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UNIFORM
CRIME
REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
ISSUED BY THE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C
Volume XV Number I
SEMIANNUAL BULLETIN • 1944
UNIFORM
CRIME REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
Volume XV — Number 1
SEMIANNUAL BULLETIN, 1944
Issued by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Washington, D. C.
ADVISORY
International Association of Chiefs of Police
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1944
u s . ' CF DOCUSACU75
SEP 30 1944
J
Contents
Page
Summary of volume XV, No. 1 1-2
Classification of offenses 3
Monthly reports:
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to population
(table 1) ... 4-5
Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 1939-44 (table 2) 6-9
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to location
(tables 3, 4, 5) 10-13
Offenses in individual cities over 100,000 in population (table 6) 14-16
Data from supplementary offense reports (tables 7. S) 17-18
Police employee data:
Number of police department employees per 1.000 inhabitants, April
30, 1944, cities grouped by size and location (tables 9, 10) 19-21
Number of auxiliary police per 1,000 inhabitants, April 30, 1944, cities
grouped by size and location (tables 9, 11) 22-23
Number of police employees and number of auxiliary police in indi-
vidual cities over 25,000 in population, April 30, 1944 (table 12) 24-28
Annual reports:
Offenses known and offenses cleared by arrest, 1943 — cities divided
according to population (table 13) 29-33
Persons charged (held for prosecution), 1943 — cities divided according
to population (tables 14, 15) 34-36, 38
Offenses known, offenses cleared by arrest, and persons found guilty,
1943, part I offenses (table 16) 37, 39-40
Persons charged (held for prosecution), and persons found guilty, 1943,
part II offenses (table 17) 41
Persons released (not held for prosecution), 1943 — cities divided ac-
cording to population (tables 18, 19) 41-44
Offenses known, offenses cleared by arrest, and persons charged, 1943,
by geographic divisions (tables 20, 21) 44-47
Data compiled from fingerprint cards, 1944:
Sex distribution of persons arrested (table 22) 48
Age distribution of persons arrest ed (tables 23, 24) 48-51
Definitions of part I and part II offense classifications 52-53
(ID
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department of
Justice, Washington, D. C.
Volume XV July 1944 Number 1
SUMMARY
Crime Trends, January-June, 1939-44.
A 3.7-percent increase in crime was recorded for the first half of
1944 with crimes against the person showing a 4.5-percent increase
and crimes against property, a 3.7-percent increase over the figures
for the first half of 1943.
Negligent manslaughters rose 26.4 percent over the first half of 194.'!
and exceeded the pre-war average for January-June of 1939-41 by
14.4 percent. Aggravated assaults were up 5.1 percent over the first
half of last year and 19.6 percent over the pre-war average for the
same period. Although the number of rapes reported the first half
of 1944 was 1.2 percent under the 1943 midyear figure, they still
exceed the pre-war average for January-June by 26.9 percent.
Murders for the first half of 1944 declined 3.3 percent compared with
the same period of 1943 and were 7.5 percent under the pre-war
average.
Auto thefts during the first half of 1944 showed the unusual rise of
26.6 percent over January-June of last year and the figures even ex-
ceeded the pre-war average for the" same period by 20.1 percent.
Burglaries showed a 1.4 percent increase over the first half of 1943,
while robberies and larcenies decreased 6.1 percent and 0.2 percent
respectively.
Although the general increase in the total property crimes com-
mitted was moderate, the value of property stolen increased 39.6
percent during the first 6 months of 1944, as compared with the same
period of 1943. The loot in cash alone increased 25.9 percent.
Police Department Employees and Auxiliary Police, April 30, 1944,
There were 1.73 police employees for each 1,000 inhabitants in
cities over 25,000 as of April 30, 1944, representing a 5.5-percent
reduction in police personnel as compared with the figures for April
30, 1942. Generally, the larger cities had more police employees per
unit of population than the smaller communities, with cities over
250,000 in population in the New England States reporting 2.67
(1)
police employees per 1,000 inhabitants and cities with from 25,000
to 50,000 inhabitants in the West North Central States showing 0.94.
The number of auxiliary police varies considerably among the
geographic divisions with the Pacific States showing 5.91 and the
West North Central States reporting 1.78 auxiliary police per 1,000
inhabitants on April 30, 1944.
This bulletin contains summary tabulations showing the number of
police employees and auxiliary police, together with the number of
each per 1,000 inhabitants for cities grouped according to size and
location. The figures for individual cities are also presented.
Offenses Cleared by Arrest, 1943.
The police, on the average, made arrests last year in 28.9 percent
of the crimes reported to them. For crimes against the person of
which 75.4 percent were cleared, murders solved ranked first with
90.5 percent of such crimes cleared by arrest, followed by negligent
manslaughters with an 84.0 percent clearance. Seventy-four percent
of the rapes were followed by the perpetrator's arrest, as were 73.7
percent of the other felonious assaults.
Of the crimes against property 26.4 percent were cleared with the
individual offense classes showing the following proportion of cleared
cases: Robbery, 38.1 percent; burglary, 30.7 percent; auto theft, 20. 5
percent; and larceny, 24.1 percent.
Persons Found Guilty, 1943.
Over 80 percent of the persons arrested and formally charged by
the police were found guilty by the courts last year. The successful
prosecutions ranged from 48.7 percent for manslaughter by negligence
and 60.5 percent for offenses against family and children to 91.5 per-
cent for driving while intoxicated and 91.9 percent for the general
classification including drunkeness, disorderly conduct and vagrancy.
Persons Arrested, 1944.
Among the 237,104 fingerprint arrest records examined during the
first half of 1944, were the fingerprints of 40,485 arrested women,
representing 17.1 percent of the total. Compared with the first 6
months of 1943, the male arrests increased 1.4 percent and the arrests
of females increased 10.2 percent.
The predominating age of the males arrested was 17 and for females,
18. The largest increases for individual age groups were seen for
age 16 among the boys ( + 25.0 percent) and for age 20 among the
girls ( + 23.4 percent). More than one-half of all crimes against
property wore committed by persons less than 25 years of age. accord-
ing to the fingerprints received at the FBI during the first half of
1944.
Of the males 51.3 percent were repeaters, and 29.9 percent of the
females had prior fingerprint arrest records on file at the FBI.
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES
The term "offenses known to the police" is designed to include those
crimes designated as part I classes of the uniform classification occur-
ring within the police jurisdiction, whether they become known to the
police through reports of police officers, of citizens, of prosecuting or
court officials, or otherwise. They are confined to the following group
of seven classes of grave offenses, shown by experience to be those most
generally and completely reported to the police: Criminal homicide,
including (a) murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and (6) manslaugh-
ter by negligence ; rape ; robbery ; aggravated assault ; burglary — break-
ing or entering; larceny — theft; and auto theft. The figures contained
herein include also the number of attempted crimes of the designated
classes. In other words, an attempted burglary or robbery, for ex-
ample, is reported in the bulletin in the same manner as if the crime
had been completed. Attempted murders, however, are reported as
aggravated assaults.
"Offenses known to the police" include, therefore, all of the above
offenses, including attempts, which are reported by the law-enforce-
ment agencies of contributing communities and not merely arrests or
cleared cases. Offenses committed by juveniles are included in the
same manner as those known to have been committed by adults,
regardless of the prosecutive action. Complaints which upon inves-
tigation are learned to be groundless are not included in the tabulations
which follow.
In publishing the data sent in by chiefs of police in different cities,
the FBI does not vouch for their accuracy. They are given out as
current information which may throw some light on problems of
crime and criminal-law enforcement.
In compiling the tables, returns which were apparently incomplete
or otherwise defective were excluded.
In the last section of this bulletin may be found brief definitions of
part I and II offense classifications.
MONTHLY REPORTS
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Population.
The number of offenses known and the rate per 100,000 inhabitants
for January-June 1944 are presented in table 1. The data are based
on the monthly uniform crime reports of 2,157 cities, and the summary
information is shown for these cities grouped by size.
The cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants generally show more
crime per unit of population than the smaller communities. For the
first 6 months of 1944 exceptions to this were noted for two offense
classes. For aggravated assault the crime rate in cities with popula-
tion from 50,000 to 100,000 was the highest, and for larceny the rate
in cities from 25,000 to 100,000 exceeded the rate for cities with
population in excess of 250,000.
The following tabulation shows the distribution of the^reported
offenses:
Ofiense
Total
Larceny. __
Burglary..
Auto theft .
Rate per
100,000
690.6
385.5
148.6
101.0
Percent
55.8
21.5
14.6
Offense
Assault
Robbery
Rape
Murder
Manslaughter
Rate per
100,000
25.3
20.7
5.3
2.3
1.9
Percent
3.7
3.0
.8
.3
.3
Although the foregoing percent distribution indicates that only 5.1
percent of the reported crimes consisted of criminal homicides, rapes,
and other felonious assaults, it should be observed that the cities
represented in table 1 reported a total of 1,502 murders, 1,273 negligent
manslaughters, 3,504 rapes, and 16,808 other felonious assaults.
(4)
Table No. 1. — Offenses known to the police, January to June, inclusive, 1944;
number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Criminal
homicide
Population group
GROUP I
total
35 cities over 250,000;
population, 29,599,432:
Number of offenses known .
Rate per 100,000
55 cities, 100,000 to 250,000; total
population, 7,792,650:
Number of offenses known . .
Rate per 100,000
GROUP III
104 cities, 50,000 to 100,000; total
population, 7,175,075:
Number of offenses known_
Rate per 100,000
202 cities, 25,000 to 50,000; total
population, 7,041,365:
Number of offenses known . .
Rate per 100,000
GROUP v
552 cities, 10,000 to 25,000; total
population, 8,365,066:
Number of offenses known.
Rate per 100,000
GROUP VI
1,209 cities under 10,000; total
population, 6,359,833:
Number of offenses known.
Rate per 100,000
TOTAL, GROUPS I-VI
2,157 cities; total population,
66,333,421:
Number of offenses known .
Rate per 100,000
Murder,
nonneg
ligent
man-
slaugh
ter
779
2.63
234
3.00
176
2.45
109
1.55
126
1.51
78
1.23
1,502
2.26
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
672
2.27
213
2.73
141
1.97
122
1.73
71
0.85
54
0.85
1.273
1.92
Rape
1,959
6.62
427
5.48
264
3.75
312
3.73
241
3.79
3,504
5.28
Rob-
bery
8,852
29.9
1,713
22.0
301 1,028
4. 20 14. 3
819
11.6
551
8.7
13, 702
20.7
Aggra-
vated
sault
S, 380
28.3
2,310
29.6
2,279
31.8
1,816
25.8
1,131
13.5
892
14.0
16, 808
25.3
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
i 34, 443
170.4
15, 072
193.4
11,258
156.9
9. 006
128.8
9,209
110. 1
5,581
87.8
i 84, 629
148.6
Lar-
ceny-
theft
> 78, 300
387.4
35, 644
457. 4
31,218
435. 1
29,419
417.8
30, 351
362.8
14, 579
229.2
i 219.511
385.5
Auto
theft
32, 374
109.4
10, 857
139.3
7,312
101.9
6, 21S
6,496
77.7
3,765
59.2
67. 020
10!. 0
1 The number of offenses and tate for burglary and larceny— theft are based on reports as follows: Group I,
33 cities, total population, 20,213,103; groups 1-VI, 2,155 cities, total population, 56,947,092.
ANNUAL CRIME TRENDS
OFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICE
January-June, 1939-1944
318 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS;
COMBINED POPULATION 45,062,198
Murder
Negligent
Manslaughter
January - June
Rape
Aggravated
Assault
[ OFFENSE 1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
-•''vX-S-i
1.259
1,185
1,277
1,264
1,183
1,144
i
by Ncg
789
971
901
973
802
1,014
■
Ra]
2,051
2,038
2,155
2,300
2,673
2,641
In 9,682
10,206
IO,649
1 1,042
1 1,585
12,174
Figure 1.
Annual Trends, Offenses Known to the Police, January-June 1939-44.
The first 6 months of 1944 showed a general 3.7-percent increase in
crime in the United States, compared with the first half of 1943, ac-
cording to the reports received from 318 of the Nation's largest cities
Crimes against the person showed 4.5-percent increase while offenses
against property rose 3.7 percent.
Among the crimes against the person, the increase in manslaughter
by negligence of 26.4 percent represented the most pronounced change.
The unusual rise in these offenses was noted most during the first
quarter when the figures exceeded those for the similar period of 1 943
by 36.1 percent and during the second quarter an increase of 15.7 per-
cent was registered over the figures for April-June of last year.
Compared with the average figures for January-June of 1939-41,
negligent manslaughters this year were up 14.4 percent.
Aggravated assaults for the first half of 1944 exceeded by 5.1 per-
cent the figures for the first half of last year, and the increase was
most pronounced during the second quarter. For the period Jan-
uary-March a 1.2-percent increase was reflected in the reports, while
for the second quarter the increase was 8.6 percent. By the end of
June the aggravated assault figures for 1944 exceeded the pre-war
average for the same period by 19.6 percent.
Murders during the period of April-June of this year were 3.1 per-
cent in excess of the number for the same period of last year, but this
increase was more than offset by a 10.1-percent decrease recorded for
the preceding quarter with the result that the figures for the 6-month
period showed a 3.3-percent decrease. The January-June 1944 mur-
der figure was 7.5 percent under the pre-war 'average for the same
months.
In comparison with comparable periods of 1943, rapes increased 7.2
percent during the first quarter of 1944 and decreased 8.5 percent
during the second quarter. For the first half of this year the number
of such crimes showed a 1.2-percent decline from the same period of
1943, but the figures still exceed the pre-war average for January-
June of 1939-41 by 26.9 percent.
The most pronounced trend among the offenses against property
was seen for auto theft where a 26.6-percent rise was reflected during
the first half of 1944, as compared with January- June of 1943. The
increase in these offenses was particularly marked during January-
March of this year when the number of such crimes exceeded by 46.9
percent the figures for the first quarter of 1943. For the second quar-
ter of this year the increase amounted to 9.9 percent. The number
of auto thefts reported during the first half of 1944 reflected a 20.1
percent increase over the average figure for January-June 1939-41,
despite the shortage of automobiles, tires, and gasoline. However,
605344 — 44— — 2
8
most of the stolen cars were recovered by the police as indicated in
the data preceeding table 7 of this bulletin.
Burglaries showed a 1.4-percent increase for the first half of 1944,
over the same period of the previous year. For the first quarter the
increase was 5.3 percent and a 2.4-percent decrease was reflected in
the figures for April-June.
Larcenies showed little change (—0.2 percent) at the close of June.
During the first quarter of 1944, a 3.7-percent increase was reflected
in these offenses over the same period of the previous year, while a
3.6-percent decline was recorded during the second quarter. For
offenses of robbery a 6.1-percent decrease was shown for the first half
of this year.
A summary of the offenses reported during January-June of 1939-44
is presented in table 2. The average figures for 1939-41 are shown
for January-March and April- June separately as well as for the first
6 months as a whole in comparison with similar periods of 1942-44.
Table 2. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 318 cities over 25,000 in
population, January-June 1939-44
[Total population, 45,062,198, based on 1940 decennial census]
January to March:
Average 1939-41
1942
1943
1944....
April to June:
Average 1939-41
1942
1943.-.
1944
January to June:
Average 1939^1
1942
1943
1944
Criminal
homicide
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
as-
sault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
591
595
575
517
646
669
608
627
1,237
1,264
1,183
1,144
476
553
421
573
410
420
381
441
886
973
802
1,014
1,017
1,115
1,243
1,332
1,064
1,185
1,430
1,309
2,081
2.300
2,673
2,641
7,350
7,046
6,310
5,930
5,927
5,775
5,526
5,185
13, 277
12, 821
11, 836
11,115
4,597
4,957
5,513
5,580
5,584
6,085
6,072
6,594
10, 181
11,042
11,. 585
12,174
36, 674
36, 299
31, 679
33, 352
33, 961
30. 634
31,336
30, 576
70. 635
66,933
63,015
63.928
90,740
98,801
74, 482
77, 206
94, 049
97, 672
85, 543
82, 486
184, 789
196, 473
160,025
159,692
Auto
theft
20, 731
21,999
17,321
25, 444
19.558
19, 069
20,890
22, 950
40, 289
41,068
38,211
48,394
ANNUAL CRIME TRENDS
OFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICE
January-June, 1939-1944
318 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS;
COMBINED POPULATION 45,062,198
January -June
OFFENSE 1939
14,056
69,945
76,170
38,301
3,449
72,253
187,761
40,552
12,325
69,698
190,430
4 2,02
12,82 1
66,933
196,47 3
4 1 ,068
1,836
63,OI5
I 60,025
38,21
I 1,1 15
63,928
159,692
48,394
Larceny
1940
1941
1942
i
i
Y//>
w
1943
1
1944
1
1
i
I
A
1
1
Asitd Theft
ra
Figure 2.
10
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Location.
Since the extent of crime varies noticeably among the several states
and larger geographic divisions, the crime rate data presented in table
1, with reference to offenses of murder, robbery, aggravated assault,
burglary, larceny, and auto theft are further subdivided according to
location, and such regional data are presented in tables 4 and 5.
The information presented in these tabulations makes available re-
gional crime averages to interested individuals desiring to make com-
parisons with local figures.
In examining crime rates for individual states and geographic
divisions, it should be remembered that in the interest of uniformity
the 1940 decennial census population figures were used in preparing the
data, and in some sections of the country marked changes in the popu-
lation of many communities have occurred since 1940.
The information presented in tables 1, 4, and 5 is supplemented by
the data presented in table 3 which show the number of cities used in
preparing the tabulations.
11
Table 3. — Number of cities in each Stale included in the tabulation of uniform crime
reports, January to June, inclusive, 1944
Division and State
Population
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50,000
to
100,000
25,000
to
50,000
10,000
to
25,000
Less
than
10,000
Total
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
New England: 183 cities; total population,
5,942,466
Middle Atlantic: 521 cities; total population,
19,528,098
Kast North Central: 515 cities; total popula-
tion, 16,342,201
West North Central: 264 cities; total popula-
tion, 5,403,560
South Atlantic: > 197 cities; total population,
5,767,215.
Kast South Central: 84 cities; total popula-
tion, 2,385,443
West South Central: 126 cities; total popula-
tion, 3,504,239
Mountain: 86 cities; total population,
1,456,619
Pacific: 181 cities; total population, 6,003,580. - .
New England:
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic-
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
East North Central:
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
West North Central:
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas .—
South Atlantic:
District of Columbia -
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida.
East South Central:
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama.
Mississippi
West South Central:
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Mountain:
Montana...
Idaho
Wyoming.
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Pacific:
Washington
Oregon..
California
52
106
71)
L37
85
31
89
54
44
53
39
22
6
10
14
29
29
22
130
1 Includes District of Columbia.
12
Table 4. — Number of offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, January
to June, inclusive, 1944, by States
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Division and State
Murder,
normegli-
gent man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Burglary —
breaking or
entering
Larceny—
theft
Auto
theft
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
0.57
1.22
1.88
1.48
5.90
6.92
4.65
1.51
2.55
6.0
8.8
29.8
8.8
27.8
26.2
19.8
24.2
50.1
4.7
13.2
23.1
11.9
83.3
59.9
39.9
14.4
28.1
109.5
'92.4
136.5
99.8
190.9
193.8
166.3
217.8
273.6
222.8
' 183. 7
353.4
291.6
506.3
413. 5
487.0
657.9
806.7
76 3
69 :,
Hast North Central . ...
79 5
West North Central
69 0
South Atlantic 2
143 (i
East South Central...
125.8
West South Central
120 2
Mountain
123.1
248 4
New England:
1.05
.40
6.3
.4
3.5
115.4
67.9
67.6
104.2
111.6
138.0
3 68. 5
124.3
•91.6
149.4
137.6
125.5
173.4
60.1
82.1
84.2
107.0
97.0
65.0
122.5
130.0
271.6
99.0
265. 1
142.6
189.1
177.4
197.2
279.0
247.0
165.0
194.8
142.7
116.0
71.2
192. 0
205.3
108.1
196.7
154.0
225.5
182.6
256. 1
254.8
394.2
264.4
322.0
270.6
286. 5
167.8
295.5
200.5
209. 5
293.3
3 202.4
211.4
• 146. 9
375.5
480.0
222.6
492.6
323.5
226.9
294.4
289.9
269.6
294.7
365.5
371.7
614.3
265.3
634.5
246.3
455.1
654.8
626. 4
744.8
452.7
365.5
434. 7
412.3
562.2
255. 7
520.2
570.5
455.3
613.9
713.7
592. 7
443.5
1,046.6
744. 1
875. 2
703. S
829.1
823. 0
69.3
21.4
4.0
4.1
6.0
7.4
12.9
20.8
10.2
22.6
24.4
21.8
34.5
3.9
3.3
2.6
28.8
38.3
.50
.17
1.01
1.20
1.17
1.28
2.15
1.75
2.20
1.84
.25
.74
.86
2.52
6.5
5.5
6.2
5.8
10.4
13.8
26.5
21.1
41.9
30.7
4.3
6.7
4.3
13.6
1.6
6.8
5.5
11.2
35.1
24.8
40.2
20.7
17.7
23.0
27.3
32.3
36.7
27.5
17.4
14.6
30.9
13.4
20.2
21.4
10.1
4.7
19.3
27.7
16. 1
44.4
24.5
51.8
23.4
44.8
55.5
75. 3
Rhode Island...
102. 1
Connecticut
83.4
Middle Atlantic:
67.7
83.3
66.2
East North Central:
Ohio
90.6
121.3
Illinois...
52.2
103.4
50.5
West North Central:
Minnesota
45.6
63.1
71.9
61.7
.68
1.31
1.72
4.28
4.40
6.14
2.89
5.91
6.06
10.62
6.64
4.63
7.64
7.97
8.24
3.98
4.75
2.94
5.28
2.7
9.0
5.7
5.1
59.7
91.5
37.8
207.5
64.8
72.0
76.5
52.6
45.5
88.2
59.5
40.3
49.0
21.8
42.2
8.9
8.0
9.6
12.1
10.7
37.2
10.2
41.8
8.8
23.2
32. -2
66.3
Nebraska
115.5
Kansas
86.9
South Atlantic:
137. 9
Maryland
176.0
Virginia
160.7
63.6
104.0
South Carolina
141.4
152.1
Florida _._
173.7
East South Central:
156.3
131.9
Alabama
91.5
M ississippi
105.6
West South Central:
104.1
116.1
Oklahoma
103. 0
129.9
Mountain:
76.5
Idaho
1.33
105. U
97. :,
1.52
2.15
3.58
2.05
91.7
99.9
231. 1
Utah
148.9
282. 3
Pacific:
1.26
1.31
2.91
ao& 9
227. 3
258. 2
1 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 519 cities with a total population of
10,111,769.
- Includes report of District of Columbia.
3 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports of ltitiYilies.
• 'Die rules for burglary and larceny are based on reports of 222 cities.
13
Table 5. — Number of offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, January
to June, inclusive, 1944, by geographic divisions and population groups
[Based on 1940 decennial.census]
Geographic division and
population group
Murder,
nonnegli-
gent man-
slaughter
NEW ENGLAND
Group I
Group II
Group III.
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
MIDDLE ATLANTIC
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
EAST NORTH CENTRAL
Group I
Group II _
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
Group I
Group II
Group III .--
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
SOUTH ATLANTIC 2
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI :
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL
Group I
Group II
Group III...
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
WEST SOUTH CENTRAL
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
MOUNTAIN
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
PACIFIC
Group I
Group II
Group III_
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
0.68
1.03
.31
.26
.46
.55
1.62
.83
1.07
.93
.31
.37
2.65
1.89
1.48
.81
.89
.87
2.51
2.36
.55
1.11
.43
.23
5.54
6.87
6.79
4.29
7.08
3.75
5.91
11.30
7.83
4.93
6.16
5.52
7.59
4.58
2.86
2.97
1.84
4.17
1.24
3.33
4.25
2.03
.30
.71
2.73
2.70
3.08
2.31
2.64
1.05
Robbery
11.1
8.5
5.3
4.0
1.6
2.7
10.3
9.1
9.3
5.4
6.6
3.4
47.5
30.9
13.7
10.4
8.4
5.3
13.3
12.6
6.9
3.1
4.5
3.3
30.6
47.2
23.9
25.9
10.7
13.8
33.9
27.3
17.1
30.8
13.0
14.7
27.4
22.3
18.2
11.6
12.3
14.7
38.8
15.3
26.4
13.4
11.5
36.2
72.4
27.2
28.9
24.2
29.3
20.3
Aggra-
vated
assault
8.2
6.3
3.9
2.3
2.8
4.4
15.6
14.5
9.3
10.7
9.1
6.6
34.4
26.8
16.2
9.2
6.0
6.7
5.3
1.7
1.5
2.6
52.6
99.7
112.8
144.8
62.3
51.2
58.1
38.8
114.6
69.4
35.8
52.5
54.4
34.7
33.4
46.8
19.2
32.8
10.9
14.7
32.3
13.8
7.7
19.5
37.2
27.4
15.4
11.7
17.5
16.6
Burglary-
breaking or
entering
75.7
162.7
125.6
98.8
81.4
82.2
i 103. 2
122.6
120.8
84.3
71.5
58.8
156.4
185.0
132.7
112.0
96.5
70.8
105.8
107.6
146.4
92.0
97.5
54.8
140.6
328.2
207.5
204.5
141.8
118.9
251.6
207.8
222.5
140.9
134.3
51.1
182.2
263.8
134.3
137.3
111.9
133.9
285.0
238.1
232.2
215.1
177.1
175.1
300.0
240.6
288.3
247.8
271.9
183.5
Larceny-
theft
160.7
280.3
268.0
227.7
183. 5
166.0
i 157. 1
215.9
221.2
235. 1
175.6
120.4
337.5
504.7
412.2
387.4
338.9
205.4
256.7
339.7
476.3
331.9
354.9
127.9
372.7
750.1
595.9
583.0
457.2
292.0
508.0
396.4
368.8
406.4
429.8
110.4
455.3
672.4
527.8
628.9
388.4
224.5
577.2
594.3
830.1
921.6
728.8
397.1
750.7
741.7
972.2
870.0
1,081.0
702.6
1 The number of offenses and rates for burglary and larceny— theft are based on reports of 4 cities.
* Includes the District of Columbia.
14
Offenses in Individual Cities With More Than 100,000 Inhabitants.
The number of offenses reported as having been committed during
the period of January-June 1944 is shown in table 6. The compila-
tion includes the reports received from police departments in cities
with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Police administrators and other
interested individuals will probably find it desirable to compare the
crime rates of their cities with the average rates shown in tables 1
and 5 of this publication. Similarly, they will doubtless desire to
make comparisons with the figures for their communities for prior
periods, in order to determine whether there has been an increase or a
decrease in the amount of crime committed.
Caution should be exercised in comparing crime data for individual
cities, because differences in the figures may be due to a variety of
factors. The amount of crime committed in a community is not
solely chargeable to the police but is rather a charge against the entire
community. The following is a list of some of the factors which
might affect the amount of crime in a community:
Population of the city and metropolitan area adjacent thereto.
The composition of the population with reference particularly to
age, sex, and race.
The economic status and activities of the population.
Climate.
Educational, recreational, and religious facilities.
The number of police employees per unit of population.
The standards governing appointments to the police force.
The policies of the prosecuting officials and the courts.
The attitude of the public toward law-enforcement problems.
The degree of efficiency of the local law-enforcement agency.
It should be remembered that the war has brought about marked
changes in some of the foregoing factors in many communities.
In comparing crime rates, it is generally more important to de-
termine whether the figures for a given community show increases or
decreases in the amount of crime committed than to ascertain whether
the figures are above or below those of some other community.
15
Table 6.
-Number of offenses known to the police, January to June, inclusive, 1944,
cities over 100,000 in population
City
Akron, Ohio
Albany, N. Y
Atlanta, Ga
Baltimore, Md ...
Birmingham, Ala.
Boston, Mass.....
Bridgeport, Conn.
Buffalo, N. Y
Cambridge, Mass.
Camden, N. J
Canton, Ohio
Charlotte, N. C
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Chicago, 111
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio.
Columbus, Ohio.
Dallas, Tex
Dayton, Ohio
Denver, Colo
Des Moines, Iowa.
Detroit, Mich
Duluth, Minn... .
Elizabeth, N. J
Erie, Pa
Fall River, Mass
Flint, Mich
Fort Wavne, Ind
Fort Worth, Tex.
Gary, Ind
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Hartford, Conn
Honolulu, Hawaii
Houston, Tex
Indianapolis, Ind .
Jacksonville, Fla...
Jersey City, N. J...
Kansas City, Kans.
Kansas City, Mo..
Knoxville, Tenn...
Long Beach, Calif
Los Angeles, Calif
Louisville, Ky
Lowell, Mass ...
Memphis, Tenn.
Miami, Fla
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis, Minn.
Nashville, Tenn
Newark, N. J
New Bedford, Mass.
New Haven, Conn..
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y>
Norfolk, Va_
Oakland, Calif
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr..
Paterson, N. J
Peoria, HI
Murder,
nonnegli-
gent man-
slaughter
11
3
8
17
13
2
3
31
112
16
Robbery
58
11
131
236
54
95
11
26
7
27
40
24
32
2,057
114
344
157
77
77
125
6
850
11
10
4
29
7
28
100
12
31
4
162
128
20
53
1,217
146
3
523
135
240
36
18
22
17
Aggra-
vated
assault
41
10
156
579
86
77
7
65
7
19
44
202
42
965
260
247
35
274
80
35
2
9
10
3
69
7
71
67
7
38
51
75
202
Burg-
lary-
breaking
or enter-
ing
515
117
758
875
635
421
173
209
106
218
228
346
255
4,985
939
881
777
905
303
919
121
3, 250
85
121
131
200
367
137
504
274
243
448
459
1,210
516
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
234
29
421
479
315
339
112
104
19
63
70
,515
363
316
339
196
94
341
44
950
50
45
21
51
161
81
72
72
103
217
391
355
107 484 447
Complete data not received
60
358
199
P)
3,653
810
30
170
211
214
208
121
312
62
78
272
13
157
112
498
54
153
50
561
495
4,574
234
1,202
1
83
191
376
315
640
41
328
20
501
62
438
198
733
10
291
9
271
215
294
1,169
2,413
201
807
185
1,032
70
365
31
307
58
233
2
183
(')
315
Under
$50
733
164
1,508
1,653
1, 171
866
341
533
167
152
376
471
429
4,803
1, 381
3,043
947
2,851
1,122
1,520
476
6,966
352
193
222
220
874
567
1,169
444
1,063
638
844
2,945
1,711
245
1.103
336
1,218
8,332
1,141
119
861
723
1,536
549
459
750
465
488
723
5,299
700
2,161
1,266
660
123
266
See footnotes at end of table.
605344 — 44 3
16
Table 6.' — Number of offenses known to the police, January to June, inclusive, 1944,
cities over 100,000 in population — Continued
City
Murder,
nonnegli-
gent man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Auto
theft
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Portland, Oreg...
Providence, R. I.
Reading, Pa
Richmond, Va
Rochester, N. Y..
Sacramento, Calif.
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn....
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Antonio, Tex
San Diego, Calif
San Francisco, Calif...
Scranton, Pa
Seattle, Wash
Somerville, Mass..
South Bend, Ind..
Spokane, Wash...
Springfield, Mass.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Tacoma, Wash.
Tampa, Fla
Toledo, Ohio...
Trenton, N. J..
Tulsa, Okla
Utica, N. Y
Washington, D. O.
Wichita, Kans
Wilmington, Del..
Worcester, Mass. .
Yonkers, N. Y
Youngstown, Ohio.
339
154
187
19
23
60
42
500
110
5
26
25
1
6
20
66
66
27
53
7
192
7
41
30
2
92
278
59
100
7
131
13
34
357
21
22
326
81
349
16
26
18
8
7
10
39
r,r,
47
41
6
L'2.r.
1,619
807
1,263
354
160
432
318
176
815
297
357
560
363
1,277
142
1,198
194
177
272
145
244
324
271
709
219
514
67
932
106
316
297
112
319
506
200
694
129
30
(0
321
64
214
eg
87
336
573
39
504
14
103
76
62
87
90
192
203
100
162
40
531
46
175
153
20
19
685
486
2,223
381
200
1,347
697
1,085
1,977
859
795
740
1,005
3,136
136
1,821
128
556
648
284
675
557
727
1, 075
291
768
274
2,207
447
528
271
175
450
1,450
816
788
367
70
368
218
242
739
163
210
315
815
1.625
fill
935
62
104
125
130
213
234
273
352
135
210
85
847
99
159
185
73
259
1 Larcenies not separately reported. Figure listed includes both major and minor larcenies.
3 Figures include offenses committed by juveniles; this is in accord with the uniform reporting procedure
followed by other cities.
17
Supplement to Return A Data.
Forcible rape increased 4.0 percent and statutory offenses (no force
used — victim under age of consent) declined 10.5 percent during
January-June of 1944 in comparision with the same period of 1943,
according to the supplementary crime reports received from 269 cities
with over 25,000 inhabitants (combined population 31,205,147). The
forcible offenses during the first half of this year represented 63.1 per-
cent of the total rape cases.
Of the burglaries reported, 58.6 percent involved nonresidence
structures with 92.1 percent of such crimes committed during the
night. Private homes were burglarized in 41.4 percent of the cases
and 67.6 percent of these occurred during the night with 32.4 percent
perpetrated during the daylight hours. The nighttime burglaries
showed a general increase of 3.8 percent. Seventy-four percent of the
robberies were classed as highway robbery.
Despite the large increase in auto thefts reported, the police re-
covered 96.7 percent of the stolen cars as indicated by the folio wing-
figures :
January-June
1943
1944
Number of automobiles stolen
Number of automobiles recovered.
Percent recovered
29,701
28,569
96.2
36, 355
35, 172
96.7
Larcenies in which the property was valued at $50 or more increased
29.9 percent during January-June of 1944, over the first half of 1943,
with the minor thefts showing a 3.2-percent decline. The largest in-
crease was seen in thefts of automobile accessories (+67.1 percent).
Thefts of other personal property from parked automobiles were up
9.9 percent and pocket-picking offenses rose 4.1 percent. Purse-
snatching decreased 2.1 percent; shoplifting, —23.4 percent; bicycle
theft, —15.0 percent; while the group classed as "all others" showed
little change (—0.6 percent) . An analysis of the supplementary crime
reports appears in tables 7 and 8.
Although the total crimes against property reported by the cities
represented in this study of supplementary crime reports showed
only a 4.3-percent increase, the total value of property stolen increased
39.6 percent from $23,559,000 during the first 6 months of 1943 to
$32,895,000 during the fiist half of 1944. Although part of this rise
may be attributable to a general wartime increase in property values,
it is worthy of note that the amount of actual cash stolen, as dis-
tinguished from other personal property, increased 25.9 percent.
The value of property stolen and recovered during the first 6
months of 1943-44, subdivided by type of property involved, is shown
in table 8, which indicates that 70.9 percent of the stolen property
was recovered during the first half of this year. Exclusive of auto-
mobiles, the percentage recovered was 25.7.
18
Table 7. — Number of known offenses with divisions as to the nature of the criminal
act, time and place of commission, and value of property stolen, January to June,
inclusive, 1943~44'> ^69 cities over 25,000 in population; total population,
31,205,147
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Classification
Number of offenses
Percent
1943
1944
change
Rape:
1,036
703
1,077
629
+4.0
-10.5
Total
y 1, 739
1,706
-1.9
Robbery:
6,958
1,569
162
53
441
6
523
6,590
. 1.351
135
41
407
7
371
-5.3
-13.9
-16.7
-22.6
-7.7
+ 16.7
-29.1
Total
9,712
8,902
-8.3
Burglary— breaking or entering:
Residence (dwelling):
Committed during night
13, 807
6,970
26, 802
2,411
14, 413
6,897
27, 731
2,372
+4.4
-1.0
Nonresidence (store, office, etc.) :
+3.5
-1.6
Total
49, 990
51,413
+2.8
Larceny — theft (except auto theft) (grouped according to value of
article stolen) :
18, 582
85, 044
23,265
24, 133
84, 895
19,904
+ 29.9
$5to$50._
-.2
Under $5
-14.4
Total --.
126, 891
128,932
+1.6
Larceny— theft (grouped as to type of offense) :
2,519
4,012
4,486
16, 229
9,212
28, 816
61,617
2,623
3,929
3,437
17, 838
15,396
24, 491
61,218
+4.1
-2. 1
-23.4
+9.9
+67.1
-15.0
-.6
Total
126,891
128, 932
+1.6
Table 8. — Value of property stolen and value of property recovered by type of
property, January to June, inclusive, 1943-44; 269 cities over 25,000; total pop-
ulation, 31,205,147
[Population figures are from 1940 decennial census. All values have been rounded off to thousands of
dollars]
1943
1944
Type of property
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
property
recovered
Percent
recov-
ered
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
properly
recovered
Peroenl
recov-
ered
Currency, notes, etc
$3, 033, 000
1,786,000
332, 000
S-I9.IKH)
1 4, 494. 000
3,115,000
$525, 000
507,000
57,000
229, 000
13, 783, 000
1,101.000
17.3
29.2
17.2
27.0
95.1
35.3
$3. 818, 000
2, OSS, 000
504, 000
1,168,000
21,017,000
4, 310. 000
$689, 000
585,000
76,000
208,000
20, 261, 000
1,408,000
18.0
Jewelry and precious metals
28.0
Furs
Clothing
15. 1
25.7
96.4
Miscellaneous
32.7
Total
23, 559, 000
16, 202.000
68.8
32, 895, 000
23, 317, 000
70.9
POLICE EMPLOYEE DATA
Number of Police Employees, April 30, 1944.
There were 1.73 police employees for every 1,000 inhabitants in
cities over 25,000 in population as of April 30, 1944. l The police
personnel in these cities showed a decrease of more than 2 percent
from April 1943 and when compared with April 1942 the figures
for this year show a 5.5-percent decline. The decrease was general
throughout the country, though more pronounced in some communi-
ties than in others, of course.
Compared with the figures for April 30, 1943, each geographic
division considered as a unit showed a decrease as of April 30, 1944,
except the West South Central and Pacific States, and each popula-
tion group in these divisions showed increases in police personnel
with the exception of group IV (25,000-50,000) in the West South
Central States.
Generally the larger cities have more police employees per unit of
population than the smaller communities, although some exceptions
to this are noted in four of the geographic divisions. In the East
North Central States the police departments in cities with population
from 50,000 to 100,000 show more employees per 1,000 inhabitants
than those in cities with population from 100,000 to 250,000, and in
the Mountain States the figures for cities from 50,000 to 100,000 ex-
ceed that for cities over 100,000. In the South Atlantic States the
police employees per unit of population in cities from 25,000 to 50,000
exceed the figures for cities in the 50,000-100,000 population group.
In the East South Central division group I cities (over 250,000) report
only 1.17 police employees per 1,000 inhabitants, while the highest
figure (1.38) in this region is for cities from 50,000 to 100,000, with
group II cities (100,000-250,000) reporting 1.24 and group IV (25,000-
50,000) reporting 1.21 employees for each 1,000 inhabitants.
Table 10 shows the number of police department employees and the
number per 1,000 inhabitants on April 30, 1944, for groups of cities
divided according to size and location. Every urban community in
the United States with population in excess of 25,000 is included in
the summary as indicated by the figures in table 9, showing the num-
ber of cities used in preparing the averages.
1 1940 decennial census population figures used in all compilations.
(19)
20
21
Table 9. — Number of cities included in the tabulation of police department employ-
ees, Apr. SO, 1944, by geographic divisions and population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Population —
Division
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Total
Over
250,000
100,000 to
250,000
50,000 to
100,000
25,000 to
50,000
New England: 61 cities; total population. 4,640,655. . .
Middle Atlantic: 80 cities; total population,
16,093,985
2
7
8
4
3
3
4
1
5
10
11
10
5
7
3
3
1
5
13
24
23
8
17
4
9
2
7
36
38
60
12
20
10
13
7
17
61
80
East North Central: 101 cities; total population.
13,112,140
101
West North Central: 29 cities; total population,
3,661,503
29
South Atlantic: > 47 cities; total population, 4,616,676. .
East South Central: 20 cities; total population,
1,891,962
47
20
West South Central: 29 cities; total population,
3,037,883
29
11
Pacific: 34 cities; total population, 4,858,390
34
Total:
37
30,195,339
55
7, 792, 650
107
7,343,917
213
7,417,093
412
Population
52, 748, 999
1 Includes the District of Columbia.
Table 10. — Police department employees, Apr. 30, 1944, number and rate per 1,000
inhabitants, by geographic divisions and population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Population
Division
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Total
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50,000
to
100,000
25.000
to
50,000
New England:
2,730
2.67
26, 860
2.30
14, 826
1.87
3,457
1.73
4,111
2.25
1,028
1.17
1,907
1.34
418
1.30
5,685
1.83
61,022
2.02
2.530
1.86
2,280
1.58
1,681
1.13
773
1.07
1,502
1.50
503
1.24
654
1.25
175
1.17
1,206
1.71
11, 304
1.45
1.534
1.60
2,543
1.55
2,017
1.30
519
0.95
1,442
1.31
387
1.38
769
1.17
162
1.38
651
1.34
10, 024
1.36
1,859
1.43
1,737
1.31
2,232
1.03
374
0.94
928
1.36
393
1.21
453
1.05
256
1.04
711
1.29
8,943
1.21
8,653
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.86
Middle Atlantic:
33, 420
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
2.08
East North Central:
20, 756
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.58
West North Central:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
5,123
1.40
South Atlantic: '
7,983
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.73
East South Central:
2,311
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.22
West South Central:
3,783
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.25
Mountain:
1,011
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.21
Pacific:
8,253
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
1.70
Total:
91,293
Average number of employees per 1,000 inhabit-
ants
1.73
1 Includes the District of Columbia.
22
Number of Auxiliary Police, April 30, 1944.
The survey of police employees again this year included auxiliary
police as a separate item and it was found that the general average
for the country was 163 auxiliary police for each 100 police depart-
ment employees. The summary is presented in table 11 and the
figures include all volunteers for auxiliary police work who were
accepted for service as of April 30, 1944, and who may be called by
the police to assist them during any emergency condition arising as
a result of the war.
Table 11. — Auxiliary 'police, Apr. 30, 1944, number and rale per 1 ,000 inhabitants
by geographic divisions and population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Division
New England:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
Middle Atlantic:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
East North Central:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
West North Central:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
South Atlantic:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
East South Central:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
West South Central :
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
Mountain:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
Pacific:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants...
Total:
Number of auxiliary
Average number of
inhabitants
police.
auxiliary police per 1,000
police
auxiliary police per 1,000
police
auxiliary police per 1,000
police .
auxiliary police per 1,000
police
auxiliary police per 1,000
police ..
auxiliary police per 1,000
police
auxiliary police per 1,000
police
auxiliary police per 1,000
police.
auxiliary police per 1,000
poli ce
auxiliary police per 1,000
Population
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50.000
to
100,000
25,000
to
50,000
3, 768
3. 918
3,619
5.243
3.68
2.89
3.77
4.04
17,026
3,112
5,270
5,594
1.46
2.16
3.22
4.21
18, 460
7,476
3,875
6,420
2.33
5.04
2.50
2.97
2,209
2,760
959
571
1.11
3.84
1.75
1.44
4,733
3,460
4,613
2,740
2.59
3.44
4.18
4.00
2,800
989
1,393
403
3.18
2.43
4.96
1.24
4,572
661
i 521
'610
3.20
1.26
0.88
1.55
300
1,025
105
381
0.93
6.84
0.89
1.55
20, 145
5,127
1,424
2.034
6.47
74,013
7.27
28, 534
2.92
2 21,779
3.69
2 23, 996
2.45
3.66
2.99
3.25
Total
16,548
3.57
31,002
1.93
36,231
2.76
6,505
1.78
15, 546
3.37
5.585
2.95
'6.364
2.16
1,811
2. 17
28. 730
5.91
'' 148, 322
2.82
i Data for the West South Central Geographic Division are based on repcrts as follows: Group in. 8
Cities; group IV, 12 cities; groups I-IV, 27 cities, total population, 2,940,437.
1 Data for total— all Geographic Divisions are based on reports as follows: Group III, 106 cities, total
population, 7,283,055; group IV, 212 cities, total po, ulation, 7,380,509; groups I-IV, 410 cities, total popula-
tion, 52,651,553.
23
605344 — 44-
24
Police Employees in Individual Cities.
Figures showing the number of police department employees in
individual cities are presented in table 12. The cities are grouped
according to size and are listed alphabetically within each State.
On the average 8.2 percent of the personnel were reported as civilian
employees, such as stenographers, file clerks, mechanics, or others
without police powers.
The reports used in compiling the data in this survey provided for
the listing of part-time employees and the reporting departments were
requested to express the number of part-time employees in terms of
full-time personnel, taking into consideration the total time worked
by the part-time employees during April in relation to the time worked
by full-time personnel. In a few instances the police departments
limited their entries concerning part-time employees to a statement
of the total/ time worked by them during April, and in such cases it
was assumed, for the purpose of the publication of the figures, that
the full-time employees each worked 25 days or 200 hours during the
month. In the event the total time worked by the part-time employee
was equivalent to at least 75 percent of that worked by a full-time
employee, one full-time employee was counted.
A few departments made separate entries on their reports relative
to school crossing guards, and hi the absence of information to the
contrary, the school crossing guards were treated as civilian employees.
Most of the school crossing guards, of course, are part-time employees
and the figures as to the number of them were converted into terms of
full-time personnel.
Employees on military or other extended leave of absence without
pay were excluded. No employees were included in the tabulation if
information was available indicating they were not paid from police
department funds.
Caution should be exercised in comparing the police personnel
figures of individual cities since there are a number of variable factors
to be considered which are not in any way represented in the tables
which follow. For a list of some of the factors to be considered refer-
ence may be made to the data preceding table 6.
25
Table 12. — Nvmber of police department employees, and number of auxiliary police,
Apr. SO, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
CITIES WITH OVER 250,000 INHABITANTS
City
Birmingham, Ala...
Los Angeles, Calif...
Oakland, Calif
San Francisco, Calif
Denver, Colo
Washington, D. C__
Atlanta, Georgia
Chicago, 111
Indianapolis, Ind
Louisville, Ky
New Orleans, La
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Detroit, Mich
Minneapolis, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn
Kansas City, Mo...
St. Louis, Mo
Jersey City, N. J
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
cers
Ci-
vil-
ians
272
2,066
467
1,188
399
1,613
367
6,192
537
410
858
1,749
2.03S
3,476
489
264
427
1,656
731
23
563
46
85
19
119
46
s2
30
16
217
215
223
21
21
L6S
414
116
Total
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
2,500
13, 121
2,100
1,784
300
2,470
400
12,281
785
300
4,300
1,863
3,047
832
350
500
351
1,008
City
Newark, N. J
Buffalo, N. Y....
New York, N. Y.
Rochester, N. Y.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio..
Columbus, Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Portland, Oreg...
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Providence, R. I.
Memphis, Tenn..
Dallas, Tex
Houston, Tex
San Antonio, Tex
Seattle, Wash....
Milwaukee, Wis.
Num
?er of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
Ci-
vil-
ians
Total
cers
1,118
85
1,203
1,128
139
1,267
16, 102
942
17, 044
421
47
468
618
29
647
1,287
255
1,542
276
28
304
295
53
348
547
109
656
4,626
232
4,858
1,120
54
1,174
422
55
477
220
73
293
273
33
306
313
143
456
199
72
271
557
67
624
1,051
122
1,173
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
432
2,323
420
334
1,121
1,507
700
2,700
12, 051
1,000
721
440
900
CITIES WITH 100,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS
Long Beach, Calif...
Sacramento, Calif ..
San Diego, Calif
Bridgeport, Conn...
Hartford, Conn
New Haven, Conn..
Wilmington, Del
Jacksonville, Fla
Miami, Fla
Tampa, Fla
Peoria, 111
Fort Wayne, Ind
Gary, Ind
South Bend, Ind
Des Moines, Iowa...
Kansas City, Kans..
Wichita, Kans
Cambridge, Mass...
Fall River, Mass
Lowell, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Somerville, Mass
Springfield, Mass...
Worcester, Mass
Flint, Mich
Grand Rapids, Mich
Duluth, Minn
Omaha, Nebr
332
59
391
1,090
129
22
151
200
317
66
383
1,800
227
4
231
140
319
37
356
30
324
24
348
200
157
41
198
375
238
14
252
2, 000
222
33
255
50
106
14
120
210
115
11
126
200
119
4
123
475
133
31
164
245
90
7
97
500
147
4
151
600
98
7
105
260
122
30
152
1,056
194
5
199
250
190
9
199
800
168
8
176
348
199
9
208
250
132
2
134
350
302
21
323
450
332
24
356
1,100
109
73
182
272
162
24
186
1,900
117
9
126
250
215
24
239
600
Camden, N. J
Elizabeth, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Trenton, N. J
Albany, N. Y
Syracuse, N. Y
Utica, N. Y
Yonkers, N. Y
Charlotte, N. C
Akron, Ohio
Canton, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio...
Oklahoma City, Okla
Tulsa, Okla
Erie, Pa
Reading, Pa
Scranton, Pa
Chattanooga, Tenn..
Knoxville, Tenn
Nashville, Tenn
Fort Worth, Tex
Salt Lake Citv, Utah,
Norfolk, Va
Richmond, Va
Spokane, Wash
Tacoma, Wash
169
31
200
209
3
212
206
14
220
183
17
200
295
38
333
262
11
273
141
11
152
236
16
252
105
14
119
200
50
250
132
8
140
216
28
244
160
9
169
222
26
248
158
11
169
111
5
116
133
10
143
166
13
179
119
6
125
127
26
153
198
27
225
215
22
237
168
7
175
183
23
206
308
44
352
144
4
148
132
1
133
371
185
150
200
822
250
934
-200
2,493
750
325
316
150
511
50
""150
800
149
40
1,025
250
375
1, 500
537
CITIES WITH 50,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS
Mobile, Ala
Montgomery, Ala...
Phoenix, Ariz
Little Rock, Ark....
Berkeley, Calif.
Fresno, Calif
Glendale, Calif
Pasadena, Calif
San Jose, Calif
Santa Monica, Calif
Stockton, Calif
Pueblo, Colo...
New Britain, Conn.
126
5
131
383
119
4
123
800
98
16
114
55
92
92
25
105
4
109
234
70
10
80
50
102
102
160
84
28
112
317
66
2
68
263
83
19
102
175
76
2
78
225
46
2
48
50
109
2
111
250
Waterbury, Conn..
St. Petersburg, Fla
Augusta, Ga
Columbus, Ga
Macon, Ga
Savannah, Ga
Cicero, 111
Decatur, 111
East St. Louis, 111..
Evanston, 111
Oak Park, 111
Rockford, 111.
Springfield, 111
197
6
203
58
4
62
100
20
120
83
4
87
60
2
62
128
11
139
101
5
106
55
4
59
64
19
83
71
11
82
62
5
67
86
6
92
94
24
118
110
100
200
90
300
925
325
325
200
230
125
200
32
26
Table 12. — Number of police department employees, and number of auxiliary police,
Apr. SO, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 50,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
East Chicago. Ind
Evansville, Ind
Hammond, Ind
Terre Haute, Ind
Uedar Rapids, Iowa
Davenport, Iowa
Sioux City, Iowa
Waterloo, Iowa
Topeka, Kans ..-
Covington, Ky
Shreveport, La
Portland, Maine
Brockton, Mass
Holyoke, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Maiden, Mass
Medford, Mass
Newton, Mass
Quincy, Mass
Dearborn, Mich
Highland Park, Mich...
Kalamazoo, Mich
Lansing, Mich
Pontiac, Mich
Saginaw, Mich
Jackson, Miss
St. Joseph, Mo
Springfield, Mo.
Lincoln, Nebr
Manchester, N. H
Atlantic City, N. J_.__.
Bayonne, N. J
East Orange, N. J«
Hoboken, N.J.
Irvington, N. J
Passaic, N. J
Union City, N. J.
Binghamton, N. Y
Mount Vernon, N. Y. .
New Rochelle, N. Y
Number of police
department
Num-
employees
ber
of
aux-
Po-
Ci-
vil-
iliary
lice
offi-
Total
po-
lice
cers
86
2
88
346
158
13
171
195
77
9
86
71
2
73
50
8
58
210
57
57
70
64
9
73
130
46
46
46
14
60
274
58
„
58
133
112
13
125
240
105
7
112
509
91
4
95
420
95
2
97
175
128
2
130
174
151
6
157
350
95
2
97
324
81
1
82
250
124
5
129
350
123
3
126
400
147
4
151
166
86
6
92
22
71
12
83
83
83
83
30
64
8
72
575
83
5
88
260
60
15
75
77
78
11
89
200
43
11
54
30
73
9
82
45
88
5
93
132
176
39
215
460
212
7
219
265
95
o
97
150
133
133
87
4
91
72
no
110
200
105
2
107
32
86
10
96
292
110
3
113
195
107
16
123
149
Niagara Falls, N. Y
Schenectadv, N. Y.
Troy, N. Y
Asheville, N. C
Durham, N. C
Greensboro, N. C
Winston-Salem, N. C...
Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Hamilton, Ohio
Lakewood, Ohio
Springfield, Ohio
Allentown, Pa
Altoona, Pa
Bethlehem, Pa.
Chester, Pa
Harrisburg, Pa
Johnstown, Pa
Lancaster, Pa
McKeesport, Pa
Upper Darby Twp., Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa...
York, Pa
Pawtucket, R. I
Charleston, S. C
Columbia, S. C
Amarillo, Tex
Austin, Tex
Beaumont, Tex
Corpus Christi, Tex
El Paso, Tex
Galveston, Tex
Waco, Tex
Arlington, Va
Portsmouth, Va
Roanoke, Va__
Charleston, W. Va
Huntington, W. Va
Wheeling, W. Va
Madison, Wis
Racine, Wis
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
Ci-
yil-
Total
cers
113
13
126
154
14
168
133
10
143
45
1
46
76
7
83
89
6
95
96
4
100
54
14
68
53
53
54
12
66
53
4
57
76
6
82
61
3
64
44
2
46
55
4
59
126
10
136
50
50
52
4
56
62
3
65
88
8
96
89
89
59
59
94
8
102
123
123
118
16
134
51
51
88
29
117
80
2
82
74
12
86
72
10
82
75
75
56
3
59
46
46
58
2
60
82
4
86
65
-1
69
til
7
68
61
1
62
96
6
102
75
2
it
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
CITIES WITH 25,000 TO 50,000 INHABITANTS
Anniston, Ala
Gadsden, Ala
Tuscaloosa, Ala
Tucson, Ariz
Fort Smith, Ark.
Alameda, Calif
Alhambra, Calif
Bakersfield, Calif
Belvedere Township,
Calif
Beverly Hills, Calif
Burbank, Calif
Huntington Park, Calif
Inglewood, Calif.
Riverside, Calif...
San Bernardino, Calif. _
Santa Ana, Calif
Santa Barbara, Calif
South Gate, Calif
Colorado Springs, Colo..
Bristol, Conn
Greenwich Town, Conn.
Meriden, Conn
Middletown, Conn
New London, Conn
Xorwalk, Conn
Stamford, Conn
See footnote at end
34
34
66
44
3
47
30
20
20
25
43
7
50
25
24
24
(')
50
1
51
225
38
8
46
296
51
1
52
63
26
6
32
259
39
9
48
50
62
9
71
25
32
2
34
83
28
28
150
35
3
38
45
50
2
52
60
52
2
54
125
38
7
45
100
25
25
120
36
3
39
250
37
1
38
27
67
5
72
242
48
2
50
75
29
2
31
60
56
2
58
100
50
50
237
98
2
100
165
Torrington, Conn
West Hartford, Conn
West Haven, Conn .
Miami Beach, Fla
Orlando, Fla
Pensacola, Fla
West Palm Beach, Fla
Rome, Ga... ...
Boise, Idaho
Alton. Ill
Aurora, 111
Belleville, 111... .
Berwyn, 111.
Bloomington, 111
Danville, 111
Elgin, 111
Galesburg, 111
Jolier, in
Maywood. ill
Molinr, III
Quincy, ill
Rock island, in ...
Waukegan, III
Anderson, Ind
KlklKirt, Ind
Cokomo, IihL
Lafayette, Ind
of table.
27
Table 12. — Number of -police department employees, and number of auxiliary police,
Apr. 30, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 25,000 TO 50,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Marion, Ind
Michigan City, Ind
M ishawaka, Ind
Muncie, Ind
New Albany, Ind
Richmond, Ind
Burlington, Iowa
Clinton, Iowa
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Dubuque, Iowa
Mason City, Iowa
Ottumwa, Iowa
Hutchinson, Kans
Ashland, Ky
Lexington, Ky
Newport, Ky
Owensboro, Ky
Paducah, Ky
Alexandria, La
Baton Rouge, La
Monroe, La
Bangor, Maine
Lewiston, Maine
Cumberland, Md
Hagerstown, Md
Arlington, Mass
Belmont, Mass
Beverly, Mass
Brookline, Mass
Chelsea, Mass
Chicopee, Mass
Everett, Mass
Fitch burg, Mass
Haverhill, Mass
Melrose, Mass
Pittsfield, Mass
Revere, Mass
Salem, Mass
Taunton, Mass
Waltham, Mass
Watertown, Mass
Ann Arbor, M ich
Battle Creek, Mich
Bay City, Mich..
Hamtramck, Mich
Jackson, Mich _
Muskegon, Mich
Port Huron, Mich
Royal Oak, Mich
Wyandotte, Mich
Rochester, Minn
Meridian, Miss
Joplin, Mo
University, City, Mo...
Butte, Mont
Great Falls, Mont
Concord, N. H...
Nashua, N. H
Belleville, N. J
Bloomfield, N.J
Clifton, N.J
Garfield, N.J
Hackensack, N. J
Hamilton Township,
N.J
Kearny, N. J
Montclair, N. J
New Brunswick, N. J__
North Bergen, N. J
Orange, N. J
Perth Amboy, N. J
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
cers
36
36
30
54
22
28
32
24
29
31
18
22
2S
24
80
43
36
34
Y2
38
36
41
44
40
34
54
41
46
101
64
61
75
42
60
35
57
49
61
45
48
53
31
43
60
92
57
36
39
23
42
26
44
30
32
27
30
31
37
41
56
45
31
33
38
73
69
41
64
62
54
Ci-
vil-
ians
Total
36
36
33
56
22
.".I
35
24
31
31
18
22
27
24
SO
49
38
36
42
40
36
41
45
44
38
59
44
46
108
OS
04
75
45
60
35
57
53
63
is
51
58
33
53
73
98
59
39
44
23
49
26
44
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
no
180
no
40
35
37
98
58
178
56
100
35
35
37
50
150
111
75
125
127
150
300
185
141
238
66
125
217
75
75
300
1.50
263
280
125
121
128
75
250
185
42
198
56
100
88
87
52
75
2!)
31
31
74
37
60
41
75
5S
147
45
130
31
200
34
50
38
174
75
300
70
175
44
200
os
184
02
160
55
150
City
Plainfield, N.J
Teaneck, N. J
West New York, N. J.
West Orange, N. J
Woodbridge, N. J
Albuquerque, N. M
Amsterdam, N. Y
Auburn, N. Y
Elmira, N. Y
Jamestown, N. Y
Kingston, N. Y
Newburgh, N. Y
Poughkeepsie, N. Y —
Rome.N. Y
Watertown, N. Y
White Plains, N. Y
High Point, N. C
Raleigh, N. C :..-.
Rocky Mount, N. C._.
Wilmington, N. C
Fargo, N. Dak
East Cleveland, Ohio. .
Elyria, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Mansfield, Ohio
Marion, Ohio
Massillon, Ohio
Middletown, Ohio
Newark, Ohio
Norwood, Ohio
Portsmouth, Ohio
Steubenville, Ohio
Warren, Ohio
Zanesville, Ohio
Enid, Okla
M uskogee, Okla
Salem, Oreg
Aliquippa, Pa
Easton, Pa
Haverford Township,
Pa
Hazleton, Pa
Lebanon, Pa
Lower Merion Town-
ship, Pa
New Castle, Pa
Norristown, Pa
Sharon, Pa
Washington, Pa
Wilkinsburg, Pa
Williamsport, Pa
Central Falls, R. I
Cranston, R. I
East Providence, R. I.
Newport, R. I
Warwick, R. I
Woonsocket, R. I
Greenville, S. C
Spartanburg, S. C
Sioux Falls, S. Dak
Johnson City, Tenn
Abilene, Tex
Laredo, Tex
Lubbock, Tex
Port Arthur, Tex
San Angelo, Tex
Tyler, Tex
Wichita Falls, Tex
Ogden, Utah
Burlington, Vt
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
cers
Ci-
vil-
ians
Total
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
28
Table 12. — Number of police department employees, and number of auxiliary polici ,
Apr. SO, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 25,000 TO 50,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Alexandria, Va
Danville, Va
Lynchburg, Va
Newport News, Va
Petersburg, Va
Bellingham, Wash.
Everett, Wash
Yakima, Wash
Clarksburg, W. Va.
Parkersburg, W. Va
Apploton, Wis
Beloit, Wis
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
Ci
vil
iarjR
cers
47
4
54
46
1
63
4
39
5
32
1
40
25
I
25
18
24
24
t
Total
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
175
150
184
260
26
160
240
31
75
75
125
100
City
Eau Claire, Wis...
Fond du Lac, Wis
Green Bay, Wis...
Kenosha, Wis
La Crosse, Wis
Oshkosh, Wis
Sheboygan, Wis...
Superior, Wis
Wausau, Wis
Wauwatosa, Wis .
West Allis, Wis
Number of police
department
employees
Po-
lice
offi-
Ci-
vil-
ians
cers
24
25
1
47
4
63
43
4
49
43
48
2
28
1
40
45
2
Total
Num-
ber
of
aux-
iliary
po-
lice
100
37
59
75
50
85
103
18
101
114
1 Number of auxiliary police not available.
ANNUAL REPORTS, 1943
Offenses Cleared by Arrest, 1943.
A significant measure of police activity in combating crime is
reflected in the proportion of known offenses for which the offenders
are arrested and made available for prosecution. During 1943, 75.4
percent of the offenses against the person (criminal homicide, rape,
and other felonious assaults) were followed by the arrest of the persons
responsible, according to the reports of 1,254 cities representing a
combined population of 43,015,156. For offenses against property
(robbery, burglary, larceny, and auto theft) arrests were made in 26.4
percent of the cases. All in all, 28.9 percent of the total offenses
reported by the 1,254 cities represented in table 13 were cleared by
arrest. The percentages range from 24.1 for larceny to 90.5 for
murder.
Comprehensive information concerning the number of offenses
committed during the calendar year 1943 may be found in volume
XIV, No. 2, of this bulletin. Table 36 of that issue presents the
estimated number of major crimes for the United States. The data
presented in table 13 of the current issue indicate the relation between
the number of offenses committed, the number cleared by arrest, and
the number of persons arrested and held for prosecution. In an
analysis of this table it should be remembered that the arrest of one
individual may clear several crimes, while on the other hand the
arrest of several persons may clear only one offense. Generally, an
offense is treated as cleared by arrest when one or more of the offenders
involved in its commission has been taken into custody and made
available for prosecution, although the figures include some cases
treated as cleared under certain exceptional circumstances even
though no arrest was made. The general requisites of an " exceptional
clearance" are that the identity and whereabouts of the offender are
known to the police but for reasons beyond their control it is not
possible to make him available for prosecution in the local jurisdiction.
The recovery of stolen property does not render an offense cleared.
To indicate the manner in which the data in table 13 should be
interpreted it may be observed that for group I cities, of every 100
offenses of larceny reported, 23 were cleared by the arrest of 21
persons.
In connection with the relatively small percentage of auto thefts
listed as cleared by arrest, the reports received from police depart-
(29)
30
31
ments for several years have reflected more than 90 percent of stolen
automobiles recovered. It should be mentioned also that the figures
for these offenses include many so-called "joy riding" cases, wherein
the automobile reported stolen is found abandoned and undamaged
in another section of the city a short while after the report of the
theft. The circumstances of such a case make it extremely difficult
to effect arrest. Detailed tabulations concerning the recovery of
stolen property for last year may be found in volume XIV, No. 2,
of this publication.
In examining the following table it will be noted that, with the
exception of robbery, the number of property crimes cleared by arrest
generally exceeds the number of persons charged. This is due to the
fact that the police, through careful investigation incident to the
arrest of an offender, will clear a number of previously unsolved
crimes, and the tendency of a recidivist to repeat the same type of
crime is found to be most pronounced on the part of persons com-
mitting crimes against property.
For crimes against the person, as well as offenses of robbery, on the
other hand, the number of persons charged frequently exceeds the
number of offenses cleared by arrest. This is attributable, in part
at least, to the fact that because of the serious nature of such crimes
they doubtless receive more intensive investigative attention. When
such serious cases come to the attention of the police, special efforts
are exerted to arrest all persons involved and those charged with
being accessories to crimes are included with those charged with the
substantive offense.
In some instances the number of persons charged with manslaughter
by negligence will even exceed the number of such offenses committed.
This phenomenon exists by reason of the fact that the police in a num-
ber of communities, particularly the larger cities, follow the practice
of arresting and formally charging with manslaughter all drivers of
vehicles involved in fatal accidents, pending the outcome of their
investigation. In quite a number of such instances the police will
find that the accident was unavoidable or due to the victim's own
negligence and thus no offense of negligent manslaughter would be
scored.
To assist in the statistical verification of the annual reports, ques-
tionnaires were distributed with them and in practically all instances
they were returned with the reports properly executed. No reports
were included in the following tabulations unless the law enforcement
agency indicated the figures concerning offenses known to the police
were based on a record of crimes and reported offenses, and included
all offenses brought to the attention of the police. Similarly, the
police departments represented in the following tabulations indicated
32
the figures on their annual reports concerning offenses cleared by
arrest were properly distinguished from data showing the number of
persons arrested.
Table 13.- — Offenses known, offenses cleared by arrest, and persons charged {held for
prosecution) , 1943, by population groups, number per 100 known offenses
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Population group
GROUP I
28 cities over 250,000; total popula-
tion, 18,179,078:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged . .
GROUP II
43 cities, 100,000 to 250,000; total
population, 6,182,390:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest..... .
Persons charged
group m
71 cities, 50,000 to 100,000; total
population, 5,013,441:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged.
GROUP IV
130 cities, 25,000 to 50,000; total pop-
ulation, 4,511,226:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged
372 cities, 10,000 to 25,000;
population, 5,668,927:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged
total
GROUP VI
610 cities, under 10,000; total popu-
lation, 3,460,094:
Offenses known '
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged
TOTAL OEOUPS I-VI
1,254 cities; total population,
43,015,156:
Offenses known
Offenses cleared by arrest
Persons charged
Criminal homi-
cide
Murder,
nonneg
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
100. 0
88.2
90.4
100.0
91.9
90.1
100.0
93.7
93.7
100.0
94.4
97.5
100.0
94.6
93.8
100.0
94.3
93.4
100.0
90.5
91.6
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
100.0
87.1
158.4
100.0
83.6
88.4
100.0
77.1
80.3
100.0
75.9
73.8
100.0
92.5
88.3
100.0
81.3
81.3
100.0
84.0
116.8
Rape
100.0
70.8
72.8
100.0
70.1
70.1
100.0
79.5
75.1
100.0
78.5
81.6
100.0
81.9
86.9
100.0
79.1
78.0
100.0
74.0
75.2
Rob-
bery
100.0
36.9
37.2
100.0
38.3
38.5
100.0
39.4
47.9
100. 0
39.3
41.1
100.0
41.0
46.8
100.0
52.4
67.9
100.0
38.1
39.8
Aggra-
vated
assault
100.0
68.8
65.1
100.0
70.4
66.8
100.0
83.9
97.2
100.0
74.9
75.6
100.0
88.1
86.6
100. 0
89.6
99.2
100.0
73.7
73.2
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
100.0
30.0
22.6
100.0
26.7
18.3
100.0
31.5
22.5
100.0
32.7
26.2
100.0
33.3
27.6
100.0
40.4
39.9
100.0
30.7
23.6
Lar-
ceny-
theft
100.0
23.0
21.0
100. 0
24.0
17.3
100.0
24.4
18.7
100.0
23.5
18.4
100.0
23.4
17.1
L00.0
32.6
25.1
100.0
24. 1
19.4
33
"d
0
1/5
s
o
1
d
o
d
^>
d
O
d
ffl
d
•i
34
Persons Charged (Held for Prosecution), 1943.
While the majority of the persons charged by the police in the 1,254
cities represented in tables 13 and 14 during 1943 were arrested for
comparatively minor violations, a substantial number were arrested
for serious crimes as indicated by the following figures:
Murder 1, 928
Manslaughter 1, 827
Robbery 8, 43 1
Aggra vat ed assault 16, 778
Burglary 29, 948
Larceny 68, 554
Auto theft 16, 306
Embezzlement and fraud 6, 456
Stolen property (receiving,
etc.) 4, 05 1
Forgery and counterfeiting 3, 445
Rape___ 3,478
Narcotic drug laws 1, 979
Weapons.. 9,139
In examining the arrest reports received from the police departments
in cities with more than 25,000 inhabitants, it was noted that 92 per-
cent of them properly represented the number of persons arrested as
distinguished from the number of charges placed against arrested
persons.
All or a portion of the juveniles arrested were included in 82 per-
cent of the reports, and of those including juvenile arrests, 92 percent
listed them opposite the offense classification embracing the violation
involved (i. e., robbery, auto theft, etc.), regardless of the technical
charge, such as "Juvenile Delinquency," placed against the juvenile
at the time of arrest. The remaining 8 percent of the reports in-
cluded juvenile arrests opposite "All other offenses."
In examining table 14 it will be noted that just as there are varia-
tions in the number of offenses committed per unit of population in
cities of varying size, so are there variations in the number of persons
arrested and charged by the police. For example, the number of
persons charged with criminal homicide and robbery in cities with over
250,000 inhabitants was more than double the rate for communities
under 25,000. Similarly, arrests for prostitution and commercialized
vice in the larger cities greatly exceed those in the smaller cities. It
will be noted, however, that arrests for burglary, larceny, and auto
theft per unit of population in the smaller communities exceed the
rates for the larger cities in a number of instances. Also, arrest rates
for drunkenness in cities under 10,000 exceed those for all population
groups except those cities with from 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants.
In the analysis of any compilation involving the number of persons
charged it should be borne in mind that, under the Uniform Crime
Reporting system, the rules for scoring the number of persons charged
are not the same as those for scoring the number of offenses known to
have been committed. For example, if three persons are involved in
the burglary of a warehouse and all are arrested and charged with
burglary, only one burglary offense would be listed as committed and
as cleared by arrest while three persons would be shown as arrested
35
and charged with burglary. On the other hand, if one person murders
three others, three offenses of murder would be scored and if the
offender was taken into custody three such offenses would be listed as
cleared by arrest; however, only one person would be listed as arrested
and held for prosecution opposite the murder classification.
Table 14. — Persons charged (held for prosecution), 191^3, number and rate per
100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Offense charged
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and uonnegli-
gent manslaughter:
Number of persons
charged
Rate per 100,000. __
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence:
Number of persons
charged
Rate per 100,000 ._.
Robbery:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Aggravated assault:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000..
Other assaults:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000..
Burglary — breaking or enter-
ing:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Larceny — theft:
Number of persons charged _
Rate per 100,000
Auto theft:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000.
Embezzlement and fraud:
Number of persons charged _
Rate per 100,000..
Stolen property; buying, receiv-
ing, possessing:
Number of persons charged _
Rate per 100,000..
Forgery and counterfeiting:
Number of persons charged _
Rate per 100,000
Rape:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Sex offenses (except rape and
prostitution) :
Number of persons charged _
Rate per 100,000...
Narcotic drug laws:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc.:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Group I
28 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
18,179,07?
1,053
5.79
1.118
6.15
5.184
28.5
7,733
42.5
26.292
144.6
12,550
69.0
27, 139
149.3
6,107
33.6
3,747
20.6
1,630
9.0
1.282
7.1
1,668
9.18
14. 762
81.2
27.9
1,365
4,447
24.5
Group II
43 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popula-
tion,
6,182,390
290
4.69
243
3.93
1. 100
17.8
2, 167
35.1
11.606
187.7
4,312
69.7
11,013
178.1
2,954
47.8
935
15.1
500
8.1
578
9.3
7.83
7,402
119.7
3, 376
54.6
188
3.0
1,526
24.7
Group III
71 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
5,013,441
Group IV Group V Group VI
208
4.15
151
3.01
770
15.4
2,675
53.4
7,444
148.5
3, 564
71.1
9,246
184.4
2.000
39.9
525
10.5
686
13.7
485
9.7
374
7.46
3,483
69.5
2,945
58.7
246
4.9
1,269
25.3
130 cities, 372 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
4,511,226
157
3.48
144
3.19
422
9.4
1,990
44.1
5, 432
120.4
3,136
69.5
8,113
179.8
1,577
35.0
540
12.0
276
6.1
362
8.0
6.41
2,233
49.5
2,024
44.9
93
2.1
793
17.6
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
5,668,927
121
2.13
610 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
3,460,094
Total,
1,254
cities;
total
popula-
tion,
43,015,156
106
1.87
65
1.88
527
9.3
428
12.4
1, 313
23.2
900
26.0
7,046
124.3
3,487
100.8
3,602
63.5
2,784
80.5
7,750
136.7
5,293
153.0
2.121
37.4
1,547
44.7
449
7.9
260
7.5
625
11.0
334
9.7
425
7.5
313
9.0
432
7.62
231
6.68
1,399
24.7
813
23.5
1,438
25.4
681
19.7
53
0.9
34
1.0
667
11.8
437
12.6 1
1,928
4.48
1.827
4.25
8,431
19.6
16. 778
39.0
61, 307
142. 5
29, 948
69.6
68,554
159.4
16. 306
37.9
6,456
15.0
4,051
9.4
3,445
8.0
3,478
8.09
30, 092
70.0
15, 533
36.1
1,979
4.6
9,139
21.2
36
Table 14. — Persons charged (held for prosecution), 1948, number and rate per
100,000 inhabitants, by population groups — Continued
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Total,
1,254
cities;
total
popula-
tion,
43,015,156
Offense charged
28 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
18,179,078
43 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popula-
tion,
6,182,390
71 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
5,013,441
130 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
4,511,226
372 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
5,668,927
610 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
3,460,094
Offenses against family and
children:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
i 11.646
65.1
9.038
49.7
1(1, 104
55.6
31,836,570
11,093.3
105, 238
578.9
302, 227
1, 662. 5
30, 636
168.5
38,289
210.6
73, 265
403.0
5,286
85.5
3, 966
64.1
4,258
68.9
913. 276
14,772.2
35, 415
572.8
129, 373
2, 092. 6
15, 800
255.6
13. 997
226.4
38,164
617.3
2,062
41.1
2,352
46.9
5,077
101.3
4 480, 080
9, 837. 6
21, 073
420.3
85, 506
1, 705. 5
10, 313
205. 7
9,537
190.2
31,072
619.8
2.219
49.2
1,822
40.4
5,182
114.9
313, 367
6, 946. 4
19, 331
428.5
77, 175
1, 710. 7
5,053
112.0
5,866
130.0
20,410
452.4
2.132
37.6
2,097
37.0
6,520
115.0
» 298, 159
5, 292. 3
25, 361
447.4
98, 968
1,745.8
6,894
121.6
6,181
109.0
17. 3S3
306.6
1,036
29. 9
1,656
47.9
5.610
162.1
« 126, 519
3, 677. 1
17. 872
516.5
63, 121
1,824.3
4,573
132.2
3,265
94.4
9,970
288.1
2 24,381
57. 1
Liquor laws:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
20,931
48.7
1 hiving while intoxicated:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
30, 751
85.4
Traffic and motor vehicle laws:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
'3,967,971
9, 630. 1
Disorderly conduct:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
224,290
521.4
Drunkenness:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
756. 370
1, 758. 4
Vagrancy:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
73,269
170. 3
Gambling:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
77, 135
179.3
A 11 other offenses:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
190, 264
442.3
'-» The number of persons charged and the rate are based on the reports from the number of cities indicated
below:
Footnote
Cities
Population
Footnote
Cities
Population
1
27
1,253
27
69
17, 884, 344
42, 720, 422
16, 555, 626
4, 880, 049
5
370
608
1,247
5, 633, 861
2
6
3, 440, 719
3
7 - -
41,203,871
4
Inasmuch as all of the cities included in the foregoing table did not
report separate figures for violations of road and driving laws, parking
violations, and all other traffic and motor vehicle laws (excluding
driving while intoxicated) , entries regarding persons charged for these
offenses were included opposite the general heading "traffic and motor
vehicle laws." However, 1,030 of these cities included above did
report separate figures for each of the three categories and table 15
summarizes such data with the cities grouped according to size.
37
PERSONS CHARGED AND PERCENT
FOUND GUILTY
Calendar Year 1943
CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON
118 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS TOTAL POPULATION 11,042,972
Figure 7.
38
Tablk 15. — Persons charged (held for -prosecution), traffic violations, except driving
while intoxicated, 19/f3; number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population
groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Total,
1,030
24 cities
39 cities,
60 cities,
105 cities,
324 cities,
478 cities
cities;
Offense charged
over
100,000 to
50,000 to
25,000 to
10,000 to
under
total
250,000;
250,000;
100,000;
50,000;
25,000;
10.000;
popula-
popula-
popula-
popula-
popula-
popula-
popula-
tion,
tion,
tion,
tion,
tion,
tion,
tion,
32,818,209
11,850,722
5,499,286
4,214,042
3,655,271
4,843,335
2,755,553
Road and driving laws:
Number of persons charged-
446, 977
117,555
69, 934
39,284
64,197
36,001
773, 948
Rate per 100,000
3, 771. 7
2,137.6
1, 659. 5
1, 074. 7
1,325.5
1, 306. 5
2, 358. 3
Parking violations:
Number of persons charged.
927, 004
676, 206
324,217
193, 760
177,821
54, 933
2,353.941
Rate per 100,000
7, 822. 3
12, 296. 3
7, 693. 7
5, 300. 8
3, 671. 5
1, 993. 5
7, 172. 7
Other traffic and motor vehicle
laws:
Number of persons charged
144.643
36, 456
28. 926
19, 184
19,881
16, 432
265. 522
Rate per 100,000
1, 220. 5
662.9
686.4
524.8
410.5
596.3
809. 1
Offenses Known, Offenses Cleared by Arrest, and Persons Found Guilty,
1943.
Over 80 percent of the persons charged by the police during 1943
were found guilty by the courts, according to the reports of 118 cities
with over 25,000 inhabitants. The proportion of convictions range
from 48.7 percent for persons charged with manslaughter by negli-
gence to 91.9 percent for those charged with drunkenness, disorderly
conduct, and vagrancy. The comparatively low average percentage
found guilty of negligent manslaughter is influenced, to some extent
at least, by the practice of some jurisdictions of formally charging
with manslaughter all drivers involved in traffic fatalities pending the
outcome of the police investigation. With the exception of negligent
manslaughter, the lowest percentage of those found guilty for any one
offense class is for offenses against family and children (60.5 percent).
Tabulations concerning persons found guilty for the part I and
part II offense classes are presented separately in tables 16 and 17,
respectively, since the annual returns do not provide for the listing
of data relating to offenses known to the police for the part II crimes.
The information presented was limited to the reports in which it
appeared the entries for persons found guilty represented the final
disposition of the charges placed against the persons arrested, as
distinguished from disposition at the preliminary hearing of the
accused.
For the part I offense classes 72.9 percent of those charged with
offenses against the person were found guilty (52.7 percent guilty as
charged and 20.2 percent guilty of a lesser offense). Of those charged
with crimes against property, 80.0 percent were found guilty (69.5
percent guilty as charged and 10.5 percent guilty of a less serious
offense). Of the .39,502 persons charged for all part I offenses, 31,169
(78.9 percent) were found guilty, and of those found guilty, 84.7 per-
39
cent were found guilty of the offense charged and 15.3 percent were
convicted of a less serious offense. Of each 1,000 crimes brought to
the attention of the police, 302 were cleared by the arrest of 212
persons, of whom 167 were found guilty.
The 118 cities represented in table 17 indicated that 1,463,464
persons were held for prosecution during 1943 for part II offense
classes, including persons responding to traffic tickets. Of these,
1,172,958 (80.1 percent) were found guilty. The majority of the
persons convicted were found guilty as charged, only 0.6 percent being
convicted of a less serious offense.
The offense classes listed in table 17 are not identical with those
listed in table 14 because some of the reports used in preparing the
compilations relative to persons found guilty did not include separate
figures for the offense classes which have been consolidated in table 17.
Table 16. — Offenses known, offenses cleared by arrest, and number of persons
found guilty, 1943; 118 cities over 25,000 in population
[Total population, 11,042,972, based on 1940 decennial census]
Ofiense (part I classes)
Number
of offenses
known to
the police
Number
of offenses
cleared
by arrest
Number
of persons
charged
(held for
prosecu-
tion)
Number
found
guilty of
offense
charged
Number
found
guilty of
lesser
offense
Total
found
guilty
(of offense
charged
or lesser
offensel
Per-
cent-
age
found
guilty
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and nonnegli-
gent manslaughter
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary— breaking or entering..
Larceny — theft (except auto
theft)
Auto theft
588
470
1,665
6,637
7,670
36, 625
110,441
22,540
539
406
1,196
2,410
5,659
11, 787
28, 499
5,811
532
374
914
2,216
4,419
7,607
19, 191
4,249
271
141
492
1,273
2,382
4,936
14,233
2,663
41
144
344
988
1,143
1,408
629
362
182
636
1,607
3,370
6,079
15,641
3,292
68.0
48.7
69.6
72.5
76.3
79.9
81.5
77.5
TotaL. - 186,636
56, 307
39,502
26, 391
4,778
31, 169
40
PERSONS CHARGED AND PERCENT
FOUND GUILTY
Calendar Year 1943
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY
118 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS TOTAL POPULATION 11,042,972
ROBBERY
72.5
Total Charged 2,216
BURGLARY
KEY
GUILTY AS
CHARGED
GUILTY OP
LESSER OFFENSE
Total Charged 7,607
LARCENY
Tetal Charged 19,191
AUTO THEFT
Total Charged 4,249
FlUTJRK 8.
41
Table 17. — Number of persons charged {held for prosecution) and number found
guilty, 1943; 118 cities over 25,000 in population
[Total population, 11,042,972, based on 1940 decennial census]
Offense (part II classes)
O ther assults
Forgery and counterfeiting
Kmbezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Sex offenses (including prostitution and com
mercialized vice)
Offenses against the family and children
Narcotic drug laws
Liquor laws
Drunkenness; disorderly conduct and va
grancy
Gambling
Driving while intoxicated
Traffic and motor vehicle laws
All other offenses
TotaL..
Number
of persons
charged
(held for
prosecu-
tion)
20, 787
814
1,656
900
3,272
15, 792
9,141
474
5,860
234, 234
21,853
9,048
, 088, 829
50, 804
2 1, 463, 464
Number
found
guilty of
offense
charged
12, 340
601
998
579
2,526
13, 433
5,374
404
4,442
213, 584
18, 726
7,485
i 851, 682
33, 945
2 1,166,119
Number
found
guilty
of lesser
offense
73
76
60
156
442
155
13
289
1,756
194
792
1,495
752
a 6, 839
Total found
guilty (of
offense
charged or
of lesser
offense)
12, 926
674
1,074
639
2,682
13, 875
5,529
417
4,731
215, 340
18, 920
8,277
i 853, 177
34, 697
2 1, 172, 958
Per-
centage
found
guilty
62.2
82.8
64.9
71.0
82.0
87.9
60.5
88.0
80.7
91.9
86.6
91.5
'78.4
68.3
2 80.1
1 Based on the reports of 117 cities with a total population of 9,419,520.
2 The total figures are subject to footnote (•).
Persons Released (Not Held for Prosecution), 1943.
The annual crime reports provide for recording, in addition to the
number of persons formally charged, the number released by the police
without being charged. Generally, the data in table 18 represent the
number of persons taken into custody when it is thought they had
been involved in the commission of some crime, but who were later
released by the police, either because the police investigation estab-
lished their innocence or because the evidence available was not suffi-
cient to warrant the filing of formal charges against them. Persons
taken into custody and released with a reprimand or on the "golden
rule" principle are likewise included, as are persons summoned, noti-
fied, or cited to appear in court or at the police department for alleged
traffic violations, who failed to appear and who were not subsequently
arrested. Included also are some instances in which youthful persons
were released, because under the circumstances it was felt the indi-
vidual case would more properly be handled without prosecution.
Information included in table 18 is based on the reports of 766 cities
with a total population of 22,218,321. The number of cities repre-
sented is substantially less than in table 14, inasmuch as reports were
excluded if there were no entries showing persons released or if the
entries appeared to be incomplete or otherwise incorrect. However,
reports listing persons released opposite the classification "suspicion"
only were included in the compilation. It should be noted that the
figures for "suspicion" representing persons released generally repre-
sent instances wherein persons were arrested under circumstances
42
which caused the police to believe that they had been involved in
criminal activities of some nature, although they were not taken into
custody in connection with some specific offense.
Table 18. — Persons released without being held for prosecution, 19 '48; number and
rate\per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Offense
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and nonnegli-
gent manslaughter:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000.
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Robbery:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Aggravated Assault:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Other assaults:
Number of persons released.
Rateper 100,000
Burglary — breaking or entering:
Number of persons released
Rate per 100,000
Larceny— theft:
Number of persons released -
Rate per 100,000
Auto theft:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Embezzlement and fraud:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Stolen property; buying, receiv-
ing, possessing:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Forgery and counterfeiting:
Number of persons released -
Rate per 100,000
Rape:
Number of persons released
Rate per 100,000 -
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice:
Number of persons released -
Rate per 100,000
Sex offenses (except rape and
prostitution):
Number of persons released
Rate per 100,000
Narcotic drug laws:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000.
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc.:
Number of persons released.
Hate per 100,000
Offenses against family and
children:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000.
Liquor laws:
Number of pei sons released
Rate per 100,000
Group I
15 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
7,632,398
93
1.22
75
0.98
289
3.8
875
11.5
2.932
38.4
2,405
31.5
395
5.2
239
3.1
117
1.53
3,323
43.5
170
2.2
37
0.5
418
5.5
'86
1.2
439
5.8
Group II
19 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popula-
tion,
2,616,497
5
0.19
75
2.9
60
2.3
474
18.1
246
9.4
884
33.8
283
10.8
45
1.7
25
1.0
15
0.6
34
1.30
101
3.9
104
4.0
10
0.4
50
19
38
1.5
Group
III
43 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
3,071,289
6
0.20
41
1.33
81
2.6
3.2
286
9.3
347
11.3
853
27.8
193
6.3
26
0.8
18
0.6
16
1.5
34
1.11
459
14.9
202
6.6
55
1.8
109
3.5
40
1.3
Group
IV
81 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
2,813,037
13
046
22
0.78
112
4.0
317
11.3
259
9.2
448
15.9
1,019
36.2
171
6.1
30
I. 1
40
1.4
29
1.(1
19
0.68
93
3.3
126
4.5
10
0.4
57
2.0
96
3.4
115
4.1
Group V
267 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
4,053,872
16
0.39
19
0.47
78
1.9
464
11.4
643
15.9
1,493
36.8
313
7.7
61
1.5
1.7
65
1.6
54
1.33
76
148
3.7
7
0.2
lis
1.7
266
6.6
119
2.9
Group
VI
341 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
2,031,228
47
2.31
21
1.03
66
3.2
97
4.8
337
16.6
598
29.4
1.465
72.1
216
10.6
58
2.9
70
3.4
55
2.7
39
1.92
112
5.5
70
3.4
12
0.6
35
1.7
414
20.4
104
5.1
Total,
766 cities;
total pop-
ulation,
22,218,321
See footnotes at end of table.
43
Table 18.- — Persons released without being held for prosecution, 19 jS; number and
rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups — Continued
Group I
Group II
Group
III
Group
IV
Group V
Group
VI
Total,
766 cities;
total pop-
ulation,
22,218,321
Offense
15 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
7,632,398
19 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popula-
tion,
2,616,497
43 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
3,071,289
81 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
2,813,037
267 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
4,053,872
341 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
2,031,228
Driving while intoxicated:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Traffic and motor vehicle laws:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000 _ .
276
3.6
3 58, 890
980.0
2,726
35.7
48, 140
630.7
2,065
27.1
11, 275
147.7
52, 520
688.1
20, 707
271.3
65
2.5
60, 539
2, 313. 7
729
27.9
9,428
360.3
588
22.5
29
1.1
9,667
369.5
1,614
61.7
37
1.2
53,348
1, 737. 0
1,099
35.8
6,433
209.5
652
21.2
118
3.8
14, 671
477.7
1, 833
59.7
57
2.0
45, 036
1, 601. 0
829
29.5
3,360
119.4
354
12.6
90
3.2
10, 442
371.2
« 2, 813
101.1
138
3.4
69, 897
1, 724. 2
1,767
43.6
5,729
141.3
824
20.3
206
5.1
8,975
221.4
2,373
58.5
135
6.6
22, 282
1, 097. 0
2,212
108.9
4,784
235.5
1,133
55.8
180
8.9
5, 524
272.0
4,205
207.0
708
3.2
« 309, 992
1, 505. 2
Disorderly conduct:
Number of persons released-
Rate per 100,000
9,362
42.1
Drunkenness:
Number of persons released _
Rate per 100,000
77,874
350.5
Vagrancy:
Number of persons released-
Rate per 100,000 .
5, 6U>
25.3
Gambling:
Number of persons released -
Rate per 100,000
11, 89«
53.6
Suspicion:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
101, 799
458.2
All other offenses:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
6 33, 545
151.2
l~* The number of persons released and the rate are based on the reports from the number of cities
indicated below:
Footnote
Cities
Population
Footnote
Cities
Population
1
14
765
14
7, 337, 664
21, 923, 587
6, 008, 946
4
765
80
765
20, 594, 869
9
5
2, 782, 581
3
6
22, 187, 865
Since many of the annual reports used in preparing the foregoing
tabulations did not include more detailed information, the figures
opposite classification "traffic and motor vehicle laws" include all
types of violations of traffic laws. Separate figures were, however,
shown on the reports of 445 cities concerning persons released by the
police for (1) violations of road and driving laws, (2) parking violations,
and (3) violations of other traffic and motor vehicle laws. Table 19
includes the number of persons released for these violations, together
with the rate per 100,000 inhabitants for cities grouped according to
size. Warning tags issued in some cities for minor traffic violations
are included.
44
Table 19. — Persons released without being held for -prosecution, traffic violations,
except driving while intoxicated, 1948; number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by
popxdation groups
[Population
figures from 1940 decennial census]
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Total,
445 cities;
total
popula-
tion,
13,280,157
Offense charged
11 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
4,938,143
9 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popula-
tion,
1,131,301
26 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
1,872,816
52 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
1,810,789
161 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
2,436,095
186 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
1,091,013
Road and driving laws:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000.-
9,477
191.9
43,290
876.6
5,825
118.0
2,909
257.1
42,602
3, 765. 8
1,283
113.4
895
47.8
28,308
1,511.5
920
49.1
6,669
368.3
28,445
1,570.9
2,197
121.3
3,017
123.8
63, 378
2,601.6
2,077
85.3
3,121
286.1
16, 987
1, 557. 0
1,848
169.4
26,088
196.4
Parking violations:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
223,010
1,679.3
Other traffic and motor vehicle
laws:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000...
14,150
106.5
Offenses Known, Offenses Cleared by Arrest, and Persons Charged by
Geographic Divisions, 1943.
Inasmuch as marked variations are noted in the number of offenses
committed per unit of population in the different sections of the
country, it is normally to be expected that like variations would
occur in the number of persons arrested in the various geographic
divisions. Accordingly, there are presented in tables 20 and 21 data
concerning offenses cleared and persons charged separately for each
of the nine geographic divisions. Thus it is possible to compare local
figures with averages of other cities in the same section of the country.
The identical cities were used in compiling the information in tables
20 and 21 as are represented in tables 13 and 14. For a list of the
States included in each of the geographic divisions, reference may be
made to the listing of the States in table 4 of this issue of the bulletin.
In examining the data presented in table 21, it should be noted that
while, theoretically, an offender should be charged with the offense
committed, in many instances the policy and practice of prosecuting
attorneys, judges, and other officials, as well as public opinion and
established customs in the community, will influence to a great extent
the charge placed by the police against an arrested offender. It fol-
lows then that a person arrested for auto theft may, more frequently in
some jurisdictions than in others, be charged with using an automobile
without the consent of the owner, while persons arrested for intoxica-
tion may be charged with disorderly conduct, et cetera. Similarly,
the figures for prostitution and commercialized vice may be con-
sidered conservative since in many jurisdictions persons taken into
custody for such violations are frequently charged with vagrancy,
disorderly conduct, or some sex offense such as adultery or lewd and
lascivious conduct, and such arrests are listed opposite the offense
class embracing the charge actually placed against the offender.
45
Table 20.
Number of offenses known, number and percentage of offenses cleared
by arrest, 1943, by geographic divisions
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Criminal
homicide
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny-
theft
Geographic division
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Auto
theft
NEW ENGLAND STATES
127 cities; total population, 3,858,-
201:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
38
31
81.6
104
83
79.8
227
202
89.0
561
227
40.5
420
321
76.4
10, 402
3,073
29.5
21, 422
5,048
23.6
5,245
1, 215
23.2
MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES
308 cities; total population, 8,768,-
136:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
214
190
88.8
337
311
92.3
624
531
85.1
1,689
679
40.2
2,373
2,026
85.4
16, 065
5.282
32.9
33, 517
9,292
27.7
10, 701
3,540
33.1
EAST NORTH CENTRAL STATES
306 cities; total population, 13,951,-
418:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
575
496
86.3
362
255
70.4
1,701
1,167
68.6
9,478
3,438
36.3
6,142
3,661
59.6
40, 717
12, 322
30.3
110, 557
24, 357
22.0
21,091
6.987
33.1
WEST NORTH CENTRAL STATES
140 cities; total population, 4,295,-
377:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest .
Percentage cleared by arrest
144
132
91.7
72
56
77.8
348
284
81.6
967
392
40.5
1,163
711
61.1
9,390
3,226
34.4
29,761
8,575
28.8
6,691
1,508
26.5
SOUTn ATLANTIC STATES
101 cities; total population, 4,187,-
872:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
544
516
94.9
200
185
92.5
481
400
83.2
2,829
1,493
52.8
6,659
5,488
82.4
15, 950
5,161
32.4
48, 420
13,845
28.6
10, 486
2,029
19.3
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL STATES
25 cities; total population, 762,661:
Number of offenses known _ _ .
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
90
85
94.4
55
47
85.5
62
55
88.7
541
186
34.4
952
731
76.8
3,438
1,031
30.0
7,013
1,600
22.8
1,478
339
22.9
WEST SOUTH CENTRAL STATES
66 cities; total population, 2,653,109:
Number of offenses known. ...
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
314
298
94.9
129
122
94.6
206
172
83.5
1,049
527
50.2
2,753
2, 252
81.8
8,761
3,167
36.1
28, 367
9,322
32.9
5,883
1,818
30 9
MOUNTAIN STATES
51 cities; total population, 1,118,479:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
56
51
91.1
57
49
86.0
220
140
63.6
709
276
38.9
385
279
72.5
5,393
1,627
30.2
16, 754
3,517
21.0
2,959
983
33.2
PACIFIC STATES
130 cities; total population, 3,419,903:
Number of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
130
106
81.5
248
206
83.1
757
470
62.1
3,358
850
25.3
2,079
1,419
68.3
16, 951
4,164
24.6
57, 345
0,454
16.5
17,275
2,984
17.3
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DATA COMPILED FROM FINGERPRINT RECORDS
Source of Data.
During the first 6 months of 1944, the FBI examined 237,104 arrest
records, as evidenced by fingerprint cards, in order to obtain data
concerning the age, sex, race, and previous criminal history of the
persons represented. The compilation has been limited to instances
of arrests for violations of state laws and municipal ordinances. In
other words, fingerprint cards representing arrests for violations of
Fedeal laws or representing commitments to any type of penal in-
stitution have been excluded from this tabulation.
The number of fingerprint records tabulated exceeded the 230,740
examined for the first 6 months of 1943. The tabulation of data
from fingerprint cards obviously does not include all persons arrested,
since there "are individuals taken into custody for whom no finger-
print cards are forwarded to Washington. Furthermore, data per-
taining to persons arrested should not be treated as information re-
garding the number of offenses committed, since two or more persons
may be involved in the joint commission of a single offense, and on the
other hand one person may be arrested and charged with the com-
mission of several separate crimes.
Offense Charged.
Arrests for major violations were represented by more than 37
percent (88,527) of the records examined during the first 6 months of
1944. Persons charged with murder, robbery, assault, burglary,
larceny, or auto theft numbered 65,619, constituting 27.7 percent of
the total arrest records examined.
Sex.
Male arrests numbered 196,619 or 82.9 percent of the total finger-
print cards received at the FBI during the first half of 1944, while
female arrests (40,485) represented 17.1 percent of the total. The
arrests of males increased 1.4 percent, and females 10.2 percent, over
the figures for January-June of 1943.
Age.
For males and females combined the figures for Hie groups in which
the largest number of arrests occurred during the Hist 6 months of
1944, are as follows:
Age Number of arrests
18 12,143
17 11,839
19 10,067
21 8,966
22 8, 582
(48)
49
The predominating age for arrested males was 17 and for females, 18.
Boys, age 16, showed a 25.0-percent increase, and the next largest
increases among the males were for age 21 (+15.2 percent) and for
age 23 ( + 14.1 percent). The most pronounced increase among
females was for the 20-year-olds ( + 23.4 percent), followed by ages
21 and 24, which increased 20.5 percent and 19.6 percent, respectively.
Of the 237,104 fingerprint arrest records examined during the first
half of 1944, 120,694 (50.9 percent) were those of persons less than 30
years of age, and it should be remembered that the number of arrest
records in this study is doubtless incomplete in the lower age groups
because of the practice of some jurisdictions not to fingerprint youthful
offenders.
Table 22. — Distribution^ of arrests, by sex, Jan. 1-June 30, 1944
Offense charged
Number
Total
Male
Female
Percent
Total
Male
Female
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault
Burglary — breaking or entering
Larceny— theft...
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting.
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice..
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. ..-.
Offenses against family and children..
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Park ing violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagran cy J . .
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses
Total
2,269
5,381
16, 672
12, 712
22, 089
6,496
4,042
1,336
287
2,020
2,885
5,182
5,482
875
2,837
3,823
3,827
8,626
2,374
28
2,183
17, 142
49, 001
15.691
7,270
18, 764
1,658
16, 152
237, 104
1,969
5,079
14, 699
12, 309
18, 560
6,335
3,501
1,194
254
1,712
2,885
1,484
3,885
747
2,657
3,539
3,193
8,163
2,303
28
2,106
12, 358
43, 000
10, 264
6,643
15, 148
1,168
11,436
196,619
300
302
1,973
403
3,529
161
541
142
33
308
3,698
1,597
128
180
284
634
463
71
77
4,784
6,001
5,427
627
3,616
490
4,716
1.0
2.3
7.0
5.4
9.3
2.7
1.7
.6
. 1
.9
1.2
2.2
2.3
.4
1.2
1.6
1.6
3.6
1.0
(')
.9
7.2
20.7
6.6
3.1
7.9
. 7
6.8
1.0
2.6
7.4
6.2
9.4
3.2
1.8
.6
. 1
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1.5
.8
2.0
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1.4
1.8
1.6
4.2
1.2
CO
1.1
6.3
21.8
5.2
3.4
7.7
.6
5.8
40, 485
0.7
.7
4.9
1.0
8.7
.4
1.3
.4
. 1
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9. 1
3.9
.3
.4
.7
1.6
1. 1
.2
.2
11.9
14.9
13.5
1.5
8.9
1.2
11.0
100.0
1 Less than i/fo of 1 percent.
50
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In analyzing the fingerprint arrest records received at the FBI
with reference to the volume of crime committed by youthful persons,
the figures indicate the lower age group plays a predominant part in
the commission of crimes against property. During the first 6 months
of this year, 37.1 percent of all persons arrested were 24 years of age
or younger; however, this lower age group was responsible for 51.6
percent of the larcenies, 58.6 percent of the robberies, 68.5 percent of
the burglaries, and 81.7 percent of the automobile thefts. More than
one-half of all crimes against property were committed^ by persons
less than 25 years of age.
Table 24. — Number and percentage of arrests of persons under 25 years of age,
male and female, Jan. 1-June 30, 1944
Offense charged
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny— theft '
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc.
A rson - -
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice..
O ther sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children. ..
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws. . .
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses
Total
number
of
persons
arrested
Total 237,104
2,269
5,381
16,672
12,712
22, 089
6,496
4,042
1,336
287
2,020
2,885
5,182
5,482
875
2,837
3,823
3,827
8,626
2,374
28
2,183
17, 142
49, 001
15, 691
7,270
18, 764
1,658
16, 152
Number
under 21
years of
304
1,928
2,104
6,778
8,012
4,189
568
284
95
539
917
1,055
967
77
657
217
329
374
460
2
555
3,463
2,563
4,929
460
6,164
287
6,176
54, 453
Total
number
under 25
years of
age
620
3,155
4,381
8,711
11,394
5,305
1, 135
458
119
916
1,444
2,272
1,860
211
1,118
771
697
1,027
861
5
904
6,465
6,470
8,028
1,058
9,420
563
8,700
Per-
centage
under 21
years of
88, 068
13.4
35.8
12.6
53.3
36.3
64.5
14.1
21.3
33.1
26.7
31.8
20.4
17.6
8.8
23.2
5.7
8.6
4.3
19.4
7. 1
25.4
20.2
5.2
31.4
6.3
32.9
17.3
38.2
Total
percent-
age under
25 years
of age
23.0
27.3
58.6
26.3
68.5
51.6
81.7
28.1
34.3
41.5
45.3
50.1
43.8
33.9
24.1
39.4
20.2
18.2
11.9
36.3
17.9
41.4
37.7
13.2
51.2
14.6
50.2
34.0
53.9
37.1
Criminal Repeaters.
Of the 237,104 arrest records examined, 112,987 (47.7 percent)
represented persons who already had fingerprint records on file in the
Identification Division of the FBI. For males the percentage with
prior records was 51.3 and for females the percentage was 29.9.
Race.
Most of the persons represented in this study were members of the
white and Negro races. Including Mexicans, who numbered 7,976,
members of the white race represented 173,658 of the 237,104 arrest
records received, while 59,838 were Negroes, 2,759 Indians, 257
Chinese, 42 Japanese, and 550 were representatives of other races.
OFFENSE CLASSIFICATIONS
In order to indicate more clearly the types of offenses included in part I and
part II offenses, there follows a brief definition of each classification:
Part I Offenses.
1. Criminal homicide. — (a) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter includes all
wilful felonious homicides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence.
Does not include attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths, or
justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides excluded from this classification are
limited to the following types of cases: (1) The killing of a felon by a peace officer
in line of duty; (2) The killing of a hold-up man by a private citizen. (6) Man-
slaughter by negligence includes any death which the police investigation estab-
lishes was primarily attributable to gross negligence on the part of some individual
other than the victim.
2. Rape. — Includes forcible rape, statutory rape (no force used — victim under
age of consent), assault to rape, and attempted rape.
3. Robbery. — Includes stealing or taking anything of value from the person by
force or violence or by putting in fear, such as strong-arm robbery, stick-ups,
robbery armed. Includes assault to rob and attempt to rob.
4. Aggravated assault. — Includes assault with intent to kill; assault by shooting,
cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisoning, scalding, or by the use of acids. Does not
include simple assault, assault and battery, fighting, etc.
5. Burglary — breaking or entering. — Includes burglary, housebreaking, safe-
cracking, or any unlawful entry to commit a felony or a theft, even though no force
was used to gain entrance. Includes attempts. Burglary followed by larceny
is included in this classification and not counted again as larceny.
6. Larceny — theft (except auto theft). — (a) Fifty dollars and over in value;
(6) under $50 in value — includes in one of the above subclassifications, depending
upon the value of the property stolen, thefts, of bicycles, automobile accessories,
shoplifting pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article of value which
is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Does not include embezzlement,
"con" games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.
7. Auto theft. — Includes all cases where a motor vehicle is stolen or driven away
and abandoned, including the so-called joy-riding thefts. Does not include taking
for temporary use when actually returned by the taker, or unauthorized use by
those having lawful access to the vehicle.
Part II Offenses.
8. Other assaults. — Includes all assaults and attempted assaults which are not
ot an aggravated nature and which do not belong in class 4.
9. Forgery and counterfeiting. — Includes offenses dealing with the making,
altering, uttering, or possessing, with'intent to defraud, anything false which is
made to appear true. Includes attempts.
10. Embezzlement and fraud. — Includes all offenses of fraudulent conversion,
embezzlement, and obtainingfmoney or property by false pretenses.
11. Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing. — Includes buying, receiving,
and possessing stolen property as well as attempts to commit any of those offenses.
(52)
53
12. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. — Includes all violations of regulations
or statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manufac-
turing of deadly weapons or silencers and all attempts to violate such statutes
or regulations.
13. Prostitution and commercialized vice. — Includes sex offenses of a commer-
cialized nature, or attempts to commit the same, such as prostitution, keeping
bawdy house, procuring, transporting, or detaining women for immoral purposes.
14. Sex offenses (except rape and prostitution and commercialized vice). — In-
cludes offences against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes
attempts.
15. Offenses against the family and children. — Includes offenses of nonsupport,
neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.
16. Narcotic drug laws. — Includes offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as
unlawful possession, sale, or use. Excludes Federal offenses.
17. Liquor laws. — With the exception of "drunkenness" (class 18) and "driving
while intoxicated" (class 22), liquor law violations, State or local, are placed in
this class. Excludes Federal violations.
18. Drunkenness. — Includes all offenses of drunkenness or intoxication.
19. Disorderly conduct. — Includes all charges of committing a breach of the
peace.
20. Vagrancy. — Includes such offenses as vagabondage, begging, loitering, etc.
21. Gambling. — Includes offenses of promoting, permitting, or engaging in
gambling.
22. Driving while intoxicated. — Includes driving or operating any motor vehicle
while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
23. Violation of road and driving laws. — Includes violations of regulations with
respect to the proper handling of a motor vehicle to prevent accidents.
24. Parking violations. — Includes violations of parking ordinances.
25. Other violations of traffic and motor vehicle laws. — Includes violations of
State laws and municipal ordinances with regard to traffic and motor vehicles
not otherwise provided for in classes 22 -24.
26. All other offenses. — Includes all violations of State or local laws for which
no provision has been made above in classes 1-25.
27. Suspicion. — This classification includes all persons arrested as suspicious
characters, but not in connection with any specific offense, who are released with-
out formal charges being placed against them.
o
A^^x^K,
UNIFORM
CRIME
REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
ISSUED BY THE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C
Volume XV
ANNUAL BULLETIN
Number 2
1944
UNIFORM
CRIME REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
Volume XV— Number 2
Issued by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Washington, D. C.
ADVISORY
International Association of Chiefs of Police
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1945
MA* 23 1945
Contents
Page
Summary of volume XV, No. 2 55-57
Classification of offenses 57-58
Extent of reporting area 58
Monthly reports:
Offenses known to the police— cities divided according to population
(table 25) 59-60
Annual trends, offenses known to the police (table 26) 61-64
Monthly variations, offenses known to the police (table 27) 64-67
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to location
(tables 28-30) 68-71
Offenses in individual cities over 25,000 in population (table 31) 72-79
Data from supplementary offense reports (tables 32-34) 79-85
Rural crime trends (table 35) 85-86
Offenses known in Territories and possessions (table 36) 86
Estimated number of major crimes, 1943-44 (table 37) 87-89
Data compiled from fingerprint cards, 1944:
Sex distribution of persons arrested (table 38) 90-91
Age distribution of persons arrested (tables 39-40) — 91-98
Percentage with previous fingerprint record (table 41) 98
Race distribution of persons arrested (table 42) 100
Definition of part I and part II offense classifications 101-102
Index to volume XV 103-104
(ii)
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department
of Justice, Washington, D. C.
Volume XV January 1945 Number 2
SUMMARY
Crime Trends, 1939-44.
Crime trends were generally upward during 1944, with all offenses
except robberies and larcenies showing increases over 1943, according
to the reports of 318 of the Nation's largest cities. As a group, crimes
against the person displayed an upward swing amounting to 10.0 per-
cent in 1944, while property offenses were up 1.5 percent. For the
total of all offenses a 2.0 percent increase was recorded over 1943.
As to individual offense classes, murders and negligent manslaugh-
ters increased 3.8 percent and 10.3 percent respectively during 1944
over the previous year, while rapes rose 4.2 percent and aggravated
assaults, 12.0 percent. Forcible rapes increased 12.3 percent, while
statutory violations (no force used — victim under age of consent)
declined 2.5 percent.
Auto thefts in 1944 were up 9.2 percent and burglaries showed a 1.5
percent rise. Robberies declined 2.1 percent and larcenies showed
practically no change from 1943 to 1944 (-0.2 percent). Thefts in-
volving property valued at $50 or more increased 22.9 percent, most of
the decline in larcenies appearing among thefts of property under $5
in value.
The steady increase in rape during recent years placed the 1944
figure for such offenses 27.0 percent in excess of the average pre-war
year (1939-41). Similarly, aggravated assaults during 1944 exceeded
the pre-war average year by 19.9 percent. Despite the decrease in the
number of automobiles in use during recent years, the auto theft figure
for 1944 exceeds the pre-war average by 15.2 percent.
In the following instances the 1944 figures were below the pre-war
average to the extent indicated: Murder, -7.5 percent; robbery, -13.2
percent; burglary, —8.9 percent; and larceny, —13.3 percent.
Crime Rates, 1943-44.
Crime rates vary aniong communities of different sizes. Murder
increased in cities of all sizes except those with populations from
25,000 to 50,000, and those under 10,000. Negligent manslaughters
showed increases only in the cities over 50,000. Offenses of rape in-
creased only among the cities with population in excess of 100,000, and
(55)
56
aggravated assaults increased in cities of all sizes, except those from
10,000 to 25,000 in population. As to property crimes, auto thefts
increased in cities of all sizes, whereas the robbery rates increased only
in cities with population less than 25,000, showing decreases in the
larger communities.
Value of Property Stolen, 1943-44.
The average value of property stolen per offense of robbery in-
creased 19.6 percent, from $94.26 in 1943 to $112.74 in 1944. The
increases for other types of crimes were as follows: Burglary 30.6 per-
cent, larceny 17.0 percent, and auto theft 13.9 percent. Ninety-seven
percent of the stolen automobiles were recovered. Exclusive of auto-
mobiles, 24.1 percent of the property stolen in 1944 was recovered.
Estimated Number of Major Crimes, 1944.
With the passing of each hour during 1944, more than 158 serious
crimes were reported to local police authorities in the United States.
Each day on the average brought 28 felonious killings, 30 rapes, 150
aggravated assaults, and left 120 persons robbed, 555 with their auto-
mobiles stolen and the homes or business places of 749 others burglar-
ized. In addition, 2,176 larcenies occurred during the average day,
until by the end of the year an estimated 1,393,655 major crimes were
registered.
Monthly Variations in Crime.
Crime shows a definite tendency to fluctuate with the seasons, and
the figures for 1944 followed generally the pattern of prior years.
During the summer months when the days are longer and warmer,
murders and other felonious assaults are most frequent, while the
predatory crimes against property increase generally with the extended
darkness of the winter months. Negligent manslaughters, com-
posed almost entirely of traffic fatalities, follow generally the seasonal
curve of traffic deaths, increasing noticeably with the darkness and
unfavorable driving conditions of the winter months.
Rural Crime Trends, 1943-44.
Rural murders and rapes decreased in 1944, whereas urban crimes of
those types increased. On the other hand, rural robberies were up
1.7 percent, while urban robberies declined 2.1 percent. Similarly the
rural larceny rate showed a slight increase amounting to 1.7 percent,
whereas urban larcenies registered a slight decrease. For offenses of
negligent manslaughter, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto theft
the trend of both rural and urban crime figures was upwards in 1944.
Persons Arrested, 1944.
Among the 488,979 fingerprint arrest records received at the FBI
in 1944, age 17 stood out as the predominating single age group among
57
arrested persons, followed in this respect by ages 18, 19, 21, and 22 in
the order indicated.
For males and females combined arrests of persons in the 18-20
age group decreased 5.2 percent, while arrests of persons less than 18
years old declined 2.5 percent. During 1944, boy arrests under 18
decreased L8 percent and girl arrests under 18 decreased 7.1 percent
as compared with 1943. Boy arrests in the 18-20 bracket decreased
8.5 percent, but girl arrests in this age group increased 4.9 percent.
A comparison of the 1944 data with the figures for 1941, the last
peace-time year, showed the arrests of boys under 18 were up 18.8
percent in 1944, and arrests of girls under 21 showed a 134.0 percent
rise, indicating we still have an abnormally high level of juvenile
delinquency.
Of the total arrest records examined, 241,042 (49.3 percent) repre-
sented persons who already had fingerprint arrest records on file at the
FBI. For males the percentage with prior records was 52.8, and for
females the percentage was 32.1.
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES
The term "offenses known to the police" is designed to include those
crimes designated as part I classes of the uniform classification occur-
ring within the police jurisdiction, whether they become known to the
police through reports of police officers, of citizens, of prosecuting or
court officials, or otherwise. They are confined to the following group
of seven classes of grave offenses, shown by experience to be those most
generally and completely reported to the police: Criminal homicide,
including (a) murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and (b) manslaugh-
ter by negligence; rape; robbery; aggravated assault; burglary — break-
ing or entering; larceny — theft; and auto theft. The figures contained
herein include also the number of attempted crimes of the designated
classes. In other words, an attempted burglary or robbery, for ex-
ample, is reported in the bulletin in the same manner as if the crime
had been completed. Attempted murders, however, are reported as
aggravated assaults.
"Offenses known to the police" include, therefore, all of the above
offenses, including attempts, which are reported by the law-enforce-
ment agencies of contributing communities and not merely arrests or
cleared cases. Offenses committed by juveniles are included in the
same manner as those known to have been committed by adults,
regardless of the prosecutive action. Complaints which upon inves-
tigation are learned to be groundless are not included in the tabulations
which follow.
In publishing the data sent in by chiefs of police in different cities,
the FBI does not vouch for their accuracy. They are given out as
58
current information which may throw some light on problems of
crime and criminal-law enforcement.
In compiling the tables, returns which were apparently incomplete
or otherwise defective were excluded.
In the last section of this bulletin may be found brief definitions of
part I and II offense classifications.
EXTENT OF REPORTING AREA
In the table which follows, there is shown the number of police
departments from which one or more crime reports were received
during the calendar year 1944. Information is presented for the
cities divided according to size, and the population figures employed
are from the 1940 decennial census.
Population group
Total
number
of cities
or towns
Cities filing returns
Total
population
Population repre-
sented in returns
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
1,078
1,043
96. 75
62, 726, 936
62, 242, 502
99.23
1. Cities over 250,000
37
55
107
213
666
37
55
107
213
631
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
100. 00
94.74
30, 195, 339
7, 792, 650
7,343,917
7,417,093
9, 977, 937
30, 195, 339
7, 792, 650
7,343,917
7, 417, 093
9, 493, 503
100.00
2. Cities 100,000 to 250,000
100.00
3. Cities 50,000 to 100,000
100. 00
4. Cities 25,000 to 50,000
100.00
5. Cities 10,000 to 25,000
95.14
Note.— The above table does not include 2,085 cities, villages, and rural townships aggregating a total
population of 10,385,121. The cities and villages included in this figure are those of less than 10,000 popu-
lation filing returns, whereas the rural townships are of varying population groups.
In addition to the 3,128 city and village police departments which
forwarded crime reports during 1944, one or more reports were
received during the year from 2,314 sheriffs and State Police organi-
zations and from 6 agencies in Territories and possessions of the
United States, making a grand total of 5,448 agencies contributing
crime reports to the FBI during 1944.
MONTHLY REPORTS
Offenses Known to tlie Police — Cities Divided According to Population.
Crime rates vary among communities of different sizes, with the
higher rates generally found in the larger cities. For this reason, the
offenses known to the police for the calendar year 1944 and the rate per
100,000 are presented in table 25 for cities of the Nation grouped
according to size, so that interested persons may compare the frequency
of crime in an individual city with national averages for cities of the
same population group. The average crime rate for all cities, regard-
less of size is likewise shown in the tabulation.
Similar tabulations in prior issues of the bulletin have been published
for other periods, and although the comparable table for the calendar
year 1943 presented in volume XIV, No. 2 was not based on exactly
the same cities represented in table 25 of this issue, a comparison of
the two tables does furnish some information relative to significant
trends from 1943 to 1944 in cities of specific population groups. Such
a comparison reflects increases in the murder rates for cities of all
sizes, except those with population from 25,000 to 50,000, and those
under 10,000. Negligent manslaughters showed increases only in the
cities over 50,000. Offenses of rape increased only among the cities
with population in excess of 100,000, showing decreases in the smaller
communities, and aggravated assaults increased in cities of all sizes
except those from 10,000 to 25,000.
Among the offenses against property, increases were reflected in auto
theft rates in cities of all sizes, whereas the robbery rates increased only
in cities with population less than 25,000, showing decreases in the
larger communities. The changes in the rates for burglary and
larceny were not particularly significant, moderate increases and
decreases being scattered among the six population groups.
The following figures indicate the distribution of the reported
offenses in 1944:
Offense
Total
Larceny
Burglary...
Auto theft.
Rate per
100,000
Percent
1, 445. 4
100.0
819.0
305. 2
203.0
56.7
21.1
14.0
Offense
Assault
Robbery
Rape
Murder
Manslaughter
Rate per
100,000
54.8
43.8
10.9
4.9
3.8
Percent
3.8
3.0
(59)
60
It is of some significance to note that the violent crimes of criminal
homicide, rape, and aggravated assault shown in table 25, numbering
49,719, constituted 5.2 percent of the total offenses reported by the
cities represented, while for the 3-year period preceding the war
(1939-41) such crimes composed only from 4.1 percent to 4.3 percent
of the total offenses reported. This percentage change is attrib-
utable in part to increases in rapes and other felonious assaults and
also to the lower figures for robbery, burglary, and larceny reported
during the war years.
For an estimate as to the total serious offenses committed in the
United States during 1944, reference may be made to table 37 in this
issue of the bulletin.
Table 25. — Offenses known to the police, January to December, inclusive, 1944;
number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Criminal
homicide
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny—
theft
Population group
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Auto
theft
GROUP I
36 cities over 250,000; total popu-
lation. 29,894,166:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
1,743
5.83
494
6.34
373
5.20
237
3.41
266
3.10
170
2.66
1,346
4.50
410
5.26
273
3.80
232
3.33
157
1.83
108
1.69
4,110
13.75
926
11.88
607
8.46
479
6.88
685
7.99
482
7.55
18, 484
61.8
3,737
48.0
2,361
32.9
1,667
24.0
1,783
20.8
1.219
19.1
18, 271
61.1
5,164
66.3
5, 037
70.2
3,872
55.6
2,423
28.3
1,854
29.1
i 73, 093
356.4
30, 323
389.1
22. 798
317.7
18, 317
263.2
19,278
224.8
11,335
177.6
'172,232
839.8
74, 148
951.5
66, 243
923.2
60.978
876.3
64. 929
757. 2
31,510
493.8
65, 356
218. 6
GROUP II
55 cities, 100,000 to 250,000; total
population, 7,792,650:
Number of offenses known . . .
Rate per 100,000
21, 433
275.0
group in
104 cities, 50,000 to 100,000; total
population, 7,175,075:
Number of offenses known . . .
Rate per 100,000
GROUP IV
201 cities, 25,000 to 50,000; total
population, 6,958,492:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000 ..
14, 985
208.8
12,308
176.9
GROUP V
567 cities, 10,000 to 25,000; total
population, 8,574,864:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
13,628
158.9
GROUP VI
1,198 cities under 10,000; total
population, 6,381,576:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
7,871
123.3
TOTAL, GROUPS I-VI
2,161 cities; total population,
66,776,823:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000. _
3,283
4.92
2,526
3.78
7,289
10.92
29,251
43.8
36, 621
54.8
'175,144
305.2
'470, 040
819.0
135, 581
203.0
1 The number of offenses and rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports as follows- (Iroup I
34 cities, total population, 20,507,837; groups I-VI, 2,159 cities, total population, 57,390,494.
61
Annual Trends, Offenses Known to the Police.
Crime trends were generally upward during 1944, with all offenses
except robberies and larcenies showing increases, according to the
reports of 318 of the Nation's largest cities. As a group, crimes
against the person displayed an upswing amounting to 10.0 percent in
1944, while property offenses were up 1.5 percent. For the total of all
offenses reflected in table 26, a 2.0 percent increase was recorded over
1943.
In examining the figures for individual offense classes, increases
were noted during 1944 in the number of murders and negligent man-
slaughters to the extent of 3.8 percent and 10.3 percent respectively
over 1943, while rapes rose 4.2 percent and aggravated assaults, 12.0
percent.
Auto thefts in 1944 were up 9.2 percent and burglaries showed a 1.5
percent rise. Robberies declined 2.1 percent and larcenies showed
practically no change from 1943 to 1944 ( — 0.2 percent).
Rape, aggravated assault, and auto theft offenses have shown the
most significant increases since the war began. Rape offenses have
increased steadily with the result the 1944 figure is 27.0 percent in excess
of the average pre-war year (1939-41). The 1944 rape figures were up
in six of the nine geographic divisions, with decreases reflected in the
New England, Middle Atlantic, and Mountain States.
Aggravated assaults have followed generally the trend in rape
offenses, except for the year 1943, when the figures remained practi-
cally unchanged from 1942. In 1944, however, the sharp rise in aggra-
vated assaults put the figure for this offense class 19.9 percent over the
pre-war average year. Increases in 1944 were reflected in all sections
of the country, except in those States comprising the New England,
West North Central, and West South Central geographic divisions.
During the first calendar year after Pearl Harbor auto thefts de-
clined, but during 1943 and 1944 significant and steady increases have
been recorded despite the decrease in the number of automobiles in use
during those years. The auto theft figure for 1944 exceeds the pre-war
average by 15.2 percent, and the increase was general in all sections of
the country, except in the Mountain and Pacific States where decreases
were reported.
In the following instances the 1944 figures were below the pre-war
average to the extent indicated: Murder, —7.5 percent; robbery,
— 13.2 percent; burglary, -§8.9 percent; and larceny, —13.3 percent.
Table 26 presents a summarization of the offenses known to the
police in 318 cities with a population in excess of 25,000. In examining
the trends for individual geographic divisions consideration should
be given to the fact that substantial shifts in population have occurred
subsequent to the 1940 decennial census,
632728—45 2
62
63
Table 26. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 318 cities over 25,000 in
population, January to December, inclusive, 1939-44, by geographic divisions
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Geographic divisions
NEW ENGLAND
44 cities, total population,
3,030,386:
Average, 1939-41
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
MIDDLE ATLANTIC
57 cities, total population,
13.531,551:
Average, 1939^1 .
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
EAST NORTH CENTRAL
85 cities, total population,
12,131,211:
Average, 1939^1
1942 _.
1943
1944
Percent change 1934-44
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
27 cities, total population,
3,541,995:
Average, 1939-41
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
SOUTH ATLANTIC >
35 cities, total population,
3,917,445:
Average, 1939-41
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL
12 cities, total population,
1,228,352:
Average, 1939-41 _
1942 . .. .
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
WEST SOUTH C ENTRAL
20 cities, total population,
2,414,637:
Average, 1939-41
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
Criminal
homicide
Murder,
nonneg'
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
35
32
26
38
+46.2
467
452
371
377
+1.6
594
603
544
553
+1.7
158
150
145
149
+2.8
591
613
482
525
+8.9
273
251
209
197
-5.7
Man- Rape
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
87
80
75
81
+8.0
606
643
498
603
+21.1
393
392
373
356
-4.6
82
99
66
116
+75.8
192
187
182
225
+23.6
98
62
61
60
-1.6
310
104
341
104
335
100
322
106
3.9
+6.0
179
183
171
137
-19.9
1,292
1.253
1,183
1, 142
-3.5
1.241
1,338
1,517
1,596
+5.2
239
262
335
432
+29.0
388
489
416
518
+24.5
101
109
111
114
+2.7
201
180
217
235
+8.3
Rob-
bery
440
388
502
425
-15.3
3.118
2,673
2,335
2, 331
-0 2
11,791
10, 481
9,321
9,293
-0.3
1,698
1,006
941
892
-5.2
2,922
3,146
2,868
2,423
-15.5
1,012
1,003
677
715
+5.6
1, 359
1,185
1,113
1,072
-3.7
Aggra-
vated
assault
342
296
377
282
-25.2
4.632
4, 459
4, 225
4.232
+0.2
4.608
5, 374
5,935
6. 875
+15.8
1,038
1,443
1,081
1,075
-0.6
4,808
6,019
5,482
6,299
+ 14.9
2,759
1,872
1,251
1,817
+45.2
Bur-
glary-
break-
ing or
entering
9,838
8,815
8,141
-9.2
20. 285
16, 933
17,506
16,592
-5.2
40, 222
35, 697
36, 876
38, 324
+3.9
10, 406
8,297
8,087
7,811
-3.4
17,018
15,763
15, 430
14, 639
-5.1
6, 325
5. 365
4,874
4,783
-1.9
Lar-
ceny—
theft
1.984
10, 827
2,065
9, 545
2,054
9,582
2,037
10, 118
-0.8
+5.6
20, 139
21,094
17, 656
15, 894
-10.0
41.914
40, 156
32, 140
32, 156
0.0
114, ti64
107, 806
96, 998
97, 843
+0.9
34, 632
30, 458
25, 697
23, 442
48, 935
53, 772
45, 630
42. 023
-7.9
12,474
13, 721
11,547
11, 165
-3.3
35, 969
34, 448
29, 297
31, 383
+7.1
1 Includes the District of Columbia.
64
Table 26. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 318 cities over 25,000 in
population, January to December, inclusive, 1989-44, by geographic divisions —
Continued.
Geographic divisions
MOUNTAIN
11 cities, total population,
835,805:
Average, 1939-41 .
1942
1943
1944...
Percent change 1943-44
PACIFIC
27 cities, total population,
4,430,816:
Average, 1939-41
1942
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
TOTAL— ALL DIVISIONS
318 cities, total population,
45,062,198:
Average, 1939-41
1942 _.
1943
1944
Percent change 1943-44
Criminal
homicide
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
31
34
44
34
-22.7
173
197
189
239
+26.5
2,632
2,673
2,345
2,434
+3.8
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
41
70
43
63
+46.5
375
366
398
371
-6.8
1,978
2,003
1,796
1,981
+10.3
Bur-
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
glary—
Rape
vated
break-
assault
ing or
entering
58
483
166
3,544
101
581
216
4,335
158
602
287
4,491
138
446
321
4,257
-12.7
-25.9
+11.8
-5.2
587
4,142
1,527
24, 848
849
3,907
1,789
19, 678
1,116
5,535
2,729
22, 844
1,131
5,796
3,283
25, 898
+ 1.3
+4.7
+20.3
+13.4
4, 286
26, 965
21,864
143, 313
4,764
24, 370
23, 533
124, 428
5,224
23, 894
23, 421
128, 656
5,443
23, 393
26, 221
130, 563
+4.2
-2.1
+ 12.0
+ 1.5
Lar-
ceny-
theft
12, 586
13, 840
13, 245
12,078
66, 996
61, 810
64, 998
70, 546
+8.5
388, 309
377, 105
337, 208
336, 530
-0.2
Auto
theft
2,041
2, 178
2,613
2, 365
-9.5
17, 531
17, 423
24, 480
23, 027
-5.9
84, 293
79,713
97. 081
+9.2
Monthly Variations, Offenses Known to the Police.
Crime shows a definite tendency to fluctuate1 with the seasons.
During the summer months when the days are longer and warmer,
murders and other felonious assaults are most frequent, while the
predatory crimes of robbery, burglary, and auto theft increase gen-
erally with the extended darkness of the winter months.
The seasonal crime curves are graphically presented in figures 10
and 11. These charts show the extent to which the actual number of
offenses exceeds, or falls short of, the number that would have been
recorded for the month had the offenses been distributed equally
throughout the year. The 5-year average for 1939-43 is charted in
comparison with the data for 1944.
As indicated in figure 10, the seasonal curve for offenses of man-
slaughter by negligence is the inverse of those for other offenses against
the person. However, negligent manslaughters are composed almost
entirely of traffic fatalities wherein gross criminal negligence was
present, and the number of such offenses, therefore, follows generally
the seasonal curve of traffic deaths, which tend to increase with the
darkness and unfavorable driving conditions of the winter months.
65
MONTHLY VARIATIONS
Offenses Known to the Police
1939-1944
318 CITIES TOTAL POPULATION 45,062,198
(Offenses Against the Person)
Figure 10.
66
The larceny seasonal pattern as shown in figure 11 is slightly differ-
ent from that of other crimes against property. This may be ex-
plained in part by the fact that many larcenies, unlike the more pre-
meditated crimes of robbery, burglary and auto theft, frequently
involve the theft of personal property carelessly left unattended or
insecure by the owners. During the winter months when there
appears to be more of a tendency to "put things away," in the house
or storeroom for example, the larceny frequency declines and, in-
cidentally, the burglary curve rises.
Table 27, shows the monthly variations in offenses known to the
police, based on daily averages. The tabulation makes possible the
comparison of the frequency of crime during any one month or quar-
ter with the daily average for the year.
Table 27. — Monthly variations, offenses known to the police {daily average), Jan-
uary to December, inclusive, 1944> 318 cities over 25,000 in -population
[Total population, 45,062,198, based on 1940 decennial census]
i anuary
February
March
April. _-
May
June
July
August
September..- —
October
November
December. _
January to March
April to June
July to September
October to December
January to December
Criminal homi
cide
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaughter
5.48
5.83
5.74
6.73
6.97
6.97
7.03
6.74
7.83
6.35
6.37
7.74
5.68
6.89
7.20
6.83
6.65
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
6.39
5.86
6.61
5.33
4.19
5.03
3.94
3.16
4.53
5.87
6.37
7.68
6.30
4.85
3.87
6.64
5.41
Rape
14.26
15.17
14.52
13.43
14.29
15.43
16. 58
17.35
14.43
14.94
14.43
13.58
14.64
14.38
16.14
14.32
14.87
Rob-
bery
69.5
65.1
60.9
59.7
57.2
54.1
61.0
60.6
66.9
63.3
70.6
78.1
65.2
57.0
62.8
70.7
63.9
Aggra-
vated
assault
61.2
60.9
61.8
68.5
75.9
72.8
82.1
78.8
82.8
73.4
69.9
71.0
61.3
72.5
81.2
71.4
71.6
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
373.2
376.1
350.8
358.2
329.3
320.7
339.0
358.8
357.2
354.5
383.1
380.8
366.5
336. 0
351.6
372. 7
356.7
851.8
845.0
848.3
886.5
912.0
920.6
931.4
961.1
984.0
1, 006. 9
985. 0
899.7
848.4
906.4
958. 5
963. 6
919.5
Auto
theft
307.0
264.7
266.1
268.5
244.2
244.1
234.6
251.2
267.6
280.1
284.9
270.1
279. 6
252.2
250.9
278. 3
265.2
67
MONTHLY VARIATIONS
Offenses Known to the Police
1939-1944
318 CITIES TOTAL POPULATION 45,062,198
(Offenses Against Property)
Burglary
JAN. FEB- MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Wmwf vfPVfftG. 5uw*ui#i
Larceny
JAN FEB MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUS SEPT. OCT NOV DEC.
Fall
5 YEAR AVERAGE
(1939-43)
Auto Theft
JAN. FEB MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC
1W • f*T#T 9fMftttQ . 3Hlfl1rtX|C
Ml
^°
5 YEAR AVERAGE
(1939-431
Figure 11.
68
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Location.
The many social and economic factors directly affecting the extent
of crime vary among the several States and larger geographic divisions,
and thus, the frequency of crime varies throughout the different sec-
tions of the Nation.
The rates for crimes against property in the Western States are
generally higher than in other sections of the country, while the rates
for offenses against the person are generally higher in the Southern
States. Police administrators, therefore, are frequently interested in
comparing figures for their respective communities with the average
for other cities in the same general area.
Accordingly, the rates shown in table 25 are subdivided in tables
29 and 30 to present the data for individual States and geographic
divisions. The figures in table 28 indicate the number of cities in
each State and geographic division used in preparing the crime rate
data shown in tables 25, 29, and 30.
In examining the crime rates for the several States and geographic
divisions it should be remembered that the 1940 decennial census
population figures were used in preparing the data presented and
there have doubtless been marked changes in the population in many
communities since 1940.
69
Table 28.
•Number of cities in each State included in the tabulation of uniform
crime reports, January to December, inclusive, 1944
Population
Division and State
Over
250,000
100,000 to
250,000
50,000 to
100,000
25,000 to
50,000
10,000 to
25,000
Less than
in. iinn
Total
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
New England: 186 cities; total pop-
ulation, 5,988,907
2
6
8
4
3
3
4
1
5
10
11
10
5
3
3
1
5
13
23
23
8
16
4
8
2
7
32
36
57
11
20
10
12
16
73
146
116
65
48
19
36
23
41
56
296
300
172
100
38
61
58
117
1S6
Middle Atlantic: 518 cities; total
population, 19,561,797
518
East North Central: 514 cities; total
population, 16,320,012...
514
West North Central: 265 cities;
total population, 5,454,095
South Atlantic: ' 194 cities; total
265
194
East South Central: 77 cities; total
population, 2,365,223
West South Central: 124 cities; total
population, 3,792,528.
124
Mountain: 92 cities; total popula-
tion, 1,491,724.
92
Pacific: 191 cities; total population,
6,059,869
191
New England:
1
1
2
2
1
13
6
8
10
15
11
13
9
14
8
13
1
6
1
1
1
6
6
2
45
6
S
46
38
62
31
13
32
24
16
11
9
14
3
5
7
16
6
5
6
31
2
6
95
67
134
85
36
84
54
41
53
40
25
6
13
28
15
New Hampshire .
14
Vermont ...
9
Massachusetts
1
1
7
8
1
2
6
6
11
4
4
7
6
2
105
Rhode Island ..
16
3
4
4
3
4
3
1
2
27
Middle Atlantic:
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
164
131
223
East North Central:
Ohio
141
Indiana _. ...
66
Illinois __ ... _
139
95
Wisconsin
73
West North Central:
1
1
68
4
2
60
2
44
North Dakota
10
South Dakota
13
Nebraska ..
1
2
1
1
22
Kansas. ..
1
48
South Atlantic:
1
1
1
1
7
20
13
18
10
13
18
13
11
8
6
9
11
16
25
i
3
13
6
8
5
4
16
16
85
2
Maryland..
1
2
5
2
4
2
1
4
5
1
3
1
1
3
2
6
2
1
4
6
7
13
3
6
9
4
4
3
■8
4
4
12
16.
4
5
4
5
2
14
Virginia.-.
2
3
3
4
2
3
1
1
36
West Virginia .
25
North Carolina . . -
1
40
17
1
24
Florida. .. .-.
3
35
East South Central:
1
1
1
24
3
20
2
1
1
1
17
Mississippi
16
West South Central:
15
1
20
Oklahoma- -.
2
1
32
Texas
3
6
57
Mountain:
13
Idaho
18
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
21
9
1
10
Utah-
1
2
1
5
29
9
5
Pacific:
1
1
3
2
3
29
22
3
7
13
140
1 Includes the District of Columbia.
632728—45 3
70
Table 29. Number of offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, January
to December, inclusive, 1944, by States
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Division and State
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent man-
slaughter
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic2
East South Central..
West South Central
Mountain _
Pacific
New England:
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts. ..
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic:
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
East North Central:
Ohio..
Indiana
Illinois ...
Michigan
Wisconsin
West North Central:
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota ....
South Dakota .
Nebraska
Kansas
South Atlantic:
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia...
North Carolina
South Carolina .
Georgia
Florida
East South Central:
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
West South Central:
Arkansas ...
Louisiana..
Oklahoma
Texas
Mountain:
Montana.
Idaho .
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada . .
Pacific:
Washington
Oregon
California
Robbery
1.25
2.43
3.96
3.14
13.09
15.26
11.34
3.02
5.40
2.49
1.21
1.01
.48
2.29
2.46
2.35
2.43
4.33
3.53
4.68
4.08
.69
1.26
1.76
5.52
1.64
.73
2.78
3.74
8.57
9.61
14.64
4.21
13. 57
14.92
23. 43
15.03
11.53
16.29
16.87
17.74
12.7
18.5
62.0
20.0
55.5
57.4
39.8
50.0
113.3
Aggravated
assault
9.9
28.9
47.4
22.1
181.0
133.2
92.3
31.4
64.9
14.9
.4
4.2
14.2
8.3
13.1
11.5
24.5
28.7
58.1
45.7
84.8
63.6
8.6
12.5
10.8
32.4
7.4
21.3
13.5
23.0
89.1
42.1
89.4
Burglary-
breaking or
entering
220. 3-
' 188.6
286.7
203.7
370.7
402.3
358.1
430.7
561 9
43.0
39.8
47.1
59. 4
59.2
70.7
67.8
41.4
28.8
13. 75
70.5
11.74
23.4
6.02
36. 0
12.56
44.0
.58
21.5
1.40
14.0
1.26
50.3
2.89
54.4
8. 16
31.6
8.28
83.5
2.45
56.4
6.68
98.5
3.56
54.8
2.41
111.5
6.02
124.2
10.3
1.6
3.2
8.4
10.2
16.8
27.9
46. 1
22. 6
43.9
74.5
7.3
7.4
9.2
48.5
4.1
3.7
18.4
12.6
10.3
122.8
177.4
71.3
457.9
146. 9
156. 3
200.1
1 17. 3
94.7
199.8
140.4
92.8
95.0
47.6
105.0
13.3
9.8
22.6
24. 2
36. 9
96.6
28.2
60.1
23.6
51.8
73.7
Larceny
theft
470 1
i 401..'.
771.3
G13. 1
1, 030. 1
853.5
1, 088. 5
1, 324. 0
1, 672. 4
255.9
141.9
116.7
210.5
206.8
278.5
3 144. 6
263.4
4 175. 4
323.7
294.6
257.1
360.4
127.8
167.7
171.6
211.2
187.4
194.3
236.9
281.9
489.2
182.2
491.4
264.4
370.1
352.4
420.4
551.3
506.8
336.4
422. 1
300. 5
255. 3
131.0
370.0
454.4
200.8
392.5
343.4
464.1
326. 6
486.5
512.1
688.2
562.6
656. 8
552. 7
Auto theft
146.0
137.8
156.6
138.4
280.2
262.6
255.8
252.7
511.7
650.9
380. 1
629.8
426. 5
436. 9
594.8
3 450. 8
461.6
« 313. 5
801.2
1,013.3
496.8
1,091.1
720. 6
519.0
616. 9
573.6
523. 6
702.4
754. 6
791. 1
1, 256. 9
504. 7
1,327.0
559. 5
913. s
1,388. 2
1,324.9
1,436.6
933. 8
730. 5
929. 3
860 1
1.075. 1
520. 6
1. 117. S
1,302.5
939. 5
1,378.4
1,707.2
1. 172. S
95S ■">
1,950.7
1,487.3
1,590. 1
1,646.8
1,804 o
1,682 9
156. 9
47.3
81.0
145.9
171. 1
156.8
132.9
165.6
133.8
175.2
224.8
107.1
204.8
105.8
100.0
126.0
136.2
114.3
137.1
236.7
173.8
262.2
299. 8
319. 4
138.9
207. 6
276.8
328.7
337. 5
301.2
269.4
226.1
228.4
219. 2
246. 7
206.5
280.9
154.9
269.6
265.4
184.7
267.6
382.3
313.3
621. 1
445. 1
456. 9
529.3
i The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 516 cities with a total population of 10,175,-
' Includes report of the District of Columbia.
» The rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports of 163 cities.
< The rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports of 222 cities.
71
Table 30. — Number of offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, January
to December, inclusive, 1944> by geographic divisions and population groups
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Geographic division and
population group
NEW ENGLAND
Group I.-.
Group II-.
Group Ill-
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI.
MIDDLE ATLANTIC
Group I...
Group II..
Group III.
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI.
EAST NORTH CENTRAL
Group I...
Group II..
Group III.
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI.
Murder,
nonnegligent
man-
slaughter
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
Group I...
Group II..
Group III.
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI..
SOUTH ATLANTIC -
Group I...
Group II..
Group III.
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI.
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL
Group I...
Group II..
Group Ill-
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI_
WEST SOUTH CENTRAL
Group I...
Group II-.
Group Ill-
Group IV.
Group V...
Group VI.
MOUNTAIN
Group I...
Group II-.
Group III.
Group IV..
Group V...
Group VI.
Group I...
GroupII..
Group Ill-
Group IV.
Group V._
Group VI.
1.70
1.92
1.15
.52
1.06
.56
3.28
1.74
1.64
1.28
.94
.83
5.60
3.71
3.16
1.88
1.68
1.98
5.16
4.44
2.00
1.67
1.15
.91
12.17
15.83
14.45
12.27
13.71
8.43
14.67
22.84
15. 31
10.18
13. 43
13.12
17.37
11.83
7.56
6.69
4.95
6.95
3.41
4.00
8.51
2.85
2.37
.94
6.26
5.11
5.54
3.84
4.26
3.72
Robbery
22.3
18.7
12.6
8.3
3.6
5.0
20.7
19.7
22.0
11.0
14.3
9.8
95.9
66.6
35.1
20.6
19.5
15.1
30.1
25.9
19.3
7.5
9.3
9.3
55.0
101.6
49.3
51.7
25.8
24.1
74.7
63.6
34.9
59.5
27.9
38.3
51.4
45.2
35.8
20.8
26.6
31.9
34.0
56.1
30.5
30.5
61.9
162.4
65.0
71.4
54.6
82.3
36.4
Aggravated
assault
17.0
14.4
7.6
6.0
5.0
5.8
33.9
32.6
25.1
24.4
18.2
12.2
71.1
55.7
33.1
15.8
11.6
14.8
43.6
18.7
10.6
7.0
6.4
6.7
111.8
229.8
239.7
296.6
126.7
128.9
127.8
78.6
271.2
155.7
107.5
69.4
128.7
75.7
75.0
88.7
35.4
87.1
23.9
36.7
68.0
44.3
13.9
31.7
85.3
65.0
41.2
29.0
45.3
30.4
Burglary —
breaking or
enterin
155.2
331.9
248.5
193.9
169.3
155.1
i 216. 5
250.5
250.5
172.5
143.8
112.8
332.1
371.4
280.1
228.6
204.8
153.2
203. 6
225.5
324.6
190.9
204.1
115.1
278.9
628.7
375.2
407.0
302.7
220.2
505.2
397.9
455.3
338.3
292.4
124.1
419. 1
539.3
291.1
284.7
216.4
237.4
619.7
484.2
470.3
398.6
351.4
308.4
619.6
508.8
578.4
502.4
556.7
381.8
Larceny-
theft
334.2
576.0
552.2
498.4
399.9
369.1
1 335. 6
468.3
503.8
511.2
383.8
259.9
739.8
1,081.4
920.4
822.5
767.1
438.2
Auto theft
540.7
713.4
1, 039. 8
722.0
700.4
287.8
765.3
1, 523. 8
1, 232. 1
1,169.0
896.2
574.0
1, 007. 2
781.0
820.1
937.8
832.5
211.5
1, 195. 3
1, 399. 9
1, 099. 7
1, 216. 5
730.6
501.0
1, 212. 1
1, 199. 2
1, 557. 3
1,847.2
1, 563. 4
751.9
1, 571. 1
1, 528. 4
1, 926. 8
1, 757. 6
2, 353. 9
1, 437. 3
i The number of offenses and rates for burglary and larceny— theft are based on reports of 4 cities
2 Includes the District of Columbia.
72
Offenses in Individual Cities With More Than 25,000 Inhabitants.
The number of offenses reported as having been committed during
the period of January-December 1944 is shown in table 31. The
compilation includes the reports received from police departments in
cities with more than 25,000 inhabitants. Police administrators and
other interested individuals will probably find it desirable to compare
the crime rates of their cities with the average rates shown in tables 25
and 30 of this publication. Similarly, they will doubtless desire to
make comparisons with the figures for their communities for prior
periods, in order to determine whether there has been an increase or a
decrease in the amount of crime committed.
Caution should be exercised in comparing crime data for individual
cities, because differences in the figures may be due to a variety of
factors. The amount of crime committed in a community is not
solely chargeable to the police but is rather a charge against the entire
community. The following is a list of some of the factors which might
affect the amount of crime in a community :
Population of the city and metropolitan area adjacent thereto.
The composition of the population with reference particularly to
age, sex, and race.
The economic status and activities of the population.
Climate.
Educational, recreational, and religious facilities.
The number of police employees per unit of population.
The standards governing appointments to the police force.
The policies of the prosecuting officials and the courts.
The attitude of the public toward law-enforcement problems.
The degree of efficiency of the local law-enforcement agency.
It should be remembered that the war has brought about marked
changes in some of the foregoing factors in many communities.
In comparing crime rates, it is generally more important to deter-
mine whether the figures for a given community show increases or
decreases in the amount of crime committed than to ascertain whether
the figures are above or below those of some other community.
73
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial censtis)
City
Abilene, Tex
Akron, Ohio
Alameda, Calif
Albany, N. Y
Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Alexandria, La,..
Alexandria, Va...
Alhambra, Calif.
Aliquippa, Pa
Allentown, Pa...
Alton, 111...
Altoona, Pa
Amarillo, Tex
Amsterdam, N. Y.
Anderson, Ind
Ann Arbor, Mich.
Auniston, Ala
Appleton, Wis
Arlington, Mass...
Arlington, Va
Asheville, N. C
Ashland, Ky
Atlanta, Ga
Atlantic City, N. J.
Auburn, N. Y
Augusta, Ga
Aurora, 111
Austin, Tex
Bakersfleld, Calif-
Baltimore, Md
Bangor, Maine
Baton Rouge, La
Battle Creek, Mich.
Bay City, Mich
Bayonne, N. J
Beaumont, Tex
Belleville, 111.
Belleville, N.J
Bellingham, Wash.
Belmont, Mass
Beloit, Wis
Belvedere Twp., Calif-
Berkeley, Calif
Berwyn, 111
Bethlehem, Pa
Beverly, Mass
Beverly Hills, Calif.
Binghamton, N. Y_.
Birmingham, Ala...
Bloomfield, N. J
Bloomington, 111..
Boise, Idaho
Boston, Mass
Bridgeport, Conn-
Bristol, Conn
Brockton, Mass..
Brookline, Mass.
Buffalo, N. Y....
Burbank, Calif...
Burlington, Iowa-
Burlington, Vt
Butte, Mont
Cambridge, Mass.
Camden, N. J
Canton, Ohio
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
Larceny — theft
150 and
over
159
4
23
1
16
17
5
4
14
9
22
5
1
15
5
13
2
3
1
16
37
274
24
17
7
16
16
412
1
9
1
140
3
197
16
65
Only 8 months received
91
6
27
Under
$50
180
110
22
267
7
341
61
4
283
1
84
15
1,215
11
Only 11 months received
1
11
45
2
2
2
178
4
161
23
151
2
1,084
502
1,552
81
23
372
225
73
388
98
61
517
120
62
387
108
62
548
164
42
335
38
17
98
257
55
238
84
5
102
297
51
366
138
209
532
14
8
64
139
13,
171
65
69
517
81
68
239
50
7
385
99
11
142
100
108
540
235
123
377
46
12
117
1,656
874
3,266
387
633
855
4
34
192
268
99
625
44
23
85
345
55
985
168
130
764
1,607
909
3,151
55
43
255
86
83
242
144
35
460
184
32
270
245
79
625
45
16
135
36
14
65
63
26
125
41
4
95
56
30
346
268
31
185
443
88
971
46
12
117
106
135
144
18
10
80
86
30
154
190
96
622
, 305
734
2,177
47
21
75
33
32
109
181
84
493
902
699
1,743
448
280
852
40
30
162
157
63
217
114
44
188
475
241
1,366
173
93
667
61
4
110
64
40
333
42
9
66
207
45
309
449
136
323
414
216
772
Auto
theft
74
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in -population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Central Falls, R.I. ..
Charleston, S. C
Charleston, W. Va._
Charlotte, N. C
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Chelsea, Mass
Chester, Pa
Chicago, 111
Chicopee, Mass
Cicero, 111...
Cincinnati, Ohio...
Clarksburg, W. Va
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Heights, Ohio.
Clifton, N.J
Clinton, Iowa
Colorado Springs, Colo
Columbia, S. C.
Columbus, Ga
Columbus.'Ohio
Concord, N. H ...
Corpus Christi, Tex
Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Govington, Ky
Cranston, R. I...
Cumberland, Md
Dallas, Tex...
Danville, 111
Danville, Va.
Davenport, Iowa
Dayton, Ohio
Dearborn, Mich..
Decatur, 111
Denver, Colo
Des Moines, Iowa
Detroit, Mich
Dubuque, Iowa
Duluth, Minn..
Durham, N. C
East Chicago, Ind
East Cleveland, Ohio
Easton, Pa
East Orange, N. J
East Providence, R. I
East St. Louis, 111
Eau Claire, Wis
Elgin, 111
Elizabeth, N. J
Elkhart, Ind
Elmira, N. Y
El Paso, Tex..
Elyria, Ohio
Enid, Okla
Erie, Pa
Evanston, 111
Evansville, Ind..
Everett, Mass
Everett, Wash...
Fall River, Mass
Fargo, N. Dak
Fitch burg, Mass
Flint. Mich
Fonddu Lac, Wis.
Fort Smith, Ark...
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
25
1
202
Robbery
7
102
129
54
47
15
45
4,072
5
33
268
9
804
16
3
1
4
31
29
325
27
6
9
6
1
137
13
12
10
132
30
11
254
20
1,685
1
13
23
34
22
13
2
103
07
Aggra-
vated
assault
144
171
435
82
14
37
1,924
2
67
535
499
91
53
83
.....
8
10
1
1
553
6
65
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
178
19
11
77
32
,988
1
4
429
36
1
2
106
48
43
391
289
598
445
116
178
10, 202
57
97
1,938
92
2,237
137
85
48
59
240
241
1,730
73
113
98
214
91
45
1,977
72
94
168
676
297
194
1,998
270
6,789
51
133
189
178
176
61
204
51
189
39
62
275
68
58
296
59
59
276
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
17 110 83
57 504 264
Only 5 months received
83
7
178
CO
233
152
41
49
5,402
18
54
826
8
748
23
34
25
100
329
237
951
9
161
41
13
24
23
481
31
52
30
217
205
30
690
83
2,143
23
110
39
112
7
12
31
124
21
116
28
21
59
Under
$50
4
24
6
7
121
368
6
1
45
3
10
3
52
85
664
57
78
143
24
500
109
835
894
968
786
121
203
10, 677
169
2,962
140
6,493
235
91
202
685
1,104
781
2,064
119
698
230
147
145
114
5,656
232
327
732
2,400
836
539
3,218
973
15, 410
241
761
140
487
214
59
108
121
359
199
168
404
200
389
676
145
226
527
552
1,551
16
497
112
485
16
182
14
170
368
1.S38
4
188
66
381
See footnotes nt end of table.
75
Table Sl.-^-Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Fresno, Calif
Gadsden, Ala
Galesburg, 111
Galveston, Tex
Garfield, N.J
Gary, Ind
Glendale, Calif
Grand Rapids, Mich..
Great Falls, Mont
Green Bay, Wis .
Greensboro, N. C
Greenville, S. C
Greenwich Town, Conn.
Hackensack, N. J
Hagerstown, Md
Hamilton, Ohio
Hamilton Township, N. J.
Hammond, Ind
Hamtramck, Mich...
Harrisburg, Pa
Hartford, Conn
Haverford Twp., Pa.
Haverhill, Mass
Hazelton, Pa
Highland Park, Mich
High Point, N. C
Hoboken, N". J
Holyoke, Mass
Honolulu, T. H
Houston, Tex
Huntington, W. Va
Huntington Park, Calif.
Hutchinson, Kans
Indianapolis, Ind.
Inglewood, Calif. .
Irvington, N. J_.
Jackson, Mich. . .
Jackson, Miss
Jacksonville, Fla
Jamestown, N. Y...
Jersey City, N. J
Johnson City, Tenn
Johnstown , Pa
Joliet, 111
Joplin, Mo
Kalamazoo, Mich..
Kansas City, Kans.
Kansas City, Mo...
Kearny, N.J
Kenosha, Wis
Kingston, N. Y._
Knoxville, Tenn.
Kokomo, Ind
La Crosse, Wis .
La Fayette, Ind
Lakewood, Ohio.
Lancaster, Pa
Lansing, Mich...
Laredo, Tex
Lawrence, Mass..
Lebanon, Pa
Lewiston, Maine
Lexington, Ky...
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
19
2
225
16
23
3
3
19
17
1
7
7
18
24
8
5
2
11
327
15
25
225
13
5
Aggra
vated
assault
22
151
42
US
5
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
236
1,064
448
117
107
Larceny— theft.
$50 and
over
218
166
212
Only 2 months received
4
147
11
20
7
1
385
75
2
20
14
25
1
42
579
304
92
63
319
127
50
80
91
83
55
243
173
272
943
36
87
11
204
131
150
63
12
146
120
18
24
71
45
14
112
92
154
209
10
34
Only 10 months received
15
198
46
87
176
86
3
1
354
2
3
40
82
336
86
44
116
856
2,480
243
184
85
1,229
182
175
114
242
234 1, 012 894
3 58 16
Complete data not received
40
6
47
429
800
145
36
94
113
72 34
Only 1 month received
25
324
4
1
2
105
6
27
1
1
1
1(17
246
373
1,019
80
62
21
343
56
39
122
115
131
146
231
36
2S6
43
124
790
34
11
21
458
25
52
28
22
43
20
30
8
25
167
Under
$50
1,358
2,269
1,294
269
166
77
905
956
2,259
466
120
709
368
102
164
321
257
234
528
267
626
1,114
54
119
469
180
46
305
1,637
6,491
376
522
316
3,749
366
160
470
2,280
112
168
91
603
537
2,313
262
100
650
154
818
429
277
313
857
371
267
226
215
597
76
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Lima, Ohio
Lincoln, Nebr
Little Rock, Ark...
Long Beach, Calif.
Lorain, Ohio
Los Angeles, Calif
Louisville, Ky
Lowell, Mass
Lower Merion Twp., Pa.
Lubbock, Tex
Lynchburg, Va.
'Lynn, Mass
Macon, Ga
Madison, Wis...
Maiden, Mass..
Manchester, N. H.
Mansfield, Ohio
Marion, Ind
Marion, Ohio
Mason City, Iowa.
Massillon, Ohio..
May wood, 111
McKeesport, Pa.
Medford, Mass...
Melrose, Mass...
Memphis, Tenn
Meriden, Conn
Meridian, Miss
Miami, Fla
Miami Beach, Fla...
Michigan City, Ind.
Middletown, Conn..
Middletown, Ohio..
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis, Minn.
Mishawaka, Ind.
Mobile, Ala
Moline, 111
Monroe, La
Montclair, N. J..
Montgomery, Ala
Mount Vernon, N. Y.
Muncie, Ind
Muskegon, Mich
Muskogee, Okla
Nashua, N. H
Nashville, Tenn...
New Albany, Ind.
Newark, N. J
Newark, Ohio
New Bedford, Mass...
New Britain, Conn...
New Brunswick, N. J.
Newburgh, N. Y .
New Castle, Pa
New Haven, Conn..
New London, Conn.
New Orleans, La
Newport, Ky
Newport, R. I.
Newport News. Va.
New Rochelle, N. Y
Newton, Mass
New York, V Y ,'
Niagara Falls. N. Y.
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
102
48
1
Robbery
37
L'L'S
3
24
3
69
156
2, 756
270
12
2
1
6
13
4
10
Aggra-
vated
assault
14
4
3
247
2
7
154
10
5
1
11
70
122
4
268
1
30
4
5
3
43
23
6
138
31
97
3
1
1,015
23
43
14
30
125
22
1,231
512
3
2
25
Bur-
glary—
breaking
120
179
314
1,117
87
9,657
2, 332
166
81 124 43
6 396 136
Only 4 months received
Larceny — theft
$50 and
over
101
48
0)
(')
64
7,864
1,557
54
48
21
Under
$50
434
2
41
930
6
16
2
15
81
34
567
7
103
14
27
6
19
100
74
136
51
75
26
128
55
97
14
101
37
18
0)
96
29
41
19
42
25
82
18
99
8
807
389
96
22
123
14
1,228
555
118
139
53
33
30
25
133
38
679
453
887
566
57
37
474
126
80
29
100
23
53
54
349
61
45
14
157
35
194
108
145
59
34
11
832
257
57
23
1,636
645
78
20
598
133
97
9
114
20
68
35
55
18
495
155
69
39
474
591
116
44
53
38
396
220
51
26
108
0)
I, 586
(')
203
78
549
779
1,368
2,497
224
17,218
2, 253
226
304
633
278
324
311
226
323
166
312
106
228
140
105
211
74
1,749
200
104
1,322
160
84
95
416
3,146
1,416
223
668
162
487
123
434
577
267
104
877
116
1,485
278
978
221
187
litt
127
985
1X2
1. 122
203
242
660
132
338
10, 166
240
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Norfolk, Va..._
Norristown, Pa
North Bergen, N. J.
Norwalk, Conn
Norwood, Ohio
Oakland, Calif
Oak Park, 111
Ogden, Utah
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr
Orange, N. J
Orlando, Fla.—
Oshkosh, Wis...
Ottumwa, Iowa.
Owensboro, Ky.
Paducah, Ky
Parkersburg, W. Va.
Pasadena, Calif
Passaic, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Pawtucket, R. I
Pensacola, Fla
Peoria, 111
Perth Amboy, N.J.
Petersburg, Va... :..
Philadelphia, Pa-
Phoenix, Ariz
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Pittsfield, Mass..
Plainfield, N. J__
Pontiae, Mich
Port Arthur, Tex_.
Port Huron, Mich.
Portland, Maine...
Portland, Oreg
Portsmouth, Ohio
Portsmouth, Va
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Providence, R. I
Pueblo, Colo
Quincy, 111
Quincy, Mass...
Racine, Wis
Raleigh, N. C.._
Reading, Pa
Revere, Mass
Richmond, Ind_.
Richmond, Va..
Riverside, Calif.
Roanoke, Va
Rochester, Minn
Rochester, N. Y
Rockford, 111
Rock Island, 111
Rocky Mount, N. C.
Rome, Ga
Rome, N. Y...
Royal Oak, Mich
Sacramento, Calif
Saginaw, Mich..
St. Joseph, Mo
St. Louis, Mo..
St. Paul, Minn
St. Petersburg, Fla...
Salem, Mass
3:.
1
21
2
5
1
3
2
320
5
1
3
4
484
22
29
80
54
2
1
3
6
16
1
34
12
28
2
20
46
2
14
648
52
353
3
3
30
2
10
32
465
11
95
1
31
14
2
12
9
16
21
264
18
3
366
1
13
146
58
47
23
2
9
10
22
3
35
51
113
42
74
2
51
53
624
37
125
3
15
17
9
10
223
16
195
13
13
43
2
2
6
91
1,481
83
152
43
38
1,958
141
290
791
580
130
212
60
32
85
75
74
365
184
435
147
225
400
65
150
3,318
358
1,596
123
50
266
57
108
382
2,531
195
356
81
688
195
71
208
111
216
265
(')
771
17
27
32
18
650
35
149
204
176
23
97
15
7
45
34
11
205
62
56
83
83
107
47
1,108
218
450
24
39
66
43
51
150
1,426
51
171
61
272
15
19
34
55
18
73
Only 2 months received
6
18
135
321
11
21
4
30
1
27
29
12
2
10
2
3
153
6
27
1
?
107
81
30
67
17
11
223
467
54
45
13
21
1,802
99
143
126
141
4,254
246
819
2,605
1,313
103
478
608
126
373
284
161
1,173
293
286
379
341
603
330
270
1,404
1, 235
896
203
258
437
551
416
571
4,758
333
756
382
709
363
454
478
598
192
388
57
54
136
851
641
2,622
194
74
422
86
62
265
30
11
265
624
161
1,511
64
67
619
79
29
314
40
36
342
45
2
148
31
12
213
81
13
182
384
477
1,963
305
128
1,110
319
59
674
1,431
(')
3,689
725
164
1,850
354
145
970
67
14
127
See footnotes at end of table.
. 632728 — 45 4
78
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Salem, Oreg
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Angelo, Tex
San Antonio, Tex
San Bernardino, Calif.
San Diego, Calif
San Francisco, Calif..
San Jose, Calif
Santa Ana, Calif
Santa Barbara, Calif.
Santa Monica, Calif.
Savannah, Qa
Schenectady, N. Y__
Scranton, Pa
Seattle, Wash..
Sharon, Pa
Sheboygan, Wis
Shreveport, La
Sioux City, Iowa
Sioux Falls, S. Dak.
Somerville, Mass..
South Bend, Ind..
South Gate, Calif.
Spartanburg, S. C.
Spokane, Wash...
Springfield, 111....
Springfield, Mass.
Springfleld, Mo...
Springfield, Ohio..
Stamford, Conn...
Steubenville, Ohio.
Stockton, Calif
Superior, Wis
Syracuse, N. Y
Tacoma, Wash
Tampa, Fla
Taunton, Mass...
Teaneck, N. J
Terre ITaute, Ind.
Toledo, Ohio
Topeka, Kans
Torrington, Conn.
Trenton, N.J
Troy, N. Y
Tucson, Ariz
Tulsa, Okla.
Tuscaloosa, Ala
Tyler. Tex...
Union City, N.J
University City, Mo.
Upper Darby, Pa.
Utica, N. Y
Waco, Tex.
WaKhain, Mass...
Warren, Ohio
Warwick, R. I
Washington, D. C.
Washington, Pa
Waterbury, Conn..
Waterloo, Iowa
Watertowti, Mass.
Watertown, N. Y.
Waukegan, 111
Wausau, Wis
Wauwutosa, Wis..
51
14
132
46
1,091
25
7
10
35
36
3
13
263
21
18
23
116
5
19
49
76
3
3
141
56
4
22
97
4
2
1
2
8
12
1
1
14
2
317
2
6
17
2
4
9
Onlv 4 months received
55
22
692
24
162
774
13
9
18
60
182
16
34
64
726
190
1,608
62
22
175
1, 056
199
1,423
369
83
713
788
679
1,940
2,617
1,281
6,372
267
46
1,273
108
66
834
157
58
566
525
336
1,188
106
496
1,581
199
75
327
253
91
314
2,537
1,129
3,984
16
20
61
22
15
147
103
54
486
344
126
665
124
63
393
321
33
260
344
228
1,137
192
81
436
136
82
455
557
158
1,576
173
68
501
277
113
631
160
76
744
145
37
432
182
65
308
121
25
162
468
309
1,201
84
24
365
599
225
1, 450
741
221
1,264
575
405
1,366
112
Only 5 months received
1
3
166
111
6
84
100
95
1
13
152
484
1
41
16
46
167
23
438
1,483
500
2,285
429
41
653
24
8
41
482
210
606
175
46
187
213
149
882
972
402
1,603
74
36
155
74
7
129
128
37
98
85
45
176
195
9
136
123
85
546
178
39
458
63
28
317
102
35
452
11
27
77
1, 826
1,227
4,535
49
19
66
213
91
333
139
12
480
84
24
110
93
65
321
66
39
113
35
8
207
40
14
135
79
Table 31. — Number of offenses known to the police, January to December, inclu-
sive, 1944, cities over 25,000 in population (based on 1940 decennial census) —
Continued
City
Murder,
non-
negligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or
entering
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Auto
theft
West Allis, Wis
West Hartford, Conn-
West Haven, Conn
West New York, N. J.
West Orange, N. J
West Palm Beach, Fla.
Wheeling, W. Va
White Plains, N. Y_...
Wichita, Kans
Wichita Falls, Tex
38 33
76 21
Only 9 months received
Only 1 month received
391
185
Wilkes-Barre, Pa_.
Wilkinsburg, Pa_..
Williamsport, Pa..
Wilmington, Del...
Wilmington, N. C.
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Woodbridge, N. J
Woonsocket, R. I
Worcester, Mass
Wyandotte, Mich
Yakima, Wash
Yonkers, N. Y
York, Pa
Youngstown, Ohio.
Zanesville, Ohio--..
52
230
20
88
103
381
14
54
6
3
221
46
162
4
44
39
47
192
14
16
270
124
944
12
26
187
113
719
8
9
167
36
155
2
13
56
8
112
7
3
74
12
224
104
12
570
357
1,089
76
811
185
186
713
13
143
234
91
397
2
3
57
63
12
15
108
157
1
61
5
6S3
305
538
1
45
13
162
18
10
107
223
269
39
1,013
369
31
20
5
134
39
373
227
104
634
100
914
18
136
32
279
36
94
54
96
210
144
100
21
33
299
183
82
26
32
353
34
137
135
120
455
42
1 Larcenies not separately reported. Figure listed includes both major and minor larcenies.
s Figures include offenses committed by juveniles; this is in accord with the uniform reporting procedure
followed by other cities.
Supplement to Return A Data.
A detailed analysis of trie crime situation for several offense classes
is made possible by supplementary reports forwarded monthly to the
FBI by the larger police departments throughout the country, and
summaries of the available data are shown in tables 32-34.
The figures reflect that forcible rapes, constituting 62.5 percent of
the 1944 rape offenses, increased 12.3 percent, while statutory offenses
(no force used — victim under age of consent) declined 2.5 percent.
Highway robberies and those involving oil stations, chain stores,
and residences increased in 1944, while robberies of commercial
houses, banks, and the miscellaneous group decreased. Although the
robbery total for 1944 is smaller than the figure for the previous year,
the value of the loot obtained by holdup men in the average offense
rose 19.6 percent from $94.26 in 1943 to $112.74 in 1944. Thus, table
33 shows a 2.0 percent decrease in the number of robbery offenses in
the cities represented, and at the same time an increase in the total
value of property stolen from $1,818,074.21 in 1943 to $2,131,978.96
in 1944.
Nighttime burglaries showed an increase last year with a 6.2 percent
rise in residence offenses committed during the night and a 4.3 percent
so
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increase in nighttime nonresidence burglaries. Offenses committed
during the daylight hours showed decreases. The average value of
property stolen per offense of burglary rose sharply ( + 30.6 percent)
from $78.05 in 1943 to $101.93 in 1944.
Not only was there a general increase in the number of automobiles
stolen during 1944, but in addition the value of the average stolen car
rose 13.9 percent, from $511.30 in 1943 to $582.23 in 1944. In the 254
cities over 25,000 represented in tables 32 and 33, the problem involv-
ing the recovery of stolen cars showed a favorable trend, with the per-
centage recovered increasing from 96.1 in 1943 to 97.3 in 1944, as
indicated in the following figures:
1943
1944
Number of automobiles stolen.. . '
67, 874
65, 221
96.1
71, 238
Number of automobiles recovered .
69 322
Percent recovered
97.3
Larcenies involving property valued at $50 or more increased 22.9
percent in 1944, while thefts involving property valued at less than
$50 declined. The increase in larcenies was most pronounced among
those offenses involving the theft of automobile accessories, where a
40.4 percent upswing was registered over the 1943 figure. Thefts of
other articles from automobiles also increased as did pocket-picking
and miscellaneous thefts. Decreases were registered among larcenies
classed as purse-snatching, shoplifting, and thefts of bicycles. The
value of property stolen in the average larceny rose from $40.32 in 1943
to $47.16 in 1944 ( + 17.0 percent).
Table 34, based on the reports of 253 cities over 25,000, shows the
value of property stolen and recovered by type of property for 1943
and 1944. Excluding automobiles the value of stolen property re-
covered in 1944 represents 24.1 percent of that stolen, as compared
with 25.2 percent for the previous year.
82
83
Table 32. — Number of known offenses with divisions as to the nature of the criminal
act, time and place of commission, and value of property stolen, January to Decem-
ber, inclusive, 1943-44,' 254 cities over 25,000 in population; total population,
80,827,991
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Classification
Number of offenses
Percent
1943
1944
change
Rape:
2,019
1,393
2,268
1,358
+12.3
-2.5
Total
3,412
3,626
+6.3
Robbery:
13, 872
3,128
334
86
887
23
958
14, 063
2,724
356
91
916
12
748
+1.4
-13.0
+6.6
+5.8
+3.3
Bank
-47.8
-21.9
Total __ . ...
19,288
18. 910
-2.0
Burglary— breaking or entering:
Residence (dwelling):
Committed during night .. .
28, 508
15, 362
52, 873
4,987
30, 286
15, 238
55, 131
4,827
+6.2
-.8
Nonresidence (store, office, etc.):
Committed during night .
+4.3
-3.2
Total
101, 730
105, 482
+3.7
Larceny — theft (except auto theft) (grouped according to value of
article stolen):
$50 and over .... ..
41, 238
175, 402
46, 090
50, 675
173, 730
40,580
+22.9
$5 to $50. . .
-1.0
Under$5. .
-12.0
Total
262, 730
264, 985
+.9
Larceny — theft (grouped as to type of offense) :
Pocket-picking. ...
5,554
7,915
8,697
35, 508
21, 228
58, 269
125, 559
5,645
7,784
7,572
38, 680
29, 801
49. 692
125,811
+ 1.6
-1.7
Shoplifting. . _
-12.9
+8.9
+40.4
Bicycles
-14.7
All others •_
+.2
Total.. .
262, 730
264, 985
+.9
Table 33. — Value of property stolen, by type of crime, January to December, in-
clusive, 1948-44; 254 cities over 25,000; total population, 30,827,991
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Number of offenses
Value of property stolen
Average value per
offense
Classification
1943
1944
Per-
cent
change
1943
1944
Per-
cent
change
1943
1944
Per-
cent
change
Robbery
Burglary
Larceny— theft .
Auto theft
19,288
101,730
262, 730
67, 874
18, 910
105, 482
264, 985
71, 238
-2.0
+3.7
+0.9
+5.0
$1,818,074.21
7, 939, 595. 80
10, 594, 313. 89
34, 704, 192. 84
$2, 131, 978. 96
10, 752, 013. 97
12, 496, 092. 10
41, 476, 648. 61
+ 17.3
+35.4
+18.0
+ 19.5
$94. 26
78.05
40.32
511.30
$112. 74
101.93
47.16
582. 23
+19.6
+30.6
+17.0
+13.9
Total
451, 622
460, 615
+2.0
55, 056, 176. 74
66, 856, 733. 64
+21.4
121.91
145. 15
+19.1
84
85
Table 34. — Value of property stolen and value of property recovered by type of
property, January to December, inclusive, 1943-44; %o8 cities over 25,000; total
population, 30,795,500
[Population
figures from 1940 decenn
ial census]
1943
1944
Type of property
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
property
recovered
Percent
recov-
ered
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
property
recovered
Percent
recov-
ered
Currency, notes, etc
Jewelry and precious
metals
Furs _.
$6, 717, 128. 59
3, 773, 842. 55
783, 604. 26
1, 961, 373. 24
34, 676, 053. 87
7, 087, 807. 72
$1,113,921.60
1, 024, 390. 42
117, 439. 17
485, 042. 69
33,029,153.88
2, 378, 233. 75
16.6
27.1
15.0
24.7
95. 3
33.6
$8, 597, 998. 73
4, 555, 380. 61
1, 168, 632. 22
2, 473, 608. 18
41, 693, 795. 73
8, 567, 529. 18
$1, 491, 688. 74
1.119.556.09
129, 573. 31
613, 383. 90
40. 259. 199. 07
2, 763, 333. 70
17.3
24.6
24.8
96.6
32.3
Locally stolen automo-
Total_.__
54, 999, 810. 23
38,148,181.51
69.4
67, 056, 944. 65
46, 376, 734. 81
69.2
Rural Crime Trends, 1943-44.
Under the system of uniform crime reporting, urban crimes are
tabulated separately from rural crimes. The preceding compilations
in this publication deal solely with urban crimes, which are generally
those reported by the police departments of cities with population
in excess of 2,500. In table 35 are presented available data regarding
rural crimes during 1943 and 1944. As indicated in the table, the
data are not based on reports of identical agencies for both years.
However, the combined population represented by the reporting
agencies for each year is in excess of 28,500,000, and therefore it is
believed the figures reflecting offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
represent general trends in rural crimes.
The data in table 35 disclose that rural murders and rapes de-
creased in 1944, whereas compilations of urban crimes, presented
elsewhere in this publication, reflect increases for those types of
crimes. On the other hand, rural robberies were up 1.7 percent,
while urban robberies declined 2.1 percent. Similarly, the rural
larceny rate showed a slight increase amounting to 1.7 percent,
whereas urban larcenies registered a slight decrease. For offenses
of negligent manslaughter, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto
theft the trend of both rural and urban crime figures was upwards
in 1944 .
The 1944 rural crime rates shown in table 35 are for all offenses
lower than the national average for urban crimes appearing in table
25. However, it is interesting to note that the rural rates for murder,
negligent manslaughter, and rape are in excess of the corresponding
rates shown in table 25 for the group VI urban communities, those
with population from 2,500 to 10,000.
Generally, rural crime rates for offenses against the person (murder,
manslaughter, rape, and aggravated assault) are not as much below the
86
national average for urban crimes as are the figures for offenses
against property. In this connection, however, it should be noted
that some incompleteness may exist in the rural reporting of the
less serious crimes. Some of the rural agencies whose reports are
included in table 35 listed very few crimes, and it is probable that
some of the reports are based on arrest records rather than on a
record of all offenses reported to rural law enforcement agencies.
For that reason, the rural crime figures presented in table 35 should
generally be considered as conservative.
Table 35.- — Offenses known, rural areas, number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants,
January to December, inclusive 1948-44-
[1943 figures based on reports of 1,260 sheriffs, 87 rural village officers, and 10 State police organizations,
representing a combined population of 28,695,188; 1944 figures based on reports of 1,351 sheriffs, 86 rural
village officers, and 10 State police organizations, representing a combined population of 29,938,044. Pop-
ulation figures from 1940 decennial census.]
Offense
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
Number of offen-
Rate per 100,000
ses
inhabitants
1943
1944
1943
1944
1,180
1,195
4.11
3.99
859
904
2.99
3.02
2,532
2,617
8.82
8.74
3,289
3,496
11.5
11.7
6,537
6,889
22.8
23.0
26, 224
27, 987
91.4
93.5
43, 485
46, 131
151.5
154.1
12,668
15, 741
44.1
52.6
Percent
change
in rates
-2.9
+1.0
-.9
+1.7
+.9
+2.3
+1.7
+19.3
Offenses Known in Territories and Possessions of the United States.
The available data concerning crimes committed in Territories and
possessions of the United States are presented in table 36. Included
are the figures for the First Judicial District of Alaska, Honolulu City,
and the County of Honolulu in the Territory of Hawaii. The tabu-
lation is based on offenses reported monthly by law enforcement
officers policing both the rural and urban areas, except that the data
for Honolulu City have been segregated from the figures for Honolulu
County.
Table 36. — Number of offenses known in United States Territories and possessions,
January to December, inclusive, 1944-
[Population figures from 1910 decennial census]
Murder,
lionnrg-
ligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or en-
tering
Larceny — theft
Auto
theft
J urisdicl inn reporting
Over
$50
Under
$50
Alaska:
Firsl judicial division
(Juneau), population,
25,241; number 01 offenses
known
Hawaii:
Honolulu Citj , populati
179,35s; number of of-
fenses known . „
Honolulu County, popula-
tion, 78,898; number of
2
13
5
2
11
4
87
21
12
856
207
25
429
38
23
1,637
159
6
sis
48
87
Pn
Estimated Number of Major Crimes in the United States, 1943-44.
With the passing of each hour during 1944 more than 158 serious
crimes were reported to local police authorities in the United States.
Each day on the average brought 28 felonious killings, 30 rapes, 150
aggravated assaults and left 120 persons robbed, 555 with their auto-
mobiles stolen, and the homes or business places of 749 others burglar-
ized. In addition, 2,176 larcenies occurred during the average day,
until by the end of the year an estimated 1,393,655 major crimes
were registered.
The estimates for both years are based on monthly crime reports
received from approximately 2,100 cities representing a combined
population in excess of 65,500,000. Table 37 presents the data for
separate offense classes for each of the years 1943 and 1944, together
with the percentage change.
The figures show a general rise in crimes against the person, while
two of the property crimes, burglary and auto theft, show increases
and two others, robbery and larceny, show decreases. As a group,
property crimes remained practically unchanged in frequency from
1943 to 1944; however, as indicated in table 33, an increase of over
19 percent is observed in the average value of property stolen per
offense.
The larceny classification includes many thefts involving property
of small value; on the other hand, the estimated total of major crimes
does not include many miscellaneous offenses of a serious nature such
as embezzlement, fraud, forgery, counterfeiting, arson, receiving stolen
property, drug violations, carrying concealed weapons, etc. It is,
therefore, believed that the estimated totals as set out in table 37
are conservative.
Table 37. — Estimated number of major crimes in the United States, 1943-44
Offense
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault ...
Burglary —
Larceny
Auto theft -
Total
Number of offenses
6,
3,
10,
45,
49,
271,
MIC.
1ST.
1,381,681
Change
6,552
3,783
10,915
B.804
54,841
274, 134
796, 590
203,036
Number Percent
1, 393, 655
+35
+319
+181
— 1 , 404
+5, 103
+2, 250
-9, 735
+15,285
+11,974
+0.5
+9.2
+1.7
-3.2
+ 10.3
+.8
-1.2
+8.1
+.9
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DATA COMPILED FROM FINGERPRINT RECORDS
Source of Data.
During the 1944 calendar year the FBI examined 488,979 arrest
records, as evidenced by fingerprint cards, in order to obtain data
concerning the age, sex, race, and previous criminal history of the
persons represented. The compilation has been limited to instances
of arrests for violations of State laws and municipal ordinances. In
other words, fingerprint cards representing arrests for violations of
Federal laws or representing commitments to any type of penal insti-
tution have been excluded from this tabulation.
The number of fingerprint records examined was slightly smaller
than the 490,764 examined in 1943. The tabulation of data from
fingerprint cards obviously does not include all persons arrested,
since there are individuals taken into custody for whom no fingerprint
cards are forwarded to Washington. Furthermore, data pertaining
to persons arrested should not be treated as information regarding
the number of offenses committed, since two or more persons may be
involved in the joint commission of a single offense, and on the other
hand one person may be arrested and charged with the commission
of several separate crimes.
Offense Charged.
Arrests for major violations were represented by more than 37
percent (183,749) of the records examined during 1944. Persons
charged with murder, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, or auto
theft numbered 136,901, constituting 28 percent of the total arrest
records examined.
Sex.
Arrests of males during 1944 numbered 405,379, a 1.5 percent de-
crease from the 411,642 arrested and fingerprinted during 1943. On
the other hand, female arrest records increased 5.7 percent, from
79,122 during 1943 to 83,600 in 1944.
It may be noted generally that although the total male arrests de-
creased 1.5 percent in 1944, increases were shown for most of the major
offense classes with decreases in arrests for minor violations. On the
other hand, female arrests, with an over-all increase of 5.7 percent,
showed increases not only for major violations but also for most of
the less serious infractions. This is illustrated by the following
(90)
91
figures reflecting some of the changes in the arrests of males and
females of all ages during 1944 as compared with 1943:
Offense
Murder and manslaughter
Robbery ~
Assault
Burglary
Larceny
Auto theft
Percent change
Male
Female
+1.8
+3.1
+5.6
+5.0
+0.8
+24.0
+1.5
+8.0
+ 14.7
+ 10.4
+8.1
+36.3
Offense
Embezzlement and fraud.
Driving while intoxicated
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Percent change
Male Female
+6.2
-4.2
-2.3
-7.8
-9.7
+4.5
+ 14.8
+19.6
+10.4
-15.0
The number and percentage of arrests by sex during 1944 are pre-
sented in table 38.
Table 38. — Distribution of arrests by sex, Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1944
Offense charged
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice_
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children. _
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws. .
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling ...
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses
Total
Number
Total Male Female
4,769
11,189
36, 984
25, 022
45, 361
13, 576
8,131
2,526
583
3, 958
6,028
10, 787
,11,532
1,731
6,101
8,132
7,625
17,790
4,643
71
4,527
36, 399
104, 487
30, 972
14, 387
36, 883
3,689
31, 096
488, 979
4,142
10, 567
32, 332
24, 207
37, 909
13, 249
7,073
2,257
520
3,362
6,028
3,155
8,264
1,491
5,701
7,467
6,228
16, 772
4,509
70
4,339
26, 004
91,531
20, 553
13, 098
29, 864
2,677
22, 010
405, 379
627
622
4,652
815
7,452
327
1,058
269
63
596
7,632
3,268
240
400
665
1,397
1,018
134
1
188
10, 395
12, 956
10,419
1.289
7,019
1,012
Percent
Total Male Female
1.0
2.3
7.6
5. 1
9.3
2.8
1.7
.5
. 1
.8
1.2
2.2
2.4
.4
(')
.9
7.4
21.4
6.3
2.9
7.5
.8
6.4
1.0
2.6
8.0
6.0
9.4
3.3
1.7
.(<
. 1
.8
1.5
.8
2.0
.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
4.1
1. 1
(')
1.1
6.4
22.6
5. 1
3.2
7.4
. 7
5.4
100.0
5.6
1.0
8.9
.4
1.3
.3
. 1
9. 1
3.9
.3
.5
.8
1.7
1.2
.2
.2
12.4
15.5
12.5
1.5
8.4
1.2
10.9
100.0
1 Less than 1/10 of 1 percent.
Age.
Males and females under 21 years of age arrested and fingerprinted
during 1944 numbered 107,762, which amounts to 22.0 percent of
the total arrests. Those between the ages of 21 and 24 numbered
68,666 (14.0 percent), making a total of 176,428 (36.1 percent) less
than 25 years old. It should be remembered that the number of
arrest records is doubtless incomplete in the lower age groups because
92
of the practice of some jurisdictions not to fingerprint youthful
offenders.
The 1944 figures show that youths continue to play a predominant
part in the commission of crimes against property. The portion of
offenses committed by males and females under 21 is shown by the
following figures: Robbery, 34.5 percent; burglary, 51.8 percent;
larceny, 35.4 percent; and auto theft, 63.1 percent. In 1944, persons
of all ages arrested for robbery, burglary, larceny, auto theft, embezzle-
ment, fraud, forgery, counterfeiting, receiving stolen property, and
arson numbered 110,346; and 44,286 (40.1 percent) of them were less
than 21 years old.
For males and females combined, the figures for the groups in which
the largest number of arrests occurred during 1 944 are as follows :
Age
Number of
Arrests
17
18
19
21
22
23, 753
23, 749
2(1, 134
18, 276
17, 739
For males and females combined, arrests of those under 21 years
of age decreased from 112,281 in 1943 to 107,762 in 1944 (-4.0 per-
cent). Arrests of persons in the 18-20 age group decreased 5.2
percent, while arrests of persons less than 18 years old declined 2.5
percent.
Figures for the separate sexes show different trends in certain age
groups. Boy arrests under 18 decreased 1.8 percent and girl arrests
under 18 decreased 7.1 percent. On the other hand, whereas boy
arrests in the 18-20 age bracket decreased 8.5 percent, girl arrests in
this age group increased 4.9 percent.
As in 1943, age 17 predominated in the frequency distribution of
male arrests during 1944. Age 18 was second in the frequency of
arrests. Arrests during 1944 of males under 18 years of age increased
18.1 percent for murder, 15.7 percent for assault, and 19.8 percent for
auto theft as compared with 1943.
Female arrests in 1944 occurred most frequently at age 19, followed
by age 18. The figures for girls under 21 years of age disclose a 1.5
percent increase, from 22,292 in 1943 to 22,636 in 1944.
Although arrests of juveniles showed a moderate decrease in 1944,
the situation as to juvenile delinquency is far from being as good as
93
94
it was before the war. This is most clearly revealed by a comparison
of 1941 and 1944 data as follows:
Males
Females
Age
1941
1944
Percent
change
1941
1944
Percent
change
Under 18.
34, 408
66,689
101,097
40, 892
44, 234
85, 126
+18.8
-33.7
-15.8
2,662
7.013
9, 675
5,798
16,838
22,636
+117.8
18-20
+140.1
Under 21__
+134.0
The foregoing figures indicate quite clearly that we have an abnormally
high level of juvenile delinquency, that the moderate reduction in
1944 is in effect a "leveling off" of a previously sharply ascending
crime curve, and that the main job of reducing delinquency still
remains to be accomplished. Until the amount of delinquency on
the part of youths is reduced at least to pre-war levels, we will continue
to have a situation constituting a grave threat to the future strength
of our Nation. Effective community-wide delinquency prevention
programs continue to be an urgent need.
95
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Table 40. — Number and percentage of arrests of persons under 25 years of age,
male and female, Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1944
Offense charged
Criminal homicide. _
Robbery
Assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny— theft
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice .
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children...
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations- _
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws...
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
A 11 other offenses
Total
Total num-
ber of
persons
arrested
4,769
11,189
36, 984
25. 022
45, 361
13, 576
8,131
2,526
583
3,958
6,028
10, 787
11,532
1,731
6,101
8,132
7,625
17, 790
4, 643
71
4,527
36, 399
104, 487
30, 972
14, 387
36, 883
3, 689
31, 096
488, 979
Number
under 21
years of age
663
3,864
4,557
12, 963
16, 053
8,561
1, 120
503
182
1,040
1,884
2,161
1,978
156
1,418
437
592
756
932
7
1.081
6, 968
5,221
9.399
828
11, 950
625
11,863
107, 762
Total num-
ber under
25 years
of age
1,315
6,394
9,577
16, 791
23, 039
10, 987
2, 253
837
240
1,736
2.955
4,617
3, 750
416
2, 367
1,614
1,292
2,103
1,737
16
1,849
13,365
13, 470
15, 370
1,997
18, 262
1,202
16, 877
176, 428
Percentage
under 21
years of age
13.9
34.5
12.3
51.8
35.4
63.1
13.8
19.9
31.2
26. 3
31.3
20.0
17.2
9.0
23.2
5.4
7.8
4.2
20.1
9.9
23.9
19.1
5.0
30.3
5.8
32. 4
16.9
38.1
22.0
27.6
57.1
25.9
67.1
50.8
80.9
27.7
33. 1
41.2
43.9
49. 0
42.8
32.5
24.0
38.8
19.8
16.9
11.8
37.4
22.5
40.8
36.7
12.9
49.6
13.9
49.5
32.6
54.3
36. 1
Criminal Repeaters.
Of the 488,979 arrest records examined, 241,042 (49.3 percent)
represented persons who already had fingerprint records on file in the
Indentification Division of the FBI. For males the percentage with
prior records was 52.8, and for females the percentage was 32.1. These
figures pertain to fingerprint arrest records, and in no way relate to
the civil identification files of the F'BI.
Table 41.-
-Percentage with previous fingerprint records, arrests, male and female,
Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1944
Offense
Narcotic drug laws
Drunkenness
Forgery and counterfeiting
Robbery
Embezzlement and fraud
Vagrancy
Gambling
Burglary— breaking or entering
Liquor laws
Assault
Larceny — theft
Parking violations >
Auto theft
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Percent
74.8
60.7
60.3
59.7
55.7
54.3
50.3
49.6
47.8
47.5
47.3
46.5
44.4
44.3
Offense
Offenses against family and children. .
Other trallic and motor vehicle laws...
Suspicion
All other offenses
Rape
Disorderly conduct
Driving while intoxicated
Prostitution and commercialized vice
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Criminal homicido
Arson
Other sex offenses
Road and driving laws.
Percent
43.7
43.1
43.1
42.7
42.0
41.8
11.2
41.0
39.7
38.9
37.4
37. 3
35.5
1 Only 71 fingerprint cards were received representing arrests for violations of parking regulations.
99
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Race.
Most of the persons represented in this study were members of the
white and Negro races. Including Mexicans, who numbered 17,817,
members of the white race represented 351,609 of the 488,979 arrest
records received, while 129, 322v were Negroes, 6,084 Indians, 554
Chinese, 135 Japanese, and 1,275 were representatives of other races.
Table 42. — Distribution of arrests according to race, male and female, Jan. 1-
Dec. 81, 1944
Offense charged
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice , _
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children . .
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws...
Disorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses
Total
Race
White Negro Indian Chinese
351.609 129,322
2,535
2,187
0,340
4,705
19, 907
16, 608
17, 896
6,880
29, 626
15, 322
11,096
2,337
6,606
1,479
1,644
869
445
128
3,396
521
4,192
1,729
7,155
3,352
9,412
1,952
1,009
517
2,692
3,328
6,688
1,376
3,948
3,620
16, 070
1,504
3,424
1,159
51
19
3,207
1,278
26, 486
9,455
87, 439
14, 118
22, 626
7,703
6,049
8,073
25, 202
11,326
2,759
837
23, 709
6, 940
33
105
240
165
313
113
33
6
8
36
46
235
119
6
27
.60
41
175
30
25
352
,719
530
22
267
71
307
6,084
186
5
1
2
2
7
1
2
14
8
22
134
18
5
41
554
Japa-
nese
135
All
others
Total
all races
10
38
191
66
75
21
7
7
1
5
52
20
40
12
48
7
12
38
10
13
86
189
85
87
47
17
91
1,275
4,769
11,189
36, 984
25, 022
45, 361
13, 576
8,131
2,526
583
3,958
6,028
10, 787
11,532
1,731
6,101
8,132
7,625
17, 790
4,643
71
4,527
36, 399
104, 487
30,972
14,387
36, 883
3,689
31,096
488,979
OFFENSE CLASSIFICATIONS
In order to indicate more clearly the types of offenses included in part I and
part II offenses, there follows a brief definition of each classification:
Part I Offenses.
1. Criminal homicide. — -(a) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter includes all
wilful felonious homicides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence.
Does not include attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths, or
justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides excluded from this classification are
limited to the following types of cases: (1) The killing of a felon by a peace officer
in line of duty; (2) The killing of a hold-up man by a private citizen. (6) Man-
slaughter by negligence includes any death which the police investigation estab-
lishes was primarily attributable to gross negligence on the part of some individual
other than the victim.
2. Rape. — Includes forcible rape, statutory rape (no force used — victim under
age of consent), assault to rape, and attempted rape.
3. Robbery. — -Includes stealing or taking anything of value from the person by
force or violence or by putting in fear, such as strong-arm robbery, stick-ups,
robbery armed. Includes assault to rob and attempt to rob.
4. Aggravated assault. — Includes assault with intent to kill; assault by shooting,
cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisoning, scalding, or by the use of acids. Does not
include simple assault, assault and battery, fighting, etc.
5. Burglary — breaking or entering. — Includes burglary, housebreaking, safe-
cracking, or any unlawful entry to commit a felony or a theft, even though no
force was used to gain entrance. Includes attempts. Burglary followed by
larceny is included in this classification and not counted again as larceny.
6. JLarceny — theft (except auto theft). — (a) Fifty dollars and over in value;
(6) under $50 in value — includes in one of the above subclassifications, depending
upon the value of the property stolen, thefts of bicycles, automobile accessories,
shoplifting, pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article of value which
is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Does not include embezzlement,
"con" games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.
7. Auto theft. — Includes all cases where a motor vehicle is stolen or driven away
and abandoned, including the so-called joy-riding thefts. Does not include taking
for temporary use when actually returned by the taker, or unauthorized use by
those having lawful access to the vehicle.
Part II Offenses.
8. Other assaults. — Includes all assaults and attempted assaults which are not
of an aggravated nature and which do not belong in class 4.
9. Forgery and counterfeiting. — Includes offenses dealing with the making,
altering, uttering, or possessing, with intent to defraud, anything false which is
made to appear true. Includes attempts.
10. Embezzlement and fraud. — Includes all offenses of fraudulent conversion,
embezzlement, and obtaining money or property by false pretensls.
11. Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing. — Includes buying, receiving,
and possessing stolen property as well as attempts to commit any of those
offenses.
(101)
102
12. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. — Includes all violations of regulations
or statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manufac-
turing of deadly weapons or silencers and all attempts to violate such statutes
or regulations.
13. Prostitution and commercialized vice. — Includes sex offenses of a commer-
cialized nature, or attempts to commit the same, such as prostitution, keeping
bawdy house, procuring, transporting, or detaining women for immoral purposes.
14. Sex offenses (except rape and prostitution and commercialized vice). — In-
cludes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes
attempts.
15. Offenses against the family and children. — Includes offenses of nonsupport,
neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.
16. Narcotic drug laws. — Includes offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as
unlawful possession, sale, or use. Excludes Federal offenses.
17. Liquor laws. — With the exception of "drunkenness" (class 18) and "driving
while intoxicated" (class 22), liquor law violations, State or local, are placed in
this class. Excludes Federal violations.
18. Drunkenness. — Includes all offenses of drunkenness or intoxication.
19. Disorderly conduct. — Includes all charges of committing a breach of the
peace.
20. Vagrancy. — Includes such offenses as vagabondage, begging, loitering, etc.
21. Gambling. — Includes offenses of promoting, permitting, or engaging in
gambling.
22. Driving while intoxicated. — Includes driving or operating any motor vehicle
while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
23. Violation of road and driving laws. — Includes violations of regulations with
respect to the proper handling of a motor vehicle to prevent accidents.
24. Parking violations. — Includes violations of parking ordinances.
25. Other violations of traffic and motor vehicle laws. — Includes violations of
State laws and municipal ordinances with regard to traffic and motor vehicles
not otherwise provided for in classes 22-24.
26. All other offenses. — Includes all violations of State or local laws for which
no provision has been made above in classes 1-25.
27. Suspicion. — This classification includes all persons arrested as suspicious
characters, but not in connection with any specific offense, who are released with-
out formal charges being placed against them.
INDEX TO VOLUME XV, UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
[All references are to page numbers]
Age of offenders. (See Arrests.)
Annual crime trends: Page
Cities grouped by size 6-9
Cities grouped by location 61-64
Estimated total number of major crimes, 1943-44 87-89
Rural crime trends 85-86
Arrests — based on fingerprint records 48-51, 90-100
Age of offenders 48-51, 91-99
Race of offenders 51, 100
Recidivism 51, 98
Sex of offenders 48-49,90-91
Automobiles — percentage recovered 17, 81
Classification of offenses 3, 52-53, 57-58, 101-102
Cleared by arrest, offenses 29-33, 38-39, 44-45
By geographic divisions 44-45
Crimes. (See Arrests, estimated number, offenses, persons charged, per-
sons found guilty, and persons released.)
Criminal repeaters. (See Arrests — recidivism.)
Employees, number of police 19-28
Fingerprint records 48-5 1 , 90-100
Monthly variations, offenses known to the police 64-67
Offenses known to the police:
Annual trends 6-9, 61-64
Cities grouped by location 10-13, 68-71
Cities grouped by location and size 13, 71
Cities grouped by size . 4-5, 59-60
Cleared by arrests 29-33, 38-39, 44, 45
Cleared by arrest, geographic divisions 44-47
Divided as to time and place and value of property stolen 17-18, 79-85
Individual cities over 100,000 in population 14-16
Individual cities over 25,000 in population 72-79
Monthly variations 64-67
Rural areas 85-86
Territories and possessions of the United States 86
Persons charged (held for prosecution) 34-4 1
By geographic divisions 44-47
Persons found guilty 38-41
Persons released (not held for prosecution) 4 1-44
Police department employees 19-28
Auxiliary police 22-28
Possessions and Territories of the United States, offenses in 86
Property, value stolen 17-18, 82-85
Property, value stolen and recovered 17-18, 84—85
Prosecution, persons held for. (See Persons charged and persons found
guilty.)
(103)
104
Race of offenders. (See Arrests.)
Recidivism. (See Arrests.) Page
Reporting area, extent of 58
Rural crime data 85-86
Sex of offenders. (See Arrests.)
Sheriffs' reports 85-86
State crime rates. (See Offenses known — cities grouped by location.)
State police reports 85-86
Territories and possessions of the United States, offenses in 86
Trends, annual crime:
Cities grouped by size 6-9
Cities grouped by location 61-64
Value of property stolen 17-18, 82-85
Value of property stolen and recovered 17-18, 84—85
Variations, monthly crime 64-67
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