished his law practice and engaged ex-
tensively in farming in Tennessee and Arkansas.
He was a delegate to the Southern convention
held at Nashville in 1850, and favored a conserva-
tive policy. At the Democratic national con-
vention of 1853 he received twenty-five votes for
nomination for vice president. He opposed sec-
ession until the outbreak of the civil war, when
he was appointed by Gov. Isham G. Harris major-
general in the provisional army of Tennessee, May
9, 1861. He organized a force of 35,000 men, and
on July 9, 1861, was commissioned brigadier-
general in the Confederate army. He commanded
the Confederate forces stationed at Belmont, Mo. ,
and on Nov. 7, 1861, an attack was made on the
town by General Grant. Aftera severe battle last-
ing the entire day he found that he was unable to
hold his position and attempted to dislodge the
concealed Federal force by a series of gallant
charges. These proving of no avail, he was obliged
to retreat. In the battle of Fort Donelson, he
ranked second in command of the Confederate
forces. He reached Fort Donelson Feb. 9, 1862,
and on Feb. 14, 1863, the battle with the Federal
gun boats was fought. On the 15th the situation
was debated by General Floyd and his chiefs of
brigade, and an immediate attack was decided
upon against the advance of General Pillow.
After the Confederate defeat he was relieved of
his command and assigned to post duty until the
close of the war. While on a visit to General
Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tenn., he was given a
temporary command in the battle of Murfrees-
boro, and took part in the famous charge of
General Breckinridge. At the close of the war
he returned to Tennessee and found his estates
devastated. He engaged in farming, but in 1868
he formed a law partnership in Memphis, Tenn.,
with Isham G. Harris. His last years were spent
in a vain effort to pay off his debts incurred
during the war. He was married to Mary Martin
of Columbia, Tenn. He died on the Mound Plan-
tation. Phillips county. Ark., Oct. 8, 1878.
PILLSBURY, John Sargent, governor of
Minnesota, was born in Sutton, N.H., July 29,
1828 ; son of John and Susan (Wadleigh) Pills-
bury ; grandson of Caleb and Sarah (Sargent)
Pillsbury and of Benjamin Wadleigh ; and a de-
scendant of William Pillsbury, who came from
England to Boston in 1640 ;
and of Capt. Thomas Wad-
leigh of Exeter, son of Robert
Wadleigh, member of Pro-
vincial Legislature of Mass-
achusetts. John Sargent
Pillsbury engaged in various
pursuits in New Hampshire
and in 1855 he established a hardware store at the
village of St. Anthony, (now Minneapolis) Minne-
sota. He was married, Nov. 3. 1856, to Mahala,
daughter of Capt. John Fiske of Warner, N.H.
The burning of his store in 1857 and the hard times
ensuing did not prevent his success in this as in
every other business venture. In 1872 he engaged
in the flour milling business in Minneapolis, be-
coming a partner in the firm of Charles A. Pills-
bury and Co., and subsequently one of the organ-
izers of Pillsbury- Wash burn Flour Mills company.
He was state senator, 1864-76 ; and governor of the
state of Minnesota for three consecutive terms,
1876-82, saving the state from repudiation, by a
settlement of the state railroad bonds. He built
and presented a town hall to the village of Sut-
ton, N.H., in 1893 ; gave to the Home for Children
and Aged Women of Minneapolis, in the name of
his wife, an endowment fund of $100,000 in 1899 ;
presented an expensive library building to East
Minneapolis, Minn., in 1900, and a Girls' Home to
the city of Minneapolis in 1901. He was a regent
of the University of Minnesota, 1863-1901 ; built
and presented Science Hall to the university in
1889, and in 1897 he was made life regent. He
died in Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 18, 1901.
PILLSBURY, Parker, abolitionist, was born in
Hamilton, Mass., Sept. 22, 1809; son of Dea.
Oliver and Anna (Smith) Pillsbury. He was
brought up on his father's farm in Henniker,
N.H. ; and in 1830-33 resided in Lynn, Mass., but
returned to Henniker in 1833 and resumed his
farm work until 1835. He was graduated from
Gilmanton Theological seminary, 1838 ; attended
Andover Theological seminary, 1838-39 ; and was
ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1839.
He was stated supply at the Congregational
church, London, N.H., 1839-40 ; abandoned the
ministry in 1840 ; and became a member of a
band of abolition lecturers, representing the New
PINCHBACK
Hampshire, Massachusetts and American Anti-
slavery societies. He delivered anti-slavery lec-
tures in England, 1853-55 ; and was editor of the
Herald of Freedom at Concord, N.H., in 1840 and
1845-46, and of the National Anti-Slavery Stand-
ard, New York city, in I860. After the legal
abolishment of slavery, he devoted himself to the
woman suffrage cause and with Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, edited The Revolu-
tion in New York city. He later became a
preacher to free religious societies in Ohio,
Michigan, and other western states. He was mar-
ried to Sarah H., daughter of Dr. John L. and
Sallie (Wilkins) Sargent. She died March 8, 1898,
leaving one daughter. He is the author of Acts
of the Anti-Slavery Apostles (1883) and many
pamphlets on reform subjects. He died in Con-
cord, N.H., July 7, 1898.
PINCHBACK, Pinckney Benton Stewart,
politician, was born in Macon, Ga., May 10, 1837 ;
son of William and Eliza Pinchback. His father
was white and his mother a mulatto. He re-
moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, with his parents, and
his father dying when he was eleven years old,
lie found employment on a river steamboat. He
was married in 1860 to Nina, daughter of Ann
Hothorn, a native of New Orleans, La. Upon
the outbreak of the civil war he was within the
Confederate lines, ran the blockade in 1862, at
Yazoo City, and enlisted in the 1st Louisiana
volunteers at New Orleans. He was appointed
captain in the 2d Louisiana native guards in
1863, and resigned on account of the existing
prejudice against colored officers. General
Banks, however, authorized him to recruit a
company of cavalry from his own race, but re-
fused to commission him in it on account of
his color. He was a delegate to the reconstruc-
tion convention of 1867 ; state senator in 1868 ;
a delegate to the Republican national conven-
tion of 1868 and in April, 1869, was appointed
register of the land office at New Orleans. He
established the New Orleans Louisianian Dec.
25, 1870, and organized a company to establish
a steamboat line on the Mississippi river. He
was elected president pro-tempore of the state
senate, became lieutenant-governor on the death
of Lieut.-Gov. Oscar Dunn, Dec. 6, 1871, and
acting governor during the impeachment trial
of Governor Warmoth, December and January,
1873-73. He was nominated for governor by the
Republican party in 1872, but withdrew in the
interest of harmony, and was nominated and
elected representative to congress from the state
at large in November, 1873. He was chosen U.S.
senator by the Republican legislature in 1873,
but his seat was refused him by the senate, and
was vacant, 1873-77, although he received the
pay due a senator from Louisiana for the time
PINCKNEY
he was before the senate. He was commissioner
from Louisiana to the Vienna exposition in 1873 ;
a member of the state board of education, 1877-
80 ; a delegate to the state constitutional conven-
tion in 1879, and surveyor of customs of New
Orleans in 1882. He was graduated from the
law department of Straight university, New
Orleans. La., in 1886; was admitted to the bar
the same year, and practised in New Orleans,
where he was a trustee of Southern university,
1883-86, and afterward in Washington, D.C.
He was a delegate to every Republican national
convention from 1868 to 1900.
PINCHOT, Gifford, forester, was born in
Simsbury, Conn., Aug. 11, 1865; son of James
Wallace and Mary (Eno) Pinchot ; and grandson
of Cyril Constantino Desire and Eliza (Cross)
Pinchot, and of Amos Richards and Lucy (Phelps)
Eno. He graduated from Yale in 1889, and
studied the science of forestry in France, Ger-
many, Switzerland and Austria. He inaugu-
rated the first piece of regular forest manage-
ment in America on the estate of George W.
Vanderbilt at Biltmore, near Asheville, N.C., in
January, 1892, and later opened an office as
consulting forester in New York city. In 1895
lie became a member of a committee of the
National Academy of Sciences, appointed to re-
commend a forest policy for the United States.
In 1897 he made for the secretary of the interior
an examination and a report upon the national
forest reserves. He became forester of the U.S.
department of agriculture July 1, 1898, and on
July 1, 1901, the division of forestry of that
department was raised to a bureau, of which he
became the first chief. In collaboration with
Prof. Henry S. Graves, director of the Yale
Forest school, he is the author of: Tlie White
Pine (1896) and The Adirondack Spruce (1898).
Independently, he is the author of a Primer of
Forestry, issued by the U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, and of numerous minor publications.
PINCKNEY, Charles, senator, was born in
Charleston, S.C., March 9, 1758; son of Charles
Pinckney and grandson of William Pinckney.
His father was president of the South Carolina
convention in 1775 ; president of the senate in
1779. and of the council in 1783. Charles Pinck-
ney, jr., was admitted to the bar in 1780, and
was a representative in the provincial legislature
of South Carolina. When Charleston fell into
the hands of the British he was taken prisoner
and held at St. Augustine, Fla., until the close
of the war. He established himself in the prac-
tice of law in Charleston ; was elected to the
Provincial congress in 1785 and in 1787 was a dele-
gate to the convention that framed the United
States constitution. He submitted the draft
of a proposed instrument, which was accepted
PINCKNEY
PINCKNEY
by the committee, some of its provisions being
used, and he signed the constitution when
drafted. He was a delegate to, and president
of, the South Carolina convention in 1788, where
he strongly advised the ratification of the Federal
constitution. He was governor of South Caro-
lina, 1789-93 and 1796-98 ; and U.S. senator,
1793-1802, completing the
term of John Hunter, re-
signed, and being re-elected
for a full term to expire
March 3, 1803, but resigning
in 1801, Thomas Sumter com-
pleting his term. He was
U.S. minister to Spain 1803-
05, and during his residence in Spain negotiated a
release of all the Spanish titles to lands purchased
from France by the United States. He was again
governor of South Carolina, 1806-08 ; representa-
tive in the state legislature, 1810 and 1813 ; sup-
ported the war of 1812, and was a representative in
the 16th congress, 1819-21, where he vigorously op-
posed the Missouri compromise. He is the author
of a series of political addresses under the signa-
ture " Republican " (1800), and published several
papers denouncing the alien and sedition laws.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by the College of New Jersey in 1787. He
died in Charleston, S.C., Oct. 39. 1834.
PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, statesman,
was born in Charleston. S.C., Feb. 35, 1746; son
of Judge Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinckney.
He attended Westminster school, Eng., in 1753,
and was graduated
from Christ church,
Oxford, studied law
at the Middle Temple
and attended the
Royal Military acad-
emy, Caen, France,
until 1769, when he
returned to Charles-
ton, S. C. He was
married to a. sister
Arthur Middleton,
(q.v.) He was attor-
ney-general ; a dele-
gate to the first pro-
vincial congress in
1775 ; joined the pa-
triot army as captain of infantry, and was pro-
moted major in December, 1775. He was pre-
sent at the defence of Fort Sullivan, June 28,
1776; was promoted colonel, Sept. 16, 1776, and
was appointed aide-de-camp to General Washing-
ton, taking part in the battles of Brandy-wine,
Germantown, and in the expedition to Florida
in 1778. He was a member of the South Carolina
senate in January, 1779, was engaged in the
defence of Charleston ; commanded the second
column in the assault on Savannah and com-
manded Fort Moultrie in the attack on Charles-
ton, in April, 1780. When the city was surrend-
ered in May, 1780, he was taken prisoner and was
confined for two years. On his exchange, in
1782, he rejoined the army, was commissioned
brigadier-general in 1783, and returned to the
practice of law in Charleston. He was a member
of the constitutional convention of 1787, and of
the state convention that ratified the constitu-
tion in 1790. He declined the portfolios of war
and state, and in 1796 was appointed U.S. minister
to France, but was refused recognition by the
French directory and requested to withdraw. It
was while on this mission that he made the
famous remark, " millions for defence, but not
one cent for tribute." On his return to the
United States he was commissioned major-
general. He was the Federalist candidate for
vice-president of the United States in 1800. and
for president in 1804 and 1808, and was first pre-
sident of the board of trustees of South Carolina
college ; president of the Charleston Bible society,
and third president-general of the Society of the
Cincinnati. His name in Class M, Rulers and
Statesmen, received four votes for a place in the
Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York
university, October, 1900. He died in Charles-
ton, S.C., Aug. 16, 1825.
PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, clergyman,
was born in Charleston, S.C., July 31, 1813; son
of Charles Cotesworth and Caroline (Elliott)
Pinckney ; grandson of Maj.-Gen. Thomas (q.v.)
and Elizabeth (Motte) Pinckney. and of William
and Phoebe (Waight) Elliott. He was graduated
valedictorian from the College of Charleston, A. B..
1831, A.M., 1834; from the Virginia theolog-
ical seminary, Alexandria, and was admitted to
the diaconate Feb. 15, 1835, and advanced to the
priesthood, Oct. 28, 1836. He was rector of St.
James's, Santee, and Christ church, Greenville,
1835-45 ; assistant at Grace church, Charleston,
1850-54. and rector 1854-98. In 1899 a tablet was
erected in Grace church to his memory. He was
a member of the board of trustees of the College
of Charleston, his term expiring, 1900, and he re-
ceived the degree of LL.D. from that institution
in 1870. He was president of the Historical
Society of South Carolina, and of the Society of
the Cincinnati of the State of South Carolina. He
died at Flat Rock, N.C., Aug. 12, 1898.
PINCKNEY, Thomas, soldier and diplomatist,
was born in Charleston, S.C.. Oct. 23, 1750; son
of Chief-Justice Charles and Eliza (Lucas) Pinck-
ney, and grandson of Thomas and Mary (Cotes-
worth) Pinckney, and of Col. George and Anne
Lucas, and a descendant of Thomas Pinckney,
who came to Charleston, S,C., April, 1692. He
PINGREE
PINKERTON
was sent to England with his brother Charles
Cotesworth, in 1753, and attended Westminster
school and Oxford university. He studied law
in the Temple ; was admitted to the bar in 1773,
and established himself in practice in Charleston,
S.C., in 1774. He joined the Continental army
on the outbreak of the Revolutionary war and
was commissioned lieutenant in 1775. He served
as aide-de-camp to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, to
Count D'Estaing, and to Gen. Horatio Gates, and
was engaged in the siege of Savannah ; the attack
upon Stono Ferry, and the battle of Camden, where
lie was wounded and taken prisoner. When the
war ended he returned to his law practice in
Charleston. He was elected governor of South
Carolina in 1787, serving two years, and declined
the appointment of U.S. district judge in 1789.
He was a representative in the state legislature
in 1791 and drafted the act establishing the state
court of equity. He was appointed by President
Washington the first U.S. minister to Great
Britain, 1792-96, and in 1794 was sent from
London to Spain, to arrange the treaty of St.
Ildefouso by which the United States secured the
free navigation of the Mississippi river. He was
a Federalist candidate for president of the United
States in 1796 and received 59 electoral votes;
was a representative in the 6th congress, 1799-
1801 ; major-general in command of the 6th
military district, 1812-15, and took part in the
battle of Horseshoe Bend. He retired to private
life and succeeded his brother Gen. Charles
Cotesworth Pinckney as president-general of the
Society of the Cincinnati, serving 1825-29. He
was twice married : first, July 22, 1779, to Eliza-
beth, daughter of Jacob and Rebecca (Brewton)
Motte, and secondly, 1797, to her sister, Fanny
Middleton. He left two sons and two daughters.
One daughter married William Lowndes, the
statesman (q.v.) ; the other married Col. Fran-
cis Kinloch Huger (q.v.). He died in Charleston,
S.C., Nov. 2, 1828.
PINQREE, Hazen Smith, governor of Michi-
gan, was born in Denmark, Maine, Aug. 30,
1840; son of Jasper and Adeline (Bryant) Pingree,
and a descendant of Moses and Abigail (Clement)
Pingrey, Ipswich, 1641. He
attended public schools, and
was employed in a cotton fac-
|tory in Saco, Me., and a shoe
(factory in Hopkinton, Mass.,
1854-62. In 1862 he enlisted as
a private in the 1st Massachu-
setts heavy artillery, and
served with the Army of the Potomac until the
close of the war. He was captured May 25, 1864,
while on the road to Front Roy al, Va. , was confined
at Andersonville. Ga., Salisbury, N.C., and Millen,
Ga., May to November 1864, when he was ex-
VIII. — 22
changed, returned to his regiment, and took part
in the expedition to the Weldon railroad and in
the battles of Boydton Road, Petersburg, Sailor's
Creek, Farmville, and Appomattox Court house.
He was mustered out in August, 1865, returned
to Detroit, Mich., and in December, 1866, estab-
lished with C. H. Smith the firm of Pingree &
Smith, boot and shoe manufacturers, and at the
time of his death the annual output of the busi-
ness exceeded $1,000,000. On Feb. 28, 1872, he was
married to Frances A. Gilbert of Mount Clemens,
Mich. He was elected mayor of Detroit, 1889-91-
93 and 95, serving, 1890-96. He advocated three-
cent street-car fare, and allotted to the poor of
the city vacant lands, on which he encouraged
them to plant and cultivate potatoes. He was
twice elected governor of Michigan by the Repub-
lican party, serving 1897-1900. He died in
London, England, June 18, 1901.
PINQREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver-
mont, was born in Salisbury, N.H., Aug. 2, 1832 ;
son of Stephen and Judith (True) Pingry ; grand-
son of William and Mary (Morrill) Pingree and of
Benjamin True, and a descendant of Moses and
Abigail (Clement) Pingrey. Moses emigrated from
London, England, to America with his brother
Aaron, and settled in Ipswich, Mass., about
1641, where he owned salt works, and was a
d.'puty of the general court in 1665. Samuel E.
Pingree was graduated at Dartmouth college,
A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860 ; was admitted to the bar
in 1859, and practised in Hartford, Vt., 1859-61.
He enlisted as a private in the 3d Vermont volun-
teers in 1861, shortly afterward reaching the
rank of captain, and was severely wounded at
Lee's Mills, Va. He was promoted major, Sept.
27, 1862 ; lieutenant-colonel Jan. 15, 1863, and
commanded his regiment in the 2d brigade, 2d
division, 6th army corps in the Chancellorsville
campaign. He was mustered out of the service
July 27, 1864, and resumed practice at Hartford,
Vt. He was a delegate to the Republican
national convention of 1868, and state's attorney
for Windsor county, 1868-69. He was married,
Sept. 15, 1869, to Lydia M., daughter of Sanford
and Mary (Hinman) Steele of Stanstead, P.Q.
He was lieutenant-governor of Vermont, 1882—84;
governor, 1884-86 ; and chairman of the state
railway commission from its establishment in
1886 to 1894.
PINKERTON, Allan, detective, was born in
the Gorbals, Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 25, 1819 ;
son of William Pinkerton, a sergeant of police
in Glasgow. He received a limited education,
and learned the cooper's trade. In 1838 he be-
came active in the chartist movement, and in
the troubles which followed fled to Canada in
1842, in the same year settling in Chicago,
111. He removed to Dundee, 111., in 1843, where
PINKNEY
he engaged in the cooper's trade, was active in
the Abolition movement, became deputy sheriff
of Kane county, 111., in 1846, and subsequently
of Cook county, returning to Chicago to live.
He organized a detective force for the purpose
of capturing railroad thieves in 1850, which grew
into Pinkerton's National Detective Agency. His
recovery of §40,000 stolen from the Adams ex-
press company at Montgomery, Ala., and the
discovery of a plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln
in 1860, gave him a national reputation. He was
the' first special U.S. mail agent for northern
Illinois and Indiana and southern Wisconsin ;
organized the U.S. secret service division of the
army in 1861, and was appointed its chief by
President Lincoln, and subsequently organized
and served as chief of the secret service, depart-
ment of the Gulf. He established an office in
New York city in 1865, and another in Phila-
delphia in 1866, and in the course of his work
recovered vast sums of stolen money for banks
and corporations. He was married in 1843 to
Joan Carfral of Edinburgh, Scotland. Their
sons William A. and Robert A. Pinkerton were
taken into the business when quite young, and
at their father's death became his successors,
and increased the agency by establishing offices
in Boston, Denver, St. Paul, and Kansas City.
Allan Pinkerton is the author of : Tlie Molly
Maguires and the Detectives (1877) ; Criminal
Reminiscences (1878); The Spy of the Rebellion
(1883) ; Thirty Years a Detective (1884) ; and
numerous detective stories published in periodi-
cals. He died in Chicago, 111., July 1, 1884.
PINKNEY, William, statesman, was born in
Annapolis, Sid., March 17, 1764. During the
Revolution his sympathies were with the patriot
cause, notwithstanding the fact that his father
was a staunch loyal-
ist. He studied with
a private tutor and
read law under Judge
Samuel Chase of
Baltimore, being ad-
mitted to the bar in
1786. He began prac-
tice in Harford
county, Mil.; was a
member of the state
convention that rati-
fied the constitution
in 1788 ; a representa-
tive in the house of
delegates, 1788-92 ; a
member of Governor
Lee's council, 1792-94, and in 1796 was appointed
a U.S. commissioner, under the Jay treaty,
to determine the losses of the American im-r-
oliauts, and to negotiate with England for a
PINTARD
settlement. In 1804 he resumed his law prac-
tice in Baltimore ; was attorney -general of Mary-
land, 1805-06 ; an envoy extraordinary to Eng-
land to treat with the British government
respecting the violation of the neutrality law,
and in 1807 succeeded James Monroe as minister
plenipotentiary to the court of St. James. He
returned to Baltimore in 1811 ', was a member of
the state senate, and attorney-general of the
United States, 1812-14. He favored the war of
1812, and commanded a battalion of riflemen at
the battle of Bladensburg, where he was wound-
ed. He was a representative in the 14th con-
gress, 1815-16, resigning to accept the office of
minister to Russia and special envoy to Naples,
where he served. 1816-18. He was chosen to the
U.S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Alex-
ander C. Hanson, who died April 23, 1819, and was
re-elected in 1821 for the full term expiring March
3, 1827, and was succeeded by Samuel Smith.
He died in Washington, D.C., Feb. 25, 1822.
PINKNEY, William, fifth Bishop of Maryland
and 97th in succession in the American episco-
pate, was born in Annapolis, Md., April 17, 1810.
He was graduated from St. John's college, Annap-
olis, Md., in 183T ; was admitted to the diaconate
in Christ Church, Cambridge, Md., April 12, 1835,
and advanced to the priesthood at All Saints',
Frederick. Md., by Bishop William Murray Stone.
He was pastor of the Somerset (Md.) parish, of
St. Matthew's church, Bladensburg. Md., ami of
the church of the Ascension, Washington, D.C.
He was elected assistant bishop of Maryland in
1870, and was consecrated in the Church of the
Epiphany, Washington, D.C.. Oct. 6, 1870, by
Bishops Smith, Johns and Atkinson, assisted by
Bishops Odenheimer, Lay, Stevens, Quintard
and Kerfoot. On the death of Bishop William
Rollinson Whittingham, Oct. 17, 1879, he suc-
ceeded as fifth bishop of Maryland. The honorary
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by St.
John's college in 1855, and that of LL.D. by
Columbian university, Washington, D.C., and
by William and Mary college, in 1873. He is the
author of: Life of William 1'inkiiri/ i;f,j-lS,'J
(1853); Memoir of John H. Alexander, LL.D. (1867).
He died in Cockeysville, Md., July 4, 1883.
PINTARD, John, philanthropist, was born in
New York city. May 18, 1759 ; sou of John and
Mary (Cannon) Pintard ; grandson of John and
Catherine (Carre) Pintard and of John Cannon
(father of Le Grand Cannon of Canada), and great
grandson of Anthony Pintard, a Huguenot, who
settled at Shrewsbury in 1786. where he was a
merchant and a justice of the peace. Both his
grandfathers were prominent nii-rcliants. On
the death of his parents in 1760. John Pintard
was adopted by his uncle, Louis Pintard. a Nc'w
York merchant. He was prepared for college at
PINTARD
Hempstead, L.I., and was graduated at the Col-
lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1776, A.M., 1779. He
volunteered for service in the Revolution in 1776,
entering the army at the time of the British
occupation of New York city ; was sent on
various expeditions to harass the British ; was
deputy commissary for the prisoners in New
York city under his uncle, serving until 1781,
and in 1782 became a clerk in his uncle's count-
ing room. He was for some time employed by
the government as a French translator. He was
married Nov. 12, 1784, to Eliza, daughter of Col.
Abraham and Helena (Kortright) Brasher of
Paramus, N.J. Col. Abraham Brasher was a
member of the first provincial convention that
met in New York in 1775 to choose delegates to
represent the colony of New York in the Con-
tinental congress. Mr. Pintard engaged in the
East India trade on his own account in 1785; was an
alderman in 1788 ; represented the city in the state
assembly in 1790, and in 1791 was a commissioner
to erect bridges over the Hackensack and Passaic
rivers and also to survey the country between Jer-
sey City and Newark. He lost his entire property in
1792, by indorsing for William Duer, associated
with Hamilton in the plan to fund the national
debt, and removed to Newark, N.J. , where he was
confined for a time in jail for Duer's debts. He
established a museum in 1791, in connection with
the Tammany society, originally a historical and
antiquarian organization, of which he was the
founder and first sachem, and which formed the
nucleus of Baruum's American museum. He
returned to New York city in 1800, and engaged
in the book trade and auction business. In the
winter of 1801 he went to New Orleans, La.,
where he gathered valuable statistics relating to
the territory which contributed to its purchase.
He edited the Daily Advertiser, 1802 ; was clerk
to the corporation of New York city, and city in-
spector, 1804-09 ; secretary of the Mutual Insu-
rance company, 1809-29, and a director of the
same, 1829-44. He signed all the paper notes of
small denomination during the scarcity of change
in 1812 ; was secretary of the New York Chamber
of Commerce, 1817-27 ; in 1819 originated the
first savings bank that was established in New
York city, and served as its president, 1823-41,
when he became blind, and resigned. He was
the founder of the New York Historical society
in 1804, and served as its recording secretary and
librarian ; was among the first in 1805 to agitate
the " free school system," and was influential in
securing the construction of the Erie canal. He
was a founder, secretary and vice-president of
the American Bible society, and was manager of
the then popular lotteries in New York city.
His plan for a system of avenues and streets was
adopted by the common council for upper New
PISE
York. He was a vestryman of the Huguenot
church, New York city, 1810-44 ; treasurer of
Sailors' Snug Harbor, 1819-23, and a principal
supporter of the General Theological seminary,
ijfelfe3ii|^Bf|i^ r-i
<J£/JERAI.THEO[.O«I<AI. SEAV/JAKY -A.Yi
which he was instrumental in removing to New
York city from New Haven. Pintard Hall, one
of the dormitories of the seminary, was erected
in his honor in 1885. He received the degree
LL.D. from Allegheny college in 1822. His pub-
lished works include : An Account of New Orleans,
in the New York Medical Repository; Notice of
Philip Freneau in the New York Mirror (1833),
and a French translation of the Book of Common
Prai/er. He died in New York city, June 21, 1844.
PISE, Charles Constantino, R. C. clergyman
and author, was born in Annapolis, Md., Nov.
22, 1802. He was graduated at Georgetown col-
lege, D.C., and went to Rome to complete his
theological studies, but his father's death recalled
him to America, and he was graduated at Mount
St. Mary's seminary, Emmittsburg, Md., teach-
ing rhetoric and belles lettres while pursuing his
studies. He was ordained priest in 1825, and
served the church at Frederick, Md., and in the
cathedral at Baltimore. While at Rome several
years after he received the degree D.D., and was
made a Knight of the Holy Roman Empire in
recognition of his literary work in the United
States. He served in St. Patrick's church,
Washington, D.C., and as chaplain of the U.S.
senate, being the only Roman Catholic to hold
that office, up to 1903. He declined a professor-
ship in Transylvania university obtained for him
by Henry Clay, who was his personal friend.
Bishop Dubois induced him to come to New York,
where he was connected with St. Patrick's. St.
Joseph's and St. Peter's churches, and about
1849 founded the Church of St. Charles Borromeo,
Brooklyn, N.Y., where he remained till his death.
He was associate editor of the Catliolic Exposi-
tor ; editor of the Metropolitan, and translated
The Catholic Bride from the Italian (1848). He
is tlie author of: Father Rowland (1829); Indian
Cut/ane (1829): History of tic Church from its
Establishment to the Reformation (5 vols., 1830);
Tlif Pleasures of Religion and other Poems (1833);
PITCHER
PITKIN
Horce Vagabundce (1843); Alethia or Letters on
the Truth of the Catholic Doctrines (1843); Tlie
Acts of the Apostles, a poem (1845); Zenosius, or
the Pilgrim Convert (1845) ; Letters to Ada ; Lives
of St. Ignatius and his First Companions (1845) ;
Notes on a Protestant Catechism, and Chris-
tianity and the Church (1850). He died in
Brooklyn, N.Y., May 26, 1866.
PITCHER, Molly. See McCauley, Mary.
PITCHER, Nathaniel, governor of New York,
was born in Litohfield, Conn., in 1777. He re-
moved to Sandy Hill, N.Y., in early life ; rep-
resented Washington county in the state assem-
bly in 1806 and 1815-17, and was a delegate to the
state constitutional convention of 1821. He was
a Democratic representative in the 16th, 17th and
23d congresses, 1819-23 and 1831-33 ; lieutenant-
governor of New York, 1826-28, and acting gov-
ernor of New York, after the death of Governor
Clinton, from February, 1828, to January, 1829.
He d:'ed at Sandy Hill, N.Y., May 25, 1836.
PITCHER, Thomas Gamble, soldier, was born
in Rockport, Ind., Oct. 23, 1824; sou of Judge
John Pitcher of Watertown, Conn., who settled
in Indiana in 1820. He was graduated at the
U.S. Military academy and assigned to the 5th
infantry July 1, 1845. He served in Texas, 1845-
46 : was promoted 2d lieutenant in the 8th in-
fantry, Sept. 21, 1846 ; served in the Mexican war
in the battles leading up to and including the
assault and capture of the city of Mexico, 1846-47 ;
and \vas brevetted 1st lieutenant Aug. 20, 1847, for
conduct at Contreras and Churubusco. He served
in garrison at Jefferson barracks, Mo. , as quarter-
master and adjutant, 1848-54 ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant June 26, 1849 ; was quartermaster,
1854-57, and served in Texas, 1849-60. He was
promoted captain Oct. 19, 1858; reported at
Washington in 1861, and served in the defence of
Harper's Ferry, Va., in June, 1862. He was
severely wounded at Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9,
1862, was brevetted major for gallant and merito-
rious conduct in that battle, and was on sick leave
till January, 1863, having been appointed brig-
adier-general of U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862.
He served on commissary and provost duty in
New York and Vermont, 1863-64, and was pro-
moted major and transferred to the 16th infantry
Sept. 19, 1863, and was assistant to the provost
marshal general in Indiana, 1864-66. He was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel March
13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services dur-
ing the war, and brigadier-general of the U.S.
army, for gallant and meritorious services in the
field during the war. He was mustered out of
the volunteer service April 30, 1866 ; was promo-
ted colonel and transferred to the 44th infantry
July 28, 1866 ; was superintendent of the U.S.
Military academy 1866-70 ; transferred to the 1st
infantry Dec. 15, 1870 ; and was governor of the
Soldiers' Home, near Washington, D.C., 1870-77.
He served on court martial duty at Omaha, Neb.,
in 1878 ; and was retired from active service June
28, 1878, for disability contracted in the line of
duty, and was superintendent of the New York
State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 1880-87. He
died at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Oct. 21, 1895.
PITKIN, Frederick Walker, governor of Col-
orado, was born in Manchester, Conn., Aug. 31,
1837 ; son of Eli and Hannah M. (Torrey) Pitkin ;
grandson of Eleazur and Mehitabel (Cone) Pitkin,
and a descendant of William and Hannah (Good-
win) Pitkin. William Pitkin came from London,
England, to Hartford, Conn., in 1659, where
he was a school teacher, and also attorney
general, treasurer of the colony, and member of
the Colonial assembly and council. Frederick W.
Pitkin was graduated at Wesleyan university,
Conn., in 1858, and at the Albany law school in
1859, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He
was married to Fidelia M., daughter of John
James of Lockport, N.Y., and in 1860 settled in
practice in Milwaukee, Wis. He vi>ited Europe,
spent the winter of 1873 in Florida in quest of
health, and from 1874 to 1878 camped in the moun-
tains of southern Colorado, and engaged in
mining. He began practice in Denver, Col., in
1877 ; was Republican governor of Colorado for
two terms, 1878-82, and during his administration
quelled the uprising of the Ute Indians at White
river, and the riots of the miners at Leadville.
He was defeated as candidate for the U.S. senate
in 1883. The county and town of Pitkin, Col.,
were named in his honor. He died in Pueblo,
Col., Dec. 18, 1886.
PITKIN, Timothy, representative, was born in
Farmington, Conn., Jan. 20, 1766; son of the
Rev. Timothy and Temperance (Clap) Pitkin ;
grandson of William and Mary (Woodbridge)
Pitkin, and of the Rev. Thomas (q.v.) and Mary
Whiting Clap, and a descendant of William and
Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin. He was graduated
at Yale, A.B., 1785, A.M., 1788, and during his
college course made a specialty of mathematics,
natural philosophy, and astronomy, and calcu-
lated and projected all the eclipses, 1785-1800.
He studied law under Oliver Wolcott, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1788, and settled in practice
in Farmington. He was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. Bela Hubbard, D.D., of
New Haven, Conn. He represented Farmington
in the Connecticut assembly almost continuously
1790-1805, and was speaker of the house for five
successive sessions. He was a Federalist represen-
tative from Connecticut in the 9th-l.r>th con-
gresses, 1805-19, and in congress was frequently
appealed to on questions involving political his-
tory. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale
PITKIN
PITTENGER
in 1829. He is the author of : Statistical View of
Commerce of the United States of America (1816,
3d ed. 1835) ; .4 Political and Civil History of the
United States of America from the Year 1763 to
the Close of Washington's Administration (2 vols.,
1828), of which he left a continuation in MS.,
bringing it down to the close of his public career.
He died in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 18, 1847.
PITKIN, William, governor of Connecticut,
was born in Hartford, Conn., April 30, 1694; son
of William (1664-1723) and Elizabeth (Stanley)
Pitkin, grandson of William (1635-1694) and
Hannah (Goodwin) Pitkin, and of Capt. Caleb
and Hannah (Cowles) Stanley. His father, a
noted jurist, prepared him for the law, and in
1715 he became town collector. He was married
to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Timothy and
Mabel (Wyllys) Woodbridge of
Hartford, Conn. He represented
Hartford in the colonial assem-
bly, 1728-34, serving as speaker
in 1732 ; was captain in the colo-
nial militia in 1730 and colonel
in 1739 ; was a member of the
colonial council, 1734 ; judge of
the county court, 1735-41 ; judge of the superior
court. 1741-54; and chief justice, 1754-66; lieu-
tenant-governor of Connecticut, 1754-66 ; and a
delegate to the Albany convention of June 19,
1754, where he was chosen a member of the com-
mittee to prepare a plan of colonial union. He
was the first to resist the " stamp act," 1765, re-
fusing with Governor Fitch and the members of
his council to take the oath to support it. He
was governor of Connecticut, 1766-69, defeating
Governor Fitch by a majority so great that the
votes were not counted. Jonathan Trumbull was
at the same time elected lieutenant-governor,
and succeeded to the governorship. Governor
Pitkin died in East Hartford, Conn., Oct. 1, 1769.
PITKIN, William, jurist, was born in Hart-
ford, Conn., in 1725 ; son of Governor William
and Mary (Woodbridge) Pitkin. He was edu-
cated for the law, and in 1758 was appointed
major of the Connecticut forces, raised for the
expedition against Canada, and served through
the campaign under General Abercrombie. He
was married to Abigail, daughter of James and
Abigail (Stanley) Church. He was appointed
colonel of militia in 1762. was a member of the
Connecticut council, 1766-85, and a member of
the council of safety, 1775-84. He was judge of
the state superior court for nineteen years, judge
of the supreme court, 1784-89, and chief justice
in 1789, and was a delegate to the convention
that ratified the constitution of the United
States in 1788, and signed the instrument. He
began to manufacture gunpowder for the Revo-
lutionary war in 1775, in the mills owned by his
.
father and uncle, where the iron industries had
been prohibited by the British in 1750. He died
in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 12, 1789.
PITMAN, Benn, educator and author, was
born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, July
24, 1822 ; son of Samuel and Mariah Pitman.
He was educated in Trowbridge, and in 1837 as-
sisted his brother, afterward Sir Isaac Pitman, in
perfecting his system
of phonography. He
taught in his brother's
academy; lectured on
the system through-
out Great Britain,
1843-52, and helped to
compile the English
text books. He was
married in England
in 1849, to Jane, sister
of William Bragg, of
the Sheffield Atlas
Steel works, the first
to develop the Besse-
mer process of con-
verting iron into
steel ; and secondly, in 1882, to Adelaide, daugh-
ter of Caleb B. Nourse of Cincinnati, Ohio. He
came to the United States at the request of his
brother in 1853, and lectured and taught phono-
graphy first in Philadelphia, Pa., and then in Day-
ton, Ohio, and finally located in Cincinnati, where
he established the Phonographic institute, and
became its president. He invented the electro-
process of relief engraving in 1855, for which he
was awarded a silver medal by the Cincinnati
Mechanics Institute in 1857, and in 1867. in con-
nection with Dr. J. B. Burns, succeeded in pro-
ducing relief stereotype plates by the photo-gela-
tine process. He served in the ranks during the
early part of the civil war, and afterward as mili-
tary recorder of state trials. He lectured on art
and taught artistic wood carving in the Cincin-
nati art academy, 1873-92. He edited and com-
piled the printed reports of the state trials which
he reported, and is the author of: The Reporter's
Companion (1854) ; Manual of Phonography
(1855) ; Phonographic Teacher (1857) ; History
of Shorthand (1858); A Plea for American Deco-
rative Art (1895); a Phonographic Dictionary,
with Jerome B. Howard (1901) ; and Sir Isaac
Pitma7i's Life and Labors (1902).
PITTENQER, William, author, was born in
Knoxville, Ohio. Jan. 31, 1840, son of Thomas
and Mary (Mills) Pittenger, and a grandson of
William Pittenger and of Robert and Margaret
(Stuart) Mills. He attended a scientific school
in Princeton. N.J., 1875-76, and the school of
elocution and oratory in Philadelphia. 1877-78.
In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the 2d
PITZER
PLAISTED
Ohio volunteers ; took part in the battle of Bull
Run ; re-enlisted for three years in July, 1861,
and in the Andrews railroad raid, -which began
on April 7, 1862, was captured, and escaped ex-
ecution through the unexpected advance of the
Federal troops, but was imprisoned, escaped and
was recaptured and exchanged, March 18, 1803.
He received one of the first medals of honor
given to United States soldiers, April, 1863 ; was
promoted lieutenant, and served with his regiment
until ill-health forced him to resign in August,
1863. He was married, May 17, 1864, to Winnie
C. Osborne, of New Brighton, Pa., and in that
year entered the Pittsburg conference of the
Methodist Episcopal church, where he remained
until 1870. He was then transferred to the New
Jersey conference where he labored until 1889,
when he was appointed to the California con-
ference. He was professor in the National
school of elocution and oratory, Philadelphia,
1878-89, and is the author of : Daring and Suffer-
ing, a History of the Great Railroad Adventurers
(1863, enl.,ed., 1887); Oratory, Sacred and Secular
(1867); Capturing a Locomotive (1881); The Ex-
tempore Speaker (1886) ; Interwoven Oospels(lS8~);
The Great Locomotive Chase (1889); The Debater's
Treasury (1891); Toasts (1894). He was still
laboring in Burbank, C'al., in 1903.
PITZER, Alexander White, author and clergy-
man, was born in Salem, Va., Sept. 14, 1834 ;
son of Bernard and Frances L. (White) Pitzer ;
grandson of Bernard and Jane (Kyle) Pitzer and
of Samuel and Frances (Penn) White, and a
descendant of William Penn. He attended the
Virginia Collegiate institution ; was graduated at
Hampden-Sidney college in 1854 ; attended the
Union Theological seminary of Virginia, 1854-55,
and was graduated at Danville Theological semin-
ary, Ky., in 1857. He was licensed to preach
Sept. 5, 1856, by the presbytery of Montgomery ;
ordained pastor by the presbytery of Highland,
Kansas, April 5, 1858 ; was pastor of the 1st
Presbyterian church, Leaven worth, Kan., 1858-
61, and preached in Sparta and Mount Zion, Ga.,
and at Cave Spring and Liberty, Va., 1865-68.
He engaged in evangelical work in Washington,
D.C., in 1868, and in that year organized the
Central Presbyterian church there, and became
its pastor. He was stated clerk of the presbytery
of Chesapeake from 1872 ; president of the
Washington City Bible society from 1873, and
professor of biblical theology in Howard uni-
versity, Washington, D.C., 1876-90. He was a
trustee of Hampden-Sidney college, Va., from
1865 ; a member of the legislative commission of
the American Sabbath Union ; a member of the
Prophetic convention in New York city in 1878,
where he assisted in drafting and reported the
doctrinal testimony adopted by the conference ;
president of the Evangelical Alliance at Wash-
ington, D.C., from 1886, and a delegate to the
World's Missionary Conference in London in
1888. He was a member of the Toronto council
of the General Presbyterian Alliance ; a member
of the permanent commission of the western
section of the Presbyterian Alliance ; a commis-
sioner on foreign missions and Sabbath-schools,
and introduced the resolutions in the general
assembly at Atlanta, Ga., in 1882, to establish the
fraternity of the northern and southern divisions
of the church. He received the honorary degree
D.D. from Arkansas college in 1876, and that of
LL.D. from Howard university, Washington,
D.C.,inl902. He is the author of: Ecce Deus
Homo (1886); Christ the Teacher of Men (1877);
The. New Life (1878); Shall God's Houses of Wor-
ship be Taxed? Confidence in Christ (1888);
Manifold Ministry of the Holy Spirit (1894);
Predestination (1898), and contributions to denom-
inational literature.
PLAISTED, Harris Merrill, governor of Maine,
was born in Jefferson, N.H., Nov. 2, 1828 ; son of
Deacon William and Nancy (Merrill) Plaisted,
grandson of Judge Samuel Plaisted, and a des-
cendant of Capt. Roger Plaisted, who with his
two sons were slain at Kittery by the Indians, in
King Philip's war. He attended the district
school until 1845 ; taught school, 1845-47, and w as
graduated from Waterville college in 1853.
While at college, he was principal of the Water-
ville Liberal institute, and was superintendent
of schools for three years.
He was graduated with hon-
ors from the Albany Law
school in 1855 ; began practice
in Bangor in 1856; was a mem-
ber of the governor's staff,
1858-61, and in August, 1861
enlisted in the llth Maine vol-
unteers. He was commissioned lieutenant-col-
onel, Oct. 30, 1861, and colonel. May 12, 1862 ; com-
manded his regiment in the Peninsular campaign
of 1862 ; engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the
battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and the seven
days' battles, and commanded the 3d brigade, 1st
division, 10th army corps, in the siege of Charles-
ton, S.C., in 1863, and in Grant's campaign of
1864-65 against Richmond and Petersburg, Va.
He was brevetted brigadier-general of volun-
teers, in February, 1865, and major-general of
volunteers, March 13, 1865, for " gallant and
meritorious conduct in the field." He returned
to his law practice in Bangor in May, 1865 ; was a
representative in the state legislature, 1867-68,
and was delegate-at-large to the Democratic
national convention of 1868. He served as at-
torney-general of Maine, 1873-76 ; was a repre-
sentative in the 44th congress, 1875-77, and in
PLANTZ
PLATT
1880 he was elected governor of the state of
Maine for a two-years term by the fusion of the
Democrats and Greenbackers. He was the
Democi-atic candidate for U. S. senator in
1883 and 1889. He was twice married, first,
Sept. 21, 1858, to Sarah, daughter of Chase P.
Mason of Waterville, Maine, and secondly, Sept.
27, 1881, to Mable True, daughter of Francis W.
Hill of Exeter. He became editor of The Nnv Age
at Augusta, Maine, in 1883. He died in Bangor,
Maine, Jan. 31, 1898.
PLANTZ, Samuel, educator, was born in
Johnstown, N.Y., June 13, 1859; son of James
and Elsie Ann (Stoller) Plantz, and grandson of
Peter and Elizabeth Plantz and of Michael and
Mary (Quilheart) Stoller. He attended the com-
mon schools of Emerald Grove, Wis. , and Milton
college, Wis. , was graduated from Lawrence uni-
versity, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, from Boston uni-
versity, S.T.B., 1883, and was a student at Berlin
university, German}-, 1890-91. He was pastor of
Methodist churches in Detroit, Mich., 1885-92,
and was elect-
ed president of
Lawrence uni-
versity, Apple-
ton, Wis., in
1894. He was
married, Sept.
16, 1895, to
Myra A.,
daughter of
the Rev. T. A. Goodwin of Indianapolis, Ind. He
became a member of the Victoria Institute, Lon-
don, 1896 ; the American Academy of Social and
Political Science in 1895 ; and the Wisconsin
Academy of Science in 1895. The degree of Ph.D.
was conferred on him in curso by the School of
All Sciences in 1887, and the honorary degree of
D.D. by Albion college in 1894. He contributed
articles to leading theological and philosophical
periodicals.
PLATER, George, governor of Maryland, was
born near Leonardtown, St. Mary's county, Md.,
Nov. 8, 1735 ; son of Col. George and Rebecca
(Addison) Bowles Plater. His father was a
member of the state council for many years ;
naval officer of the Patuxent, and secretary of
the province. He was graduated from the Col-
lege of William and Mary in 1753, was admitted
to the bar and became prominent in the pre-
revolutionary discussions. He was twice mar-
ried, first, to Hannah, daughter of the Hon.
Richard Lee, who died in 1763, and secondly, July
19, 1764, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and
Ann (Frisby) Rousby. He was a member of
the convention at Annapolis, May 8, 1776,
which requested Governor Eden to relinquish his
office ; was made a member of the council of
F7"
safety, May 26, 1776; of the Annapolis conven-
tion of August 14, 1776, and of the committee
" to prepare a declaration and charter of rights
and a form of government for Maryland," Aug.
17, 1776. He was a delegate to the Continental
congress, 1778-81, was president of the state con-
vention that voted to adopt the Federal constitu-
tion, 1788. He was governor of Maryland, 1781-94,
succeeding John Eager Howard. During his
administration the District of Columbia was
ceded for the national seat of government. He
was succeeded by John Hoskins Stone. He died
in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 10, 1792.
PLATNER, Samuel Ball, philologist, was born
at Unionville, Conn., Dec. 4, 1863 ; son of Wil-
liam and Emily Childs (Ball) Plainer ; grandson
of Samuel and Experience (Rowland) Ball, and of
Samuel Ten Broeck and Elizabeth Gillette (Noyes)
Platner, and a descendant of John Howland of
the Mayflower. He removed with his parents to
Newark, N.J., in 1866, attended the Newark
academy and was graduated from Yale, A.B.,
1883 ; Ph.D., 1885. He was a graduate student in
Sanskrit, Latin and Greek, 1883-85, and was in-
structor in Latin and French at Adelbert college
of Western Reserve university, 1885-90 ; assistant
professor of Latin and instructor in Sanskrit,
1890-92, and was elected professor of Latin in
1892. He was married. June 29, 1892, to Leonora,
daughter of Charles Henry Sayre of Utica, N.Y.
He was president of the American Philological
association, 1900-1901 ; secretary of the manag-
ing committee of the American School of Classi-
cal Studies in Rome, 1900, and professor in that
school, 1899-1900. He edited " Greek and Roman
Versification" (translated from the German of
Lucian Milller, 1892) , and " Selected Letters of the
Younger Pliny " (1894), and contributed various
articles to the American Journal of Philology, the
Classical Revieiu and the American Historical
Review.
PLATT, Charles Adams, artist, was born in
New York city, Oct. 16, 1861 ; son of John H. and
Mary (Cheney) Platt. He studied in New York
at the Art League and the National Academy of
Design, 1878-80, and in Paris under Boulanger
and Lefebvre. He established a studio in New
York city, and was elected a member of the
Society of American Artists, and an associate of
the National Academy of Design. He was
awarded the Webb prize, offered by the Society
of American Artists, in 1894. He gave much at-
tention to etching, and exhibited paintings in oil
and water colors in the Paris Salon, the National
Academy and the American Water Color society.
He began the practice of architecture and land-
scape architecture in 1892. Among the note-
worthy gardens planned by him are those of
Charles F. Sprague (1894) and Larz Anderson
PLATT
(1902), in Brookline, Mass. His architectural
works include Maxwell public library, Rockville,
Conn., and Richmond Beach Park. Staten Island,
N.Y. His paintings include : Interior of Fish-
Houses ; Fishing Boats; Provincial Fishing Vil-
lage ( 1882) ; Old Houses near Bruges (1883) ; Deven-
ter, Holland (1885); Quay des Orfrevres, Paris
(1886); Dieppe (1888).
PLATT, Jonas, jurist, was born in Pough-
keepsie, N.Y., June 30, 1769 ; son of Judge Zeph-
aniali Platt (q.v.). He began the practice of law
in 1790, removing to Whitesboro, N.Y. , in 1791.
He served in the state assembly, 1796 ; was arep-
resentative in the 6th congress, 1799-1801 ; was
the defeated candidate for governor of the state
against Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, 1810 ; a state
senator, 1810-13 ; a member of the council, 1813,
and justice of the supreme court of the state of
New York, 1814-23. He engaged in the practice
of law in Utica, N.Y., and in New York city,
1823-33, and died in Peru, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1834.
PLATT, Orville Hitchcock, senator, was born
in Washington, Conn., July 19, 1827; son of
Daniel G. and Almira (Hitchcock) Platt ; grand-
son of John Platt, and a descendant of Richard
Platt, who came to America in 1638 with the
original settlers of
New Haven. He was
educated in the cele-
brated Gunn acad-
emy at Washington ;
studied law at Litch-
field ; was admitted
to the bar in 1849, and
practised in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 1849-57,
and in Meriden,
Conn., after 1851. He
was clerk of the Con-
necticut senate. 1855-
56 ; secretary of state,
1857 ; member of the
state senate, 1861-62,
and representative in the state legislature in
1864 and 1869. serving as speaker the latter year.
He was state attorney for New Haven county,
Conn., 1877-79, and was elected a Republican
U.S. senator, succeeding William H. Barnum,
in 1879, being re-elected in 1885, 1891, 1897 and
1903, his fifth term expiring March 3, 1909.
Hi1 was chairman of the committee on relations
with Cuba, and a member of the committees on
finance, Indian affairs, judiciary, private land
claims and patents and of the select committee
on the five civilized tribes of Indians in the 56th
congress. He received the degree LL.D. from
Yale in 1887. He was married, May 15, 1850, to
Annie B., daughter of James P. and Ann Bull
of Towanda, Penn., who died, Nov. 17, 1894; and
PLATT
secondly, April 29, 189T, to Jeatmie P. Hoyt,
widow of George A. Hoyt of Stamford, Conn.,
and daughter of Truman Smith, U.S. senator
(q.v.).
PLATT, Thomas Collier, senator, was born in
Owego, N.Y., July 15, 1833 ; son of William and
Lesbia (Hinchman) Platt ; grandson of Maj.
Jonathan Platt, who removed from Bedford,
Westohester county, to Nichols, Tioga county,
with his father, Jonathan Platt, in 1793. He pre-
pared for college in Owego academy, and at-
tended Yale, 1849-50, but was compelled to leave,
owing to ill health, and engaged in mercantile
pursuits. He was married, Dec. 12, 1852. to Ellen
Lucy, daughter of Charles R. Barstow of Owego,
N.Y. He was president of the Tioga National
bank ; was interested in the lumber business in
Michigan, and conducted agricultural implement
works at Owego. He was clerk of Tioga county,
1859-61 ; was active in recruiting troops and in
providing for the families of soldiers during the
civil war, and was a Republican representative
from the 28th New York district in the 43d and
44th congresses, 1873-77. He was elected general
manager and president of the U.S. Express com-
pany at New York city in 1879, and served as
president of the board of quarantine commission-
ers, 1883-88, being removed on account of his
alleged non-residence in New York city. He was
elected to the U.S. senate, Jan 18, 1881, for the
term expiring March 3, 1887, and served until May,
1881, when he resigned with his colleague, Roscoe
Conkling, on account of a disagreement with
President Garfield, and was succeeded by War-
ner Miller. He was defeated as a senatorial can-
didate in the legislative caucus of 1887 by Frank
Hiscock, but was elected, Jan. 20, 1897, to succeed
Senator David B. Hill, receiving 147 votes to 42 for
Hill and 4 for Henry George, and was re-elected
by the legislature in 1903, his term expiring March
3, 1909. He became an acknowledged leader of
his party in state and national politics, being a del-
egate to the successive Republican national con-
ventions, chairman of the Republican state con-
vention, and a member of the New York Repub-
lican state committee and of the executive com-
mittee of the Republican national committee.
He received the honorary degree A.M. from Yale
in 1876.
PLATT, William Henry, clergyman and
author, was born in Amenia, Duchess county,
N.Y., April 16, 1821. He was admitted to the
bar in 1840, and practised in Alabama until 1844,
when he began his preparation for holy orders.
He was admitted to the diaconate in 1851, and
advanced to the priesthood in 1852 ; was rector
of St. Paul's, Selma, Ala. ; Grace church, Peters-
burg, Va. ; at Louisville, Ky. ; San Francisco,
Cal., and of St. Paul's church in Rochester, N.Y.
PLATT
PLEASANTON
He resided in the missionary jurisdiction of
Olympia after 1892. He received the degree
D.D. in 1S78, and LL.D. later, from the College
of William and Mary. He is the author of : Art
Culture (1873) ; Influence of Religion in the De-
velopment of Jurisprudence (1877) ; After Death,
what f (1878) ; Unity of Law or Legal Morality
(1879) ; God out and Man in, a reply to Robert
G. Ingersoll (1883). He died in Petersburg, Va.,
Dec. 18, 1898.
PLATT, Zephaniah, delegate, was born in
Duchess county, N.Y., in 1740. He was ad-
mitted to the bar; practised in his native county;
was a delegate from New York to the Continental
congress, 1784-86 ; judge of the circuit court of
New York for several years ; an originator of the
Erie canal, and the founder of Plattsburg, N.Y.,
where he died, Sept. 12, 1807.
PLATT, Zephaniah, jurist, was born in Platts-
burg, N.Y., in 1796 ; son of Judge Zephaniah
Platt (q.v. ) He removed to Michigan territory,
where he practised law and was U.S. attorney to
settle claims on the Pacific coast. He was
attorney-general of Michigan, 1841-43, and sub-
sequently attained high rank at the bar. He
removed to Aiken, S.C., in 1866, and served as
judge of the 2d circuit, 1868-71. He died in
Aiken, S.C., April 20, 1871.
PLEASANTON, Alfred, soldier, was born in
Washington, D.C., June 7, 1824. He was gradu-
ated from the U.S. Military academy in 1844,
and assigned to the 1st dragoons. He served on
frontier duty, 1844-46 ; was promoted 2d lieu-
tenant of 2d dragoons, Nov. 3, 1845 ; served in
the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; was brevetted 1st
lieutenant, May 9, 1846, for gallantry at Palo Alto
and Resaca de la Palma, and was on frontier
duty in New Mexico, 1848-52. He was promoted
1st lieutenant, Sept. 30, 1849 ; was engaged in
scouting and Indian skirmishes in New Mexico
and Texas, 1852-56 ; was promoted captain, March
3, 1855 ; was acting assistant adjutant-general
of the department of Florida, 1855-57 ; was en-
gaged in quelling the Kansas disturbances, 1857-
58, and was acting assistant adjutant-general of
the department of Oregon, 1858-60. He com-
manded a regiment in the department of Utah,
June-Aug., 1861, which he marched to Washing-
ton, and was transferred to the 2d cavalry, Aug.
3, 1861, and was engaged in the defences of
Washington, D.C. He was promoted major,
Feb. 15, 1862, and served in the siege of York-
town and in the seven days' battle before Rich-
mond. He was commissioned brigadier-general,
U.S. volunteers, July 16, 1862, and commanded
the advance cavalry division of the Army of the
Potomac in the Maryland campaign, Sept. 8 to
Nov. 18, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, U.S.A., Sept. 17, 1862, for services at
Antietam ; was in the Rappahannock cam-
paign, Dec., 1862-June, 1863; commanded the
cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, in the
Pennsylvania campaign, June-July, 1863 ; was
engaged in the battles at Culpeper C.H. and
Brandy Station, Va., and was transferred to the
department of Missouri, March 23, 1864, where lie
was engaged in the defence of Jefferson City,
Oct. 8, 1864, and in command of cavalry in pur-
suit of Gen. Sterling Price, routing him near the
Marais des Cygnes river, Kan., Oct. 25, 1864. He
was promoted major-general, U.S. volunteers,
June 22, 1863, and brevetted colonel, U.S.A., July
2, 1863, for services at Gettysburg ; brigadier-
general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, " for gallant and
meritorious services during the campaign against
the Confederate forces under General Price in
Missouri,1' and major-general, March 13, 1865, for
services in the field. The 37th congress recom-
mended him through a committee for the com-
mand of the Army of the Potomac. He was
mustered out of volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866,
after having been engaged in 105 battles and
skirmishes, and he resigned his commission in
the regular army in 1868. He was U.S. collector
of internal revenue in New York city for several
years ; president of the Terre Haute and Cincin-
nati railroad, and in May, 1888, was placed on
the retired list with the rank of colonel. He
died in Washington, D.C., Feb. 17, 1897.
PLEASANTON, Augustus James, soldier, was
born in Washington, D.C., Aug. 18, 1808. He
was graduated from the U.S. Military academy
in 1826, assigned to the 6th infantry, and pro-
moted 2d lieutenant in 3d artillery, July 1, 1826,
being transferred to the 1st artillery, Oct. 24,
1826. He served at the artillery school for prac-
tice at Fort Monroe, Va., 1826-27 ; on topographi-
cal duty, 1827-30 ; resigned his commission in
the army, June 30, 1830, and was admitted to
the Philadelphia bar in 1832, where he practised
law, 1832-94. He was brigade-major of Penn-
sylvania militia, 1833-35, and colonel, 1835-4."). and
was severely wounded, July 7, 1844, while com-
manding Ins regiment in a desperate conflict
with armed rioters in Southwark, Philadelphia
county, Pa. He was assistant adjutant-general
and paymaster-general of the state of Pennsyl-
vania, 1888-39. On May 16, 1861, he was ap-
pointed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia,
and organized and commanded a Home guard of
10,000 men, 1861-65. He devoted his leisure time
to farming and to scientific research, and held
that the blue light from the sky had an important
effect on the growth of living organisms. He
produced this light artificially by means of tinted
glass, and obtained a patent on "an improve-
ment in accelerating the growth of plants ami
animals" in 1871. In May, 1871, he lectured on
PLEASANTS
the " Influence of the Blue Ray," which resulted
in the short-lived " blue glass craze," the appli-
cation of blue glass light being applied to all
sorts of infirmities and wonderful cures reported.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 26, 1894.
PLEASANTS, James, senator, was born in
Goochland county, Va., Oct. 24, 1769 ; son of
James and Anne (Randolph) Scott Pleasants ;
grandson of John and Susanna (Woodson) Pleas-
ants and of Isham and Jane (Rogers) Randolph ;
great-grandson of Joseph and Martha (Cocke)
Pleasants, and great2-grandson of John Pleasants
of Norwich, England, and of
" Curies," Va., who married
Jane, widow of Samuel
Tucker. His mother Anne
Randolph, married (1st) Dan-
iel Scott, (2d) John Pleasants,
and (3d) James Pleasants.
He was instructed by private
tutors, studied law under Judge Fleming and
practised in Goochland county. He was married
to Susanna, daughter of Col. Hugh of '• Geddes"
and Caroline Matilda (Jordan) Rose of Bucking-
ham county, Va. He was a Republican repre-
sentative in the state legislature, 1796-1803 ; clerk
of the house, 1803-11 ; a representative in the
12th-loth congresses, 1811-19, and U.S. senator,
1819-23, resigning his seat to become governor of
Virginia, serving 1822-25. He was a delegate to
the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829-
30, and twice declined high judicial appointments
from the governor of Virginia. The county of
Pleasants, Va., was named in his honor. He died
at his homestead in Goochlaud, Va., Nov. 9, 1839.
PLEASANTS, John Hampden, journalist, was
born in Goochland county, Va., Jan. 4, 1797 ;
son of James and Susanna (Rose) Pleasants. He
attended the College of William and Mary,
studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He
engaged in journalism and established the Lynch-
burg Virginian, which he edited for several
years. He was twice married, first to Ann
Irving, by whom he had no issue, and secondly,
to Mary, daughter of Capt. Henry and Susan Pres-
ton (Lewis) Massie, by whom he had two children,
James and Ann Eliza. He removed to Rich-
mond, Va., where in 1824 he founded the Con-
stitutional \\7iig and Public Advertiser, of which
he was editor-in-chief, 1824-46. He became in-
volved in a political quarrel with Thomas Ritchie,
Jr., editor of the Richmond Enquirer, which
resulted in a duel in which Pleasants was killed.
The Virginia Whigs erected a monument to his
memory. He died in Richmond, Va., Feb. 27, 1846.
PLEHN, Carl Copping, political economist,
was born in Providence, R. I., June 20, 1867 ; son of
Julius and Mary(Copping)Plehn; grandson of Mar-
tin and Deborah (Averhoff) Plelm ( of Schleswig-
PLUMB
Holstein)and of John and Helen( Wallace) Copping
(of London). He was graduated from Brown uni-
versity, A.B. , 1889, and from Gottingeu university,
Ph.D., 1891. He was professor of history and
political science at Middlebury college, 1891-93,
and was at the University of California as as-
sistant professor of political economy, 1893-96 ;
became associate professor of finance and statis-
tics in 1896, and dean of the college of commerce
in 1898. He was married May 16, 1894, to
Elizabeth, daughter of Ezra Brainard (q.v.). He
was supervisor of the census for the first district
of California, 1900, and chief statistician of the
Philippine Islands with the Philippine commis-
sion, 1900-01. He was elected a member of the
American Economic association, the American
Academy of Political and Social Science and the
American Statistical association. His published
writings, chiefly of a statistical or economic
nature, include: Das Kreditwesen der Staaten
und Stadte der nordarnerikanischen Union (Jena,
1891); Introduction to Public Finance (1896);
General Property Tax in California (1897);
Taxation of Mortgages in California (1899), and
many contributions to periodicals.
PLUMB, Charles Sumner, agriculturist, was
born in Westfield, Mass., April 21,1800; son of
David Henry and Helen Mar (Wallace) Plumb ;
grandson of David and Hannah (Doty) Plumb,
and a descendant of John Plumbe, who came
from Essex county, England, to Hartford, Conn.,
about 1663. He was graduated from the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural college, Amherst, Mass.,
B.Sc. in 1882 ; was associate editor of the Rural
New Yorker, 1883-84, and first assistant at the
State Agricultural Experiment station, Geneva,
N.Y., 1884-87. He was married Oct. 14, 1886, to
Helen P., daughter of Llewellyn and Salena
Purple (Gates) Gladwin of Westfield, Mass. He
was professor of agriculture at the University of
Tennessee and assistant director of the Tennes-
see Agricultural Experiment station, 1887-90,
and in 1890 became connected with Purdue uni-
versity, Lafayette, Ind., as professor of agricul-
tural science, and with the Indiana Experiment
station as vice-director. He founded in 1887 and
published and edited until 1891, Agricultural
Science, a monthly ; and in 1891 he became
director of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment
station, at Lafayette, Ind. He was elected pres-
ident of the American Cheviot Sheep society in
1900, president of the Indiana State Dairy associa-
tion, 1901 and 1902, and secretary of the Indiana
Wool Growers' association in 1900 and 1901 ; was
elected a member of the executive committee of
the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science, and its secretary and treasurer for four
years. He was also lecturer at the Graduate
Summer School of Agriculture, 1902, at Ohio State
PLUMB
PLUMER
university, Columbus, and a fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science. His published writings include : Bio-
graphical Directory of American Agricultural
Scientists (1889); Indian Corn Culture (1895);
and numerous monographs and contributions to
periodicals.
PLUMB, Preston B., senator, was born in
Delaware county, Ohio, Oct. 12, 1837. He received
a limited education, served an apprenticeship to
a printer, 1849-52, and was editor of the Xenia
News, 1852-56. He removed in 1856 to Emporia,
Kan., where in 1857 he founded the Weekly News,
which he conducted alone ; and he became a
prominent member of the free soil party in
Kansas. He was secretary of the Free State
convention of 1857; a member of the state constitu-
tional convention of 1859 ; was admitted to the bar
in 1861, and was a representative in the Kansas
state legislature in 1862. He served as reporter
of the state supreme court, and in August, 1862,
enlisted iu the Federal army, and was appointed
2nd lieutenant in the llth Kansas infantry. He
served throughout the civil war, receiving the
promotions of captain, major, and lieutenant-
colonel. He was a representative in the state
legislature, 1867-68 ; speaker of the house in
1868 ; prosecuting attorney for Lyon county,
Kansas, and was president of the First National
Bank of Emporia, 1873-77. He was a member of
the Republican state convention in 1876 ; was
elected U.S. senator by the Republican legisla-
ture of Kansas in 1877, to succeed James M.
Harvey, and was re-elected in 1883 and 1889, his
third term expiring March 3, 1895. He was
married to Carrie Southwick, of Ashtabula,
Ohio. He edited and adapted Practice before
Justice Courts in Kansas (1875). He died in
Washington, D.C.. Dec. 20, 1891.
PLUME, Joseph William, soldier, was born in
Troy, N.Y., Aug. 23, 1839; son of William and
Eliza (Turk) Plume; grandson of Joseph and
Lucetta (Plum) Plume and of William and Eliza
(Livingston) Turk, and a descendant of Robert
Livingston on one side, and of Captain Bastian
Visscher on the other. He attended the public
school, became a bank clerk in Newark, N.J. ;
enlisted in the 2d New Jersey volunteers, and was
commissioned adjutant, May 29, 1861 ; was made
aide-de-camp to Gen. W. H. French, Feb. 15, 1862 ;
acting assistant adjutant-general, 3d brigade,
Sumner's division, June 1, 1862, and acting as-
sistant adjutant-general, 3d division, 2d corps,
Sept. 8, 1862. He served in the battles of First
Bull Run, Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines,
Gaines's Mill, Peach Orchard, Saratoga Station,
White Oaks Bridge, Malvern Hill, Second Bull
Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg. At the end
of two years' service he was mustered out and
returned to his bank in Newark, where he was
made cashier in 1870 and subsequently vice-presi-
dent. He was married, Dec. 4, 1883, to Eleanor,
daughter of John A. and Sarah J. (Davies) Miller
of Newark, N.J. He joined the National Guard
of New Jersey as a private in 1859 and rose to the
rank of major-general, resigning, Feb. 6, 1899.
He was commissioned brigadier-general of volun-
teers, June 24, 1898, commanded the first brigade,
first division, 2d corps in the war with Spain, and
was mustered out Oct. 31, 1898. He then re-
sumed his banking business in Newark.
PLUMER, William, senator, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., June 25, 1759 ; son of
Samuel and Mary (Dole) Plumer, and a descend-
ant of Francis Plumer, who came from the west
of England, and settled in Newbury, Mass., in 1635.
He attended school at Epping, N.H. ; was mar-
ried, Feb. 12, 1788, to Sally, a daughter of Philip
Fowler of Newmarket, and was a successful at-
torney-at-law in Epping, 1787-1820. He was
county solicitor ; a representative in the state
legislature for eight terms, speaker of the house
for two terms, and state senator, 1810-11. He was
a member of the state constitutional convention,
1792; U.S. senator, 1802-07, elected to fill a va-
cancy caused by the resignation of James Sheafe ;
governor of New Hampshire, 1812-16 and 1817-1'- ;
was a presidential elector in 1820, and voted for
John Quincy Adams, being the only opposing
voice in the re-election of President Monroe. He
retired from public service in 1820, and devoted
himself to literary pursuits. He is the author of :
Appeal to the Old Whigs (1805) ; Address to the
Clergy (1814), and many contributions to the
press under the pen name " Cincinnatus." He
died in Epping, N. H., Dec. 22, 1850.
PLUMER, William, representative, was born
in Epping, N. H., Feb. 9, 1789, son of William
(q. v.) and Sally (Fowler) Plumer. He was
graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1809, A.M., 1812 ;
studied law with his father, and was admitted to
the bar in 1812. He was U.S. commissioner of
loans, 1816-17 ; representative in the state legis-
lature in 1818, and a Democratic representative in
the 16th, 17th and 18th congresses, 1819-25. He
was married, Sept. 13, 1820, to Margaret F. Mead.
He was state senator, 1827-28 ; declined the ap-
pointment of district attorney in 1830 ; was a
member of the state constitutional convention
in 1850, and in that year retired from active par-
ticipation in public affairs, devoting himself to
literary work. He was a member of the New
England Historic-Genealogical society ; the au-
thor of two volumes of poems (1841-43) ; Lyricn
Sacra (1845); Pastoral on the Story of Rittlt
(1847), and was a co-editor with Andrew P.
Peabody of the Life of William Plumer (1857).
He died in Epping, N. H., Sept. 18, 1854.
PLUMER
PLYMPTON
PLUMER, William Swan, clergyman, was
born in Griersburg, Pa., July 26, 1802. He was
graduated from Washington college, Va., in 1822
and attended Princeton Theological seminary,
1824-25. He was ordained by tbe presbytery
of Orange, May 19, 1827 ; served as stated supply
and evangelist in southern Virginia and North
Carolina, 1826-29 ; was pastor at Petersburg, Va.,
1830-34 ; Richmond, Va., 1834-46 ; Baltimore, Md.,
1847-54, and Allegheny, Pa., 1855-63. He was
professor of didactic and polemic theology at the
Western Theological seminary, Allegheny, 1854—
62; pastor at Pottsville, Pa., 1865-66; professor of
didactic and polemic theology at Columbia Theo-
logical seminary, S.C., 1867-75, and of historic,
casuistic and pastoral theology, 1875-80. The
honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
the College of New Jersey, Lafayette and Wash-
ington colleges in 1838 and that of LL. D. by the
University of Mississippi in 1857. He founded an
institution for the deaf, dumb and blind at Staun-
ton, Va., in 1838, and established and was editor
of the Watchman of the South, Richmond, Va.,
1838-46. He is the author of : Tlie Bible True,
and Infidelity Wicked (1848) ; Plain Tltoughtsfor
Children (1849) ; Short Sermons to Little Chil-
dren (1850) ; Thoughts Worth Remembering (1850) ;
The Saint and the Sinner (1851) ; Tlie Grace of
Christ (1853) ; Rome against the Bible and the Bible
against Rome (1854) ; Christ our Theme and Story
(1855); Tlie Church and Her Enemies ( 1856): Vital
Godliness (1865) ; Jehova Jireh (1866) ; Studies in
the Book of Psalms (1866) ; Tlie Rock of our Sal-
vation(l867) ; Words of Truth and Love (1868) ;
Commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebreivs
(1870), and on the Epistle to the Romans (1870) ;
He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 22, 1880.
PLUMMER, Mary Wright, librarian, was born
at Richmond, Ind., in 1856 ; daughter of Jona-
than Wright and Hannah Ann (Ballard) Pluru-
mer; granddaughter of John Thomas and Hannah
(Wright) Plummer, and descended from the
PI umuiers of Maryland, and the Ballards of Vir-
ginia. She was graduated from the Friends
academy, Richmond, Ind., 1872; pursued special
studies at Wellesley college, Mass., 1881-82, and
took a course in library science at Columbia
university, 1886-88, when she became head of the
cataloguing department in the St. Louis Public
library, and in 1890 librarian of the Pratt Institute
Free library, Brooklyn, N.Y., of which she was
also appointed director in 1896. She was presi-
dent of the New York Library club, 1896-97 ;
vice-president of the Long Island Library club,
1900-01, president, 1901-02 ; a member of the
council, 1897-1901 ; vice-president of the Amer-
ican Library association, 1900, and a delegate to
the International congress of libraries at Paris,
France. 1900. Her published works include :
Hints to Small Libraries (1894, 3d ed., 1902);
Verses, (privately printed, 1896) ; Contemporary
Spain as Shown by her Novelists (1899), and con-
tributions to periodical literature.
PLUNKET, James Dace, physician, was born
in Franklin, Tenn., Aug. 20, 1839 ; son of James
and Anna (Smyth) Plunket ; grandson of P.
Dace and Mary Ross (Real) Plunket, and a des-
cendant of Scotch-Irish ancestors. He studied
medicine with Dr. Joseph Leidy and was gradu-
ated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D.,
1863. He was assistant surgeon in the Confeder-
ate hospital atKnoxville, and later was promoted
full surgeon and assigned to the 40th and sub-
sequently to the 52d Georgia infantry, Stovall's
brigade, Clayton's division. He returned to
Nashville in May, 1865, and in 1872 was married
to Jane Eliza, daughter of John and Frances
(Hunton) Swope of Danville, Ky. He was elected
professor of surgical anatomy in the medical de-
partment of Cumberland university, 1868. Owing
to his effort a city board of health was formed
in Nashville in 1866, of which he was secretary,
and he was president of the city sanitary com-
mission during the deadly epidemic of cholera,
1873. He was president of the state board of
health, 1877-97, and his strenuous but intelligent
and successful effort to quarantine Memphis dur-
ing the yellow-fever epidemic of 1879 confined
the epidemic to the city, but brought him into
antagonism with certain commercial interests in
that city. In 1879 he was elected president of
the sanitary council of the Mississippi valley,
which position he still held in 1903. He was
elected a member of the American Medical as-
sociation, the American Public Health associa-
tion, the State Medical association, and the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science, serving as chairman of the committee
on meteorology in 1878.
PLYMPTON, George Washington, civil en-
gineer, was born in Waltham, Mass., Nov. 18,
1827 ; son of Thomas Ruggles and Elizabeth
(Holden) Plympton ; grandson of Peter Plymp-
ton and of Lewis Holden, and a descendant of
Thomas Plympton, who emigrated from Sud-
bury, England, in 1640 and was one of the pioneer
settlers of Sudbury, Mass. He attended the
public schools of Waltham, Mass., and obtained
a position in a machine shop in 1844, where he
became a practical mechanic and engineer. He
was graduated from Renssalaer Polytechnic in-
stitute, Troy, N.Y.. C.E., 1847 ; was instructor in
geodesy and mathematics in the institute, 1847-
48, and engaged in civil engineering in Massa-
chusetts, New York and Ohio, 1848-52. He was
professor of chemistry and toxicology in the
Long Island College hospital, 1844-45 ; of en-
gineering and architecture in Western Reserve
POE
POE
university, Cleveland, Ohio, 1852-53 ; of mathe-
matics in the state normal school, Albany, N.Y.,
1853-55, and of physics and engineering at the
Normal school, Trenton, N.J., 1857-59 ; of physi-
cal science in the Brooklyn Polytechnic institute,
1863-69 ; of physics and engineering at Cooper
Union, New York city, 1869-79, and became
director of the Cooper Union night school in
1879. He was chief engineer of the water board
of Bergen, N.J.,and was appointed commissioner
to supervise the construction of electrical sub-
ways in Brooklyn, N.Y. He was twice married ;
first on Dec. 17, 1855, to Delia M., daughter of
Tliomas Bussey of Troy, N.Y., and secondly, July
31, 1861, to Helen M. Bussey, her sister. The
honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him
by Hamilton college in 1854 and that of M.D. by
Long Island College hospital. He edited Van
Nostrand's Engineering Magazine (1870-86), and
is the author of : Tlie Blowpipe, a Guide to its Use
in the Determination of Salts and Minerals (1858);
.A Translation ofJannettaz's " Guide to the Deter-
mination of Roaks " (1877) ; The Star Finder or
Planisphere ivith a Movable Horizon (1878) ; Tlie
At'i'inoid, and How to Use it (1880).
POE, Edgar Allan, author, was born in Boston,
Mass., Jan. 19, 1809 ; son of David and Elizabeth
(Arnold) Poe. His grandfather, David Poe,
fought in the Revolutionary and 1812 wars, and
his father, who had been educated for the law,
had become an actor, married an actress, and
was playing in Boston, when Edgar Allan, his
second son, was born. His parents died when he
was but two years old, and John Allan, a wealthy
merchant of Richmond, adopted him. He at-
tended school at Stoke Nevvington, England, and
a private school in Richmond, Va., and entered
the Univer-
sity of Vir-
ginia, Feb. 14,
1826. He re-
mained there
but one year,
worked in Mr.
Allan's count-
ing-room a
few months,
and in 1827
went to Bos-
ton, where, at
the age of
eighteen, he
published his
first volume
of poems,
which he later
attempted to
destroy. When his money was gone, he en-
listed in the army, May 6, 1828, as Edgar A.
J
Perry. He was advanced from private to the
rank of sergeant-major in less than nine months,
and when Mr. Allan learned where he was
lie furnished a substitute and had Poe appointed
to the U. S. Military academy, July 1, 1830.
Poe found the life distasteful to him, and Mr.
Allan refusing to allow him to resign, he suc-
ceeded in being cashiered in 1831. In 1829 he
had published a second edition of his poems
under a new title, and in 1831 he published a
third volume, dedicated to his fellow students.
Mr. Allan's anger at the Military Academy dis-
grace caused Poe to leave his home and go to
Baltimore, where he took up literature as a pro-
fession, turning his attention to prose. His first
story, published in the Saturday Visitor in 1833,
won him the $100 prize offered by that paper.
He became editor of the Southern Literary Mes-
senger of Richmond in 1835, and here he began
to show the peculiar, mystical side of his writ-
ings and his ability and fearlessness as a critic.
He became editor of Graham's Magazine in 1836
and in the same year was married to his young
cousin, Virginia Clemin. He was made associate
editor of the " Gentleman's Magazine in 1839, and
in 1841, when this was merged into Graham's
Magazine, became editor. It was at this time
that he published his theories in regard to cryp-
tography, and demonstrated them by solving a
hundred miscellaneous specimens that were sent
to him by his contributors. This same year he
won a hundred dollar prize with his story " The
Gold-Bug.'' In 1842 he left Graham's Magazine
and in 1844 became editorial assistant on the
Evening Mirror, then conducted by N. P. Willis,
and in its columns in 1845 first published " Tlie
Raven." In 1846, after an unsuccessful attempt
to conduct the Broadway Journal, he withdrew to
Fordham, N. Y., where on Jan. 30, 1847, his wife
died, and he became a complete recluse. Poe's
works include : Tamerlane and Other Poems
(1827) ; Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems
(1829) ; Poems (1831) ; ^1 Manuscript Found in a
Bottle (Saturday Visitor, 1833); Berenice (South-
ern Literary Messenger, 1834) ; TJie, Fall of the
House of Usher (Gentleman's Magazine, 1840) ;
The Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) ;
The Murders in the Rue Morgue (Gentleninn'a
Magazine, 1841); The Gold-Bug (Dollar Jlui/iizine,
1842); Tlie Raven (1845); Tlie Literati of \<-ir
York (Godey's Lady's Book, 1846); Eureka, a Prose
Poem (1847) ; Ulalume, Tlie Bells and Annabel Lee,
written after 1847. Rufus W. Griswold prepared
a memoir of Poe which he published in 1880.
Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman wrote "Edgar A.
Poe and his Critics " (1859); William Fearing Gill
(q.v.) refuted certain statements of Griswold in
" The Life of Edgar Allan Poe "(1876), and George
E. Woodbury wrote " Edgar Allan Poe," for the
FOE
POINSETT
" American Men of Letters" (1885). The Balti-
more schoolteachers erected a monument toPoe,
187,3, and the actors of the United States placed a
memorial in the Metropolitan museum in 1885, Ed-
win Booth and William Winter officiating. The
Poe Memorial association unveiled a bust of Poe
by Zolnay at University of Virginia, October, 1899,
William Fearing Gill, Hamilton W. Mabie and
Robert Burns Wilson assisting, and a cenotaph
erected in his memory was unveiled in Baltimore,
Md., October, 1899. His name received thirty-
eight votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for
Great Americans, New York university, October,
1900. He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1849.
POE, Orlando Metcalf, soldier, was born in
Navarre, Ohio, March 7, 1832. He was grad-
uated from the U. S. Military academy in 1856
and was assigned to the corps of topographical
engineers. He served on the survey of the north-
ern lakes, 1856—61, and was promoted 2d lieu-
tenant, Oct. 7, 1856, and 1st lieutenant, July 1,
1860, He engaged in organizing volunteers in
Ohio, 1861, and was chief topographical engineer,
department of the Ohio, May 13, to July 15,
1861, taking part in the action of Rich Mountain,
Va., July 11, 1861. He was amemberof the staff
of General McOlellan, at Washington, D.C., July-
September, 1861 ; appointed colonel of 2d Michi-
gan volunteers, Sept. 16, 1861, and commanded
his regiment in the defences of Washington, 1861-
62 ; in the Army of the Potomac, March-June,
1862, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown,
and the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks.
He was in the Northern Virginia campaign, Aug.-
Sept., 1862, commanding the 3d brigade, Kearny's
division, Heintzleman's corps, in the battle of
Manassas, Aug. 29, 1862 ; was engaged in the de-
fences of Washington, D.C., Sept.-Oct., 1862; in
the Maryland campaign, Oct.-Nov., 1862 ; was
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov.
29, 1862; commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division,
9th corps, in the Rappahannock campaign, taking
part in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec.
13, 1862. and he commanded his division, Feb.-
April, 1863. He was promoted captain, U.S.A.,
March 3, 1863, and was chief engineer of the cen-
tral district of Kentucky, April-June, 1863 ; chief
engineer of the 23rd army corps, June-Sept., 1863,
and chief engineer of the Army of the Ohio, Sept.-
Dec. , 1863. He was assistant engineer of the mili-
tary division of the Mississippi, Dec., 1863-April,
1864, and chief engineer of Sherman's army, April.
1864-June, 1865. He was brevetted major, July
6, 1864, for services at the siege of Knoxville ;
lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 1, 1864, for gallantry at
the capture of Atlanta; colonel, Dec. 21, 1864,
for services in the capture of Savannah, brigadier-
general, March 13, 1865, for services in the Caro-
lina campaign. After the war he was engineer
secretary of the W.D. lighthouse board, 1865-70 ;
was commissioned major, March 7,1867, and con-
structed the light house on Spectacle reef, Lake
Huron in 1870-73. He was aide-de-camp to Gen.
William S. Sherman, 1873-84, and had charge of
the river and harbor works from Lake Erie to
Lake Superior. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1882 and colonel in 1888. He was chief
engineer of the Northwest district and was in-
specting the great lock at Sault de Ste. Marie,
where he was fatally injured. He died at Detroit,
Mich., Oct. 2, 1895.
POINDEXTER, George, senator, was born in
Louisa county, Va., in 1779. His parents, who
were of Huguenot descent, died in his early
youth and he was educated for the law. He
practised in Milton, Va., 1800-02, and in 1802 re-
moved to Mississippi Territory, where he contin-
ued in the practice of the law and became a
popular politician of the Jeffersonian school.
In 1803, as attorney-general of the territory, lie
was called upon to prosecute Aaron Burr, who
was arrested by the U.S. authorities in the terri-
tory. This led to a challenge from and duel with
Abijah Hunt, a friend of Burr, Poindexter
killing his adversary. He was a member of the
territorial legislature, 1805-07 ; a delegate to the
10th, llth, and 12th congresses, 1807-13, and
U.S. judge for the district of Mississippi, 1813-19.
He served as a volunteer-aide to General Jack-
son at the battle of New Orleans, was a member
of the Mississippi constitutional convention of
1817, and was chairman of the committee ap-
pointed to draft a constitution for the newly ad-
mitted state. He was the first representative from
the state in the 15th congress, 1817-19, where he
defended the military and political course of
General Jackson. He was governor of Miss-
issippi, 1819-21 ; continued his law practice in
Jackson, Miss., 1821-30, and in 1830 was ap-
pointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Robert H. Adams, and when
the legislature met he was elected to fill out
the term expiring March 3, 1835. In the sen-
ate he transferred his allegiance from Jackson
to Calhouu and voted for Henry Clay's resolu-
tion of censure of President Jackson. In 1835,
failing to receive political favor in Mississippi,
he removed to Louisville, Ky. He was com-
missioned by President Tyler to investigate
frauds in the New York Custom house. He is the
author of Revised Code of the Laii-s of Mis-
sissippi (1*24). He died in Jackson, Sept. 5. 1853.
POINSETT, Joel Roberts, cabinet officer,
wasbornin Charleston, S.C.. March 2, 1779. He
attended school at Charleston ; Greenfield,
Conn., and in London, England: studied medi-
cine at Edinburgh ; entered the Military school
at Woolwich, England, and in 1800 returned to
POLAND
POLK
Charleston and studied law, his father persuad-
ing him against entering the army. He again
visited Europe, and was offered a commission in
the Russian army by the Czar, which he declined.
On his return to the United States he was pro-
posed as quartermaster-general of the U.S. army,
but upon Secretary Eustis objecting, President
Madison withdrew his name and sent him to
South America to investigate the condition of
the people fighting for independence from Spain,
with a view of establishing friendly relations
with the revolutionists. While he was in Chili,
several American merchant vessels in botli the
ports of Peru and Chili were seized by the
Spanisli authorities of Peru, the people having
news of a war between the United States and
Spain. Mr. Poiusett was furnished by the re-
publican authorities of Chili with a small army
with which he recaptured the merchantmen.
He was obliged to return to the United States
across the Andes, being prevented by the British
naval authorities at Valparaiso from embarking
by sea, and he arrived home after the declara-
tion. He was a representative for several years
in the state legislature, and in the 17th and 18th
congresses, 1821-25. In congress he advocated
the policy of recognition of the rights of strug-
gling republics in South America. He was sent
to Mexico by President Monroe on a special mis-
sion in 1822, and was U.S. minister to Mexico
during the entire administration of J. Q. Adams.
He opposed nullification and during the attempt-
ed revolution organized a military company in
Charleston, which was supplied by order of
President Jackson with arms and ammunition
from the government stores in Charleston. He
was secretary of war in the cabinet of President
Van Buren, 1837-41, and upon the expiration of his
term of office retired to private life. He was
devoted to science and literary pursuits, and
made valuable observations and collections of
natural history specimens which he presented to
different scientific societies. The Poinsetta pul-
cherina. an indigenous Mexican flower, was
named in his honor on his introducing it into
the United States. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Columbia college in
1825. He founded the Academy of Fine Arts in
Charleston, S.C. In 1887 Capt. W. A. Courtenay
(q.v.) presented to the city of Charleston a por-
trait of Mr. Poinsett, painted by Jarvis. He is
the author of : Notes on Mexico, made in 1SSS
with an Historical Sketchofthe Revolution (1824).
He died in Statesburg, S.C., Dec. 12, 1851.
POLAND, Luke Potter, senator, was born in
Westford, Vt, Nov. 1, 1815 ; son of Luther and
Nancy (Potter) Poland. His father, a carpenter,
removed from Brookfield. Mass., to Westford, Vt.,
in 1S14, and was a representative in the state legis-
lature. Luke Potter Poland attended the public
schools and the academy at Jericho until 1832
was a clerk in a country store in Waterville
worked on his father's farm and in the saw mill
taught school at Morristown Vt., for one winter,
and studied law in the office of Samuel A.
Willard. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and
practised in Waterville. He was register of pro-
bate for Lamoille county, 1839-40 ; a member of
the state constitutional convention in 1843, and
state attorney for Lamoille county, 1844-45. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant-
governor on the Free Soil ticket in 1848, a judge
of the state supreme court, 1848-60, and chief
justice, 1860-66. He removed to St. Johnsbury,
and on the death of Senator Jacob Collamer in
1865 was chosen by the legislature to fill the uu-
expiredterm, terminating March 3, 1867. He was
a representative in the 40th-43d congresses,
1867-75 ; was a member of the judiciary com-
mittee : had charge of the bankruptcy bill, secur-
ing its passage, and obtained the passage June 3,
1874, of the act to revise and consolidate the
statutes of the United States. He was chairman
of the committee to investigate the Kuklux
outrages ; chairman of the Credit Mobilier inves-
tigating committee, and chairman of the special
committee to investigate the troubles in Arkan-
sas, his report being in direct antagonism to the
views of President Grant. He was chairman of
the state delegation to the Republican national
convention of 1876, declined to permit the use of
his name for vice-president and secured the nom-
ination of William A. Wheeler. He was a repre-
sentative from St. Johnsbury in the state legisla-
ture in 1878, and in 1882 he unsuccessfully con-
tested Senator Merrill's seat in the U. S. senate.
He was a Republican representative from the
second district of Vermont in the 48th congress,
1883-85, by 804 majority. He was twice married :
first, Jan. 12, 1838, to Martha Smith, daughter of
Dr. William Page of Waterville ; she died in April,
1854, and he was married, secondly, to Adelia H.
Page, her sister. The honorary degree of A. M.
was conferred on him by the University of Ver-
mont in 1857, and that of LL.D. in 1861. He was
a trustee of the University of Vermont, 1879-88,
and the founder of the Westford scholarship in
honor of his native town. He died in Water-
ville, Vt., July 2, 1887.
POLK, Charles, governor of Delaware, was
born near Bridgeville, Sussex county, Del. , Nov.
14, 1788 ; son of Charles, and grandson of Charles
Polk. His father died when he was a boy, and
he studied law under Kensey Johns, but never
practised. He represented Sussex county in the
state legislature in 1813 and 1815, removed to
Kent county, Del., in 1816, and subsequently rep-
resented that county in the state legislature.
POLK
POLK
He was Federalist governor of Delaware, succeed-
ing David Hazzard, 1827-30 ; president of the
state constitutional convention, 1831; a member
of the state senate, 1832, and its president in
1836, when by the death of
Gov. Caleb P. Bennett, he
again became governor and
served through that year.
He was made register of wills
for Kent county in 1843, and
was appointed collector of
the port of Wilmington by
President Taylor in 1849. He was married to
Mary Purnell of Berlin, Ind., and of their sons,
William A. Polk was register of wills in Kent
county, and Dr. Charles G. Polk was assistant
surgeon, U. S. A. Governor Polk died near Mil-
ford, Kent county, Del., Oct. 27, 1857.
POLK, James Knox, eleventh president of the
United States, was born in Mecklenburg county,
N. C., Nov. 2, 1795; son of Samuel and Jane
(Knox) Polk; grandson of Ezekiel Polk and of
Capt. James Knox, an officer in the Continental
army during the Revolutionary war ; grand-
nephew of Col. Thomas Polk (q.v.), and a .de-
scendant of Robert Polk (or Pollock), who came
from Ross county, Donegal, Ireland, to Maryland
about 1060. James Knox Polk removed with his
father in 1806 to Maury county, Tennessee, and
assisted his father on the farm and in laud sur-
veying. He attended school in Maury county, but
ill health caused his removal and he obtained em-
ployment in a store. This occupation soon proved
distasteful, and after continuing his studies under
a private tutor he entered the sophomore class of
the University of North Carolina, where he was
graduated with the Latin salutatory and high
standing in mathematics, A.B., 1818, A.M., 1822.
He studied law with Felix Grundy at Nashville,
Tenn., 1819- 20, was admitted to the bar at Col-
umbia, Tenn., in 1820, and began practice in
Columbia, where he attained prominence. He
entered politics as a stump-speaker and was chief
clerk in the state senate. He was married in 1824
to Sarah Cliildress (q.v.). He was a Democratic
representative in the state legislature, 1823-25, and
secured the passage of a law prohibiting duelling
in the state. He was a representative from the
Duck Kiver district in the 19th-25th congresses,
1825-39 ; and his maiden speech in the house was
in support of the proposed amendment to the con-
stitution providing for the election of President
and Vice-President by popular vote. He opposed
the appropriation for the Panama mission, as tend-
ing to invite the hostility of Spain, and was placed
on the committee of foreign affairs in 1827. He
was chairman of the committee to provide for
the anticipated distribution of the surplus in the
U.S. treasury after the payment of the national
debt, and in his report denied the constitutional
right of congress to use this surplus for internal
improvements and proposed a reduction of the
tariff so as merely to meet the public debt and
current expenses. He was a member of the ways
and means committee, and as chairman of the
committee in 1833 opposed the continuance of
the patronage of the government to the Bank
of the United States and upon the removal of the
national deposits by President Jackson in Oct-
ober, 1833, he supported the action of the adminis-
tration. He was defeated for speaker of the
house in 1834, but was elected in December, 1835,
and served until March 4, 1839. He was nomin-
ated as the Democratic candidate for governor of
the state of Tennessee in 1838, and upon the ex-
piration of his term in congress, March 3, 1839, he
entered upon the canvass. His opponent, Newton
Cannon (q.v.), was then governor, and after a
spirited contest, Polk was elected by 2500 major-
ity, and was inaugurated, Oct. 14, 1839. He was
again a candidate for governor in 1841 and in
1843, but was both times defeated by his Whig
opponent, James C. Jones. He was proposed by
the legislatures of Tennessee and several other
states as a suitable candidate for Vice-President of
the United States in 1840. and received one elect-
oral vote from Tennessee in 1841. During the
controversy in 1844, arising from the proposed
admission of the
Republic of Texas,
formerly claimed as
territory of the
United States, into
the Union as a state,
he declared himself
in favor of immedi-
ate admission, hold-
ing that there was
danger of the repub-
lic becoming a de-
pendency of Great
Britain, and his
course in this mat-
ter secured for him
the nomination for President by the Demo-
cratic national convention at Baltimore, May 27,
1844, with George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for
Vice-President. After an exciting canvas the
Democratic electoral ticket received 1,337,243
votes; that for Clay and Frelinghuysenreceivin;;
1.299,068 votes, while the Liberty party ticket,
Birney and Morris, received 62.300 popular votes.
In the electoral college of 1845 Polk and Dallas
received 170 votes to 105 votes for Clay and Fre-
linghuysen. He was inaugurated. March 4, 1845,
and immediately named his cabinet, composed of
James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, secretary of
state ; Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, secretary
01 it .-a
POLK
POLK
of the treasury ; William L. Marcy of New York,
secretary of war ; George Bancroft of Massa-
chusetts, secretary of the navy ; Cave Johnson of
Tennessee, postmaster-general, and John Y. Mason
of Virginia, attorney-general. The only changes
in the cabinet during the administration were in
the navy department, where Mr. Bancroft was
THE WHITE. HOUSE— 1823,
succeeded in 1846 by John Y. Mason, and in the
attorney-general's office, where Mr. Mason was
succeeded in 1846 by Nathan Clifford of Maine,
who was in turn succeeded in 1848 by Isaac
Toucey of Connecticut. The President appointed
as U.S. minister to Great Britain, Louis McLane
of Maryland, who resigned, Aug. 18, 1846, and was
succeeded by George Bancroft. John L. Martin
of North Carolina was made U.S. charge d'affaires
at Paris, and was succeeded in 1847 by Richard
Rush of Pennsylvania as U.S. minister. William
H. Stiles of Georgia served as charge d'affaires at
Vienna, Austria ; Ralph I. Ingersoll of Con-
necticut as U.S. minister to Russia, resigning in
1848 and being succeeded by Arthur P. Bagby of
Alabama ; Romulus M. Saunders of North Caro-
lina as U.S. minister to Spain, and John Slidell of
Louisiana, U.S. minister to Mexico. During Pre-
sident Folk's administration he appointed the
following justices of the U.S. supreme court :
Samuel Nelson of New York and Levi Woodbury
of New Hampshire in 1845, and Robert C. Grier
of Pennsylvania in 1846. In the President's first
annual message to congress, Dec. 2, 1845, he de-
clared that any attempt on the part of Mexico to
interfere in the matter of the annexation of Texas
to the United States would be resented by 'the
government ; recommended the speedy settle-
ment of the Oregon boundary question ; called
the attention of congress to the importance of
modifj'ing and reducing the rates of duty im-
posed by the tariff laws, and recommended that
a constitutional treasury be created for the safe
keeping of the public money. On Dec. 20, 1845,
John Slidell, U.S. minister to Mexico, was ap-
prised that the Mexican government could not
receive a minister from the United States, and
on Jan. 13, 1846, an order was issued to Gen.
Zachary Taylor, directing him to advance to-
ward the Rio Grande and to be ready for an open
act of hostility. Taylor reached Point Isabel,
VIII. — 23
Jan. 24, 1846, where he was met by a deputation
who protested against his advance into the coun-
try. This he ignored, however, and on March 28,
1846, he took position opposite Matamoras on the
Rio Grande. On April 24, learning that the Mexi-
cans were crossing the river above his camp, he
sent Captain Thornton with a company of
dragoons to reconnoiter. Thornton, however,
fell into the hands of a large force of Mexicans,
and his whole company was either killed or impri-
soned. This was the first engagement of the
war, and on May 11,
1846, the President
issued his " Mexican
war message, "calling
on twelve states and
the District of Colum-
bia for 23,000 volun-
teers, asking for a
loan of $10,000,000 to
carry on the war, and
for an appropriation
of $2,000,000 to be
used in an amicable
settlement of difficul-
ties with Mexico by
arbitration. Congress
passed an act, May
13, 1846, declaring war with Mexico. General
Taylor, meanwhile, was attacked at Palo Alto,
and although greatly outnumbered, defeated
the Mexicans under General Arista, and on
May 9, followed this up by a victory at Resaca
de la Palrua, which drove Arista across the
Rio Grande into Mexico. On Sept. 5 he moved
toward Monterey ; on the 21st the attack on
the place began, and on the 24th the Mexi-
cans capitulated, and Taylor took possession of
the city. The conquest of California and New
Mexico was begun in May, 1846, by the Army
of the West under Gen. Stephen W. Kearny,
and on Aug. 18, 1846, the army reached Santa Fe,
which immediately capitulated without defence,
and Kearny declared New Mexico a territory of
the United States. In January, 1847, an insurrec-
tion took place in New Mexico, and Governor
Bent and other officers of the government were
murdered, Jan. 19, 1847, by Mexicans and Puebla
Indians, but it was put down after a fight at
Puebla de Saos by the army under Col. Sterling
Price, who had the leaders of the insurrection
convicted of treason. President Polk, however,
ordered their liberation. In the President's
second annual message, Dec. 8, 1846, he set forth
clearly the causes and responsibility for the war
with Mexico, and favored the further prosecu-
tion of the war, arguing that California, New
Mexico, and a considerable territory west of the
Rio Grande had been conquered, and that any
POLK
POLK
response to the Mexican proposition to treat, at
this time, " involved the abandonment of all this
territory." He also publicly proposed extending
the Missouri compromise line across to the Pacific,
but the adjustment did not pass congress. He
favored the settlement of the slavery question in
California by the people of that territory, and
the annexation of Cuba by purchase from Spain.
In June, 1846, a bill was passed in the house for
the repeal of the obnoxious tariff of 1842, but it
was tied in the senate and the vote of Mr. Dallas,
the vice-president, became necessary for the
decision. The bill finally passed, June 28, 1846,
establishing a new tariff to produce a revenue
necessary to meet the expenses of the govern-
ment only. At the beginning of Folk's administra-
tion, a thorough system of internal improvements
was favored by congress, but was not approved
of by him, and he vetoed the bill for the improve-
ment of harbors and rivers, Aug. 3, 1846, and
again, Dec. 15, 1847. Congress having deter-
mined vigorously to prosecute the war with
Mexico, General Scott with 10,000 men landed at
Vera Cruz under cover of the fleet of Commodore
David Conner, March 9, 1847, and the castle of
San Juan de Ulloa was bombarded by the naval
fleet, then under Commodore M. C. Perry, in co-
operation with the army which had entrenched
and laid siege to the city. The bombardment
ended with the capitulation of the city, March
29, 1847. Scott's victorious army then took up
the march to the city of Mexico, and after fight-
ing several desperate battles en route, the Stars
and Stripes were planted in the capital city, Sept.
13-14, 1847, and peace soon resulted witli a treaty
that defined the boundary between the two re-
publics. Then followed the agitation of the ques-
tion of slavery in the newly acquired territory,
which was raised by David Wilmot of Penn-
sylvania, who on behalf of the Whigs and northern
Democrats offered an amendment to the U.S.
constitution, prohibiting slavery in any such ter-
ritory. The passage of this bill was secured in
the house, but it was sent to the senate too late
to be acted upon. The Oregon boundary ques-
tion now caused a dispute with England, and the
Democratic national convention of 1844 demand-
ed the occupation of Oregon up to the line of the
54°40' north latitude, regardless of consequences.
The President issued the required twelve months'
notice to Great Britain, and negotiations followed,
resulting in a compromise, Great Britain yield-
ing her claim to the territory between the 49th
parallel and the Columbia river. The treaty was
signed, June 15, 1846, and Oregon became a free
state. During President Folk's administration con-
gress adopted, on his recommendation, the public
warehousing system ; the 35th article of the
treaty with Grenada was ratified, June 10, 1848 ;
the postal treaty with Great Britain was negoti-
ated, Dec. 15, 1848, and commercial treaties were
formed with the secondary states of Germany.
At the close of his term of office he refused to
become a candidate for renomination, his health,
never rugged, having been undermined by his
labors as President, and he retired to his home
near Nashville. He was a trustee of the Uni-
versity of Nashville, ex-officio, 1837-41, and re-
ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the
University of North Carolina in 1845. He died
in Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849.
POLK, Leonidas, first bishop of Louisiana
and 33d in succession in the American episco-
pate, was born in Raleigh, N.C., April 10, 1806;
son of Gen. William (q.v.) and Sarah (Hawkins)
Polk. He matriculated at the University of North
Carolina in 1821, and was graduated from the
U.S. Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant
of artillery in 1837. He resigned his commission,
Dec. 1, 1837, in order to study for the Protestant
Episcopal ministry ; was ordained deacon in
1830, priest in 1831 ; was assistant rector of the
Monumental church, Richmond, Va., 1831-32,
and rector of St. Peter's church, Columbia,
Tenn., 1833-38. He was clerical deputy to the
general convention of the P.E. church, 1834-35 ;
served on the standing committee of the diocese
in 1835, and was consecrated 1st missionary
bishop of Arkansas, Dec. 9, 1838, by Bishops
Meade of Virginia ; Smith of Kentucky ; Mcll-
vaine of Ohio, and Otey of Tennessee. The
charge comprised the dioceses of Alabama,
Mississippi and Louisiana, and the
Episcopal missions in Texas. In
1841 he was chosen first bishop
of Louisiana. He was one of the
founders of the University of the
South at Sevvanee, Tenn., in 1860,
and in 1861 joined the Confed-
erate army as major-general. He
commanded the territory from the mouth
of the Red river to Cairo, on the Ohio,
with headquarters at Memphis, Tenn., and
engaged in constructing elaborate fortifica-
tions at New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Columbus,
Ky., Island No. 10, and Memphis, transfer-
ring his headquarters to Columbus, Sept. 4,
1861. He commanded the Confederate troops
in the battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, 1861 ;
joined Johnston's and Beauregard's army at
Corinth, Miss., and commanded the 1st army
corps in the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 6,
1862. and the siege of Corinth, Miss., April-May,
1863. He commanded the Army of the Missis-
sippi in the invasion of Kentucky, and at the
battle of Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, and the
armies of Kentucky and Mississippi in the Con-
federate retreat from Kentucky. He was pro-
POLK
POLK
moted lieutenant-general in October, 1862, and
commanded the right wing of the Army of
Tennessee at the battle of Stone's river, Dec. 31,
1863. In the Chickaiuauga campaign, through his
alleged disobedience
of General Bragg's
orders, the Federal
army was allowed to
escape at the battle of
Chickamauga, Sept.
20, 18613, and he was
relieved of his com-
mand and ordered to
Atlanta. He later de-
dined President Da-
vis's offer of re-instate-
ment. He command-
ed the paroled Con-
federate prisoners at
Vicksburg and Port
Hudson, and in Sep-
tember, 1863, succeeded General Joseph E. John-
ston to the command of the department of Alaba-
ma, Mississippi and East Louisiana. His army
combined witli General Johnston's in the opposi-
tion of Sherman's march to Atlanta, Ga. He was
mortally wounded by a cannon shot during the
action of Pine Mountain, Ga. General Polk re-
ceived the honorary degree of D.D. from Columbia
college in 1838, and that of LL.D. elsewhere. He
died on the battle-field of Pine Mountain, Ga.,
June 14, 1864 ; was buried in St. Paul's church-
yard, Augusta, Ga., and in 1902 a monument to
his memory was erected on the spot where he fell.
POLK, Lucius Eugene, soldier, was born in
Salisbury, N.C., July 10, 1833 ; son of Dr. William
Julius Polk of Columbia, Tenn., and grandson
of General William Polk (q.v.). He was liber-
ally educated ; was graduated from the Uni-
versity of Virginia in 1852, and in 1861 enlisted
in the Confederate army as 1st lieutenant in Cap-
tain Patrick R. Cleburne's company, afterward
known as the 1st Arkansas. He took part in the
capture of Fort Smith ; the battle of Shiloh,
April 6, 1863, where the regiment was cut to
pieces, and assumed command of his company
and led them during the two days' fight. He was
promoted colonel ; was commended for gallantry
in General Hardee's official report ; served under
General Kirby Smith in the Kentucky campaign,
and was wounded at Richmond, Ky. , and at Perry-
ville. He was promoted brigadier-general. De-
cember, 1862, and commanded the 1st (Cleburne)
brigade, 3d division, Hardee's corps, in the battle
of Stone's river, Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862 ; Chatta-
nooga, Tenn., Nov. 23, 1863; Missionary Ridge,
Nov. 23, 1863 ; Ringgold Gap, Nov. 27, 1863, where
he captured three Union flags, and at New
Hope Church, Ga., May 25, 1864, where he was
wounded and crippled for life. He returned
to his plantation in Maury county, Tenn. He
married his cousin, Sallie Moore Polk, and of
their children, Rufus King Polk (q.v.) was a
representative in the 56th and 57th congresses.
General Polk was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention at Chicago in 1884, and a
representative in the state senate in 1887. He
died near " West Brook," Tenn., Dec. 1, 1893.
POLK, Rufus King, representative, was born
in Columbia, Tenn., Aug. 33, 1866 ; son of General
Lucius Eugene (q.v.) and Sally Moore (Polk) Polk.
He prepared for college at Webb's academy,
Culleoka, Tenn., and was graduated from Lehigh
university, B.S., 1887, M.E., 1888. He was mar-
ried in 1892 to Isabella, daughter of Isaac K.
and Emma (Porter) Grier of Danville, Pa. He
engaged in business as general manager of the
North Branch Steel company, Danville, Pa.,
until 1896, when the firm of Howe and Polk,
manufacturers of iron and steel, was formed.
He served in the Spanish war as 1st lieutenant in
the 12th Pennsylvania volunteers, 1898 ; was a
delegate at large to the Democratic national con-
vention, 1900, and a representative from the
seventeenth district of Pennsylvania in the 56th
and 57th congresses, 1899-1903, declining re-
nomination to the 58th congress in 1902. He
was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati,
State of North Carolina Chapter. He died at
Philadelphia, Pa., March 5. 1903.
POLK, Sarah Childress, wife of President
Polk, was born near Murfreesborough, Tenn.,
Sept. 4, 1803 ; daughter of Joel and Elizabeth
Childress. She attended the Moravian institute,
Salem, N.C., and was married in 1824 to James
Knox Polk, who was
then clerk of the
state senate of Ten-
nessee. In 1834 he
was elected a repre-
sentative in congress,
and Mrs. Polk accom-
panied him to Wash-
ington. She became
a member of the Pres-
byterian church in
1834. Upon her hus-
band's inauguration
as President of the
United States in 1845,
she devoted herself
entirely to the social
duties incident to her position as mistress of
the White House. At her weekly receptions,
which were largely attended, she introduced
several radical changes, notably, the absence of
refreshments and the discontinuance of dancing.
Notwithstanding these innovations in social cus-
POLK
POLK
toms, she was extremely popular. She had no
children. Upon the death of her husband in
1849, she removed to " Polk Place," Nashville,
Tenn. The United States government granted
her a pension of $5,000 per annum. She died at
Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1891.
POLK, Thomas, patriot, was born in Mary-
land, about 1733 ; son of William Polk, and
grandson of Robert Pollock, who came from
Ross, county Donegal, Ireland, in 1659, and
settled in Delaware, Md., in 1600, changing his
name to Polk. William Polk removed to Penn-
sylvania in 1753, and Thomas, after visiting
points in Maryland and Virginia, settled in
Mecklenburg county, N.C. , where he became an
extensive landowner ; was chosen a member of
the provincial assembly in 1769, and in 1771 ob-
tained the passage of an act to establish Queen's
college at Charlotte, N.C. He was a mover
among the Scotch-Irisn of Mecklenburg county,
toward the renouncing of all allegiance to the
cro\vn of Great Britain. They passed a resolve to
set up a government for themselves, May 20,
1775, and he was authorized to issue a call for a
convention whenever he deemed it advisable.
After the drafting of the Mecklenburg Declara-
tion of Independence, of which he was a framer
and signer, he is said to have read the document
from the steps of the court house. He was a
member of the committee that prepared a plan
for securing the internal peace and safety of the
provinces, Aug. 24, 1775, and in 1776 ho was
appointed captain of the North Carolina com-
pany, that was detailed to
convey the " Liberty Bell "
from Philadelphia to Al-
lentown, Pa., on the ap-
fproach of the British. He
was appointed colonel of
a battalion of minute men
in the Salisbury district,
and %vith 700 militia he re-
inforced General Andrew
Williamson at Ninety-Six.
He was commissioned col-
onel of the'ith regiment, April 4, 1776, and joined
the army under Washington. He was with Gen-
eral Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston, S.C., in No-
vember, 1779, and after the fall of that place was
appointed commissary-general for North Caro-
lina and commissary of purchase for the army,
which position he resigned in 1780 on account
of a disagreement with General Gates. He was
later appointed by General Greene district com-
missary, and after the battle at Cowans Ford, he
was offered the command of the militia of Salis-
bury district, with the rank of brigadier-general ;
but the appointment was not confirmed by the
governor and his council, and in May. 1781. he
was superseded. After the war he purchased
land warrants from the soldiers of the disbanded
army, who had received them in payment of
services, and thus he largely increased his estates.
He died in Charlotte, N.C., in 1793.
POLK, Trusten, senator, was born in Sussex
county, Del., May 29, 1811. He was graduated
from Yale, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1845 ; studied law
at home and in the law department of Yale col-
lege ; resided in Delaware, 1832-35 ; engaged in
the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., 1835-56 and
1865-76 ; was a member of the Missouri constitu-
tional convention in 1845 ; a presidential elector
in 1848 ; Democratic governor of Missouri, 1857 ;
U.S. senator, 1857-63, and on Jan. 10. 1863, was
expelled for disloyalt)*, having already served as
an officer in the Confederate government. He was
a prisoner of war in 1864, and judge in the mili-
tary courts of the department of Mississippi. 1864-
65. He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 16, 1876.
POLK, William, patriot, was born in Mecklen-
burg county, N.C., July 9, 1758; son of Col.
Thomas Polk(q.v.). He attended Queen's college.
Charlotte, N.C., leaving on the outbreak of the
Revolution to join the patriot army as 2d lieu-
tenant, 3d S.C. regiment. He commanded a de-
tachment in various fights with the Tories in
South Carolina, in one of which he was wounded ;
became major of the 9th N.C. regiment, Nov. 26,
1776 ; joined Washington's army, and served at
Brandywine and Germantown, being severely
wounded at the latter. He was subsequently de-
prived of his command through consolidation and
served on the staffs of Gen. Richard Caswell in
the battle of Camden, and Gen. William Davidson
in North Carolina, who sent him to Governor
Jefferson at Williamsburg, Va., in 1780, to secure
Virginia troops to aid in the defense of North and
South Carolina against the British and Tories.
He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 4th S.C.
cavalry, in 1781, serving at Eutaw Springs, Sept.
8, 1781, and remaining under Gen. Thomas Sum-
ter until the close of the war. He was appointed
surveyor-general of the middle district of North
Carolina, and resided at French Lick Fort, the
site of Nashville, Tenn., 1783-86. He was sent
from Davidson county as a member of the house
of commons of North Carolina, 1784-86, and from
Mecklenburg county, 1786-91, and was made su-
pervisor of internal revenues for the district of
North Carolina by President Washington in 17!>1,
which office he held until 1808. He was a stock-
holder of the State Bank of North Carolina, a
director, 1811-19, and its president for some years.
He declined the appointment by President Mad-
ison of brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 25. 1^12.
on account of his opposition to the policy of the
administration. In 1S04. as a commissioner from
North Carolina, he welcomed Lafayette toAmer-
POLK
POLLOCK
ica. He was the owner of 100,000 acres of land
in Tennessee, and Samuel Polk, the father of
President Polk, was his agent. Jacob Johnson,
the father of President Johnson, was a porter in
his bank, and President Andrew Jackson received
large tracts of valuable lands in Tennessee
through his friendly advice. He was twice mar-
ried : first to Griselda Gilchrist, a native of Scot-
land ; and secondly, to Sarah, daughter of Col.
Philemon Hawkins. He was a member of the So-
ciety of the Cincinnati, and at the time of his
death was the last surviving field officer of the
North Carolina line. He died in Raleigh, N.C.,
Jan. 4. 1834.
POLK, William Hawkins, representative, was
born in Maury county, Teun., May 24, 1815 ; son
of Samuel and Jane (Knox) Polk, and brother of
President James K. Polk. He was a student at
the University of North Carolina, 1832-33 ; was
graduated from East
Tennessee college ;
was admitted to the
bar in 1839, and began
practice in Columbia,
Tenn. He was a rep-
resentative in the
state legislature,
1842-45 ; charge d'af-
faires at Naples,
1845-47 ; negotiated a
treaty with the Two
Sicilies, and resigned,
Aug. 31, 1847, to take
part in the war with
Mexico. He was
thereupon commis-
sioned major of the 3d dragoons and served in the
army in Mexico until July 20, 1848. He was a
delegate to the Nashville convention in 1850, and
a Democratic representative in the 32d congress,
1851-53. He was married first to a Miss Corse of
New York, and secondly, July 14, 1854, to Lucy E.
Williams of Warren county, N. C. He opposed
the secession movement in Tennessee in 1861,
and joined the Union party. He died in Nash-
ville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1862.
POLK, William Mecklenburg, physician, was
born at Ashwood, Maury county, Tenn., Aug. 15,
1844 ; son of the Right Rev. Leonidas Polk (q.v.).
He was graduated from the Virginia Mili-
tary institute with the class of 1861 by special
act of the faculty, for services in the army. He
was a member of the body of students that left
with Professor Thomas Jonathan Jackson imme-
diately after the secession of Virginia, and acted
as drill corps for the Virginia state troops. He
was assigned as drill-master under Gen. Zolli-
coffer, was promoted 3d lieutenant in Bankhead's
battery, at Columbus, Ky., and 1st lieutenant
in Scott's battery in 1862. He \vas appointed as-
sistant chief of artillery in his father's corps in
1863, and also captain in the adjutant and in-
spector-general's department, Army of the Tenn,
essee, in March, 1865. He was engaged in the
battles of Columbus, Ky., New Madrid, Shiloh-
Corinth, Perryville, Stone's River, Chickamauga ;
in the Meridian, Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns,
and in the surrender at Meridian in May, 1865. He
studied medicine at the University of Louisiana,
1867-68, and was graduated from the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork city, in 1869.
He practised in New York city from 1869 ; was
professor of therapeutics and clinical medicine at
Bellevue college, 1875-79, and became professor
of obstetrics and gynecology in the medical de-
partment of the University of the City of New
York in 1879. He was connected with several
hospitals as surgeon, and a memberof several im-
portant medical societies at home and abroad.
The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on
him by the University of the South in 1893, and
he was appointed dean and medical director of
the medical department of Cornell university in
1898. He is the author of : Biography of Leonidas
Polk, Bishop and General, and many contributions
to medical journals.
POLLARD, Josephine, author, was born in
New York city, about 1842. She received a
superior education ; was editorial writer on the
Sunday School Times from its foundation, and
was connected with the Methodist Book Concern
for twenty years, having charge of a publication
issued for the benefit of the Negroes in the South.
She is the author of various hymns, including
Outside the Gate. Her other writings include :
The Gypsy Books (1873-74); A Piece of Silver
(1876); Decorative Sisters (1881); Elfin Land,
poems (1882); Gellivor (1882); The Boston Tea-
Party (1882); Songs of Bird Life (1885); Vagrant
Verses (1887); The Home Book (with John H.
Vincent, 1887); Favorite Birds, and u-itat Poets
Sing of Tliem (1888). She died in New York
city, Aug. 15, 1892.
POLLOCK, James, governor of Pennsylvania,
was born in Milton, Pa., Sept. 11, 1810; son of
William and Sarah (Wilson) Pollock : grandson
of Samuel and Margaret Pollock, and of Fleming
and Margaret (Bainbridge) Wilson, and a de-
scendant of Scotch emigrants, who came from
Londonderry, Belfast and county Antrim. Ire-
land, in 1732 and landed at Chester, Pa. He was
graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.,
1831, A.M., 1834 ; studied law under Samuel Hep-
burn of Milton, Pa., 1831-33, and practised in
Milton, 1833-61. He was married, Dec. 19, 1837, to
Sarah Ann, daughter of Samuel and Edith (Miller)
Hepburn. He was elected district attorney <>f
Northumberland county in 1835 ; was a Whig
POLLOCK
POLLOCK
representative in the 28th, 29th and 30th con-
gresses, 1844^19, and on June 23, 1848, introduced
in congress the subject of the construction of a
railroad to the Pacific coast and was made chair-
man of the special committee rendering the first
report favorable to
the project. He was
president judge of
the eighth judicial
district of Pennsyl-
vania, 1850-54, and
was governor of the
state, 1854-58. Dur-
ing his administra-
tion, lie succeeded in
greatly reducing the
state debt, and on the
outbreak of the finan-
cial crisis of 1857 he
restored public con-
fidence by calling an
extra session of the
legislature, which passed a bill, Oct. 13, 1857, pro-
viding for the " resumption of specie payments
by state banks." He was a member of the Wash-
ington compromise convention of 1860 ; director
of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia, 1861-66 and
1869-79, and obtained the approval of Secretary
Chase to stamping on national coins the motto
" In God we trust." He was superintendent of
the U.S. mint, 1873-80. He was naval officer of
Philadelphia, 1880-84, and engaged in the prac-
tice of law in Philadelphia, 1884-90. He was ap-
pointed federal chief supervisor of elections in
April, 1885. The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by the College of New Jersey
in 1855, and by Jefferson college in 1857. He
died at Lock Haven, Pa., April 19, 1890.
POLLOCK, Oliver, patriot, was born in Ireland
in 1737 ; son of Jarit Pollock, who came with his
family to Carlisle, Pa., about 1760. In 1762
Oliver migrated to Havana, Cuba, where he en-
gaged in mercantile pursuits. He removed to
New Orleans in 1768, and established a coasting
and foreign trade. In 1769, when Alexander
O'Reilly, governor-general of Cuba, was made
governor of the province, and his troops needed
provisions, Mr. Pollock placed a cargo of flour at
their disposal at a moderate price, and for his
generosity ever afterward enjoyed a free trade
there. He was commercial agent of the United
States at New Orleans, 1777-83, and in 1779 fitted
out the captured British ship West Florida
under American colors and afterward sent the
vessel to assist in the capture of Mobile, Ala.
He secured gunpowder from the Spanish store in
New Orleans, and by forwarding it to Gen.
George Rogers Clark aided materially in the
success of his campaign in Illinois. He borrowed
for the state of Virginia §65,000 from France and
for the secret committee of congress $70,000
from the royal treasury of Spain in 1778, but
when he made drafts on this account on the
treasury the secretary failed to honor his de-
mands, and he appealed unsuccessfully to congress
several times for aid. In May, 1783, he was ap-
pointed U.S. agent at Havana, Cuba, was taken
prisoner, and all his gold and other property was
seized by order of the Spanish governor in May,
1784, for the debts of the United States, and for
eighteen months he remained in custody, all
communication between him and the United
States being cut off. He was released on parole
on the arrival of Governor Galvez, and returned
to the United States in 1785, where he was
awarded $90,000 with interest to cover the Span-
ish claim, but there was no money in the treasury
to pay the debt. He resumed business in New
Orleans, and in 1790 was enabled to pay all the
claims of Spain against the United States govern-
ment. He purchased and settled on property in
Cumberland county, Pa., in 1792, and that year
received $108,605 from the United States on ac-
count of the claim. He was an unsuccessful
candidate for representative in congress in 1797,
1804 and 1806, and in 1800 was an inmate of the
debtors' prison in Philadelphia. He removed
to Baltimore, Md., in 1806, and in 1815 to Pinck-
neyville, Miss., where he spent the rest of his
life. He was a member of the Friendly Sons of
St. Patrick, and the Hibernian society of Phila-
delphia. He was married, first, in 1765, to Mar-
garet O'Brien, and secondly, Nov. 2, 1805, to
Winifred, widow of Daniel Deady of Baltimore, Md.
He died in Pinckneyville, Miss., Dec. 17. 1823.
POLLOCK, Plnckney Daniel, educator, was
born in Houston county, Ga., Nov. 22, 1859; son
of James Greenberry and Nancy (Brunson)
Pollock ; grandson of
Almarine and Liza
(Woodard) Brunson
and of Morris and
Polly Watson Pol-
lock. He was pre-
pared for college at
Armurchee acad-
emy, Chattooga coun-
ty, Ga. ; attended '
Mercer university,
Macon, Ga., and was
graduated from the
University of Geor-
gia, B.L., 1884. He
continued his studios
in the Universities
of Paris and Berlin, 1889-91 ; taught school for
several years ; was superintendent of city schools,
Newnan, Ga., 1891-93 ; professor of English,
POMEROY
POMEROY
Mercer university, 1893-96, and became president
of the university in 1896, as successor to Dr. J. B.
Gambrell, resigned ; meanwhile, in 1894, declin-
ing the office of state superintendent of educa-
tion for Georgia. He was married, Nov. 24, 1895,
to Eva, daughter of George Cowan and Mary
(Briscoe) Selinan of Monroe, Ga. He served as
chairman of the executive committee of the
Georgia Baptist State convention in 1900, 1901
and 1902, and of the Georgia Baptist Education
commission in 1901 and 1902. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Richmond col-
lege, Va., in 1893.
POMEROY, Benjamin, clergyman, was born
in Suffield, Conn., Nov. 19, 1704; son of Joseph
and Hannah (Seymour) Pomeroy ; grandson of
Medard and Experience (Woodward) Pomeroy of
Northampton, Mass., and of Richard Seymour of
Hartford, Conn., and great-grandson of Eltwed
Pomeroy, who came from Devonshire, England,
to Dorchester, Mass., about 1632; settled in
Northampton, Mass., about 1635, and later re-
moved to Windsor, Conn. Benjamin Pomeroy
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1733, A.M., 1736,
and was one of the first Yale graduates to claim
the Bishop Berkeley scholarship for the classics.
He was married, Oct. 24, 1734. to Abigail, daughter
of Ralph and Ruth (Huntington) Wheelock of
Windham. Conn. He was ordained at Hebron,
Conn., Dec. 16, 1735 ; was active in the revival
of 1840, and after being tried for '• disorderly
conduct" in preaching at Stratford, was acquit-
ted. At a second trial in 1744, he was found
guilty and compelled to pay the costs of prosecu-
tion. About this time he preached in Colchester
without consent from the resident minister, and
this act cost him seven years' salary. He was
chaplain in the British army during the French
and Indian war, and in the Continental army
during the Revolution. He was active in the
establishment of the Indian Charity school, was
a trustee of Dartmouth, 1769-84, and received
the degree D.D. from there in 1774. He died in
Hebron, Conn.. Dec. 22, 1784.
POMEROY, Mark Mills, journalist, was born in
Elmira, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1833; son of Hunt and
Orlina Rebecca (White) Pomeroy, and a lineal
descendant of the Pomeroy family of Devon-
shire, Eng. He was brought up by his maternal
uncle, Seth Marvin White, a farmer and black-
smith near Elmira ; attended the common schools,
and in 1850 obtained employment in Corning, as
an apprentice in the printing office of the Jour-
nal. In 1854 he established a printing office,
and bought out an advertising paper, called the
Sun, which became the Corning Democrat in
1855. In that year, removing to Athens, Pa., he
started the Gazette, and the following year set-
tled in Horicon, Dodge county, Wis., where he
established the Argus, and was appointed U.S.
marshal for the state. He was city editor of the
Milwaukee Daily News, 1858-59, and in 1859 en-
gaged in newspaper and political work in Wash-
ington, D.C. In 1860 he purchased the La
Crosse Democrat, in which he set forth the dangers
to the government from increasing the national
debt, and from the corruptions in political office.
In 1868 he went to New York, where he established
Pomeroy's Democrat, but as it conflicted with the
Tweed Ring, he removed the publication to
Chicago in 1875, where he joined the Greenback
movement, and served as chairman of a com-
mittee appointed by the national convention
held in Chicago to organize greenback clubs.
He was married in 1876, to Emma Idalia Stim-
son of Michigan. In 1880 he went to Colorado
for his health, engaging in the practice of law,
and editing The Great IT'esf. He originated a
scheme for tunnelling the Rocky Mountains,
organizing the Atlantic-Pacific Railway Tunnel
company with a capital of $7,000,000 ; but after
cutting for nearly a mile on each side of the
mountains, he abandoned the project through
failure to secure government aid. In 1887 he
returned to New York city, where he conducted
Pomeroy's Advance TltougJit. a monthly maga-
zine, 1887-96. He is the author of : Sense (1868);
Nonsense (1868) ; Gold Dust (1872); Brick Dust
(1872); Our Saturday Night (1873); Home Har-
monies (1874); Perpetual Money (1878). He died
in Brooklyn, N.Y., May 30, 1896.
POMEROY, Samuel Clarke, senator, was born
in Southampton, Mass., Jan. 3, 1816. HeattendeJ.
Amherst college, Mass., and after residing for
several years in New York city, returned to
Southampton. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1852-53 ; was an organizer and
the financial agent of the New England Emigrant
Aid company, and in 1854 established a colony
in Lawrence, Kan. He removed to Atchison,
Kan., and was elected mayor of the city in 1859 ;
was a member of the Free State convention that
met in Lawrence in 1859, and during the famine
in Kansas, 1860-61, he was president of the relief
committee. He was a delegate to the Republican
national conventions of 1856 and I860, and a
Republican U.S. senator from Kansas, 1861-73.
By reason of his advocacy of subsidy measures
while in congress, charges of bribery were pre-
ferred against him in 1873, and he was defeated
for re-election that year, but after a careful in-
vestigation the charges were not sustained. He
resided in Washington, D.C., for several years
and died in Whitinsville, Mass., Aug. 27, 1891.
POMEROY, Seth, soldier, was born in North-
ampton, Mass., May 20, 1706. He was a gun-
smith in his youth and became a captain in the
colonial militia in 1744 He held the rank of
POMEROY
POND
major in the militia, engaged in the capture of
Louisburg in 1743, and had command of a body of
gunsmiths, who drilled the spikes from cannon
captured there. He was promoted lieutenant-
colonel in 1755, and on the death of Ephraiin Wil-
liams succeeded him to the command of the regi-
ment, which he led against the French and Indians
at Lake George. He was a delegate to the Provin-
cial congress, 1774-75; was elected a general officer
in the Provincial army in October, 1774, and brig-
adier-general in February, 1775, and joined the
Patriot army under Gen. Artemas Ward at Cam-
bridge, Mass., serving in the ranks in the battle of
Bunker Hill. He was named as one of the eight
brigadier-generals appointed by congress to the
Continental army, but his appointment as senior
officer caused some difficulty in the adjustment
of rank and he retired to his farm. After the
repulse of Washington in New York and New
Jersey, he led a force of militia for his relief, but
died suddenly in Peekskill, N.Y., Feb. 19, 1777.
POMEROY, Theodore Medad, representative,
was born in Cayuga, N.Y., Dec. 31, 1824 ; son of
the Rev. Medad and Lilly (Maxwell) Pomeroy ;
grandson of Timothy and Anna (Burt) Pomeroy
and of Joshua and Esther (Bryant) Maxwell, and
a descendant of Eltweed Pomeroy, who came
from England in 1632. He was graduated from
Hamilton college, N.Y., in 1842 ; was admitted to
the bar in 1846, and practised in Auburn, N.Y.,
1846-70. He was married, Sept. 4, 1855, to Eliza-
beth Leitch, daughter of Robert and Margaret
(Standart) Watson of Auburn, N.Y.; was district
attorney of Cayuga county, N. Y., 1851-56 ; a mem-
ber of the New York assembly, 1857 ; a Republi-
can representative in the 37th-40th congresses,
1861-69, and was elected speaker of the house to
succeed Sehuyler Colfax, March 3, 1869. He was
mayor of Auburn, N.Y., 1875-76; state senator,
1878-79 ; engaged in the banking business in
Auburn, after 1870, and was first vice-presi-
dent and general counsel of the American ex-
press company. He was a delegate to the Re-
publican national conventions of 1860 and 1876,
and temporary chairman of the convention in
1876.
POND, Enoch, clergyman, was born in Wren-
tham, Mass., July 29, 1791 ; son of Elijah and
Mary (Smith) Pond ; grandson of Jacob and Sarah
(Fales) Pond, and a descendant of Daniel (Ded-
ham, Mass., 1652) and Abigail (Shepard) Pond.
Enoch Pond was graduated from Brown, A.B.,
1813, A.M., 1817, and ordained to the Congrega-
tional ministry, March 1, 1815. He was pastor at
Ward. Mass., 1815-28, and editor of the Spirit of
the Pilgrims, Boston, Mass. , 1828-32. He was con-
nected with the Bangor, Maine, Theological sem-
inary as professor of systematic theology, 1832-56 ;
professor of ecclesiastical history and lecturer oij
pastoral duties, 1836-70 ; president of the insti-
tution, 1856-82, and professor emeritus, 1870-82.
He was married, first, Aug. 28, 1814, to Wealthy
Ann, daughter of William Hawes of Wrentham,
Mass.; secondly, May 17, 1825, to Julia Ann,
daughter of John Maltby of Northford, Conn.,
and thirdly, July 9, 1839, to Anne, daughter of
Thaddeus and Anne (Smith) Mason of Dedham,
Mass., and widow of John S. Pearson of Bangor,
Me. Dartmouth conferred upon him the honorary
degree of D.D. in 1835. He edited John Norton's
" Life of John Cotton ''(1852) , and is the author of
memoirs of President Samuel Dui'ies (1829), Su-
sanna Anthony (1830), Count Zinzendorf (1839),
John Knox (1886) , and TJie Rei>. Harrison Fair-
field (W5S);Wickliffe and his Times (1841); Morn-
ing of the Reformation (1842); No Fellowship
u-ith Romanism (1843); Tlie Mather Family (ISU);
Young Pastors Guide (1844) ; Tlie World's Sal-
vat ion (1845); Pope and Pagan (1846); Probation
(1846) ; Swedenborgianism Reviewed (1846) : Plato
(1846); Lives of Increase Mather and Sir William
Phijjps (1847); Tlie Church (1848); The Ancient
Cliurch (1851); The Wreck and the Rescue (1858);
Swedenborgianism Examined (1861); Sketches of
the Tlieological History of New England (1880).
He died in Bangor, Maine. Jan. 21, 1882.
POND, Frederick Eugene, author, was born
in Packwaukee, Wis. , April 8, 1856; son of
Simeon and Flora (Hotchkiss) Pond ; grandson
of William and Elvira (Forbes) Pond, and of
Willis and Samantha Hotchkiss. and a descendant
of Samuel Pond, a pioneer of Windsor, Conn.,
who died at Windsor, Conn., March 14, 1654.
He attended the public schools of Montello. Wis.:
was field editor of the Turf, Field and Farm in
New York, 1881-86; associate editor of the
American Field in Chicago, 111., for six months
in 1883, and editor of Wildirood's Magazine in
Chicago, 111., 1888-89, which was then merged
into Turf, Field and Farm, and of which he be-
came corresponding editor. He was married,
June 22, 1892, to Frances Harriet, daughter of
Frank and Harriet (Juneau) Fox, and a grand-
daughter of Samuel Juneau, founder of Milwau-
kee, Wis. He was editor of the Sjjortsman's
Review at Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1897 ; was prom-
inent in organizing the National Game and
Fish Protective association in 1893, and was its
secretary, 1893-96, and was one of the founders
of the Wisconsin Sportsman's Association for the
Protection of Fish and Game in 1874. He con-
tributed to cyclopaedias, and edited Frank For-
ester's works, including " Fugitive Sporting
Sketches'" (1879), " Sporting Scenes and Charac-
ters " (2 vols., 1880); also Isaac McLellan's " Poems
of Rod and Gun " (1883), " Sportsman's Directory "
(1892), "A Strike "(1897), and wrote an introduc-
tion to Frank Forester's "Poems " (1887). His
POND
PONDER
published works, written chiefly as " Will Wild-
wood," include : Handbook for Young Sportsmen
(187G); Memoirs of Eminent Sportsmen (1878); Gun
Trial and Fit-Id Trial Records of America (1883),
and American Game Preserves, a serial (1893).
POND, George Edward, journalist, was born in
Boston, Mass., March 11, 1837 ; son of Moses and
Nancy (Adams) Pond ; grandson of Moses and
Anne (Davis) Pond ; and a descendant of Daniel
(Dedham, 1652), and Abigail (Shepard) Pond. He
was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1858, LL.B.,
1860, was a 1st lieutenant in the Federal army,
1863-64, and an associate on the staff of the New
York Army and Navy Journal, 1864-68 and 1878.
He was married, May 29, 1866, to Emelie Guer-
ber, who died, Jan. 14, 1880. He was an associate
on the New York Times, 1868-70 ; editor of the
Philadelphia Record, 1870-77, and thereafter
engaged in general literary work. He wrote the
" Driftwood " columns, signed " Philip Quilibet,"
in the Galaxy, 1868-78, and contributed historical
accounts of battles of the civil war to various col-
lections. He is the author of Tlie Slienandoah
Valley in 1SS4 (1883). He died at Spring Lake,
N.J., Sept. 22, 1899.
POND, James Burton, lecture manager, was
born in Cuba, Allegany county, N.Y., June 11,
1838 ; son of Willard Elmer and Clarissa (Wood-
ford) Pond ; grandson of Philip and Anna
(Adams) Pond and of James Woodford ; great-
grandson of Jonathan Pond, and great2-grandson
of Phineas Pond, who came from England in 1794
and settled in Branford, Conn. James Burton
Pond removed to Illinois in 1844 and in 1847 to
Fond du Lac, Wis., where in 1853 he learned the
printers' trade. In 1856 he traveled in the west
as a journeyman printer, and in 1860-61, he pub-
lished the Journal at Markesan, Wis. He joined
the 3d Wisconsin cavalry as lieutenant in 1861,
and served throughout the civil war, rising to
the rank of major. After the war he engaged
in business as a merchant until 1874, when with
George Hathaway, he purchased the Redpath
Lyceum Lecture bureau, Boston. In 1879 he re-
moved to New York, and established business on
his own account. Among the many noted lec-
turers introduced and managed by him may be
mentioned : Emerson, Lowell, Gough, Phillips,
Sumner, Talmage, Mrs. Livermore, Anna Dickin-
son, Mrs. Stanton, Henry M. Stanley, Thomas
Nast, Max O'Rell, "Mark Twain," "Bill Nye,"
Sir Edwin Arnold, W. D. Howells, F. Marion
Crawford, Hall Caine, the Rev. Dr. John Watson
("Ian Maclaren"), Ernest Thompson Seton, and
Sir Robert Ball. He was twice married : first,
Jan. 21, 1859, to Ann Frances, daughter of Tho-
mas and Anna Lynch of Janesville, Wis.; she died
in December, 1871. He was married secondly,
March 10, 1888, to Martha Marion, daughter of
William H. and Sabina Glass of Jersey City, N.J.
He was elected to membership in numerous
patriotic and social organizations. He is the
author of: A Summer in Kui/lmid with Henry
Ward Beecher ; Eccentricities of Genius (1900).
He died in Jersey city, N.J., June 21, 1903.
POND, Samuel William, missionary, was born
in Washington, Conn., April 10, 1808 ; son of Elna-
than Judson and Sarah (Hollister) Pond ; grand-
son of Edward and Mary (Judsou) Pond and of
Capt. Gideon and Patience (Hurd) Hollister,
and a descendant of Samuel Pond, who settled in
Windsor, Conn., previous to 1640. He attended
the public schools and in May, 1834, with his
brother, Gideon Hollister Pond (1810-1878), en-
gaged in missionary work among the Dakota
Indians and the U.S. garrison at Fort Snelling.
In 1837 he was ordained to the Congregational
ministry and was stationed by the A. B.C. of F.M.
at Lake Harriet, Fort Snelling, Oak Grove, and
Prairieville, Minn., successively, 1837-54, and in
other parts of Minnesota, 1854-91. He was first
married, Nov. 22, 1838, to Cornelia Eggleston,
and secondly, April 4, 1852, to Susan R. Smith.
With his brother he produced the first written
dictionary of the Dakota language, subsequently
used by the Rev. Stephen R. Riggs in his pub-
lished work. He is the author of : The History
of Joseph in the Language of the Dakota or Sioux
Indians from Genesis (1839) ; Wowapi Inonpa,
the Second Dakota Reading Book (1842), and
Indian Warfare in Minnesota, in the Historical
Collections of Minnesota. He died in Shakopee,
Minn., Dec. 5, 1891.
PONDER, James, governor of Delaware, was
born in Milton, Del., Oct. 31, 1819; son of the
Hon. John and Hester (Milby) Ponder ; grandson
of James and Sarah (Warren) Ponder, and of
Capt. Nathaniel Milby, and great-grandson of
John Ponder, of English de-
scent, who removed from
Virginia to Delaware, and
took out a patent for an ex-
tensive tract of land in Broad-
kiln hundred, Sussex county.
John Ponder (1791-1863), an
only son, inherited the estate,
served in the war of 1812, engaged in trade and in
the shipping business, transporting iron to New
Jersey in his own vessels, first alone and after 1848
with his son James as John Ponder & Son ; and
was state senator, 1852-56. James attended the
Milton. Lewes, and Georgetown academies, and
after joining his father's enterprises became a
successful business man and connected with the
large business interests of the state including its
railroads, banks and manufactories. He was
married in July, 1851, to Sarah, daughter of
Gideon and Sarah Waples of Milton. He was a
POOK
POOLE
Democratic representative in the state legislature,
1856-64 ; was elected state senator, 1864, and
speaker of the senate in 1867. He was elected
governor of the state of Delaware on the Demo-
cratic ticket in 1870 ; serving from Jan. 17, 1871,
till 1875. He died in Milton, Del., Nov. 5, 1897.
POOK, Samuel Hartt, naval constructor, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 17, 1827 ; son of
Samuel Moore and Martha Crum (Dickinson)
Pook ; grandson of Charles Lee and Sally Clark
(Moore) Pook and of John and Martha (Crum)
Dickinson, and a descendant of Nathaniel and
Anna (Sull) Dickinson, who came to Boston from
England about 1629. Samuel Moore Pook (1804-
1878), a native of Boston, Mass., was a U.S.
naval constructor at Portsmouth, N.H., 1841-66 ;
built the Preble, Saratoga, Congress, Franklin,
Merrimack and Princeton, and is the author of :
" A Method of Comparing the Line and Draught-
ing Vessels propelled by Sail or Steam," with dia-
grams (1866). Samuel Hartt Pook was graduated
at Portsmouth academy, N.H., 1843; served an
apprenticeship as naval architect, 1843-50, under
his father, and in 1850 established himself in
business in Boston. He was married, Jan. 23,
1850, to Ellen Maria, daughter of James K. Froth-
ingham of Charlestown, Mass. He designed a
number of merchant clippers, including the Red
Jacket, Ocean Telegraph and Northern Lights
and several iron-clads and war frigates for the
Spanish government ; superintended the iron-
clad Galena, and was subsequently in charge of
the shipyard at New Haven, Conn., where he
built sixteen vessels of war for the government.
He was appointed assistant U.S. naval con-
structor, May 17, 1866 ; was promoted naval con-
structor, April 15, 1871, and served at the Ports-
mouth Navy yard, at Mare Island, Boston,
Washington and New York navy yards until his
retirement, Jan. 17, 1889. He died at his home in
Washington, D.C., March 30, 1901.
POOL, John, senator, was born in Pasquotank
county, N.C., June 16, 1826 ; son of Solomon and
Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson of Patrick and
Winifred Pool, and a descendant of Patrick
Pool of Chester county, England, who landed in
Pasquotank county, N.C. , early in 1700. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina in
1847, and practised law at Elizabeth City, N.C.,
1847-56. He was married first, June 20, 1850, to
Narcissa Dosia, daughter of Spencer Sawyer,
who died in February, 1856 ; and secondly, Dec. 16,
1857, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. William
Mebane of Bertie county, N.C. She died, Oct.
16, 1873. He was a state senator from Pasquo-
tank, 1856-60 and 1864-66, and the defeated
Whig candidate for governor of North Carolina
in 18(50, John W. Ellis being elected. He was
a strong Union man, a member of the state con-
stitutional convention in 1865, and was chosen
by the legislature as a U.S. senator for the term
expiring March 3, 1871, but the state was re-
fused senatorial recognition. He was again
elected in 1866 with J. C. Abbott and drew the
long term, taking his seat in July, 1868, his term
expiring March 3, 1873, after which he practised
law at Washington, D.C. , until his death, which
occurred there, Aug. 16, 1884.
POOL, Maria Louise, author, was born at
Rockland, Mass., Aug. 20, 1841 ; daughter of Elias
and Lydia (Lane) Pool. She attended the public
schools of Rockland, and afterward taught there
so long as her health permitted. She removed to
Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1877, and later made her home
in Wrentham and Rockland, Mass., successively.
Besides many articles in newspapers and maga-
zines she wrote: A Vacation in a Buggy (1887) ;
Tenting at Stony Beach (1888) ; Dally (1891) ;
Roweny in Boston (1892) ; Mrs. Keats Bradford
and Katharine North (1893) ; Out of Step and
The Two Salomes (1894) ; Against Human Na-
ture (1895) ; In a Dyke Shanty (1896); Mrs. Gerald
(1896) ; In Buncombe County (1896) ; In the First
Person (1896) ; Boss and other Dogs ; Friendship
and Folly (1898) ; A Golden Sorroiv (1898) ; and
A Widower and Some Spinsters ; TJie Meloon
Farm and Sand 'n' Busltes, published posthu-
mously. She died in Rockland, Mass., May 19, 1898.
POOL, Solomon, educator, was born near
Elizabeth City, N.C., April 21, 1833 ; son of
Solomon and Martha (Gaskins) Pool ; grandson
of Patrick and Winifred Pool, and a descendant
of Patrick Pool, of English birth, who landed in
Pasquotank Co., N.C., early in 1700. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina,
A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and was married, June 9,
1856, to Cornelia, daughter of Joseph and Martha
Kirkland of Chapel Hill, N.C. He was tutor in
mathematics at the University of North Carolina,
1854-60 ; adjunct professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy, 1860-66 ; trustee and presi-
dent, 1869-75, and remained in possession of the
university buildings, 1872-74, but no students at-
tended. He was principal of Carey Collegiate
institute, 1875-78. He was minister of the Metho-
dist Episcopal church, south, and had charge
of churches in the vicinity of his work as a
teacher. He received the degree of D.D. He
died at Greensboro, N.C., April 9, 1901.
POOLE, Fitch, librarian, was born at Danvers,
Mass., June 13. 1803 ; son of Deacon Fitch Poole
and great-grandson of John Poole. He attended
the public schools ; learned the trade of a sheep-
skin and morocco manufacturer, and engaged in
business. He early contributed to the country
newspapers and became an authority on antiqua-
rian matters. He also displayed talent at carica-
ture and humorous drawing, and modelled several
POOLE
POOLE
portrait busts in plaster. He was editor of the
Danvers Wizard, 1859-68; a representative in the
state legislature, 1841-42, and postmaster of Pea-
body for a short time under President Lincoln.
He founded the Mechanics Institute library,
which later became the Peabody Institute, and
was its librarian, 1856-73. He is the author of
several topical satirical ballads including : Giles
Corey and Goodwyfe Corey ; Giles Corey's Dream ;
Lament of the Bats Inhabiting the Old South
Church; a political parody on "John Gilpin's
Ride," and Witch Davee and Banquet on Galloics
Hill. He died in Peabody, Mass., Aug. 19, 1873.
POOLE, Hurray Edward, historical writer,
was born in Centremoreland, Wyoming county,
Pa., July 17, 1857 ; son of Edward Valentine and
Susan (Carey) Poole ; grandson of Daniel and
Anna Rebecca (Gardner) Poole and of Samuel
and Arminda (Mul-
lock) Carey ; great-
grandson of William
and Sarah (Packard)
Poole and great2-
grandson of Lieut.
Samuel and Ruth
(Fullerton) Poole of
Easton ; great-grand-
son of Samuel and Re-
becca (Shaw) Poole ;
great4-grandson of
Samuel and Sarah
(Nash) Poole ; great5-
grandson of Capt.
Joseph and Elizabeth
(Shaw) Poole, orig-
inal settlers of Abington, Mass., and great-grand-
son of Ed ward and Sarah (Phinney) Poole of Wey-
mouth, Mass., 1635. Murray Edward Poole was
prepared for college by a private tutor and at
Wyoming seminar}*, Kingston, Pa., and was grad-
uated from Cornell university, A.B.,in 1880. He
was admitted to the bar, May 3, 1889, and settled
in practice at Ithaca. N. Y. He was married, Nov.
4, 1891, to Eva, daughter of James Zeliffe of
Limestone, N.Y. He was appointed special
county judge of Tompkins county by Gov. David
B. Hill in 1889 ; was justice of the peace, 1891-95,
and acting recorder of Ithaca, 1893-95. He was
the Democratic candidate for delegate to the state
constitutional convention of 1894 ; was elected
president of the National Historical and Ameri-
can Genealogical societies, 1900, and a member
of the American Bar association ; the New York
State Bar association ; the American Historical
association ; the New England Historic Genea-
logical society ; the Sons of the American Rev-
olution ; the Society of the War of 1812 : the
Society of Colonial Wars, and the Founders and
Patriots of America. The honorary degree of
LL.D. was conferred on him by Nashville college
in 1900, and that of D.C.L. by the American uni-
versity in 1901. He is the author of : Tlie History
of Edward Poole of Weymouth, Mass. (1G35) and
his Descendants (1893) ; Histories of the Tremaine,
Dey, Board, Mack, Ayers, Carey, Mullock, Gard-
ner and Zeliffe families, and historical and
genealogical contributions to leading magazines
and periodicals.
POOLE, William Frederick, librarian, was
born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821 ; son of Ward
and Eliza (Wilder) Poole, and a descendant
from John Poole of Reading, Eng., who became
a proprietor of Reading, Mass., 1635. He attend-
ed Leicester academy, and was graduated from
Yale, A.B., 1849, A.M., 1852. He was assistant
librarian of the "Brothers in Unity," a literary
society at Yale, and prepared an index to re-
views and magazines which was published in
1848. He was assistant librarian at the Boston
Athenaeum, 1851-52; librarian of the Boston Mer-
cantile library, 1852-56, and librarian of the Bos-
ton Athenaeum, 1856-69. He prepared a catalogue
of the Athenaeum which was published in five vol-
umes after he left. He was married, Nov. 22, 1854,
to Fannie M. Gleason. He became a professional
expert for the organization of libraries in 1869,
and was connected with the Bronson library,
Waterbury, Conn., in 1869, the St. Johnsbury
Athenaeum, Vt., the Newton and East Hampton
libraries, Mass., and the U.S. Naval academy-
library, Annapolis, Md. He organized and was
librarian of the Cincinnati library, 1869-74 ; the
Chicago Public library, 1874-87, and librarian of
Newberry library, Chicago, 1887-94. He edited
Tlie Owl, a literary monthly, 1874-75. He was a
member of the first library convention held in
New York city, September, 1853 ; a founder of the
American Library association of Philadelphia in
1876 ; vice-president, 1876-84, and president, 1885-
87, and was vice-president of the international
conference of libraries at London in October,
1877. He was a member of the American His-
torical association and its president, 1887-88 ; a
member of the American Antiquarian society ;
of the New England Historic Genealogical so-
ciety, and of the Essex Institute ; and a cor-
responding member of the Massachusetts, New
York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Wisconsin
Historical societies. He received the honorary
degree of LL.D. from Northwestern university
in 1882. Besides his Index to Periodical Litera-
ture, which was re-published in 1853 and in 1^.'.
he is the author of: Tlie Popliam Colony (1866);
Wonder Working Providence of Sion's Savior in
New England (1654, new edition with introduc-
tion, 1867); Cotton Mather and Salem Witclicraft
(1869); Anti-Slavery Opinions before 1SOO (1872) ;
Tlie Ordinance of 17S7 (1876) ; Witchcraft in
POOR
POOR
Boston, in Winsor's "Memorial History of Bos-
ton;" Tlie West, 17GJ-S3, in Winsor's " Narrative
and Critical History of America" The Early
Xnrtlncest (1889), and papers on library econ-
omy. He died in Evanston, 111., March 1, 1894.
POOR, Charles Henry, naval officer, was born
in Cambridge, Mass., June 11, 1808 ; son of
Moses and Charlotte (White) Poor ; grandson of
Eliphalet and Elizabeth (Little) Poor, and of
Calvin and Mary (Lucas) White, and a descend-
ant of John Poore, who came from Wiltshire,
England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1635. He was
warranted a midshipman in the U.S. navy, March
1, 1823 ; promoted midshipman. March 29, 1829,
and lieutenant, Dec. 31, 1833. He was married,
May 13, 1835, to Mattie Lindsay, daughter of Dr.
Robert Boling and Mattie (Lindsay) Stark of
Norfolk, Va. He was promoted commander, Sept.
14, 1855, and after service on various vessels in
the different naval squadrons, 1823-60, he com-
manded the St. Louis of the home squadron,
1860-61. He was in command of an expedition
sent to the relief of Fort Pickens, Fla., in 1861 ;
commanded the
frigate Roanoke
of the North At-
lantic blockad-
ing squadron,
1861-62, and ran
the Confederate
batteries at Se-
wall's Point, Va.,
when en route
u.s.3. ROA/MOKE. through Hamp-
ton Roads to Newport News to aid the fleet at-
tacked by the Confederate ram Merrimac. He
was promoted commodore, Jan. 2, 1863, com-
manded the Saranac of the Pacific squadron,
1863-65, and secured the release of the U.S. mail
steamer, unlawfully detained at Panama. He was
promoted rear-admiral, Sept. 20, 1868, and was
retired, June 9, 1870. He was a member of the
retiring board, 1871-72, and resided in Washing-
ton, D.C., up to the time of his death, which
occurred, Nov. 5, 1882.
POOR, Daniel, missionary, was born in Danvers,
Mass., June 27, 1789 ; son of Joseph and Mary
(Abbot) Poor ; grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Adams) Poor and of George and Hannah (Love-
joy) Abbot, and a descendant of Daniel Poor, who
came from Andover, England, in 1638, fourteen
years of age, landing in Boston and going imme-
diately to Newbury, Mass., removing thence a
few years later to Andover or Cochicawic. He
married Mary Farnum, who came from England.
Daniel Poor, the missionary, was graduated at
Dartmouth, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and at An-
doref Theological seminary in 1814, and was
ordained at Newburyport, Mass., June 21, 1815.
He was married to Susan Bullfinch and they ac-
companied other missionaries to Ceylon, sailing
from New York in October, 1815. and arriving in
India in March, 1816. He organized a mission-
school at Tillipally, and after twenty years' work
there, removed to Matura, Southern India, where
he labored, 1836^9, establishing thirty-seven
schools. In 1849-51 he was in the United States
engaged in presenting the claims of his mission
field to the churches. He received the honorary
degree of D.D. from Dartmouth in 1835. He was
stationed at Manepy, Ceylon, until his death there
by cholera, Feb. 3, 1855.
POOR, Daniel Warren, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Tillipally, Ceylon, Aug. 21,
1818 ; son of the Rev. Daniel and Susan (Bull-
finch) Poor, the missionaries. He was graduated
at Amherst, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1840, and attended
Andover Theological seminary, 1840-42. He was
ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, March 1,
1843, and was pastor of Central church, Fair-
haven, Mass., 1843-49, and of the High Street
Presbyterian church, Newark, N.J., 1849-69, dur-
ing which time he established the German Theol-
ogical seminary at Bloomfield and organized Ger-
man churches in Newark. He was pastor of the
first Presbyterian Church, Oakland, Cal., 1869-71,
and professor of ecclesiastical history and church
government in the San Francisco Theological
seminary, 1871-76, which institution he organized.
He also organized the Union church of San Lor-
enzo, Cal., and was secretary of the Presbyterian
board of education in Philadelphia, Pa., 1876-93.
He was married in October, 1847, to Susan Helen,
daughter of Benjamin Ellis. He received the
degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey
in 1857. He was one of the editors of Lange's
" Commentary " and published Select Discourses
from the French and German with the Rev. Henry
C. Fish (1858), and Tlie Epistles to the Corinthi-
ans with the Rev. Conway P. Wing from the
German of Lange (1868). He died in Newark,
N. J.. Oct. 11. 1897.
POOR, Enoch, soldier, was born in Andover,
Mass., June 21, 1736. He attended school at An-
dover, and removed to Exeter, N. H., about 1765,
where he was actively engaged in shipbuilding
and mercantile pursuits until the outbreak of the
Revolution, when he organized the troops fur-
nished by the general assembly into three regi-
ments, of one of which he was elected colonel,
May 23, 1775. He was sent to New York after
the evacuation of Boston by the British, was
transferred to the 8th Continental infantry, Jan.
1, 1776. and joined Arnold's expedition into Can-
ada. He was at Crown Point after the American
army returned from Canada, and when General
Schuyler determined to evacuate. Colonel Poor
with other officers appealed to General Washing-
POORE
POPE
ton. In his reply the commander-in-chief ac-
knowledged the military judgment of the appel-
lants, but declined to countermand the order.
Colonel Poor was returned to the command of
the 3d New Hampshire regiment, Nov. 8, 1776'
and was promoted brigadier-general in the Con-
tinental army, Feb. 21, 1777. At the battle of
Stillwater his command bore the brunt of the
British attack and the greater part of the Amer-
ican loss, and at the battle of Saratoga he led the
advance. He went to Pennsylvania after Bur-
goyne's surrender, joined Washington in the
Jersey campaign, and was with him at Valley
Forge, from which place he appealed for aid to
the New Hampshire legislature. In the pur-
suit of the British across New Jersey he dis-
tinguished himself at Monmouth, where he
fought under Lafayette ; commanded his brigade
in Sullivan's expedition in New York in 1779,
and in August, 1780, was appointed to the com-
mand of a corps of light infantry. General Poor
was a close personal friend of Generals Wash-
ington and Lafayette, and was toasted by the
latter at a banquet in New Hampshire in 1824.
He died at Hackensack, N.J., Sept. 8, 1780.
POORE, Benjamin Perley, editor, was born in
Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 2, 1820 ; son of Benja-
min and Mary Perley (Dodge) Poore ; grandson
of Daniel Noyes and Lydia (Merrill) Poore, and
of Allen and Mary (Burroughs) Dodge, and a
descendant of Samuel
Poore, who emigrated
from England in the
ship Bevis, with his
brother Daniel and
sister Alice in 1638,
and settled at In-
dian Hill, Newbury,
Mass. Benjamin Per-
ley Poore attended
the public schools and
Dummer academy ;
learned the printer's
trade in Worcester,
Mass., and owned and
edited the Southern
WItig at Athens, Ga.,
1838-40. While attache of the American legation
at Brussels, 1841-44, he engaged as historical agent
of Massachusetts in France, in gathering data of
American colonial history from 1492 to 1780. He
returned to the United States in 1848, and was edi-
tor of the Boston Bee and Sunday Sentinel, 1848-54,
and Washington correspondent of the Journal,
1854-74. He was married, June 12, 1849, to Vir-
ginia, daughter of Francis and Mary (Thompson)
Dodge of Georgetown, D.C. He was secretary of
the U.S. Agricultural society and editor of its
Journal ; a clerk of various important congres-
sional committees while in Washington, and in
1861 was appointed major of the 8th Massachusetts
volunteers under the command of Col. B. F. But-
ler, rendering important service in keeping the
way open through Maryland to Washington. In
December, 1861, he returned to his journalistic
work. He commanded the Ancient and Honor-
able Artillery company of Boston in 1874, and
was its historian. He edited the Congressional
Directory, 1867-87 ; made valuable indices to the
" Congressional Record," and compiled a de-
scriptive catalogue of government publications
from 1774 to 1881, including the several treaties
made with foreign governments, under the direc-
tion of the U.S. congress. He is the author of ;
Campaign Life of Gen. Zachary Taylor (1848);
Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe (1848); Early
Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (1851); Agricultural
History of Essex County, Mass. (1865); The Con-
spiracy Trial for tlie Murder of Abraham Lincoln
(1865) ; Federal and State Charters (2 vols. , 1877) ;
Tlie Political Register and Congressional Direc-
tory (1878); Life of Burnside (1882); Perley's
Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National
Metropolis (1886). He diedin Washington, D.C.,
May 30, 1887.
POORE, Henry Rankin, artist, was born in
Newark, N. J., March 21, 1859 ; son of the Rev.
Daniel Warren and Susan Helen (Ellis) Poor.
He became a special student at the University of
Pennsylvania, 1881, and received a certificate of
proficiency in June, 1883. He studied art in the
Pennsylvania academy ; the National Academy
of Design, and with Peter Moran, and in Paris
four years under Lumenais and Bougereau. He
opened a studio in Philadelphia,. Pa. ; was an in-
structor in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts ; a teacher in the Chautauqua Art school,
and received a grand prize of $3,000 from the
American Art association, New York, for " The
Night of the Nativity " (1839), and also the Hal-
garten prize from the National Academy of
Design, New York, of which he was elected an
associate in 1888. He received a bronze medal
at the Pan American exhibition, Buffalo, 1901.
He was especially successful in combining figures
and animals in his paintings. He was married,
June 30, 1896, to Katherine, daughter of Charles
and Caroline (Caldwell) Stevens of Worcester,
Mass. Among his more important works are :
Ulysses Feigning Madness (1884); Close of a City
Day (1886); Plow-horses Frightened by a Passwg
Train (1887); Plowing of the Ephrata Brethren
(1897); Tlie Wounded Hound (1898) ; Backlog
Reveries (1000); October Harvest (1901).
POPE, Franklin Leonard, electrician, was
born in Great Barrington, Mass., Dec. 2, 1840 ;
son of Ebenezer and Electa Leonard (Wain-
wright) Pope ; grandson of Ebenezer and Keziah
POPE
POPE
(Willard) Pope, and of William and Mary
(Leonard) Wainwright, and a descendant of
Thomas and Sarah (Jenney) Pope. Thomas
Pope emigrated from England to Plymouth,
M;iss., about 1630, and in 1674 removed to Dart-
mouth, Mass. Franklin Pope attended the public
schools, learned telegraphy in Great Harrington,
and was an operator there, in Springfield, Mass.,
and in Providence, R.I., 1857-62. He assisted in
building lines for the American telegraph com-
pany, 1863-64, and for the Russo- American tele-
graph company, from Washington Territory, by
way of Behring Straits, to Siberia, 1864-67 ; the
system, which had been partially completed,
being abandoned in 1867. While surveying this
work he made known to geographers the sources
of the Skeena, Stickeen and Yukon rivers. He
entered into partnership with Thomas A. Edison
in 1867, and with him invented the " ticker,"
afterward so extensively used in Wall Street
and on all stock exchanges in the United States.
He also invented in 1872 the rail circuit for auto-
matically controlling electric block signals, and
made valuable improvements in telegraph in-
struments. He was married, Aug. 6, 1873, to
Sarah Amelia, daughter of Marquis Fayette and
Hannah (Williams) Dickinson of Amherst, Mass.
He was patent-attorney for the Western Union
telegraph company, and in 1885 was elected
president of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers. He edited the Electrical Engineer,
1884-95, and is the author of : Modern Practice
of the Electric Telegraph (1871); Life and Work
of Joseph Henry (1879). He was killed by a cur-
rent of 3,000 volts, while superintending the con-
struction of an electric plant at Great Barring-
ton, Mass., Oct. 13, 1895.
POPE, John, senator, was born in Prince Wil-
liam county, Va., in 1770. His parents removed
to Kentucky, where he was educated for the law,
and he practised in Washington, Shelby and
Fayette counties. He represented Shelby county
in the Kentucky legislature in 1802, and Fayette
county, 1806-07. He was a presidential elector
inlSOl, voting for Thomas Jefferson ; was an Anti-
Federalist U. S. senator from Kentucky, 1807-13,
and president pro tern of the senate in 1811. He
was appointed by President Jackson governor of
Arkansas Territory in 1829, and held the office
until 1835, when he resumed the practice of law
in Springfield, Ky. He was a representative from
the seventh district in the 25th, 26th and 27th
congresses, 1837-43, and was defeated as the in-
dependent candidate for representative in the 28th
congress. He died at Springfield, July 12, 1845.
POPE, John, naval officer, was born in Sand-
wich, Mass., Dec. 17, 1798. He was warranted
midshipman, May 30, -1816 ; was commissioned
lieutenant, April 28, 1826, and served on board
the frigate Constitution in the Mediterranean
squadron, 1827-28, and on the sloop St. Louis
in the West India squadron, 1833-34. He was
stationed at the U.S. navy yard, Boston, Mass.,
in 1837 and 1843 ; served on the razee of the In-
dependence in the Brazil squadron in 1840, and
was promoted commander, Feb. 15, 1843. He com-
manded the brig Dolphin on the coast of Africa,
1846-47 ; was com-
mandant of the navy
yard at Boston, Mass.,
in 1850, and com-
manded the sloop
I'anditlia in the East
India squadron, 1853-
56. He was pro-
moted captain, Sept.
14, 1855 ; was com-
mander of the Ports-
mouth, N.H., navy
yard, 1858-60 ; com- .
manded the steam
sloop Richmond in
the Gulf squadron in
1861, and on being detached was retired, Dec.
21, 1861. He was promoted to the rank of com-
modore on the retired list, July 16, 1862, and
served on the board of prize commissioners in Bos-
ton, 1864-65, and as a light-house inspector, 1866-
69. He died in Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 14, 1876.
POPE, John, soldier, was born in Louisville,
Ky., March 12, 1823 ; son of Judge Nathaniel Pope
(1784-1850), a native of Louisville, Ky., a graduate
of Transylvania college, lawyer in Missouri and
Illinois, secretary of Illinois Territory, a delegate
in congress from Illinois Territory, 1816-18, and
U.S. judge for the
district of Illinois,
1818-50. John Pope
was graduated at the
U.S. Military acad-
emy in 1842, and as-
signed to the topo-
graphical engineers.
He served in Florida,
1842—44, and as assist-
ant engineer on the
survey of the north-
east boundary line,
1845—46. He was pro-
moted 3d lieutenant,
May 9, 1846 ; was en-
gaged in the battles
of Monterey and Buena Vista ; was brevetted
1st lieutenant, Sept. 23, 1846, and captain, Feb.
23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct
at Monterey, and Buena Vista respectively. He
served on surveys and explorations in Minne-
sota, 1849-50; as chief topographical engineer
POPE
PORTER
of the department of New Mexico, 1851-53, and
as chief of the survey of the Pacific railroad
route, near the 32d parallel of latitude, 1853-
59. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3,
1853; captain, July 1, 1856, for fourteen years'
continuous service, and was on light-house duty,
1859-61. He was court-martialed for criticising
the President's policy early in 1861 ; was appointed
by President Lincoln mustering officer at Chicago,
111., serving from April to July, 1861 ; was made
brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, May 17,
1861, and commanded the district of North
Missouri, July to October, 1861, and the 3d divi-
sion of the army in its successful campaign
against General Price in Southwest Missouri,
October to December, 1861, when he captured
large stores of provisions and many prisoners.
He commanded the district of Central Missouri,
December, 1861, to February, 1862 ; the Army of
the Mississippi in co-operation with the gunboat
fleet under Flag-officer Foote in the capture of
New Madrid, Mo., March 14, 1862. and the capture
of Island No. 10, April 8, 1862. He was promoted
major-general of volunteers, March 21, 18(52, and
in the Mississippi campaign advanced upon and
besieged Corinth, April-May, 1862, after its
capture pursuing the Confederate army to Bald-
win. He was promoted brigadier-general in the
regular army, July 14, 1862 ; was given com-
mand of the Army of Virginia, to which was
added the Army of the Potomac, and with the
combined army fought the disastrous battles of
Cedar Mountain. Manassas and Chantilly, resign-
ing his command after the army fell back on
Washington. He was transferred to the com-
mand of the department of the Northwest, serving
1862-65 ; was commander of the military division
of the Missouri, January to June, 1865, and of the
department of the Missouri, June, 1865, to August,
1866. He was brevetted major-general, U.S.A.,
March 13, 1865, for gallantry at Island No. 10, and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept.
1, 1866. He was on leave of absence, October,
1866, to April, 1867, and commanded the Third
military district, comprising Georgia, Florida
and Alabama, 1867-68 ; the department of the
Lakes, 1868-70. and the department of the Mis-
souri, 1870-83. He was promoted major-general,
U.S.A., Oct. 26, 1883, and commanded the
division of the Pacific and the department of
California, 1883-86, when he was retired, being
sixty-four years of age. He charged the failure
of his operations in Virginia to the omission of
Gen. Fitz-John Porter to obey his orders and
caused that officer's court-martial. He is the
author of : Explorations from the Red River to
tlie Rio G-rande (Pacific Railroad reports, vol.
III.) and Tlie Campaign of Virginia, 1SG-2 (1865).
He died in Sandusky, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1892.
PORCH ER Francis Peyre, botanist, was born
in St. John's parish, Berkeley district, S.C., Dec.
14, 1824; son of Dr. William and Isabella S.
(Peyre) Porcher ; grandson of Thomas and Char-
lotte (Mazyck) Porcher, and of Francis and Mary
(Walter) Peyre, and a descendant of Isaac and
Claud (de Cherigny) Porcher. Isaac Porcher, a
native of St. Severe, Berrie, France, and a
Huguenot refugee, settled in South Carolina in
1685. Francis Peyre Porcher was graduated at
South Carolina college in 1844, and at the Medi-
cal College of the State of South Carolina in
1847. He practised in Charleston, S.C. ; was
surgeon and physician to the Marine and City
hospitals ; surgeon in charge of the Confederate
hospitals at Norfolk and Petersburg, Va., 1862-
65 ; professor of materia medica, therapeutics
and clinical medicine in the Medical College of
the State of Soutli Carolina, and one of the editors
of the Charleston Medical Journal and Review
for several years. He was elected president of
the South Carolina Medical society in 1872 ; was
an associate fellow of the Philadelphia College of
Physicians, and a corresponding member of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
He was married first, April 25, 1855, to Virginia,
daughter of the Hon. Benjamin Watkins and
Julia (Wickham) Leigh of Richmond, Va ; and
secondly, March 9, 1877, to Margaret, daughter of
Col. Joshua John and Johanna (Hasell) Ward of
Waccamaw, S.C. He received the degree of
LL.D. from the South Carolina college in 1891; was
a member of the World's International Medical
congress at Berlin, 1895, and a complimentary
president of the section on general medicine at the
Pan-American Medical congress. He devoted
his leisure to the study of botany, and is the
author of : A Medico- Botanical Catalogue of the
Plants and Ferns of St. John's, Berkeley, S.C.
(1847) ; A Sketch of the Medical Botany of South
Carolina (1849); The Medicinal, Poisonous and
Dietetic Properties of the Cryptogamic Plants of
the United States (1854); Illustrations of Disease
with the Microscope, and Clinical Investigations
aided by the Microscope and by Chemical Re-
agents (1861), and Resources of the Southern
Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical and
Agricultural, published by order of the surgeon-
general of the Confederate States (1863, rev. ed.,
1869). He died in Charleston, S.C., Nov. 19. 1895.
PORTER, Albert Gallatin, governor of In-
diana, was born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., April
20, 1824 ; son of Thomas and Myra (Tousey) Por-
ter, and grandson of Moses Tousey of Kentucky.
His paternal grandfather removed from Pennsyl-
vania to Belleview. an island in the Ohio river.
He worked as a ferryman on the Ohio river;
attended the preparatory department of Hanover
college ; was graduated at Indiana Asbury uni-
PORTER
PORTER
versity, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846; was admitted to
the bar in 1845 ; served as city attorney, 1851-53 ;
as reporter of the supreme court of Indiana. 1853-
57, and as a member of the common council,
1857-59. He was a Republican representative in
the 36th and 37th congresses, 1859-63, serving
as a member of important committees ; was a
candidate for presidential elector on the Hayes
and Wheeler ticket in 1876, and was appointed by
President Hayes, March 5, 1878, first comptroller
of the U.S. treasury, to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of R. A. Taylor, serving until 1880.
He was governor of Indiana,
1881-84 ; a delegate at large
from Indiana to the Republi-
can national convention in
1888, and was appointed U.S.
minister to Italy in 1889, re-
signing in September, 1892.
He practised law in partner-
ship with Benjamin Harrison for several years.
He was married first in 1846, to Minerva Virginia
Brown of Indianapolis, Ind., and secondly in
January, 1881, to Cornelia Stone of Jamestown,
N.Y. He received the degree of LL.D. from In-
diana Asbury university in 1870. He devoted his
last years to historical research, and published
Decisions of the Supreme Court of Indiana (5 vols.,
1853-56) , and A History of Indiana. He died in
Indianapolis, Ind., May 3, 1897.
PORTER, Alexander, senator, was born near
Armagh, county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1786; son of
an Irish Presbyterian clergyman and chemist,
\vho was executed in 1798 as an insurgent spy
and member of the Society of United Irishmen.
He immigrated to the United States with an
uncle in 1801 ; settled in Nashville, Tenn.; was
admitted to the bar in 1807, and removed to St.
Martinsville, La., in 1810. He was a member of
the state constitutional convention of 1811 ; judge
of the state supreme court, 1821-33, where he
established a new system of jurisprudence, and
in 1833 was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the
unexpired term of Josiah Stoddard Johnston (q.v.)
deceased, resigning Jan. 5, 1837, when Alexandre
Moutou (q.v.) succeeded him. While in the senate
he voted to censure President Jackson for his
action in regard to the U.S. bank ; opposed the
abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia,
and the specie bill introduced by Senator Benton,
and advocated returning the surplus revenue to
the respective states, and the recognition by the
United States of the independence of the Republic
of Texas. He was re-elected to the senate in
1843 as successor to Charles M. Conrad, who com-
pleted Alexandre Mouton's term, but he died be-
fore taking his seat, and Henry Johnson (q.v.)
was elected his successor. He died at Attakapas,
La., Jan. 13, 1844.
PORTER, Alexander James, educator, was
born at Nashville, Tenn., June 14, 1832 ; son of
James A. and Sarah N. (Murphy) Porter, and
grandson of Alexander Porter, who emigrated
from Ireland in 1793, and settled first in Wilming-
ton, Del., and then in Nashville. He attended
school at Jamaica Plain, Mass.; was graduated
from the University of Nashville, A.B., 1841,
and studied law under his uncle, Alexander
Porter (q.v.), but never practised. He was
twice married : first, in 1847, to Martha, daughter
of J. W. Allison, and secondly, to Rebecca G.,
daughter of Andrew Allison. In 1861 he entered
the Confederate service as adjutant-general on
the staff of Gen. George Manly, and later was
attached to the staffs of Gen. John C. Brown
and Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham. He was
elected a member of the board of trustees of
the University of Nashville in 1873 ; president of
the board in 1884, and on the death of Eben S.
Stearns in 1885, was made chancellor pro tempore,
serving as such until his death. He was closely
connected with the political life of the state, al-
though lie never held office. He received the
honorary degree of LL.D. He died at Nashville,
Tenn., Feb. 11, 1888.
PORTER, Andrew, soldier, was born in
Worcester, Montgomery county, Pa., Sept. 24,
1743 ; son of Robert Porter, who emigrated from
Londonderry, Ireland, in 1720, and settled in
Londonderry, N. H. Andrew conducted an Eng-
lish and mathematical school in Philadelphia,
1767-76. He was appointed captain of marines,
and stationed on the frigate Effingham in 1776 ;
transferred to the 4th Pennsylvania artillery ;
promoted captain, major, March 13, 1782, lieu-
tenant-colonel and colonel, and was engaged in
the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandy wine and
Germantown, being personally commended on
the field by General Washington, for his conduct
during the last named battle. He was sent to
Philadelphia, Pa., to enlist men, and prepare for
the siege of Yorktown. He accompanied Gen.
John Sullivan's expedition against the Indians,
and suggested to Gen. James Clinton the plan of
raising the water of Otsego lake by means of a
dam, thus allowing the passage of the troops by
boat to Tioga point. He refused the chair of
mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania,
and retired to his farm in 1783. He was a mem-
ber of the Pennsylvania boundary commission,
1784-87, and gave his aid and advice in the com-
pletion of the western end of the Mason and
Dixon line. He was commissioned brigadier-
general of state militia in 1801, and major-general
and surveyor-general, 1809-13. He declined the
commission of brigadier-general, U.S. A., and the
portfolio of war, tendered by President Monroe in
1812. He died in Harrisburg, Pa., Nov. 16, 1813.
PORTER
PORTER
PORTER, Andrew, soldier, was born in Lan-
caster, Pa., July 10, 1820 ; son of George Bryan
Porter (q.v.). He attended the U.S. Military
academy, 1836-37, and upon the outbreak of the
war with Mexico, was appointed 1st lieutenant of
mounted rifles. He was appointed captain, May
15, 1847, and was bre vetted major for gallantly
at Contreras and Cherubusco, and lieutenant-
colonel for gallantry at Chapultepec, Sept. 13,
1847. He served in Texas and in the southwest,
and in 1861 was ordered to Washington and
given command of the 16th U.S. infantry. He
commanded a brigade in the 2nd division, Mc-
Dowell's army, at the battle of Bull Run, and on
the disablement of Gen. David Hunter, succeeded
to the command of the 2d division. He was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, May
17, 1861 ; was provost-marshal-general for the
Army of the Potomac, 1861-62; organized troops
at Harrisburg, Pa., in 1862, and in November,
1862, was assigned to a command in Pennsylvania.
He was provost-marshal-general of Washington ;
was mustered out, April 4, 1864, and resigned his
commission, April 20, 1864. He died in Paris,
France, Jan. 3, 1872.
PORTER, Augustus Steele, U.S. senator, was
born in Canandaigua, N.Y. , Jan. 18, 1798. He
was graduated from Union college, Schenectady,
N.Y., in 1818, and practised law at Black Rock,
N.Y. He removed to Detroit, Mich., about 1822 ;
was mayor of the city, 1836-38, and was elected
to the U.S. senate as a Whig, serving, 1839—45.
He removed to Niagara Falls, N.Y., in 1848,
where his father resided, and he lived in retire-
ment, his only national service being that of dele-
gate to the Union convention at Philadelphia, 1866.
He died at Niagara Falls, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1872.
PORTER, Benjamin Curtis, artist, was born
in Melrose, Mass. ; son of Charles and Julia
(Curtis) Porter. He studied art at an early age,
and traveled extensively in America and Europe.
For some years he gave his attention to figure
painting, but finally devoted himself entirely to
portraiture, establishing a studio in New York
city. In 1876 he exhibited at the National
Academy of Design, New York city, and was
elected an associate in 1878, and an academician
in 1880. He was married in 1887 to Mary Louise
Clark of Connecticut. He was awarded a medal
at the Paris exposition, 1900, and at the Pan-
American exposition, Buffalo, 1901. His princi-
pal works include : Henry V. and the Princess
Kate(lSQS); Tlie Mandolin Player and Cupid
with Butterflies (1874); Tlie Hour Glass (1876);
Portrait of Lady with Dog (1876); Portrait of
Boy tvith Dog (1884), and numerous other por-
traits, among the subjects being Cornelius Van-
derbilt, Mrs. Henry Clews, Mrs. Abram S.
Hewitt and Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney.
VIII.— 31
PORTER, Charlotte, author and editor, was
born in Tovvanda, Pa., Jan. 6, 1859; daughter of
Dr. Henry Clinton and Eliza Elinor (Belts)
Porter ; grand-daughter of Horace arid Hannah
Twitchell (Frisbie) Porter, Waterbury, Conn.,
and of Nathaniel Noble and Eliza Montague
(Warner) Betts, Towanda, Pa., and a descendant
of Daniel Porter, called "the bone-setter" in the
Records of General Court at New Haven, Conn.,
who moved from Danvers, Mass., to Farmington,
Conn., in 1635. She was a student at Wells
college, Aurora, N.Y., 1873-75, graduating B.S.
in the latter year, and while an undergraduate
editing the Wells College Chronicle. In 1882 she
removed to Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1883 visited
Europe, contributing meanwhile to magazines.
She edited Shakespeariana, 1886-88 ; the Ethical
Record, 1888, and in January, 1889, with Helen
Archibald Clarke, founded Poet-Lore. They
removed to Boston in April, 1892, where they
continued the magazine. She is the author of :
Dramatic Motive in Brou-niity's Strafford (1897).
Her other works, prepared in collaboration with
Miss Clarke, are as follows : Poems of Robert
Browning (2 vols., 1896) ; Tiie King and the Book
(1897); Clever Tales, translated (1897); Robert
Browning's Complete Works, Camberwell edition
(12 vols., 1898); The Works of Mrs. Browning,
Coxhoe edition (6 vols., 1900); Browning Study
Programmes (1900) ; Shakespeare Studies: Mac-
beth (1902); Shakespeare's Works, Elizabethan
Edition, First Folio Text, icitli Critical Introduc-
tions and Notes.- two initial volumes, Love's
Labor's Lost and Midsummer Night's Dream
(1902-03).
PORTER, David, naval officer, was born in
Boston, Mass., Feb. 1, 1780; son of Capt. David
Porter, and grandson of Capt. Alexander Por-
ter, who commanded
merchant vessels sail-
ing for New England
ports, previous to the
Revolutionary war.
Capt. David Porter,
Sr., commanded the
sloop Delight, 1778-80,
and the ship Aurora
in 1780. He was cap-
tured and imprisoned
in the prison-ship Jer-
sey, New York har-
bor, where he found
his brother Samuel
in a dying condition,
and remained with
him till the end, when he succeeded in
ing from the ship in a water-cask. 11i» con-
tinued to serve in the navy until the <-lose of
the war. He was appointed sailing-master ir.
PORTER
PORTER
the new navy by President Washington, and
had charge of the signal station on Federal
Hill, Baltimore, Md. David Porter, Jr., ac-
companied his father to sea in the West India
trading ship Eliza in 1796, and on his second
voyage the crew of the brig were impressed on
board a British frigate, where most of them, in-
cluding young Porter, refused to perform duty
and were put in irons. Porter, when brought to
the mast to be whipped, broke away from his
captors, jumped overboard and swam to a Danish
brig, bound for Europe. He re-shipped on another
foreign vessel bound for the United States, was
again impressed oil a British man-of-war, where
he received brutal treatment, but finally escaped.
He was warranted midshipman, April 16, 1789,
and was ordered to the frigate Constellation,
Capt. Thomas Truxton, on a cruise in the West
Indies, Aug. 20, 1798. On Feb. 9, 1799, Truxton
met and captured the French frigate L'lnsur-
gente, Capt. Barreault, and the prize was brought
to port by Lieut. John Rogers, with Midshipman
Porter second in command. Porter was pro-
moted lieutenant, Oct. 8, 1799, and transferred to
the schooner Experiment of the West India
squadron, which on Jan. 1, 1800, while convoying
several merchantmen, was becalmed off Santo
Domingo and attacked by ten picaroon barges.
Porter, who worked the Experiment during the
entire engagement and was severely wounded,
effected the escape of the fleet. Subsequently,
with a boat and four men, he took possession of
the prize Deux Amis. The prisoners on this
vessel numbered ten times as many as their
captors, and Porter ordered them all forward,
loaded one of his small guns, and threatened to
shoot the first man that crossed a prescribed
line. In this manner, for three nights and four
days he managed his prize, finally bringing it
into the harbor of St. Kitts. Upon the outbreak
of the war with Tripoli in 1802, Porter was ap-
pointed first lieutenant on board the frigate New
York, and in April, 1803, while off the coast of
Tripoli, he volunteered to lead an assault in small
boats into the harbor. He landed in the face of
a largely superior force, set fire to the boats in
the harbor and returned to the squadron, but
not until he was again wounded. He was trans-
ferred to the Philadelphia, Capt. Bainbridge, and
on Oct. 31, 1803, was on board that vessel in the
harbor of Tripoli when she ran on a sunken reef
and was captured, the officers and crew being
taken prisoners and confined until peace was
restored. He was commissioned mastpr-com-
mandant, April 22, 1806. On March 10, 1808, he
was married to Evelina, daughter of William
Anderson of Chester, Pa. He commanded the
naval forces at New Orleans, and captured three
French privateers anchored in the Mississippi
river. In 1811 he was given command of the
frigate Essex, and upon the outbreak of the war
of 1812 was promoted captain, and succeeded in
capturing several prizes, including a transport
with 150 men, and the sloop-of-war Alert, the first
English ship of the line captured in the war. On
Dec. 11, 1812, he captured the British packet Nor-
ton, with specie amounting to $55,000, and on Dec.
29, 1812, the schooner Elizabeth. He entered the
port of Valparaiso, S.A., where he learned that
Peru had sent out cruisers against the Americans.
After refitting his ship he set sail, and on March
25, 1812, captured the Peruvian privateer Nereyda,
which had on board the crews of two American
whalers, the Barclay and Walker. He cruised
in the Pacific for ten months, capturing many
British whalers, including the 3Iontezuma,
Georgiana and Policy, which were* attached to
the Essex and refitted. Porter now sailed with
his fleet to the Marquesas Islands to refit, anchor-
ing in the bay of Nukohwah, which he named
Massachusetts Bay, and after subduing the
natives of the island, he took possession in the
name of the United States. On Feb. 3, 1814,
in company with the Essex, Jr. (formerly the
Georgiana), the Essex arrived at Valparaiso, and
on_Feb. 8, the British frigate Phcebe, Capt. James
Hillyer, with her consort the Cherub, arrived
and anchored near the Essex. The neutrality of
the port was not violated, and on March 28, 1814, ,
the Essex attempted to escape from the port.
She was immediately attacked by the Plnebe and
Cherub, and after an engagement that lasted for
two hours and thirty minutes, the Essex was
reduced to a wreck and Porter struck his colors,
fifty-eight of his crew being killed and sixty-six
wounded. Soon after the capture, Porter made
an agreement with Hillyer to disarm the Essex,
Jr., if allowed to proceed with his surviving
officer.3 and crew to the United States. He sailed,
April 27, 1814, arriving off Sandy Hook, N.Y.,
July 5, 1814, where he fell in with the British
ship Saturn, Captain Nash, and was detained,
Captain Nash doubting the authority of Captain
Hillyer to issue papers of safe conduct. Porter
escaped, July 6, 1814, and reached Babylon. L.I.
The Essex, Jr., was condemned and sold, and he
was appointed commissioner of the navy, serving,
1815-23. In 1823, in charge of an expedition to
suppress the West Indian pirates, lie sailed to the
Gulf and established a naval depot at Key West.
In October, 1824, being informed of the robbery
of an American mercantile house in St. Thomas,
he dispatched the Beagle, Lieutenant Platt, to
investigate the matter. Lieutenant Platt was
badly treated by the civil authorities and Porter,
considering it an insult to the American flag,
made a land attack on Foxordo, secured an
apology from the authorities and then removed
PORTER
PORTER
his men. He was ordered home, court-martialed
and suspended for six months on the ground that
he had exceeded his authority. This action so
displeased him that he resigned his commission and
entered the Mexican service as commander-in-
chief of the naval forces. In 1829 he returned
to the United States, and was appointed by
President Jackson consul-general at Algiers. He
was transferred to Constantinople as charge
d'affaires, and in 1831 was made minister resi-
dent. He is the author of : Journal of a Cruise
made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate
"Essex" in 1812-13 (2 vols., 1815), and Constan-
tinople and its Environs (2 vols., 1835). Porter's
name received six votes for a place in the Hall
of Fame for Great Americans, New York uni-
versity, in October, 1900. He died in Pera, a
suburb of Constantinople, Turkey, March 28,
1843, and was buried at the naval asylum, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
PORTER, David Dixon, naval officer, was born
in Chester, Delaware county, Pa., June 8, 1813 ;
son of David and Evelina (Anderson) Porter. He
attended Columbian college, Washington, D.C.,
and in 1825 accompanied his father, then in com-
mand of the West In-
dia squadron, on a
cruise on the Spanish
Main. He was ap-
pointed midshipman
in the Mexican navy,
and served under his
cousin, David H. Por-
ter, on the schooner
Esmeralda in 1826,
and later on the brig
Guerrero, which was
captured off the coast
of Cuba by a Spanish
frigate, his cousin
being killed. He was
appointed a midship-
man in the U.S. navy, Feb. 2, 1829. and served
in the Mediterranean squadron on the Con-
stellation, Congress and Delaware. He was pro-
moted passed midshipman, July 3, 1835, and
lieutenant, Feb. 27, 1841 ; served in the Medi-
terranean and Brazilian squadrons. 1841-45; was
appointed to the naval observatory, Washing-
ton, in 1845, and in 1846 was sent on a confi-
dential mission to report on the condition of
affairs at Santo Domingo. On his return he was
given command of the steamer Spitfire, the flag-
ship of the Mosquito fleet under Commodore Tatt-
nall. and served in every action on the east coast.
He returned to the coast survey at the close of
the war, and was captain of the Pacific Mail
steamers Panama and Georgia, 1849-53 ; com-
manded a store ship in the U.S. navy in 1853 ;
was on shore duty at the Portsmouth navy yard
in 1858, and in 1861 was given command of the
steamer Powhatan with troops for the relief of
Fort Pickens. He was promoted commander,
April 22, 1861, and remained in charge of the
Powhatan in the Gulf blockading fleet until
November, 1861, when he returned to Washington
and endeavored to demonstrate to the navy de-
partment the advisability of an expedition to New
Orleans. He joined the expedition under Farra-
gut in March, 1802, having command of the
mortar fleet consisting of twenty-one schooners
and five steamers, and with the fleet bombarded
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, compelling their
surrender, April 28, 1862. He served under Far-
ragut in all the operations between New Orleans
and Vicksburg, supporting his advance when
Farragut passed the Vicksburg batteries, and
on Oct. 1, 1862, was given the rank of rear-ad-
miral and ordered to relieve Admiral Davis in
command of the Mississippi squadron. He or-
ganized and enlarged his fleet by casing river-
steamboats with heavy iron plating and railroad
iren. and adapting them to the narrow winding
streams in which they were to operate. He co-
operated with General Grant in the Vicksburg
campaign and three times sent expeditions to
force a passage for the fleet into the Yazoo delta.
The third expedition, composed of five of his best
iron-clads, he led in person, and after many diffi-
culties reached the open country, where his
progress .was checked by the inhabitants, who
blocked the stream with trees, obliging the fleet
to retreat. He commanded the fleet that ran the
fortifications of Vicksburg in April, 1863, and
opened fire on the forts at Grand Gulf, April 29,
1863. During that night, the fleet having suc-
cessfully ferried Grant's army across the river, lie
captured the forts at Haynes Bluff, and thus se-
cured access to the Upper Yazoo. On July 4, 1 863,
Vicksburg surrendered, but Porter remained at the
head of the Mississippi squadron until August.
1863. He was commissioned rear-admiral. July 4,
1863, and in the spring of 1864 commanded the
naval force in the Red River expedition. After
waiting to hear from General Banks, whose army
was defeated at Mansfield, La., he withdrew his
fleet, under a harassing fire from the troops on
the river bank. On reaching the rapids above
Alexandria, the Eastport was sunk by a hidden
torpedo, and in order to pass the shallow rapids a
dam was built by Lieut.-Col. Joseph Bailey (q. v.),
from timber cut on the river bank. In October,
1864, Porter was transferred to the command of
the North Atlantic blockading squadron, to con-
duct the movement against Wilmington. His
fleet comprised five armored ships, including the
New Ironsides, three of the great screw frigates.
Colorado, Minnesota and Wabash, and the side-
PORTER
PORTER
wheelers, Powhatan and Susquehanna, besides
fifty corvettes, sloops of war and gunboats. On
Jan. 13, 1864, the fleet, mounting six hundred
and twenty guns, opened a fire (which lasted for
three days) oil Fort Fisher, while under cover of
his guns eight thousand troops were landed, and
on Jan. 15, 1865, the works were captured by a
THE BOMBARDMENT o*1 FORT FISHER
combined attack of soldiers, sailors and marines.
For this enterprise Admiral Porter received a vote
of thanks from congress. He succeeded David
G. Farragut as vice-admiral of the navy, July 25,
1866, and was superintendent of the U.S. Naval
academy, 1866-69. In March, 1869, he was as-
signed to duty at the navy department in Wash-
ington, and on Aug. 15, 1870, succeeded Farragut
as admiral, which rank ceased to exist on his
death, and was re-created in 1899 for George
Dewey. In 1874, when war with Spain was
threatened, he was selected to command the fleet.
He was president of the board of inspection for
several years. He is the author of : Life of Com-
modore David Porter (1875); Allan Dare and
Robert le Diable (1888), which was dramatized
and produced in New York city in 1887 ; Inci-
dents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (1885);
Harry Marline (1886), and History of the Navy
in the War of the Rebellion (1887). He died at
Washington, D.C., Feb. 16, 1891, and was buried
with the highest military honors at the Arlington
National cemetery.
PORTER, David Rittenhouse, governor of
Pennsylvania, was born in Norristown, Pa., Oct.
31, 1788; son of Gen. Andrew Porter (q.v). He
attended the academy at Norristown, and became
secretary to his father in the
surveyor-general's office at
Harrisburg in 1809. He
removed to Huntingdon
county ; engaged in iron
manufacturing and in agri-
culture, nn 1 was married in
1826 to Josephine, daughter
of William McDermott. He was a representative
in the state legislature, 1834-36 ; state senator,
1836-38 ; was elected governor of the state in 1838
by the Democratic party, and was re-elected for a
second term in 1841. He advocated the completion
of the main lines of canals and rivers across the
state from east to west, endeavored to secure the
payment of interest on the public debt and sup-
pressed the Philadelphia riots of 1844. He returned
to his iron business in 1844, and was subsequently
interested with Gen. Sam Houston of Texas in
the organization of a railroad through Texas to
the Pacific coast, but the outbreak of the civil
war ruined the project. He died in Harrisburg,
Pa., Aug. 6, 1867.
PORTER, Ebenezer, educator, was born in
Cornwall, Conn., Oct. 5, 1772; son of Judge
Thomas (1734-1833) and Abigail (Howe) Porter,
and a descendant of Thomas Porter, who emi-
grated from England to America about 1640 and
was a proprietor of Farmington, Conn. He was
graduated at Dartmouth college, A.B., 1792, A.M.,
1795 ; was ordained to the Congregational minis-
try, Sept. 6, 1796 ; was pastor at Washington,
Conn., 1796-1812 ; professor of sacred rhetoric at
Andover Theological seminary, 1812-32, and pre-
sident of the seminary, 1827-34. He was married
in May, 1797, to Lucy Pierce, daughter of the
Rev. Noah Mervin. He declined the presidency
of the University of Vermont in 1815, the chair
of divinity at Yale in 1816, and the presidency of
the University of Georgia in 1818. He was also
consulted in regard to his possible acceptance of
the presidency of Hamilton, Middlebury, South
Carolina and Dartmouth colleges. He received
the honorary degrees A.M. from Yale in 1795,
D.D. from Dartmouth in 1814, and became a
member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts
and Sciences in 1809. He is the author of : Tlie
Young Preacher's Manual (1819); An Analysis of
the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery (1827) ;
Syllabus of Lectures (1829) ; Rhetorical Reader
(1831); The Revivals of Religion (1832); Tlte
Cultivation of Spiritual Habits and Progress in
Study (1833) ; Homiletics. Preaching and Public
Prayer (1834); Eloquence and Style, revised by
Lyman Matthews (1836), and many sermons.
See memoir by the Rev. Lyman Matthews (1836).
He died in Andover, Mass., April 8, 1834.
PORTER, Elbert Stothoff, clergyman and
editor, was born at Hillsborough, N.J., Oct. 23,
1820 ; son of John Warburton and Mary Bennett
(McColm) Porter. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey, A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842,
and began the study of law which he abandoned
for theology, graduating at the Theological Sem-
inary of the Reformed Dutch church at New
Brunswick, N.J. , in 1842. He joined the New
Brunswick classis in 1842, and was pastor at
Chatham, N.Y., 1843-49. He was married in 1845
to Eliza K., daughter of the Rev. Peter S. Wyn-
koop of Ghent, N. Y. He was pastor of the First Re-
formed Dutch church, Williamsburgh, L.I..N.Y..
is 19-83. and during 1868-69, built a new church
PORTER
PORTEK
at a cost of $130,000. In 1883 he retired to his
farm at Claverack, N.Y. He received the hon-
orary degree D.D. from Rutgers college in 1854,
and was president of the first general synod of
the church held after the name was changed to
Reformed Church of North America. He was
editor of the Christian Intelligencer, the organ of
the church, 1853-68, and subsequently contributed
to other religious periodicals. He is the author
of: ^1 History of the Reformed Dutch Church
in the United States; The Pastor's Guide, and
hymns. He died at Claverack, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1888.
PORTER, Eliphalet, clergyman, was born in
North Bridgewater, Mass., June 11, 1758; son of
John and Mary (Huntington) Porter, and grand-
son of Samuel Porter. John Porter (1715-1802),
Harvard, A.B., 1736, A.M., 1739, was a cele-
brated Calvinist clergyman. Eliphalet H. Por-
ter was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1777, A.M.,
1780. He was ordained, Oct. 2, 1782 ; was pastor
of the Congregational church at Roxbury, Mass.,
1783-1830, and had as his assistant, the Rev. George
Putnam, 1830-33. He was married in October,
1801, to Martha, daughter of Major Nathaniel
Ruggles of Roxbury. He received the degree
S.T.D. from Harvard in 1807 ; was a fellow of
Harvard, 1818-33 ; a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ; an original
trustee of the Massachusetts Bible society, and a
founder of the State Temperance society. He
published sermons and a Eulogy on WasJiington
(1800). He died at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 7, 1833.
PORTER, Fitz=John, soldier, was born at
Portsmouth, N.H., June 13, 1822; son of Capt.
John and Eliza Chauncy (Clarke) Porter, and a
nephew of Com. David Porter. He attended the
school of Benjamin Hallowell, Alexandria, Va. ;
Phillips Exeter acad-
emy, and the school
of Stephen M. Weld,
Jamaica Plain, Mass.,
and was graduated
from the U.S. Mili-
tary academy, and
assigned to the 4th
artillery, July 1,1845.
• ~&§lligli ^v.. He served at the mil-
•^fes^gss^-?-^5^ itary acade™y and in
tSS^rg&feSi:^' garrison at Fort Mon-
roe, Va., 1845-46;
was promoted 2d lieu-
tenant, June 18, 1846,
and in July, 1846,
reported at Point
Isabel, Texas, taking part in the battle of Buena
Vista. He engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz ;
in the battle of Cerro Gordo ; was promoted 1st
lieutenant, May 29, 1847, and served at Con-
treras, where his company re-captured two of
their guns taken at Buena Vista. He was
brevetted captain, for gallant conduct at Molino
del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, and major, for services at
Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847. He was wounded in
the assault and capture of the Belen Gate, Sept. 13,
1847 ; was in garrison at Fort Monroe in 1848 ; at
Fort Pickens, Fla., 1848-49, and served as assistant
instructor in natural and experimental philosophy
at the Military academy, 1849-53 ; as assistant
instructor in artillery, July -Sept., 1853, and as
instructor in artillery and cavalry, 1854-55. He
was brevetted captain of staff and assistant
adjutant-general, June 27, 1856, and served under
Gen. Persifor F. Smith at Fort Leavenworth,
Kan., during the Kansas troubles of 1856. He
was married, March 19, 1857, to Harriet Pierson,
daughter of John and Hannah (Sanford) Cook
of New York city. He was on the staff of Gen.
A. S. Johnston in the Utah expedition, 1857-60,
and was sent to Texas in 1861 to re-enforce the
garrisons at Key West and Dry Tortugas. He
commanded the troops engaged in protecting the
railroad between Baltimore and Washington,
immediately after the riot in Baltimore. He was
assigned to the staff of Gen. Robert Patterson,
of the Department of Pennsylvania ; was pro-
moted colonel, 15th infantry, May 14, 1861, and
commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers,
May 17, 1861. He took part in the action of
Falling Waters, Va., July 2, 1861 ; commanded a
division in the defences of Washington, D.C.,
1861-62 ; in the Virginia Peninsular campaign,
March-May, 1862, and directed the siege of York-
town, April 5-May 4, 1862. He commanded the
5th army corps, Army of the Potomac, May-
Aug., 1862, in the battles of New Bridge, Han-
over Court-House, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill,
Turkey Bridge and Malvern Hill ; was brevetted
brigadier-general, U.S.A., June 27, 1862, for gal-
lant conduct at Chickahominy, Va. ; commis-
sioned major-general of volunteers, July 4, 1862 ;
transferred to northern Virginia in August,
1862 ; took part in the battle of Manassas under
Pope, Aug. 30-Sept. 2, 1862, and protected
Washington by occupying the west bank of the
Potomac, Sept. 2-13, 1862. He commanded the
5th army corps under McClellan at Antietam,
Sept. 17, 1862, where his corps formed the centre
of the line of battle, and with his corps alone,
fought the battle of Shepherdstown, capturing
four guns. Sept. 19, 1862. In November, 1862,
he was relieved of his command and ordered to
Washington to appear before a military com-
mission to answer the charges preferred against
him by Gen. John Pope. This order was re-
voked and a court-martial ordered. On Nov. 25,
1862, lie was arrested, but it was not until Dec.
1, 1862, that the charges against him were made
known. He was accused of disobedience to the
PORTER
PORTER
order to join Pope at Bristoe on the morning of
Aug. 28, 1862 ; to two other orders issued on
Aug. 29, one to advance, the other to attack,
and of violation of the 52d article of war. The
court-martial found him guilty of the charges
preferred against him and he was cashiered, Jan.
21, 18G3, and " forever disqualified from holding
any office of trust or profit under the govern-
ment of the United States." On June 20, 1878, a
a board of officers convened by order of President
Hayes, completely vindicated him of all the
charges. In their report they say " Porter's
faithful, subordinate and intelligent conduct that
afternoon (August 29) saved the Union army from
the defeat which would otherwise have resulted
that day from the enemy's more speedy concen-
tration." The question of the restoration of his
military rank on the finding of the military com-
mission was brought before congress, where it
was fought on purely party lines. In 1885 it
passed both houses, but was vetoed by President
Arthur, who held that congress was without con-
stitutional authority to pass such a bill. Porter
went to Colorado in the interest of a mining firm
in 1864, but a bill was introduced in the legisla-
ture, expelling him from the territory. He re-
turned to New York and engaged in business ;
was superintendent of the construction of the
New Jersey insane asylum, 1872-75 ; commis-
sioner of public works in the city of New York,
1875-77, filling an unexpired term ; assistant re-
ceiver of the Central Railroad of New Jersey,
1877-82 ; police commissioner of New York city,
1884-88 ; fire commissioner, 1888-89, and cashier
of the New York post office, 1893-97. In 1869 the
Khedive of Egypt offered him the command of
his armjT with the rank of major-general, which
offer he declined, preferring to remain in the
United States to secure his vindication. An act
of congress was approved by Cleveland in July,
1886, by which Porter was reappointed colonel,
U.S.A., his commission to date May 14, 1861.
He died in Morristown, N.J., May 21, 1901.
PORTER, George Bryan, third territorial
governor of Michigan, was born at Norristown,
Pa., Feb. 9, 1791 ; son of General Andrew Porter
(q.v.). He practised law at Lancaster, Pa., was
attorney-general of the state ; a representative
in the state legislature, and on Aug. 6, 1831, he
was appointed by President Andrew Jackson
governor of the territory of Michigan, serving
until his death. He took the field in the Black
Hawk war, 1832-33, and during his administra-
tion Wisconsin was separated from Michigan and
made a territory, many new townships were
organized and new roads constructed. The terri-
tory also appealed to congress for admission into
the Union, but this was postponed until Nov.
3, 1835. He died in Detroit, Mich., July 6, 1834.
PORTER, Horace, soldier and diplomatist,
was born in Huntingdon, Pa., April 15, 1837;
son of Gov. David Rittenhouse (q.v.) and Jose-
phine (Me Dennett) Porter, and grandson of Gen.
Andrew Porter. He attended the Harrisburg
academy and pre-
pared for college at
Lawrenceville, N.J.
He entered the scien-
tific department of
Harvard university in
1854 ; was appointed
a cadet at the U.S.
Military academy in
1855, and was gradu-
ated third in a class
of forty-two mem-
bers, brevet 2d lieu-
tenant of ordnance,
July 1, 1860. He was
instructor in artillery
at the academy. July-
October, 1860 ; and was assistant ordnance
officer at Watervliet arsenal, N.Y., 1860-61. He
was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 22, 1861,
and 1st lieutenant, June 7, 1861, and joined
the expedition under Sherman and Dupont as
assistant ordnance officer of the Port Royal
expedition corps, 1861-62. He was stationed
at Hilton Head Depot, South Carolina, and
engaged in erecting batteries of heavy artillery
on the Savannah river and at Tybee Island,
Ga., for the bombardment of Fort Pulaski. He
was chief of ordnance and artillery at the reduc-
tion and capture of the fort, April 10-11, 1862,
and was brevetted captain April 11, 1862, for
gallant and meritorious conduct at the siege of
Pulaski, and presented with a captured sword
bearing a suitable inscription. He prepared the
heavy artillery and ordnance stores for the James
Island expedition, April 13-June 1, 1S62 ; was
wounded in the attack on Secession ville, S.C.,
June 16, 1862 ; was chief of ordnance of the
Army of the Potomac under General McClellan,
and superintended the transfer of the artillery
from Harrison's Landing, Va., to Maryland, July
25-Sept. 19, 1862. He was chief of ordnance.
Department of the Ohio, September, 1862-Janu-
ary, 1863, and of the Department and Army of
the Cumberland, January-November, 1863. He
was married Dec. 23, 1863, to Sophie King,
daughter of John McHarg of Albany, N.Y. He
was promoted captain March 3, 1863, and served
in the Tennessee campaign with the Army of
the Cumberland, June 24-Nov. 1, 1863, receiving
a congressional medal of honor for a special act
of gallantry at the battle of Chickamauga. Sept.
20, 1863. He was detailed on special duty in the
ordnance bureau, Washington, D.C., November,
PORTER
PORTER
1863, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of
staff and aide-de-camp to Lieut. -Gen. U. S. Grant,
April 4, 1864. He took part iu the Richmond
campaign, April 30, 1864-April 9, 1865 : was
brevetted major, May 6, 1864, for gallant and
meritorious services at the battle of the Wilder-
ness ; lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 16, 1864, for gal-
lant and meritorious services in action at New-
market Heights, Va. ; colonel of U.S. volunteers,
Feb. 24, 1865, and colonel U.S.A., March 13, 1865,
for meritorious services during the rebellion, and
brigadier-general, March 13, 1865, for gallant ser-
vices in the field. He was promoted colonel of
staff and aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief,
July 25, 1866, and served with Grant at the army
headquarters in Washington until 1869. He was
assistant secretary of war, 1866, and executive
secretary to President Grant, 1869-73. In 1873 he
entered into business in New York as vice-presi-
dent of the Pullman Palace Car company. He was
the first president of the New York, West Shore
and Buffalo railroad, president of the St. Louis
and San Francisco railroad, and a director of
several banks and railroads. In 1897 he was ap-
pointed by President McKinley U.S. ambassador
to France, and was reappointed to the office by
President Roosevelt. He was elected a member of
the Massachusetts Historical society, the Ameri-
can Geographical society ; president-general of
the National Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution ; president of the Union League club,
commander of the
Military Order of
the Loyal Legion,
New York comman-
dery ; past comman-
der of the G. A. R.,
and vice-president
of the New York
Chamber of Com-
merce. As presi-
dent of the Grant
Monument associa-
tion he completed
the monument, hav-
^ ing during the
months of April and
May, 1892, raised
S400.000 by popular subscription for the purpose.
He was orator at the inauguration of Washington
Arch, N.Y., May 4, 1895, and at the dedication
of Grant's tomb, N.Y., April 27. 1897; and de-
livered the oration at the West Point Centennial
celebration, June 11, 1902. He is the author of :
West Point Life (1860); Campaigning with Grant
(1897). and contributions to the leading magazines.
PORTER, James Davis, governor of Ten-
nessee, was born in Paris, Tenn., Dec. 7, 18'28 ;
son of Dr. Thomas Kennedy and Geraldine (Hor-
TOMB OF QRAMT. RIVERS! PE.MEW YORK.
ton) Porter; grandson of William and Hannah
(Kennedy) Porter and of Josiah and Nancy
(White) Horton, and a descendant of John
Porter of Warwickshire, Eng., who settled in
Massachusetts in 1628, and in Winsor, Conn., in
1639. James Davis Porter was graduated from
the University of
Nashville, A.B., 1846,
A.M., 1849, studied
law in the office of
Gen. John H. Dunlap
and at Cumberland
university, Lebanon,
Tenn., and in 1851
settled in practice in
Paris, Tenn., where
he was married June
17, 1851, to Susanna,
daughter of Gen.
John H. and Marietta
(Beauchamp) Dun-
lap. He served in
the state legislature,
1859-61, where he was the author of the famous
"Porter Resolutions" passed in 1861, pledging
Tennessee to co-operate with the seceding states
if force was resorted to by the Federal govern-
ment. He served as adjutant-general to Gen.
Gideon J. Pillow at Memphis for one month, and
aided in organizing the provisional army of Ten-
nessee. He then joined the staff of General Cheat-
ham, and served as his chief of staff to the close of
the war. He took part in the battles of Belmont,
Shiloh, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the siege
of Atlanta, and the battles of Jonesboro, Franklin,
Nashville, and Bentonville. He was a delegate
to the state constitutional convention of 1870;
judge of the 12th judicial circuit of Tennessee,
1870-74, and was elected governor of Tennessee
by the Democratic party, serving two terms,
1875-79. He was president of the Nashville,
Chattanooga, and St. Louis railroad company,
1880-1884 ; assistant secretary of state of the
United States, 1885-87, and U.S. minister to
Chili, 1893-95. He became first vice-president of
the Tennessee Historical society, re-elected at the
annual meeting in 1902 ; a trustee of the Pea-
body Education fund from 1883, and president
of the board of trustees of the University of
Nashville, 1890, having been a member of the
board for many years before his election as presi-
dent. He received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from the University of Nashville in 1877. He
was chairman of the Tennessee delegation to the
Democratic national convention of 1880 and 1892.
He devoted the latter part of his life to farm in jr.
and was elected president of the Peabody College
for Teachers and chancellor of the University of
Nashville in 1901. He is the author of : The Mill-
PORTER
PORTER
tary History of Tennessee, War of 1861-65, pub-
lished under the direction of the Confederate
Veterans' association.
PORTER, John Addison, chemist, was born
in Catskill, N.Y., March 15, 1822. He was grad-
uated from Yale college, A.B., 1842 ; A.M., 1845 ;
was tutor in Delaware college, Newark, Del.,
1844-45, and professor of rhetoric and modern
languages there, 1845-47. He studied agricultural
chemistry under Liebig at the University of
Giessen, 1847-50 ; was assistant at the Lawrence
Scientific school, Harvard university, in 1850 ;
was professor of chemistry and applied arts at
Brown university, 1850-52; professor of analytical
and agricultural chemistry at Yale, 1852-56, and
professor of organic chemistry, 1856-64. He was
married to Josephine Earl, daughter of Joseph E.
Sheffield (q.v.), and was instrumental in securing
from his father-in-law the generous donation
that established the Sheffield Scientific school.
He was a member of several scientific societies,
and received the degree ofM.D. from Yale in
1855. During the civil war he published the
Connecticut War Record, a monthly. In 1842 he
founded the Scroll and Key society of Yale, which
established to his memory in 1871 the John A.
Porter essay prize of $250. He is the author of :
Principles of Chemistry (1856); First Book of
Chemistry and Allied Sciences (1857); Selections
from the Kalerala, the Great Finnish Epic (1868).
He died in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 25, 1866.
PORTER, John Addison, journalist, was born
in New Haven, Conn., April 17, 1856 ; son of
Prof. John Addison (q.v.) and Josephine Earl
(Sheffield) Porter. He attended the Hopkins
grammar school, and the General Russell military
academy at New Haven, and was graduated from
Yale, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881. He studied law
in Cleveland, Ohio, but in 1880 joined the local
staff of the Hartford Courant. In 1881 he was
chosen literary editor of the New York Observer,
and in 1882 was married to Amy E., daughter of
Judge Samuel R. Betts of New York. He re-
moved to Washington, D.C., where he renewed
his newspaper connections, wrote frequently for
the daily press, and in 1884 conducted a pub-
lishing business, and was appointed by Senator
Thomas C. Platt, a clerk on the select committee
on Indian affairs. He removed to Pomfret, Conn.,
in 1886, purchased a third interest in the Hart-
ford Evening Post, and became managing editor
and editor-in-chief. He was a representative in
the state legislature in 1890 ; a delegate to the
Republican national convention of 1892 ; candi-
date for governor of the state in 1894, retiring in
favor of the successful candidate, and was the
unsuccessful candidate in 1896 and 1898. He
was largely instrumental in persuading the Con-
necticut delegates to the St. Louis convention to
cast their votes for William McKinley ; and was
appointed ambassador to Italy, but declined in
order to accept the position of private secretary
to President McKiuley. He is the author of:
TJie Corporation of Yale College (1885) ; Origin
and Administration of the City of Washington
(1885), and Sketches of Yale Life (1886). He died
at Pomfret, Conn., Dec. 15, 1900.
PORTER, John Kilham, jurist, was born in
Waterford, N.Y., Jan. 12, 1819; son of Dr. Elijah
and Mary (Lawrence) Porter ; grandson of Moses
and Sarah (Kilham) Porter, and of David and
Abigail (Burch) Lawrence, and a descendant of
John Porter, who settled in Windsor, Conn., about
1639. He was graduated at Union college in
1837; studied law in the office of Nicholas B. Doe
and Richard B. Kimball (q.v.) at Waterford,
N.Y., and settled in practice therein partnership
with the former. He was a delegate to the
Whig national convention of 1844, where his ad-
dress gave him a national reputation, and was a
member of the state constitutional convention of
1846. He became associated with Nicholas Hill,
Jr. , and Peter Cagger in the practice of law in
Albany, N.Y., in 1848, and in 1859 assumed
charge of the firm's cases in the court of appeals.
Charles O'Conor (q.v.) employed him as his as-
sociate in conducting the Parrish will case ; and
Horace Greeley selected him as his counsel in the
libel suit brought against the Tribune by De
Witt C. Littlejohn. He was married, first, May
27, 1847, to Sophie R., daughter of Eli M. Todd
of Waterford, N.Y., and secondly, Nov. 18, 1861,
to Harriett Tibbetts, daughter of John Cramer of
Waterford. He was judge of the court of ap-
peals, 1864-68, the first year by appointment, and
then by election for a term of eight years, and
resigned in 1868, resuming practice in New York
city. William M. Tweed unsuccessfully sought
to secure his legal services in defending him
against the charges brought by the Citizens' com-
mittee, and he was subsequently appointed to ex-
amine the accounts of the city comptroller. He
was also counsel for the Erie Railway company ;
for General Babcock in the whiskey frauds trial ;
for Mrs. Tilton in the Beecher-Tilton trial, in 1875,
and senior counsel for the people in the trial of
the assassin Guiteau, 1882. He died in Water-
ford. N.Y., April 11, 1892.
PORTER, Joshua, jurist, was born in Lebanon,
Conn., in 1730 ; son of Nathaniel Buell and
Eunice (Horton) Porter, and a descendant of
John Porter, who emigrated from Warwick,
England, to New England in 1628, and settled in
Windsor, Conn., in 1639. He was graduated
from Yale, A.B., 1754, A.M., 1757, studied medi-
cine, and practised in Salisbury, Conn. He was
a member of the Connecticut legislature for
more than forty sessions ; a member of the com-
PORTER
PORTER
mittee of the pay table ; colonel of the state
militia before the Revolution, and superintendent
of the Connecticut iron works at Salisbury,
where cannon and ammunition were manu-
factured. He commanded the 14th Connecticut
regiment during the war, in the battles of Long
Island, White Plains, Monmouth and Saratoga,
and at the close of the war served as judge of
the court of common pleas for thirteen years,
and of the court of probate for thirty-seven
years. He was married first, to Abigail, daughter
of Capt. Peter and Martha Huntington Grant
Buell ; secondly, to Jerusha, daughter of Colonel
Burr, of Fail-field, Conn., and thirdly, to Lucy,
daughter of Col. John Ashley of Sheffield, Mass.,
and widow of Samuel Dutcher. He died in
Salisbury, Conn., Sept. 12, 1825.
PORTER, Noah, educator, was born in Farm-
ington, Conn., Dec. 14, 1811 ; son of the Rev.
Dr. Noah and Mehetable (Meigs) Porter. He
was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834;
was master of the Hopkins grammar school,
1831-33, and tutor at Yale, 1833-35. He attended
the Divinity school, 1833-36, was ordained April
27, 1836, and was married April 13, 1836, to Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel W. Taylor,
professor of systematic theo-
logy at Yale, 1822-58. He
was pastor of Congregational
1 churches at New Milford,
'Conn., 1836-42 ; Springfield,
Mass., 1843-46 ; professor of
moral philosophy and meta-
physics at Yale, 1846-92, and
president of Yale, 1871-86, resigning in 1886 and
being succeeded by Timothy Dwight. He received
the degree D.D. from the University of the City
of New York, 1858, and LL.D. from Western Re-
serve, 1870, from Trinity, 1871, and from the
University of Edinburgh in 1886. He is said to
have been one of the most scholarly metaphy-
sicians in the United States ; was the principal
editor of the revised editions of Noah Webster's
Unabridged Dictionary in 1864 and 1880, and is
the author of : Historical Discourse at Farm-
ington, JVbti. 4, 1840 (1841); The Educational
Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits Compared
(1851); The Human Intellect, used as a text book
at Yale and elsewhere (1868); Books and Read-
ing (1870); American Colleges and the American
Public (1871); Sciences of Nature versus the
Science of Man (1871); Evangeline: the Place,
the Story and the Poem (1882); Science and
Sentiment (1882); Tlie Elements of Moral Science
(1885); Life of Bishop Berkeley (1885) ; and
Kant's Ethics (1886). He died in New Haven,
Conn., March 4, 1892.
PORTER, Peter Buel, statesman, was born in
Salisbury, Conn., Aug. 14, 1773; son of Col.
Joshua (q.v.) and Abigail (BueW) Porter. He
was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1791 ; attended
the Litchfield law school, and opened an office in
Canandaigua, N.Y., in 1793, and in Black Rock,
in 1795. He was a Democratic representative
from New York in the llth and 12th congresses,
1809-13, and again for a part of the 14th congress,
1815-16, resigning in 1816. While in the House,
he was chairman of the committee on foreign
relations which favored war with England. He
declined the commission of major-general in 1813,
and became colonel of New York and Penn-
sylvania volunteers, including Indian troops, and
led them against the British, under Colonel
Bishop, at Black Rock, in 1813. He served under
Gen. Alexander Smyth in his Canadian expedi-
tion, and performed gallant service at Chippewa,
at the evacuation of Fort Erie by General Vin-
cent, May 28, 1813, and at Luudy's Lane, under
Gen. Winfield Scott, July 25, 1814. Congress
and the state of New York rewarded him with
a gold medal and a sword. He declined the ap-
pointment by President Madison of comrnander-
in-chief of the army in 1815. He was a com-
missioner to determine the route of the Erie
'canal in 1815, and the Northwestern boundary
in 1816, resulting in the final treaty of Oct. 20,
1818. He declined the secretaryship of the state
of New York in 1816 ; was the unsuccessful
candidate for governor of New YTork in 1817, and
was appointed secretary of war by President
Adams, May 28, 1828, serving until 1829. He was
married in September, 1818, to Letitia, daughter
of John and Mary Hopkins (Cabell) Breckin-
ridge, of Kentucky. He died at Niagara Falls,
N.Y., March 20, 1844.
PORTER, Rufus, inventor, was born in West
Boxford, Mass., May 1, 1792; son of Tyler and
Abigail (Johnson) Porter ; grandson of Benja-
min and Ruth (Foster) Porter, and a descendant
of John Porter, who emigrated from England,
and settled in Hingham, Mass., about 1635, and in
Salem, Mass., in 1644. Rufus Porter made a living
as shoemaker, fife-player and house-painter from
1807 until about 1815. He taught school for some
time, and in 1820 invented a camera-obscura,
which enabled him to produce a portrait in a
short time. This invention encouraged his
nomadic inclinations, and he supported himself
by traveling throughout the country, making
portraits, until landscape-painting attracted his
attention, and this he abandoned in 1840 for
journalism. He became editor of the New York
Mechanic, later published in Boston as the
American Mechanic, and started the Scientific
American in 1845, editing it until 1846, when he
became interested in electrotyping. After a few
months he devoted himself exclusively to his
inventions, which include : a revolving almanac.
PORTER
PORTER
revolving rifle, horse-power flat boat, cord-mak-
ing machine (1825); clock, corn-sheller, churn,
washing-machine, signal telegraph, fire alarm,
flying ship, trip-hammer, fog whistle, engine-
lathe, balanced valve, rotary plough, reaction
wind-wheel, portable house, thermo-engine and
rotary engine. He died in New Haven, Conn.,
Aug. 13, 1884.
PORTER, Sarah, educator, was born in Farm-
ington, Conn., Aug. 17, 1813; daughter of Noah
and Mehetable (Meigs) Porter, and sister of
Noah Porter, president of Yale college. In 1845
she opened a day school for girls in Farming-
ton, which subsequently developed into a large,
well-equipped and successful seminary, -with
which she was actively connected for fifty-five
years. In 1885 Miss Porter was presented with
an art-building, the gift of her former students.
On Oct. 28, 1902, the Sarah Porter Memorial
Building, a parish house situated next to the old
Puritan meeting house in Farmington, was dedi-
cated to her memory. She died in Farmington,
Conn., Feb. 18. 1900.
PORTER, Thomas Conrad, botanist, was born
in Alexandria, Pa., Jan. 22, 1822 ; son of John
and Maria (Buchu) Porter ; grandson of Thomas
and Jean (Montgomery) Porter and of John C.
and Hannah (Mitinger) Buchu, and a descendant
of the Rev. John Con-
rad Buchu, D.U., of
Schaffhausen, Swit-
zerland, and of Capt.
Jacob Mitinger of the
American army of
the Revolution. He
was graduated from
Lafayette college in
1840 and from the
Princeton Theologi-
cal seminary in 1843.
He was licensed to
preach in 1844 ; was
stated supply of a
Presbyterian church
at Monticello, Ga.,
1846-47 ; was ordained by the classis of Leba-
non, Nov. 14, 1848, and was pastor of the 2d
German Reformed church, Reading, Pa., 1848-
49. He was married, Dec. 25, 1850, to Susan,
daughter of John and Katherine Kunkel, of
Harrisburg, Pa. He was professor of natural
sciences at Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa.,
1849-53, and removed with the college to Lancas-
ter, Pa., in 1353, when it consolidated with Frank-
lin college. He was secretary of the board of trus-
tees of Franklin and Marshall college, 1853-66 ;
professor of botany, zoology and general geology
at Lafayette, 1866-91 ; pastor of the Third Street
Reformed church of Easton, Pa., 1877-84, and a
member of the committee that framed the order
of worship for the German Reformed church in
the United States in 1867. He received the de-
gree D.D. from Rutgers in 1865 and that of LL.D.
from Franklin and Marshall in 1880. He was the
founder and first president of Linnsean society
of Lancaster county, Pa., a member or fellow of
the leading scientific organizations of America,
and is the author of : a translation of Herman and
Dorothea (1854); Life of St. Augustine (1854);
Life of Iric Zwingli (1858); Flora of Colorado
(1874); Flora in the United States (1892); Flora
of Pennsylvania (1902); contributions to Dr.
Philip Schaffs Christian Song (1868), besides
various verses, essays, articles in reviews and
contributions to U.S. government botanical re-
ports in Hayden and Wheeler's surveys. He
died in Easton, Pa., April 27, 1901.
PORTER, William David, naval officer, was
born in New Orleans, La., March 10, 1809 ; son of
Com. David and Evelina (Anderson) Porter. He
attended school in Philadelphia, Pa. ; was ap-
pointed midshipman U.S.N. , Jan. 1, 1823, was pro-
moted lieutenant in 1833, and cruised in the Medit-
erranean squadron, 1833-43 ; was then transferred
to the home squadron ; commanded the store-
ship Erie in 1849, and the Wateru'itch in 1851,
and was placed on the reserved list, Sept. 13,
1855, but was promoted commander, Sept. 14,
1859, and served in the Pacific squadron on the
U.S. sloop St. Mary's. In 1861 he joined Commo-
dore Foote in fitting out a gun-boat flotilla. He
converted a ferry-boat into a powerful ironclad,
which he named the Esse,r, in honor of his father's
ship, and in command of this gunboat he accom-
panied the squadron up the Tennessee river, and
engaged in the attack on Fort Henry, Feb. 6,
1862. He was badly scalded by the explosion of
a boiler during the attack, but soon recovered
and commanded the Essex at Fort Donelson, Feb.
14,1862. In June, 1862, he passed the Mississippi
batteries to join the fleet at Vicksburg, and on
July 15, 1862, met and seriously injured the Con-
federate ram Arkansas, near Baton Rouge, La.
He was promoted commodore, July 16, 1862 ;
commanded the bombardment of Natchez, Miss.,
Sept. 2,1862; attacked the batteries below Vicks-
burg and Port Hudson, and then proceeded to
New Orleans. He was relieved of his command
on account of failing health, and died in St.
Luke's hospital. New York city, May 1, 1S64.
PORTER, William Trotter, journalist, was
born in Newbury, Vt., Dec. 24, 1809 ; son of Ben-
jamin and Martha (Olcott) Porter : grandson
of Gov. Peter Olcott of Norwich. Vt., and of
Asa and Mehitable (Crocker) Porter, and a des-
cendant of Samuel Porter, who emigrated from
the west of England to Plymouth. Mass.. in 1li22.
He did undergraduate work at Dartmouth college
PORTERFIELD
PORTIER
and in 1824 learned the printers' trade in Andover,
Mass. He was editor of the Farmers' Herald at
St. Johnsbury, Vt., 1829-30; associate editor of
Tlie Enquirer at Norwich, Conn., in 1330, and was
foreman in a printing-office in New York city,
1830-32, Horace Greeley being one of his com-
positors. In 1831 he established and edited, with
James How, The Spirit of the Times, the first
American sporting publication, later combined
with TJie Traveler as TJie Traveler and the Spirit of
the Times, and again appearing in 1835 under its
first title. In the meantime he was editor of the
New Yorker and the Constellation, 1832, and of the
American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine,
1839-44, when it ceased to be published. In 1856
he established, with George Wilkes, Porter's
Spirit of the Times. He had in preparation a
biography of Henry William Herbert (Frank
Forester), and edited : " The Big Bear of Arkan-
sas and Other Tales" (1835); "A Quarter Race
in Kentucky and Other Sketches" (1846) ; and
" Major T. B. Thorpe's Scenes in Arkansas and
Other Sketches" (1859); all of which were first
printed in his papers, and an American edition
of Col. Peter Hawker's " Instructions to Young
Sportsmen" (1846). See "Life of William T.
Porter," by Francis Brinley (1860). He died in
New York city, July 20, 1858.
PORTERFIELD, Charles, soldier, was born in
Frederick county, Va., in 1750; son of William
Porterfield, who emigrated from England and
settled in Pennsylvania early in the eighteenth
century. He enlisted in the first military com-
pany organized in 1775 in Frederick county to
defend the patriot cause, Daniel Morgan being
captain ; joined Washington's army at Cam-
bridge, Mass., and was with Colonel Arnold in
the expedition against Quebec. In the disastrous
assault on that city he was taken prisoner inside
the fort Dec. 31, 1775, but was exchanged and
again joined the army Feb. 3, 1777, serving as
captain in Morgan's Rifles, 1777-78. He was
made major, July 13, 1778, serving in Woodford's
brigade ; was transferred to the 7th Virginia
regiment, Sept. 14, 1778, and resigned from the
service, July 2, 1779. On Aug. 14, 1779, he was
appointed by Governor Jefferson lieutenant-
colonel of a Virginia state regiment organized
largely through his own efforts, and proceeded
to Charleston, S.C., in the spring of 1780. At
the battle near Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780,
where he commanded a part of the advance
guard of General Gates's army, he was severely
wounded, taken prisoner, and after ten days,
having meanwhile received no medical atten-
tion, submitted to the amputation of his leg, and
was paroled. His death, resulting from the
effects of his injury, occurred on the Santee
river, S.C., in October, 1780.
PORTERFIELD, Robert, soldier, was born in
Frederick county, Va., Feb. 23, 1752; brother of
Charles Porterfield (q.v.). He was appointed
2d lieutenant in the llth Virginia regiment, Dec.
24, 1776 ; served in Colonel Daniel Morgan's com-
pany through the campaigns of 1777-79 ; was
promoted 1st lieutenant June 1, 1777 ; adjutant
April 19, 1778 ; was transferred to the 7th Vir-
ginia regiment Sept. 14, 1778, and served as aide
to General William Woodford, 1778-79, taking
part in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown
and Monmouth. He was promoted captain-lieu-
tenant, July 2, 1779 ; captain, Aug. 16, 1779, and
in December, 1779, accompanied General William
Woodford to Charleston, S.C., where he took
part in the defence of that cit3% and on its fall
surrendered as a prisoner of war, May 12, 1780.
He was exchanged and transferred to the 3d
Virginia regiment Feb. 12, 1781, where he served
until the end of the war. He was married to
Rebecca Farrer of Amelia county ; removed to
Augusta county, Va., in 1783, and settled on a
farm which he called " Soldier's Retreat." He
was a brigadier-general in the Virginia militia
during the war of 1812. He was justice of the
peace for half a century, and served as high
sheriff for two terms. He died in Augusta
county, Va., Feb. 13, 1843.
PORTIER, Michael, R.C. bishop, was born in
Montbrison, France, Sept. 7, 1795. He was pre-
paring for the priesthood in the Seminary of
Lyons, when he was induced by Bishop Dubourg
to come to the United States, and he landed at
Annapolis, Mil., Sept. 4, 1817. He finished his
studies in St. Mary's seminary, Baltimore, Md.,
and was ordained priest in St. Louis's cathedral
by Bishop Dubourg in June, 1818. He established
a school on the Lancasterian system ; was made
vicar-general of the diocese, and on the division
of the diocese in 1825, vicar-apostolic of Alabama,
Florida and Arkansas, -being consecrated bishop
of " Olena," i.p.i., in St. Louis's cathedral, Nov.
5, 1826, by Bishop Rosati. One church in Pensa-
cola and one in St. Augustine constituted his
entire equipment ; and three priests, his only
assistants, were soon after taken from him, his
poverty even depriving him of suitable vest-
ments. He made his visitations to Pensacola,
Tallahassee and St. Augustine on horseback, and
through preaching and instruction, both in Eng-
lish and Spanish, built up the neglected parishes
and induced Bishop England to give him a priest
for the people in East Florida. He also visited
Europe, where he obtained money, priests and
students for service among his people. He was
given the administration of the see of Mobile.
Ala., created May 15, 1829, during his absence in
Europe; organized parishes ; built five churchts
in different cities, and in 1830 founded
POSEY
POST
Hill College and Theological Seminary in Mobile.
He introduced the Nuns of the Visitation in 1833,
built for them a convent and academy at Sum-
merville, Ala., in 1833, and the cathedral of the
Immaculate Conception, 1835-50. He welcomed
members of the Society of Jesus ; founded an
asylum for those made orphans by the epidemics
of yellow fever, and introduced a colony of Sisters
of Charity to care for them. He also introduced
the Brothers of Christian Instruction ; established
labor and parish schools, and a girls' school at
St. Augustine, Fla. He visited Europe a second
time in 1849, and after his return was prominent
in the deliberations of the councils of his church,
being for sometime previous to his death senior
bishop of the American hierarchy. He died at the
Providence Infirmary, Mobile, Ala., May 14, 1859.
POSEY, Thomas, senator and soldier, was
born in Fairfax county, Va. , July 9, 1750. He
removed to the western frontier of Virginia in
1769 ; served in Lord Dunmore's Shawnee expedi-
tion in 1774, as quartermaster of General Andrew
Lewis's division, and fought in the battle at Point
Pleasant, Oct. 10, 1774. He was appointed a
member of the committee of correspondence of
Virginia in 1775 ; and raised and commanded a
company which became a part of the 7th Vir-
ginia regiment, March 20, 1776. He fought at
Gwynn's island, July 8, 1776 ; joined Washing-
ton's army at Middlebrook, N.J., in 1777, where
his company was transferred to Morgan's rifle-
men, and took part in the engagement at Piscat-
away, N.J. He was sent to re-inforce General
Gates in northern New York and fought at
Bemis's Heights, Sept. 19, and Stillwater, Oct.
7, 1777. He was promoted major April 30, 1778 ;
commanded the 3d Virginia regiment at Mon-
mouth, June 38, 1778 ; was transferred to the 7th
Virginia regiment, Sept. 14, and in October,
1778, led an expedition against the Indians after
the massacre of Wyoming, July 5, 1778. He
joined Washington's army at Middlebrook, N.J.,
in the spring of 1779, and commanded the llth
Virginia infantry, and shortly afterward a batta-
lion of Colonel Febiger's regiment. In the assault
on Stony Point, July 15, 1779, he received the
arms of the British officers. General Wayne being
severely wounded. He was sent south to rein-
force General Greene, who had succeeded General
Gates, and was present at the surrender of Corn-
wallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781. He was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel Sept. 11. 1782; organized
a new regiment, which he commanded in Georgia
under General Wayne until the evacuation of
Savannah by the British, July 11, 1783, and was
retired March 10. 1783. He was married first
in 1773, to Martha, daughter of Gen. Sampson
Matthews of Augusta county, Va.; and secondly,
Jan 23, 1784, to Mary, daughter of John and Lucy
(Thornton) Alexander, and widow of Maj. George
Thornton. He served in the army as brigadier-
general from Feb. 14, 1793, to Feb. 28, 1794, and
commanded a brigade under General Wayne in
the Northwest. He removed to Kentucky in 1794;
was state senator for several years and speaker
of the senate, 180.5-06. In 1809, when war was
threatened, he was commissioned major-general
and organized the Kentucky volunteers, and after
the danger from war had ended, removed to
Attakapas, La. In 1812 he raised and com-
manded a volunteer company. When Louisiana
was admitted as a state, John Noel Destrehan
and A. B. Magruder were elected U.S. senators,
but Destrehan resigned before taking his seat,
and General Posey was appointed to the vacancy,
serving from Dec. 7, 1813, to Feb. 5, 1813, when
James Brown was elected to complete the term.
He was governor of Indiana Territory, 1813-16 ;
the defeated candidate for governor of the new
state in 1816, and U.S. Indian agent at Shawnee-
town. 111., 1816-18, where he died Marcli 19, 1818.
POST, Alfred Charles, surgeon, was born in
New York city, Jan. 13, 1806 ; son of Joel and
Elizabeth (Browne) Post ; grandson of Jotham
and Winifred (Wright) Post, and a descendant
of Richard Post, who emigrated from Holland to
Massachusetts with a party of Pilgrims, and
settled on Long Island, about 1640, where he
founded the town of Southampton, and became
a New York merchant. Alfred Charles Post was
graduated at Columbia, A.B., 1833 ; studied med-
icine under his uncle Dr. Wright Post (q.v.), and
was graduated at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York city, in 1837. He continued
his medical studies in the schools and hospitals of
Paris, Berlin and Edinburgh, 1837-39, and in the
latter year settled in practice in New York city,
giving most of his attention to surgery. He was
married, in 1832, to Harriet, daughter of Cyre-
nius Beers of New York. He was a demonstrator
of anatomy at the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, 1831-35 ; surgeon of the New York hospi-
tal, 1836-86 ; professor of opthalmic anatomy and
surgery and of the principles and practice of
surgery, in Castleton Medical college, Vermont,
1843-44 ; was influential in the establishment of
the medical department of the University of the
City of New York, in 185i ; professor of surgery
there, 1851-75, and emeritus professor, 1875-86.
He was consulting surgeon of the Women's,
St. Luke's and the Presbyterian hospitals ; vice-
president of the New York Academy of Medicine,
1861-66, and president, 1867-68. He was presi-
dent of the Pathological society : the New York
Medical Missionary association ; a director of the
Union Theological seminary, 1856-86: and a
member of the Gynaecological Society of Boston,
and of the county and state medical societies of
POST
POST
New York. He performed many difficult and
successful operations, several of them for the
first time in the United States, and was the in-
ventor of various surgical instruments of great
value. He received the degree LL.D. from the
University of the City of New York in 1872. He
is the author of : Strabismus, with an Appendix
on Stammering (1840), and of reports of opera-
tions. He died in New York city, Feb. 7, 1886.
POST, Charles Cyrel, author, was born in
Shia \vassee, Mich., May 16, 1846 ; son of Martin
(1809-77) and Julia A. (Bancroft) Post ; grandson
of Stephen (1779-1863) and Hannah (Calkins)
Post, great-grandson of Oliver (1746-1816) and
Submit Post, and a descendant of Abraham, one
of three sons of Stephen Post, who came from
England and settled in Saybrook, Conn. He was
a student at Hiram and Oberlin colleges, leaving
to study law, and was admitted to the bar in
1874, but instead of practising, engaged in jour-
nalism in Indianapolis, Ind. He was secretary
of the state grange of Indiana, and prominent in
state politics. He was married first, in 1878, to
Minnie, daughter of the Rev. J. K. Speer of North
Carolina, and secondly, in 1884, to Helen, daugh-
ter of Caleb and Elizabeth Wilmans, of Fair-
field, 111., and founder of the school of men-
tal science. He was publisher of the Chicago
Express, 1883-85 ; removed in 1885 to Douglas-
ville, Ga., where he became a leading member of
the Peoples' party, founding and editing the
organ of that party in Atlanta, and was chair-
man of the Georgia delegation to the Peoples'
national convention at Omaha, July 2, 1892. In
1892 he removed to Sea Breeze, Fla., and in 1899
founded in Florida the School of Scientific, Philoso-
phic and Psychic Research, to which he donated
property estimated to be worth $200,000. His
published works include : Driven from Sea to Sea
(1883); From IVabash to the Rio Grande (1885);
Congressman Swanson (1888); Metaphysical Es-
says (1896); Men and Gods (1898), and contribu-
tions to periodicals.
POST, George Edward, clergyman, and scien-
tist, was born in New York city, Dec. 17, 1838 ;
son of Dr. Alfred Charles (q.v.) and Harriet
(Beers) Post ; and grandson of Cyrenius Beers.
He was graduated from the New York Free acad-
emy, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1807; from the Univer-
sity of the City of New York, M.D., 1860, and
from Union Theological seminary, in 1861. He
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, June
5, 1861, and was chaplain in the U.S. army, 1861-
63. He was married at Georgetown, D.C., Sept.
17, 1863, to Sarah, daughter of Robert and Fran-
ces (Davis) Read. He was sent by the American
Board of Foreign Missions to Tripoli, Syria, 1863 ;
was professor of surgery at the Syrian Protes-
tant college, Beirut, from 1868, and surgeon to
the Johanniter hospital, Beirut, from 1871. He
devoted much attention to botany and ornithol-
ogy, and was made a member or fellow of nu-
merous foreign and American scientific societies.
He was decorated with the Order of Othmaniyeh,
by the Sultan of Turkey, with the Order of the
Red Eagle, and that of the Ducal House of Saxony,
Germany. His published works include : Flora
of Syria, Palestine and Egypt (1880) ; Text-Book
of Botany (1870); Text-Book of Mammalia (1871);
Butler's Physiology (1872); Text-Book of Birds
(1875); Text-Book of Surgery (1873); Text-Book of
Materia Medica (1875); Concordance to the Bible
(1878); Dictionary of the Bible (1899), all in
Arabic, and the Flora of Syria, Palestine, and
Siani, in English (1896), besides contributions to
religious publications.
POST, Louis Freeland, journalist, was born
in Vienna, N.J. , Nov. 15, 1849; son of Eugene
Jerome and Elizabeth (Freeland) Post ; grand-
son of David and Sarah (Vliet) Freeland and of
Dr. Lewis and Theodosia (Steele) Post ; and a
descendant of Stephen Post who was born in
England, immigrated to Cambridge, Mass., in
1634, removed to Hartford, Conn., in 1630, and in
1648 to Saybrook, Conn., where he died Aug.
16, 1659. Louis F. Post attended the public
schools first in Vienna and Danville, N.J., and
afterward in New York city ; learned the printer's
trade at Hackettstown, N.J. ; studied law in New
York city, and was admitted to the New York
bar in 1870. He was in South Carolina, 1871-72,
as stenographic and law clerk of David T. Cor-
bin, U.S. attorney and state senator, and reported
the Kuklux trials there witli Benn Pitman. He
practised law in New York city after March,
1872 : was assistant U.S. attorney for the south-
ern district of New York, 1874-75, under George
Bliss, and was on the staff of the New York daily
Truth, 1879-82. In 1881 he became a convert to
Henry George's single tax theories ; in 1882 was
a candidate for representative in congress on the
Labor and the Greenback tickets ; in 1883 was
Greenback candidate for attorney-general of New
York, and again practised law, 1883-90. He
edited the daily Leader, the campaign sheet of
the Henry George mayoralty campaign, in 1886,
and was the George candidate for district at-
torney of New York countj in 1887. He was a
contributor to TJie Standard, edited by Henry
George, 1886-91 ; its editor, 1891-92, and associate
editor and editor of the Cleveland Recorder,
1896-97. In 1898 he removed to Chicago, 111.,
and founded The Public, a political and economic
review, the general policy of which is directed
by the principles of radical democracy and the
single tax theory of public revenues and land
tenure. He became somewhat widely known as
a public lecturer on economic subjects. He was
POST
POTTER
twice married, first, July 6, 1871, to Anna,
daughter of George W. and Nancy A. Johnson
of Hackettstown ; she died Nov. 14, 1891, leav-
ing one child, Charles J. Post, artist, of New
York; and secondly, at Orange, N.J., Dec. 2,
1893, to Alice, daughter of Thomas and Kath-
erine (Worcester) Thacher of New York city.
He is the author of : an explanation, with dia-
grams, of The Single Tax (1894-99), and a history
of The George-Hewitt Mayoralty Campaign of
1886 (1887).
POST, Philip Sidney, representative, was born
in Florida, Orange county, N.Y., March 19, 1833 ;
son of Gen. Peter Schuyler and Mary D. (Coe)
Post ; grandson of Col. Garret and Martinche
(Bertolf) Post, and of John D. Coe. He was
graduated at Union college in 1855, and was
admitted to the Illinois bar in 1856. He first
practised in Galesburg, and in 1857 in Wyandotte,
Kan., where he also published and edited the
Argus. On the outbreak of the civil war he was
made 3d lieutenant in the 59th Illinois volun-
teers; was promoted adjutant, July 21, 1861;
major, Jan. 1, 1863 ; colonel, March 19, 1862, and
was wounded at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 1862.
He subsequently commanded the 1st brigade, 1st
division, 20th corps, the Army of the Cumber-
land, participating in the battle of Stone's
River, and in the capture of Leetown ; was
transferred to the 3d brigade, 3d division, 4th
army corps, commanding the division at Love-
joy's Station, Ga., and was seriously wounded in
the hip at Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864, being brevet-
ted brigadier-general of volunteers on the same
day for gallant services. He commanded the
western district of Texas, with headquarters at
San Antonio, 1865-66. He was married, May 24,
1866, to Cornelia Almira, daughter of William
Townsend Post. He was at Vienna, 1866-74, as
U.S. consul, and as U.S. consul-general, 1874-79.
He was a member-at-large of the Illinois Repub-
lican state central committee, 1882-86, and a
representative from the tenth Illinois district
in the 50th, 51st, 53d and 53d congresses, 1887-95.
He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 6, 1895.
POST, Wright, was born at North Hempstead,
N.Y., Feb. 19, 1766; son of Jotham and Winifred
(Wright) Post and a descendant of Richard Post.
He was privately educated ; studied medicine
under Dr. Richard Bailey (q.v.).. and in London
under Dr. John Sheldon ; began practice in New
York city in 1786, and in 1787 lectured on anatomy
in the New York hospital. He was married in
1790, to a daughter of Dr. Bailey ; was associat-
ed with the latter in practice ; and was appointed
professor of surgery in the medical department
of Columbia college in 1792. Under the auspices
of the college he continued his medical studies
abroad, made an exceptionally valuable collec-
tion of anatomical specimens, and on his return
in 1793 became professor of anatomy. In 1813,
when the medical department of Columbia was
merged in the College of Physicians and Surgeons
as the Medical School of New York, he became
professor of anatomy and physiology, serving
until 1826, when he also resigned the presidency
of the college, to which he had been appointed
in 1821. He received the honorary degree of
M.D. from the University of the State of New
York in 1814 ; visited Europe a third time in 1815,
and was a trustee of Columbia college, 1816-28.
He was surgeon or consulting surgeon to the
New York hospital for many years, a member of
the Literary and Philosophical society, and an
officer in the New York County Medical society.
He performed many remarkably successful sur-
gical operations, and contributed to periodicals.
He died at Throg's Neck, N.Y., June 14, 1828.
POTTER, Alonzo, third bishop of Pennsylvania
and 48th in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in Beekman. Duchess county, N.Y.. July
6, 1800 ; son of Joseph Potter, a member of the
state assembly soon after the Revolution, and
of Quaker descent.
He attended the
Po'keepsie academy,
was graduated from
Union, Schenectady,
N.Y., in 1818 ; was a
tutor there, 1819-23,
and professor of math-
ematics and natural
philosophy, 1822-26.
He studied theology
under the Rev. Dr.
Samuel H. Turner,
and was ordained
deacon, May 1, 1823,
and priest, Sept. 16,
1824. He was rector
of St. Paul's church, Boston, Mass., 1826-31;
professor of rhetoric and natural philosophy at
Union college, 1831-15 : vice-president of the
college, 1838-45; honorary vice-president, 1841-
65, and a trustee, 1847-63. He declined the pro-
fessorship of ecclesiastical history in the General
Theological seminary, New York city, in 1835, and
was chosen bishop of the diocese of Pennsylvania.
May 23, 1845. He was consecrated. Sept. 23, 1M'..
in Christ church, Philadelphia, by Bishops Phil-
ander Chase, Brownell, and Hopkins, assisted
by Bishops Doane, McCoskry, Whittingham. Al-
fred Lee and Freeman. During his episcopate,
the Episcopal hospital was founded, and endow-
ed with nearly half a million dollars ; the Epis-
copal academy was re-established ; the Philadel-
phia Divinity school was founded ; thirty-five
new churches were built in the city of Philadel-
POTTER
POTTER
pliia, and the diocese increased to such an extent
that it was found advisable to divide it in 1865.
He was married in 1824, to Maria, daughter of
President Eliphalet Nott, of Union college. His
six sous, Clarkson Nott (q.v.), Howard, Robert
Brown (q.v.), Edward Tucker-
man, Henry Codman (q.v.), and
Eliphalet Nott (q.v.), filled im-
portant stations in life, and
his only daughter was mar-
ried to Launt Thompson, the
sculptor. In 1846 Bishop Potter
received the degree of D.D. from
Harvard, and that of LL.D. from Union. He
delivered lectures on the natural theology and
Christian evidences, before the Lowell Institute,
Boston, 1845—49 ; edited several important works,
and is the author of : Political Economy, its
Objects, Uses, and Principles '(1840); The Prin-
ciples of Science, applied to the Domestic and
Mechanic Arts (1841); The School and School-
master (1842); Hand-book for Headers and Stu-
dents (1843) ; Discourses, Charges, Addresses,
Pastoral Letters, etc. (1858), and Religious Philoso-
phy. He made a voyage around Cape Horn for
his health, in 1865, and died in the harbor of San
Francisco on the day of his arrival, July 4, 1865.
POTTER, Charles Nelson, jurist, was born in
Cooperstown, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1853; son of George
Washington and Mary Jane (Marcellus) Potter,
and grandson of Royal and Chloe (Priest) Potter,
and of John and Elizabeth (Johnson) Marcellus.
He attended the public schools of Grand Rapids,
Mich., and was graduated from the law depart-
ment of the University of Michigan in 1873. He
was admitted to the bar in 1873 ; removed to
Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 1876, and was married
Aug. 22, 1877, to Bessie, daughter of Joseph and
Elizabeth (Slater) Ireland of Muskegon, Mich.
He was city attorney, 1878-81 and 1888-91 ; pro-
secuting attorney of the county, 1881-83 ; a
member of the state constitutional convention
in 1889 ; attorney-general of Wyoming, 1891-95 ;
a member of the board of education of Cheyenne,
1888-97 and associate justice of the supreme
court of Wyoming, 1895-97. and on Dec. 8, 1897,
became chief justice.
POTTER, Clarkson Nott, representative, was
born in Schenectady, N.Y., April 25, 1825 ; son
of the Rev. Alouzo and Maria (Nott) Potter.
He was graduated from Union college in 1842 ;
studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Poly-
technic institute ; was a tutor at Union college,
1845-47 ; and obtained employment as a civil
engineer in Milwaukee, Wis. He was admitted
to the bar and established himself in practice in
New York city in 1848. He was married in Oc-
tober, 1853, to Virginia, daughter of Matthew, and
Louisa Ann (Mitchell) Pope. He was a Democratic
representative from New York in the 41st, 42d and
43rd congresses, 1869-75, declining nomination
to the 44th congress ; was president of the Demo-
cratic state conventions of 1875 and 1877 ; and a
delegate to the Democratic national conventions
of 1872 and 1876. He was a representative in
the 45th and 46th congresses, 1877-81, in the 45th
congress, securing the passage in the house of a
bill establishing the U.S. court of claims. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant
governor of New York in 1879. The honorary
degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by
Columbia in 1874. He was a trustee of Union
college, 1863-82, and president of the American
Bar association at the time of his death, which
occurred in New York city, Jan. 23, 1882.
POTTER, Edward Eells, naval officer, was
born in Medina, N.Y., May 9, 1833. His parents
removed to Rockford, 111., from where he was
appointed midshipman U.S.N., Feb. 5, 1850. He
was promoted passed midshipman, June 20, 1856,
and lieutenant July 9, 1858, serving on the St.
Lawrence on the coast of Brazil, 1857-59. He
was assigned to the Western Gulf squadron, May
9, 1860 ; serving as executive officer on the Wis-
sahickon during the bombardment and passage
of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the capture
of New Orleans. He also passed the Vicksburg
batteries twice ; participated in the engagement
with the ram Arkansas, and was promoted
lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862. He was
attached to the De Soto of the Eastern Gulf
squadron, then to the Wabash of the North
Atlantic squadron, and commanded the ironclad
Mahopac, 1864. He commanded the Chippewa
of the North Atlantic squadron in 1865 ; partici-
pated in the second engagement at Fort Fisher
and the bombardment of Fort Anderson, and
was executive officer of the Rhode Island, 1865-
67, and of the Franklin, Admiral Farragut's flag-
ship, 1867-68. He was promoted commander,
June 3, 1869 ; commanded the Shawmut of the
North Atlantic squadron, 1871-72, and with her
ascended the Orinoco river to Angostura, Vene-
zuela, recovering from the revolutionists two
steamers belonging to an American company.
He commanded the Constellation, carrying sup-
plies to the sufferers in Ireland in 1880, and was
promoted captain, July 11, 1880. He was at the
Brooklyn navy yard, 1881-83 ; commanded the
Lancaster from December, 1885, to September,
1886 ; the League Island navy yard, 1886 ; was
governor of the U.S. Naval Home in Philadel-
phia, 1891, and 1893-95 ; commanded the receiv-
ing-ship Minnesota, 1891-93, and the Norfolk
navy yard in 1893 ; was promoted to the rank
of commodore, June 27, 1893, and was retired
through age limit. May 9, 1895. He died at his
home at Belvidere, 111., Jan. 8, 1902.
POTTER
POTTER
POTTER, Edward Elmer, soldier, was born in
New York city, June 31, 1823 ; son of Ellis and
Elizabeth (Elmer) Potter; grandson of Ellis and
Agnes (Crowell) Potter and of Dr. Philemon
Elmer, and a descendant of Marmaduke Potter,
who immigrated to America from Stony Strat-
ford. England, settled in Woodbridge, N.J., in
the latter part of the 17tli century, and from
Edward Elmer, who emigrated from England
long before the American Revolution. Edward
Elmer Potter was graduated from Columbia col-
lege in 1843 ; and after studying law, he went to
California, making his home in New Jersey after
his return. He was appointed captain and com-
missary of subsistence in the Federal army in
February, 1862, served in North Carolina, and in
October, 1862, recruited and was commissioned
colonel of a regiment of North Carolina volun-
teers. He took part in the operations in North
and South Carolina and East Tennessee ; was pro-
moted brigadier-general of volunteers Nov. 29,
1863, and was brevetted major-general of volun-
teers March 13, 1865, for distinguished services
and bravery. He resigned July 24, 1865, and
resided in Madison, N. J. He never married. He
died in New York city, June 1, 1889.
POTTER, Eliphalet Nott, educator, was born
in Schenectady, N.Y., Sept. 20, 1836 ; son of the
Rev. Alonzo and Maria (Nott) Potter. He was
educated at the Protestant Episcopal academy
of Philadelphia, Pa., and St. James's college,
Md., and graduated from Union college in 1861.
He attended the Berkeley divinity school, Mid-
dletown, Conn.; was admitted to the diaconate,
June 22, 1862, at Troy, N.Y., appointed to mis-
sionary duty in the Lehigh valley, Pa., and in
charge of the Church of the Nativity, South
Bethlehem, Pa., 1862-69. He served during the
civil war as chaplain under his brother, General
Robert B. Potter (q.v.) ; was ordained priest in
the Church of the Holy Communion, New York
city, March 19, 1865 ; and was secretary of the
board of trustees and professor of ethics at Le-
high university, 1866-71, serving also as asso-
ciate rector of St. Paul's church, Troy, N.Y., 1869-
71. He married, April 28, 1870, Helen, daughter
of Joseph Wiltsie and Mary
(Wolf) Fuller, of Troy. He
succeeded Charles A. Aiken
I as president of Union college
in 1871, being inaugurated
June 26, 1872, and under his
presidency the college as-
sumed organic relations with
the Albany Law school, the
Dudley observatory, and the
Albany medical college, be-
coming Union university in 1873. He resigned
the presidency of the university in 1884, being
made its chancellor, and on June 25, 1884, was
elected bishop of Nebraska, which office he
declined, accepting a pending election as pres-
ident of Hobart college, which position he filled,
1884-97. He was also president of the Cosmo-
politan university (a correspondence univer-
sity), 1892-1901. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Union college in 1869.
and by Columbia in 1871 ; LL.D. by Williams
college in 1880; D.C.L. by Trinity college, Toronto,
and by the University of tlie South in 1889, and
L.H.D. by St. Stephen's college, Anuandale, N.Y.,
in 1895, having been a trustee of the latter college,
1872-86. He is the author of: Three Witnesses to
the Truth of Religion ; memoirs of Dr. Tayler
Lewis and Dr. Isaac Jackson ; and Washington,
a Model in his Library and Life. He died in the
city of Mexico, Feb. 6, 1901.
POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, representative,
was born at Little Rest (South Kingston), R.I.,
Nov. 5, 1764 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Rey-
nolds) Potter ; grandson of Ichabod and Margaret
(Potter) Potter, and of Elisha and Susanna (Pot-
ter) Reynolds, and a descendant of Nathaniel
Potter, who settled in Portsmouth, R.I. , where he
died in 1644. Elisha Reynolds Potter learned the
blacksmith's trade, and enlisted as a private in
the Revolutionary army. He was educated in
Plainfield academy, was admitted to the bar in
1789 and practised in South Kingston, R.I. He
was a representative in the Rhode Island legisla-
ture, 1793-96, 1798-1808, and 1816-35, and speaker
of the house five terms. He was a Federalist
representative from Rhode Island in the 4th con-
gress, completing the term of Benjamin Bourn,
resigned, and in the 5th, llth, 12th and 13th con-
gresses, serving 1796-99 and 1809-15. He was
defeated for governor of Rhode Island in 1818
by Nehemiah R. Knight, by 616 votes. He was
married first to Mrs. Mary Perkins, widow of
Joseph Perkins, and secondly, to Mary, daughter
of Pardon Mawney of East Greenwich, R.I. He
died at South Kingston, R.I., Sept. 26, 1835.
POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, jurist, was born
in South Kingston, R.I., June 20, 1811; son of
Elisha Reynolds (q.v.) and Mary (Mawney)
Potter, and grandson of Pardon Mawney. He
was graduated ac Harvard in 1830 ; was admitted
to the bar in 1832, and practised in South King-
ston. He was a representative and state senator
in the Rhode Island legislature for several
years ; was adjutant-general of the state, 1835-
37, and was a member of the state constitutional
convention of 1841-42. He was a Law and Order
representative from the western district of
Rhode Island in the 28th congress. 1843^15, and
was defeated for re-election in 1844 : was state
commissioner of public schools, 1849-54. and
was associate justice of the supreme court, 1868-
POTTER
POTTER
82. He was a member of the Rhode Island His-
torical society, and contributed to its Collections,
A Brief Account of the Emissions of Paper Money
made by the Colony of Rhode Island (1837), to-
gether with several addresses. He is also the
author of : Report on the Condition and Improve-
ment of the Public Schools of Rhode Island (1852);
The Bible and Prayer in Public Schools (1854),
and Early History of Narragansett (1835). He
died in South Kingston, R.I., April 10, 1882.
POTTER, Henry, jurist, was born in Granville
county, N.C., in 1765. He was educated for the
law, and settled in Fayetteville, N.C., from which
place he was appointed in 1801, by President
Jefferson, judge of the U.S. circuit court for the
5th circuit, and in 1802, judge of the U.S. district
court of North Carolina, succeeding John Sit-
greaves, deceased, which office he held until his
death. He charged the jury in the case of Lord
Granville's heirs versus the governor of North
Carolina in 1806, Chief Justice Marshall from per-
sonal considerations refusing to sit upon the
trial. He was a commissioner to erect a gov-
ernor's "palace " at Raleigh in 1813, and to sell
lots belonging to the state for the purpose of en-
larging the state house in 1819. He was a trus-
tee of the University of North Carolina, 1799-
1856 ; compiled, with John Louis Taylor of Cra-
ven county, and Bartlett Yancey of Caswell
county, a revision of the " Law of the State of
North Carolina" (2 vols., 1821), and is the author
of: Duties of a Justice of the Peace (1816). He
died in Fayetteville, N.C., Dec. 20, 1857.
POTTER, Henry Codman, sixth bishop of New
York and 131st in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Schenectady, N.Y., May
25, 1834 ; fifth son of the Rev. Alonzo and Maria
(Nott) Potter. He
attended the Episco-
pal academy at Phila-
delphia, Pa., and was
graduated from the
Theological Semi-
nary of Virginia in
1857. He was ordered
deacon in 1857, and
ordained priest in
1858. lie was twice
married : first, Oct. 8,
1857, to Eliza Rogers,
daughter of Samuel
O. and Clara (Boyd)
Jacobs of Spring
Grove, Pa., who died
June 29, 1901 ; and secondly, Oct. 4, 1902, to
Mrs. Alfred Corning Clark of Cooperstown,
N.Y. In November, 1903, Mrs. Potter an-
nounced her gift of the East Side Community
House, a philanthropic institution similar to
VIII.— 25
Hull House, Chicago, for the city of New
York, to cost about half a million dollars. Mr,
Potter was rector of Christ Church, Greens-
burg, Pa., 1857-58; of St. John's, Troy, N.Y.,
1859-66 ; assistant, on the Greene Foundation, at
Trinity church, Boston, Mass., 1866-68, and
rector of Grace church, New York city, 1868-84.
He refused the presidency of Kenyon college,
Ohio, in 1863, and the office of bishop of Iowa in
1875. He was elected assistant bishop of New
York in 1883, and was consecrated, Oct. 20, 1883,
by Bishops Smith, Williams and Clark, assisted
by Bishops Whipple, Stevens, Littlejohn, Doane,
Huntington and McLaren. On the death of his
uncle, Bishop Horatio Potter, Jan. 2, 1887, he suc-
ceeded to the bishopric. He became prominent
in public reforms ; was a friend of the laboring
classes, and his services as an arbitrator to adjust
differences between employer and employed were
frequently sought. He was secretary of the
house of bishops, 1866-83. Union college con-
ferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. in
1863 ; D.D. in 1865, and LL.D. in 1877 ; the degree
of D.D. was also given him by Trinity in 1884,
by Harvard in 1890 and by Oxford, England, in
1892 ; that of D.C.L. by Bishop's university in
1894, and that of LL.D. by Cambridge, England,
in 1888, and by the University of Pennsylvania
and Yale in 1901. His published writings include :
Sisterhood and Deaconesses (1871); TJie Gates of
the Eost (1873); Waymarks (1892); The Scholar
and the State (1897) ; The East of To-day and To-
morrow (1902) ; The Citizen in His Relation to
the Industrial Situation (1902), and numerous
sermons and addresses.
POTTER, Horatio, fifth bishop of New York
and 62d in succession in the American episco-
pate, was born in Beekman, Duchess county,
N.Y., Feb. 9, 1802; son of Joseph and Ann
(Knight) Potter. He attended the academy at
Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; was graduated from Union
college in 1826 ; and ordained deacon, July 15,
1827, and priest, Dec. 14, 1828. He was professor
of mathematics and natural philosophy at Wash-
ington (Trinity) college, Hartford, Conn., 1826-
33, and declined the presidency of the college.
He was rector of St. Peter's, Albany. N.Y., 1833-
54, and upon the death of the Rt. Rev. Jonathan
Wainwright, provisional bishop of New York,
Sept. 21, 1854, Dr. Potter was chosen his succes-
sor, and consecrated in Trinity church, New York
city, Nov. 22, 1854, by Bishops Brownell, Hopkins
and Doane, assisted by Bishops McCoskry, Whit-
tingham, Eastburn, Alonzo Potter, Williams,
Whitehouse, Lee and Fulford (Montreal). The
canon for the election of a provisional bishop was
passed in 1850, as Bishop B. T. Onderdonk had been
suspended in 1844, thus leaving the diocese without
a bishop. Upon the death of Bishop Onderdonk
POTTER
in 1861, Dr. Potter was chosen fifth bishop of New
York, the dioceses of Long Island and Albany
being set apart during his episcopate. He was a
member of the Lambeth conferences in England
in 1867 and 1877, and of the general convention
held at Philadelphia in 1865. On the celebration
of the twenty-fifth anniversity of his consecra-
tion, Nov. 29, 1879, at the Academy of Music,
New York city, a testimonial was presented him,
in the form of a casket of gold, silver and steel,
modeled after the ancient Ark of the Covenant.
In 1883 his health broke down, and his nephew,
the Rev. Henry Codman Potter, was elected as-
sistant bishop of New York. The honorary de-
gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Trinity in
1838, that of LL.D. by Hobart in 1856, and D.C.L.
by Oxford, England, in 1860. He died in New
York city, Jan 2, 1887, and his remains were in-
terred in the cemetery at Poughkeepsie.
POTTER, James, soldier, was born in Tyrone,
Ireland, in 1729 ; son of John Potter, who immi-
grated to America with his wife and children in
the ship Dunnegall, landing at New Castle. Del.,
in 1741, and settled in 1746 in what became
Cumberland county, Pa., in 1750, and was high
sheriff of the county in 1750, 1754 and 1755.
James Potter was commissioned ensign in Lieut. -
Col. John Armstrong's battalion, Feb. 17, 1756,
and was wounded in the expedition against Kit-
tanning. Sept. 7, 1756. He was promoted lieu-
tenant, 2d battalion, Oct. 23, 1757 ; captain, Feb.
17, 1759, and in 1764 commanded three companies
on the northern frontier. He removed to Sun-
bury, Pa., in 1769; was appointed a justice of
Northumberland county in 1772, removed to
Union county, and settled in Penn's Valley in
1774. He was elected colonel of the upper bat-
talion of Pennsylvania patriot militia, Jan. 24,
1776, and commanded a battalion in the battles of
Trenton, Dec. 26, 1766, and Princeton, Jan. 3,
1777, being wounded at Princeton. He was pro-
moted brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia,
April 5, 1777, and commanded a brigade at
Brandywine and Germantown. He also served
on the outposts of Washington's army at Valley
Forge ; during the summer of 1778 he assisted in
repelling Indian invasion in Penn's Valley, and
in July, 1779, he removed to Middle Creek, Pa.
He was a member of the supreme executive
council in 1780, vice-president of Pennsylvania
in 1781, and was defeated as president by John
Dickinson. He was appointed major-general of
Pennsylvania militia, May 23, 1782, and was a
member of the council of censors in 1784. He
was married, first, to Elizabeth Cathcart ; sec-
ondly, to Mrs. Mary (Patterson) Chambers. He
died m Franklin county, Pa., in November, 1789.
POTTER, John Fox, representative, was born
in Augusta, Maine, May 11, 1817 ; son of John and
POTTER
Caroline (Fox) Potter; grandson of the Rev.
Isaiah and Elizabeth Edwards (Barrett) Potter
of Lebanon, N.H., and of John Fox of Portland,
Maine, and a descendant of William Potter, who
emigrated from Lincoln, Eng., to New Haven,
Conn., in 1637. He was educated at Phillips
academy, Exeter, N.H., studied law in Augusta,
was admitted to the bar in 1837, and removed
to East Tracy, Wis., in 1838. He was married,
Oct. 15, 1839, to Frances E. Lewis, daughter of
George and Rebecca (Lewis) Fox of Portland,
Maine, and secondly, to Sarah Fox. He was
judge of Wai worth county, Wis., 1842-46; a
member of the assembly of Wisconsin in 1856,
and a Republican representative from the first
district of Wisconsin in the 35th-37th congresses,
1857-63. In 1860 a debate brought about by a
speech of Representative Owen Lovejoy, an-
nouncing the death of his brother, Elisha P.,
caused Mr. Potter to be challenged by Represen-
tative Roger A. Pryor of Virginia, and in accept-
ing the challenge, he named bowie-knives as the
weapons ; but on the objection of Mr. Pryor's
seconds to the weapons as "barbarous," the
challenge was withdrawn. He was a delegate to
the Crittenden peace congress of 1861 ; chairman
of the investigating committee appointed by the
37th congress for unearthing treason and dis-
loyalty in government offices and departments ;
was defeated for election by James S. Brown in
1862 ; commanded a battery in the Wisconsin
volunteer artillery in the civil war, and declined
the governorship of Dakota Territory, offered
him by President Lincoln in 1863, but accepted
the appointment as U.S. consul-general at Mon-
treal, serving, 1863-S6. He was a delegate to the
Whig national conventions of 1852, 1856. 1860 and
1864. He died in East Troy, Wis., May 18, 1899.
POTTER, Joseph Hayden, soldier, was born
in Concord, N.H., Oct. 12, 1822; son of Thomas
Drake and Eunice (Marden) Potter ; grandson of
Joseph and Nancy (Drake) Potter, and of John
Marden of Chichester, N.H., and a descendant of
Robert Potter, who came from Coventry, Eng-
land, to Lynn, Mass., in 1630. He was graduated
at the U.S. Military academy in 1843, served in
the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and
was promoted 2d lieutenant, 7th infantry, Oct.
21. 1845. He served during the Mexican war,
being engaged in the defense of Fort Brown,
and for gallantry at Monterey, where he was
severely wounded while storming the enemy's
works, he was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Sept.
23. 1846. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Oct.
30, 1847; captain, Jan. 9, 1856; served on the
Utah expedition, 1858-60 ; at Fort Webster, New
Mexico, in 1860 ; on court-martial duty at Fort
Bliss, Tex., and on frontier duty, Fort McLane,
New Mexico, 1860-61. He was captured by
POTTER
POTTER
Texas insurgents at San Augustine Springs, Tex.,
July 27, 1861, and was not exchanged until Aug.
27, 1862. He was appointed colonel of the 12th
New Hampshire volunteers, Sept. 27, 1862 ; was
engaged in the Maryland campaign, Army of the
Potomac, October-November, 1862 ; in the Rap-
pahannock campaign, December, 1862, to May
1863, commanding a brigade in the battles of
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Va. At
Chancellorsville he was severely wounded, cap-
tured and was held as a prisoner of war from
May to October, 1863. He was promoted major
and transferred to the 19th infantry, July 4, 1863 ;
brevetted colonel, May 3, 1863, for Chancellors-
ville, and lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 13, for Fred-
ricksburg ; served on special duty five months,
1863-64, was assistant provost marshal-general of
Ohio, 1864, and commanded a brigade in the 18th
corps, Army of the James, September-December,
1864, taking part in the attack on Fort Harrison,
Sept. 29, 1864. He commanded a brigade in the
24th army corps, Dec. 2, 1864, to Jan. 16, 1865, and
was chief of staff of the 24th army corps, Jan.
16, to July 10, 1865, being engaged in the attack
on Hatcher's Run, Va., and the pursuit of the
Confederate army. He was brevetted brigadier-
general, U.S. army, March 13, 1865 ; was pro-
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, May 1,
1865, and was mustered out of the volunteer
service, Jan. 15, 1866. He was married in 1865,
to Alice Kilburn of Columbus, Ohio. He was
promoted lieutenant-colonel, 30th infantry, July
28, 1866 ; commanded a regiment in the depart-
ment of the Platte in 1867 ; Fort Sedgwick, Colo.,
1867-68, and Fort Sanders, Wy., 1868-69. He
was transferred to the 4th infantry, March 15,
1869 ; promoted colonel and transferred to the
24th infantry, Dec. 11, 1873; commanded Fort
Brown, Tex., 1874-76, and the District of the
Rio Grande, 1875-76. He was governor of the
Soldier's Home, Washington, D.C., 1877-81 ; in
command of a regiment at Fort Supply, Indian
Territory, 1881-86, and of the department of
the Missouri, April to Oct. 12, 1886, when he
was retired from active service, having been
promoted brigadier-general, U.S.A., April 1,
1886. He died in Columbus, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1892.
POTTER, Margaret Morton, author, was born
in Chicago, 111., May 20, 1881 ; daughter of Orrin
Woodard and Ellen (Owen) Potter ; grand-
daughter of Abel and Cynthia (Woodard) Potter
and of William and Abba (Potter) Owen, and a
descendant of Martin Potter of Potter Hall, South
Shields (1714), Yorkshire, Eng., and Owen Tudor
of Wales (1485). She attended a preparatory
school in Chicago, and pursued advanced studies
under a private tutor. She was married to John
Donald Black of Chicago, Jan. 1, 1902, but con-
tinued to write under her maiden name. Her
published works include : ^1 Social Lion ( 1899) ;
Uncanonized (1900) ; The House of De Mailly
(1901).
POTTER, Orlando Brunson, representative,
was born at Charlemont, Mass., May 10, 1823 ;
son of and Sophia (Rice) Potter, and a
descendant of John Potter, who signed the cove-
nant of New Haven in 1639. Orlando was a
student at Williams college, 1841-42 ; taught
school in Dennis, Mass. ; attended the Harvard
Law school ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in
1848, and practised in Boston and at South Read-
ing, Mass. In 1852, upon discovering the value
of a patent for a sewing machine obtained by
Mr. Brown, he organized the Grover and Baker
Sewing Machine company, financed the concern,
protected the patent in the courts, and as one-
third owner of the stock acquired a large fortune.
He withdrew from the company in 1873, and de-
voted himself to the management of real estate.
On Aug. 14, 1861, he laid before Secretary Sal-
mon P. Chase a plan to remedy the unequal and
changeable values of the currency of the differ-
ent states, which plan, with the modification of
issuing United States notes as legal tender, which
he did not approve, became the basis of the
banking system of the United States in 1863. He
was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for
representative in the 46th congress in 1878 in the
tenth district ; was elected from the eleventh
congressional district of New York, as Union
Democratic representative in Hie 48th congress,
1883-85 ; declined renomination in 1884, and the
Democratic candidacy for mayor of New York
city in 1886. He was a member of the first Rapid
Transit commission of New York city, a trustee
of Cornell university, 1891-93, and president of
the State Agricultural society. He maintained
on his own farm a home for poor children, its
occupants being cared for under his personal
supervision. He was married first in October,
1850, to Martha G., daughter of B. B. Wiley of
South Reading, Mass. , and secondly, to a daughter
of Dr. Jared Linsly of New York. He left an
estate valued at $7,000,000. He died in New York
city, Jan. 2, 1894.
POTTER, Platt, jurist, was born in Galway,
N.Y. , April 6, 1800; son of Restcome and Lucinda
(Strong) Potter. He was graduated at Schenec-
tady academy in 1820 ; studied law under Alonzo
C. Paige ; was admitted to the bar in 1824, and
practised law in Minorville, N.Y. , 1824-33. He was
a member of the assembly from Montgomery and
Hamilton counties in 1830, and engaged in prac-
tice in Schenectady with Alonzo C. Paige in 1834.
He was married in 1836 to Antoinette, daughter
of the Rev. Winslow Paige, D.D. He was master
and examiner in chancery, 1828-47 ; district
attorney of Schenectady county, 1839-47, and
POTTER
justice of the supreme court of New York and
of the court of appeals. 1857-65. He was re-
elected in 1865, and in 1870 caused the arrest of
Henry Ray, a member of the New York assembly,
for ignoring his court summons, and in conse-
quence was himself tried for "high breach of
privilege," but was vindicated on his own argu-
ment. He was a trustee of Union college, 1865-
85, receiving the degree of LL.D. from there in
1867,; was president of the state judicial conven-
tion'in Rochester, N.Y., in 1870, and served as
president of the Mohawk national bank at
Schenectady for several years. In 1886 he pre-
sented the New York Historical society with six
volumes of the " State Trials of England," pub-
lished in 1742, and of great value, being origin-
ally the property of Sir William Johnson, Bart.
He is the author of: Potter's Dwarris (1871);
Equity Jurisprudence, compiled and enlarged
from the work of John Willard (1875) ; Potter
on Corporations (1879), and several pamphlets.
He died in Schenectady, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1891.
POTTER, Robert Brown, soldier, was born
in Schenectady, N.Y., July 16, 1829 ; son of
Alonzo and Maria (Nott) Potter. He entered
Union college in the class of 1849, but did not
graduate ; studied law, and practised in New
York city. He was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of the 51st New York volunteer regiment
in 1861, and was attached to Reno's brigade, Burn-
side's army. He led the assault at Roanoke
Island, receiving a severe wound at New Berne ;
took part in the battles of Cedar Mountain,
Manassas, Chantilly, Antietam (where he was
wounded), and Fredericksburg. He was pro-
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13,
1863, commanding a division at Vicksburg and
in the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. ; was brevetted
major-general of volunteers in August, 1864 ; was
severely wounded during the final assault on
Petersburg, April 2, 1865. and on his recovery
was given command of the Connecticut and
Rhode Island district of the department of the
east. He was married, Sept. 20, 1865, to Abby,
daughter of John Austin Stevens, and on the
same date was commissioned major-general of
volunteers. He was mustered out of the volun-
teer service in January, 1866, and was receiver
of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad, 1866-
69. He died in Newport, R.I., Feb. 19, 1887.
POTTER, Samuel John, senator, was born in
South Kingstown, R.I., about 1751 ; son of John
and Elizabeth (Hazard) Potter ; grandson of John
and Mercy (Robinson) Potter and of Stephen and
Mary (Robinson) Hazard, and a descendant of
Nathaniel Potter of Portsmouth, R.I. He married
in 171V"). Nancy Seager, and had ten children. He
\\-iis deputy governor of Rhode Island from MM y.
1790, to February, 1799 ; lieutenant governor,
POTTER
February to May, 1799, and again, 1800-03. and
U.S. senator from Rhode Island from March 4,
1803, until his death, being succeeded by Benja-
min Howland (q.v.). He was a presidential
elector, voting for Washington in 1792, and for
John Adams in 1796. He died in Washington,
B.C., Sept. 26, 1804.
POTTER, William, diplomatist, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1852 ; son of Thomas
and Adaline Coleman (Bower) Potter. His great-
grandfather, Gen. Jacob Bower, was an officer
in the Continental army, and an original member
of the Philadelphia Society of the Cincinnati, and
his great-great-grandfather, Col. Joseph Wood,
served in the colonial army during the French
and Indian war. He attended the University of
Pennsylvania in 1870, and engaged in business
with his father, becoming vice-president of the
corporation of Thomas Potter, Sons & Co. He
was twice married : first, on April 25, 1878, to
Jane Kennedy Vanuxem of Philadelphia, and
secondly, May 16, 1899, to Hetty Vanuxem, who
died, Aug. 12, 1901. He was appointed by Presi-
dent Harrison, special commissioner to negotiate
a system of sea post offices with London, Paris
and Berlin ; was a delegate to the fourth con-
gress of the Universal Postal union at Vienna
in 1891, and was U.S. minister to Italy, 1892-94.
He was a relief commissioner to Porto Rico dur-
ing the Spanish-American war, and in 1902 be-
came president of Jefferson Medical college of
Philadelphia.
POTTER, William Bleeker, mining engineer,
was born in Schenectady, N.Y., March 23, 1846 ;
son of theRt. Rev. Horatio Potter. He was grad-
uated from Columbia college, A.B. in 1866, M.E.,
1869 ; was assistant in geology there, 1869-71 ;
assistant on the geological survey of Ohio, under
Prof. John D. Newberry, and was appointed pro-
fessor of mining and metallurgy at Washington
university, St. Louis, Mo., in 1871. He was
elected president of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers in 1888, and was a member of
the leading scientific societies of the United
States and Europe.
POTTER, William James, author, was born in
North Dartmouth, Mass., Feb. 1, 1830; son of
William and Anna (Aiken) Potter ; grandson of
William H. and Patience (Thurston) Potter, and
of Ebenezer and Chloe (Hathaway) Aiken, and a
descendant of Nathaniel Potter, Aquidneck. R.I.,
1638. He attended the Friends school, Provi-
dence, R.I. ; was graduated at the State Normal
school, Bridge water, Mass., and at Harvard in
1854, and studied in Germany, 1857-58. He was
an usher in Bristol academy, Taunton, Mass.,
1849-50 ; instructor in the high school, Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1854-56, and a student at the Har-
vard Divinity school, 1856-57. He was ordained
POTTS
POTTS
pastor of the First Congregational (Unitarian)
society, New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 28, 1859, and
was its pastor continuously, 1859-93. He was
married, Nov. 26, 1863, to Elizabeth Claghorn,
daughter of Spooner and Lydia (Delano) Bab-
cock of New Bedford, Mass. He was drafted into
the army in 1863 ; was hospital chaplain at
Alexandria, Va., and was detailed for special
service under the secretary of war, to inspect
hospitals in and near Washington and Alexandria.
After serving for a year in this capacity and in
the sanitary commission, he returned to his par-
ish in New Bedford. In 1867 he aided in estab-
lishing the American Free Religious association,
and was its secretary, 1867-82, and its president,
1882-93. He also organized the Union for Good
"Works in New Bedford, in 1870. In addition to
his work in his pastorate, he delivered many
lectures and addresses, mostly under the auspices
of the Free Religious association, in Boston and
elsewhere, and the first six months of 1893 he
spent in California, preaching and lecturing. He
edited The Index, 1880-87 ; contributed to the
Radical and other periodicals, and is the author
of : Four Discourses Suggested by the Life and
Tragic Death of Abraham Lincoln (1865); Twenty-
five Sermons of Twenty-five Years (1885); Tiie
First Congregational Society in New Bedford.
Its History as Illustrative of Ecclesiastical Evolu-
tion (1889); Lectures and Sermons : With a Bio-
graphical Sketch by Francis Ellingwood Abbot
(1893), and a number of other printed sermons.
He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 21, 1893.
POTTS, David, representative, was born at
Warwick Furnace, Chester county, Pa., Nov. 27,
1794 ; son of David and Martha (Potts) Potts ;
grandson of Samuel and Joanna (Holland) Potts,
and of David and Anna (Potts) Potts, and a de-
scendant of Thomas and Martha (Keurlis) Potts.
Thomas Potts emigrated from Wales to America
with his uncle Thomas, of Coventry, England, in
1690, and settled near Philadelphia, Pa. He was
well educated ; served in the war of 1812 with
his brother Thomas, and at an early age was
placed in charge of Warwick Furnace, and his
ancestral home, carrying on the furnace most
successfully for half a century, and making many
improvements in the estate. He was married,
March 4, 1819, to Anna Nutt, daughter of Robert
and Ruth (Potts) May of Coventry, Pa. He rep-
resented Chester county in the Pennsylvania leg-
islature, 1823-25, and was a Whig and anti-
Mason representative in the 22d-25th congresses,
1831-39. He gave liberally towards the raising
of regiments and for the relief of the sick and
wounded soldiers of the Federal army during the
civil war. He was at one time a candidate for
governor of Pennsylvania, on the Free Soil ticket.
He died at Warwick, Pa., June 1, 1863.
POTTS, Jonathan, surgeon, was born in Popo-
dickon, Berks county, Pa., April 11, 1745 ; son of
John and Ruth (Savage) Potts, and grandson of
Thomas, the immigrant, and Martha (Keurlis)
Potts, and of Samuel and Ann (Rutter) Savage.
His father founded Pottstown, Pa. Jonathan
attended school at Ephrata and Philadelphia ;
was a medical student in Edinburgh, Scotland,
1766-68, and was graduated at the College of
Philadelphia, B.M., in 1768, his class being the
first to be graduated from the medical school.
He was married, May 5, 1767, to Grace Richard-
son. He practised medicine in Reading, Pa. ;
was a delegate to the provincial meeting of dep-
uties at Philadelphia in July, 1774, and a mem-
ber of the Provincial congress at Philadelphia in
January, 1775. He was active in raising men
and in organizing the forces of Berks count}' in
1776, and was appointed physician and surgeon
in the Continental army, operating in Northern
New York, June 6, 1776. He was placed in
charge of the hospital at Fort George, and when
Gates joined Washington in Philadelphia, Sur-
geon Potts made his headquarters in Market
Street, where General Putnam ordered all officers
in charge of the sick to report. He was present
at the battle of Princeton, and was appointed
medical director-general of the Northern depart-
ment, April 11, 1777. He was on leaveof absence
from November, 1777, until Jan. 22, 1778, when
he was transferred from the army at Albany,
N.Y., to the hospitals of the middle department,
and served at Valley Forge, until prostrated by ill-
ness. He was elected surgeon of the Philadelphia
city troop, May 17, 1779, and in that year assisted
in defending from a mob the home of James
Wilson, the signer. He resigned from the Con-
tinental army, Oct. 6, 1780, and died in Reading,
Pa., in October, 1781.
POTTS, Richard, delegate and senator, was
born in Upper Marlborough, Prince George county,
Md., in July, 1753. He practised law in Fred-
erick county, where he was a member and clerk
of the committee of observation in 1776 ; clerk
of the court, 1777-79, and a member of the Mary-
land house of delegates, 1779-80 and 1787-88. He
was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1781-
82 ; became state attorney for the counties of
Frederick, Montgomery and Washington, in 1784,
and was a member of the state convention that
ratified the Federal constitution in 1788. He was
appointed U.S. attorney for Maryland by Presi-
dent Washington in 1789 ; became chief judge of
the fifth district of Maryland in 1791 ; was elected
to the U.S. senate from Maryland to complete
the term of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, in 1793,
serving 1793-96, and was associate justice of the
Maryland court of appeals, 1801-04. He was
married, first, to Elizabeth, sister of Capt. Jolm
POTTS
POURTALES
Hughes, who bandaged the eyes of Major Andre
at the time of his execution ; secondly, Dec. 19,
1799. to Eleanor Murdock. He received the de-
gree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey, 1805.
He died in Frederick county, Md., Nov. 26, 1808.
POTTS, William, author, was born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., May 5, 1838 ; son of Joseph Kirk-
briJe and Sidney (Bonsall) Potts ; grandson of
Joseph Potts, and a descendant of Thomas Potts of
Coventry, Eng. He studied law for a brief period,
removed to New York in 1863, and engaged in the
insurance business and in banking. He was
secretary of the Brooklyn Civil Service Reform
association, 1880-94, save while in the public ser-
vice ; of the New York and the National Civil
Service Reform associations, 1881-94, with the
same exception ; was chief examiner of the Civil
Service commission for New York state in 1887,
and vice-president of the National Civil Service
Reform league, 1894-96. He was also a member
of numerous social and scientific organizations,
and active in movements for improvement in
political methods, and in social settlement work.
His published works include : Noblesse Oblige
(1880); Evolution of Vegetable Life(\8SQ); Evolu-
tion and Social Reform — the Socialistic Method
(1890); Form and Color in Nature (1891); The
Monetary Problem (1892); From a Neiv England
Hillside (1895), and Statistics of Societies (com-
piled, 1899).
POTTS, William Stevens, educator, was born
at Fishing Creek, Northumberland county, Pa.,
Oct. 13, 1802 ; son of William and Mary (Gard-
ner) Potts. His father was a Quaker, and his
mother of Scotch descent. He removed with his
parents to Trenton, N.J., in 1810 ; was educated
in the public schools ; in 1818 went to Philadel-
phia to learn the printer's trade, and while there,
in 1822, studied theology under the Rev. Ezra S.
Ely. He attended Princeton Theological seminary,
1825-27 ; was licensed by the presbytery of Phila-
delphia, November, 1827 ; became a missionary in
New Jersey and the south, 1827-28, and was
ordained by the presbytery of Missouri, Oct. 26,
1828. He was pastor of the First Presbyterian
church of St. Louis, Mo., 1828-35; president of
Marion college, Mo., 1835-39, and founder and
pastor (1839-52) of the Second Presbyterian church
of St. Louis. He received the degree D.D. from
Marion college in 1841. He was married to Ann,
daughter of Samuel Benton. He died in St.
Louis. Mo., March 27, 1852.
POU, Edward William, representative, was
born in Tuskegee, Macon county, Ala., Sept. 9,
1863; son of Edward William and Anna Maria
(Smith) Pou ; grandson of Joseph and Eliza M.
(Felder) Pou, and of James H. and Nancy (Bryan)
Smith ; and a descendant of Gavin Pou of South
Carolina. He was educated at the school of John
L. Davis at Smithfield, N.C., and at the Univer-
sity of North Carolina. 1881-84 ; taught school,
1884-85 ; studied law under his father ; was ad-
mitted to the bar in October, 1885, and began
practice in Smithfield in partnership with his
brother, James H. Pou, and subsequently with
Furnifold M. Simmons (q.v.). He was chairman
of the executive committee of Johnston county
in 1886, and under his administration the county
became permanently Democratic. He was mar-
ried Oct. 18, 1887, to Carrie, daughter of Ross and
Mary Ann (Houghton) Ihrie of Pittsboro, N.C.
He was a Democratic presidential elector, 1888 ;
and was solicitor of the fourth North Carolina
judicial district in 1890, 1894 and 1898. In 1896
he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for
representative from the fourth North Carolina
district to the 55th congress, and was elected to
the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05, serving on
the committees on reform in the civil service and
expenditures in the treasury dedartment.
POULSSON, Anne I ; mi lie. author, was born
at Cedar Grove, Essex county, N.J., Sept. 8,
1853 ; daughter of Hal vor and Ruth Ann (Mitchell)
Poulsson ; grand-daughter of Paul and Ingeborg
Mathea (Moe) Poulsson of Norway, and of
Samuel and Hannah (Thornton) Mitchell of
England. She attended the public schools of
Newark, N.J., and was graduated from the
Kindergarten Normal school of Misses Garland
and Weston, Boston, Mass., in 1881. Her eye-
sight had been impaired from infancy, and fear-
ing possible blindness she became a student in
the Perkins Institution for the Blind in South
Boston, where she afterward taught, 1879-82.
Subsequently she entered into private teaching
and study and gained a reputation as a lecturer
and writer. She became joint editor of the
Kindergarten Rei'iew in 1897. Her published
works include : Nursery Finger Plays (1889); In
the Child's World (1893); T/irough the Farmyard
Gate (1896); Child Stories and Rhymes (1898);
Kinderwelt, selections from In the Child's World
(1898); Love and Law in Cliild Training (1899):
El Mundo de Nino, selections from In the Child's
World (1900) ; Holiday Songs (1901), and numer-
ous articles contributed to periodicals.
POURTALES, Louis Francois de, naturalist,
was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, March 4,
1824. He was descended from a noble family,
and was himself a count. He adopted the pro-
fession of engineer, but early became a student
of natural history, and accompanied Louis
Agassiz, who was his instructor in the science, on
his glacial explorations among the Alps in 1840,
coming with him to the United States in 1847.
He was connected with the U.S. coast survey,
1848-73, and while engaged in work on the
Florida reef in 1851, was led to studr the ocean
POWDERLY
POWELL
bed through the medium of numerous gephyreans
and holothurians which he collected, and by
specimens accumulated by different hydrographic
expeditions, publishing the result of his study in
Peterman's Mittheihmgen. He was assigned to
the field and office work of the tidal department
of the coast survey in 1854, and thus was the
pioneer and chief director of deep-sea dredging
on both coasts of the United States, 1854-73. In
1873 he became assistant at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Harvard university, and suc-
ceeded Louis Agassiz in December, 1873, as its
keeper, until relieved in 1875 by Alexander
Agassiz. He was a member of the National
Academy of Sciences, and of other scientific
societies, and received the honorary degree A.M.
from Harvard in 1880. His valuable collections
of marine zoological specimens were placed in
the Agassiz museum at Cambridge, and thence
distributed to specialists in the United States
and Europe, which resulted in special reports
upon the different forms of deep-sea life by the
most eminent investigators. The Pourtalesia,
a genus of sea-urchins, were named in his honor.
He contributed to the Proceedings of scientific
societies, and published reports under the direc-
tion of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. He
died at Beverly Farms, Mass., July 17, 18SO.
POWDERLY, Terence Vincent, knight of
labor, was born in Carbondale, Pa., Jan. 22,
1849 ; sou of Terence and Margery (Welsh)
Powderly, who emigrated from Ireland to the
United States in 1826, and settled in the Lacka-
wanna Valley, Pa. He was educated in the
public schools until 1862; was switch tender for
the Delaware and Hudson railroad, 1862-64 ; car
inspector in 1864, and a brakeman in 1865. He
served an apprenticeship in the machine shops
of the Delaware and Hudson company, 1866-69 ;
removed to Scranton, Pa., in 1869, where he was
employed in the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western railroad shops, 1869-73, and in the Dick-
son Locomotive works, 1873-77. He was married,
Sept. 19, 1872, to Hannah, daughter of John and
Anne Dever of Scranton, Pa. He joined the
Machinists' and Blacksmiths' union in 1870, re-
moved to Oil City during the panic of 1873, and
joined Assembly No. 88, Knights of Labor, in 1874.
He was a delegate to the Machinists' and Black-
smiths' union convention at Louisville, Ky., in
1874, where he succeeded in inducing the union
to join the Knights of Labor as Assembly No.
222, and was general master. In 1877 he formed
a district assembly in Lackawanna county, of
which he was secretary, 1877-86. In the strike
of 1877 he persuaded 5,000 discharged Knights of
Labor to emigrate to various points in the west,
where they formed new assemblies. He directed
the first general assembly of the order held in
Reading, Pa., in 1878, and in St. Louis in 1879,
when he was elected Grand Worthy Foreman. At
their third general assembly at Chicago in 1879,
he became General Master- Workman, and served,
by re-election, 1879-93. He was mayor of Scran-
ton, 1878-84 ; studied law in the office of Judge
P. P. Smith at Scranton, 1893-94 ; was admitted
to the bar in September, 1894 ; settled in practice
in Scranton, and in the same year canvassed the
state for Governor Hastings. He was prominent
in the presidential campaigns of 1896 and 1900,
speaking for McKinley and Hobart, and for Mc-
Kinley and Roosevelt. He was U.S. commis-
sioner-general of immigration by appointment of
President McKinley, 1897-1902. He was admitted
to the bar of the supreme court of the United
States in 1901. He is the author of : Thirty Years
of Labor, a History of the Organization of Labor
since I860 (1891); History of Labor Day; con-
tributions on economics to the Journal of United
Labor, and to the leading general magazines.
POWELL, Aaron Macy, reformer, was born
in Clinton, N.Y., March 26, 1832 ; son of Town-
send and Catharine (Macy) Powell ; grandson of
James and Martha (Tovvnsend) Powell and of
Abraham and Elizabeth (Coleman) Macy, and a
descendant of Thomas Powell of Westbury, Long
Island, whose will is dated Imo 3rd, 1719. On his
mother's side the first ancestor in this country is
John Howland of the Mayflower, 1620. His
parents were members of the Society of Friends
and active abolitionists. He attended the New
York State Normal school, but did not graduate,
as he was urged to accept the position of lec-
turer for the American Anti-Slavery society, and
served as such, 1852-65, and as secretary of the
society, 1866-70. He edited the National Anti-
Slavery Standard, 1865-72 ; the National Temper-
ance Advocate, 1872-99, and the Philanthropist,
1886-99. He was assistant secretary of the
National Temperance society, 1873-94 ; and was
president of the National Purity alliance. He
was a delegate to the International Prison con-
gress in London in 1872, and to the congress for
the abolition of the state regulation of vice, in
Geneva, Switzerland, in 1877, the Hague in 1883,
and in London in 1886. He is the author of :
State Regulation of Vice (1878); TJie Beer Ques-
tion (1881); Tlie National Government and the
Liquor Traffic (1882), and Personal Reminiscences
of Anti-Slavery and Other Reforms (1900). He
died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 13, 1899.
POWELL, Edward Payson, clergyman and
author, was born in Clinton, N.Y., in 1833 ; son
of John and Mary (Johnson) Powell, and de-
scended from the Powells of Washington, Conn.,
and from the Johnsons of Windsor, Vt. He was
graduated from Hamilton college in 1853, and
from Union Theological seminary, 1858, having
POWELL
POWELL
been tutor at Hamilton college, 1856-57. He was
stated supply at Deansboro, N.Y., 1858-61 ; was
ordained, Oct. 29, 1861 ; was pastor of Plymouth
Congregational church, Adrian, Mich., 1861-71 ;
of Mayflower church, St. Louis, Mo., 1871-73;
editor of the Globe-Democrat, St. Louis, 1873-
74, and pastor of the Third Unitarian church,
Chicago, 111., 1874-77. After 1877 he resided in
Clinton, N.Y., where he engaged in literary as
well as horticultural pursuits, besides preaching
in Utica, N. Y. , 1880-86. He was elected a member
of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; the Ameri-
can Arbitration congress, Washington, 1896; the
American Historical society ; vice-president of
the Congress of Religion, and member of the
committee of one hundred to establish a Na-
tional University at Washington. His pub-
lished writings include: Our Heredity from God
(1886; Berlin, 1889); Liberty and Life (1890);
Nullification and Secession in the United States
(1896); Windbreaks, Hedges and Shelters (1900) ;
Old Home Days (1901). In 1903 he was editor of
the Independent, and a frequent contributor to
periodicals.
POWELL, John Wesley, geologist, was born
in Mount Morris, N.Y., March 24, 1834. His
father, a Methodist clergyman, emigrated from
England to New York city ; removed to Jackson,
Ohio, in 1841 ; to Wai worth county, Wis., in 1846,
where he continued
to preach, leaving the
entire care of the
farm to his son ; to
Boone county, 111., in
1851, and finally to
Wheaton, where he
was a trustee of the
college. John Wes-
ley Powell had few
educational advan-
tages beyond attend-
ing Wheaton and Il-
linois colleges irregu-
larly to hear lectures,
and in the mean-
time earned money
by teaching and lecturing in geography to pros-
ecute his studies further. He took a special
two years' course at Oberlin, and having at
an early age developed an inclination toward
natural science, made an extensive collection
of shells, plants and minerals from various wes-
tern states, and in 1859 was elected secretary
of the Illinois Natural History society. He was
married in 1861 to Emma Dean of Detroit, Mich.
He enlisted as a private in the 20th Illinois volun-
teers in 1861 ; was promoted lieutenant in the 3d
Illinois artillery, and at the battle of Shiloh lost
his right arm. He declined the colonelcy of a
-
' " -
colored regiment ; was promoted major and
became chief of artillery of the 17th army corps,
and later of the Department of Tennessee, serv-
ing until the end of the war. He was professor
of geology and curator of the museum at the
Illinois Wesleyan university, 1865-68 ; in the sum-
mer of 1867 organized a party of students for the
purpose of making a geographical study of Colo-
rado, ascending Pike's Peak and Mount Lincoln,
and in 1868, under the auspices of General Grant
and of several educational institutions, especially
the Smithson-
ian Institu-
tion, explored
the Colorado
canons, reach-
ing the Grand
canon , Aug.
13, 1869. As S«ITHSO/MIAAI INSTITUTION.
a result of his success in this expedition, and
through his efforts, congress created in 1870
the topographical and geological survey of the
Colorado river, of which Major Powell was placed
in charge. In 1879 he was made a member of the
public lands commission, and after the consolida-
tion of the different surveys, under the direction
of the Smithsonian Institution, into one national
survey in 1879, he was chosen director of the
bureau of ethnology, and succeeded Clarence
King (q.v.) as director of the U.S. geological
survey in 1881, resigning in May, 1894, on account
of ill health. In 1900, accompanied by Prof.
W. H. Holmes, anthropologist of the National
museum, he conducted an exploring expedition
in Cuba to study the remains of the pre-historic
inhabitants, and brought back a valuable and
interesting collection of human bones and speci-
mens pertaining to the life of the Arawaks and
Caribs. He received the degrees A.M. and Ph.D.,
upon examination, from Illinois Wesleyan uni-
versity in 1877 ; the honorary degree of A.M.
from Oberlin college, 18S2 ; LL.D. from Colum-
bian, 1882; Harvard, 1886; Illinois college, 1889;
Ph.D. from Heidelburg, 1886, and was awarded
the famous Cuvier prize by the French Academy
in 1891. He was a lecturer on primitive medicine
at Columbian university in 1881, and a trustee.
1881-1902. He became a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1875, vice-president in 1879, and president in 1887;
was president of the Anthropological society ,,f
Washington, 1879-88: became a member of the
National Academy of Sciences in 1880, and of
the American Philosophical society ; a fellow of
the American Academy, and organized a social
club of scientific men in Washington, D.C. He
is the author of: Exploration of the Colorado
River of the West and its Tributaries, Explored
in 1SG9-7S (1875) ; Sketch of the Ancient Province
POWELL
POWELL
of Tusayan (1875) ; Geology of the Eastern Por-
tion of the Uinta Mountains and a Region of
Country Adjacent Thereto (1876) ; Ttie Lands of
the Arid Region of the United States (1879) ; In-
troduction to the Study of Indian Languages
(1880); Studies in Sociology; The Canons of the
Colorado (1895) and several pamphlets. He died
at Haven, Maine, Sept. 23, 1902.
POWELL, Lazarus Whitehead, senator, was
born in Henderson county, Ky., Oct. 6, 1812.
He was graduated from St. Joseph's college,
Bardstown, Ky., in 1833; studied law at Tran-
sylvania university, 1833-35, and began to prac-
tise in Henderson county in
1835. He was a Democratic
representative in the state
legislature in 1836 ; a candi-
date for presidential elector
on the Polk and Dallas ticket
in 1844, and was defeated for
governor of Kentucky by
John J. Crittenden in 1848. He was governor of
Kentucky, 1851-55 ; a peace commissioner to Utah
in 1857, and U.S. senator from Kentucky, 1859-
65. His colleague, Garret Davis, introduced a
resolution in the senate for his expulsion in 1863
on the ground of disloyalty, which was defeated,
and thereupon Senator Davis retracted the
charge. He was a delegate to the Union con-
vention at Philadelphia in 1866. He died in Hen-
derson county, Ky., July 3, 1867.
POWELL, Levin Minn, naval officer, was
born at Winchester, Va., April 21, 1803; son of
Alfred Harrison and Sidney (Thruston) Powell ;
grandson of Col. Levin and Sarah (Harrison)
Powell ; great-grandson of William and Eleanor
(Peyton) Powell, and a descendant of Capt. Wil-
liam Powell, who came from England to Virginia,
1611, and was a member of the first house of
burgesses, 1619. His grandfather, Levin (1737-
1810), raised and equipped the 16th Virginia
regiment ; served through the Valley Forge
Ccimpaign, and was a Federalist representative
in the 6th U.S. congress, 1749-1801. Levin Minn
Powell was appointed midshipman in the U.S.
navy, March 1, 1817 ; assigned to the Frank-
lin, and was engaged in suppressing piracy in the
Mediterranean and China seas, the Gulf of
Mexico and the West Indies. He was promoted
lieutenant, April 28, 1826 ; commanded several
expeditions against the Indians in the Seminole
war ; was wounded in a fight with them on the
Jupiter river in January, 1837 ; received the
thanks of the navy department for his services in
Florida, and commanded two surveying expedi-
tions on the eastern coasts and harbors of the Gulf
of Mexico. He was promoted commander, June
24, 1843 ; was made assistant inspector of ordnance
in October, 1843, and continued on ordnance
duty until 1849. He commanded the sloop John
Adams on the coast of South America and
Africa, 1849-50 ; served as executive officer of
the U.S. navy yard at Washington, D.C., 1851-
54, and commanded the flag-ship Potomac on a
cruise in the North Atlantic and West Indies,
1854-56. He was promoted captain, Sept. 14,
1855 ; served as inspector of contract steamers in
1858, and as captain of the frigate Potomac,
in the Gulf squadron, 1861-62, having been retired
Dec. 21, 1861, six months before he left his ship.
He was promoted commodore on the retired list,
July 16, 1862 ; served as inspector of the third
light-house district, 1862-66 ; on special service,
1867-72, and was promoted rear-admiral on the
retired list, May 13, 1869. He died in Washing-
ton, D.C., Jan. 15, 1885.
POWELL, William Henry, artist, was born
in New York city, Feb. 14, 1823. He began to
study art under Henry Inman in New York
city, 1843, and continued his studies in Paris and
Florence. He first exhibited at the National
Academy of Design, New York, in 1838 ; was elect-
ed an associate in 1839, and a second time in 1854.
His " De Soto Discovering the Mississippi" was
painted for the capitol at Washington, D.C.
1848-53, and " Perry's Victory on Lake Erie" for
the state of Ohio in 1863, and on a larger can-
vas for the state capitol in 1873. He also painted :
Siege of Vera Cruz ; Battle ofBuena Vista ; Land-
ing of the Pilgrims ; Scott's Entry into the City
of Mexico ; Washington at Valley Forge ; and
Christopher Columbus before the Court of Sala-
manca. His portraits include the prominent
public men of the day, notably : Albert Gallatin
(1843); Peter Cooper (1855), and Washington
Irving. He died in New York city, Oct. 6, 1879.
POWELL, William Henry, soldier, was born
in Monmouthshire, South Wales, May 10, 1825-
In 1830 he came to the United States with his
parents, who settled in Nashville, Tenn., in 1833,
removing to Wheeling, Va., in 1843. He was
married first, Dec. 24, 1847, to Sarah Gilchrist of
Wheeling, Va. ; and secondly, April 29, 1879, to
E. P. (West) Weaver of Belleville, 111. He con-
ducted the erection of the Virginia Iron and
Nail works at Benwood, Va., 1852-53 ; the Star
Nail works at Ironton, Ohio, 1853-54, and was
general manager of the Lawrence Iron works at
Ironton, Ohio, 1857-61. He entered the Federal
army in August, 1861 ; recruited a company for
the 2d regiment of West Virginia cavalry in
Southern Ohio ; was commissioned captain in
October, 1861 ; major and lieutenant-colonel in
1862 ; colonel, May 18, 1863 ; was wounded while
leading his regiment in a charge at Wytheville,
Va., July 18. 1863, taken prisoner by the Con-
federates, and confined in Libby prison until
Jan. 29, 1864. He was exchanged for General
POWER
POWERS
W. H. F. Lee, February, 1864, and commanded
the 3d division, Sheridan's cavalry corps, in the
Slieuandoah Valley, 18(3-1-65, being promoted
brigadier-general of volunteers in October, 1864,
and brevetted major-general of volunteers, March
13, 1865. He declined a nomination for repre-
sentative from the eleventh district of Ohio to
the 40th congress in 1866. He superintended the
building and was the general manager of the
Clifton Nail works in Mason county, W. Va.,
1867-70 ; declined the Republican nomination as
representative from the third district of West
Virginia to the 41st congress in 1868, and was
made a Grant and Colfax elector the same year.
He was general manager of the Belleville Nail
company, Belleville, 111., 1876-80, and in 1882
organized the Western Nail company of Belle-
ville, of which he was made president and general
manager. He was department commander of
the G.A.R. of Illinois in 1895-96, and in 1898 was
appointed internal revenue collector for the
13th revenue district of Illinois.
POWER, Thomas Charles, senator, was born
on a farm near Dubuque, Iowa, May 22, 1839.
He attended the public school, studied civil
engineering at Sinsiniwa college, Wis. , 1854-57,
and engaged in his profession and in that of
teaching school, 1857-60. He was employed on a
survey in Dakota in 1860, engaged in trade on the
Missouri river in 1861, and in 1867 settled at Fort
Benton, Mont., where he served as president of a
line of steamers and of the Power Mercantile
company. He was also interested in the deve-
lopment of mines and in cattle raising, and
removed to Helena, Mont., in 1876. He was a
member of the first constitutional convention
held in Montana in 1883, a delegate to the Repub-
lican national convention in 1889, and in the
first state election was defeated for governor,
Oct. 1, 1889, by Joseph K. Toole, Democrat, by
576 votes. He was elected to the U.S. senate, Jan.
2, 1890, by the Republican members of the legis-
lature, the Democrats not joining in the election,
but holding a separate session, and electing
Martin Maginnis, Jan. 7, 1890. He took his seat
April 16, 1890, and although it was contested
by Mr. Maginnis he completed the term, March
3, 1895.
POWERS, Hiram, sculptor, was born in Wood-
stock, Vt. , July 29, 1805 ; son of Stephen and Sarah
(Perry) Powers; grandson of Dr. Stephen and
Lydia (Drew) Powers, and a descendant of Wal-
ter Powers of Littleton, Mass. He was brought
up on his father's farm, and in 1819 removed
with his parents to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his
brother Benjamin edited a newspaper, and where
he engaged first as a clerk, and subsequently as
foreman in Watson's clock factory, 1823-29. His
first professional work was in Dorfeuille's museum
modeling wax figures, 1829-35. In 1832 he saw
Canova's marble bust of Washington, the first
work of the kind he had ever seen. He was
married, May 1, 1832, to Elizabeth, daughter of
James Gibson of Cincinnati. He received some
instruction in model-
ing from a German
sculptor in Cincin-
nati, 1832-35 ; re-
moved to Washing-
ton, D.C., in 1835,
where he modeled
busts of President
Jackson, John Quincy
Adams, John C. Cal-
houn, Daniel Web-
ster and others, and
constructed a jet
d'eau for the capitol
grounds. Through
the financial assist-
ance of William C.
Preston and Nicholas Longworth, he went to Flor-
ence, Italy, in 1837, where he continued to reside
permanently. Among his most noted works are
his statues, Eve Tempted, in 1838, and Tlie Greek
Slave, in 1843, for the original of which he received
§7,000. He invented several useful devices, among
them a process of modeling in plaster, without the
use of a clay model. In addition to the statiu-s
mentioned he executed: Tlie Fisher-Boy (1846);
America (1854), designed for the top of the capi-
tol at Washington and destroyed by fire in 1866 ;
II' Penseroso (1856); California (1858); Eve Dis-
consolate (1869) The Last of the Tribe (1872);
General Washington, for Louisiana ; Webster,
fur Massachusetts ; Calhnmi. for South Carolina
(1850); Franklin (1862). and Jefferson for the Capi-
tol at Washington (1863). His portrait busts in-
clude those of several distinguished men. and
among his ideal busts are: Ginevra (1N4rt. 18
Proserpine (1845); Psyche (1849); Dinnn O^V.M;
Christ (1866); Faith (1867); Clytie (1868); Hope
POWERS
POWERS
(1869); Clarify (1871). In the selection of names
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Amer-
ica, New York university, October, 1900, his
name in Class K, Musicians, Painters and Sculp-
tors, received thirty-five votes, the next highest
to Gilbert Stuart, who received fifty-two votes,
and secured a place. He died in Florence, Italy,
June 27, 1873.
POWERS, Horace Henry, representative, was
born in Morristown, Vt., May 29, 1835; son of Dr.
Horace and Love E. (Oilman) Powers ; grandson of
Uriasand Lucy (Wakefield) Powers, and of Samuel
and Mary Gilman, and a descendant of Walter
and Trial (Shepard) Powers. Walter Powers em-
igrated, probably from Essex, England, to Salem,
Mass., in 1654, and settled in Littleton, Mass.,
where he died in 1708. Horace Henry Powers
was graduated from the University of Vermont,
A. B., 1855, A.M., 1858; and taught school in Hunt-
ingdon, Canada East and Hyde Park, Vt. He
was married, Oct. 11, 1858, to Caroline E., daugh-
ter of Vernon W. and Adeline (Cady) Waterman
of Morristown, Vt. He studied law, 1858-58;
was admitted to the bar in 1858, and practised
law in Hyde Park, 1858-62, and at Morrisville,
Vt., 1862-74. He was a representative in the
Vermont legislature in 1858 ; was prosecuting
attorney of Lamoille county, 1861-62 ; a member
of the council of censors in 1869 ; of the state
constitutional convention of 1870 ; of the state
senate, 1872-73 ; speaker of the state house of
representatives in 1874, and judge of the state
supreme court, 1875-90. He was Republican rep-
resentative from the first Vermont district in the
52d-56th congresses, 1891-1901 ; was chairman of
the Vermont delegation to the Republican na-
tional convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and
chairman of the committee on Pacific, railroads
in the 55th congress. He was elected a trustee of
the University of Vermont in 1883. In 1900 he de-
clined nomination for representative in the 57th
congress, and was succeeded by David J. Foster.
POWERS, James Knox, educator, was born in
Lauderdale county, Ala., Aug. 15, 1851 ; son of
William and Rosanna (Reeder) Powers ; grand-
son of Wesley and Mary Powers, and of Jacob
and Elizabeth (Wesson) Reeder, and of Scotch-
Irish ancestry. He attended
the preparatory and collegi-
ate departments of Wesleyan
university, Florence, Ala.;
was tutor there, 1870-71, and
was graduated from the
University of Alabama with
highest honors, A.M., 1873.
He was professor of mathematics in the State Nor-
mal college at Florence (formerly Wesleyan uni-
versity), 1873-97 ; president of the college. 1888-97,
and the eleventh president of the University of
Alabama, 1897-1901. He was married, Jan. 31,
1879, to Louisa, daughter of Calvin A. and Eliza-
beth (Abernethy) Reynolds of Pulaski.Tenn., and
of their children, Reynolds James, born Dec. 6,
1879, graduated from the University of Alabama,
B.S., 1899 and from the U.S. Military academy,
1903, and Lula Knox, born April 4, 1881, also grad-
uated from the University of Alabama, B.A., 1901.
James K. Powers was grand dictator of the
Knights of Honor of Alabama, 1884-86 ; received
the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University
of Alabama in 1897, and was made a member of
the National Geographic society in 1899. He is
the author of numerous addresses and educational
reports. In 1901 he resigned the presidency of
the University of Alabama to become connected
with a publishing house.
POWERS, Llewellyn, governor of Maine,
was born in Pittsfield, Maine, in December, 1836 ;
son of Arbra and Naomi (Mathews) Powers ;
grandson of Phillip and Lucy (Hood) Powers, and
a descendant of Walter and Trial (Shepard)
Powers. He was a student
at Colby university, but did
not graduate ; was graduated
LL.B. at Albany Law school
in 1860, and practised in
Houlton, Maine. He was
married in 1863 to Jennie
Hewes. He was prosecuting
attorney of Aroostook county, 1865-71 ; U.S. col-
lector of customs, 1868-72 ; a representative in
the Maine legislature, 1874-76 ; Republican repre-
sentative from the fourth Maine district in the
45th congress, 1877-79 ; again a representative in
the state legislature , and speaker, 1895, and gov-
ernorof Maine, 1897-1901. In 1901 he was elected
a representative from the fourth Maine district
in the 57th congress as successor to Charles A.
Boutelle, resigned, and was re-elected to the 58th
congress, serving 1901-05. He received the hon-
orary degree A.M. from Colby university in 1870.
POWERS, Orlando Woodworth, jurist, was
born at Pultneyville, N.Y., June 16, 1851 ; son of
Josiah Woodwortli and Julia(Stoddard) Powers ;
grandson ofCapt. Peter Powers of Croyden, N.H.,
great-grandson of David Powers of Croyden,
a soldier in the Revolution, and a descendant of
Walter Power, who landed at Salem, Mass., in
1654, and settled in Middlesex county, Mass. He
was a student at the Collegiate institute, Marion,
N.Y., and at the Sodus academy, N.Y., and was
graduated from the University of Michigan,
LL.B., 1871. He was admitted to the bar, 1873, and
settled in practice at Kalamazoo, Mich., where
he was city attorney, 1876 and 1885. He was the
defeated Democratic candidate for representative
from the fourth district of Michigan in the 47th
congress in 1880 ; was a delegate-at-large to the
POWERS
POWERS
Democratic national convention of 1884, from
Michigan; was appointed by President Cleveland,
associate justice of the supreme court of Utah
Territory in May, 1885, and in August. 1886,
resigned and settled in practice in Salt Lake city.
He was married, Oct. 26, 1887, to Anna W.,
daughter of George and Isabelle (Drew) Whip-
pie of Burlington, Iowa. He became prominent
as chairman of the Gentile party of Salt Lake
city in the great campaign against the Mormons
in 1889-90, when Salt Lake city was first carried
by the Gentiles ; was elected as Gentile Demo-
cratic representative to the Democratic national
convention of 1892 ; was a member of the Utah
territorial legislature, 1893-94 ; chairman of the
Democratic state committee of Utah, 1895-96,
and a delegate from Utah to the Democratic
national convention of 1896, where he placed in
nomination Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia
for Vice-President. He took a prominent part in
the campaign of 1896, speaking in all the west-
ern and northwestern states. His name was
presented as a candidate for U.S. senator in 1897
and 1899, and the legislature failing to elect in
1899, he was appointed U.S. senator in 1900 by
Acting-Governor Nebeker to fill the vacancy, but
declined, preferring to continue as a practising
attorney at Salt Lake city. He is the author of :
Chancery Pleadings and Practice, (1882), and
Practice in the Supreme Court of Michigan (1884).
POWERS, Preston, sculptor, was born in
Florence, Italy, Aprils, 1843 ; son of Hiram (q.v.)
and Elizabeth (Gibson) Powers. He learned the
art of modeling from his father, devoting himself
principally to busts and statues, 1867-73. He was
married, April 16, 1872, to Henrietta Wiuslow,
daughter of Alford and Ann (Rebecca) Dyer of
Portland, Maine. He executed the statue of
Jacob Collamer in 1875, placed in Statuary Hall,
Washington, D.C., and that of Reuben Springer
in 1881, placed in Music Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio.
He also made portrait busts of Louis Agassiz
(1874), in the museum, Cambridge, Mass.; John
G. Whittier (1874), in the library at Haverhill,
Mass., and a replica in the Boston public library ;
Charles Sumner (1874), in Bowdoin college;
Ulysses S. Grant (1874), in the war department
at Washington, D.C. ; Emanuel Swedenborg
(1876), and Langdon Cheves (1876). His ideal
works include : Maud Mutter (1876); busts of
Evangeline (1876) and Peasant Girl (1878); Bison
and Indian (bronze, 1893), and Romola (1893).
His Bison and Indian, which was placed in the
Capitol grounds at Denver, Col., was the subject
of Whittier's poem " A Closing Era." Mr. Powers
was the originator of the intaglio portrait medal-
lions (1896) for which he received from King
Humbert of Italy the cross of the Knights of
Italy, motuproprio.
POWERS, Ridgley Ceylon, governor of Mis-
sissippi, was born in Mecca, Ohio, Dec. 24, 1836 ;
son of Milo and Lucy (Dickenson) Powers ; grand-
son of Jacob and Nancy (Pumfryy) Powers and
of Samuel and Elizabeth (Ensign) Dickenson ;
and a descendant of the New
Jersey branch of the Powers
family dating back to Solo- /9B A
mon Powers of the May-
flower, and of the Dickensons,
early settlers in Connecticut.
He was educated at Western
Reserve seminary, taught
school in Illinois, attended the University of
Michigan, 1859-62, and was graduated from Union
college, A.B., 1862, with highest honors, receiving
the 1st Blatchford prize ; A.M., 1865. He studied
law, and at the opening of the civil war entered
the Federal army ; was promoted captain in the
125th Ohio infantry, and lieutenant-colonel by
brevet, and later assistant adjutant-general, 2d
division, 4th army corps. At the close of the war
he settled in Mississippi ; entered politics, became
lieutenant-governor of Mississippi in 1870 and was
governor of the state, 1872-74. He lived in Macon,
Miss., in 1875, and in 1879 became a resident of
Prescott, Ariz. He was married first, May 5, 1875,
to Louisa, daughter of Charles P. and Alice Bolin
of Cleveland, Ohio ; and secondly, Oct. 27, 1892,
to Mary J., daughter of Thomas and Anna (Reid)
Wilson of Cleveland, Ohio.
POWERS, Samuel Leland, representative, was
born in Cornish, N.H., Oct. 26, 1848; son of Lar-
ned and Ruby M. Powers. He attended Kimball
Union academy and Phillips Exeter academy,
N.H., and was graduated from Dartmouth col-
lege, A.B., 1874, receiving the Lockwood prizes
for oratory and composition. He taught school
in Cape Cod ; studied law in the University of the
City of New York, and in the law office of Verry
and Gaskell, Worcester, Mass. ; was admitted
to the Worcester county bar in November, 1875,
and began practice in Boston, January, 1876, sub-
sequently acting as the legal representative of
the New England Telephone and Telegraph com-
pany, 1876. He was a delegate to the Inter-
national Treaty convention at Paris in 1SS.
He was married in June, 1878, to Eva C. Crowell
of Dennis, Mass., and in 1882 made his home
in Newton, Mass., where he was president
of the common council, and member of the
school board. In 1886 he served as chairman of
the Republican committee in the ninth congres-
sional district ; was Republican representative
from the eleventh district to the 57th congress,
1901-03, and was re-elected from the twelfth
district in 1902 to the 58th congress, for the term
expiring March 3, 1905. He founded a scholarship
at Dartmouth, and the Dartmouth Educational
POYDRAS
association ; was president of the Kimhall Union
Alumni Association of Massachusetts and of the
Dartmouth club of Boston ; a member of the
Pierce Light Guards and First Corps Cadets, and
a life-member of the Veteran Cadet Corps, Mass-
achusetts militia. He is the author of several
Memorial Day orations.
POYDRAS DE LALANDE, Julien, delegate,
was born in Nantes, France, April 3, 1746.
The young Protestant Frenchman went to Santo
Domingo, and thence to Louisiana about 1761, and
was disappointed when in 1762 the territory was
transferred to Spain. He had sufficient capital to
stock a pedlar's pack with salable goods, and he
traveled through the outlying parishes of New
Orleans, disposing of his wares. It was not long
before his possessions became numerous and his
home a hospitable mansion where he entertained
lavishly, numbering among his distinguished
guests, the Duke of Orleans in 1798. He was
delegate from the territory of Orleans to the llth
and 12th congresses, having succeeded Daniel
Clark, and served from May 31, 1809, to the ad-
mission of the state of Louisiana, April 30, 1812.
His benefactions were princely for his time. He
founded an asylum for orphan boys ; bequeathed
§40,000 to the Charity Hospital, New Orleans ;
gave §30,000 to establish a college for orphan
boys in his parish of Pointe Coupee ; $30,000 to
the parish of Baton Rouge, and $30,000 to the
parish of Pointe Coupee, the annual interest to
be given to young girls of the respective parishes
without fortune, who should marry within the
year. Before he died he made a fruitless effort
to give freedom to his slaves. He is the author
of : A Defence of the Right of the Public to the
Batture of New Orleans (1809); Further Observa-
tions in Support of the Right of the Public to the
Batture of New Orleans (1809), and an Address to
the Legislature on the same subject. He died at
his home in the parish of Poiute Coupee, La.,
June 25, 1824.
POYNTER, William Amos, governor of Ne-
braska, was born in Eureka, 111., May 29, 1848 ;
son of the Rev. William Chapman and Huldah
Jane (Watkins) Poynter ; grandson of John and
Martha Poynter and of War-
ren and Nancy Watkins,
f" ^£S}'*~'*S$*iiS\ and a tlescen<:lant of English
JSSsii&lJstt ancestors. He was graduated
from Eureka college in 1867,
and engaged in farming and
stock growing in Albion,
Neb. He was married, Oct.
12, 1869, to Maria, daughter of Joseph and Cynthia
McCorkle of Eureka, 111. He was a representative
in the Nebraska legislature, 1885; a state senator
and president pro tempore of that body, 1891 ; the
Independent candidate from the third congres-
PRANG
sional district of Nebraska for representative in
the 53d congress in 1893, and was defeated by
George D. Meiklejohn, Republican ; a member
of the Nebraska state commission for the Trans-
Mississippi exposition, 1898 ; governor of Ne-
braska, 1899-1901, and on Jan. 1, 1901, was elec-
ted supreme commander of the American Order
of Protection.
PRANQ, Louis, art publisher, was born in
Breslau, Germany, March 12, 1824 ; son of Louis
Nicholas and Rosina (Scherman) Prang. He
was educated in the public schools of Breslau,
1829-38, and in the latter year entered a factory,
where he fitted to superintend the manufacture
of print cloth. He was married Nov. 1, 1841, to
Rosa Gerber of Berne, Switzerland. During
1844-48 he traveled through the manufacturing
districts of Europe to study the varying methods
of dyeing and calico printing, with a view to
establishing a factory in Bohemia. He took part
in the Revolutionary movement in Germany in
1848, and in consequence was forced to leave the
country. In April, 1850, he settled in Boston,
Mass., where, failing to obtain employment in
his previous calling, he established himself first
as publisher of monumental drawings, and in
1851 as a wood engraver. In 1856 he opened a
lithographic establishment under the firm name
of Prang and Mayer, and in 1860 became the sole
owner of the business, making a specialty of
color printing and becoming prominent as the
publisher of Christmas cards and other art pub-
lications. He inaugurated the offering of prizes
for original designs, and wielded a considerable
influence in directing the public taste of America
toward things artistic. He began the publica-
tion of drawing books for the public schools in
1874, and organized the Prang Educational com-
pany of Boston in 1881, to which this branch of
his business was transferred. Mr. Prang made a
lifelong study of color in relation to printing
and to the arts in general. Probably his most
important work in color printing was the making
of the color plates illustrating Mr. W. T. Walters'
Collection of Oriental Porcelains, published under
the title : "Walters' Collection" (of Oriental pot-
tery) (1899). In 1899 he retired from business,
consolidating his lithographic establishment with
another publishing house under the name of the
Taber Prang Art company. He was married,
secondly, April 15, 1900, to Mrs. Mary (Dana)
Hicks of Boston, Mass. He is the author of:
Tlie Prang Standard of Color (1898), and the
joint author of Suggestions for Color Instruction
(1893).
PRANQ, Mary (Dana) Hicks, art educator,
was born in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1836; daughter
of Major and Agnes Amelia (Johnson) Dana ;
granddaughter of Major and Mary (Nood) Dana
PRATT
PRATT
and of Benjamin and Lydia (Stearns) Johnson,
and a descendant of Richard Dana, who came to
Cambridge, Mass., in 1640. She was graduated
from Allen seminary, Rochester, N.Y., in 1852,
and later pursued special studies at Harvard and
at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. She was
married in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1856, to Charles
Spencer Hicks, who died in 1858. She was presi-
dent of the Social Art club, Syracuse, 1875-80 ;
director of the Prang Normal Art classes, 1877-
1900, and was married secondly, April 15, 1900,
to Louis Prang (q.v.) of Boston, Mass. She was
president of the Massachusetts Floral Emblem
society, 1898-1901, and a member of numerous
philanthropic, progressive, educational and social
clubs. Her published works include : Tlie Use of
Mitels (with John S. Clark, 1886); Form Study
without Clay (1887) ; Tlie Prang Two Courses in
Form Study and Drawing and an Elementary
Course in Art Instruction (with John S. Clark
and Walter S. Perry (1886-1900); Suggestions for
Color Instruction (with John S. Clark and Louis
Prang, 1893) ; Art Instruction for Children in
Primary Schools (2 vols., 1900), and many contri-
butions to educational and art periodicals.
PRATT, Calvin Edward, soldier and jurist,
was born in Princeton, Mass., Jan. 23, 1828; son
of Eben (or Edward) A. and Miriaime (Stratton)
Pratt ; grandson of Capt. Joshua Pratt of Shrews-
bury, Mass., and of Samuel Stratton of Princeton,
who settled in Plymouth, Mass., about 1622. He
attended Wilbraham and Worcester academies ;
taught school in Uxbridge. Sutton and Worcester,
Mass., studied law and was admitted to the bar
in 1852. He was married to Miss Ruggles of
Rochester, Mass. ; practised in Worcester, 1852-
59, and in Brooklyn. N.Y., 1859-61, and studied
forensic medicine. He was a member of the
Massachusetts Democratic Central committee
and a delegate from Massachusetts to the Demo-
cratic National convention at Cincinnati, June 2,
1856. He belonged to the Massachusetts infantry,
and at the opening of the civil war organized the
31st N.Y. volunteers, led them in the battle of
Bull Run and was promoted colonel. He was
wounded in the face by a bullet at the battle of
Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862 ; was promoted briga-
dier-general of volunteers, Sept. 10, 1862 ; com-
manded a brigade at Antietam, Fredericksburg
and Chancellorsville, and resigned from service.
July 1, 1863. He was a lawyer in Brooklyn,
N.Y., 1859-61, 1863-69 and 1891-95: collector of
internal revenue, 1865-G6 ; judge of the supreme
court of New York, 1869-91 ; associate judge of
the appellate division of the supreme court, 1895-
96. He died in Rochester, Mass., Aug. 3, 1896.
PRATT, Charles, philanthropist, was born at
Watertown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1830; son of Asa and
Eliza (Stone) Pratt ; grandson of Jacob Pratt of
Maiden, Mass., and a descendant of Richard Pratt,
who, emigrated from Essex, England, to America
and settled at Maiden, Mass. He attended the
academy at Wilbraham, Mass., one year; in 1849
engaged as a clerk in a paint and oil store in Bos-
ton, and afterward became a member of the firm
of Reynolds, Devoe and Pratt in New York city.
He was twice married ; first, in 1854, to Lydia
Ann, daughter of Thomas Richardson of Belrnont,
Mass., and had one son, Charles Millard (q.v.),
and one daughter, Lydia Richardson. His first
wife died in 1861, and he married in 1863, her
sister, Mary Helen Richardson, by whom he had
five sons and one daughter. He purchased the oil
part of the business, subsequently built a petro-
leum refinery at Greenpoint, N. Y., where he man-
ufactured Pratt's Astral Oil under the firm name
of Charles Pratt & Co., which later became the
Pratt Manufacturing company and was finally
absorbed by the Standard Oil company, in which
he was a director and officer. He was a trustee
of Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867-91 ;
president of the board, 1879-91, and in 1886 con-
tributed $160.000 for a new building. He founded
the Pratt Institute at Brooklyn in 1887, established
as an industrial, manual and training school ;
built the tenement known as the " Astral," its
income to be used for the benefit of the Institute,
and left an endowment of $2.000,000, at his
death. The administration of the institute was
continued by his sons, Charles Millard Pratt,
George D. Pratt, Herbert L. Pratt, John T. Pratt
and Frederic B. Pratt, who constituted a board
of trustees. In an address made on Founder's day
1891, he said : "The giving that counts is the giv-
ing of one's self." His many charities included
the establishment of the Asa Pratt fund fora free
reading room in Watertown, Mass., in memory
of his father, and his large contribution to the
erection of the Emmanuel Baptist church of
Brooklyn, of which he was a member. He died
in New York city, May 4, '1891.
PRATT, Charles Millard, educationist, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 2, 1855; son of
Charles (q.v.) and Lydia Ann (Richardson) Pratt.
He was graduated at Adelphi academy in 1875
and at Amherst in 1879. He entered his father's
business, and on May 8, 1884, married Mary Sey-
mour, daughter of Governor Luzon B. Morris
(q.v.). He became a director and secretary of the
Standard Oil company, of the Long Island rail-
road and of the Boston and Maine railroad, and
director of Mechanics' National bank and of the
Brooklyn Trust Co. In 1891, on the death of
his father, lie was elected president of the board
of trustees of Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, N.Y.,
his brother, Frederic B. Pratt, serving as secretary
and treasurer. He served as a trustee of Amherst
college and of Vassar college.
PRATT
PRATT
PRATT, Daniel Darwin, senator, was born in
Palermo, Maine, Oct. 26, 1813. His parents
removed to New York state during his childhood,
and he was graduated from Hamilton college in
1831. He taught school in Indiana, 1832 ; was
employed in the office of the secretary of state at
Indianapolis ; studied law, 1834-36, and practised
in Logansport, Ind. He was a member of the
state legislature in 1851 and 1853 ; a delegate to
the Republican national convention of 1860,
where he acted as chief secretary, and was elected
a Republican representative from the eighth
Indiana district to the 41st congress, but before
the congress met he was elected U.S. senator to
succeed Thomas A. Hendricks. He served in
the senate, 1869-75, and was commissioner of
internal revenue, 1875-76, resigning, July, 1876.
He received the honorary degree LL.D. from
Hamilton college in 1872. He died at Logans-
port, Ind., June 17, 1877.
PRATT, Enoch, philanthropist, was born in
North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808; son
of Isaac and Naomi (Keith) Pratt, and a descend-
ant of Phinehas Pratt, who was born in England,
1590 ; came to this country in the ship Sparrow,
landing at Plymouth,
Mass., 1621, and
died in Charlestown,
Mass., April 19, 1680.
Enoch Pratt was
graduated at Bridge-
water academy in
1823 ; entered busi-
ness in Boston, and
in 1831 removed
to Baltimore, Md.,
where he engaged
first as a commission
merchant and sub-
sequently in the iron
business. He was
married, Aug. 1, 1837,
to Maria Louisa Hyde of Baltimore. He was
president of the Farmers' and Planters' bank,
Baltimore, Md., for many years, and through his
wholesale iron business and other enterprises he
acquired an estate of about $5,000,000. He gave
a farm of 750 acres at Cheltenham, Md., as a site
for a house of reformation and instruction for
colored children and endowed an academy at Mid-
dleborough, Mass., with $30,000. He served as
finance commissioner of Baltimore, and as pre-
sident of the board of directors of the Maryland
School for the Deaf, at Frederick city. Besides
many other generous gifts, he gave Baltimore a
central public library building, and an endow-
ment of $833.333.33 for the maintenance of the
Enoch Pratt Free Library of the City of Balti-
more. The building and endowment, costing the
G/&2/L »/^<
donor in all $1,148,000 were conveyed to the city,
July 2, 1883, the library being formally opened to
the public, Jan. 4, 1886. Mr. Pratt bequeathed
$100,000 to Meadville (Pa.) Theological school;
$10,000 to the Boys' Home in Baltimore, and on
condition of its adopting the name " Sheppard
and Enoch Pratt Hospital," he left his residuary
estate to the Sheppard asylum, Baltimore. He
was a prominent member of the Unitarian church.
He died at Tivoli, Md., Sept. 17, 1896.
PRATT, John, educator, was born in Thomp-
son, Conn., Oct. 12, 1800. He was brought up on
a farm, worked in a mill and fitted himself for a
school teacher. He was prepared for college at
Amherst (Mass.) academy, 1830-21 ; spent over
three years at Columbia college, Washington,
D.C., 1821-24, and was graduated from Brown
university, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1830. He was a
student at Newton Theological institution for
twenty months, 1827-31 ; was an instructor in
languages at Transylvania college, Kentucky,
1828-29 ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry,
May 12, 1830, and was pastor of First church,
New Haven, Conn., 1829-30: principal of the
academy at South Reading, Mass., forsix months,
1830-31, and in 1831 was elected president of the
Granville (Ohio) Literary and Theological in-
stitute, incorporated in 1833 as Denison university.
He rescued the school from bankruptcy and was
its president, 1831-37, meantime serving as pro-
fessor of theology, 1835-37. On resigning the
presidency in 1837, he accepted the chair of Greek
and Latin and resigned that chair in 1859. He
received the degree D.D. from Denison university,
Ohio, in 1878. He was married first, in 1830, to
Mary Glover Cory of Rhode Island, and secondly,
in 1855, to Susan C. Wheeler of Licking county,
Ohio. He died on his farm near Granville,
Ohio, Jan. 4, 1882.
PRATT, Orson, Mormon leader, was born in
Hartford, N.Y., Sept. 19, 1811 ; son of Jared and
Charity (Dickinson) Pratt ; grandson of Obadiah
and Jemima (Tolls) Pratt, and a descendant of
Lieut. William Pratt, the immigrant. He was
liberally educated ; joined the Mormon church,
Sept. 19, 1830 ; was ordained elder by Joseph
Smith in the same month, and high priest in
1832. He traveled in the United States, Canada
and Great Britain, and was chosen one of the
twelve apostles of the church in 1835, being tenth
in order of the quorum. He was married, July 4,
1836, to Sarah Marinda, daughter of Cyrus Bates
of Henderson, N.Y. He preceded the main body
of pioneers into Salt Lake Valley in 1847, and
was president of all the churches of the Latter-
day Saints in Great Britain and the adjacent
countries, 1848-50, the number of church mem-
bers being increased from 18.000 to 36,000 during
his administration. He edited The Millenial Star
PRATT
PRATT
at Manchester, Eng. ; returned to Utah in 1851,
and was a representative in the territorial legis-
lature for several years, serving repeatedly as
speaker. While on a mission to Washington,
D.C., in 1852-53 he edited and published eighteen
issues of a monthly entitled Tlie Seer. He was
president of the churches in the United States
and ill the British Province east of the Rocky
Mountains. In 1854 he published his discovery
of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the
cubic roots of the densities of planets vary as the
square roots of their periods of rotation. He
went on an unsuccessful mission to Austria in
1865 ; was appointed professor of mathematics in
Deseret university, Utah, in 1869, and church
historian and general church recorder in 1874.
He held a notable discussion on polygamy with
Dr. John P. Newman in 1870. He is the author
of : Tlie Prophetic Almanac (1845); Divine Authen-
ticity of the Book of Mormons (6 parts) ; Series of
Pamphlets on Mormonism, with Two Discussions
(1851); Patriarchal Order, or Plurality of Wives
(1853); Cubic and Biquadratic Equations (1866);
Key to the Universe (1879); Tlie Great First
Cause ; Tlie Absurdities of Immaterialism, and
many religious pamphlets. He left in MS.
Lectures on Astronomy and Differential Calculus,
and at the time of his death was engaged in a
work entitled A New System of the Universe. He
died in Salt Lake city, Utah, Got. 3, 1881.
PRATT, Parley Parker, Mormon leader, was
born in Burlington, N.Y., April 13, 1807 ; son of
Jared and Charity (Dickinson) Pratt. He received
a common school education, and was married,
Sept. 9, 1827, to Thankful (Halsey) Halsey of
Canaan, N.Y. He became a Baptist preacher,
but was converted to Morrnonism in 1830. He
was chosen one of the first quorum of the twelve
apostles in 1835, and traveled widely in the
United States in his efforts to make converts,
numbering among them John Taylor (q.v.) in
1836. He was imprisoned by the local authorities
in Far West, Mo., for seven months in 1839;
finally escaped and joined the sect at Quincy,
111., and visited England on a mission in 1840 and
1846. during the former year establishing and
editing The Millenial Star at Manchester. He
was one of the first to explore the Great Salt Lake
Valley in 1847 and 1849, Parley's Canon and
Parley's Peak being named in his honor. He
served in the territorial legislature of Utah and as-
sisted in forming a constitution for the provisional
government of Deseret. He made a proselyting
tour to the Pacific coast in 1851 and 1854, and
while on a like mission eastward in 1856, was as-
sassinated. He translated the Book of Mormon
into Spanish, preparatory to a second visit to
South America; published several pamphlets,
and is the author of : The Voice of Warning and
Instruction to all People, or an Introduction to
the Faith and Doctrine of the Latter Day Saints
(1837); History of the Persecutions in Missouri
(1839); Key to the Science of Theology (1854). He
was killed near Van Buren, Ark., May 13, 1857.
PRATT, Robert M., portrait painter, was
born at Binghamton, N.Y., March 21, 1811 ; son
of Zenas and Sally (Sabin) Pratt ; grandson of
Elias and Patience (Clark) Pratt, and a descen-
dant of Lieut. William Pratt. He studied art
under Samuel F. B. Morse and Charles C. Ing-
ham, and established himself in New York city
as a portrait and flower painter. He was elected
an associate of the National Academy of Design
in 1849 and an academician in 1851. His portraits
include ; Aaron D. Shattuck (1859), and George H.
Smillie (1865), both owned by the National Acad-
emy. He died in New York city, Aug. 31, 1880.
PRATT, Samuel Wheeler, author, was born in
Livonia, N.Y., Sept. 9, 1838; son of George
Franklin and Sarah Ann (Wilcox) Pratt ; grand-
son of George and Charlotte (Risdon) Pratt and
of Abner and Sally (Horton) Wilcox, and a
descendant of Lieut. William Pratt, who came
to Cambridge, Mass., in 1633 and removed to
Hartford, Conn., in 1636. He was graduated
from Geneseo academy, 1856, from Williams col-
lege in 1860, and from Auburn Theological
seminary in 1863 ; and was ordained by the pres-
bytery of St. Lawrence in July, 1863. He was
married, Aug. 12, 1863, to Lucillia Bates, daughter
of Alfred and Ann (Beals) Field of Canandaigua,
N.Y. He was pastor at Brasher Falls, N.Y.,
1863-1867; at Hammonton, N.J., 1867-71; at
Prattsburg, N. Y. , 1872-77, and at Campbell. N. Y. ,
1877-83 ; at Monroe. Mich., 1883-89 ; moderator of
the Synod of Geneva, 1878, and vice-moderator
of the Synod of Michigan, 1889. He was married
secondly, Feb. 25, 1880, to Sarah Margaret,
daughter of James Stuart and Hester McKay of
Campbell, N.Y. He served as a commissioner of
Auburn Theological seminary, 1875-83 and 1893-
99, as a synodical examiner of Elmira college,
1877-83 and after 1892; as correspondent and editor
of the Christian Endeavor department of the
New York Ei-angeUst, 1S90-98, and correspondent
under the pen names" Steuben" and "Wheeler"
after 1873. He received the honorary degree of
D.D. from Williams college in 1902. He is the
author of: A Summer at Peace Cottage (1880);
The Gospel of the Holy Spirit (1888); Life and
Epistles of St. Paul Harmonized and Arranged
in Chronological Order (1895), and Tlie House-
hold of Timothy (MS., 1903).
PRATT, Thomas George, governor of Mary-
land, was born in Georgetown, D.C., Feb. 18,
1804 ; a descendant of Thomas and Eleanor
(Magruder) Pratt of Prince George county, Md.
He was educated at Georgetown college, and
PRATT
PRATT
opened an office for the practice of law in Upper
Marlborough, Md., in 1823. He was married to
Adelaide, daughter of Governor Joseph Kent of
Maryland. He was a representative from Prince
George county in the Maryland legislature, 1832-
35 ; a Harrison elector for the
eighth district of Maryland
in the electoral college of
1837 ; president of the last ex-
' ecutive council of Maryland
in 1837, and a state senator,
1838-44. He was governor of
Maryland, 1844-47, and during
his term of office established the financial stand-
ing of the state. He resumed the practice of law
in Annapolis, Md., in 1848, and was elected U.S.
senator to succeed D. Stewart, appointed admin-
istrator to complete the term of Reverdy John-
son (q.v.) , resigned. Senator Pratt was re-elected
for a full term, 1851-57. He supported the Con-
federacy during the civil war and was confined
for a few weeks in Fort Monroe. He was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention,
1864, and the Union convention, Philadelphia,
1866. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1869.
PRATT, Waldo Selden, musician and educa-
tor, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 10, 1857 ;
son of the Rev. Dr. Lewellyn and Sarah Putnam
(Gulliver) Pratt ; grandson of Selden Mather
and Rebecca Clark (Nott) Pratt and of John
and Sarah (Putnam) Gulliver, and a descendant
of Lieut. William Pratt of Saybrook, Conn.;
Serg. John Nott of Wethersfield, Conn.; Alice
South worth (second wife of Governor Bradford),
and Lemuel Gulliver, Milton, Mass. He grad-
uated from Williams college, A.B., 1878, A.M.,
1881 ; was a student at Johns Hopkins university,
1878-80, and fellow in aesthetics and the history
of art there, 1879-80 ; was assistant director of
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York city,
1880-82, and in the latter year removed to Hart-
ford, Conn., to become professor of ecclesiastical
music and hymnology at the Hartford Theolo-
gical seminary. He was also organist of the
Asylum Hill Congregational church, and con-
ductor of the Hosmer Hall Choral union, Hart-
ford, 1882-91 ; was conductor of the St. Cecilia
club, 1884-88 ; registrar of Hartford Theological
seminary, 1888-95 ; in 1891 became instructor in
elocution, Trinity college, Hartford ; in 1895
lecturer on musical history and science at Smith
college, Northampton, Mass., and was lecturer at
Mt. Holyoke college, 1896-99. He was married,
July 5, 1887, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
Mary (Richmond) Smyly of New York city. He
was elected a member of the Music Teachers'
National association and of the International
Society of Musicians, and honorary vice-president
of the American Guild of Organists. In 1898 he
VIII. — 26
received the degree of Mus.D., honoris causa,
from Syracuse university. He edited : St. Nieliolas
Songs (1885); Songs of Worship (1887); was
musical editor of Aids to Common Worship (1887 ),
and of the Century Dictionary (1892); is the
author of : Musical Ministries in the Church
(1901), and contributions to cyclopedias and
periodicals.
PRATT, Zadock, representative, was born in
Stephenstown, Rensselaer county, N.Y., Oct. 3,
1790 ; son of Zadock and Hannah (Pickett) Pratt;
grandson of Zephaniah and Abigail Pratt, and
of Benjamin Pickett of New Milford, Conn.,
and a descendant of
Lieut. William Pratt,
the immigrant 1633.
He assisted his father
who, besides being
a tanner and shoe-
maker, carried on a
small farm, and in
1810 he invented a
pump, which came
into general use in
the tanning business.
He became an inde-
pendent saddler and
harness-maker in 1813;
was called to join the
forces raised by Gov-
ernor Tompkins for the defence of New York
in 1814, and in 1815, in partnership with his
brothers, conducted a tannery in Lexington,
which was removed in 1824 to Scohariekill,
Greene county, and became the nucleus of the
town of Prattsville. He was actively influen-
tial in establishing other tanneries throughout
the state, and received the first silver medal
awarded by the New York Institute for hemlock
sole-leather in 1837. He retired from business in
1845 and engaged in farming the following year.
He was colonel of the 116th New York infantry,
1823-26 ; a state senator in 1830 ; a presidential
elector on the Van Buren and Johnson ticket in
1836, and a Democratic representative from the
eighth New York district in the 25th and 28th con-
gresses, 1837-39 and 1843-45. He was an advocate
of cheap postage and of the gratuitous distribu-
tion of foreign seeds to the farmers of the United
States ; submitted the plans and estimates for
the new general post-office in Washington, which
were adopted, and organized the national bureau
of statistics. He established and was president
of the bank at Prattsville in 1843, was a delegate
to the Democratic national convention of 1852,
and a presidential elector on the Pierce and King
ticket in 1852. He was an extensive traveler, a
lecturer, president of several industrial institu-
tions and a liberal contributor to religious and
PRAY
PREBLE
charitable organizations. He was married first,
Oct. 6, 1817, to Beda Dickerman ; secondly, Oct.
2, 1821, to Esther Dickerman ; thirdly, Jan. 12,
1828, to Abigail P., daughter of Wheeler Watson
of South Kingston, R.I., and fourthly, March 16,
1835, to Mary E. Watson. His son, George
Watson (born April 18, 1830, a graduate of the
University of Erlangen, Bavaria, Ph.D., colonel
20th regiment New York state militia, promoted
brigadier-general) was killed at the battle of Bull
Run, July 21, 1861. Zadock Pratt died at Bergen,
N.J., April 6, 1871.
PRAY, Isaac Clark, actor and playwright, was
born in Boston, Mass., May 15, 1813. He matri-
culated at Harvard and was graduated at Am-
herst, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1836, meanwhile writing
extensively for the press. He was editor in
Boston of the Pearl, 1834-35, and of the Herald,
1835-36, being also for a time associated with
the New York Journal of Commerce, while
manager of the National theatre, New York city,
1836. His tragedy " Guiletta Gordon! " was pro-
duced there with Sarah Hildreth, whom he sub-
sequently aided in her professional training, in the
leading role. He also directed the stage training
of Charlotte Cushman and other theatrical cele-
brities. He dramatized the farce, "The Old
Clock, or Here She Goes, There She Goes," based
upon his original story published in the Sunday
Morning News, which journal, together with the
Dramatic Guardian and the Ladies' Companion,
he edited. In 1846, while on a tour in England,
he replaced William Betty in " Alexander the
Great " at the Queen's theatre, London, and soon
after was engaged to open the Theatre Royal in
Liverpool, where he appeared successively as
Othello, Hamlet, Romeo, Sir Giles Overreach,
Macbetli and Claude Melnotte. He was manager
for several months of the Theatre Royal, and
returned to the United States in May, 1847. He
wrote the first and fifth acts of "The Corsican
Brothers " as played at the Astor Place opera
house, and was manager of the Beach Street
museum, Boston, 1849-50. He accepted an
editorial position on the New York Herald, 1850,
acting also as musical and dramatic critic ;
became stage manager for Laura Keene in 1854 ;
conducted the Philadelphia Inquirer, 1859-60, and
just previous to his death managed the Batenum
companies of French artists. He is the author
of: Prose and Verse (1835); Poems (1837); Book
of the Drama (1851); Memoirs of James Gordon
Bennett (1855); and the plays: Pacing Caccina
(1847); The Hermit of Malta (1856), and The Fe-
male Forty Thieves. He died in New York city,
Nov. 28, 1869.
PREBLE, Edward, naval officer, was born
in Portland, Maine, Aug. 15, 1761 ; son of Gen.
Jedediah and Mehitable (Bangs) Preble ; grand-
son of Benjamin and Mary (Baston) Preble and
of Capt. Joshua Bangs, and great-grandson of
Abraham Preble, who emigrated to old Plymouth
colony from Kent, England, in 1636, and after
marriage to Judith Tilden removed to York (then
called Gorgiana or
Agamenticus), Maine,
where he was the first
mayor of the city,
one of the magis-
trates and a judge of
the court ; for several
years commissioner
for York county, then
embracing the whole
territory of Maine ;
county treasurer, and
took an active part in
favor of the assump-
tion of jurisdiction
over Maine on the
part of Massachu-
setts, being appointed to the office of judge
under the authority of Massachusetts. Edward
Preble was sent to school, but to prevent his
running away, his father, a zealous patriot,
obtained for him a midshipman's warrant in the
Massachusetts State Marine, sent out to prevent
the depredations of British privateers on the
coast of New England. He was promoted mid-
shipman in 1779, and was on board the Protec-
tor, Captain Williams, when that vessel caused
the Admiral Duff to strike her colors. In his
second cruise with the Protector, the ship was
captured by a British frigate and the officers
were carried to England and impressed at Ply-
mouth, but young Preble was taken to NewYork,
released and returned to his home. He reported
the disaster to the Massachusetts provincial con-
gress and was promoted first lieutenant, and when
Lieut. George Little of the Protector escaped in
1781, and was given command of the Winthrop,
Preble was made his second officer. He was
entrusted with the daring exploit of boarding a
British ship in the harbor at Castine, Maine, and
with fourteen men captured the ship and carried
her out of Penobscot harbor in spite of the rigor-
ous cannonade of the land batteries, returning
with his prize to Boston harbor. Peace was de-
clared in 1783, and Lieutenant Preble returned
to the merchant service. On the formation of
the American navy in 1798, he was made lieuten-
ant, April 9, 1798, was given command of the
U.S. brig Pickering, January, 1799, and took
part in protecting American merchantmen from
French picaroons. He was commissioned cap-
tain, May 15, 1799, and commanded the U.S.
frigate Essex, 36 guns, on a cruise to the East
Indies and China to protect American trade.
PREBLE
PREBLE
He was married in 1801 to Mary Deering. He
was promoted commodore of the Mediterranean
squadron in June, 1803, as successor to Commo-
dore Rodgers, and hoisted his broad pennant on
the frigate Constitution, the squadron includ-
ing, besides
the Phila-
delphia, Ar-
gus, Sy-
ren, Vix-
en. Nautilus
and Enter-
^^1. prise. He
.entered the
M e diterra-
nean, Sept. 12, 1803, and on Oct. 5, 1803, was
joined in the bay of Tangiers by the frigates
New York and John Adams, under Commodore
Rodgers. The Constitution was accompanied
only by the brig Nautilus. On October 10,
after giving directions in case of accident or
destruction, he went oil shore with U.S. Consul
Simpson, his secretary, Charles Morris, and two
midshipmen, and in an audience with the Em-
peror of Morocco, he secured the release of all
the captured American vessels and renewed the
treaty of 1786. This was the first time the Em-
peror had been compelled to respect the Ameri-
can republic, and it resulted in the removal of
all obstructions to American commerce with the
Moors. While Preble was thus engaged, the
frigate Philadelphia, Captain Bainbridge, was
boarded, and the officers and crew carried on
shore and imprisoned in the castle, and when
Preble arrived off the place, Dec. 17, 1803, he
received letters from her imprisoned commander,
Bainbridge, who suggested that the Philadelphia
be destroyed. Preble dispatched Decatur and
other volunteers on the dangerous expedition,
and they boarded and fired the Philadelphia at
night, accomplishing her destruction. Preble
then formed his squadron in two divisions, with
Lieutenant Somers in command of the first and
Captain Decatur of the second, and bombarded
the port of Tripoli with the hope of securing the
release of the prisoners. The first attack was
made, Aug. 3, 1804, after which the bashaw
offered terms of peace which Preble rejected.
On Aug. 7, a second attack was made, after
which the terms for ransom for the prisoners
were lowered from $1,000 to $500, which Preble
also declined. He offered, however, the sum of
§80,000, and $10,000 in presents, on the condition
that the bashaw would enter into a perpetual
treaty with the American government never
again to demand tribute as the price of peace.
This the bashaw refused. A third attack was
made, Aug. 27, with such effect as to induce the
bashaw to renew negotiations for peace, but
nothing definite was effected. A fourth attack,
Sept. 3, resulted in the great injury of the ba-
shaw's batteries, castle and city. In the even-
ing of September 4, the ketch Intrepid, converted
into a fire ship and commanded by Captain
Somers, was sent into the midst of the enemy's
galleys and gunboats to complete their destruc-
tion, but the adventure ended in death to all the
Americans engaged in the expedition. It is sup-
posed that the Intrepid was blown up by her
commander to prevent her capture by the enemy.
On Sept. 9, 1804, Commodore Preble was relieved
by Commodore Barren, who followed out the
plans of his predecessor and received the prison-
ers, while Commodore Preble returned to the
United States. His health was greatly broken,
and rapidly declined after reaching his home.
Congress voted him the thanks of the nation and
an appropriate gold medal presented at the hands
of President Jefferson. He arranged the naval
system for the marine force of the United States
and refused the portfolio of the navy in Presi-
dent Jefferson's cabinet in 1806. He died at
Portland, Maine, Aug. 25. 1807.
PREBLE, George Henry, naval officer, was
born in Portland, Maine, Feb. 25, 1816 ; son of
Capt. Enoch and Sally (Cross) Preble, and great2-
grandson of Abraham Preble, who came from
Kent, England, in 1636, and whose grandson
Jedediah commanded the Massachusetts troops
at Louisbourg ; was with Wolfe at the siege of
Quebec, and left five sons by his second marriage:
Ebenezer, Joshua, Enoch, Henry and Edward.
George Henry Preble attended the public schools
of Portland, and was employed in a book store
and in his father's West India and grocery house,
1829-35. He was appointed midshipman in the
U.S. navy, Oct. 10, 1835 ; was warranted a passed
midshipman, June 22, 1841, and served in the
Florida expedition under Lieut. -Com. J. S. Mc-
Laughlin as acting lieutenant and navigating
officer on board the schooner Madison and the
brigantine Jefferson, also participating in several
canoe expeditions into the Everglades. The ex-
posure of the service so crippled him that lie
was compelled to return to Norfolk in 1842. He
was promoted acting master of the sloop of war
St. Louis, sailed for the East Indies, May 23, 1843,
PREBLE
PREBLE
and served as acting lieutenant, 1843-45. The
squadron, of which the St. Louis formed a part,
was intended to support the negotiations of the
Hon. Caleb Gushing, and in the midst of negotia-
tions Lieutenant Preble was sent to Canton in
charge of a party of marines and sailors, to pro-
tect the U.S. consulate and the American resi-
dents. This was the first armed American force
landed in China. Upon his return to Norfolk in
1845, he was married, Nov. 18, 1845, to Susan
Zabiah, daughter of John and Thankful Harris
Gore (Cox) of Portland, Maine. On May 30, 1846,
he joined the gunboat Petrel as acting master
and executive officer, and engaged in the war
with Mexico, but his health again breaking down
he returned home, May 31, 1847. He was pro-
moted master in the line of promotion, July 15,
1847 ; was commissioned lieutenant, Feb. 5, 1848;
served in the Gulf, 1848-49, but was obliged to
remove entirely from the southern climate. He
was attached to the steamer Legree of the U.S.
coast survey as executive officer, April 30, 1849,
and continued on coast survey duty until by his
own request he was ordered to the frigate St.
Lawrence, Commander Joshua Sands, which con-
veyed the American contributions to the World's
Fair of 1851, and which also made an unsuccess-
ful search for the remains of John Paul Jones.
He served on the Macedonian in the Japan expe-
dition under Commodore Perry, 1853, participa-
ting in the treaty negotiated at Yokohama,
assisting in the surveys of Yeddo and Hakodate
bays, and making a chart of the harbor of Killing.
Upon the return of the Macedonian to China,
Lieutenant Preble was given command of the
Queen, and engaged in the extermination of the
pirates in Chinese waters. He returned to Boston,
Mass., Aug. 6, 1856 : succeeded Lieut. William B.
Franklin, U.S.A., as inspector of the first light-
house district, 1856-57 ; was on duty at Charles-
town navy yard, 1857-59 ; was attached to the
U.S. steam sloop Narragansett , 1859-61 ; com-
manded the steam gunboat Katahdin, and par-
ticipated in the surrender of New Orleans and
in all the river operations as far up as Vicksburg.
Being ordered to command the steam sloop
Oneida. Aug. 4, 1862, he returned to Baton Rouge
and was promoted commander, July 16, 1862,
joining the blockading fleet off Mobile bay. On
Sept. 4, 1862, while he was in charge of the
blockade, a sail was sighted, steam was made
and chase was given, after some delay caused by
repairs to the boilers. The stranger, the Con-
federate sloop Oreto (which had been renamed
the Florida), Commander J. N. Maffitt, sailed
into shallow water, where the Oneida could not
follow. When Preble's first dispatch, announcing
that the Florida had successfully run the block-
ade and safely entered Mobile harbor, reached
Washington, he was dismissed from the naval
service, Sept. 20, 1862, but upon further investi-
gation the naval committee unanimously restored
him to his old rank. He left New York, April 9,
1863, for Lisbon, Portugal, where he assumed
command of the sailing sloop-of-war, St. Louis.
He was in command of the fleet brigade, designed
to co-operate with General Sherman in his march
to the sea, 1864-65; was transferred to the steamer
State of Georgia, and was at the Boston navy
yard as inspector of supplies, 1865-67 ; was pro-
moted captain by seniority, March 16, 1867 and
chief-of-staff to Rear-Admiral Craven in 1868 ;
c o m m a n ded
the U.S. flag-
shipPensacola,
1868-70 ; was
commissioned
as commodore,
Nov. 2, 1871 ;
was comman-
dant at the
U.S. navy yard
at Philadel- u.**'p«**eoiA--.«8,
pliia, Pa., 1874-75 ; was promoted rear-admiral,
Sept. 30, 1876; commanded the South Pacific squad-
ron, 1876-79, and was retired Feb. 25, 1878. After
retirement he was ordered as president of the
board which recommended rebuilding on modern
lines and armament the double-turretted monitor
of the Amphitrite class. He was a member and
vice-president of the Naval Library and Institute
at Charlestown; a member of the Portland Natural
History society, 1852-57, and its vice-president
1856-57 ; a member of the New England His-
toric Genealogical society, 1866-85, and a corres-
ponding member of the Massachusetts Historical
society. He was a member of the American
Antiquarian society ; the historical societies of
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York and Wisconsin, and president
of the Massachusetts order of the Loyal Legion.
He made a collection of naval registers, tracts
and other U.S. naval publications of great rarity
and value, which were placed in the navy depart-
ment at Washington. He is the author of : Chase
of the Rebel Steamer of War ' Oreto' (1862); T!>e
Preble Family in America (1868); First Cruise of
the U.S. Frigate 'Essex' (1870); History of the
American Flag (1872) ; and Steam Navigation
(1883). He died in Brookline, Mass., March 1, 1885.
PREBUE, William Pitt, jurist, was born at
York, Maine, Nov. 27, 1783 ; son of Esaias and
Lydia (Ingraham) Preble ; grandson of Samuel
and Sarah (Muchmore) Preble, and of Edward
and Lydia (Holt) Ingraham, and a descendant
of Abraham and Judith Preble. Abraham Preble
emigrated from Kent, England, to Scituate, Mass.,
about 1637, and settled in York, Maine, in 1642.
PRENDERGAST
William P. Preble was graduated from Harvard,
A.B., 1806, A.M., 1809, and remained as tutor in
mathematics, 1809-11. He was admitted to the
Maine bar ; practised law in York and Alfred, 1812,
in Saco, 1813-18, and in Portland, 1818-57. He was
U.S. district attorney for Maine, 1814-18 ; a mem-
ber of the state constitutional convention of 1819 ;
judge of the supreme court of Maine, 1820-28 ;
U.S. minister to the Netherlands, 1829-31, and
represented the United States in the northeastern
boundary dispute. He was a trustee of Bowdoin
college, 1821-42, and received the degree LL.D.
from Bowdoin in 1829. He was married first,
Sept. 7, 1810, to Nancy Gale, daughter of Joseph
and Mary (Stone) Tucker of York, and secondly,
to Sarah A., daughter of Thomas Forsaith of
Portland. He died at Portland, Me., Oct. 11, 1857.
PRENDERGAST, Edmund Francis, R.C.
bishop, was born at Clonmel, county Tipperary,
Ireland, May 3, 1843. He came to the United
States in 1859 ; was educated at the College of
St. Charles Borromeo, Philadelphia, Pa. ; was
ordained priest, Nov. 17, 1865, by Bishop Wood ;
served as assistant pastor of St. Paul's, Philadel-
phia, and of St. John's, Susquehanna ; was rector
of St. Mark's, Bristol, Pa. , of the Immaculate Con-
ception at Allentown, Pa., and of St. Malachy's,
Philadelphia, in 1874. He was a member of the
\
board of diocesan consultors of Philadelphia ;
was made vicar-general of the arch-diocese in
1895 ; was appointed auxiliary bishop of Phila-
delphia, and consecrated titular bishop of
"Scillio," Feb. 24, 1897, by Archbishop Ryan,
assisted by Bishops Horstman of Cleveland and
Hoban of Scranton, Cardinal Gibbons and Bishops
O'Hara, McGovern, Northrop and Allen being
present.
PRENTICE, George Denison, journalist, was
born in Preston, Conn., Dec. 18, 1802; son of
Rufus and Sarah (Stanton) Prentice ; grandson
of Eleazer and Sarah (Stanton) Prentice, and a
descendant of Valentine Prentise, who emigrated
from England to Roxbury, Mass., with his wife
Alice and son John in 1631. He taught school as
early as 1817 ; was graduated at Brown university,
PRENTISS
A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826, and was admitted to the
bar in 1829, but did not enter the legal profession.
He edited the Connecticut Mirror, 1825-28 ; the
Haverhill Gazette, and the New England Weekly
Review, Hartford, Conn., 1828-30, and in 1830
was succeeded by John Greenleaf Whittier, and
removed to Kentucky to collect historical data
for a life of Henry Clay. He was married in
1835 to Henrietta, daughter of Joseph Benham
of Louisville, Ky. He was editor of the Louis-
ville Journal, a Whig publication, 1830-60; re-
mained a contributor to its columns until 1868,
when it became known as the Courier- Journal,
and was also a regular contributor to the New
York Ledger. These contributions established
his reputation as a humorous writer. He received
the honorary degree A.M. from Trinity college in
1828. He is the author of : Life of Henry Clay
(1831); Prenticeana ; or Wit and Humor in Para-
graphs (1859, 2d ed., with biography by Gilderoy
W. Griffin, 1870) , and a volume of poems, collected
after his death, and published with a biography
by John James Piatt (1875). He died in Louis-
ville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870.
PRENTISS, Albert Nelson, educator, was
born in Cazenovia, N.Y., May 22, 1836. He
studied in Cazenovia seminary, and was graduated
from Michigan Agricultural college, A.B., 1861,
A.M., 1864. He served as a private under Gen.
John C. Fremont in Missouri, 1861-62 ; was as-
sociate principal of the high school at Kalamazoo,
Mich., 1863-65 ; instructor and professor of botany
and horticulture in Michigan Agricultural college,
1865-68, and professor of botany, horticulture and
arboriculture at Cornell university, N.Y., 1868-96.
He conducted the Cornell expedition to Brazil in
1870, and studied in Kew Gardens, England, and
in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1872. He earn-
ed a world-wide reputation as a botanist, and in
1872 received the Walker prize of the Boston
Society of Natural History for his essay on the
" Natural Distribution " of plants. He published
several botanical papers, a monograph on the
hemlock, and contributions to scientific periodi-
cals. He died in Ithaca, N.Y.. Aug. 14, 1896.
PRENTISS, Benjamin Maybury, soldier, was
born in Belleville, Va., Nov. 23. 1819; son of
Henry L. Prentiss, a farmer. He removed to
Missouri in 1835, and to Quincy, 111., in 1841,
where he conducted a rope- walk. He was 1st
lieutenant of the Quincy Rifles, raised to drive
the Mormons from Hancock, 111.. 1844 ; was
under Colonel Hardin in the Mexican war as
captain and adjutant of the 1st Illinois volunteers,
receiving honorable mention at Buena Vista, and
on returning to Quincy engaged as a commission
merchant. He was the unsuccessful Republican
candidate from the fifth Illinois district for
representative to the 37th congress in 1860, and
PRENTISS
PRENT1SS
in 1861 reorganized and was elected colonel of his
old company, which joined the 7th Illinois volun-
teers. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-
general, May 17, 1861 ; commanded Cairo for
three months ; conducted the expedition that
raided southern Missouri from Pilot Knob, and
on Dec. 28, 1861, routed a force of Confederates
at Mount Zion, Mo. He was relieved by Gen.
U. S. Grant at Cape Girardeau, and ordered to
northern Missouri. He joined General Grant at
Pittsburg Landing, April 3, 1862, where he com-
manded the 6th division, and in the first day's
fight, April 6, 1862, he was taken prisoner with
most of his command, while stubbornly holding
his position. He was released in October, 1862 ;
promoted major-general of volunteers, Nov. 29,
1862 ; served on the court-martial of Fitz John
Porter (q.v.) in November, 1862, and commanded
Helena, Ark., in 1863, where he repulsed the
attack of Generals Price and Holmes on July 3.
He resigned his commission Oct. 28, 1863, and
engaged in the practice of law in Bethany, Mo.,
where he died, Feb. 8, 1901.
PRENTISS, Charles, author, was born in
Reading, Mass., Oct. 8, 1774; son of the Rev.
Caleb and Pamela (Mellen) Prentiss ; grandson
of Caleb and Lydia (Whittemore) Prentiss, and
of the Rev. John and Rebecca (Prentiss) Mellen,
and a descendant of Valentine Prentise. He was
graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1795, A.M., 1798,
and was married, Nov. 19, 1795, to Sophia,
daughter of the Rev. Francis Gardner of Leo-
minster, Mass. He edited the Rural Repository,
published at Leominster, Mass., in 1795 ; the
Political Focus, afterward known as the Wash-
ington Federalist, Richmond, Va., 1800-04 ; the
Virginia Gazette, Richmond, in 1805 ; the Anti-
Democrat and Tlie Child of Pallas in Baltimore,
Md., 1806-08, and The TJiistle, a theatrical paper,
in Boston, Mass., in 1809 ; he was a congressional
reporter and also editor of the Independent Ameri-
can, Washington, D.C., in 1810, and settled in
Brimfield, Mass., in 1811. He is the author of:
A Collection of Fugitive Essays in Prose and
Verse (1797); Life of Robert Treat Paine (1812);
Life of Gen. William Eaton (1813); Poems (1813);
History of the United States (1819; ; and The
Trial of Calvin and Hopkins (1819). He died in
Brimfield, Mass., Oct. 19, 1820.
PRENTISS, Elizabeth Payson, author, was
born in Portland, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818 ; daughter
of the Rev. Edward and Ann Louisa (Shipman)
Payson. She attended schools in Portland . Maine,
and Ipswich, Mass.. and was a teacher in Port-
land and Richmond, Maine, 1840-43. She was
married, Apr. 22, 1845, to George Lewis Prentiss
(q.v.). Her many published volumes include:
Little. Susy Series (1853-56); Tlic Flonvr of tlie
Family and Only a Dandelion (1854); Henry <nn!
Bessie ; Little Tlireads; Fred, Maria and Me (1868),
Urban and his Friends ; Hymns and Songs of the
Christian Life; Stepping Heavenward (1869)
Tlie Percys (1870); Religious Poems (1873); The
Home at Greylock (1876); Pemaquid (1877) Avis
Benson (1879) and Life and Letters (1882). She
died at Dorset, Vt., Aug. 13, 1878.
PRENTISS, George Lewis, educator, was born
in Gorham, Maine, May 12, 1816, son of Capt.
William and Abigail (Lewis) Prentiss and grand-
son of Maj. George Lewis and of Samuel and
Rebecca (Cook) Prentiss. He was graduated
f romBowdoin college, A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838 ; was
assistant at Gorham academy, 1835-36 ; attended
the universities of Halle and Berlin, 1839-41, and
was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in
1845. He was married in 1845 to Elizabeth Pay-
son (q.v.). He was pastor of the South Trini-
tarian church, New Bedford, Mass., 1845-50; of
the Mercer Street Presbyterian church, New York
city, 1851-58 ; of the Church of the Covenant, New
York city, 1862-73 ; prof essor of pastoral theology,
church polity, and mission work at Union Theo-
logical seminary, 1873-97 and was made professor
emeritus in 1897. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Bowdoin college in 1854.
He is the author of: Our National Bane (1877);
Tlie Life and Letters of Elizabeth Prentiss (1882) ;
Sixty Years of Union Seminary ( 1889) ; Tlie Agree-
ment Between Union Seminary and the General
Assembly (1891) ; The Problem of the Veto Power
( 1892) ; Another Decade of Union Seminary (1899);
and memoirs of Sergeant S. Prentiss (1855), and
Thomas Harvey Skinner (1871).
PRENTISS, Samuel, jurist, was born in
Stonington, Conn., March 31, 1782 ; son of Dr.
Samuel and Lucretia (Holmes) Prentiss ; grand-
son of Col. Samuel and Phoebe (Billings) Pren-
tice and of Capt. John Holmes, and a descendant
of Valentine Prentise.
He was educated in
the public schools of
Northfield, Mass., and
under a private tutor ;
was admitted to the
bar in 1802 ; settled
in practice in Mont-
pelier, Vt., in 1803,
and was married,
Oct. 3, 1804, to Lucre-
tia, daughter of Ed-
ward Houghton of
Northfield. He de-
clined a judgeship of
the supreme court of
Vermont in 1822 ; was
a representative in the state legislature, 1824-25 ;
an assistant justice of the supreme court, 1825-29,
and chief justice, 1829-30. He was a whig U.S.
PRENTISS
PRESCOTT
senator from Vermont, 1831-42, resigning April
11, 1842, to become judge of the U.S. district court
of Vermont, Samuel C. Crofts completing his term.
During his term of office he introduced the resolu-
tion which led to the abolition of slavery in the
District of Columbia, and also introduced a series
of resolutions against the annexation of Texas ;
and originated and successfully carried through
the law to suppress duelling in the District of
Columbia. He was a trustee of Dartmouth col-
lege, 1820-27, and received from Dartmouth the
honorary degree of A.M. in 1820, and LL.D. in
1832. He died in Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 15, 1857.
PRENTISS, Sergeant Smith, orator, was born
in Portland, Maine, Sept. 30, 1808 ; son of Capt.
William and Abigail (Lewis) Prentiss. He was
dependent upon the use of crutches until nine
years of age and remained a cripple throughout
his life. He was prepared for college at Gorham,
Maine, academy ; was graduated at Bowdoin,
A.B., 1826, A.M., 1829 ; studied law under Josiah
Pierce in Gorham, 1826-27, and under Judge
Jacob Burnet (q.v.) in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1827 ;
removed to Natchez, Miss., where he was tutor
in a private family and subsequently practised
law in partnership with Gen. Felix Houston in
1829. He was a Whig representative in the Mis-
sissippi territorial legislature in 1835, and claimed
election as a representative to the 25th congress
Oct. 3, 1837, but the certificate of election was
given to J. F. H. Claiborne. Prentiss contested
the election, supporting his claim in a three
days' speech, and the election was set aside and
the seat declared vacant, Jan. 31, 1838, the
speaker, James K. Polk, casting the deciding
vote. A new election was ordered and Prentiss
was chosen and took his seat, May 30, 1838, his
term expiring March 3, 1839. He ably defended
Judge Wilkinson of Kentucky, charged with
murder in 1839, and canvassed the state of Mis-
sissippi as a Whig candidate for presidential
elector in 1840. He labored to defend the honor
of the state and prevent the repudiation of its
bonded debt, 1840-44. He was married March 3,
1842, to Mary Jane, daughter of James C. Williams
of Natchez, Miss. He removed to New Orleans,
La., in 1845, where he practised until a short
time before his death. He made a speech at the
dinner given Daniel Webster in Faneuil Hall,
Boston, Mass., in July, 1838, which was declared
by Gov. Edward Everett to be a " most wonder-
ful specimen of sententious fluency." A con-
temporary says : '• His power of originating forci-
ble and beautiful natural images of abstract
truths was marvelous, and he was quite as dis-
tinguished at the bar for vigorous logic and sense
as for splendid rhetoric." See " Memoir of S. S.
Prentiss," by G. L. Prentiss (q.v.). He died at
Longwood, near Natchez, Miss., July 1, 1850.
PRESCOTT, Albert Benjamin, chemist, was
born in Hastings, N.Y., Dec. 12, 1832; son of
Benjamin and Experience (Huntley) Prescott ;
grandson of James and Lydia (Calkins) Huntley
and of Oliver and Keziah (Howard) Prescott,
and a descendant of John and Mary (Platts)
Prescott. John Prescott, a native of Lancashire,
England, immigrated to Barbadoes in 1638 and
settled in Watertown, Mass., in 1640. Albert
B. Prescott was graduated from the University
of Michigan, M.D. , 1864; was appointed assistant
surgeon, U.S.V., July 3, 1864, and was surgeon-
in-charge of a hospital in Louisville, Ky., and
later one in Jeffersonville, Ind. He was brevetted
captain and mustered out Aug. 22, 1865, and was
married Dec. 25, 1866, to Abigail, daughter of
Robert William and Nancy (Spear) Freeburn of
Oakland county, Mich. He was assistant in
chemistry, 1863-64 ; assistant professor of chem-
istry and lecturer on organic chemistry and
metallurgy in the University of Michigan, 1865-
70 ; professor of organic and applied chemistry
and of pharmacy there from 1870, dean of the
school of pharmacy from 1876, and a director of
the chemical laboratory from 1884. He was elec-
ted a fellow of the London Chemical society in
1876 ; president of the American Chemical so-
ciety in 1886 ; vice-president of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in
1887, president of that association in 1891, presi-
dent of the American Pharmaceutical associa-
tion in 1900, and a member of other scientific
societies. He received the degree LL.D. from
the University of Michigan in 1896. He helped
to revise the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1880, con-
tributed articles on his researches in analytical,
organic and pharmaceutical chemistry to scien-
tific publications, and is the author of : Qualita-
tive Chemical Analysis (with Silas H. Douglas,
1874; 5th edition, with Otis C. Johnson, 1901) ;
Outlines of Proximate Organic Analysis (1875);
Chemical Examination of Alcoholic Liquors
(1875) ; First Book in Qualitative Chemistry
(1879; llth ed. with Eugene G. Sullivan, 1902);
and Organic Analysis : a Manual of the Descrip-
tive and Analytical Chemistry of Certain Carbon
Compounds in Common Use (1887).
PRESCOTT, Benjamin Franklin, governor of
New Hampshire, was born in Epping, N.H., Feb.
26, 1833; son of Nathan G. and Betsey H.
(Richards) Prescott ; grandson of Asa and Polly
(Clark) Prescott, and of Benjamin and Mehitable
(Hills) Richards, of Nottingham, N.H. ; and a
descendant of James Prescott, who emigrated
from Dryby, Lincolnshire, England, to Hampton,
Norfolk county, Mass., in 1665, and Mary Boulter,
his wife. He was prepared for college at Phillips
Exeter academy, graduated at Dartmouth in
1856, and taught school in Epping, 1856-57. He
PRESCOTT
PRESCOTT
was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised in
Concord, 1859-61. He was associate editor of the
Independent Democrat at Concord, 1861-66, and
special agent for New England, of the U.S.
treasury department, 1865-67 and 1869. He was
married, June 10, 1869, to Mary Little, daughter
of Jefferson and Nancy (Peart) Noyes of Concord.
He was secretary of the state
of New Hampshire, 1873-73
and 1875-76 ; secretary of
the Republican state central
committee, 1859-74 ; gov-
ernor, 1877-79 ; secretary of
the state college of electors,
1861, 1865, 1869, 1873, 1877
and 1881, and a delegate-at-large to the Republi-
can national convention of 1880. He retired to
his farm at Epping in 1880. He was president of
the Bennington, Vt., Battle Monument associa-
tion, and of the Provident Mutual Relief associa-
tion ; vice-president of the New Hampshire His-
torical society ; fellow of the Royal Historical
society of Great Britain, and an honorary member
of the Marshfield club of Boston. He was also
a trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agri-
culture and the Mechanic Arts, 1874-95, and of
Dartmouth college, 1878-95. He died in Epping,
N.H., Feb. 22, 1895.
PRESCOTT, George Bartlett, electrician, was
born in Kingston, N.H., Sept. 16, 1830; son of
Mark Hollis and Priscilla (Bartlett) Prescott ;
grandson of Mark and Polly (Bean) Prescott, and
of David Bartlett, and a descendant of James, the
immigrant, and Mary (Boulter) Prescott. He
received a private school education in Portland,
Me., made a special study of electricity and tele-
graphy, and was connected with several telegraph
offices in Connecticut and Massachusetts, 1847-58.
He was married, Dec. 9, 1857, to Eliza Curtis,
daughter of Israel M. Parsons of Springfield,
Mass. He was superintendent of the American
telegraph company, 1858-66 ; of the Western
Union telegraph company, 1866-69, and electrician
of the latter in 1869. He was associated with
Thomas A. Edison in the duplex and quadruples
telegraphic inventions ; introduced them in 1870
and 1874 ; invented an improvement in telegraph
insulators in 1872, and in the quadruplex tele-
graph in 1876. He was electrician of the Inter-
national Ocean telegraph company, 1873-83 ; and
in 1883 was sent to Europe by the Western
Union telegraph company to study foreign
methods of telegraphy. On his return he intro-
duced many improvements, among them the
pneumatic tube system, which was adopted in
N.-u- York city in 1876. He was vice-president,
director and member of the executive and finance
committees of the Gold and Stock telegraph com-
pany, 1873-81 ; one of the incorporators and
directors of the Metropolitan telephone and tele-
graph company, 1879-82 ; president of the Man-
hattan telegraph company and of the American
Speaking telephone company, 1879-82, and a di-
rector and member of the executive committee of
the Bell telephone company of Philadelphia. He
published an account of his discovery of the electri-
cal origin of the Aurora Borealis, and his experi-
ments thereon in the Boston Journal, February,
1852, and in the Atlantic Monthly, 1859. and is the
author of : History, Tlieory and Practice of the
Electric Telegraph (1860); Tlie Proposed Union of
the Telegraph and Postal Systems (1869); The
Government and the Telegraph (1872); Electricity
and the Electric Telegraph (1877); The Speaking
Telephone, Talking Phonograph and Other Novel-
ties (1878); The Speaking Telephone, Electric
Light, and other Recent Electrical Inventions
(1879); Dynamo-Electricity; its Generation, Ap-
plication, Transmission, Storage and Measure-
ment (1884); Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone;
its Invention, Construction, Application, Mod-
ification and History (1884), and Tiie ElectHc
Telephone (1890). He died in New York city,
Jan. 18, 1894.
PRESCOTT, William, soldier, was born in
Groton, Mass., Feb. 20, 1726; son of Judge Ben-
jamin Prescott ; and great-grandson of John and
Mary (Platts) Prescott of Lincolnshire, England,
who immigrated at an early date to Lancaster,
Mass. William Prescott removed to an unsettled
tract of country not far from his native town,
and there established a settlement, which he sub-
sequently caused to be made into a township, and
which he named in honor of Sir William Pepper-
rell, continuing to hold his estate under the
original Indian title. He served as a lieutenant
in the colonial army, under Gen. John Winslow,
in the expedition against Cape Breton, 1754, and
against Acadia,1755, and was promoted captain.
In recognition of his gallantry he was offered a
commission in the regular army, but declined,
returned to Pepperrell, and was married to
Abigail Hale. Their son, William Prescott (1762-
1844), Harvard, 1783, was a member of the
governors' council for many years, judge of the
court of common pleas, Suffolk county, 1818-20, a
delegate to the state constitutional convention in
1820, a member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and the father of William Hickling
Prescott, the historian. In August, 1774, Captain
Prescott was active in stimulating the resistance
of his townsmen to royal authority, and soon
after was appointed colonel of a regiment of
minute men, his commission being signed by
Gen. Joseph Warren. He proceeded to Lexing-
ton, April 19, 1775, but General Pitcairn having
retreated before his arrival, he continued his
march to Cambridge, where he joined the pro-
PRESCOTT
PRESTON
vincial army, the larger part of his regiment vol-
unteering to serve with him. OiiJune 16, 1775,
in command of three regiments he was ordered
to construct entrenchments on Bunker Hill, but
instead selected Breed's Hill, in the immediate
vicinity. In the attack by Gen. William Howe,
June 17, according to Bancroft, Colonel Prescott
appeared to have the entire command, displaying
great skill and bravery, and was among the last
to submit to the enforced retreat. In 1777 he re-
signed his commisson in the army, returning to
Pepperrell, but later in the same year enlisted
as a volunteer in the northern army under Gen-
eral Gates, in the campaign against Burgoyne.
He was a representative in the Massachusetts leg-
islature for several years. He is the author of :
A Letter from a Veteran to the Officers of the
Army Encamped at Boston (1774). Astatue was
erected to his memory on Bunker Hill in 1881.
He died in Pepperrell, Mass., Oct. 13, 1795.
PRESCOTT, William Hickling, historian, was
born in Salem, Mass., May 4, 1796 ; son of Wil-
liam and Catharine G. (Hickling) Prescott ;
grandson of Col. William and Abigail (Hale)
Prescott, and of Thomas Hickling of Boston,
Mass., and a descend-
ant of John and Mary
(Platts) Prescott. He
was graduated at
Harvard A.B. 1814,
A.M. 1817, and en-
tered his father's
office to study law,
but owing to the ac-
cidental loss of one
eye, which seriously
impaired the sight of
the other, was obliged
to seek medical
advice in Europe.
He visited England,
France and Italy,
and on his return to Boston, Mass., deter-
mined to devote himself to historical writing,
and to accomplish this employed an assistant
who served as a secretary, amanuensis and
reader, and in writing used an ingenious instru-
ment for the blind, called the poctograph. He
was married, May 4, 1820, to Susan, daughter of
Thomas C. and Hannah (Linzee) Amory. He
made a study of Italian and Spanish literature to
prepare himself for his first special work, History
of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, which
cost him ten years of difficult labor. The leading
learned societies of the United States and Europe
honored him by making him a member or fellow.
He received the degree LL.D. from Columbia,
1840 ; William and Mary, 1841 ; South Carolina
college, 1841 ; and Harvard, 1843 ; and that of
fRESCOTT'5 HOME BOSTON
of Charles V." (1858);
D.C.L. from Oxford university, England, in 1850,
while on a visit to that country. He is the
author of : Life of 'Charles Brockden Brown (1834);
History of Ferdinand and Isabella (4 vols. 1838),
translated into French, German, Spanish, Italian
and Russian ;
Tlie Conquest
of Mexico
(3 vols. 1843);
The Conquest
of Peru (2
vols. 1847),
translated into several
languages ; Biographi-
cal and Critical Miscel-
lanies (1845); The Reign
of Philip II., King of
Spain (2 vols. 1855 ; vol.
3, 1858 ; vol. 4, left in-
complete, 1859) ; a sup-
plement entitled The
Life of Charles V., After
his Abdication, to a new
edition of Robertson's
" History of the Reign
contributions to the North
American Review, memoirs of John Pickering
and Abbott Lawrence, and several essays. See
" Life of Prescott, the Historian," by George
Ticknor (1864). His name in the "Class A,
Authors and Editors " received thirty-two votes
for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Ameri-
cans, New York university, October, 1900, only
nine names in the class receiving more votes.
He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 28, 1859.
PRESTON, Ann, educator, was born in West
Grove, Pa., Dec. 1, 1813 ; daughter of Amos and
Margaret (Smith) Preston : grand-daughter of
Joseph and Rebecca (Bills) Preston, and of Joseph
Smith, and a descendant of William Preston, a
Quaker, came from Huthersfield, England, to
America, in 1718, and settled in Buckingham,
Bucks county, Pa. She was educated in the
public schools and at a boarding school in West
Chester, Pa. ; and joined the Clarkson Anti-
slavery society previous to 1833. She entered
the Woman's Medical college of Philadelphia
when it opened in 1850 ; received her degree of
M.D. in 1852; was professor of physiology and
hygiene there, 1853-72, and studied in the Mater-
nite hospital of Paris in 1854. She was one of
the founders of the Woman's hospital in Phila-
delphia and a member of the board of managers,
serving also as corresponding secretary and con-
sulting physician. She was dean of the faculty
of the Woman's Medical college of Philadelphia,
1866-72, and a member of the board of incorpora-
tors, 1867-72. She also controlled an extensive
practice and was successful in overcoming the
PRESTON
PRESTON
opposition made against women physicians by
the Philadelphia County Medical society in 1867.
She is the author of several essays on the educa-
tion of women as physicians, and of a volume of
juvenile poems entitled : Cousin Ann's Stories for
Children (1848). She died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
April 18, 1872.
PRESTON, Francis, representative, was born
in Greenfield, Botetourt county, Va., Aug. 2,
1765 ; son of Col. William and Susanna (Smith)
Preston and grandson of John and Elizabeth
(Patton) Preston, and of Francis and Elizabeth
(Waddy) Smith. John Preston came from Lon-
donderry, Ireland, to America in 1740, and settled
at Spring Hill, Augusta county, Va. His son,
William Preston, born in 1729, was a surveyor
under Washington, a member of the house of
burgesses, commissioner to treat with the
Indians, and was appointed colonel in 1775. He
commanded a regiment at the battle of Guilford
Court House, S.C., in 1783, and there received
injuries that resulted in his death the same year.
Francis Preston was graduated at the College of
William and Mary, 1783; studied law under George
Wythe, the signer ; actively engaged in his pro-
fession in Montgomery and Washington counties,
Va., and was a member of the Virginia house of
delegates and a state senator. He was married
in 1792 to Sarah, daugliter of Gen. William
Campbell. He was a representative from Vir-
ginia in the 3d and 4th congresses, 1793-97, and
declined re-election in 1796. He resided in
Abingdon, Va., after 1798. He was appointed
colonel of volunteers in the war of 1812, and
subsequently served in the state militia, reaching
the rank of major-general. He died in Columbia,
S.C., while on a visit to his son, William C.
Preston (q.v.), May 25, 1835.
PRESTON, Harriet Waters, author, was born
in Danvers, Mass., 1843. She was educated under
private tutors, traveled in France and England
until 1865, and later became a translator from the
French, and an authority on Provencal literature.
She wrote a series of papers on Mistral's " Calen-
dau," " Theodore Aubauet," "Jacques Jasmin,"
" Songs of the Troubadours," and " Arthuriad."
Her translations include : The Life of Madame
Swetchine (1865); and The Writings of Madame
Swetchine, edited by Count de Falloux (1869);
Memoirs of Madame Desbordes Valmore by C. A.
Sainte-Beuve (1872); Mistral's Mireio, Provencal
poem (1872); Biography of Alfred de Musset by
Paul de Musset (1877); and The Georgicsof Virgil
(1881). She is the author of Aspendale (1871);
Love in the Nineteenth Century (1873); Trouba-
dours and Trouveres (1876); 7s That All? in "No
Name" series (1876); .-1 Year in Eden (1887), and
The Guardians (written in collaboration with
Miss L. Dodge, 1888).
PRESTON, James Patton, governor of Vir-
ginia, was born in Smithfield, Va., June 21, 1774 ;
son of Col. William (1729-1783) and Susanna
(Smith) Preston. He was graduated from Wil-
liam and Mary college in 1795, was a farmer in
Montgomery county ; state
senator ; lieutenant-colonel
of the 12th U.S. infantry,
commissioned March 19, 1812 ;
was promoted colonel for gal-
lantry Aug. 15, 1813 ; com-
manded the 23d infantry, and
was wounded in the battle of
Chrystler's Field, Nov. 11, 1813, becoming per-
manently crippled. He was governor of Virginia,
1816-19, state senator for a second term, and was
for many years post-master of Richmond. Pres-
ton county, Va., was named in his honor. He
married Ann, daughter of Robert Taylor of
Norfolk, Va., and had sons: William Ballard
(q.v.), Robert T., and James Patton, Jr.. Con-
federate officers in the civil war. He died at
Smithfield, Va., May 4, 1843.
PRESTON, John Smith, soldier, was born at
the Salt Works, near Abingdon, Va., April 20,
1809 ; son of Francis and Sarah (Campbell) Pres-
ton. He was graduated from Hampden-Sidney
college, Va., A.B., 1824;did postgraduate work at
the University of Virginia, 1825-26, and attended
the Harvard law school. He was married in
1830 to Caroline, a sister of Gen. Wade Hampton
of South Carolina. He afterward moved to Colum-
bia, S.C., and thence to Louisiana, where he
worked his sugar-plantations. He became pro-
minent as an orator in the South and delivered
many famous addresses, among them the one at
the laying of the corner stone of the University
of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., in 1857. He
was chairman of the South Carolina committee
to the Democratic convention at Charleston in
May, 1860 ; was a commissioner to Virginia, and
in February, 1861, advocated the secession of
Virginia. He was on the staff of General Beau-
regard in the first battle of Bull Run, 1861, was
promoted brigadier-general and served in the
conscript department, 1865. He was then in
Europe for a number of years and subsequently
returned to South Carolina. He delivered his last
public address at the unveiling of the Confederate
monument at Columbia, S.C. He made a col-
lection of painting and sculpture, and was a
helpful friend to Hiram Powers and other rising
artists. He died in Columbia. S.C., May 1, 1881.
PRESTON, John Thomas Lewis, educator,
was born in Lexington. Va.. April 25, 1811 ; son
of Thomas Lewis and Edmonia (Randolph) Pres-
ton ; grandson of Col. William (1729-1783) and
Susanna (Smith) Preston of Smithfield, and great-
grandson of John Preston, the immigrant. His
PRESTON
father was a major in the war of 1812, lawyer,
and member of the Virginia legislature. In 1836
Mr. Preston conceived the idea of substituting
for the company of soldiers who guarded the
arsenal, a company of cadets, who, in addition
to the duties of an armed guard, should pur-
sue a course of scientific and military studies.
This idea materialized, March, 1839, in the Mili-
tary Institute of Virginia, of which Preston and
Gen. Francis H. Smith (q.v.) constituted the
entire faculty from 1839 to 1842. He was married
first Aug. 2, 1832, to Sara Lyle, daughter of Wil-
liam and Phebe (Alexander) Caruthers of Lex-
ington, Va., and had five sons and three daugh-
ters ; and secondly, Aug. 4, 1857, to Margaret
Junkiii, the poet (q.v.), by whom he had two sons.
In April, 1861, at the call of the state, the corps of
cadets marched for Richmond undert he command
of Maj. T. J. Jackson, of whose staff Preston be-
came a member, with the rank of colonel. In
1862 the institute was re-opened as a training
school to supply skilled and educated officers for
the army, the cadets being called repeatedly into
active service during the war. On May 15, 1864,
at New Market, the corps lost 8 killed and 44
wounded out of 250, and on June 11, 1864, all the
institution buildings, save the quarters of the
superintendent, were burned by order of Gen.
David Hunter (q.v.). When the institute was
re-opened in October, 1865, Colonel Preston re-
sumed his professorial duties, subsequently
traveled abroad, accompanied by his wife, and
after his return continued a member of the uni-
versity faculty until within a few months of his
death. He is the author of a biographical sketch
of John Howe Peyton in " Augusta County, Va."
He died in Lexington, Va., July 15, 1890.
PRESTON, Margaret Junkin, poet, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1820 ; daughter of
George Junkin (q.v.). She was educated by her
father and under private tutors, and contributed
her first story to Sartain's Magazine in 1849. She
was married Aug. 4, 1857, to John L. Preston(q.v.),
and had two sons : George Junkin, born in 1858,
a graduate of Washington and Lee, 1879, and
of the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1883,
and Herbert Rush, a lawyer, both established in
practice in Baltimore. Mrs. Preston spent her
married life in Lexington, Va., traveled abroad
with her husband, collecting material for her
Book of Monograms (1886), contributed to the
Southern Literary Messenger; translated Dies
Irce (1855), and is the author of: Silvenvood
(1856) ; Beechenbrook, a Rhyme of the War (186C) ;
Old Songs and New (1870); Cartoons (1876); For
Love's Sake (1886) ; Colonial Ballads, Sonnets and
Other Verses (1887); Aunt Dorothy (1890). She
died in Baltimore, Md., March 28, 1897, and was
buried at Lexington, Va.
PRESTON
PRESTON, Thomas Scott, R. C. prelate, was
born in Hartford, Conn., July 23, 1824 ; son of
Zephaniah Preston, a Puritan. He was gradua-
ted at Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., A.B.,
1843, A.M., 1846 ; at the General Theological
seminary, New York city, in 1846, and was ad-
mitted to the diaconate the same year. He as-
sisted at Trinity church, at the Church of the An-
nunciation, and at the Church of Holy Innocents,
West Point, 1846-47 ; was ordained priest in 1847,
and was assistant rector of St. Luke's church,
New York city, 1847-49. In 1849 he accepted the
Roman Catholic faith, and was deposed from the
Protestant Episcopal church. After studying
at St. Joseph's seminary, Fordham, N.Y., he was
ordained priest, Nov. 16, 1850 ; was an assistant at
the cathedral in 1850 ; pastor of St. Mary's, Yon-
kers, N.Y., 1851-53 ; chancellor of the arch-diocese
of New York, and secretary to Archbishop
Hughes, 1853-91 ; and rector of St. Ann's, New
York city, 1861-91, building a new church edi-
fice which was consecrated in 1871. He was
vicar-general of the archdiocese of New York,
1873-91 ; received the degree S.T.D. from Seton
Hall college, New Jersey, in 1880 ; and was named
private chamberlain to the Pope (Leo XIII.),
May, 1881. He. was appointed domestic prelate
and prothonotary apostolic, Dec. 13, 1881, with no
ceremony of investure. He built a large paro-
chial school on llth Street, and founded the
" House of the Holy Family," for the benefit of
children and homeless girls. He was actively in-
fluential in procuring the excommunication of the
Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn when he accepted
and taught the theories of Henry George. He is
the author of : Ark of the Covenant (1860); Life
of St. Mary Magdalene (1860) ; Sermons for the
Principal Seasons of the Sacred Year (1864) ; Life
of St. Vincent de Paul (1866); Lectures on Chris-
tian Unity, Advent of 1S66 (IS&7); The Purgato-
rian Manual (1867); Lectures on Reason and
Revelation (1868); Tlie Vicar of Christ (1871);
Tlte Divine Sanctuary (1878); Divine Paraclete
(1880); Protestantism and the Bible (1880); Prot-
estantism and the Chnrch (1SS2); God and Rea-
son (1884), and Watch on Calvary (1885). He
died in New York city, Nov. 4, 1891.
PRESTON, Willard, clergyman, was born at
Uxbridge, Mass., May 29, 1785. He was gradu-
ated at Brown university, 1806. began the stutly
of law, but abandoned it for theology, and was
licensed to preach in 1808. He resided in the
South, 1808-11, on account of ill health ; and was
Congregational minister at St. Albans, Vt., 1812-
15; Providence, R.I., 1816-20; Burlington, Vt.,
1821-25 ; president of the University of Vermont,
is .>r,-06 ; pastor of the Independent Presbyterian
church at Savannah, Ga., 1826-56, and rendered
unceasing aid during the epidemic of yellow
PRESTON
PRESTON
fever in 1845. He received the degree D.D. from
the University of Georgia in 1839, and is the
author of two volumes of sermons, issued by his
son, with a biographical sketch (1857). He died
in Savannah, Ga. , April 27, 1856.
PRESTON, William, soldier, was born near
Louisville, Ky., Oct. 16, 1816 ; son of Maj. William
and Caroline (Hancock) Preston ; grandson of
Col. William (1729-83) and Susannah (Smith)
Preston, and of Col. George Hancock of Fother-
ingay, Va., a representative in the 4th congress,
and a descendant of John Preston, the immigrant.
He was educated at St. Joseph's college, Bards-
town, Ky., and at Yale college, and was gradu-
ated at Harvard, LL.B.,in 1838. He was married
iti 1840 to Margaret Howard, daughter of Robert
AVickliffe of Lexington, Ky. ; settled in practice
in Louisville ; and was lieutenant-colonel of the
4th Kentucky volunteers in the Mexican war,
1846^8. He was a member of the convention
called to frame a new constitution for the state of
Kentucky in 1849 ; a Whig representative in the
state legislature, 1851-53, and a presidential elec-
tor for the state at large, on the Scott and Graham
ticket, in 1853. He was a representative from
Kentucky in the 32d congress, being elected Dec.
6, 1852, to complete the unexpired term of Hum-
phrey Marshall, resigned ; was re-elected to the
33d congress, serving 1853-55, and was defeated as
a candidate for the 34th congress by Humphrey
Marshall. He was a delegate to the Democratic
national convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 2,
1856, and was appointed by President Buchanan
U.S. minister to Spain in 1858, being succeeded
by Carl Schurz. He joined the Confederate army
at Bowling Green, Ky., in 1861, as colonel on the
staff of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, who died in
his arms at the battle of Shiloh. He was promo-
ted brigadier-general April 18, 1862 ; participated
in the battle of Murfreesboro ; was promoted
major-general Jan. 1, 18G3 ; assigned to the com-
mand of the division of Maj. -Gen. Polignac,
and after the latter's return to France, in October,
1863, was transferred to the command of a divis-
ion in Longstreet's corps, Army of the Tennessee.
He resumed practice in Lexington, Ky., in 1865,
was a delegate to the Democratic national con-
ventions of 1868 and 1880, and a representative in
the state legislature in 1869. He died in Lexing-
ton, Ky., Sept. 27, 1887.
PRESTON, William Italian], cabinet officer,
was born in Smithfield, Va., Nov. 25, 1805 ; son of
Gov. James Patton (q.v.) and Ann (Taylor) Pres-
ton. He was a student at the University of Vir-
ginia, was admitted to the bar, and practised suc-
cessfully in his native state, meantime serving as
a representative in the Virginia legislature, and
as a state senator. He married a Miss Redd of
Virginia. He was a Whig representative from
Virginia in the 30th congress, 1847-49 ; and
secretary of the navy in President Taylor's cab-
inet, from March 8, 1849 to July 22, 1850. ' Ha
visited France in 1858-59, as an agent from Vir-
ginia, to effect the establishment of a direct line
of steamers between Norfolk and Havre, but the
plan was defeated by the civil war. He was a
delegate from Virginia to the Provisional Confed-
erate congress that met at Richmond, July, 20,
1861, where he still sought to prevent war. He
was elected a senator from Virginia in the first
Confederate congress, which met Feb. 22, 1862,
being succeeded on his death by Allen T. Caper-
ton. He died at Smithfield, Va., Nov. 16, 1862.
PRESTON, William Campbell, senator, was
bom in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 27, 1794; son of
Francis (q.v.) and Sarah (Campbell) Preston.
His maternal grandmother was the sister of
Patrick Henry. He matriculated at Washington
college, Va., but was
obliged to leave on
account of ill health ;
was graduated at
South Carolina col-
lege, A.B., 1812, and
studied law in the
office of William Wirt
of Richmond, Va. In
1816 he went abroad
for the benefit of his
health. He formed
the acquaintance of
Washington Irving,
with whom he trav-
eled through S \vit-
zerland, Scotland,
northern England and Wales, and attended
the lectures at Edinburgh university. He was
admitted to the bar in 1820, practised in Vir-
ginia, 1820-22, and in 1822 settled in practice
in Columbia, S.C., in partnership with D. J.
McCord. He was married first, in 1820, to Maria
Coalter, and secondly, in 1831, to Penelope,
daughter of Dr. James Davis of Columbia, S.C.
He was a representative in the South Carolina
legislature, 1829-32, where he was a leader of
the Nullification party ; was elected to the U.S
senate from South Carolina as a Calhoun Demo,
crat, serving, 1833-39. and was re-elected for a
second term to expire March 3, 1845, but resigned
in January, 1843, George McDuffin completing
his term, and again took up his profession in
Columbia. He was trustee of South Carolina
college, 1823-46 and 1851-57 ; president of the
college and professor of belles lettres, 1845-51,
and during his administration greatly improved
the financial condition of the college and raised
its standard. He received the degree LL.D. from
Harvard in 1846 and established the Columbia
PREVOST
Athenfeum, presenting to it 3000 volumes from
his own library. He was a public speaker of
national reputation, and published a " Eulogy on
Hugh S. Legare " and several political, literary
and historical orations and addresses. He died
at Columbia, S.C., May 22, 1860.
PREVOST, Charles Mallet, soldier, was born
in Baltimore, 3Id., Sept. 19, 1818; son of Gen.
Andrew 31. Prevost, a native of Geneva, Switzer-
land, who came to America in 1794, and was com-
mander of the 1st Pennsylvania artillery in the
war of 1812, and grandson of Paul Henry Mallet
Prevost who purchased a tract of land at Alex-
andria (Frenchtown), Hunterdon county, N.J.,
in 1794. He was liberally educated ; was admitted
to the Philadelphia bar in 1839; was U.S.
marshal for the territory of "Wisconsin, 1841-45,
and deputy collector of the port of Philadelphia
for several years. He joined the volunteer army
in 1861 as captain ; subsequently became assistant
adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. Frank Pat-
terson ; took part in the Peninsular campaign ;
was promoted colonel, and transferred to the
command of the 118th Pennsylvania volunteers
in the 1st brigade, 1st division, 5th army corps,
under Gen. Fitz-John Porter. In the battle of
Antietam, Sept. 16-17, 1862, while rallying his
men, he received two serious wounds from which
he never fully recovered. He rejoined his regi-
ment and fought at Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863,
although deprived of the use of an arm, and was
subsequently obliged to decline the appointment to
organize the Veteran reserve corps at Harrisburg,
Pa., on account of his wounds, but accepted the
colonelcy of the 16th regiment.Veteran volunteers,
in that corps. He was appointed major-general,
1st division, Pennsylvania national guard, 1865.
He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 5, 1887.
PRICE, Andrew, representative, was born at
Chatsworth Plantation, near Franklin, St. Mary's
parish, La., April 2, 1854 ; son of James B. and
Mary (Murphy) Price, and grandson of M. A.
and Maria (Barry) Price and of John B. and
Lucy (Brashear) Murphy. He was graduated
from the law department of Cumberland uni-
versity, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1875, and at Washing-
ton university, St. Louis, Mo., LL.B., in 1877 ;
practised law in St. Louis, Mo., 1877-80, and in
1880 engaged in sugar planting at Thibodaux,
La. He was married, June 26, 1879, to Anna M. ,
daughter of Edward James (q.v.) and Lavinia
(Hynes) Gay of St. Louis Plantation, near
Plaquemine, La. He was a member of the
Democratic state central committee, 1884-88; a
delegate to the Democratic national convention
of 1888, and a Democratic representative from
the third Louisiana district in the 51st congress,
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his
father-in-law, and was re-elected to the 52d, 53d
PRICE
and 54th congresses, serving. 1889-97. He served
as a delegate-at-large to the constitutional con-
vention of the state of Louisiana held in New
Orleans in 1898.
PRICE, George Washington Fergus, educa-
tor, was born in Butler county, Ala., Sept. 24,
1830. He was graduated at the University of
Alabama, A.B., 1848, A.M., 1851 ; was principal
of Eufaula academy, 1850-52; pastor of the
Methodist church, Marianna, Fla., 1852-53 ; pro-
fessor at Auburn Female college, 1853-56 ; pro-
fessor in the Tuskegee Female college, 1856-58 ;
president of that institution, 1858-72; superin-
tendent of the Nitre and Mining bureau, Con-
federate States government, 1863-64; president
of Huntsville Female college, 1872-80 ; and in 1880
established and in 1881 became president of the
Nashville College for Young Ladies, which closed
its doors in June, 1899, after having enjoyed a
remarkable growth, its pupils at the death of
President Price numbering over 500. He received
the degree D.D. from the University of Alabama,
1876. He died in Nashville, Tenn., April 1, 1899.
PRICE, Hiram, representative, was born in
Washington county, Pa., Jan. 10, 1814. He at-
tended the common schools ; was a merchant's
clerk ; engaged in farming for a time ; was mar-
ried in 1834 to Susan Belts, and in 1844 removed
to Davenport, Iowa, where he established him-
self as a merchant. He served as school-fund
commissioner of Scott county for eight years ;
collector, treasurer and recorder of the county
for seven years, and was president of the state
bank of Iowa, 1859-66, during which time the
thirteen branches of that bank were changed to
national banks without the loss of a dollar. He
was paymaster-general of Iowa in 1861, and as the
state had no public funds, he quartered and sub-
sisted about 5,000 infantry and cavalry for several
months from his individual means and also
advanced $0,000 to pay off the 1st, 2d and 3d
Iowa regiments. He was a Republican representa-
tive from Iowa in the 38th, 39th, 40th congresses,
1863-69, serving in the 39th congress as chairman
of the committee on the Pacific railroad and as a
member of the committee on Revolutionary
pensions. He subsequently spent some time in
Europe ; was re-elected to the 45th and 46th
congresses, serving, 1877-81, and in 1880 declined
re-nomination. He was U.S. commissioner of
Indian affairs, 1881-85. He died in Washington,
D.C.. May 30, 1901.
PRICE, Rodman McCamley, governor of New
Jersey, was born in Sussex county, N.J., May 5,
1816. He attended the College of New Jersey but
did not graduate, owing to ill health, and later
became a lawyer. He was appointed purser in
the U.S. navy. Xov. 5, 1840, serving on the Ful-
ton, and on the frigate Missouri when destroyed
PRICE
PRICE
by fire in 1841 at Gibraltar ; was transferred to
\\ieCyane, and joined the squadron of Commodore
Sloat at Monterey, Cal., where he advised and
aided in taking formal possession of that country,
July 7, 1846. He was appointed prefect and al-
calde, and was the first citi-
zen of the United States to
exercise judical functions in
California. He carried secret
dispatches to General Scott
in Mexico, and a report of
the military and naval oper-
ations to President Polk in
Washington. On his return to California he was
a member of the convention that framed the state
constitution, and was appointed naval agent of
the Pacific coast. He resigned from the U.S. navy,
Dec. 16, 1850, and in returning to New Jersey on
the steamer Orleans, which was burned at St.
John, he lost large sums of money, valuable
papers, vouchers and accounts. He was a Demo-
cratic representative from New Jersey in the 32d
congress, 1851-53 ; was defeated for re-election ;
and was governor of New Jersey, 1854-57. During
his term the normal school of the state was estab-
lished ; the militia system improved ; the first
life-saving apparatus and stations on the New
Jersey coast organized, and the exclusive rights
and privileges, granted to the Camden and Am-
boy railroad in 1830, were settled by fixing a date
to terminate the monopoly. He was involved in
a litigation with the U.S. government, which ex-
tended from 1850 to 1890, in which he sought to
recover $75,000 advanced to his successor, the naval
agent at California, pending the arrival of the
government funds. In 1856 the government be-
gan an unsuccessful counter-suit against him for
money alleged to have been withheld by him as
naval agent. He renewed his suit against the
government for $75,000, and in 1890 congress
ordered the payment of the claim, from which
the sum of $60,000 was deducted by the Treasury
officials. In 1892, however, the U.S. court of
claims awarded him $45,704. He was arrested
and imprisoned on a charge brought by the heirs
of Samuel Forrest, U.S.N., of misappropriating
the funds of that officer, and he died at Oakland,
N.J., June 7, 1894, before the court reached a de-
cision on his case.
PRICE, Samuel, senator, was born in Fauquier
county, Va., Aug. 18, 1805. His parents removed
to Preston count}' in 1817, and he was fitted for
the law. He practised first in Nicholas county,
then in Braxton county, and subsequently in
Lewisburg, Greenbrier county. He was clerk
of the Nicholas county court, 1831 ; state's attor-
ney, 1833 ; represented Nicholas and Fayette
counties in the Virginia legislature, 1834-36 ; was
commonwealth's attorney for Braxton county,
1836-50, and represented Greenbrier county in
the legislature four terms, 1847-52. He was a
member of the state constitutional convention of
1850-51, and of the secession convention of 1861,
where he opposed the measure but supported the
Confederate States government. He was elected
lieutenant-governor of Virginia and president of
the state senate, 1863-65, and was appointed a
U.S. circuit judge in 1865, but declined to take
the prescribed oath. He was a delegate to the
constitutional convention of West Virginia in
1872, and president of that body ; an unsuccess-
ful candidate for the U.S. senate in 1876, and
was appointed U.S. senator to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Allen T. Caperton, serving
from Dec. 4, 1876, to March 3, 1877. He died in
Leesburg, W. Va., Feb. 25, 1884.
PRICE, Sterling, soldier, was born in Prince
Edward county, Va., Sept. 11, 1809 ; son of Pugh
W. Price. He attended Hampden-Sidney college,
Va. ; studied law under Chancellor Creed Taylor
in the clerk's office at Prince Ed ward courthouse,
and with his father's
family settled in
Keytesville, Chariton
county, Mo., in 1831.
He was married, May
14, 1833, to Martha,
daughter of Capt.
John Head of Ran-
dolph county, Mo.
He was a representa-
tive in the Mis-
souri legislature, and
speaker of the house,
1840-44, and a Demo-
cratic representative
from Missouri in the
29th congress, 1845-46,
resigning in 1846 to raise the 3d Missouri cavalry
for service in the Mexican war. He was com-
missioned colonel, Aug. 12, 1846, and with others
his regiment made the march from Fort Leaven-
worth, Kan., 1000 miles and upward to Santa Fe,
where he was left with 2000 men, being assigned
to the command of New Mexico by Gen. S. W.
Kearny, who commanded the expedition and was
en route to the Pacific. An insurrection was
planned by the Mexicans in possession of the
province, which was partially successful, but
Colonel Price succeeded in routing the enemy at
Puebla de Taos, convicted the leader of treason
and gained possession of the whole province.
For his action he was promoted brigadier-general
of volunteers, July 20, 1847 ; was made military
governor of Chihuahua, and defeated the Mex-
icans at Santa Cruz de Resales, March 16, 1848.
He returned to Missouri in 1848, and engaged in
farming at Bowling Green Prairie. He was gov-
PRICE
PRICE
ernor of Missouri, 1853-57 ; state bank commis-
sioner, 1857-61, and president of thaconservative
state convention that met March 4, 1861, and
strenuously opposed secession. The capture of
Camp Jackson by Captain Lyon caused Price to
give his support to Governor Jackson, who ap-
pointed him major-general of the Missouri state
guard, May 18, 1861, the state authorities having
decided to resist the Federal troops, and in the en-
gagement between Governor Jackson and General
Lyon at Booneville, June 17, 1861, the state
militia was defeated and dispersed. General
Price had meantime gathered 7000 men, mostly
unarmed, at Carthage, Mo., and in three weeks
had them armed and disciplined. Here he was
joined by Gen. Ben McCulloch and Gen. N. B.
Pearce with Confederate troops and Arkansas
militia, and with General McCulloch as com-
mander-in-chief, defeated the Federals under
Lyon and Sigel at Wilson's Creek, within ten
miles of Springfield, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861, where
General Lyon was killed. General Price ad-
vanced to Springfield, sending Gen. J. S. Rains
to clear the western counties of Federal maraud-
ing bands ; captured Lexington and 3500 men
under Colonel Mulligan, with 300 stands of small
arms and immense stores, Sept. 21, 1861, and
went into winter quarters at Springfield, whence
he was driven into Arkansas by Gen. S. R. Curtis,
Feb. 12, 1863. He was commissioned major-gen-
eral, March 6, 1862; joined Gen. Earl Van Dorn's
army, and had command of nine divisions made
up of Missouri state guard and volunteer troops.
After the battle at Pea Ridge (Elkhorn), Ark.,
March 7, 1862, where he was again wounded,
narrowly escaping death, he was assigned the
same month to the command of the Army of the
West. He was ordered to reinforce Beauregard
at Corinth in April, and after Beauregard with-
drew from the field of Shiloh, April 7, 1862, Price
with his army was ordered to Memphis, but at
once proceeded to Corinth to join the army under
Beauregard, where Bragg, Van Dorn, Polk, Har-
dee and Breckinridge had their respective forces.
They determined on May 30th to evacuate Corinth
and make a stand at Tupelo, and after Bragg had
assumed command Price was ordered to march
north. He took possession of luka, Miss., Sept.
11, 1862, his plan being to draw the Federal
troops from Corinth and enable Van Dorn to
capture it. His Army of the West was attacked
by Rosecrans at luka, Sept. 19, 1862, and de-
feated, after which he joined Van Dorn in an
attack on Corinth, which movement resulted in
a disastrous defeat, Oct. 2-i, 1862. He was at-
tached to the Department of East Mississippi and
Louisiana under Gen. John C. Pemberton during
the winter of 1862-63 ; on Feb. 7, 1863, was sent
to report to Gen. E. Kirby Smith, who had re-
lieved Gen. T. H. Holmes, and was assigned to
the command of Hindman's division at Little
Rock, Ark., April 1, 1863. He was ordered to
move upon Helena, and on July 4th succeeded in
capturing Graveyard Hill. On July 25th, Holmes
having been obliged to fall back to the White
River, too ill to continue the campaign, Price suc-
ceeded to the command of the District of Arkan-
sas and concentrated his force of 7749 men for
the defence of Little Rock, which place he began
to fortify. He was driven from Little Rock, Sept.
10, 1863, by Gen. Frederick Steele, but he re-
treated undisturbed to Arkadelphia, and on Sept.
25, Holmes resuming command, Price was given
command of the district of Arkansas south of
Camden. On April 26, 1864, he assumed full
command of the Arkansas and Missouri divisions ;
fought the battle of Jenkins's Ferry, April 30,
1864, and was driven back, after which he organ-
ized his force for an expedition into Missouri,
which he led in person, making St. Louis his ob-
jective point. He attacked Pilot Knob, Sept. 27,
1864, and successfully drove the Federal army
under Ewing within the fortifications of St.
Louis, but he was repulsed by Gen. A. J. Smith
and changed his line of march toward Jefferson
City, the state capital, followed by the Federal
forces from St. Louis. This opposition deter-
mined him to abandon his purpose and march
into Kansas. En route he conscripted all able-
bodied men, largely augmenting his force ; fought
a successful battle with Blunt at Lexington, Mo.,
Oct. 21, 1864, but was routed by Pleasonton's
cavalry on the 22d, east of Independence, and
on the 23d made a stand near Westport, where,
after maintaining his ground all day, he was
compelled to fall back at night and retreated
along the state line southward. At Mine Creek,
Linn county, Kansas, he formed another line of
battle on the 25th, when the Federal cavalry
broke his line, capturing Generals Marmaduke and
Cahill and most of his artillery. He made
another stand at Newtonia on the 28th, where he
gave a stubborn fight, but was finally forced to
fall back and crossed the Arkansas river above
Fort Smith. General Price reported: "I have
marched 1434 miles, fought 43 battles and skir-
mishes, captured and paroled over 3000 Federal
officers and men, captured 18 pieces of artillery,
3000 stands of arms and 16 colors .... and des-
troyed property to the cost of $10,000,000 ; witli
a loss of 10 pieces of artillery and 1000 small
arms. I do not think I lost 1000 prisoners ....
I brought with me 5000 recruits." In 1865 he
settled in Cordoba, Mexico, intending to form a
colony of Southern emigrants, but his plan not
meeting with favor, he retired to St. Louis, where
he engaged in the commission business. He
died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 29, 1867.
PRICE
PRIESTLEY
PRICE, Thomas Lawson, representative, was
born .near Danville, Va., Jan. 19, 1809; son of
Major Price, a wealthy tobacco planter ; grand-
son of William Price, and a descendant of Eng-
lish ancestry, who settled in Virginia in the
seventeenth century. On the death of his father
in 1831, he removed to Missouri, and in 1832
located in Jefferson City. He was married, first
in 1830, to Lydia Botton of Casewell county,
N.C. ; and secondly, April 20, 1854, to Caroline
V.. daughter of Isaac Long of Page county, Va.
He invested in real estate in both St. Louis and
Jefferson City, and in 1838 started the first stage
line between those points and carried the U.S.
mail. Subsequently he controlled all the im-
portant stage lines in the state, and was a lessee
of the state penitentiary. He was the first
mayor of Jefferson City, 1839^0 ; was defeated
as a candidate for state senator in 1845 ; was ap-
pointed brevet major-general of the 6th division
of the Missouri militia in 1847, and was elected
lieutenant-governor of the state on the Demo-
cratic ticket in 1849. He headed the Benton
faction at the Democratic national convention
in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856, when they were re-
fused admission. He represented Cole county in
the state legislature in 1860, and in 1861 adhered
to the Union cause and was appointed brigadier-
general of state militia by Gen. John C. Fremont,
Sept. 21, 1861, for the term expiring July 17, 1862.
He was elected a representative to the 37th con-
gress to take the place of John W. Reid, expelled,
serving from Jan. 21, 1862, to March 3, 1863 ; was
defeated for the 38th congress in 1862 and for
governor of Missouri in 1864, and was a delegate
to the Democratic national conventions of 1864
and 1868. He was also a delegate to the Union
convention at Philadelphia in 1866. He was in-
fluential in inducing the state to lend its aid to
the construction of the Iron Mountain and the
Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads ; was a con-
tractor in the construction of the Missouri Pacific
and the Kansas Pacific railroads, and a fund
commissioner and director of the latter road.
He died in Jefferson City, Mo., July 16, 1870.
PR1CHARD, Sarah Johnson, author, was born
in Waterbury, Conn., Jan. 11, 1830; daughter of
Elizur Edwin and Betsey Jeanette (Cooper)
Prichard ; granddaughter of David, Jr., and
Anna (Hitchcok) Pritchard, and of Asa and
Hannah (Botsford) Cooper, and a descendant in
the seventh generation from Roger and Elizabeth
(Prudden) Pritchard and in the eighth generation
from John and Mary Cooper. She was a student
at Waterbury academy ; at Dwight Place semi-
nary, New Haven, Conn., 1846-47, and was gradu-
ated from Mrs. Emma Willard's seminary. Troy,
N.Y., in 1849, subsequently devoting herself to
literature and historical research. She served as
vice-president of the Mattatuck Historical society,
and was elected a member of the American His-
torical society. She is the author of : Martha's
Hooks and Eyes (1859); Hugh's Fire on the Moun-
tain (1861) ; Nat's Shoes (1862); Kenny Carle's
Uniform (1863); Joe and Jim (1865); Tlie Old
Stone Chimney (1865); Margie's Matches (1866);
Faye Mar of Stone Cliff (1868); Rose Marbury
(1870); Shawney and the Lighthouse (1871); Aunt
Sadie's Cow (1872) ; History of Waterbury, 1674-
1784 (1896); Tlie Only Woman in Town (1898),
and many magazine articles and stories.
PRIEST, Ira Allen, educator, was born in
Mechanicsville, Vt, May 20, 1856 ; son of Darius
D. and Emaline (Graves) Priest ; grandson of
Ethan and Hannah (Dawley) Priest and of Ly-
man and — — (Richardson) Graves, and a de-
scendant of Elijah Priest, a veteran of the Revo-
lution, who was a descendant of Degorie Priest
of the Mayflower. He was graduated at Tufts
college, Medford, Mass., Ph.B., 1884, A.M., 1887,
and S.T.B., 1887 ; and was married, June 23, 1887,
to Eva N., daughter of Jesse and Belle (Shepherd)
Hall of Lacon, 111. He was ordained to the
ministry at Monson, Mass., in October, 1887, and
was pastor of Universalist churches at Monson,
1887-89; Adams, 1889-92; Newtonville, 1892-96;
Akron, Ohio, 1896-97, and president of Buchtel
college, Akron, Ohio, 1897-1901. In 1903 he was
engaged in reading law in Akron, Ohio. He re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from Tufts college in
1898, and was commissioned chaplain in the Ohio
national guards in 1899.
PRIESTLEY, Joseph, scientist, was born at
Fieldhead, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England
March 13, 1733 ; son of Jonas and — — (Swift)
Priestley. His father was a woolen cloth-dresser,
and his mother died in 1740. He was adopted by
his aunt, Mrs. Keighley, in 1742, and was edu-
cated under her direction. He attended the
theological academy at Daventry, Northampton-
shire. 1752-55, intending to become a dissenting
minister ; preached for a time in an obscure
meeting-house in Suffolk, but was not successful,
owing to his Arian views. He taught school at
Nantwich, Cheshire, 1758-61, and was tutor in
languages and belles-lettres at a new dissenting
academy at Warrington, Lancashire, 1761-67.
He was married in 1762 to a daughter of Isaac
Wilkinson, an iron-master near Wexham, Wales.
While at Warrington, he was ordained to the
dissenting ministry and preached in the chapel
there. He met Benjamin Franklin about this
time and became greatly interested in the study
of electricity ; and when, 1767-73, he was settled
over a church at Leeds, he divided his time
between the study of theology and of science.
For five years he held the position of liter.-ny
companion to the Earl of Shelburne. and \\;i^
PRIESTLEY
thus enabled to travel in Europe and study in
England. Chemical laboratory work was new to
Priestley, and the simplicity and ingenuity of his
apparatus is remarkable, many of his devices
being used to-day. He discovered nitric acid
(HNO3) in 1772, and two years later discovered
oxygen, and demonstrated its superiority to air
as a supporter of animal life. In the next five
years he discovered many important chemical
compounds, and his accuracy in determining
their properties is noteworthy. He was settled
over a dissenting congregation in Birmingham,
1780. and owing to political and religious antag-
onism, his chapel, laboratory and library were
destroyed, July 14, 1791. He fled to London, and
in 1794, after he had received damages to the
amount of over £3,500, he sailed for New York.
There he was warmly received, but declined
many flattering invitations to lecture, preferring
to make his home with his sons, who had
previously settled in Northumberland, Pa. He
delivered two series of theological lectures and
declined the presidency of the University of
North Carolina. A laboratory was built for him
at Northumberland, and he continued his experi-
ments, exhibiting that exactness and accuracy
of detail that make his experiments so valuable.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh,
and in 1766 was elected a member of the Royal
society. A monument was erected to him at
Leeds, a statue of him was placed in the corridor
of the museum at Oxford in 1860, and in 1874 a
statue to his memory was erected in Birming-
ham. Dr. Priestley wrote more than three
hundred books, the most significant of which
are: Rudiments of English Grammar (1761);
Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language
and Universal Grammar (1762) ; History and
Present State of Electricity, with Original Ex-
periments (1767); Discoveries in Vision, Light and
Colors (2 vols., 1772); Experiments and Observa-
tions Relating to Natural Philosophy with a Con-
tinuation of the Observations on Air (3 vols., 1779-
86); Early Opinions Concerning Christ (4 vols.,
1786); Lectures on History and General Policy
(1778); Evidence of Revealed Religion (1784);
Letters to Rt. Hon. E. Burke, occasioned by his
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1791);
Answer to Mr. Paine's Age of Reason (1795) ;
Comparison of the Institutions of Moses u-ith
those of the Hindoos and other Nations ( 1799) ;
General History of the Christian Church to the
Fall of the Western Empire (4 vols., 1802-03);
Notes on all the Books of Scripture (1803), and
Tlie Doctrine of Heathen Philosophy compared
with those of Revelation (1804). See John Corry's
" Life of J. Priestley " (1805); "Memoirs of Dr.
Joseph Priestley to the Year 1795, Written by
Himself, with a Continuation to the Time of his
VIII.— 27
PRIME
Decease by his Son, Joseph Priestley" (1806-07);
and " The Scientific Correspondence of the Rev.
Joseph Priestley " by Dr. H. Carrington Bolton.
He died in Northumberland, Pa., Feb. 6, 1804.
PRIESTLY, James, educator, was born either
in Pennsylvania or Virginia, and early in life
removed to Kentucky. He was elected the second
president of Cumberland university (University
i
of Nashville), Tenn., Oct. 24, 1809, and began his
administration in January, 1810, with the Rev.
William Hume as assistant professor and George
Martin as tutor. They constituted the teaching
force until the college exercises were suspended
in October, 1816. In November, 1820, the insti-
tution was again opened, and Dr. Priestly served
as its president until his death, Philip Lindsley
succeeding to the presidency in 1824. He died
in Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 6, 1821.
PRIME, Benjamin Youngs, physician, was
born in Huntington, L.I., N.Y., Dec. 20,1733;
son of the Rev. Ebenezer and Experience (Youngs)
Prime. He was graduated at the College of New
Jersey, A.B., 1751, A.M., 1754, studied medicine
under Dr. Jacob Ogden at Jamaica, L.I., and
practised at Eastliampton. He was a tutor in
the College of New Jersey, 1756-57 ; went abroad
in 1762 ; visited medical schools in Europe ; was
graduated at the University of Leyden, M.D.,
1764, and in the same year began practice in
New York city. He published "A Song for the
Sons of Liberty in New York " on the passage of
the stamp act in 1765. He was married, Dec.
18, 1774, to Mary (Wheelwright) Greaton, widow
of the Rev. John Greaton of Huntington, L.I.
He retired to Huntiugton, L.I., previous to 1775,
and in that year was forced to flee to Connecti-
cut, where he remained until the conclusion of
peace in 1783, after endeavoring in vain to secure
a commission in the army. He received the
degree of A.M. from Yale in 1760. He is the
author of : The Patriot Muse, or Poems on Some
of the Principal Events of the Late War :
Together with a Poem on Peace (1764) ; Colum-
bia's Glory, or British Pride Humbled : A Poem
on the American Revolution (1791). After his
PRIME
PRIME
death various of his poems were collected and
published as : Museipida : Sive Cambromyoma-
chia ; The Mouse-Trap : or the Battle of Hie
Welsh and the Mice: in Latin and English.
With other Poems in different languages. By tin
American (1840). He died in Huntington, L.I.,
N.Y., Oct. 31, 1791.
PRIME, Ebenezer, clergyman, was born in
Milford, Conn., July 21, 1700 ; grandson of James
Prime of Huguenot descent, who emigrated from
Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, with his brother
Mark, and settled in Milford, Conn., in 1644.
He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1718, A.M.,
1721 ; studied for the ministry under the Rev.
Samuel Andrew, A.M., president pro tempore of
Yale, 1707-19; was assistant to the Rev. Eliphalet
Jones at Huntington, L.I. , N.Y., 1719-23; was
ordained to the Congregational ministry, June
5, 1723, and was pastor at Huntington, 1723-79,
organizing the presbytery of Long Island in 1747.
He was a staunch patriot during the Revolution,
although he suffered much. He was driven from
his home and church in his old age, both build-
ings being occupied by British troops who de-
stroyed his library, and after his death Count
Rumford tore down the church and used the
materials in building barracks and block-houses
in the grave yard. He was married first, Oct. 2,
1723, to Margaret, daughter of Nathaniel Sylves-
ter of Shelter Island ; secondly, Nov. 12, 1730,
to Experience, daughter of Benjamin Youngs of
Southold, L.I., N.Y., and thirdly, March 10, 1751,
to Hannah Carll of Huntington, L.I., N.Y. He
published : Ordination to the Gospel Ministry,
sermon (1754); Tlie Pastor at Large Vindicated
(1758); The Divine Institution of Preaching the
Gospel Considered (1758), and Tlie Importance of
the Divine Presence with the Armies of God's
People in their Martial Enterprises (1759). He
died in Huntington, L.I.,N.Y., Sept. 25, 1779. '
PRIME, Edward Dorr Griffin, clergyman and
author, was born in Cambridge, N.Y., Nov. 2,
1814; son of the Rev. Nathaniel Scudder (q.v.)
and Julia Ann (Jermain) Prime. Edward D. G.
Prime was prepared for college at Washington
academy, Cambridge, N.Y. ; was graduated at
Union, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and taught in his
father's academy at Mount Pleasant, Sing Sing,
1832-35. He studied medicine under Dr. Adrian
K. Hoffman, but abandoned it for the ministry,
and was graduated at Princeton Theological
seminary in 1838. He was licensed to preach by
the North River presbytery, May 16, 1858 ; was
assistant pastor of the church at Scotchtown,
N.Y., 1838-47; was ordained, June 12, 1839, and
was sole pastor, 1847-51. He spent the winters of
1850 and 1851 in New Orleans, La., and Augusta,
Ga., respectively ; was pastor of the Presbyterian
church on Eighty-Sixth St., New York city, 1852-
86 ; was editor of the New York Observer, 1853-54,
during the absence of his brother Samuel
Ireneeus in Europe, associate editor of that
paper, 1854-85, and editor-in-chief, 1885-86, when
he resigned, owing to ill-health. He was chaplain
of the American embassy in Rome, 1854-55 ;
traveled extensively in Europe during that sum-
mer, and made a journey around the world, 1869-
70. He contributed to the Observer while on his
travels under the signature of " Eusebius," and
preached and lectured on the religious conditions
of various countries, on his return, in New York,
Philadelphia and other large cities. He was
married first, Sept. 26, 1839, to Maria Darlington,
daughter of John S. Wilson of Princeton, N.J.,
and secondly, June 14, 1860, to Abbie Davis,
daughter of the Rev. William Goodell of Con-
stantinople. He received the degree D.D. from
Jefferson college, Pa., in 1857. He is the author
of : Around the World : Sketches of Travel
Tlirough Many Lands and Over Many Seas
(1872); Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; or
Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D.D. (1876);
Notes, Genealogical, Biographical and Biblio-
graphical of the Prime Family, printed privately
(1888). He died in New York city, April 7, 1891.
PRIME, Nathaniel Scudder, clergyman, was
born in Huntington, L.I., N.Y., April 21, 1785;
son of Dr. Benjamin Youngs and Mary (Wheel-
wright) Greaton Prime. He was graduated from
the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1804, A.M.,
1807 ; studied theology in Huntington, Long
Island, under the Rev. William Schenck (Prince-
ton, 1767), pastor of the Presbyterian church
at Huntington ; was licensed to preach by the
presbytery of Long Island, Oct. 10, 1805, and
performed missionary work for several months.
He was pastor at Sag Harbor, L.I., 1806-09 ; was
married, July 5, 1808, to Julia Ann, daughter of
Maj. John and Margaret (Pierson) Jermain of
that place ; was ordained, Oct. 24, 1809. and was
pastor at Smithtown and Fresh Pond, 1809-11 ;
at Milton, 1811-12, and at Cambridge, 1813-30,
being also principal of Washington academy,
Cambridge, 1821-30. He was principal of Mount
Pleasant academy, Sing Sing, N.Y., 1830-35, and
in 1831 established a seminary for young women at
Sing Sing under the charge of his daughter, which
acquired a high reputation. He was also pastor at
Sing Sing, 1831-35, and engaged in missionary
work in Newburgh, N. Y., 1835-43. He was active
in moral reform in 1811, and preached a temper-
ance sermon which resulted in the presbytery
of Long Island voting against the use of ardent
spirits and wine. He was a trustee of Middlebury
college, Vermont, 1822-26; of Williams college,
Massachusetts, 1826-31, and received the degree
D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1848.
He is the author of: A Collection of Hymns
PRIME
PRIME
(1809); Tke Pernicious Effects of Intemperance,
a sermon (1812); An Address to the Cambridge
Branch of the Moral Society of Washington
County (1815); .4 Plan for the More Successful
Management of Domestic Missions (1816); Divine
Truth, the Established Means of Sanctiftcation, a
sermon (1817); A Familiar Illustration of Chris-
tian Baptism (1818); The Year of Jubilee but not
to Africans (1825) ; History of Long Island (1845).
He died in Mamaroneok, N.Y., March 27, 1856.
PRIME, Samuel Irenaeus, editor, was born
in Ballston, N.Y., Nov. 4, 1812 ; son of the Rev.
Nathaniel Soudder and Julia Ann (Jermain)
Prime. He was graduated at Williams col-
lege, 1829 ; taught in Washington academy and
at Mount Pleasant, Sing Sing, N.Y., 1829-32, and
attended Princeton Theological seminary, 1832-33.
He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of
Bedford in 1833 ; was principal of the academy
at Weston, Conn., 1833-35, and was ordained by
the presbytery of Albany, June 4, 1835. He was
married first, Oct. 15, 1833, to Elizabeth Thornton,
daughter of Edward Keineys of Sing Sing, N.Y.,
and secondly, Aug. 17, 1835, to Eloisa Lemet,
daughter of Moses Williams of Ballston Spa,
N.Y. He was pastor at Ballston Spa, 1835-36 ;
principal of the academy at Newburgh, N.Y.,
1836-37, and pastor at Matteawan, N.Y., 1837-40.
He was editor of the New York Observer, 1840-49
and 1851-85, and proprietor, 1858-85 ; visited
Europe, Palestine and Egypt, 1853-54 ; made a
second visit to Europe in 1866, and a third in 1876,
and in all his travels wrote weekly contributions to
the Observer, under the signature " Irenaeus." He
was secretary of the American Bible society in
1849, and editor of the Presbyterian at Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1850. He resided in Newark, N.J.,
Brooklyn, N.Y., and New York city. He was a
delegate to the fifth general conference of the
Evangelical alliance at Amsterdam in 1867 ; cor-
responding secretary of the American alliance,
1867-84 ; a vice-president and director of the
American Tract society, and of the American
and Foreign Christian union, and a founder and
WELLS COLLECE.,
AU RORA , /y.Y.
president of the New York Association for the
Advancement of Science and Art. He was also
president of Wells college for women at Aurora,
N.Y., 1869-73; a trustee, 1870-85 ; trustee of
Williams college, 1869-85, and a member of
various religious, benevolentand literary societies.
He received the degree D.D. from Hampden-
Sidney college in 1854. He contributed to
Harper's Magazine for more than twelve years,
and is the author of : The Old mite Meeting- House
(1845); Life in New York (1845); Annals of the
English Bible (1849); Tlioughts on the Death of
Little Children (1852 ; 3d ed., 1865); Travels in
Europe and the East (2 vols., 1855); Tlie Power
of Prayer, translated into French and Tamil
(1858); The Bible in the Levant ; American Wit and
Humor (1859); Letters from Switzerland (1860);
Memoirs of Rev. Nicliolas Murray, D.D. (1862);
Kinran(\862); Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune
(1863); Five Years of Prayer and the Answers
(1864); Fifteen Years of Prayer (1872); Walking
with God (1872); The Alhambra and the Kremlin
(1873); Songs of the Soul (1874); Life of S. F. B.
Morse, LL.D. (1875); Irenceus Letters (1st ser.,
1880; 3d ser., 1885) ; Prayer and its Ansu-er (1883).
He died in Manchester, Vt, July 18, 1885.
PRIME, William Cowper, journalist, was
born in Cambridge, N.Y., Oct. 31, 1825; son of
the Rev. Nathaniel Scudder and Julia Ann (Jer-
main) Prime. He was graduated at the College
of New Jersey, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1846, and practiced law in
New York city, 1846-61. He was married, May
1, 1851, to Mary, daughter of the Hon. Gurdon
Trumbull of Stoniugton, Conn. He was part
owner and one of the managers of the New York
Journal of Commerce, 1861-84, and its editor-in-
chief, 1861-69. He traveled in Europe and the
Holy Land, 1855-56 and 1869-70, and studied
the art of book illustration, making a collection
of the woodcuts of the 15th and 16th centuries.
He was elected first vice-president of the Metro-
politan Museum of Fine Arts in 1874 ; received
the degree of LL.D. from the College of New
Jersey in 1875, and presented the art department
of that institution with a very complete collection
of pottery in memory of his wife. He was elected
professor of the history of art in the College of
New Jersey in 1884, having been influential in
establishing that chair. He contributed to mag-
azines and reviews, including a weekly letter
to the Journal of Commerce from 1846. and is the
author of : The Owl Creek Letters and Other Cor-
respondence (1848); The Old House by the River
(1853); Later Years (1854); Boat Life in Egypt
and Nubia (1857); Tent Life in the Holy Land
(1857); Coins, Medals and Seals, Ancient and
Modern (1861); O Mother Dear, Jerusalem; The
Old Hijmn with its Origin and Genealogy (1865);
I go a-fishing (1873); Holy Cross (1877), and
Porcelain of All Times and Nations (1878). He
also edited " McClellan's Own Story," (1886) and
wrote the biographical sketch attached.
PRINCE
PRINCE
PRINCE, George Washington, representative,
was born in Tazewell county, 111., March 4, 1854;
son of Almyron and Barbara (Fast) Prince. He
was graduated at Knox college, Galesburg, 111.,
in 1878 ; was admitted to the bar in 1880, and
settled in practice at Galesburg in the same year.
He was married, April 20, 1882, to Lillie C.,
daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Hudson)
Ferris of Galesburg, 111. He was city attorney
in 1881, chairman of the Republican central com-
mittee of Knox county in 1884 ; a representative
in the Illinois legislature, 1888-91 ; the Republi-
can candidate for attorney-general of Illinois in
1892, and a Republican representative from the
tenth Illinois district in the 54th congress to
complete the term of Gen. Philip Sidney Post,
deceased, and in the 55th, 56th, 57th and 58th
congresses, 1895-1905.
PRINCE, Helen Choate, author, was born in
Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 26, 1857 ; daughter of
Edward Ellerton and Miriam Foster (Choate)
Pratt ; granddaughter of George and Abigail
(Lodge) Pratt and of Rufus and Helen (Olcott)
Choate ; a paternal descendant of Governor
Walley of Connecticut, and a maternal descend-
ant of the first Choate, who made his home on
Choate Island, Essex, Mass., early in the seven-
teenth century. She received her education in
private schools in Boston, Mass. She was mar-
ried, June 7, 1881, to Charles Albert Prince of
Boston, Mass., and after 1893 made her home in
Paris, France. Her published books include :
The Story of Christine Rochefort (1895); A
Transatlantic Chatelaine (1897); At The Sign of
the Silver Crescent (1898); Tlie Strongest Master
(1902).
PRINCE, Henry, soldier, was born in East-
port, Maine, June 19, 1811. He was graduated
at the U.S. Military academy and assigned to
the 4th U.S. infantry, Sept. 18, 1835 ; served in
Florida, 1836-38, and was wounded in a skirmish
at Camp Izard, Feb. 29, 1836. He was promoted
2d lieutenant, June 11, 1838 ; 1st lieutenant, July
7, 1838 ; served on frontier duty among the Creek
Indians at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, 1830-41,
and in Florida, 1841-42. He was in garrison,
1842-i4 ; on coast survey and recruiting service,
1844-46, and adjutant of the 4th infantry, 1846-
47, being present at the capture of San Antonio,
the battle of Churubusco and of Molino del Rev,
where he was severely wounded. He was bre-
vetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and
Churubusco; was promoted captain, Sept. 26,
1847. and brevetted major, Sept. 8, 1847 for
Molino del Rey. He was an invalid from his
wounds, 1847-50 ; on coast survey duty, 1850-55 ;
commanded Fort Steilacoom, Washington Ter-
ritory, and on paymaster duty, 1855-58. He took
part in the Utah campaign, 1858-59, and was
commissioned brigadier-general of U.S. volun-
teers, April 28, 1862. In the battle of Cedar
Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862, he commanded the 2d
brigade in Augur's 2d division, Banks's 2d corps,
and when General Augur was wounded he suc-
ceeded to the command of the division. He was
captured and held as a prisoner of war until
December, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel, U.S.A., for Cedar Mountain, and on his
release took part in the operations in eastern-
North Carolina early in 1863. He was ordered
to Maryland in June, 1863, being engaged in the
action at Wapping Heights, Va., July 23, and in
the Rapidan campaign, October to December,
1863, where he commanded a division in the 3d
corps, and was prominent in the attack on the
Confederates entrenched at Antioch Church, Nov.
29, 1863. He commanded the district of Colum-
bus, Ky.. April to August, 1864 ; took part in the
pursuit of Forrest's raiders in Tennessee and
Alabama. October to November, 1864, and com-
manded a provisional division on the coast of
South Carolina, January to May, 1865. He was
brevetted colonel and brigadier-general, U.S.A.,
March 13. 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser-
vices during the war and in the field ; served on
courts-martial in Washington, D.C., 1865-66. and
was mustered out of the volunteer service, April
30, 1866. He served as paymaster at Boston,
Mass., 1866-69 ; as chief paymaster of the depart-
ment of the east, 1869-71. and as paymaster in
New York city, 1871-75. He was chief paymaster
of the division of the Pacific, 1875-77 ; was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel, and made department
paymaster-general. March 3, 1877, and was retired,
Dec. 31, 1879. He committed suicide in London,
England, Aug. 19, 1892.
PRINCE, John Dyneley, philologist, was born
in New York city, April 17, 1868 ; son of John
Dyneley and Anna (Morris) Prince : grandson of
John Dyneley and Mary (Travers) Prince and of
Thomas H. and Mary (Johnson) Morris, and
great-grandson of Reverdy Johnson (q.v.). He
was graduated from Columbia, A.B. in 1888 ;
studied Semitic languages at Berlin university,
Germany, 1889-91 ; was a fellow in Semitic
languages at Johns Hopkins university, 1891-92,
and was graduated from Johns Hopkins. Ph.D.,
in 1892. He was married, Oct. 5, 1889, to Adeline,
daughter of Dr. Alfred L. Loomis of New York
city. He represented Columbia university in the
University of Pennsylvania expedition to Baby-
lonia, 1888-89 ; was professor of Semitic languages
and comparative philology at the New York
university, 1889-1902, and dean of the graduate
school, 1895-1902. He resigned his chair in 11102
to accept the professorship of Semitic languages
in Columbia university. He was elected a member
of the American Oriental society, the American
PRINCE
Geographical society, the Society for Biblical
Literature and Exegesis, the American Philolog-
ical society and other organizations. He is the
author of: Mene, 31ene Tekel Upharsin ; An
Historical Study of the Fifth Chapter of Daniel ;
with Translation of the Cyrus Cylinder and
Annals of Nabonidus (1893); A Critical Com-
mentary on the Book of Daniel (Leipzig, 1899),
ami contributions to various scientific periodicals.
PRINCE, LeBaron Bradford, governor of New
M.-xieo, was born at Flushing, N.Y., July 3,
1840 ; son of William Robert (q.v.) and Charlotte
Goodwin (Collins) Prince, and a descendant of
Governor William Bradford of Plymouth colony.
He was graduated from Columbia, LL.B. 1866,
winning the $200
prize in political
science. He was
a delegate to all
the Republican New
York state conven-
tions, 1866-79 ; to the
Republican national
conventions of 1868
and 1876, and a mem-
ber of the New York
assembly five terms,
1871-75, serving as
chairman of the ju-
dicial committee,
1872-74, and conduct-
ing the investigation
in 1872 which resulted in the impeachment of
Judges Barnard, Cardoza and McCunn. He
served in the state senate, 1876-77, and declined
the appointment as territorial governor of Idaho
in 1878, accepting that of chief-justice of New
Mexico, serving as such, 1878-82, and as governor
of New Mexico, 1889-93. He was twice marrieu :
first, Dec. 1, 1879, to Hattie Estelle, daughter of
Dr. S. Russell Childsof New York ; she died Feb.
26,1880, and secondly, Nov. 17, 1881, to Mary
Catherine, daughter of Col. Samuel R. Beardsley
of Oswego, N.Y. He was elected president
of the University of New Mexico. 1882 : was pres-
ident of the Trans-Mississippi congress, 1892,
1893 ; of the International Mining congress,
1897-98 and 1901 ; of the New Mexico Historical
society, Santa Fe, for over twenty years,
of the New Mexico Horticultural society, and of
the board of regents of the New Mexico Agricul-
tural college. He was a member of all the
Protestant Episcopal general conventions, 1877-
1901, and in 1880 founded the American Church
Building fund. He was also a member of various
patriotic organizations. He received the degree
LL.D. from Kenyon college and from Colorado
college in 1894. He is the author of books and
monographs on archaeology government, law
PRINCE
and history. He became an enthusiastic archae-
ologist, and made a unique collection of ancient
American stone idols.
PRINCE, Oliver Hillhouse, senator, was born
in New London, Conn., in 1782 ; son of William
and Mary (Hillhouse) Prince ; grandson of Wil-
liam and Mary (Holland) Prince and of Judge
William and Sarah (Griswold) Hillhouse. and a
descendant of Robert and Sarah (Warren) Prince
of Salem Mass. He removed to Georgia with
his parents in boyhood ; wa* admitted to the bar
in 1806, and practised in Macon, 1806-19. being
one of the five commissioners that laid out the
town. He was married, Aug. 15, 1817, to Mary
Rose Norman, daughter of George Norman and
Sarah (Grace) Holt of Lincoln county, Ga. ; re-
sided in Washington, Ga., 1819-22 ; in Bibb
county, 1822-31 ; in Milledgeville, 1831-35, and in
Athens, 1835-37. He was a state senator from
Bibb county in 1828, when he was elected to the
U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Thomas W. Cobb, completing his
term, March 3, 1829. He is the author of several
humorous sketches, including an account of a
Georgia militia muster, which was translated
into several languages. He was also a joint
author of Georgia Scenes ; and compiled Digest
of the Laws of Georgia to December, IS JO (1822).
He was lost in the wreck of the packet ship Home,
near Ocracoke Inlet, N.C., Oct. 9, 1837.
PRINCE, Thomas, clergyman, was born in
Sandwich, Mass., May 15, 1687 ; son of Samuel
and Mercy (Hinckley) Prince ; grandson of John
Prince and of Gov. Thomas Hinckley, both of
Massachusetts colony, and great-grandson of the
Rev. John Prince, a student at Oxford, and
rector at East Shefford. Berkshire, England,
who immigrated to America in 1633 ; settled first
in Watertown ; secondly in Hingham in 1635,
and then in Hull, Mass. Thomas Prince was
graduated at Harvard, A.B.. 1707, A.M., 1710,
probably studied theology there, 1707-09, and in
1709 sailed for England by way of the West
Indies, landing at London. After two months
he sailed for the Island of Madeira, thence pro-
ceeded to Barbadoes and thence again to Lon-
don, reaching that port, Aug. 17, 1710. He
attended lectures at Gresham college on law,
medicine and theology ; lived chiefly at Coombs
in Suffolk, where he preached occasionally, as
he did in other towns in England, and returned
to Boston on the packet Martha and Hannah,
arriving, July 31, 1717. On July 28 he preached
his first sermon in New England in the Old
North church ; was ordained, Oct. 1, 1718, and
became colleague of Dr. Joseph Sewall, pastor
of the Old South church in Boston, where he
continued until his death. He was married,
Oc-t. 30. 1719, to Deborah Denny, who came in
PRINCE
his company from Coombs, England, with her
brother and friends, and their son, Thomas (1722-
48) , was graduated from Harvard in 1740, and
founded and edited Christian History (1744-46).
He commenced the collection of manuscript
documents of the early history of New England
in 1703, and later the writings of early New
England clergymen, which he left to the Old
South church at his death. These were partly
destroyed by the British in 1775-76; but those
saved, together with his library which he began
to accumulate as early as 1697, of both of which
a catalogue was published by William H. Whit-
more in 1868, and a second one with portrait in
1870, are now a part of the Boston public library.
He became eminent as a preacher, linguist and
scholar, according to the opinion of Dr. Charles
Chauncey being second only to Cotton Mather
in New England. He published twenty-nine
single sermons between 1717 and 1756, several
of which were republished by the Massachusetts
Historical society, and six of his manuscript dis-
courses were published by Dr. John Erskine, 1785.
He is the author of : An Account of a Strange
Appearance in the Heavens (1719); Earthquakes
the Works of God (1727); A Sermon on the Death
of Cotton Mather (1728) ; Memoirs of Roger Clap
of Dorchester (1731); A Vade Mecumfor America :
a Companion for Traders and Travelers (1732);
an edition of John Mason's History of the Pequot
ir«r. with introduction and notes (1736) ; A
Thanksgiving Sermon occasioned by the Capture
of Louisburg (1745); The New England Psalrn-
Book Revised and Improved (1758). He left a
diary, and a work entitled : .4 Chronological His-
tory of New England in the Form of Annals (vol.
I., 1736; two numbers of Vol. II. 1755), followed
by limited editions with memoir (1826), reprinted
in London and Edinburgh. His complete bibli-
ography, giving 121 titles, is given in " History of
the Old South Church, Boston," Vol. II. (1890).
He died in Boston, Mass., Oct. 22, 1758.
PRINCE, William, horticulturist, was born in
Flushing, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 10, 1766; son of Wil-
liam and Ann (Thorne) Prince ; grandson of
Robert and Mary (Burgess) Prince, and a de-
scendant of John Prince, who emigrated from
England to America about 1670, and settled in
Boston, Mass. William Prince attended schools
at Jamaica and Flushing, and assisted his
father, who was a horticulturist and proprietor
of the first nursery established in America,
known as the " Old American Nursery," started
in 1725. In 1793 he bought eighty acres of
adjacent land and established the Linnfean
nurseries, which continued till 1870. He was
married, Dec. 24, 1794, to Mary, daughter of Eli-
phalet and Mary (Valenton) Stratton. He intro-
duced many varieties of fruits into the United
PRINGLE
States, sent many trees and plants from America
to Europe and systematized the nomenclature of
American fruits, including the Bartlett pear and
Isabella grape. He was a corresponding member
of the Linnaean society of Paris, the horticul-
tural societies of London and Paris, and the
Imperial Society of Georgofili at Florence. The
London horticultural society named the "Wil-
liam Prince " apple in his honor. A meeting of
the most prominent foreign and American socie-
ties met at his home in Flushing in 1823, when
Gov. DeWitt Clinton crowned the bust of Lin-
naeus. He is the author of : A Treatise on Horti-
culture (1828), the first work of its kind published
in the United States, and Treatise on the Vine
(with his son, William R., 1830). He died in
Flushing, L.I., N.Y., April 9, 1842.
PRINCE, William Robert, horticulturist, was
born at Flushing, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 6. 1795 ; son
of William (q.v.) and Mary (Stratton) Prince.
He was educated at Jamaica academy, L.I., and
at Boucherville, Canada, and engaged in con-
ducting the Linnaean nurseries with his father,
until 1842, and subsequently alone. He was
married, Oct. 2, 1826, to Charlotte Goodwin,
daughter of Charles and Lydia (Bradford) Col-
lins. He imported the first merino sheep into
the United States in 1816, and introduced silk
culture and the morus multicaulis for feeding
silk worms in 1837, wherein he lost a large for-
tune owing to a change in the tariff, which des-
troyed the industry. He was a delegate to the
Whig national convention at Harrisburg. Pa., in
1848 ; went to California in 1849 ; was a founder
of Sacramento, and traveled in Mexico in 1851.
He introduced the cultivation of osiers about
1835, of sorghum and the Chinese yam in 1854-55.
He received the degrees M.D. and LL.D. about
1866. He was a member of the American In-ti-
tute, the National Pomological society and many
other scientific societies, and is the author of :
Treatise on the Vine (with his father, 1830) ;
Pomological Manual (2 vols., 1832); Manual of
Roses (1846) ; also numerous pamphlets on the
mulberry, strawberry, dioscorea, and on medical
botany, and about 200 descriptive catalogues of
trees, shrubs, vines, plants and bulbs. He died
at Flushing, L.I., March 28, 1869.
PRINGLE, John Julius, statesman, was born
in Charleston, S.C., July 22, 1753; son of Judge
Robert and Judith (Mayrant) Bull Pringle.
Robert Pringle (1702-1776) , born in Scotland, was
a merchant in Charleston, S.C., 1730-76, and as-
sistant justice of the court of common pleas for
South Carolina, 1760-69. John Julius Pringle
studied law in the office of Chief-Justice John
Rutledge in Charleston, and at the Temple in
London. England, and while in England pub-
lished articles in defence of colonial rights which
PRITCHARD
attracted attention. He went from England to
France in 1776, and in 1778, Ralph Izard, U.S.
commissioner to Tuscany, made him his secretary.
He was admitted to the South Carolina bar in
1781, and practised law in Charleston, 1781-1843.
He was a member and speaker of the house of
assembly of South Carolina, 1787-89 ; U.S. dis-
trict attorney for South Carolina, 1789-92, and
attorney-general of South Carolina, 1792-1808,
declining the position of U.S. attorney-general
in the cabinet of President Jefferson in 1835. He
was president of the board of trustees of the
College of Charleston, and of the Charleston
Library society. He died in Charleston, S.C.,
March 17, 1843.
PRITCHARD, Jeter Connelly, senator, was
born in Jonesboro. Tenn., July 12, 1857 ; son of
William Hyder and Elizabeth L. (Brown) Pritch-
ard. His paternal ancestors were from Wales
and his maternal grandparents were natives of
Ireland. Jeter C. Pritchard attended Martins
Creek academy ; learned the printer's trade
in the Tribune-Herald office at Jonesboro, and
removed to Bakersville, N.C., in 1873, where
he was joint-owner and editor of the Roan
Mountain Republican, 1873-87; a presidential
elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket m
1880 and a representative from Madison county
in the state legislature, 1884, 1886 and 1890. He
was admitted to the bar in 1887 and settled in
practice in Marshall, N.C. ; was the Republican
candidate for lieutenant-governor of the state 111
1888, and the party nominee for U.S. senator in
1893. He was elected president of the North
Carolina Protective Tariff league in 1891 ; was a
delegate at large from North Carolina to the Re-
publican national convention of 1892 ; a defeated
candidate for representative in the 53d congress,
and in April, 1894, was elected U.S. senator to
fill the unexpired term of Z. B. Vance, deceased,
and in 1897 was re-elected for the full term of six
years expiring March 3, 1903. He was appointed
chairman of the committee on patents and a
member of six other important committees.
PRITCHETT, Carr Waller, educator, was born
in Henry county, Va., Sept. 4, 1823; eldest son
of Henry and Martha Myra (Waller) Pritchett ;
grandson of Joshua and Elizabeth (Cousins) Prit-
chett and of Carr and Elizabeth (Martin) Waller ;
great-grandson of John Pritchett of Lunenberg
county, Va., and of Gen. Joseph Martin of Henry
county, Va. The ancestors of the Pritchett
family come from Wales early in the eighteenth
century and settled in Virginia and North Caro-
lina, the name being spelled both Pritchett and
Pritchard in the old court records. His father
removed with his family to Warren county, Mo.,
in 1835 where Carr attended the common school,
and in 1844 he began to teach in private schools.
PRITCHETT
In 1846 he became a licentiate in the ministry of
the Methodist church, and was for many ytars a
member of the Missouri annual conference. He
was married in Pike county, Mo., Oct. 17, 1849,
to Bettie Susan, daughter of Byrd and Sarah
Hatcher (Woodson) Smith of Danville, Va.; she
died at Glasgow, Mo., Nov. 27, 1872. He was an
instructor in the Howard high school (subse-
quently Central college), Fayette, Mo., up to the
time of its suspension in 1864 ; was employed in
the statistical department of the U.S. sanitary
commission in Washington, D.C., 1864-66, and in
1866 founded the Pritchett School Institute at
Glasgow, Mo., of which he was president until
1873, and which subsequently became Pritchett
college against the written protest of Dr. Pritch-
ett. In 1875 he became the first director of the
Morrison Observatory (connected with the col-
lege), which he was enabled to establish through
the generosity of Miss Berenice Morrison. This
position he still held in 1903. He received the
honorary degree of A.M. from St. Charles college
in 1850, and LL.D. from Central college in 1885.
He was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical so-
ciety of London, 1879-99, and was made a mem-
ber of the Virginia Historical society.
PRITCHETT, Henry Smith, educator, was
born in Fayette, Mo., April 16, 1857 ; son of Carr
Waller (q.v.) and Betty Susan (Smith) Pritchett.
He was graduated from Pritchett School Institute,
A.B., 1875, A.M., 1879, and studied under Asaph
Hall at the U.S. Naval
observatory in 1876.
He was assistant
astronomer at the
Naval observatory,
1878-80 ; assistant as-
tronomer in the Mor-
rison observatory,
1880-81 ; assistant
professor of astron-
omy at Washington
university, St. Louis,
Mo., 1881-82, and
full professor, 1883-
97. He was the as-
tronomer on the tran-
sit of Venus expedi-
tion to New Zealand in 1882 ; had charge of the
government party to observe the eclipse of the
sun in California in 1889 ; was president of the
St. Louis Academy of Science, 1891-94 ; engaged
in scientific work in Europe, 1894-95, and was
appointed superintendent of the U.S. coast and
geodetic survey in 1897, which office he resigned
in 1900 to accept the presidency of the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology, Boston. He was
married in June, 1900, to Eva, daughter of Hall
and Louise McAllister of San Francisco, Cal. He
PROCTER
PROCTOR
was appointed superintendent of awards at the
Pan-American exposition of 1901. The degree of
Pii.D. was conferred on him by the University
of Munich in 1894 ; and that of LL.D. by Hamil-
ton in 1900 ; Harvard in 1901 ; Yale in 1901 ; the
University of Pennsylvania in 1901, and Johns
Hopkins in 1902. He is the author of many
valuable papers on astronomy.
PROCTER, John Robert, geologist and civil
service reformer, was born in Mason county,
Kentucky, March 16, 1844 ; son of George Morton
and Anna Maria (Young) Procter ; grandson of
Abram Buford and Mary (Lurty) Procter, and of
Willoughby Tibbs
and Judith (Cook)
Young, and a de-
scendant on both
sides from soldiers of
Virginia in the Revo-
lution. He received
his primary education
in his native county ;
took the scientific
course in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania,
1863-64, and left to
join the Confederate
army in 1864, serving
in the artillery as
lieutenant, October,
1864-April, 1865. He was married in 1869, to
Julia Leslie, daughter of John Porter and Eliza-
beth (Andrews) Dobyns, and had three sons ; one
of whom, Andre Morton, became lieutenant in
the U.S. navy ; another, John R., Jr., lieutenant
in the artillery. U.S.A., both serving in the
Spanish-American war, 1898. Mr. Procter made
his home on his farm in Mason county, 1865-73 ;
WHS assistant on the state geological survey,
1873-80, and head of the survey from 1880 until
its close in 1893, succeeding Professor Shaler.
During his service he refused to make appoint-
ments as awards for political services, or to re-
move competent assistants who happened to be of
opposite political party, being sustained in this
course by the governors of the state until 1893.
In that year the governor advocated the claims
of certain of his political friends to appointment,
and Mr. Procter advised that the survey be closed
rather than used for advancing political in-
terests. He served on the jury of awards on
mines and mining during the Columbian exposi-
tion at Chicago, 1893, and on Dec. 2, 1893, was
appointed president of the U.S. civil service
commission, which office he still held in 1903.
He was elected a member of the Geological
Society of America ; a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science ;
president of the Cosmos club of Washington, and
a member of the Century association of New
York. His publications include reports on his
work on the geological survey of Kentucky, and
contributions to magazines on civil service,
economic and international subjects.
PROCTOR, Edna Dean, poet, was born in Hen-
niker, X.H., Sept. 18, 1829 ; daughter of John and
Luciuda (Gould) Proctor ; granddaughter of John
and Hannah (Cogswell) Proctor and of Elias and
Sally (Hilton) Gould, and a descendant of John
Proctor of England (born 1595), who came to
Ipswich, Mass.. in 1635. and afterward removed
to Salem. She entered Mount Holyoke seminary
with the class of 1845 ; continued her education
in Concord, N.H., and subsequently resided in
Brooklyn, N.Y. She contributed to the New
York Independent prose and verse, including
The Wliite Slaves, which interested the poet John
G. Whittier, and resulted in a life-long friend-
ship. She traveled extensively in foreign coun-
tries ; edited Extracts from Henry Ward Beechers
Sermons (1858), and is the author of: Poems
(1866 and 1890); .4 Russian Journey (1872 and
1S90) ; Tlie Song of the Ancient People (1893) , and
Tlie Mountain Maid and other Poems of New
Hampshire (1900). It was the chapter on Sevas-
topol in A Russian Journey that moved trie Eng-
lish to put their Crimean cemetery into proper
condition and place a fitting monument therein.
Among her best known poems are : Who's
Ready?; Tlie Grave of Lincoln; Heroex : By the
Shenandoah; El Mahdi to the Tribes of the Sou-
dan ; Columbia's Emblem, celebrating the maize,
and widely copied and praised : Columbia's Ban-
ner, read in the public schools throughout the
country on Columbus day of the Columbian
year; Tlie Doom of the White Hills, influential
in the movement to save the New Hampshire
forests ; and New Hampshire,
PROCTOR, Lucien Brock, author, was born
in Hanover, N.H., March 6. 1826 ; son of Jonathan
and Ruth (Carter) Proctor ; grandson of Jonathan
and Martha (Graves) Proctor, and a descendant
of Robert (who settled in Concord, Mass., about
1643, and in Chelmsford, Mass., in 1654) and Jane
(Hildreth) Proctor. He was graduated at Hamil-
ton college, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847 ; was admitted
to the bar, and practised at Port Byron, N.Y. ,
1847-49, and at Dansville, N.Y., 1849-63. In 1863
he abandoned the practice of law to devote him-
self to literature, becoming a regular contributor
to the Albany Law Journal in 1869. He is the
author of : The Bench and Bar of the State of
New York (1870): Lives of the New York State
Chancellors (1875) ; Tlie Life and Times of Thomas
Addis Emmet (1876); Lawyer and Client (1879);
Tlie Bench and Bar of King's County (1883) ; Tlie
Legal History of Albany and Schrneclady Coun-
ties (1884); and Early History of the Board of
PROCTOR
PROCTOR
Regents and the University of the State of New
York (1886). He revised and annotated JabezD.
Hammond's "Political History of the State of
New York," continuing it from 1844 to 1887, and
published many addresses, two notable ones being:
Aaron Burr's Political Career Defended (1885),
and John C. Spencer's Legal and Political Career
(1886). He died in Albany, N.Y., April 1, 1900.
PROCTOR, Mary, astronomer, was born in
Dublin, Ireland ; daughter of Richard A. and
Mary (Mills) Proctor, and granddaughter of AVil-
liam Proctor, a solicitor of Chelsea, England.
Her father (1837-1888), St. John's college, Cam-
bridge, England, 1860, was a famous astronomer,
author and lecturer, and founded and edited
Knowledge, a scientific periodical, in 1881. Mary
Proctor received a liberal education, and as her
father's constant companion from childhood, be-
came deeply interested in his books, beginning
to write on astronomical subjects under his direc-
tion. The family removed to the United States
in 1886, settling in New York city, and Miss Proc-
tor continued her writing, making a specialty
of books for children, and eventually becoming
widely known as the "children's astronomer."
She made her first appearance as a lecturer at
the Chicago exposition in 1893, where she won
immediate popularity. She subsequently gave
annual courses of free lectures to the general
public in New York city under the auspices of
the board of education ; was lecturer in various
New York private schools, and conducted tours
throughout the principal cities of the United
States and Canada. She was a member of the
scientific expedition to Bodo, Norway, which
was organized to observe the total eclipse of the
sun, Aug. 8, 1896, and gave daily talks on as-
tronomy on board the steam yacht O7izo, char-
tered for the trip. She edited the scientific de-
partment of Popular Astronomy ; and was a
member of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and the National Scientific
club of Washington, D.C. She is the author of :
Stories of Starland (1898), and contributions to
several leading magazines and scientific publica-
tions.
PROCTOR, Redfield, cabinet officer, was born
jn Proctorsville, Vt., June 1, 1831 ; son of Jabez
and Betsy (Parker) Proctor; grandson of Leon-
ard and Mary (Keep) Proctor, and of Isaac and
Bridget (Fletcher) Parker, and a direct descend-
ant from Robert Proctor, one of four brothers
who came from London, England, to Salem,
Mass., in the ship Susan & Ellen in 1635. He
was made a freeman at Concord in 1643. and in
1654 settled in Chelmsford, from which town
Leonard Proctor, who had served as an officer in
the Revolutionary war, moved to Vermont in
1783, and was the first permanent settler of Proc-
torsville. Redfield Proctor was graduated from
Dartmouth college, A..B., 1851, A.M., 1854, and
from the Albany Law School, LL.B., 1860. He
was married, May 26, 1858, to Emily J., daughter
of Salmon Fletcher and Sarah (Barlow) Dutton
of Cavendish, Vt. He practised law in Boston,
Mass., 1860-61, and in
1861 joined the Fed-
eral army as quarter-
master of the 3d Ver-
mont regiment ; was
promoted major of
the 5th regiment in
September, 1861, and
colonel of the 15th
regiment of volun-
teers in 1862. He
served as a brigade
and division quarter-
master on the staff
of Gen. William F.
Smith, and was mus-
tered out in 1863.
He engaged in farming and in the practice
of law ; was receiver of a marble company, and
on its reorganization in 1870 was elected man-
ager, developing the business until it became
by far the largest marble-producing company
in the world. He was a representative in the
state legislature, 1867-68 and 1888 ; a member
and president pro tempore of the state senate.
1874-76 ; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1876-
78 ; governor, 1878-80, and a delegate-at -large to
the Republican national conventions of 1884, 1888
and 1896, being chairman of the Vermont delega-
tion in 1888 and in 1896. In March, 1889, he was
appointed by President Harrison secretary of war
in his cabinet, and resigned, Nov. 1, 1891, having
been appointed by Governor Page to the U.S.
senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna-
tion of George F. Edmunds. On Oct. 18, 1892, he
was elected by the Vermont legislature to fill both
the unexpired and the full terms, and in 1898 was
re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1905.
He served in the senate as chairman of the com-
mittee on agriculture and forestry, and as a
member of the committees on fisheries, coast
defenses, military affairs, District of Columbia,
post offices, the Phillipines, and the select com-
mittees on the University of the United States
and industrial expositions. His son, Fletcher
Dutton, succeeded him in the presidency of the
Vermont Marble company in 1889 ; was a repre-
sentative in the state legislature, 1890-91 and in
1900-01, when he was elected speaker of that
body, and was a member of the state senate in
1891. In 1902 Senator Proctor provided for the
2500 employees of the Vermont Marble company
a large and beautifully furnished building, known
PROSSER
PROVOOST
as the Industrial Young Men's Christian associa-
tion, with all the conveniences of a club house,
amusement hall and educational institution, ded-
icating it to the moral and educational upbuild-
ing of the men employed in the marble works.
PROSSER, Charles Smith, educator and
geologist, was born in Columbus, N.Y., March
24, 1860 ; son of Smith and Emeline Amelia (Tut-
tle) Prosser ; grandson of William and Mary
(Herrick) Prosser, and of James and Rebecca
(Crandall) Tuttle, and a descendant of William
and Elizabeth Tuttle of St. Albans, England, who
came to America in the ship Planter and landed
at Boston about July 1, 1635. He was graduated
from Cornell university, B.S., 1883, M.S., 1886 ;
was a fellow in natural history at Cornell, 1884-
85 ; and instructor in paleontology there, 1885-
88, and assistant paleontologist on the U.S. geo-
logical survey, 1888-92. He was married, Aug.
28, 1893, to Mary Frances, daughter of Thomas
and Mary Frances Wilson of Albany, N.Y. He
was professor of natural history at Washburn
college, Topeka, Kan., 1892-94: professor of
geology and paleontology at Union college,
Schenectady, N.Y., 1894-99 : was elected associate
professor of historical geology in Ohio State uni-
versity in 1899, and professor of geology in 1901.
He was assistant geologist on the U.S. Geological
survey, 1893-94 and from 1900 ; on the state
geological survey of Kansas, 1896 ; New York,
1895-99 ; Ohio from 1900, and chief of the Appal-
achian division of the Maryland geological survey
from 1897. He was made a fellow of the geolog-
ical Society of America and of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, and
a member of the Congres Geologique Interna-
tional and other scientific societies. He pub-
lished numerous papers and reports on the geol-
ogy of Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland, New York and Ohio, and is the
author of: The Devonian System of Eastern
Pennsylvania and New York (1895); The Classifi-
cation of the Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of Central
Kansas (1895); TJie Upper Permian and Loirer
Cretaceous of Kansas (1897) ; Tlie Classification
and Distribution of the Hamilton and Chemung
Series of Central and Eastern Neiv York (pt. I.,
1898 ; pt. II., 1900) ; besides contributions to
scientific periodicals.
PROVOOST, Samuel, first bishop of New York
and 3d in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in New York city, Feb. 26, 1742 ; son of
John and Eve (Rutgers) Provoost ; grandson of
Samuel and Maria (Spratt) Provoost, and of Har-
manus and Catharine (Meyer) Rutgers ; great-
grandson of David and Catharine (Laurens) Pro-
voost, and great -grandson of David Provoost
(1608-1557) of Amsterdam, who came to New
Netherlands, 1624 ; returned to Holland, 1626,
where in 1630 he married Margaretta, daughter
of Gillis Ten Waert, and came to New Amster-
dam in 1634. Samuel Provoost's parents were
members of the Dutch Reformed church. He
was graduated at Kings (Columbia) college, New
York city, with its first class, A.B., 1758, A..M,
1761, and at St. Peter's college, Cambridge univer-
sity, England, A.B., 1765. He was admitted
to the diaconate at the Chapel Royal of St.
James's Palace, Westminster, by the Bishop of
London, Feb. 23, 1766, and advanced to the priest-
hood at King's Chapel, Whitehall, by the Bishop
of Whitehall, March 23, 1766. He was married at
Cambridge, England, June 6, 1766, to Maria,
daughter of Thomas Bonsfield of Lake Lands,
near Cork, Ireland ; returned to New York city,
and in December, 1766, became an assistant to
the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, rector of Trinity
parish, which embraced at the time St. George's
and St. Paul's chapels. He revisited Ireland,
1769, and resigned from Trinity, May 21. 1771, re-
tiring to a farm at East Camp, Columbia county,
N.Y. He declined to serve as delegate to the
Provincial congress and as chaplain of the con-
stitutional convention which met in Kingston,
N.Y., in 1777, and the rectorship of various par-
ishes. He lived in retirement until 1784 when he
accepted the rectorship of Trinity parish, and
returned to New York city, where he was ap-
pointed chaplain of the Continental congress in
1785. He was elected bishop of the newly erected
diocese of New York, June 13, 1786, and with the
Rev. William White (q.v.) went to England for
consecration. They were consecrated at Lam-
beth Palace, London, England, Feb. 4, 1787, by
Archbishop John Moore of Canterbury, Arch-
bishop Markham of York, Bishop Moss of Bath
and Wells and Bishop Hinchcliffe of Peterbor-
ough. Bishop Provoost's wife died in 1799. He
retained the rectorship of Trinity parish until
Dec. 22, 1800, when he resigned, and on Sept. 7,
1801, he resigned the bishopric of New York. He
was a regent of the University of the State of
New York, 1784-87 ; trustee of Columbia college,
1784-lt<01, and chairman of the board of trustees,
1795-1801. He received the degree S.T.D. from
the University of Pennsylvania in 1786, and was
the first chaplain of the U.S. senate in 1789. He
was learned in the ancient and modern lan-
guages ; was a student of botany and an accom-
plished master of belles-lettres, but published
nothing beyond his sermons. He took part in
the consecration of Bishops Claggett, Smith, Bass,
Jarvis, Hobart and Griswold. Bishop Provoost
was a personal friend of Washington, Adams,
Jay, Hamilton and others, a panel on the bronze
doors of Trinity church showing the Bishop re-
ceiving Washington at the entrance of St. Paul's
chapel immediately after his inauguration.
PRUDDEN
Trinity also contains a window to his memory,
and a portrait by Benjamin West. See " Centen-
nial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church
of the Diocese of New York "(1886) , and " History
of Trinity Parish," by Morgan Dix and Arthur
Lowndes (1900). He died in New York city,
Sept. 6, 1815.
PRUDDEN, Theophil Mitchell, pathologist,
was born in Middlebury, Conn., July 7, 1849 ; son
of the Rev. George Peter and Eliza Ann (John-
son) Prudden ; grandson of Peter and Charity
(Davis) Prudden and of Ebenezer and Sally
(Mitchell) Johnson, and a descendant of the Rev.
Peter and Joanna (Boyse) Prudden, who emi-
grated from England with John Davenport, and
was the first pastor of the church at Milford,
Conn., 1640-56. He was graduated from Yale,
Ph.B., 1872; was an instructor in chemistry at
Yale, 1873-74 ; and meantime studied medicine
at Yale, and in the . College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York city, graduating at Yale,
M D., 1875. He served as interne at the New
Haven, Conn., hospital, 1875-76; pursued ad-
vanced studies in the Universities of Heidelberg,
Vienna and Berlin, 1877-78 ; and was assistant in
pathology and normal histology in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, 1878-82.
He was a lecturer on normal histology at Yale
Medical school, 1880-86; and director of the
laboratory of the Alumni Association of the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, 1882-91. In
1885 he studied the new methods of research in
bacteriology and the new cholera microbe with
Dr. Koch in Berlin, Germany. He was profes-
sor of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Columbia university, New York,
from 1892, and the director of the laboratories of
pathology, bacteriology and hygiene, clinical
pathology and normal histology. He received
the degree of LL.D. from Yale in 1897, and was
a member of the National Academy of Sciences ;
the Association of American Physicians ; the
New York Pathological society ; the New York
Academy of Medicine ; New York Academy of
Sciences : the Practitioners' society ; New York
Historical and Geographical societies, and other
organizations. He contribdted articles on ex-
ploration and travel to Harper's Monthly ; pub-
lished several scientific monographs embodying
original research, and is the author of : Manual
of Normal Histology (1881); Storyofthe Bacteria
(1889); Dust and its Dangers (1891); Drinking
Water and Ice. Supplies (1891); and Hand-book
of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, with
Francis Delafield (sixth edition, 1901).
PRUD'HOMME, John Francis Eugene, en-
graver, was born at St. Thomas, W.I. , Oct. 4. 1800,
son of French immigrants. His parents brought
him to the United States in 1807, and settled in
PRUYN
New York city in 1809, where he was educated.
He studied art under Thomas Gimbrede, his
brother-in-law, in 1814, and began as a portrait
engraver in 1817, but owing to limited patronage
was obliged to practise art in a general way for
several years. He was employed by James Her-
ring in 1831 to engrave the steel plates for " The
National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Ameri-
cans." He was a bank note engraver in New
York, 1852-69, and an ornamental designer and
engraver in the bureau of engraving and print-
ing at Washington, D.C.. 1869-85. He was elected
a member of the National Academy of Design,
was its curator, 1834-53, and an instructor in its
life class. He illustrated several books of popular
authors of that day, and produced steel plates
from Trumbull's " Anthony Wayne," " Daniel
Morgan," and "Declaration of Independence;"
from Gilbert Stuart's " Henry Knox " and " Peter
Gansevoort ; " from Harding's " John Eager How-
ard," Wood's " Mrs. D. P. Madison " and Weir's
" Winfield Scott." He was the oldest engraver
in America at the time of his death, which oc-
curred in Washington, D.C.. June 28, 1892.
PRUYN, John Van Schaick Lansing, repre-
sentative, was born in Albany, N.Y., June 22,
1811 ; son of David and Hiberte (Lansing) Pruyn ;
grandson of Casparus and Catherine (Groesbeck)
Pruyn and of Christopher and Sarah (Van Schaick)
Lansing, and a descendant of Francis Pruyn,
called Frans Jansen, who emigrated from Hol-
land to America with his wife, Aeltje, and settled
in Albany, N.Y., as early as 1665. He attended
private schools and was graduated from the
Albany academy in 1826 ; studied law under
James King of Albany and was admitted to the
bar Jan. 13, 1832. In 1833 he engaged in practice
in partnership with Henry H. Martin, and as
counsel in the James will case acquired promin-
ence in his profession. He was appointed an
examiner in chancery, March 27, 1833, and a
master, Feb. 10, 1836, by Governor Marcy, and
injunction master for the 3d circuit by Chancel-
lor Wai worth, Feb. 13, 1836. He became counsel
to the Albany city bank in 1834, and subsequently
a director and vice-president ; a director of the
Mohawk and Hudson railroad and its counsel,
1835-53, and when the railroads between Albany
and Buffalo were consolidated as the New York
Central in 1853, he drew up the agreement and
conducted the transfer. He was the principal
counsel in the Hudson River Bridge case ; was
sole trustee of the estate of Harmanus Bleecker,
and the financial agent of the Sault Ste. Marie
canal. He practised in partnership with John
H. Reynolds, 1851-53. and in 1853 retired from
the law profession to become secretary, treasurer
and general counsel to the New York Central
railroad, which office he held, 1854-60. He was a
PRUYN
PRYOR
member of the New York senate in 1861-62, and
devoted his salary to the poor of Albany. He
was a Democratic representative from the four-
teenth New York district in the 38th congress,
having been elected to complete the term of
Erastus Corning, resigned, and was re-elected to
the 40th congress, serving 1863-65 and 1867-69.
He was married first, Oct. 22, 1840, to Harriet
Corning, daughter of Thomas and Mary Rug-
gles (Weld) Turner, and secondly, Sept. 7, 1865,
to Anna Fenn, daughter of the Hon. Amasa
Junius and Harriet Langdon (Roberts) Parker of
Albany, N.Y. He was a commissioner for the
building of the new state capitol, 1865-70, and on
July 7, 1869. laid the first stone. He was a regent
of the University of the State of New York, 1844-
77 ; succeeded Hon. Gerrit Y. Lansing as chancel-
lor, serving 1862-77 ; was president of Albany
Institute, 1857-77, founder and president of the
New York State board of charities, 1867-77 ;
president of the board of commissioners of the
state survey, 1876-77 ; a trustee of St. Stephen's
college at Annandale, N.Y., 1860-77 ; a member
of the Centennial commission, 1871-76, and of
the Association for the Codification of the Law
of Nations. He was a corresponding member of
the New York Historical society, honorary mem-
ber of the Wisconsin Historical society ; a member
of the American Geographical and Statistical
society, of the Literary Fund society of London,
and of the Union club and the Century associa-
tion of New York. He received the honorary
degree A.M. from Rutgers college in 1835. LL.D.
from Union college in 1845, and from the Uni-
versity of Rochester in 1852. He died at Clifton
Springs, N.Y., Nov. 21. 1877.
PRUYN, Robert Hewson, diplomatist, was
born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 14, 1815 ; son of Cas-
parus F. and Anne (Hewson) Pruyn ; grandson
of Francis C. and Cornelia (Dunbar) Pruyn and
of Robert and Elizabeth (Fryer) Hewson, and a
descendant of Francis Pruyn, the immigrant,
1665. He was prepared for college at Albany
academy, and was graduated at Rutgers, A.B.,
1833, A.M., 1836. He studied law in the office of
Abraham Van Vechten of Albany and was at-
torney and counsellor for the corporation of
Albany, and a member of the municipal council,
1836-39. He was married, Nov. 9, 1841, to Jane
Ann, daughter to Gerrit Yates and Helen (Ten
Eyck) Lansing of Albany, N.Y. He was judge-
advocate-general of the state, 1841-46 and 1851 ;
a member of the assembly 1848, 1849, 1850 and
1854, serving as speaker pro tempore in 1850.
and as speaker in 1854, and as adjutant-general
on the staff of Gov. Myron H. Clark in 1855.
He was appointed U.S. minister resident to Japan
by President Lincoln, Oct. 21, 1861, as successor
to Townsend Harris, resigned, and during his ad-
ministration he maintained that the Tycoon was
the real ruler of Japan and should be so recog-
nized, in order that foreign intercourse could be
guaranteed without awaiting treaties ratified by
the Mikado. During his service in Japan he had
full power, and when the daimio of Chosiu fired
on the American merchant steamer Pembroke in
1863 he proceeded to use the U.S. navy to prevent
a repetition of the outrage. Commodore Mc-
Dougall in the Wyoming sank a brig and blew
up a steamer and then ran the gauntlet of Japanese
shore batteries, Straits of Simonosaki. and sub-
sequently the Takiang, a chartered steamer,
carrying the guns and a crew from the U.S.S.
Jamestown, with the allied naval forces of Great
Britain, France and Holland, whose vessels had
been similarly treated, demolished the fortifica-
tions of Chosiu and captured the guns. This
action of the allied powers was questioned, but
the prompt suppressing of outrages postponed
the intended dethronement of the Tycoon, en-
abling him to observe his treaty stipulations, and
the incident cost the Japanese government an
indemnity of $3.000,000 and secured immediate
foreign intercourse. Mr. Pruyn returned to the
United States in 1865 ; was the Republican can-
didate for lieutenant-governor of New York in
1866, and was made president of the state con-
stitutional convention of 1872. He was a trustee
of Rutgers college : president of the board of
directors of the Dudley observatory ; vice-presi-
dent of the board of trustees of the Albany
Medical college, and a member of the executive
committee of the State Normal school at Albany.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams
in 1865. He died in Albany, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1882.
PRYOR, Luke, senator, was born in Madison
county, Ala., July 5, 1820. His father was a
native of Virginia. He studied law under
Judge Daniel Colemaii, and was admitted to
the bar in 1841, practising in Athens, Limestone
county, in partnership with E. J. Jones, R. C.
Brickell, and George S. Houston. He married
a daughter of Capt. John Harris of Limestone
county ; and represented the county in the Ala-
bama legislature in 1855, in order to secure
privileges for the railroad from Nashville to
Montgomery, of which he was a projector. He
supported the Confederate States government,
1861-65, opposed the reconstruction measures of
the U.S. government, 1865-70. ami was appointed
to the U.S. senate in January, 1880, by Governor
Cobb. to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
George S. Houston. Dec. 31, 1879. When the
legislature met in November, 1800, he declined
to be a candidate to complete the unexpired term.
He was a Democratic representative from the
eighth Alabama district in the 48th congress
1883-85. He died in Athens, Ala., Aug. 5. 1900.
PRYOR
PUGH
PRYOR, Roger Atkinson, jurist, was born in
Dinwiddie county, near Petersburg, Va., July 19,
1838 ; son of the Rev. Theodorick Bland and Lucy
E. (Atkinson) Pryor; grandson of Richard and
Anno (Bland) Pryor and of Roger and Agnes
(Poythress) Atkinson, and a direct descendant
of Henry Isham of Bermuda Hundreds, William
Randolph of Turkey Island, Va., Richard Bland,
the patriot, Samuel Pryor, who married Prudence
Thornton and settled in Caroline county, Va.,
1700, and Richard Bennett, colonial governor
of Virginia in 1652. He was graduated at Hamp-
den Sidney college, valedictorian, in 1845, and at
the University of Virginia in 1848. He was
married Nov. 8, 1848, to Sara Agnes, daughter
of the Rev. Samuel Blair and Lucinda (Leftvrich)
Rice of Charlotte county, Va. He was admitted
to the bar in 1849 and settled in practice in
Charlottesville ; subsequently edited the South
Side Democrat, Petersburg ; was attached to the
staff of the Washing-
ton Union ; edited
the Enquirer at Rich-
mond, Va., 1854 ; and
The South in Rich-
mond, in which
he advocated states
rights, and the pub-
lication of which was
discontinued on his
withdrawal from the
editorship. He after-
ward served on the
staff of the Washing-
ton states- while
junior editor of the
Washington Union
he wrote a notable article on the Anglo-Rus-
sian war which was extensively copied and
translated abroad. He was a special envoy to
Greece in 1855, succeeding in adjusting the diffi-
culties between the United States and that
country after others had failed ; and a Demo-
cratic representative from the fourth Virginia
district in the 36th congress, 1859-61, having
been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the
death of William O. Goode. He was re-elected
in 1860 to the 37th congress, but owing to the
secession of Virginia, did not take his seat. He
was attached to Beauregard's staff at the time
of the firing on Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor,
April 12, 1861 ; and was appointed to fire the first
gun but declined to do so, giving as a reason that
Virginia, his state, had not yet seceded. He
also refused, on the same ground, to enter the
captured fort. He was a delegate from Virginia
in the provisional Confederate congress, where
he so vigorously opposed the proposed measure
offered by William L. Yancey to reopen the
iffflVL-. ' IT.
; ft^'-'.
' -^'V'!- p
slave trade as to defeat the bill. He was a repre-
sentative in the 1st Confederate States congress
that met in Richmond, Va., Feb. 22, 1862, serving
as a member of the military committee. He
entered the Confederate army as colonel ; was
promoted brigadier-general, April 16, 1862; com-
manded the 5th brigade in Longstreet's division
at Yorktown and Williamsburg, April-May, 1862 ;
in Anderson's division, Longstreet's right wing
at Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, and in the seven
days' battles before Richmond, June 25-July 1 ; in
Wilcox's division in the second battle of Manas-
sas, Aug. 16-Sept. 2 ; and in Anderson's division
in the Maryland campaign, including Harper's
Ferry, Sept. 12-15, and Antietam (Sharpsburg),
Sept. 17, 1862, succeeding to the command of the
division when Gen. R. H. Anderson was wounded.
He resigned his commission owing to a misunder-
standing with President Davis ; re-entered the
service as a private in Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's
cavalry ; was taken prisoner at Petersburg in
November, 1864, and confined at Fort Lafayette
and was released at the close of the war. He
accepted a position on the New York Daily News
conducted by Benjamin Wood ; studied law; was
admitted to the New York bar in 1866, and prac-
tised in New York city, 1866-90. He was a dele-
gate to the Democratic national convention of
1876, and was appointed judge of the court of
common pleas of New York by Gov. D. B. Hill
in 1890, being afterward elected to the full term
of fourteen years. In 1894 he was transferred to
the bench of the supreme court and held the
office until retired by the age limit in January,
1899, when he resumed the practice of law. His
decision in the case of the Sugar Trust was the
first blow received by trusts in the United States
at the hands of the courts, and his presentation
of the law left an appeal impossible. He received
the degree LL.D. from Hampden Sidney college;
was a member of the board of visitors of the
University of Virginia, and is the author of
many speeches and literary addresses.
PUGH, Evan, educator, was born in East Not-
tingham, Pa., Feb. 29, 1828; son of Lewis and
Mary (Hutton) Pugh ; grandson of Jesse and
Elizabeth (Hudson) Pugh, and of Hiett and Sarah
(Pugh) Hutton, and a descendant of John and
Jane Pugh, who came from Wales to East Not-
tingham, Pa., early in the 18th century. He at-
tended the district school ; worked as a black-
smith's apprentice, 1844-46 ; attended the Manual
Labor school at Whitestown, N.Y. ; taught ad is-
trict school in East Nottingham, and in 1850
took charge of Jordan Bank seminary, near Ox-
ford, Pa., which he inherited and conducted
until 1853. He took a special course in natural
and mathematical science and in practical chem-
istry in the universities of Leipsic, Gottingen,
PUGH
PULASKI
Heidelberg and Paris, 1853-57 ; received the de-
gree Ph.D. at Gottingen in 1856 ; and took a
course in agricultural chemistry in the laboratory
of J. B. Lawes at Rothamstead, near London,
England, 1857-59, where he demonstrated that
plants do not assimilate free nitrogen. He was
president of the Farmer's High school near
Belief onte, Pa., 1859-64, which was chartered in
1854, and in 1862 obtained a congressional land
grant at the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania,
changing its name in 1874 to the Pennsylvania
State college. During his presidency he planned
and superintended the erection of college build-
ings, secured endowments, and had special charge
of the practical investigations of the students in
chemistry, scientific agriculture, mineralogy and
geology. He was married, Feb. 4, 1864, to Re-
becca Valentine of Bellefonte, Pa. He was a
member of various scientific societies in the
United States, and was elected a fellow of the
Chemical Society of England. He died in Belle-
fonte, Pa. , April 29, 1864.
PUGH, George Ellis, senator, was born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1822. He was graduated
at Miami university, A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843;
practised law in Cincinnati, 1844-46 ; served in
the Mexican war as captain in the 4th Ohio regi-
ment and as aide to Gen. Joseph Lane ; was a
representative from Hamilton county in the Ohio
legislature, 1848-49 ; city solicitor, 1850 ; attorney-
general of the state, 1852-54 ; Democratic U.S.
senator, 1855-61, defeating Salmon P. Chase,
and while in the senate served on the committees
on public lands and the judiciary. He was de-
feated for re-election in 18G1 by Mr. Chase ; was a
delegate to the Democratic national convention of
1860, serving as chairman of the Ohio delegation
and supporting the candidacy of Stephen A. Doug-
las ; and made an effective reply to William L.
Yancey on the question of slavery in the territo-
ries. He was counsel for Clement L. Vallan-
digham in 1863, and urged his release from im-
prisonment by military authority on the ground
that the civil courts of Ohio were operative. He
was the unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant-
governor on the Democratic ticket with C. L.
Vallandigham for governor in 1863, and for rep-
resentative from the first district of Ohio in the
29th congress in 1864, and was elected a delegate
to the state constitutional convention of 1872 but
refused to serve. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio,
July 19, 1876.
PUGH, James Lawrence, senator, was born in
Burke county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1820 ; son of Robert
and Mary (Tillman) Pugh. He removed to Ala-
bama with Ins parents in 1824 ; studied law in
the office of John G. Shorter of Eufaula, Ala. ;
was admitted to the bar in 1841, and settled in
practice in Eufaula. He was a presidential elec-
tor on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1848 and
on the Buchanan and Breckinridge ticket in 1856.
He was married, Dec. 1, 1846, to Sarah S.,
daughter of the Hon. John L. and Sarah (Boler)
Hunter of Barbour county, Ala. He was a Dem-
ocratic representative from the second Alabama
district in the 36th congress, serving from Dec. 5,
1859, to Jan. 21, 1861, when the state seceded and
he retired, and was subsequently expelled. He
joined the Eufaula Rifles and enlisted in the 1st
Alabama regiment as a private, serving a year at
Pensacola, and was a representative from Ala-
bama in the 1st and 2d Confederate congresses,
serving from Feb. 22, 1862, to the close of the
Confederate government. He resumed the prac-
tice of law in 1865 ; was president of the Demo-
cratic state convention in 1874 ; a member of the
state constitutional convention of 1875, and a
presidential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks
ticket in 1876. He was elected to the U.S. senate
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George
S. Houston and took his seat Dec. 6, 1880, the
term expiring March 3, 1885. He was re-elected
for a second and third term, serving as U.S.
senator, 1880-97, and as chairman of the judiciary
committee of the senate in the 53d and 54th con-
gresses.
PULASKI, Count Casimir, soldier, was born
in Podalia, Poland, Marcli 4, 1748 ; son of Joseph
Pulaski, a nobleman, an able jurist, chief mag-
istrate of Warech, and a founder of the celebra-
ted Confederation of Bar, Feb. 29, 17G8. Casimir
Pulaski served in
the guard of Duke
Charles of Courland,
and was in the Castle
of Mittau when that
city was besieged.
He was one of the
eight original asso-
ciates of the Confed-
eration of Bar ; was
taken prisoner with
300 other Poles in the
monastery of Berdi-
chef in 1759 and re-
leased on condition
that he bear propo-
sals for a reconcilia-
tion to the chiefs of the Confederation. He joined
his father in Moldavia from whence he notified
the Russian ambassador that he should not respect
a parole extorted from him by fraud and vio-
lence. He continued to operate against the Rus-
sians with an independent command after the
arrest and death of his father: was elected com-
mander-in-chief of the Polish forces in 1770, but
his success as a commander was followed by the in-
tervention of Russia and Austria and the partition
PULLMAN
of Poland, and his estates were confiscated, and
a price set upon his head. He escaped into Turkey
in 1772 found refuge in Paris in 1775 ; and became
interested in the efforts of the American colon-
ists to acquire their independence, through his
acquaintance with Benjamin Franklin who
induced him to join the patriot army, and in
March, 1777, he was welcomed on the staff of
General Washington. He took part in the battle
of Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777, and for his masterly
aid in the retreat was appointed chief of dra-
goons with the rank of brigadier-general, Sept.
15, 1777. By prompt action at Warren Tavern
he again saved the army from a surprise, and he
commanded the dragoons at the battle of Ger-
mantown, Oct. 4, 1777. He co-operated with
Gen. Anthony Wayne during the winter of 1777-
78, and resigned his command in March, 1778,
upon learning of the dissatisfaction of the Ameri-
can officers under him who objected to being
commanded by a foreigner who exacted such
strict discipline and who could not speak English
distinctly. Washington approved of a sugges-
tion made by Pulaski to recruit a corps made up
of lancers, light infantry, deserters and prisoners
of war in Baltimore for special service, and con-
gress authorized its acceptance. The corps,
known as Pulaski's Legion, did good service at
Little Egg Harbor, N.J., in September, 1778, and
was stationed during the winter of 1778-79 at
Minesink, N.J., where, becoming dissatisfied
with an inferior command, Pulaski decided to
return to Europe. General Washington, how-
ever, prevailed upon him to remain, and ordered
him to Charleston, S.C., where he arrived May 8,
1779. He held the invested city against repeated
assaults until the arrival of re-enforcements on
May 13, and when Prevost retreated across the
Ashley, Pulaski followed and finally obliged the
British army to leave the state. He joined Gen.
John Mclntosh at Augusta, Ga., in September,
1779, and moved on to Savannah by way of
Beaufort, S.C., where he opened communication
with the French fleet. During the siege he had
command of the entire cavalry, and in the assault
of Oct. 9, 1779, he received his mortal wound. Con-
gress voted a monument to his memory, but failed
to carry the act into execution. The people of
Savannah, however, completed one, the corner-
stone of which was laid by Lafayette in 1824 ;
and the monument was completed in 1855, on
Pulaski square, Savannah. He died on board the
brig Wasp, near Savannah, Ga., Oct. 11, 1779.
PULLMAN, George Mortimer, capitalist, was
born in Chautauqua county, N.Y., March 3, 1831;
son of James Lewis and Emily Caroline Pullman.
He attended the public schools irregularly ; en-
gaged as a clerk and later as a cabinet maker,
and in 1853 contracted to move buildings along
PULSIFEE
the Erie canal, then being widened. In 1857 he
removed to Chicago, 111., where he engaged as a
contractor and builder. In 1858 he became in-
terested in providing better accommodation for
travelers on the railroads, and in 1859 remodeled
two day coaches of the Chicago and Alton rail-
road as sleeping cars at a cost of $4,000 each. The
enterprise was temporarily abandoned, owing to
the reluctance of the railroad companies to change
their methods. He engaged in merchandising in
the mineral regions of Colorado, 1859-63, during
which time he worked out the details of the
sleeping car. He returned to Chicago in 1864,
and began the construction of sleeping and parlor
cars. He was married, June 13, 1867, to Hattie.
daughter of J. Y. Sanger of Chicago. He built
the palace car " Pioneer " at a cost of $18,000,
which he placed on the Chicago and Alton rail-
road at his own cost and venture, and subse-
quently placed sleeping and palace cars on the
Michigan Central, and Chicago, Burlington and
Quincy railroads and on the Great Western rail-
way of Canada. He next introduced the dining
car on the Union Pacific railroad, and continued
to develop his ideas for the safety and comfort
of travelers until the Pullman car became known
all over the world. He organized car works at
Atlanta, Ga., in 1866, at Chicago, III., in 1867,
and later at San Francisco, Cal. In 1880 he
removed his establishment to Pullman, near
Chicago, where he established an industrial
town, built homes for his employees, supplied
the place with every modern convenience, laid
out beautiful streets, and erected public build-
ings— the town, according to statistics, proving
to be one of the most healthful in the world. He
designed the vestibule car and established the
vestibuled trains in 1887, which were first run
upon the Pennsylvania trunk lines. He also en-
gaged extensively in other enterprises, including
the Metropolitan Elevated railroad in New York
city, of which he was president ; the Eagleton
Wire Works of New York, of which he was
principal owner, and various car manufactories.
He gave a church valued at §80,000 to the Uni-
versalist congregation at Albion, N.Y., in 1895,
and in his will made thirteen bequests of $10,000
each to local charitable institutions in Chicago,
also directing his executors to set aside $1,200,000
for the founding and endowment of a free
manual training school at Pullman, 111. He was
a promoter of the Chicago Athseneum and its
president ; a director of the Relief and Aid
society, and a member of the board of councillors
of the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. He
died in Chicago, 111., Oct. 19, 1897.
PULSIFER, David, antiquary, was born in
Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 22, 1802; son of Capt. David
and Sarah (Stanwood) Pulsifer, and a descendant
PUMPELLY
PURCELt,
of Benedict Pulsifer, who settled in Ipswich,
Mass., in 1662, and married Susanna Waters of
Salem, Mass. He attended the public school, and
in 1817 was apprenticed to Isaac Gushing, book-
binder, of Salem, where lie developed a taste for
antiquarian research. He was an assistant to
Ichabod Tucker, clerk of the Essex county courts,
1823-30 ; clerk and bookkeeper for James Munroe
& Co., publishers and booksellers, Boston, after
1841 ; assistant in the offices of the clerk of courts
and register of deeds, Middlesex county, where
he gained a reputation for his skill in deciphering
seventeenth century handwriting, and tran-
scribed the first volume of the "Massachusetts
Colony Records." for the American Antiquarian
society. He was copyist for Ephriam M. Wright
and N. B. Shurtleff in 1853, when they edited the
colonial records, completing them to 1688, and
copyist and subsequently editor of the " Plymouth
Colonial Records," compiling volumes IX. to XII.
(1859-61). He was clerk in the office of the
secretary of state until about 1882 ; librarian of
the New England Historic Genealogical society,
1849-51 ; its recording secretary in 1837, and a
frequent contributor to the early volumes of its
Register. He was married in> 1807 to Lucy (Saf-
ford) Whaer, daughter of James Safford of China,
Maine. He was a fellow of the American Statis-
tical association, 1848-94, its librarian, 1863-65,
and received the honorary degree A.M. from
Amherst college in 1863. He is the author of :
Inscriptions from the Burying Grounds of Salem,
Mass. (1837); A Guide to Boston and Vicinity
(1860), and an Account of the Battle of Bunker
Hill, with Gen. John Burgoyne's Account (1872);
and edited " The Simple Cobbler of Agawam," by
Nathaniel Ward (1843); " A Political Epistle to
George Washington, Esq., Commander-in-Chief
of the Armies of the United States of America,"
by Rev. Charles H. Wharton (1881); and "The
Christian's A. B.C.," an original manuscript writ-
ten in the eighteenth century by an unknown
writer. He died in Augusta, Me., Aug. 9, 1894.
PUMPELLY, Raphael, geologist, was born in
Oswego, N.Y., Sept. 8, 1837 ; son of William and
Mary Hollenback (Welles) Pumpelly ; grandson
of John and Hannah (Bushnell) Pumpelly and
of George and Prudence (Talcot) Welles, and of
Huguenot descent and Italian origin on his
father's side. He attended Owego academy,
Russell's institute at New Haven, the polytech-
nic school in Hanover, and the Royal Mining
school at Freiberg, Saxony, and traveled exten-
sively in Europe, studying geology and metal-
lurgy, 1854-60. He had charge of Arizona mines
during the Apache war of 1860 ; made an official
exploration of the island of Yesso. 1861-63. and
of the coal fields of northern China in 1864 for
the Chinese government. He also made unofficial
explorations in Corsica, 1854-60 ; through central,
western and northern China and Mongolia, 1863-
64, and across the Gobi desert into Siberia in
1865, and was professor of mining in the School
of Mining and Practical Geology, Harvard, 1866- '
73. He was married, Oct. 20, 1869, to Eliza
Frances, daughter of Otis and Ann (Pope) Shep-
ard of Dorchester, Mass. He conducted the geo-
logical survey of the copper regions of Michigan,
1870-71 ; the geological survey of Missouri, 1871-
74; organized the division of economic geology
in the U.S. geological survey in 1879, and was
special agent of the tenth U.S. census, 1879-81.
He conducted an investigation of the soils from
a sanitary standpoint for the national board of
health, 1879-80 ; organized and conducted the
Northern Transcontinental survey for collecting
topographical and economic information in Da-
kota, Montana and Washington territories, 1881-
84, and was chief of the Archaean division of the
U.S. geological survey, 1884—90, in directing the
mapping of western New England. He was
elected a member of the National Academy of
Sciences in 1872 ; was American vice-president
of the international geological congress at Wash-
ington in 1891, and a member of various scientific
societies. He contributed to the American Jour-
nal of Science, and to the transactions of other
scientific societies, and is the author of : Geolo-
gical Researches in China, Mongolia and J<ijian
(1866); Across America and Asia (1869); COJIJHT
Bearing Rocks, part II. of Vol. I. of the "Geolo-
gical Survey of Michigan " (1873) ; A Preliminary
Report on the Iron Ores and Coal Fields of Mis-
souri with an atlas, for the report of the " Geolo-
gical Survey of Missouri " (1873); Publications of
the Northern Transcontinental Survey (1882 and
1883) ; The Mining Industries of the United States
in Vol. XV. of the " Census Reports" (1886), and
Geology of the Green Mountains (1894).
PURCELL, John Baptist, R.C. archbishop,
was born at Mallow, county Cork, Ireland, Feb. 26,
1800 ; son of Edward and Johanna Purcell. He
came to Baltimore, Md., in 1818, entei'ed Asbury
college where he later became a tutor, and also
tutored in a private family. He studied at Mount
St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md., 1820-23,
and completed his theological course at the Sem-
inary of Issy, St. Sulpice, Paris, France, 1824-26.
He was ordained priest, May 21, 1826 ; was
professor of moral philosophy in Mount St.
Mary's college, Md., 1827-28, also assisting the
president in the theological classes, and was
president of the college, 1828-33. He was ap-
pointed bishop of Cincinnati, Feb. 25, 1833, as
successor to the Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick (q.v.),
deceased, and was consecrated at Baltimore,
Md.,Oct. 13,1833. The diocese then embraced
the states of Ohio and Michigan, and the church
PURCELL
PURINTON
property ot the diocese consisted of sixteen
churches valued at only $13,000. He was obliged
to borrow $300 to procure an outfit and pay
traveling expenses to Cincinnati. He set about
establishing parish
schools and acade-
mies ; organized Ger-
man congregations,
and built a convent
for the Ursulines.
During the first de-
cade of his adminis-
tration the Roman
Catholic population
of the diocese in-
creased from 6000 to
70,000 ; the churches
from sixteen to
seventy-six, and the
priests to seventy-
three. The diocese of
Detroit was set off in 1834, and that of Cleveland in
1847. He attended the third council of Baltimore
in April, 1837 ; visited Europe in 1838, and was
promoted arcjibishop of Cincinnati, July 19, 1850,
with four suffragan bishops. He received the
pallium from the hands of Pius IX in the private
chapel in Rome in 1851 ; presided over his first
provincial council in 1855, and the second in
1858 ; attended the Vatican council in 1869, where
he opposed the declaration of the infallibility of
the pope, but subscribed to the doctrine on its
definition, and in 1876 celebrated his golden
jubilee in Cincinnati. He founded the theolo-
gical seminary of Mount St. Mary's of the West,
built St. Peter's
cathedral, and
established The
Catliolic Tele-
graph , to which
he contributed.
He placed the
financial affairs
of the diocese
in the hands of
> his brother, the
'Very Rev. Ed-
ward Purcell,
who was his
vicar - general,
' and also en-
ftrusted him
with the funds
of his diocesans,
who brought
ST. PETER'S CATHEDRAL. CIN.O. theh. sarings to
him for safe keeping and investment, never
questioning his ability as a financier. In 1879
it was discovered that the indebtedness of the
VIII.— 28
archbishop had reached nearly $4,000,000 ; the
property in which the investments were made
had rapidly declined in market value, and
could not be sold, and insolvency followed.
Vicar-General Purcell died heartbroken, and
although the matter was widely commented
on, no charge of dishonesty was made against
the archbishop, the fact that he had been twenty-
five years bishop of the diocese before lie ac-
cepted any part of his annual salary of $5000,
satisfying his creditors as to his personal disregard
of the use of money. He offered his resignation
in 1880, which was not accepted. He was, how-
ever, given a coadjutor in the person of the Rt.
Rev. William Henry Elder (q.v.), bishop of
Natchez, and he retired to Brown count}7, Ohio,
where he spent the rest of his life. The Roman
Catholics in his diocese numbered more than
500,000, the priests 480, and the churches 500 at
his death. He published : The Roman Clergy
and Free Tliought (1870); Lectures and Pastoral
Letters ; Diocesan Statutes, Acts and Decrees of
Three Provincial Councils held in Cincinnati, and
a series of school-books for parochial schools.
He died in Brown county, Ohio, July 4, 1883.
PURINTON, Daniel Board man, educator, was
born in Preston county, Va., Feb. 15, 1850; son
of the Rev. Dr. Jesse M. and Nancy Alden
(Lyou) Purinton : grandson of the Rev. Thomas
and Sabrina (Boardman) Purinton, and of Aaron
and Armilla (Alden) Lyon, and a descendant of
John Alden of the Mayflower. He prepared for
college at George's Creek academy, Pa., and was
graduated from the University of West Virginia
in 1873, where he was an instructor and professor,
1873-89, filling successively the chairs of logic,
mathematics and metaphysics. He was married,
July 6, 1876, to Florence A., daughter of Prof. F. S.
and Harriet (Johnson) Lyon of Morgantown,
W. Va. He was-vice-president of the university
and served as acting president, 1881-63. In 1890
he entered upon his duties as president and pro-
fessor of intellectual and moral philosophy in
Denison university, Granville, Ohio, which in-
cluded the presidency of Doane academy and
Shepardston college. In June, 1902, he accepted
the presidency of the West Virginia university.
He took the degree of Ph.D. from the University
of Nashville in 1891, and the honorary degree of
LL.D. from Denison university in 1887. He is
the author of : Contest of the Frogs, an extended
poem (1888); Christian Tlieism : Its Claims and
Sanctions (1889); and a number of songs for
which he composed music.
PURINTON, George Dana, biologist, was born
in Preston county, Va., Oct. 1, 1856 ; son of the
Rev. J. M. and Nancy Alden (Lyon) Purinton ;
grandson of the Rev. Thomas Purinton, lawyer
and physician, of Coleraine, Mass., and subse-
PURNELL
PURVIANCE
quently of Virginia, and a maternal descendant
of John Alden of the Mayflower. George D. Pur-
inton received a liberal preparatory education ;
taught school in Virginia, and after serving as
principal of George's Creek academy, Pa., of the
Cherokee Male seminary and of the national high
school of the Cherokee Indians, Tahlequah, In-
dian Territory, was graduated from the university
of Missouri, M.D., 1871, and from the West Vir-
ginia university, A.B., 1879, A.M. 1883. In 1871
he was married to Helen B. Fordyce of Morgan-
town, W. Va. He was co-proprietor and joint
president of Broadus college. W. Va., 1879-80 ;
was subsequently superintendent of the Piedmont
schools, W. Va., but resigned to become vice-
president and professor of physical sciences and
natural history in the University of Des Moines,
Iowa, and was president of the university, 1881-
82. He was made professor of chemistry and
physics in Furman university, S.C., in 1882, at
the same time serving as analytical chemist and
assayer to the trade and as official chemist to
various manufactories, and was subsequently
professor of chemistry and biology in Arkansas
Industrial university ; professor of chemistry,
and superintendent of agriculture, which latter
department he had founded. He was professor
of biology and director and curator of the museum
in the State University of Missouri, 1887-94. act-
ing as organizer and director of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Delaware, 1888. From
1894 till his death he practised medicine in St.
Louis. He received the honorary degree of Ph.D.
from the State University of West Virginia. He
is the author of : Systematic Descrjph're Botany,
A Guide to the Botanical Laboratory ; Analytical
Chemistry and Plant Chemistry. He died at St.
Louis, Mo., March 27, 1897.
PURNELL, Thomas Richard, jurist, was born
in Wilmington, N.C., Aug. 10, 1846; son of
Thomas Richard and Eliza Ann (Dudley) Pur-
nell ; grandson of John and Sarah Purnell and of
Gov. Edward B. and Elizabeth (Ruffin) Dudley ;
great-grandson of John Purnell (1st), who set-
tled in North Carolina in 1780, and a descendant
of Christopher Dudley, John Hay wood, one of the
first settlers in Edgecomb county, N.C. (1675),
and Thomas Purnell. who came from England,
1634. and settled in Virginia or Maryland. He at-
tended Hillsboro Military academy, and in 1864
served in the C. S. army as orderly to Gen. W.
H. C. Whitney at Wilmington, and in 1865 as
topographical engineer in the Army of Northern
Virginia with the rank of lieutenant. He was
paroled at Greensboro, N.C., May, 1865, and was
graduated at Trinity college, N.C., A.B.. 1869,
A.M., 1872. He studied law under Col. Robert
Strange in Wilmington; was married, Nov. 11,
1870, to Adelia E., daughter of Dr. Alexander T.
and Lucinda B. (Blum) Zevely of Salem, N.C. ;
practised law in Baltimore, Md., 1870-71 ; Salem,
N.C., 1871-73; was state librarian at Raleigh,
1873-76 ; representative in the state legislature,
1876-77 ; state senator, 1883-84 ; Republican can-
didate for presidential elector, 1884 and 1888 ;
candidate for attorney-general of the state, 1892 ;
for solicitor of the 4th judicial district, 1894 ;
was commissioner for the U.S. circuit court,
1877-97 ; practised law in Raleigh, 1876-97, and
on May 5, 1897, succeeded Augustus Seymour,
deceased, as U.S. district judge for the eastern
district of North Carolina.
PURVES, George Tybout, clergyman and
author, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 27,
1852 ; son of William and Anna (Kennedy) Purves.
He was graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania, A.B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and at Princeton
Theological seminary in 1876. He was pastor of
the Presbyterian church at Wayne, Pa., 1877-80 ;
of the Boundary Avenue church, Baltimore, Md.,
1880-86 ; declined the chair of systematic theology
in McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago ;
the chair of church history in Princeton Theolo-
gical seminary and the pastorate of the Collegiate
Reformed church in New York city in 1889 ; was
pastor of the First church, Pittsburg, Pa., 1886-
92 ; professor of New Testament literature and
Greek exegesis at Princeton Theological semin-
ary, co-pastor of the First church, Princeton, and
preacher at Princeton university, 1892-1900, and
pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church.
New York city, as successor to the Rev. Dr. John
Hall, 1900-01. He received the degree D.D. from
Washington and Jefferson college in 1888, and
from the University of Pennsylvania and Prince-
ton university in 1894, and LL.D. from Lafayette
college in 1895. He was married to Rebecca
Bird, daughter of E. M. Sellers of Philadelphia,
Pa., and at Dr. Purves's death in 1901 she was
left with one son and six daughters. He is the
author of : The Testimony of Justin Martyr to
Early Christianity (1888); Christianity in the
Apostolic Age (1900). and sermons and numerous
articles on New Testament themes. He died in
New York city, Sept. 24, 1901.
PURVIANCE, Hugh Young, naval officer, was
born in Baltimore, Md., March 22, 1799. He at-
tended St. Maiy's college, Baltimore, and on-Nov.
3, 1818, was warranted midshipman in the U.S.
navy. His midshipman service was on the frig-
ates Congress and Franklin of the Pacific squad-
ron, 1819-23, and on the North Carolina of the
Mediterranean squadron, 1824-27. He was pro-
moted lieutenant, March 3, 1827; was an officer
on the sloop Falmouth of the West India squad-
ron, 1828-30: on the sloop Peacock of the East
India squadron, 1833-34 ; on rendezvous at Balti-
more, Md., 1836-37, and on the Brazil squadron,
PURVIS
PUTNAM
THE FBIOATt
C5NSTITUTIO/H.
where he commanded the brig Dolphin and the
sloop Fail-field, 1837-38, and during this service
he relieved an American schooner from the
French blockade at Salado, River Platte, for
which act he received complimentary recogni-
tion from the U.S. government. He was on the
Brandyn-ine of the Mediterranean squadron, 1841-
42 ; in com-
, maud of
the brig
Pioneer on
the coast
of Africa
in 1843,
and of the
^ZS^~ U.S. frigate
.-Constitu-
_ : tion in the
Mexican blockade in 1846. As commander, which
rank he attained March 7, 1849, he was on the re-
ceiving-ship Consort at Baltimore, Md., 1850-51,
and the sloop Marion on thecoastof Africa, 1852-
55. As captain, to which rank he was promoted
Jan. 28, 1856, he commanded the frigate St. Law-
rence in the blockade of Charleston and the south-
ern coast in 1861, and captured and sunk the Con-
federate privateer Petrel when just twelve hours
out. He also captured several other prizes and en-
gaged his ship in the fight with the Merrimac,
March 9, 1862, and in the attack on Sewall's Point,
Hampden Roads. He was retired Dec. 21, 1861 ;
was promoted commodore on the retired list July
16, 1862 ; served as light-house inspector, 1863-65,
and was promoted rear-admiral on the retired
list Feb. 25, 1881. He died in Baltimore, Md.,
Oct. 21, 1883.
PURVIS, Robert, abolitionist, was born in
Charleston, S.C.. Aug. 4, 1810; son of William
and Harriet (Badaracka) Purvis. His father, a
native of Northumberland, England, was a cotton
broker, and an abolitionist. His mother was the
daughter of Baron Judah Badaracka, a German
Jew, and his wife Dida, a Moor and East Indian.
He received a liberal education in Pennsylvania,
completing it at Amherst college. Benjamin
Lundy met him in 1830. and the two began an
antislavery crusade. He was married in 1831 to
Harriet D., daughter of James and Charlotte
Foster. He was one of the sixty founders of the
American Antislavery society at Philadelphia,
Pa., Dec. 4, 1833 ; signed its declaration of senti-
ments, and was its vice-president and its last sur-
vivor. He was also president of the Pennsylva-
nia Antislavery society, and organizer and presi-
dent of the so-called " underground railroad " in
1838, of which his home was a station, giving his
personal attention to all fugitives en route to
Canada, although often at the peril of his life.
When John G. Whittier was his guest, the two
were mobbed in Pennsylvania Hall. He was inti-
mately associated with William Lloyd Garrison,
whom he assisted in establishing and maintain-
ing the Liberator, and he labored to have Presi-
dent Lincoln place the civil war on an antislavery
basis in 1861. After the proclamation of emanci-
pation he became the first vice-president of the
Woman Suffrage society. He was also identi-
fied with the temperance cause, the labor move-
ment, and the movement to reform political
methods in the city of Philadelphia. He was a
speaker of much force and eloquence and presid-
ed at the semi-centennial anniversary of the
American Antislavery society in 1883. He died
in Philadelphia. Pa., April 15, 1898.
PURYEAR, Bennet, educator, was born in
Mecklenburg county, Va., July 23, 1826; son of
Thomas and Elizabeth (Marshall) Puryear ; grand-
son of John and Mary (Hubbard) Puryear. and a
descendant of John and Anne (Bennet) Goode,
who came to Virginia from Berkshire, England,
in 1658, and settled at Whithy on the James,
naming it after the old home in England. He
•was graduated with the highest honors at Ran-
dolph-Macon college, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850 ;
taught school in Monroe county, Ala., 1847-48;
was tutor in Richmond college, Va., 1850-51 ;
professor of natural sciences, 1851-58, and profes-
sor of chemistry and geology at Randolph-Macon
college, 1858-66. He returned to the chair of
natural sciences at Richmond college in 1866 ;
was chairman of the faculty, 1869-75, with the
exception of four years (1885-88) , and professor of
chemistry, 1873-95. The honorary degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Georgetown college,
Ky., and by Howard college, Ala., in 1878. He
was married, first, to Virginia C., daughter of
Nathaniel and Sallie (Massie) Ragland ; and
secondly, to Ella M., daughter of Leroy B. and
Elizabeth (Puryear) Wyles. He is the author of
many educational and political papers, including
those on Ttie Virginia Debt and The Public School
in its Relation to the Negro. In December, 1902,
he was residing in Orange county, near Orange,
C.H.. Virginia.
PUTNAM, Alblgence Waldo, author, was born
in Belpre, Ohio, March 11, 1799; son of Aaron
Waldo and Charlotte (Loring) Putnam; grandson
of Israel and Sarah (Waldo) Putnam and of Col.
Daniel Loring of Ohio, and great-grandson uf
Gen. Israel Putnam. He engaged in the practice
of law first in Mississippi, and after 1836 in Nash-
ville, Tenn. He was president of the Tennessee
Historical society, contributed to its publication,
and is the author of: A History of Middle Ten-
nessee (1859) ; Life and Times of Gen. James
Robertson (1859), and Life of Gen. John Sei-ier
in Wheeler's " History of North Carolina." He
died in Nashville, Tenn., Jan. 20, 1869.
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
PUTNAM, Alfred Porter, clergyman and
author, was born at Danvers, Mass., Jan. 10,
1827 ; son of the Hon. Elias and Eunice (Ross)
Putnam ; grandson of Israel and Anna (Endicott)
Putnam, and of Adam Ross of Ipswich, a Bunker
Hill and Revolutionary soldier ; great-grandson
of Capt. Edmund Putnam, who commanded one
of the Danvers-Lexington companies, April 19,
1775, and a descendant of John Putnam, John
Porter, Gov. John Endicott, Maj. William Ha-
thorne, and other leading settlers of Salem Vil-
lage, now Danvers. He was a bank clerk in
Danvers ; a book-keeper in a Boston mercantile
house ; attended the Pembroke, N.H., Andover,
Mass., and Springfield, Vt., academies ; matricu-
lated at Dartmouth in 1849, but changed to Brown
in 1850, and was graduated there A.B., 1853, and
from the Harvard Divinity school in 1855,
being sent while a student as delegate from Dan-
vers to the first Republican convention in Massa-
chusetts, held at Worcester in 1854. He was
appointed to preach by the Boston Association
of Ministers, and was pastor of the Mount Pleas-
ant church (Unitarian), Roxbury, 1855-64 ; being
also elected president of the Unitarian Sunday-
school society in 1863. In 1862-63 he traveled
abroad with the Rev. Frederick Frothingham,
visiting the principal European countries, ascend-
ing the Nile for a thousand miles, journeying by
caravan to Mount Sinai, Petra, Mount Hor and
Jerusalem, and sailing from Joppa to Constanti-
nople. He was twice married ; first, Jan. 10,
1856, to Louise P., daughter of Samuel and
Lydia (Proctor) Preston of Danvers, who died
June 12, 1860 ; and secondly, Dec. 27, 1865, to
Eliza King, daughter of Ephraim and Mary
(King) Buttrick of Cambridge. He was minister
of the First Unitarian church (Church of the
Saviour), Brooklyn, N.Y., 1864-86, and while
there started its flourishing mission school, and
also a third Unitarian church in the city. He
was one of the founders of the Brooklyn Union
for Christian Workers ; one of the editors of the
Liberal Christian, a Unitarian weekly; director,
chairman of the executive committee, correspond-
ing secretary, and a life member of the Long
Island Historical society, and after 1886 honorary
member of the Brooklyn New England society.
He visited Europe in 1883 for the benefit of his
health, and in 1886 resigned his pastorate to seek
recover}' in the country, soon settling in Con-
cord, Mass. A year later, he began to preach
in many places and to lecture before various
historical societies, at the Meadville Theological
school and at Tufts college, on subjects relating
to history and hymnology, the Bible, ethnic reli-
gions and archaeology. In 1889 he established
the Danvers Historical society, of which he was
chosen president. In 1895 he removed to Danvers,
and in 1897 to Salem, Mass. He was made an
honorary member of the Peabody and Lexington
historical societies, a member of the American
Historical association, and of several patriotic
and kindred organizations. Brown conferred
upon him the honorary degree of D.D. in 1871.
His bibliography, embracing about fifty titles,
and comprising books, pamphlets, and discourses,
includes the following : Memorial discourses on
Edward Everett (1865), William Lloyd Garrison
(1879), and Abiel Abbot Low (1893); Unitarian-
ism in Brooklyn (1869); The Unitarian Denomi-
nation, Past and Present (1870); Singers and
Songs of the Liberal Faith (1874) ; Christianity
the Law of the Land (1876); Proceedings of the
Brooklyn Celebration of the Hundredth Birthday
of Dr. Channing (edited, 1880) ; A Unitarian
Oberlin (1888) ; Rebecca Niirse and Her Friends
(1892); Old Anti-Slavery Days (1893); and Gen.
Israel Putnam and Bunker Hill (1901). He is also
the author of many contributions to periodicals,
notably the Danvers Mirror, for which he wrote
(1876-1902) more than one hundred articles, his-
torical, biographical, genealogical, and descrip-
tive.
PUTNAM, Eben, genealogist, was born in
Salem, Mass., Oct. 10, 1868 ; son of Frederic
Ward and Adelaide Martha (Edmands) Putnam ;
grandson of Eben and Elizabeth (Appleton) Put-
nam and of William and Martha Adams (Tapley)
Edmands. He was prepared for college at Cam-
bridge high school, but did not matriculate, and
in 1885 entered business life. He was married,
Aug. 17, 1890. to Florence, daughter of Frank
and Elizabeth Tucker of Boston, Mass. He was
manager of the Salem Press, and editor of the
Salem Press Historical Genealogical Record, and
its successors, Putnam's Historical Magazine and
Genealogical Quarterly Magazine. He was busi-
ness manager of Tlie International Monthly,
1899-1902, resigning in July, 1902, when he
became president and manager of the Research
Publication company of Boston. He was elected
a member of the Essex Institute and of the New
England Historic Genealogical society, in both of
which societies he was a member of the library
committee ; and of the New Brunswick Histori-
cal society. He was a founder, secretary and
registrar, and member of the council of the Old
Planters' society ; member, secretary, and lieu-
tenant-governor of the Society of Colonial Wars
in Vermont, and delegate to its general assembly,
1903 ; librarian of the Vermont Antiquarian
society, 1901-02, chairman of the executive com-
mittee, and one of the editors of the Vermont
Antiquarian. He is the author of : History of the
Putnam Family in England and America (1892-
1901) ; Military and Naval Annals of Datn-ers
(1895); editor and part author of Osgood Gene-
PUTNAM
alogy (1894) ; and of many genealogical mono-
graphs, more or less complete, among which are
the published results of research in England re-
garding the origin of the Endicott, Pillsbury,
Purrington, Graves, Streeter, Tapley, and Weare
families, and many articles on records and record
searching, as well as on historical subjects of
local interest.
PUTNAM, Emily James, educator, was born
in Canandaigua, N.Y., April 15, 1865; daughter
of James Cosslett and Emily (Adams) Smith ;
granddaughter of Thomas and Alice (Cosslett)
Smith and of John and Margaret (Hamilton)
Adams, and a descendant of Henry Adams, who
settled at Braintree, Mass., in 1634. Her father
was a justice of the supreme court of the state
of New York. She was graduated at Bryn Mawr
college, Pa., 1889; was a fellow in Greek language
and literature, University of Chicago, 1893-94 ;
studied at Cambridge university, England, 1889-
90, and was dean of Barnard college, Columbia
university, 1894-1900. She resigned from Bar-
naul, Feb. 1, 1900, having been married, April 27,
1899, to George Haven Putnam (q.v.). She is
the editor of Selections from Liician (1891).
PUTNAM, Frederic Ward, anthropologist, was
born in Salem, Mass., April 16, 1839 ; son of Eben
and Elizabeth Appleton Putnam; grandson of
Eben and Elizabeth (Fiske) Putnam and of
Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Ward) Appleton ; great-
grandson of Joshua
Ward and of John
Fiske, and a descend-
ant of John Put-
nam, who emigrated
from Aston Abbotts,
Bucks, England, to
Salem, Mass., in 1640.
He received private
preparatory instruc-
tion and was grad-
uated from the
Lawrence Scientific
school, Harvard, S.B.,
1862. Very early in
life he displayed an
unusual aptness for
the study of natural history, and in 1856 he was
made curator of ornithology of the Essex Insti-
tute, Salem, and published his " List of the Birds
of Essex County." In this same year he became
a special student of zoology under Louis Agassiz
and was his assistant in charge of the collection
of fishes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard, 1856-64. He was married, first, in
1864, to Adelaide Martha, daughter of William
M. Edmands of Charlestown, Mass.. who died in
1879, and secondly, in 1882, to Esther Orne,
daughter of John L. Clarke of Chicago. 111. He
PUTNAM
was in charge of the museum of the Essex Insti-
tute, Salem, 1864-67 ; superintendent of the East
India Marine Society Museum, 1867, and when
the two collections were merged as the Peabody
Academy of Sciences, was made director of
the academy. In 1875 he was made curator of
the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethno-
logy at Harvard, and when the Peabody pro-
fessorship of American archaeology and ethnology
was established, he was awarded the chair. He
was instructor at the School of Natural History
on Penikese Island in 1874, and in the same year
was appointed assistant on the Kentucky geolo-
gical survey. He was state commissioner of
inland fisheries for Massachusetts, 1882-89, and
chief of the department of ethnology of the
World's Columbian exposition, 1891-94. In 1894
he was appointed curator of anthropology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York
city. In 1901 the regents of the University of
California appointed him chairman of the
advisory committee on anthropology. In connec-
tion with his zoological and anthropological work
he published over 300 papers. He prepared Vol-
ume VII of the Reports of the U.S. geological
surveys west of the 100th meridian (archaeology);
and edited, for varying terms, the Proceedings of
the Essex Institute, the Reports of the Peabody
Academy, and the annual volumes of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science.
He edited the annual reports of the Peabody
Museum as well as all its publications after
1873. He was the originator and editor of the
Naturalists' Directory in 1865, and one of the
founders of the American Naturalist in 1867. His
researches in American archaeology began in 1857,
when he examined a shell-heap in Montreal. He
personally explored shell-heaps, burial mounds,
village sites and caves in various parts of North
America, as well as the ancient pueblos and
cliff-houses, and the later geological deposits in
California and in the Delaware Valley in con-
nection with the antiquity of man in America.
He directed extensive explorations in the United
States, Mexico, Central and South America. He
served as president of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, of the Boston
Society of Natural History, and of the American
Folk-lore society ; became a fellow of the National
Academy of Science, the American Philosophical
society, the Massachusetts Historical society, the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
American Antiquarian society, and the anthro-
pological societies of Washington, London, Paris,
and Brussels ; and in 1896 was decorated by the
French government with the Cross of the Legion
of Honor. The University of Pennsylvania gave
him the S.D. degree in 1894 and one of the first
four Drexel gold medals in 1903.
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
PUTNAM, George Haven, publisher, was born
in London, England, April 2, 1844 ; son of George
Palmer and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. He
was brought to New York in 1847 and was a pupil
in the public and Columbia grammar schools of
New York city ; matriculated at Columbia col-
lege in the class of 1864 ; studied in the College
of the Sorbonne, Paris, and the University of
Gottingen, 1861-62, and left Germany in August,
1862, to enter the 176th regiment, New York volun-
teers, organized largely by the Young Men's
Christian association. He was promoted ser-
geaut, lieutenant, quarter-master and adjutant,
and commissioned major ; served in the Red
River campaign in Louisiana ; with Sheridan in
the Shenandoah Valley ; was a prisoner at Libby
and Danville, and with Emory in the last cam-
paign in North Carolina. He was deputy col-
lector of internal revenues under his father,
1865-66, and became a partner in his father's
publishing house in 1866, the firm becoming G.
P. Putnam & Son, and on the death of his father
in 1872, G. P. Putnam's Sons, George Haven,
John Bishop and Irving constituting the firm.
They established the Knickerbocker Press as the
manufacturing department of the publishing busi-
ness in 1875. George H. Putnam was active in re-
organizing the American Copyright league in
1887, originally organized by his father in 1851,
and was its secretaiy during the contest for inter-
national copyright, resulting in the bill of March,
1891. This service secured for him the cross of
the Legion of Honor from France in 1891. He
received the honorary degree of A.M. from
Bowdoin in 1895, and that of Litt. D. from the
Western University of Pennsylvania in 1897. He
was married, first, in July, 1869, to Rebecca Kettell
Shepard of Boston, Mass., and after her death in
July, 1895, secondly, April 27, 1899, to Emily James,
daughter of Judge James C. Smith of Canan-
daigua, N. Y. He was admitted to membership in
the Commonwealth club of New York, the Cen-
tury association and the Authors and Aldine
clubs of New York, and was one of the founders
of the City and Reform clubs of New York. He
was also a member of the Swiss club of London,
and an honorary member of the National, Liberal
and Cobden clubs of London, England. He was
a founder of the Society for Political Education ;
a member of the executive committee of the
Civil Service Reform association ; and also a
member of the New York Free Trade club, the
National Free Trade league, and the Honest
Money league, 1876-78. He is the author of :
Authors and Publishers (1883); Questions of
Coypright (1891); Authors and Their Publications
in Ancient Times (1893) ; Tlie Artificial Mother
(1894), Books and Their Makers in the Middle
Ages (1896).
PUTNAM, George Palmer, publisher, was
born in Brunswick, Maine, Feb. 7, 1814 ; son of
Henry (1778-1822) and Katherine Hunt (Palmer)
Putnam (1791-1869); grandson of Joseph Pearce
Palmer; great-grandson of Gen. Joseph Palmer
of the Continental army (1742-1804), and a de-
scendant of John Putnam, born at Aston Abbotts,
Bucks county, England, 1580 ; settled at Salem,
Mass., 1640. He attended school in Brunswick,
Maine, two years, and when eight years old went
to Boston, Mass., where he was helper in the carpet
store of his uncle, John P. Gulliver, 1822-26. In
1826 his mother removed to New York, where he
was a clerk in a book store of George W. Bleecker
for a short time. He became clerk for Jonathan
Leavitt in 1830, and in 1836 was made junior
partner in the firm of Wiley and Long, book im-
porters, for whom he went to Europe in 1838 as
buyer, forming the first American book agency
in London. Soon after this the firm became
Wiley and Putnam. He was in London, 1837-47,
in charge of the English house, and in 1848 es-
tablished the publishing and bookselling house of
G. P. Putnam, 155 Broadway. He was married
in June, 1841, to Victorine, daughter of Joseph
and Mary (Tuttle) Haven of Boston, Mass. He
published Irving's Works ; Edgar Allen Poe's
"Eureka;" James Russell Lowell's "A Fable
for Critics;" Bayard Taylor's "Views Afoot."
and the first books of Cooper and Bryant in 1848.
He established Putnam's Monthly in 1853 ; organ-
ized the copyright league in 1851, and admitted
as partner John W. Leslie in 1854, the firm becom-
ing G. P. Putnam & Co. In 1861 he organized the
Loyal Publication society, which had an impor-
tant influence on public opinion at home and in
Europe, and in 1862 he retired temporarily from
the publishing business and accepted from Presi-
dent Lincoln the collectorship of internal reve-
nues for the eighth district of New York, serving
1862-66. He resumed the publishing business in
1866 with his son, George Haven Putnam, and
they established the house of G. P. Putnam &
Son, which in 1868 admitted another sou, John
Bishop, and subsequently a third sou, Irving, and
became G. P. Putnam & Sons, with a house in
Bedford St., London, England. He was secretary
of the Publishers' association, a founder and
honorary superintendent of the Metropolitan Mu-
seum of Art, and in 1864 was appointed chairman
of the American committee on art, Vienna ex-
position, 1873. He received the honorary degree of
A.M. from Bowdoin college in 1853. He is the au-
thor of: Chronologi/, An Introduction and Index
to Universal History, Biography and Useful
Knowledge (1833); Pica for International Copyright
(1837); The Tourist in Europe (1S38); American
Facts (1840); American Book Circular (1843);
American Facts (1845); A Pocket Memorandum-
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
Book in France, Italy and Germany in 1&J.7
(1848); Ten Years of the World's Progress ; Sup-
plement 1S50-1861 (1861). He died in New York
city, Dec. 20, 1873.
PUTNAM, Harvey, representative, was born
in Brattleboro, Vt, Jan. 5, 1793 ; son of Asa and
Anna (Collins) Putnam : grandson of Josiah and
Lydia (Wheeler) Putnam, and a descendant of
John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam, who emigra-
ted from Buckinghamshire, England, in 1634, set-
tling in Salem, Mass. He was left an orphan at
an early age, and in 1808 removed to Skaneateles,
N.Y., where he learned the trade of a saddler and
harnessmaker. He attended the village academy,
studied law under Daniel Kellogg and Judge
Jewett, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He
was married, Aug. 5, 1817, to Myra, daughter of
Stephen and Ablina (Simonds) Osborne, and
granddaughter of Col. Benjamin Simonds of
Williamstown, Mass. He practised in Manlius,
1816-17, and in Attica, N.Y., 1817-55, after 1847
in partnership with his son-in-law, John B. Skin-
ner, 3d. He was a Whig representative from the
thirty-third New York district in the 25th con-
gress, 1838-39, completing the term of William
Patterson, deceased ; was surrogate of Genesee
county, 1840-41 and of Wyoming county, 1841-42 ;
member of the state senate, 1843-46, serving
therein as a member'of the court for the correc-
tion of errors, and a Whig representative from
the thirty-second district in the 30th and 31st con-
gresses, 1847-51, where he opposed compromise
measures. He died in Attica, N. Y. , Sept. 20, 1855.
PUTNAM, Herbert, librarian, was born in New
York city, Sept. 20, 1861 ; son of George Palmer
and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. He was pre-
pared for college in the private school of James
H. Morse ; was graduated at Harvard in 1883,
and studied law
at Columbia college,
N.Y., 1883-84. He
was librarian of the
Minneapolis Athe-
naeum, 1884-87, which
he organized in 1887
as the Minneapolis
Public library, serv-
ing as its librarian,
1887-91, and in 1888
went to Europe in
the interest of the
library. He was ad-
mitted to the Minne-
sota bar in 1886;
was married, October,
1886; to Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Charles
W. Munroe of Cambridge, Mass. ; engaged in the
practice of law in Boston, Mass., 1893-95, and
was librarian of the Boston Public library, 1895-
99, succeeding Theodore F. Dwight. During his
administration the income of the library increased
from |190,000 to $263,000 ; the departments were
reorganized, new ones established and several
improvements in equipment and arrangement
made as to the circulation of books. During
1896-97 he was president of the Massachusetts
Library club ; in 1897 he represented the United
States as delegate to the International library
conference, and in 1898 he was elected president
of the American Library association. He was
appointed to succeed John Russell Young, de-
ceased, as librarian of congress, Washington,
D.C., March 13, 1899. He received the honorary
degree of Litt.D. from Bowdoin college in 1898,
and LL.D. from the University of Illinois in 1903.
PUTNAM, Israel, soldier, was born in Salem,
Mass., Jan. 7, 1718; twelfth child of Joseph
(half brother of Edward) and Elizabeth (Porter)
Putnam ; grandson of Thomas and Mary Verne
Putnam and of Israel and Elizabeth (Hathorne)
Porter, and great-grandson of John Porter, of
William Hathorne and of John and Priscilla
(Gould) Putnam, all immigrants from England
about 1630-1634, and settlers in Salem, Mass-
achusetts Bay Colony. Israel's father died when he
was quite young, and his mother marrying Capt.
Thomas Perley of Boxford, he was brought up
on the farm of his stepfather, receiving a portion
of his father's farm near Salem, on reaching
his majority. In 1739 he was married to Han-
nah, daughter of Joseph and Mehitable (Putnam)
Pope, and in company with his brother-in-law,
John Pope, he removed to Mortlake, Conn., and
settled on a farm of 514 acres, purchased from
Governor Belcher. He brought his wife and
child to this place in the autumn of 1740, and on
June 13,1741, became sole owner of the estate,
which he at once
began to improve.
He planted a va-
riety of both fruit
and shade trees
in orchards and
along the high-
ways which he
laid out through
the place. His
success in farming,
as an orchardist,
and in sheep rais-
ing made him the
leading citizen of the community, and he was an
early promoter of good neighborhood schools.
He was captain in the regiment of Col. Ephriam
Williams, raised to protect the northern frontier
from the invasion of the French in 1755, when he
joined the army of Gen. Phineas Lyman in the
expedition to Lake George and Crown Point,
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
and was present at the disastrous defeat of the
Colonial army by Baron Dieskau in the woods
near Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755, followed by
the successful battle that resulted in the annihi-
lation of the army of Dieskau, and the baronetcy
of William Johnson. Putnam displayed such
unusual skill iii Indian warfare that lie was made
an independent scout, and operated with the
rangers under Maj. Robert Rogers. After spend-
ing the winter of 1755-56 at home, he joined
General Abercrombie at Fort Edward in the
spring, and his exploits in saving the powder
magazine during a fire in the fort, his rescue of a
party of soldiers by passing the rapids of Fort
Miller in a bateau, and his recapture of provisions
and military stores seized by the French, his
capture, torture, miraculous escape and final
exchange, form an important part of the history
of the French and Indian war. He was promoted
lieutenant-colonel and took part in command of
his regiment in the successful expeditions of
General Amherst against Ticonderoga and Crown
Point in 1759, and against Montreal in 1760. He
accompanied General Lyman to the West Indies
in 1763 ; and took part in the capture of Havana,
Aug. 13, 1762, and in 1764 was promoted colonel
and joined Bradstreet in his march to the relief
of Detroit besieged by Pontiac. He had spent
his winters at home, and in 1765 resumed his
farming operations, also conducting a profitable
inn in Mortlake Manor, which had been set off
from Pomfret in 1751. Colonel Putnam became
a member of the church, a selectman of the town,
deputy to the general assembly, and in the
winter of 1772-73 accompanied General Lyman
to inspect the lands on the Mississippi river near
Natchez given to the soldiers of Connecticut for
their services in the French and Indian war. He
was a Son of Liberty, having joined the order in
1765, and when General Gage was in Boston, he
visited him, and declared his allegiance to the
cause of the colonies. He heard the news of the
battle of Lexington while plowing in his fields,
and at once mounted his horse. After riding all
night he reached Cambridge, Mass., the next
morning, proceeding on the same day to Concord,
Mass., whence he sent a messenger back to Pom-
fret to have the militia in readiness to meet the
emergency. The next week he returned home and
was appointed brigadier-general by the legisla-
ture, having command of the militia of the
colony. He joined the patriot army at Cam-
bridge, and commanded at the battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775, and on June 19, was made
major-general in the Continental army, and
placed in command of the division stationed at
Cambridge. He was ordered to New York to
assume chief command of the army, and on his
arrival, April 4, 1776, he proceeded to place the
city in a condition of defence, to this end declar-
ing the inhabitants under martial law. Wash-
ington arrived April 13, and continued the work
so efficiently begun by Putnam, who remained
second in command. On August 17, Putnam an-
nounced to Washington the arrival of General
Howe's fleet off Sandy Hook, and on August 22,
15,000 royal troops crossed the narrows from
Staten Island to Gravesend, Long Island. On
August 34, he succeeded General Sullivan in com-
mand of Brooklyn Heights, and his arm}' wa>
defeated August 27, and forced to cross the East
River to New York, where his army of 5000 men
found temporary refuge. On the retreat to Har-
lem, he commanded the rear guard, and after
distinguishing himself in the battle of Harlem
Heights, he was sent with a detachment to the
support of General McDougall at White Plains,
but arriving too late, crossed the Hudson River
to Fort Lee, where after the capture of Fort
Washington, Nov. 26, 1776, and the discovery of
the treachery of General Charles Lee, he was
placed in command of the troops in Philadelphia,
where he constructed fortifications and prepared
the city against threatened British attack. In
January, 1777, he went into winter quarters at
Princeton, N.J.,and in May, 1777, was transferred
to the command of the troops in the Highlands
of the Hudson river, with headquarters at Peeks-
kill, from which post he was forced by the
British to retreat to Fishkill in October, but re-
occupied Peekskill on the retirement of Sir
Henry Clinton to New York. His delay in com-
plying with Washington's directions to reinforce
the army at Philadelphia now threatened by
Howe and Clinton, cost him his command and a
severe reprimand from the commander-in-chief,
and he was placed on recruiting duty in Connecti-
cut. He defended the state against the raids
of Governor Tryon, when Danbury was burned,
April 26, 1777, and during the winter of 1778-79,
made his escape from Tryon's cavalry, by dash-
ing down the precipice at Greenwood. He com-
manded the right wing of the American arniy
at the battle of Monmouth. June 28, 1778, and
at West Point on the Hudson. July to December,
1779, and while on his return to Washington's
headquarters at Morristown after a visit to Pom-
fret, he was stricken with paralysis at Hart-
ford, Conn., and this disease closed his military
career. He married as his second wife, in 1767,
Deborah (Lathrop) Avery Gardner, widow of
John Gardner, and she accompanied him on most
of his campaigns, and died at his headquarters
in the Highlands in 1777. An equestrian statue
by J. Q. A. Ward was unveiled in Brooklyn. Conn..
June 14, 1888. Lives of General Israel Putnam
have been written by David Humphreys (17iiOi;
by O. W. B. Peabody in Sparks's "American
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
Biography"; by William Cutler (1846); by the
Rev. Duncan N. Taylor, D.D. (1876), and by Wil-
liam Farrand Livington (1901) which gives much
new lighten his private and military life. In the
election of names for a place in the Hall of Fame
for Great Americans, New York university, Oc-
tober, 1900, his name in " Class N, Soldiers and
Sailors," received ten votes. He died in Brook-
lyn, Conn. , May 29, 1790.
PUTNAM, James Osborne, diplomatist, was
born in Attica, N.Y., July 4, 1818 ; son of Harvey
and Myra (Osborne) Putnam, and a descendant,
in the eighth generation, of John and Priscilla
Putnam, who emigrated from Buckinghamshire,
England, in 1634, and settled in Salem, Mass. He
passed his freshman and sophomore years in Ham-
ilton college, 1837-38, and entered the Yale junior
class of 1839, and was graduated as of that class
in 1865, receiving his A.M. degree the same year.
He studied law in his father's office ; was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1842 ; practised in Buffalo,
N.Y., and was postmaster of that city, 1851-53.
He was married, Jan. 5, 1842, to Harriet Foster,
daughter of George and Harriet (Foster) Palmer
of Buffalo ; and secondly, March 15, 1855, to Kate
F., daughter of the Rev. Worthington and
Katherine (Green) Wright of Woodstock, Vt.
He was a member of the New York state senate,
1854-55, where he originated the bill that be-
came a law, requiring the title of church property
to be vested in trustees. He was defeated as the
American party nominee for secretary of state
in 1857 ; was a presidential elector from the state-
at-large on the Lincoln and Hamliii ticket in
1860 ; U.S. consul at Havre, France, 1861-66 ;
U.S. minister to Belgium, 1880-82, and U.S.
delegate to the International Industrial Property
congress at Paris in 1881. He is the author of:
Orations, Speeches and Miscellanies (1880). In
1903 he still held the position of chancellor of
the University of Buffalo, which he had occupied
for many years.
PUTNAM, Mary Traill Spence (Lowell),
author, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 3, 1810 ;
daughter of the Rev. Charles and Harriet Bracket
(Spence) Lowell ; granddaughter of Judge John
and Rebecca (Russell) Tyng Lowell, and of Keith
and Mary (Traill) Spence, and a descendant of
Percefall Lowle, who emigrated from Bristol,
England, to America, in the ship Jonathan in
1639, and settled in Newbury, Mass. She was a
sister of James Russell Lowell. She received a
liberal education, and was married, April 25, 1833,
to Samuel Raymond, son of Judge Samuel (1768-
1853) and Sarah (Gooll) Putnam of Salem, Mass.
Their son, William Lowell Putnam, of the 20th
Massachusetts regiment, was killed at the battle
of Bulls Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. She was emi-
nent as a traveler, scholar and linguist ; contri-
buted articles on Polish and Hungarian litera-
ture, and the history of Hungary, published in
the North American Review, 1848-50, and in the
Christian Examiner, 1850-51 ; translated Fredrika
Bremer's " The Handmaid,'1 from the Swedish
(1844), and is the author of : Records of an Ob-
scure Man (1861); The Tragedy of Errors (1862);
TJie Tragedy of Success (1863), dramatic poems;
Memoir of William Lowell Putnam (1862) ; Fifteen
Days (1866) ; Memoir of the Rev. Charles Lowell
(1885). She died in Boston, Mass., June 1, 1898.
PUTNAM, Rufus, soldier, was born in Sutton,
Mass., April 9, 1738 ; son of Elisha and Susanna
(Fuller) Putnam ; grandson of Edward (half-
brother of Joseph) and Mary (Hall) Putnam, and
of Jonathan and Susan (Trask) Fuller ; great-
grandson of Thomas Putnam, and great-grand-
son of John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam. His
grandfather, Edward Putnam, and Gen. Israel
Putnam's father. Joseph Putnam, were half
brothers. Rufus Putnam's father died in 1745
and Rufus was taken into the family of his grand-
father, Jonathan Fuller, who resided at Danvers,
Mass., where he attended school two years.
When his mother was married to Capt. John
Sadler of Upton, he removed to the inn kept by
his stepfather, where he had no school privileges,
and when sixteen years old was apprenticed to a
millwright in North Brookfield, from that time
devoting his leisure to study. When nineteen
years old, he enlisted in Capt. Ebenezer Leonard's
company for service on the northorn frontier
against the French
and Indians, and
reaching Fort Ed-
ward in April, 1757,
was made a scout in
the company of Capt.
Israel Putnam. He
declined a lieuten-
ant's commission in
1759 and returned to
Massachusetts, set-
tling in New Brain-
tree, where he fol-
lowed the occupa-
tions of millwright
and farmer. He was
married in April,
1761, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Ayers of
Brookfield; she died, 1762. He married secondly,
Jan. 10, 1765, Persis, daughter of Zebulon Rice
of Westboro, and they made a new home in North
Brookfield. With Col. Israel Putnam and other
officers of the Colonial army, he explored lands
in East Florida granted by Parliament to Provin-
cial officers and soldiers, and in January, 1773,
surveyed the supposed grant, which proved to be
of no value. He was made lieutenant-colonel of
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
Col. David Brewer's Worcester County regiment
on his return to Massachusetts in 1775, joined the
American army at Roxbury, and was appointed
engineer to take charge of the works about
Boston. On the night of March 4-5, 1775, he con-
structed the fortification on Prospect Hill, Dor-
chester Heights, a masterly piece of engineering,
which compelled the evacuation of Boston,
March 17, 1770, saving Washington the necessity
of attacking with an inferior force the British
army entrenched in Boston. He also constructed
fortifications for the defence of Providence and
Newport, Rhode Island, in December, 1775. He
was transferred to New York when Gen. Israel
Putnam commanded that city, and planned its
defences. He was appointed chief engineer of the
Continental army with the rank of colonel, Aug.
11, 1776, and took part in the battle of Long
Island, Aug. 27, 1776, and in the retreats of the
army to Harlem and across into New Jersey. He
directed the construction of the temporary forti-
fications that protected the rear of Washington's
army and prevented the enemy capturing the
baggage trains and stores. Congress, disap-
pointed that New York had fallen into the pos-
session of the British, and fearing for the safety
of Philadelphia, questioned the engineering skill
of Colonel Putnam and he resigned, Dec. 8, 1776.
Washington, however, stated that he was the
best engineer in the army, whether American or
French. Upon returning to Massachusetts Put-
nam rejoined the army, Dec. 17, 1776, as colonel
of the 5th Massachusetts regiment under General
Gates, and in the campaign that culminated in
the surrenderof General Burgoyne's army at Sar-
atoga, Oct. 17, 1777, he bore a conspicuous part.
In March, 1778, he superintended the construction
of the defences of the Highlands of the Hudson
in the neighborhood of West Point, building forts
Wyllis, Webb and Putnam, the last being named
for him by General McDougall. He also com-
manded a regiment in Gen. Anthony Wayne's
brigade, joining the American forces at Peekskill
in June, 1778, and was in active service from the
battles of Stony Point to the close of the cam-
paign. He was transferred to Boston where he
obtained relief from the government for the
Massachusetts troops in 1780, and was engaged
from February to July, 1782, in adjusting the
claims of citizens of New York for damages
caused to their property by the war. He was
commissioned brigadier-general, Jan. 8, 1783, and
at the request of Washington reported a compre-
hensive plan for fortifying the whole country,
which was submitted to congress but not acted
upon, owing to the opposition in that body to pre-
paring for war in time of peace. He purchased the
confiscated property of Daniel Murray, an absen-
tee, located at Rutland, Mass., in 1780, and made
it his home. He was aide to Gen. Benjamin Lin-
coln in quelling Shays's rebellion in 1787, and rep-
resented his town in the general court of Massa-
chusetts in 1787. He planned the settlement of
Ohio territory by a company of veteran soldiers
from New England in 1782, and in his plans made
the absolute exclusion of slavery an inflexible
condition. He urged the matter upon President
Washington, 1783-87, as shown by his correspon-
dence, and the President in turn urged the scheme
upon congress, but could get that body to take no
interest in it. Washington therefore secured the
appointment of Putnam by congress as surveyor of
the Northwest territory, and Putnam sent Gen.
Tupper as his deputy to examine the country in
the winter of 1785-86. The two veterans met at
Putnam's home, Rutland, Mass., Jan. 9. 1786, and
planned the meeting of the veteran soldiers of
Massachusetts in Boston, March 1. 1786. When
the Ohio company was organized in 1787, Putnam
was made the director of all their affairs. He
sent Samuel H. Parsons (q.v.) to congress in 1787
to negotiate the purchase, but when he retired
unsuccessful, Putnam sent Manasseh Cutler
(q.v.), who secured the territory, including the
provision to exclude slavery by the passage of the
ordinance, July 13, 1787, — the sum to be paid, as
fixed by the measures passed July 27, to be
$1,500,000, the veteran soldiers settling in the ter-
ritory to surrender their claims for half pay. Gen-
eral Putnam then organized his band of forty-
eight men and made the journey to Ohio, reach-
ing Marietta, April 7, 1788, where they made the
first permanent settlement in the eastern part of
the Northwest territory. The centennial of the
settlement was celebrated by the states carved
from the Northwest territory, April 7, 1888, when
Senator Hoar of Massachusetts delivered the ora-
tion, in which he took occasion to give General
Putnam his rightful place in the history of the
settlement of the Northwest. General Putnam
was appointed judge of the supreme court of the
territory in 1789, and was commissioned brig-
adier-general, U.S.A., May 4, 1792, serving with
General Wayne in the operations to quell the
Indian trouble on the frontier. He was U.S.
commissioner to treat with the Indians, 1792-93,
which led to a treaty with eight Indian tribes
at Point Vincent, Sept. 27, 1792. He resigned
his commission in the army, Feb. 15, 1793, and
was surveyor-general of the United States, 1793-
1803 ; a founder of Muskingum academy, 1798 ;
a trustee of the Ohio university, 1894-2-1 ; a dele-
gate to the Ohio constitutional convention of 1802,
where his determined opposition prevented by
one vote the introduction of a clause preserving
the rights of slaveholders within the state. He
was an organizer of the first bible society west of
the Alleghanies in 1812. He was the last living
PUTNAM
PYNCHON
officer of the Continental army. His manuscript
diary was placed in the library of Marietta col-
lege, Ohio. A tablet placed on his house at
Rutland, Mass., by the Society of Sons of the
Revolution, was unveiled, Sept. 17, 1898, " Rufus
Putnam, Founder and Father of Ohio." Gen-
eral Rufus Putnam died in Marietta, Ohio, May
4, 1824.
PUTNAM, Sallie A. (Brock), author, was born
in Madison Court House, Va., in 1845. She was
educated by private tutors, and early showed a
talent for literature, writing at first under the
pen name of Virginia Madison. She was the
author of Richmond During the War (1867), and
K' mirth. My King (1872): and she edited The
Southern Amaranth, a collections of poems writ-
ten in the seceding States at the time of the civil
war. She married the Rev. Richard Putnam, of
New York, in 1883.
PUTNAM, Samuel, jurist, was born in Dan-
vers, Mass., April 13, 1768. He was graduated
at Harvard college in 1787, studied law, and
settled in Salem, where he obtained a large and
famous practice. He represented his county in
the state senate in 1808 and 1814, and was a
member of the lower house of the legislature
in 1812. From 1814 till 1842 he was a justice
of the supreme court of the state. He died in
Somerville, Mass., July 4, 1853.
PUTNAM, William LeBaron, jurist, was born
in Bath, Maine, May 26, 1835 ; son of Dr. Israel
and Sarah Emery (Frost) Putnam ; grandson of
Israel Putnam of Sutton, Mass., and of William
Frost of Topsham, Maine, and a descendant of
John Putnam of Salem, Mass., of Dr. Francis
LeBaron of Plymouth, Mass., of Anthony Emery
of Newbury, Mass., and afterward of Kittery,
Maine, and of George Soule of Plymouth, Mass.
He was graduated from Bowdoin, A.B., 1855,
A.M., 1858; was admitted to the bar in Decem-
ber, 1857, settled in practice at Portland as the
copartner of George Evans (q.v.), and continued
to practise in Portland until he was appointed
U.S. circuit judge, building up an extensive pro-
fessional business. He was mayor of Portland,
1869-70. He twice declined appointment as jus-
tice of the supreme judicial court of Maine. In
September, 1887, he was appointed by President
Cleveland, with Thomas F. Bayard and James B.
Angell, plenipotentiary to negotiate with Great
Britain in the settlement of the rights of Ameri-
can fishermen in the territorial waters of Canada
and Newfoundland. He was also the represen-
tative selected by the President to sit on the
Bering Sea Claims commission under the treaty
with Great Britain of Feb. 8, 1896, and served,
1896-98. As Democratic candidate for governor
of Maine in 1888 he received the largest vote
ever given in that state to a gubernatorial candi-
date strictly of that party. Although a Demo-
crat, he was appointed by President Harrison
judge of the U.S. circuit court for the first cir-
cuit, his commission issuing, March 17, 1892. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Bow-
doin college in 1884, and from Brown university
in 1893.
PYLE, Howard, artist, was born in Wilming-
ton, Del., March 5, 1853; son of William and
Margaret Churchman (Painter) Pyle ; grandson
of Isaac Pyle and of William and Phoebe (Church-
man) Painter. His progenitors upon both sides
were members of the Society of Friends, who
earl}' settled in the province of Pennsylvania
under the proprietary government of William
Penu. Robert Pyle, his ancestor in direct descent,
came from Hornton in the parish of Bishop Can-
ning, Wiltshire, where he married Ann, daughter
of William Globy of Hilperton. This colonist
emigrated in 1683-84 to America, where he held
considerable grants of land in eastern Pennsyl-
vania, and where he was for several years a
member of the Provincial assembly, besides
being more or less identified with public affairs
of the early days of the province. Howard Pyle
studied art under Franz Van der Wielen (a gold
medalist of the School of Antwerp), in Philadel-
phia, Pa., 1869-72, and subsequently (1876-77) was
associated to some extent with the Art Students'
league of New York city. His early illustra-
tions, short stories and poems appeared in the
leading New York periodicals in 1876-79. He
was married in 1881, to Anne, daughter of J.
Morton and Ann (Suplee) Poole of Wilmington,
Del. He devoted his art work almost entirely to
the production of illustrations which appeared in
periodicals and books. He is the author of the
following works, which he himself illustrated :
Tlie Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Notting-
hamshire (1883); Within the Capes (1885, unillus-
trated); Pepper and Salt, or Seasoning for Young
Folk (1887); TJie Rose of Paradise (1887); Tlie
Wonder Clock, or Four and Twenty Marvellous
Tales (1888); Otto of the Silver Hand (1888); A
Modern Aladdin (1891): Men of Iron, a Romance
of Chivalry (1892); Jack Ballister's Fortune (1894);
Twilight Land (1895); Tlie Garden Behind the
Moon (1895).
PYNCHON, John, colonist, was born in Spring-
field, Essex county, England, in 1621 ; son of Col.
William (q.v.) and Anna (Andrew) Pynchon.
He was married, Oct. 30, 1644, to Amy, daughter
of Gov. George Wyllys of Hartford, Conn., and
when his father returned to England in 1652,
succeeded him as governor of the settlement at
Springfield, Mass., acquired by him by purchase,
which included the greater part of the Connec-
ticut river valley. He built the first brick house
in the Connecticut valley in 1660, which served
PYNCHON
PYNE
as a fort against Indian invasion, laid out the
towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deer-
field, Northfield and Westfield; served as colonel
of the 1st regiment of Hampshire County militia
in King Philip's war, 1675-76, and his influence
enabled him to make favorable treaties with the
Indians, including one with the Mohawks in 1680.
He was a deputy to the general court of Massa-
chusetts, 1659-65 ; a commissioner to receive the
surrender of New York by the Dutch in 1664 ; an
assistant under the first Massachusetts Royal
charter, 1663-86, and councillor under the respec-
tive governors, 1668-1703. He visited England
several times in the interest of his father's estate,
and left a large landed property. He died in
Springfield, Mass., Jan. 7, 1703.
PYNCHON, Thomas Ruggles, educator, was
born in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 19, 1823 ; son of
William Henry Ruggles and Mary (Murdoch)
Pynchon ; grandson of Thomas Ruggles and
Rebecca Pynchon and of James and Mary Mur-
doch, and a descend-
ant of Col. William
and Anna (Andrew)
Pynchon, immigrants
to Massachusetts
from England in 1630.
He was fitted for
college at the Boston
Latin school ; gradu-
ated at Trinity col-
lege, Hartford, Conn.,
A.B., 1841, A.M..
1844, and was a tutor
in classics there,
1843-47. He studied
theology ; was ad-
mitted to the di-
aconate, June 14, 1848, and to the priesthood,
July 25, 1849 ; was rector of St. Paul's. Stock-
bridge, and Trinity, Lenox, Mass., 1849-54; Sco-
vill professor of chemistry and natural sciences
at Trinity college, 1854-77 ; studied in Paris, and
made a geological tour through southern France,
Italy and Sicily with special reference to volcanic
action, including the ascent of Mount Etna
by night, 1855-56 ; was librarian of Trinity col-
lege, 1857-82 ; chaplain, 1860-64 and 1866-67 ;
president, 1874-83 ; in 1877 became professor,
and in 1888 Brownell professor of moral phi-
losophy. During his presidency he superin-
tended the transfer of the college to its new site
and the erection of the new buildings. He
became an associate fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences : founder and
vice-president of the American Metrological so-
ciety, and a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and of the Geo-
logical Society of France. He received the de-
gree D.D. from St. Stephen's in 1865 and LL.D.
from Columbia in 1877. He is the author of :
A Treatise on Chemical Physics (1869), and An
Examination and Defense of Bishop Butler's
Analogy, and his Argument Extended (1889).
PYNCHON, William, colonist, was born in
Springfield, Essex county, England, in 1590 ; son
of John and - — (Orchard) Pynchon. He
immigrated to America with his wife Anna,
daughter of William Andrew of Twiwell, North-
amptonshire, England, in 1630, being of the
party with Governor Winthrop. He held valu-
able patents from Charles I. of lands in Massa-
chusetts, being made one of the eighteen assis-
tants in March, 1629. He aided in organizing the
first church in Roxbury, entered into the fur
trade with the Indians and became treasurer of
the colony. His wife having died, he was married,
secondly, to Frances Sanford of Roxbury, Mass.,
and in 1636 removed with his family and a small
party to Agawam in the valley of the Connecti-
cut river, which place was renamed Springfield
in 1640, the name of his father's residence in
England. He was chief magistrate of the colony,
1636-52. He was deposed from his offices in the
colony by the legislature for alleged heretical
sentiments expressed in his book published in
England in 1650. and the edition was burned '
the sheriff in the presence of the faithful in Bos-
ton, only three copies of the book being saved
from destruction. He refused to appear before
the legislature and the case was dropped. He
returned to England in September, 1652, in com-
pany with his son-in-law, Henry Smith, and the
Rev. John Moxon, and devoted himself to theolo-
gical writing. His works include : a revised edi-
tion of Tlie Meritorious Price of Man's Redemp-
tion, or Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and
Explained, with a rejoinder to Rev. John Nor-
ton's Answer '(1655); The Jewish Synagogue (1652);
How the First Sabbath was Ordained (1654); and
Tlie Covenant of Nature (1662). He died in
Wraisbury, England, Oct. 29, 1662.
PYNE, Hoses Taylor, educationist, was born
in New York city, Dec. 21, 1855; son of Percy
Rivington and Albertina (Shelton) Pyne. He
was graduated from the College of New Jersey,
A.B., 1877, A.M., 1880, and from the College of
the City of New York, LL.B., 1879, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1880. He was married, June
2, 1880, to Margaretta Stockton and made his
home at '• Drumthwacket," Princeton. X.J. He
was an officer and director in various banks, man-
ufactories and railroads, and was largely inter-
ested in educational advancement, serving as a
trustee of Princeton university from 1885, as a
trustee and chairman of the finance committee of
Lawrenceville School andasa trustee of St. Paul's
school, Concord, N.H.
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