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UNIFORM
CRIME
REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
ISSUED BY THE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C
Volume XIX
SEMIANNUAL BULLETIN
Number I
1948
UNIFORM
CRIME REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
Volume XIX— Number 1
SEMIANNUAL BULLETIN, 1948
Issued by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Washington, D. C.
ADVISORY
International Association of Chiefs of Police
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1948
Contents
Page
Summary of volume XIX, No. 1 1-2
Classification of offenses 2-3
Monthly reports:
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to population
(table 1) 4-5
Urban crime trends (table 2) 6-7
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to location
(tables 3-5) 7-10
Offenses in individual cities over 100,000 in population (table 6) 11-13
Data from supplementary offense reports (tables 7-9) 13-16
Rural crime rates (table 10) 16, 18
Rural crime trends (table 11) 17-18
Police employee data:
Number of police department employees killed, 1947 (tables 12, 13) __ 19-20
Number of police department employees per 1,000 inhabitants, April
30, 1948, cities grouped by size and location (tables 12, 14) 20-22
Number of police department employees in individual cities, April 30,
1948 (tables 15, 16) 23-47
Annual reports:
Offenses known and offenses cleared by arrest, 1947 — cities divided ac-
cording to population (table 17) 48-52
Persons charged (held for prosecution), 1947 — cities divided according
to population (tables 18, 19) 53-56
Offenses known, offenses cleared, and persons found guilty, 1947, part I
offenses (table 20) 56-59
Persons charged (held for prosecution) and persons found guilty, 1947,
part II offenses (table 21) 56, 58
Persons released (not held for prosecution), 1947 — cities divided ac-
cording to population (tables 22, 23) 60-62
Offenses known, offenses cleared by arrest and persons charged, 1947,
by geographic divisions (tables 24, 25) 62-65
Data compiled from fingerprint cards, 1948:
Sex distribution of persons arrested (table 26) 66-67
Age distribution of persons arrested (tables 27, 28) 66-69
Definition of part I and part II offense classifications 71-72
(II)
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department
of Justice, Washington, D. C.
Volume XIX July 1948 Number 1
SUMMARY
Crime Trends, January— June, 1948
While urban crime declined 1.8 percent during the first 6 months of
1948, the trend in the rural areas was upward, increasing 3.8 percent
compared with the first half of 1947.
For one of the few times in 18 years oft'enses of rape showed a de-
crease^ — 0.4 percent in the urban places and 9.3 percent in the rural
areas. Aggravated assaults rose 4.0 percent in the cities but only 0.2
percent in the rural communities, and larcenies, which were up only 0.6
percent in the urban areas, increased 8.9 percent in the rural sections.
Urban murders declined 2.3 percent during the first half of 1948,
while murders in the rural areas rose 1 .7 percent. Similarly, burglaries
in the urban communities declined 1.9 percent wliile in the rural areas
these oft'enses showed an increase of 5.3 percent.
Other crimes showed decreases in both the urban and rural areas as
follows: Negligent manslaughter, urban 5.7 percent and rural 4.8
percent; robbery, urban 5.6 percent and rural 7.5 percent; and auto
theft, urban 12.7 percent and rural 7.6 percent.
Value of Property Stolen
Hold-up men took an average of $218 per robbery during the first 6
months in 1948, while the loot in the average burglary was $125; in the
average larceny $62; and the average car stolen was valued at $848.
The police recovered 93.8 percent of the stolen cars and 21.5 percent
of other stolen property.
Persons Arrested, January— June, 194$
Of the 377,933 fingerprint arrest records received at the FBI
during the first half of 1948, ages 21, 22, 23, 19, and 20 predominated
in that order. Ten percent (37,803) were females.
Offenses Cleared by Arrest, 1947
The police in 1947 arrested the offender in 800 of each 1,000 crimes
against persons and in 256 of each 1,000 offenses against property.
(1)
For individual crime classes the percentage cleared by arrest was:
Murder, 88.1; negligent manslaughter, 85.5: rape, 76.5; aggravated
assault, 79.6; robbery, 41.1; burglary, 29.2; larceny, 22.4; and auto
theft, 29.2. In each category except murder the clearance rate
improved somewhat over 1946.
Persons Found Guilty, 1947
Over 79 percent of all persons formally charged by the police in
1947 were found guilty by the courts, with the percentage guilty
ranging from 39.4 for negligent manslaughter to 89.0 for driving
while intoxicated. Following the investigation of an average group
of 1,000 major crimes reported to the police in 1947, ultimately 140
persons were convicted in court.
Police Employees Killed, 1947
Sixty-seven city police employees were killed in line of duty during
1947 for a fatality rate of 4.59 per 5,000,000 inhabitants; a much
improved figure, over the 5.64 for 1946, but not as good as the 4.06
recorded for 1945.
Number of Police Employees, April 30, 1948
As of April 30, 1948, police departments in 3,225 urban communities
reported a total of 133,361 employees, or 1.83 for each 1,000 in-
habitants. The figures ranged from 1 .29 in cities with less than 10,000
inhabitants to 2.33 in cities over 250,000.
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES
The term "offenses known to the police" is designed to include those
crimes designated as part I classes of the uniform classification occur-
ring within the police jurisdiction, whether they become known to the
police through reports of police officers, of citizens, of prosecuting or
court officials, or otherwise. They are confined to the following group
of seven classes of grave offenses, shown by experience to be those most
generally and completely reported to the police: Criminal homicide,
including (a) murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and (b) manslaugh-
ter by negligence ; rape ; robbery ; aggravated assault; burglary — break-
ing or entering; larceny — theft; and auto theft. The figures contained
herein include also the number of attempted crimes of the designated
classes. In other words, an attempted burglary or robbery, for ex-
ample, is reported in the bulletin in the same manner as if the crime
had been completed. Attempted murders, however, are reported as
aggravated assaults.
"Offenses known to the police" include, therefore, all of the above
offenses, including attempts, which are reported by the law-enforce-
ment agencies of contributing communities and not merely arrests or
cleared cases. Offenses committed by juveniles are included in the
same manner as those known to have been committed by adults,
regardless of the prosecutive action. Complaints which upon inves-
tigation are learned to be groundless are not included in the tabula-
tions which follow.
In publishing the data sent in by chiefs of police in different cities,
the FBI does not vouch for their accuracy. They are given out as
current information which may throw some light on problems of
crime and criminal-law enforcement.
In compiling the tables, returns which were apparently incomplete
or otherwise defective were excluded.
In the last section of this bulletin may be found brief definitions of
part I and II offense classifications.
MONTHLY REPORTS
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Population
The number of offenses together with the rate per 100,000 inhabit-
ants as reported by city pohce during the first 6 months of 1948 is
presented in table 1. The data are divided into 6 groups of cities
according to size to make possible a comparison of crime rates in a
local community with national averages for cities of comparable popu-
lation. The figures of 2,279 cities representing 67,179,008 inhabitants
are included.
The crime rates in table 1 may be compared generally with those in
a similar tabulation for January-June 1947 (vol. XVIII, No. 1).
Such a comparison reflects only a few increases, most of which are in
the large cities. Cities over 250,000 in population showed increases
in each offense class except robbery and auto theft, while cities from
100,000 to 250,000 had increases in murder, rape, aggravated assault
and larceny. The 50,000 to 100,000 group showed higher rates the
first half of 1948 for negligent manslaughter, rape, and burglary. In
the smaller communities the only increases noted were for rape in cities
with population from 25,000 to 50,000 and for larceny in cities under
10,000.
Crime rates for cities grouped by location may be found in tables 4
and 5.
(4)
Table 1. — Offenses known to the police, January- June 1948; number and rate per
100,000 ijihahitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Population group
TOTAL, GROUP? I-VI
2.279 cities; total population, 67,179,-
008:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
GROUP I
36 cities over 250,000; total popula-
tion, 29,894,166:
Num her of offenses known
' Rate pprlOO.OOO
GROUP II
53 cities, 100,000 to 250,000;
population, 7,557,385:
Xumhor of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
total
GROUP III
105 cities, 50,000 to 100,000; total
population, 7,207,318:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
GROUP IV
209 cities, 25,000 to 50,000; total
population, 7,278,799:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
548 cities, 10,000 to 25,000; total
population, 8,299,178:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
1,328 cities under 10,000; total popu-
lation, 6,942,162:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
Criminal hom-
icide
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
lipent
man-
sLiugh-
ter
1,923
2.86
1,049
3.51
260
3.44
124
1.70
146
1.76
139
2.00
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
1,233
1.91
753
2.52
174
2.30
123
1.71
65
0.78
70
1.01
Rape
4,135
6.16
2,428
8.12
482
6.38
371
5.15
288
278
4.00
Rob-
bery
19, 586
29.2
12, 992
43.5
2,336
30.9
1,481
20.5
1,084
14.9
825
11.9
Aggra-
vated
assault
24, 089
35.9
13,590
45.5
2,614
34.6
2,786
38.7
2,084
28.6
1,737
20.9
1,278
18.4
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
1 116,129
200.9
I 49, 322
240.5
18, 871
249.7
15,220
211.2
12, 391
170.2
11, 530
138.9
8,795
126. 7
Lar-
ceny —
theft
' 277,290
479.8
' 103,993
507.1
43, 511
575. 7
36, 321
503.9
35, 332
485.4
34, 036
410.1
24, 097
347.1
Auto
theft
55, 776
83.0
27, 443
91.8
8,436
111.6
6,002
83.3
5,512
75.7
4,837
58.3
3,546
51.1
I The number of offenses and rate for burglary and larceny-theft are based on reports as follows: Group
I, 34 cities, total population, 20,507,837; groups I-VI, 2,277 cities, total population, 57,792,679.
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Annual Trends, Offenses Known to the Police in Urban Communities
Urban crime the first half of 1948 declined 1.8 percent from the
relatively high figures for the first six months of 1947, based on the
reports of the police in over 2,000 cities representing 88 percent of the
Nation's urban population.
While aggravated assault increased 4.0 percent and larceny, 0.6
percent, decreases were recorded lor all other ofl'ense classes. The
decline in rape, while only 0.4 percent, is significant since it is one of
only a few inteniiptions observed in a steady increase in such crimes
over many years.
The largest decline was registered for auto thefts, 12.7 percent, and
other decreases were as follows: Alurder, 2.3 percent; negligent man-
slaughter, 5.7 percent; robbery, 5.6 percent; and burglary, 1.9 percent.
Table 2. — Urban crime trends, Januarrj-June 1947-48
[Offenses known to the police in 2,094 cities, total population, 66,031,608; based on 1940 decennial census]
Offense
Number of offenses
Januar-yJune
1947
1948
Change
Number Percent
Total
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence _
Rape
Robbery
A ggra vated assault -
Burglary _..
Larceny
Autotheft
512,816
603, 769
-9,047
-1.
1,931
1,341
4,110
20,600
22, 892
120, 931
277, 917
63, 094
1,886
1,264
4,093
19, 447
23, 810
118, 604
279, 562
55, 103
-45
-77
-17
-1, 153
+918
-2,327
+1, 645
-7,991
-2.3
-5.7
-.4
-5.6
+4.0
-1.9
+.6
-12.7
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Location
The amount of crime per unit of population is found to vary con-
siderably among the several States and geographic divisions as would
be expected since the volume of crime depends upon many factors,
some of which are listed on the page immediately preceding table 6 of
this bulletin. Because of these understandable differences in crime
rates the data shown in table 1 have been subdivided according to
location as shown in tables 4 and 5 below.
In examining the crime rates for individual States and geographic
divisions, it should be remembered that in the interest of uniformity
the 1940 decennial census population figures were used in preparing
the data, and in some sections of the country marked changes in the
population of many communities have occurred since 1940.
The mformation presented in tables 1, 4, and 5 is supplemented by
the data in table 3 which mdicates the number of cities used m prepar-
ing the tabulations.
803181°-
Table 3. — Number of cities in each State included in the tabulation of uniform crime
reports, January- June 1948
Total
Population group
Division and State
Over
250,000
100,000 to
250,000
50,000 to
100,000
25,000 to
50,000
10,000 to
25,000
Less than
10,000
Total:
Population, 67,179,008
2,279
36
53
105
209
548
1.328
New England:
Population, 5,891,034
181
2
10
12
36
62
60
24
IS
101
16
14
8
533
3
1
1
8
1
1
8
2
16
2
6
1
37
6
6
41
6
3
g
9
1
7
28
New Hampshire
7
1
3
7
Middle Atlantic:
Population, 19,367,722
6
9
24
139
318
141
166
226
536
1
3
2
8
3
4
2
10
7
6
11
23
15
10
12
68
36
47
56
119
79
New York
96
Pennsylvania
143
East North Central:
Population, 16,511,148
318
Illinois
147
71
104
137
77
258
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
3
2
4
7
4
6
4
2
8
13
10
9
13
13
12
33
14
23
33
16
61
92
Indiana - --
39
63
Ohio
79
45
West North Central:
Population, 5,391,089
6
168
Iowa
62
63
58
43
22
10
10
212
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
1
2
10
16
10
12
7
3
3
50
41
Kansas .
33
2
2
44
2
1
25
1
13
1
1
20
6
6
South Atlantic:
Population, 5,858,744
3
7
16
lie
3
1
32
32
16
45
22
37
24
102
1
2
District of Columbia
1
Florida
3
1
4
4
1
2
4
2
5
2
10
7
8
4
14
4
6
7
22
17
1
1
18
9
North Carolina
1
4
2
3
2
4
22
14
2
21
13
East South Central:
Population, 2,537,928
3
3
60
Alabama
27
33
20
22
144
1
1
2
1
1
3
5
1
1
13
4
4
10
4
37
17
22
Mississippi
8
1
4
3
3
13
West South Central:
Population, 4,005,450
9
78
Arkansas
15
22
34
78
102
1
1
1
3
2
7
7
4
4
11
18
19
9
1
__
1
13
Oklahoma
2
1
1
19
Texas
Mountain:
Population, 1,466,225
7
2
37
72
12
20
19
16
3
11
18
7
211
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
1
5
5
2
12
13
11
3
1
1
2
2
3
39
8
Utah _ .
1
11
Wyoming
4
Pacific:
Population, 6,149,668
5
6
7
17
138
California. .-- ._-
163
25
33
3
1
1
3
7
13 29
98
1
3
5
5
18
Washington _
2
22
9
Table 4. — N^trnber of offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, Jarmarii-
June 1948, by geographic divisions and States
[Based on 1940 deccnninl census]
Division and State
Total.
New Encland-
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts^-.
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island
Vermont
Middle Atlantic
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania...
East North Central.
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan..
Ohio
Wisconsin.
West North Central.
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota...
South Dakota. _.
South Atlantic'
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Virginia
West Virginia...
East South Central.
Alabama
Kentucky..
Mississippi.
Tennessee . .
West South Central.
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Mountain..
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico.
Utah
Wyoming
Pacific.
California
Oregon
Washington.
Murder,
noniiceli-
gent man-
slaughter
2.86
1.34
1.45
1.32
1.74
1.72
2.39
3.00
2.43
1.98
2.59
.56
2.02
.82
2.24
.46
4.01
1.96
.82
6.81
.83
6.41
13.20
5.74
6.70
6.05
7.07
2.89
9.54
12. 62
6.29
4.77
11.62
5.54
5.45
4.81
2.14
6.80
2.46
3.85
2.74
8.71
6.23
1.12
1.40
2.55
2.82
2.01
1.40
Robbery
27.7
6.3
9.3
.8
6.2
2.9
13.6
14.3
9.3
21.5
39.3
58.4
26.2
44.2
29.7
4.0
18.3
6.2
17.0
16.4
30.4
13.3
5.7
4.8
39.3
28.2
59.8
25.2
24.0
19.7
22.1
37.8
21.5
34.9
24.6
56.9
13.7
32.1
25.2
21.8
27.6
19.3
26.4
38.7
56.5
57.3
19.6
20.1
31.9
16.6
19.8
37.7
52.5
75.4
39.2
49.0
Aggra-
vated
assault
6.6
14.2
5.7
4.3
1.5
11.4
16.3
21.6
15.7
15.0
28.1
23.7
24.5
56.6
22.4
3.5
28.9
3.9
13.5
4.6
75,5
12.4
3.3
3.8
120.4
7.5
81.9
82.3
58.7
241.9
59.3
114.1
18.1
80.0
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or enter-
ing
1200.9
127.4
154.5
146.3
118.7
76.0
154.7
85.4
156.2
3 lOO. 5
< 104. 8
173.9
154.6
227.9
223.2
176.9
70.5
174.3
131.2
202.
136.7
232.1
143.9
109.8
115.2
268.3
Lar-
ceny-
theft
1 479. 8
274.2
337. 1
329. 4
254. 9
191.4
28K. 7
373. 4
' 237. 3
265. 3
1 266. 1
I 189. 2
421.2
422.6
125.9
60.4
73.8
62.6
56.5
78.0
54.3
26.1
63.8
22.3
44.9
17.9
13.5
25.7
40.6
45.7
9.3
26.5
43.3
223.9
504.9
222.1
130.9
229.5
226.2
293.5
143.2
257.7
289.9
316.8
200.5
203.4
261.1
210.9
162.6
257.4
303.5
316.7
51.0
30.5
7.8
397.2
374. 9
263.8
152.5
275.7
325. 1
296.6
219.2
346.8
333.2
369.1
408.
498. 2
389. 1
391.5
529. 9
422. 1
496. 2
604.0
5.38. 1
966. 9
506. 3
325. 7
447.3
652.1
756.3
252.6
401.4
410.3
470. 6
391.5
334.7
614.8
433. 6
381.6
595.0
724.6
873.5
1,247.3
785.4
1,011.8
709.3
745.8
784.2
935.4
730.2
1,010.0
1,031.6
953.3
922.2
Auto
theft
83.0
62.5
57.7
65.5
67.4
29.0
54.3
56.4
56.7
51.4
62.3
48.2
68.9
255.5
51.5
532. 7
117.4
607.9
76.4
448.8
73.9
402. 5
46.8
65.2
56.4
71.0
56.4
69.4
84.1
67.2
60.5
116.6
98.7
148.6
105.0
120.2
96.5
108.2
132.7
65.6
127.0
103.7
176.1
68.7
125.5
106.5
76.3
111.3
89.3
112.9
122.7
232.9
102.9
122.4
71.4
116.1
177.6
110.4
113.1
164.3
165. 6
122.9
181.5
1 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 2,277 cities with a total population of
57,792,679.
■ The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 531 cities with a total poi)ulation of
3 The rates for burglary and larceny are ba.sed on reports of 165 cities.
< The rates for burglary and larceny arc based on reports of 225 cities,
« Includes the report of the District of Columbia.
10
Table 5.- — N^imber oj offenses known to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, January-
June 1948, by geographic divisions and population groups
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Division and group
Murder,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
entering
Larceny,
theft
Total.
New England
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Middle Atlantic
Group I
Group II-.
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
East North Central..
Group I..
Group II.-
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
West North Central.
Group I
Group II
Group III-
Group IV..
Group V
Group VI
South Atlantic *
Group I_. .-
Group II
Group III.-
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
East South Central..
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
West South Central.
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Mountain
Group I
Group II..
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI..
Pacific
Group I...
Group II-.
Group III.
Group IV.
Group V_..
Group VI.
2.86
1.66
.66
.34
.56
.79
2.21
1.08
.98
1.08
.96
.55
2.39
3.45
2.76
1.55
1.29
.95
.72
2.02
3.31
2.36
2.00
.51
1.11
.36
6.81
7 45
7 77
7 15
4.53
,5.56
6.77
9.54
8.30
16.21
9.26
5.24
8.39
10.33
5.54
8.27
4.20
6.10
2 32
3.35
3.25
2.46
4.03
1.70
3.66
.38
3.01
2.55
3.24
1.99
1.85
1.27
1.81
2.17
29.2
35.
1 200. 9
I 479. 8
8.3
127 4
274.2
19.0
9.1
6.5
5.8
2.9
2.6
13.6
12.3
9.9
5.7
3.3
2.6
2.4
16.3
114.7
182.1
119.3
118.3
89.2
113.3
2 117.3
250.2
365.5
313.4
257 4
192.6
187
: 237. 3
17.5
10.9
11.2
5.3
8.1
4.4
39.3
19.7
13.2
15.9
11.7
10.9
6.7
28.1
3 149. 7
137.7
143.2
115.1
91.3
73.3
173.9
3 253. 5
272.2
257 5
299.4
218.1
148.8
421.2
60.8
42.7
23.3
14.7
11.7
9.2
18.3
41.1
41>2
19.2
10.7
8.9
5.8
28.9
198.1
222.8
194.2
137 7
116.3
104.0
174.3
401.1
585.1
492.4
454.5
408. 5
276.4
422.6
31.9
16.1
15.8
9.8
4.8
8.1
39.3
65.2
16.1
7 8
4.5
3.3
5.9
120.4
230.4
204.3
207 6
127 8
105.8
87.9
268.3
406.2
581.8
614.7
417 9
369. 4
255.7
604.0
56.4
70.1
24.1
23.1
9.5
16.2
34.9
155.9
102.0
111.1
121.8
104.3
76. 1
80.0
244.1
449.3
246.3
269.9
200.8
154.3
257.7
56.6
29.5
27.1
30.2
15.3
13.3
25.2
91.7
37 8
115.3
121.5
76.6
28.7
56.6
316.1
254.0
323.6
199.5
220.9
135.3
261.1
36.8
24.0
28.5
15.3
8.9
13.3
38.7
71.0
39.3
66.5
54.6
23.1
58.1
22.3
316.6
333.8
279.2
232. 2
149.0
1.30.
316.7
84.1
18.0
45.9
25.2
17 4
29.3
8.7
5.3
73.1
29.3
17 7
23.5
43.3
499.1
320.8
432.9
275.7
233. 5
204.5
348.8
97.2
50.2
46.4
38.4
.34.7
29.9
63.4
28.5
28.3
20.5
17 5
19.1
369.5
309.8
381.0
335. 9
356.9
281.1
573.6
872.7
596. 4
695.1
463.6
320.0
401.4
507
321.0
391.2
454.8
408.9
144.3
614.8
680.3
832.1
677
635.6
406.4
277.8
873.5
819.4
799.7
1,093.8
1,108.3
1,024.0
613.5
1, 010.
938.0
958. 9
1, 086. 1
971.2
1. 270. 6
1, 146. 3
I The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 2,277 cities with a total population of
67,792,679.
» The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 531 cities with a total population of 9,981,393.
3 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 4 cities.
* Includes the report of the District of Columbia.
11
Offenses in Individual Cities With More Than 100,000 Inhabitants
The number of offenses reported as hav^ing been committed during
the period of January-June 1948 is shown in tabk> 6. The compilation
inchides the reports received from police departments in cities with
more than 100,000 inhabitants. Police administrators and other
interested individuals will probably find it desirable to compare the
crime rates of their cities with the average rates shown in tables 1
and 5 of this publication. Similarly, they will doubtless desire to
make comparisons with the figures for their communities for prior
periods, in order to determine whether there has been an increase or a
decrease in the amount of crime committed.
Caution should be exercised in comparing crime data for individual
cities, because differences in the figures may be due to a variety of
factors. The amount of crime committed in a community is not solely
chargeable to the police but is rather a charge against the entire com-
munity. The following is a list of some of the factors which might
affect the amount of crime in a community:
Population of the city and metropolitan area adjacent thereto.
The composition of the population with reference particularly to
age, sex, and race.
The economic status and activities of the population.
Climate.
Educational, recreational, and religious facilities.
The number of police employees per unit of population.
The standards governing appointments to the police force.
The policies of the prosecuting officials and the courts.
The attitude of the public toward law-enforcement problems.
The degree of efficiency of the local law-enforcement agency.
It should be remembered that the war brought about marked
changes in some of the foregoing factors in many communities.
In comparing crime rates, it is generally more important to determine
whether the figures for a given conun unity show increases or decreases
in the amount of crime committed than to ascertain whether the
figures are above or below those of some other connnunity.
12
Table 6.^ — Number of offenses known to the police, January-June 1948, cities over
100,000 in population
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
City
Boston, Mass
Bridgeport, Conn.
Buffalo, N.Y
Cambridge, Mass.
Camden, N. J
Canton, Ohio
Charlotte, N. C
Chattanooga, Term.
Chicago, 111
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio..
Columbus, Ohio-
Dallas, Tex
Dayton, Ohio
Denver, Colo
Des Moines, Iowa.
Detroit, Mich
Duluth, Minn
Elizabeth, N.J
Erie, Pa
Fall River, Mass.
Flint, Mich .,
Fort Wavne, Ind.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Gary, Ind
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Hartford, Conn
Honolulu, T. H
Houston, Tex
Indianapolis, Ind
Jacksonville, Fla —
Jersey City, N. J —
Kansas City, Kans.
Kansas City, Mo...
Knoxville, Tenn...
Long Beach, Calif-
Los Angeles, Calif-
Louisville, Ky
Lowell, Mass
Memphis, Tenn...
Miami, Fla
Milwaukee, Wis
Miimeapolis, Minn.
Nashville, Tenn
Newark, N. J
New Bedford, Mass.
New Haven, Conn..
New Orleans, La
New York, N.Y.2..
Norfolk, Va
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Akron, Ohio
Albany, N.Y
Atlanta, Qa
Baltimore, Md
Birmingham, Ala.
Oakland, Calif
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr
Paterson, N. J
Peoria, 111
1
1
1
12
21
140
24
31
7
30
13
13
3
45
1
25
155
16
Bur-
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
150
47
480
5
14
96
125
411
945
228
566
1,128
91
230
987
175
95
609
11
7
196
71
102
708
8
119
43
33
257
30
56
194
31
233
299
47
54
313
2,791
957
5, 733
172
130
1,040
259
184
1,098
167
87
1,057
120
272
1, 268
134
166
570
271
28
1,609
3
7
468
1,206
1,581
4,479
15
51
13
12
125
, 16
18
163
8
4
124
46
102
445
11
33
193
28
66
536
80
57
257
22
12
328
31
74
474
21
24
554
113
108
1,600
135
154
1,166
123
38
848
Larceny — theft
344
92
657
779
549
674
193
398
92
154
126
111
(1)
3,359
517
302
928
347
197
703
107
1,252
88
96
59
90
257
111
149
216
121
209
191
468
571
534
Complete data not received
1,058
158
1,289
1,876
794
1,063
406
1,371
171
192
375
370
204
3,951
1,433
4,015
785
3.146
1,146
1,939
666
8,979
565
277
320
258
871
496
1,470
510
941
619
1,110
2,260
1,580
922
48
45
265
163
389
157
237
773
623
1,383
23
31
299
178
246
116
120
648
(0
1,342
1,689
1,324
5,476
6,064
8,376
277
257
1,404
862
1,075
3
2
73
60
166
130
320
386
325
897
266
260
1,438
782
1,081
26
42
298
476
1,844
133
14
704
463
1,251
50
69
422
228
451
164
235
981
574
828
12
5
298
96
471
8
21
395
117
571
191
277
859
773
1,015
848
1,306
1,498
(')
3,661
145
214
685
489
751
250
191
1,334
264
2,685
57
75
629
119
1,472
42
44
332
342
977
25
33
378
44
149
66
57
309
126
522
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table 6. — Number oj offenses known to the police, January-June 1948, cities over
100,000 in population — Continued
City
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
lipent
nian-
slaiijih-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny — theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Auto
theft
Philadelphia, Pa-
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Portland, Oreg...
Providence, R. I.
Reading, Pa
Richmond, Va
Rochester, N. Y...
Sacramento, Calif.
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn. A.
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Antonio, Tex
San Diego. Calif
San Francisco, Calif.. .
Scran ton, Pa
Seattle, Wash
Somorville, Mass..
South Bend, Ind..
Spokane, Wash...
Springfield, Mass.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Tacoma, Wash..
Tampa, Fla
Toledo, Ohio....
Trenton, N. J...
Tulsa, Okla
Utica, N. Y
Washington, D. C.
Wichita, Kans
Wilmington, Del...
Worcester, Mass
Yonkers, N. Y
Youngstown, Ohio.
564
339
172
20
399
170
134
31
2,306
1,070
1,234
566
928
461
205
Only 4 months received
750
612
2, 266
621
66
183
605
513
1,642
9
33
239
164
667
84
24
366
399
1,054
291
1,010
2,433
(')
2,950
56
40
688
160
1,276
27
8
481
248
951
102
356
793
247
1, 4.56
53
40
399
551
1,147
651
293
1,713
743
4,896
12
13
115
37
183
264
33
1.753
710
2, 523
11
5
178
36
151
31
48
270
175
557
58
4
356
151
1,147
1
12
172
93
388
11
6
280
225
566
43
13
413
181
787
40
88
378
219
727
59
116
810
427
1,335
47
29
218
105
250
41
65
585
399
753
3
3
89
64
265
676
1,867
2,381
1,007
4,858
8
20
357
1.36
763
33
8
260
152
472
31
4
443
207
567
3
27
155
98
299
63
34
260
116
418
704
757
393
205
346
232
206
750
134
171
329
415
1,228
72
938
60
144
148
101
152
167
136
276
60
179
58
832
98
118
207
43
149
• Larcencies not separately reported. Figure listed includes both major and minor larcencies.
2 Figures include offenses committed by juveniles; this is in accord with the uniform reporting procedure
followed by other cities.
Supplement to Return A Data
The monthly return A form prepared by all contributors provides
basic information on the number of crimes occurring for each of the
Part I crime classes. Police in cities of 25,000 and over population
also forward the Supplement to Return A each month. This form
furnishes details concerning specific types of criminal activity within
the mam crime classes and also reflects the value of property stolen
and the value of stolen property recovered by the police. \^ith the
exception of the rape classification, the supplement form deals with
crimes against property.
Young gu'ls were victims in at least 1,254 crimes of rape durmg
January-June 1948 in the 355 reportmg cities represented in table 7.
Thus, 44 percent of the 2,848 offenses of rape were statutory in nature
(no force used — victim under age of consent). The balance, 1,594,
(56 percent) represent forcible criminal assaults.
14
Victims were assaulted by force, weapons or threats iii the 15,680
robberies reported by these cities and ahnost 64 percent (9,953) of
these hold-ups and strong-arm robberies occurred on sidewalks, streets,
and other public highways. Business houses, including oil stations,
chain stores, and banks were the victims of 4,332 (almost 28 percent)
of the robberies.
Of the 90,214 burglaries in these cities, 73,528 (81.5 percent) occurred
at night. Suice business and other nonresidence places generally are
occupied during the day they were victimized m only 34.8 percent of
the 16,686 daylight burglaries. Residence burglaries represent only
37.6 percent (33,926) of the total burglaries while the balance, 62.4
percent (56,288), were those of stores and other nom^esidenccstructures.
Of the 202,140 larcenies, 7,340 were thefts from the person involving
pocket-picking and purse-snatching. While numerically small as
compared to the total larceny figure, these thefts fall short of the
robbery classification only because of the lack of the element of force.
Thefts of accessories and other articles from automobiles occurred
in 68,932 instances or 34.1 percent of the thefts. Over 29,000 bicycles
were stolen and although these represented less than 15 percent of
the thefts, such crimes present a major problem to the police.
The police may further analyze the theft problem by value of
property stolen. Almost 25 percent of the 202,140 thefts involved
property valued at $50 and over, and over 61 percent (124,432) of
the thefts involved property valued at $5 to $50 while the property
stolen was valued at less than $5 in only 14 percent of the cases.
During the first 6 months of this year, 38,427 automobiles were
stolen m the cities represented in table 7 and the police recovered
36,032 or 93.8 percent.
The value of property stolen, by type of crime, is shown in table 8
and the value of property stolen and property recovered, by type of
property, is reflected in table 9. Complete data were not included
in the reports of all 355 cities represented in table 7. However,
table 8 includes information for 346 of these cities while table 9
covers 339 of the cities.
15
Table 7. — Number of known offenses by nature of criminal act, time and place of
commission, and value of property stolen, January-June 1948 •
[Based on reports of 355 cities over 25,000 in i)oi)ulation; total population, 40,619,453, according to
1940 decennial census]
Classification
Rape:
Total -- -
Forcible - --- - -
Statutory
Robbery:
Total - ----
Highway -
rommercial house
Oil station
Chain store -.-
Residence
Bank .--
Miscellaneous
Burglary— breaking or entering:
Total
Residence (dwelling):
Committed during night
Committed during day
Nonresidcnce (store, office, etc.):
Committed during night
Committed during day
Larceny-theft (except auto theft) (grouped according to value of article
stolen):
Total
$50 and over
$5 to $50
Under $5 -.
Larceny-theft (grouped as to type of offense) :
Total—
Pocket-picking
Purse-snatching
Shoplifting
Thefts from autos (exclusive of auto accessories)
Auto accessories
Bicycles -
All others --.
Number of
otTenses
2,848
1,594
1,254
16, 680
9,953
3,672
482
145
803
33
592
23, 055
10, 871
50,473
5.815
202, 140
49, 498
124, 432
28, 210
202, 140
3, 231
4,109
8, 983
37, 382
.31, 550
29,521
87,364
Percent dis-
tribution
56.0
44.0
100.0
63.5
23.4
3.1
.9
5.1
.2
3.8
100.0
25.6
12.1
55.9
6.4
100.0
24.5
61.5
14.0
100.0
1.6
2.0
4.4
18.5
15.6
14.6
43.3
The $57,851,005 in loot reported in table 8 for 346 cities with a com-
bined population of 39,298,213 represents an average of $1.47 per
citizen for the first 6 months of 1948. However, the 15,299 persons
who were confronted with a robber's gun or subjected to other force or
threats each lost $218 on the average or a total of $3,336,266. During
the same 6 months $10,918,647 was obtained by burglars in 87,677
places or an average loss of $125 per offense.
Though some thefts are not considered of major importance, their
very number accounted for a loss of $12,184,053 or $62 per theft on
the average. Automobiles valued at $31,412,039 were stolen during
the period under study in the 346 cities. This represents an average
value of $848 for each of the 37,053 cars stolen.
The average value of property stolen per offense as shown in table 8
is conservative, since attempted crimes are counted as though the
crime were completed, except that no property value is listed.
80.3181°— 48 3
16
Police, recovered property valued at $32,874,544 or 60.4 percent of
the $54,385,043 total stolen during January-June 1948 in 339 cities
with population over 25,000. Stolen money, jeweliy, furs, and other
personal property except automobiles totalled $25,009,313 and
$5,383,809 of this property was recovered. This represents a recovery
percentage of 21.5.
Table 8. — Value of property stolen, by type of crime, January— June 1948
[Based on reports of 346 cities over 25,000 in population; total population, 39,298,21.3, according to the 1940
decennial census. All values have been rounded off to even dollars]
Classification
Number of
offenses
Value of
property
stolen
Average
value per
oflense
Total..
Robbery
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Auto theft.. -
336, 687
$57,851,006
$172
15,299
87, 677
196, 658
37, 053
3, 336, 266
10, 918, G47
12, 184, 053
31, 412, 039
218
125
62
Table 9. — Value of property stolen and value of property recovered, by type of
property, January- June 1948
[Based on reports of 339 cities over 25,000 in population; total population, 37,118,923, according to the 1940
decennial census. All values have been rounded off to even dollars]
Type of property
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
property
recovered
Percent
recovered
Total
Currency, notes, etc
Jewelry and precious metals
Furs
Clothing.
Locally stolen automobiles..
Miscellaneous.
$54, 385, 043
$32, 874, 544
7, 493, 065
4,515,443
1, 370, 726
2, 815, 555
29, 375, 730
8, 814, 524
1, 118, 805
988, 944
170, 849
519, 754
27, 490, 735
2, 585, 457
60.4
14.9
21.9
12.5
18.5
93.6
29.3
Rural Crime Rates
The number of offenses as reported by 1,681 sheriffs, 127 rural
village officers, and 11 State police agencies is presented in table 10,
together with the rate per 100,000 inhabitants. The rural population
represented in the reporting area is 36,628,387.
The rural rates for crimes against property are generally lower than
the corresponding urban rates, and in this connection it should be
observed that some incompleteness exists in the rural reporting.
Some of the reports used in table 10 were probably based on arrest
records rather than on a record of offenses reported. Since a com-
paratively small proportion of crimes against property are followed
by arrest the figures should be considered conservative.
17
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18
Table 10. — Offenses known, rural areas, number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants,
January- June 1948
[Based on reports of 1,681 sheriffs, 127 rural villages, and 11 State police
according to the 1940 decennial census
total rural population, 36,628,387,
Criminal homi-
cide
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
break -
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny —
theft
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Auto
theft
Population 36,628,387:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000 .._.._- _ -
1,089
2.97
673
1.84
2,080
5.68
3,392
9.3
6,349
17.3
26, 542
72.5
37, 223
101.6
9,610
26.0
Rural Crime Trends
While urban crime was down somewhat during the first half of
1948, the trend in the rural areas continued upward with the total
3.8 percent over that for January-June of 1947, according to reports
received during both periods from 1,608 police agencies serving a
rural population of 33,851,561.
In burglaries and larcenies, which comprise well over two-thirds of
the rural crime, the increases were fairly substantial — ^5.3 percent for
burglary, and 8.9 percent for larceny — -while in the cities burglaries
declined 1.9 percent and larcenies rose 0.6 percent.
Rural murders increased 1.7 percent as compared with a 2.3 percent
drop in urban communities but the rural increase in aggravated assault
of only 0.2 percent was much less than the 4.0 percent rise in the cities.
Other offenses declined in both urban and rural areas with the rural
figures off as follows: Negligent manslaughter, 4.8 percent; rape, 9.3
percent; robbery, 7.5 percent; and auto theft, 7.6 percent.
Table 11. — Rural crime trends, January-June 1947-48
[Based on reports of 1,489 sheriffs, 108 rural village officers, and 11 State police; total rural population,
33,851,561, according to the 1940 decennial census]
Offense
Number of offenses
Percent
change
Total
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence
Rape -
Robbery _
Aggravated assault
Burglary-breaking or entering
Larcony-theft- - -_.
Auto theft
75, 824
921
629
1.987
3,149
5,241
23, 203
31, 164
9,530
78, 690
937
599
1,802
2,912
5,251
24, 435
33, 947
-f3.8
+1.7
-4.8
-9.3
-7.5
+0.2
+5.3
+8.9
-7.6
POLICE EMPLOYEE DATA
Police Killed, 1947
Sixty-seven more police employees lost their lives during the per-
formance of official duties during 1947, bringing the postwar toll in
url)an communities to 208 (82 in 1946 and 59 in 1945).
The number of police employees killed during 1947 by geogi-aphic
divisions and size of city is presented in table 13 together with the
rate per 5 million inhabitants.
There were 4.59 police employees killed per 5 million inhabitants
for all cities as a group. For individual city groups, those with from
10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants had the highest rate, 5.59, with the low
of 3.40 registered in the city gi'oup with 50,000 to 100,000 population.
The rates ranged from 1.56 in the New England States to 8.49 in the
Mountain States. The Moimtain States enjoyed the low position in
1946.
The figures in table 12 indicate the number of cities included in the
study of police employees presented in the other tabulations which
follow. It will be noted that 98 percent of the urban population is
represented in the survey and this was also true for the two previous
years.
Table 12. — Number oj cities used in tahulntions regarding number of 'police depart-
ment employees, April 30, 1948, and police killed, 1947
fPopulation figures from 1940 decennial census]
Total
Population group
Division
Group
I
Group
II
Group
HI
Group
IV
Group
V
Group
VI
Over
250,000
100,000 to
250,000
50,000 to
100,000
25,000 to
50,000
10,000 to
25,000
Less than
10,000
Total:
73, 042, 807
3.225
29, 894, 166
36
7, 792, 650
55
7, 343, 917
107
7, 417, 093
213
9, 830, 987
655
10, 763. 994
2.159
New England: Total population,
6,392,166
226
690
699
361
364
191
301
153
240
2
6
8
4
3
3
4
1
5
10
11
10
5
7
3
3
1
6
13
24
23
8
17
4
9
2
7
36
38
60
12
20
10
13
17
78
160
128
67
64
31
54
26
47
87
Middle Atlantic: Total population,
20,625,015.
451
East North Central: Total popula-
tion, 17,:m,U8
470
West North Central: Total popula-
tion, 5,870,781
265
South Atlantic: Total population,
6,712,556
253
East South Central: Total popula-
tion, 3,045,275
140
W("it South f'cntral: Total popula-
ticin, 4,sw>,4r)l _.
218
Mouuluiu; Total population, 1,765,-
853
116
Pacific: Total population, 6,352,582
159
(19)
20
Table 13. — Nximher of police de-parhnent employees killed, 1947, by geographic
divisions and population groups
[Includes only those employees killed while on active duty with their local police agencies]
Total
Population
group
Geographic division
Num-
ber
Rate per
5.000,000
inhabi-
tants
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50,000
to
100,000
25,000
to
50,000
10,000
to
25,000
Less
than
10,000
Total:
Number .._ .. .
67
4.59
29
4.85
7
4.49
5
3.40
6
4.04
11
5.59
9
Rate per 5,000,000 in-
habitants
4 18
New England-
2
15
15
6
10
1
6
3
9
1.58
3.64
4.31
5.11
7.45
1.64
6.14
8.49
7.08
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
10
8
1
3
1
1
3
1
East North Central -.
1
West North Central
4
South Atlantic -- -
1
3
2
East South Central-.- _ -
West South Central
2
2
1
2
1
Mountain . .
1
Paciflc—
5
2
1
Number of Police Employees, April 30, 1948
On April 30, 1948, police departments in 3,225 cities reported a total
personnel of 133,361, including 9,676 civilians without police power
and 123,685 police officers.
The ratio of all police personnel, including civilians, to population
is 1.83 employees for each 1,000 inhabitants. It is noted that the
larger the city the gi'eater the number of police personnel by unit of
population, wdth cities over 250,000 reporting 2.33 police employees
per 1,000 population while places under 10,000 listed 1.29. However,
there was an increase in each city group in terms of the number of
police per 1,000 inhabitants as compared with 1947. Last year the
over-all average was 1.75 police compared with 1.83 this year.
Table 14 presents the number of police employees and rate per
1,000 inhabitants by geographic divisions and population groups.
The increase in police personnel is demonstrated m the decrease in
number of inhabitants per police employee, as of April 30, as follows:
Number of inhabitants per police employee
Total, all cities
Group I (over 250,000)
Group II (ion,onn~25o,noo)
Group III (5<i.<ii«)-l(Ki,ii00)
Group IV (2.'i,(i(Ki-.')0.(ioi))-.
Group V (10,000-25,000).-.
Group VI (2,500-10,000).-.
1947
1948
548
448
429
620
597
628
606
698
667
758
729
827
777
While the foregoing shows there was on April 30, 1948, one police
employee for every 548 persons living in urban areas, in considering
available police protection it must be remembered that police business
continues around the clock each day of the week with the men working
21
in shifts. In addition the effective str(>n^th of a department is re-
duced because of days off eacli week, vacations, injuries, etc. Also,
a substantial niunber of eni})loyees are necessarily on administrative
and other inside assignments regularly. Considering such factors, one
])olice officer on the average is prol)ably responsible for the protection
of the lives and property of nearer 2,000 persons than 548 as the fore-
going tabulation indicates.
The number of police employees per 1,000 inhabitants for the 7-year'
period 1942-48 is shown below. The figures are limited to cities
having over 25,000 inhabitants, since the data were not collected from
smaller communities from 1942 through 1945. The following figures
are for April 30 of each year*:
1942
-- 1.83
1944
_. 1.73
1946
_. 1.86
1943
-_ 1.77
1945
._ 1. 68
1947
-_ 1.94
1948.
2.02
Table 14. — Police Department employees, April 30, 1948, numher and rate per
1,000 inhabitants, by geographic divisions and population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Division
I
Population
group
Total
Group
I
Group
II
Group
III
Group
IV
Group
V
Group
VI
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50,000
to
100,000
25,000
to
50,000
10,000
to
25,000
Less
than
10,(X)0
133, 361
69, 730
13,051
12, 123
11,116
13.480
13, 861
1.83
2.33
1.67
1.65
1.50
1.37
1.29
11,821
3,075
2.668
1,756
2,144
1,603
575
1.85
3.00
1.97
1.83
1.65
1.33
1.06
41, 993
28, 043
2,517
2,953
2,144
3,468
2,868
2.04
2.46
1.75
1.80
1.61
l.,38
1.24
29, 950
17„886
1,975
2,299
2,750
2,298
2,742
1.72
2.26
1.33
1.48
1.27
1.20
1.16
8,341
3. 887
900
684
445
1, 1.36
1,283
1.42
1.95
1.26
1.25
1.12
1.16
1.04
13, 057
4,604
1,999
1,796
1,217
I,.';'(9
1,892
1.95
2. 52
1.99
1. 63
1.78
1.68
1.61
4.162
1,123
541
487
475
669
867
1.37
1.28
1.33
1.73
1.46
1,40
1.28
6,788
2,283
806
994
601
947
1,157
1.39
1.60
1.54
1.52
1.40
1.22
1.08
2,595
544
224
209
343
526
749
1.47
1.69
1.49
1.78
1..39
1.39
1.36
14, 654
8,285
1,415
94rj
997
1,284
1,728
2.31
2.66
2.01
1.94
1.81
1.93
2. OS
Total:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants
New England:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants
Middle Atlantic:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants
East North Central:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1 ,000 inhabitants
West North Central:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1 .000 inhabitants
South .Atlantic: '
Number of poljce employees
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants
East South Central:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1 ,000 inhabitants
West South Central:
Number of police employees
Averaee number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants, __
fountain:
Number of police employees
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants
Pacific:
Number of police employees. _ .
Average number of employees per
1,000 inhabitants _
' Includes the District of Columbia.
22
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23
Police Employees in Individual Cities
The number of police emplo3^ees as of April 30, 1948, for individual
cities may be obtained by reference to tables 15 and 16. Reporting
cities are arranged by size and listed alphabetically by State. For
cities over 25,000 in population the employees are separated as to
civilians and police officers.
Although the number of civilian employees is not shown in the in-
dividual figures for cities under 25,000, they are included in the tabu-
lation below which reflects the percentage of civilian employees for
each population group. Generally, the larger communities reported
the greater proportion of civilians to the total police employees as
shown in the following:
. Percen
Population group: civilian employees
Total all cities 7. 3
Group I 8. 3
Group II - 9. 6
Group III 8.6
Group IV 5.6
Group V 3. 7
Group VI -- 3.5
The report form forwarded by the police as of April 30, 1948,
provided for a separate listing of full-time and part-time employees
and, further, a designation of the number in each class who were
police officers and those who were civilians. The form was also
designed to include a statement of the equivalent number of full-time
employees represented by the work of the part-time employees in
April. If the department's entries relative to part-time employees
were limited to the total time worked during April the FBI changed
the data into terms of full-time employees. For this purpose it was
assumed that 200 hours was the approximate time of a regular em-
ployee. In the event a part-time employee worked at least 75
percent of the normal working hours for the month, one full-time
employee was counted.
If employees were not paid from police department funds or from
some public fund allocated for police personnel, they were excluded
from the tabulations. Also employees on military or other extended
leave of absence were excluded from the figures.
Comparisons of police strength between cities represented in tables
15 and 16 cannot be used indiscrmiinately. There are many complex
factors entering into the question of adequacy or inadequacy of the
number of personnel in a particular police department. One of the
primary considerations in such a study should be the volume of police
803181°— 48-
24
25
business handled. The amount of work confronting pohce depart-
ments cannot be measured by reference to major crimes alone. For
example, in some cities the police expend a great deal of time in escort
work, investigations of all sorts of license applications, taking the city-
census, and the like. Conversely, in other cities such activities are
not performed by the police.
In addition, some departments may have a 40-hour week while
others work 60 hours or longer. In most departments the three-
shifts per day method of operation is cbmmon, but some still may re-
tain the 12-hour day. Differences in automotive and communication
equipment affect comparisons of departments as do the number of
private police and separate police organizations such as public park
police.
In some instances volunteer workers may assist the police in certain
phases of theii" activities. The problem of handling traffic at school
crossings is also important. Full-time police officers may be assigned
to this work or the department may utilize part-time guards who are
classed as civilian employees in these tabulations unless it was speci-
fically stated that they had police powers.
Other factors which must be considered in an intelligent studj^ of
police strength as between cities are suggested in the text preceding
table 6.
It should be particularly noted that in grouping the cities, and, in
fact, in all tabulations, the 1940 census figures were used in the interests
of uniformity. Since 1940, however, marked changes in population
occurred in many communities; a number in the Pacific area, for ex-
ample, more than doubled in size.
Table 15. — Number of 'police department employees, Apr. 30, 1948, cities over
25,000 in population
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
CITIES WITH OVER 250,000 INHABITANTS.
City
Birmingham, Ala...
Los Angeles, Calif..
Oakland, Calif
San Francisco, Calif
Denver, Colo
Washington, D. C.
Atlanta, Ga
Chicago, 111
Indianpolis, Ind
Louisville, Ky
New Orleans, La
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Detroit, Mich
Minneapolis, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn
Kansas City, Mo...
St. Louis, Mo..
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police Civil-
officers ians
3,725
633
1,478
518
1, 732
460
7,644
571
446
917
1,974
2,327
4,228
568
315
565
1,811
25
856
107
77
26
157
74
303
76
28
4
207
219
299
48
23
126
431
Total
313
4,581
740
1,555
544
1,889
534
7,947
647
474
921
2. 181
2, 546
4,527
616
338
691
2,242
City
Newark, N. J
Buffalo, N. Y...
New York, N. Y.
Rochester, N. Y..
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cleveland, Ohio..
Columbus, Ohio.,
Toledo, Ohio
Portland, Greg
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Providence, R. I.
Memphis, Term..
Dallas Te.ic
Houston, Tex
San Antonio, Tex
Seattle, Wash
Milwaukee, Wis..
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police
ofTicers
1,178
1,204
17, 650
439
757
1,584
375
345
594
4,877
1,076
451
275
397
480
264
617
1,195
Civil
ians
138
148
912
41
28
303
35
57
90
266
114
78
61
58
90
73
108
86
Total
1,316
1,352
18,562
480
785
1,887
410
402
684
h, 143
1,190
529
336
455
570
337
725
1,281
26
Table 15. — Number of police department employees, April S(
25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 100,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS
1948, cities over
City
Long Beach, Calif...
Sacramento, Calif
San Diego, Calif
Bridgeport, Conn
Hartford, Conn
New Haven, Conn__.
Wilmington, Del
Jacksonville, Fla
Miami, Fla
Tampa, Fla
Peoria, 111
Fort Wayne, Ind
Gary, Ind
South Bend, Ind
Des Moines, Iowa...
Kansas City, Kans..
Wichita, Kans
Cambridge Mass
Fall River, Mass
Lowell, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Somerville, Mass
Springfield, Mass
Worcester, Mass
Flint, Mich
Grand Rapids, Mich
Duluth, Minn
Omaha, Nebr
Number of police de- ||
partment em
ployees
Police
ofiBcers
Civil-
ians
Total
296
79
375
171
27
198
3fi8
82
450
268
7
275
326
34
360
312
28
340
184
20
204
300
26
326
429
49
478
160
18
178
138
8
146
165
3
168
176
37
213
141
9
150
168
3
171
125
14
139
147
29
176
210
8
218
211
13
224
166
12
178
210
11
221
159
2
161
302
20
322
346
23
369
173
38
211
206
26
232
125
9
134
256
30
286
City
Camden, N. J
Elizabeth, N.J
Paterson, N. J
Trenton, N.J
Albany, N.Y
Syracuse, N. Y
Utica, N. Y
Yonkers, N. Y
Charlotte, N. C
Akron, Ohio
Canton, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
Oklahoma City, Okla
Tulsa, Okla
Erie, Pa
Reading, Pa
Scranton, Pa
Chattanooga, Tenn...
Knoxville, Tenn
Nashville, Tenn
Fort Worth, Tex
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Norfolk, Va
Richmond, Va-..
Spokane, Wash
Tacoma, Wash
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police
oflBcers
170
219
239
223
308
287
153
269
153
273
125
159
197
192
187
142
146
166
135
142
201
308
207
298
288
173
199
Civil-
ians
CITIES WITH 50,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS
Mobile, Ala
Montgomery, Ala...
Phoenix, Ariz
Little Rock, Ark_...
Berkeley, Calif
Fresno, Calif
Glendale, Calif
Pasadena, Calif
San Jose, Calif
Santa Monica, Calif
Stockton, Calif
Pueblo, Colo
New Britain, Coim.
Waterbury, Conn...
St. Petersburg, Fla.
Augusta, Ga
Columbus, Ga
Macon, Ga
Savannah, Ga
Cicero, 111.
Decatur, 111
East St. Louis, 111..
Evanston, 111.
Oak Park, 111
Rockford, IlL.
Springfield, 111
East Chicago, Ind..
Evansville, Ind
Hammond, Ind
Terre Haute, Ind...
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Davenport, Iowa
Sioux City, Iowa
AVaterloo, Iowa
Topeka, Kans
Covington, Ky
Shreveport, La
Portland, Maine
Brockton, Mass
Holyoke, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Maiden, Mass
131
26
157
118
15
133
139
10
149
109
4
113
117
17
134
142
17
159
108
29
137
113
36
149
118
118
115
30
145
99
4
103
57
3
60
119
6
125
193
9
202
75
7
82
111
13
124
102
1
103
84
4
88
153
18
171
75
24
99
59
6
65
75
9
84
89
21
110
72
4
76
86
5
91
98
22
120
97
2
99
145
14
159
108
7
115
76
1
77
80
8
88
76
1
77
80
15
95
61
61
62
17
79
74
74
121
12
133
114
5
119
96
4
100
98
2
100
134
4
138
168
9
177
101
3
104
Medford, Mass
Newton, Mass
Quincy, Mass
Dearborn, Mich
Highland Park, Mich....
Kalamazoo, Mich
Lansing, Mich
Pontiac, Mich
Saginaw, Mich__
Jackson, Miss
St. Joseph, Mo
Springfield, Mo
Lincoln, Nebr
Manchester, N. H..
Atlantic City, N. J
Bayonne, N. J
East Orange, N. J
Hoboken, N. J
Irvington, N. J
Passaic, N. J
Union City, N.J.
Binghamton, N. Y
Mount Vernon, N. Y
New Rochelle, N. Y
Niagara Falls, N. Y
Schenectady, N. Y
Trov, N. Y
Asheville, N. C
Durham, N. C
Greensboro, N. C
Winston-Salem, N. C
Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Hamilton, Ohio
Lakewood, Ohio
Springfield, Ohio
Allentown, Pa
Altoona, Pa...
Bethlehem, Pa
Chester, Pa
Harrisburg, Pa
Johnstown. Pa
Lancaster, Pa
McKeesport, Pa
107
1
134
5
1.36
4
154
16
91
18
64
25
103
3
73
10
125
12
98
25
86
15
71
10
87
15
111
7
202
48
198
10
108
179
4
85
8
110
115
126
11
132
6
136
16
147
12
154
16
148
21
72
2
86
- 9
104
9
138
12
55
20
71
4
75
3
65
4
101
9
81
5
49
1
70
10
132
7
72
5
72
27
Table 15. — A^mnber of police departjnent employees, April SO, 1948, cities over
25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 50,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Upper Darby Twp, Pa
Wilkes-Barre, Pa
York, Pa.
Pawtucket, R. I
Charleston, S. C
Columbia, S. C.
Aniarillo, Tex
Austin, Tex..
Beaumont, Tex
Corpus Christi, Tex.._
El Paso, Tex
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police
oflBcers
87
94
69
128
119
134
86
127
73
96
137
Civil-
ians
Total
101
95
70
139
139
145
86
150
74
116
160
City
Galveston, Tex
Waco, Tex
Arlington, Va
Portsmouth, Va
Roanoke, Va
Charleston, W. Va.
Huntington, W. Va
WliecHng, W. Va...
Madison, Wis
Racine, Wis
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police
oflieers
85
76
75
72
117
74
81
74
102
87
Civil-
ians
Total
CITIES WITH 25,000 TO 50,000 INHABITANTS
Anniston, Ala
Gadsden, Ala
Tuscaloosa, Ala
Tucson, Ariz
Fort Smith, Ark
Alameda, Calif
Alhambra, Calif
Bakersfield, Calif
Belvedere Twp., Calif..
Beverly Hills, Calif
Burbank, Calif
Huntington Park, Calif.
Inglewood, Calif
Riverside, Calif
San Bernardino, Calif. -
Santa Ana, Calif
Santa Barbara, Calif
South Gate, Calif
Colorado Springs, Colo-
Bristol, Conn
Greenwich Town, Conn
Meriden, Conn
Middletown, Coim
New London, Conn
Norwalk, Conn
Stamford, Conn...
Torrington, Conn
West Hartford, Conn...
West Haven, Conn
Miami Beach, Fla
Orlando, Fla
Pensacola, Fla
West Palm Beach, Fla..
Rome, Ga
Boise, Idaho
Alton, 111...
-Aurora, 111
Belleville, 111..
Berwyn, 111
Bloomington, 111
Danville, 111
Elgin, 111
Oalesburg, HI
Joliet, 111
Maywood, 111
Molino, 111
Quincv, 111
Rock island, 111.
Waukegan, 111...
Anderson, Ind
Elkhart, Ind
Kokomo, Ind.
Lafayette, Ind
Marion, Ind
Michigan City, Ind
Mishawaka, Ind
Muncie, Ind.
New Albany, Ind.
Richmond, Ind
Burlington, Iowa
33
1
34
70
70
35
35
62
7
69
36
2
38
64
3
67
52
7
59
68
7
75
38
5
43
53
11
64
69
21
90
40
5
45
42
4
46
61
5
66
93
4
97
53
4
57
55
9
64
38
8
46
50
3
53
39
2
41
92
99
60
6
66
33
3
36
59
3
62
61
61
112
4
116
40
1
41
58
4
62
38
38
93
19
112
67
10
77
70
5
75
57
1
58
36
2
38
46
46
28
28
46
1
47
27
27
41
2
43
36
2
38
30
30
51
2
53
30
5
35
58
3
61
22
22
28
1
. 29
43
43
49
49
34
1
35
65
53
66
4
3
69
56
56
48
1
49
36
36
40
38
65
22
......
8
40
41
73
22
38
35
38
35
Clinton, Iowa
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Dubuque, Iowa
Mason City, Iowa
Ottumwa, Iowa
Hutchinson, Kans
Ashland, Ivy
Lexington, Ky
Newport, Ky
Owensboro, Ky
Paducah, Ky
Alexandria, La
Baton Rouge, La
Monioe, La
Bangor, Maine
liCwiston, Maine
Cumberland, Md
Hager.^town, Md
.\rlington. Mass
Belmont, Mass
Beverly, Mass
Brookline, Mass
Chelsea, Mass
Chicopee, Mass
Everett, Mass.
Fitchburg, Mass
Haverhill, Mass
Melrose, Mass..
Pittsfield, Mass
Revere, Mass
Salem, Mass
Taunton, Mass
Waltham, Mass__
Watertown, Mass
Ann Arbor, Mich.
Battle Creek, Mich
Bay City, Mich
Hamtramck, Mich
Jackson, Mich
Muskegon, Mich
Port Huron, .Mich
Royal Oak, Mich
Wyandotte, Mich
Rochester, Minn..
Meridian, Miss
Joplin, Mo
Universitv City, Mo
Butte, Mont
Great Falls, Mont
Concord, N. H
Na.shua, N. H
Belleville, N.J.
Hloomfield, N.J
Clifton, N. J..
(iarfu'lil, N.J.
JIackensack, N. J...
Haiiiillon 'I'ownship, N. J
Kearney, N.J
Montclair, N. J
New Brtmswick, N. J
27
31
3
42
30
4
27
28
4
32
89
2
47
8
41
1
42
52
49
4
43
50
5
51
4
43
6
39
4
61
6
41
3
49
113
4
72
5
50
1
92
2
52
8
65
2
34
63
65
3
79
4
52
4
56
4
59
4
49
5
43
9
71
8
87
3
67
4
57
8
46
8
30
3
47
7
30
1
51
2
33
3
36
5
28
1
32
2
34
3
49
51
2
81
7
61
39
56
43
1
91
1
73
18
56
3
28
Table 15. — Number of 'police department employees, April 30, 1948, cities over
25,000 in population — Continued
CITIES WITH 25,000 TO S0,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
North Bergen Township,
N.J
Orange, N. J
Perth Ambov, N. J
Plainfleld, N. J
Teaneck Township, N. J
West New York, N. J
West Orange, N. J_
Woodbridge Township, N. J.
Albuquerque, N. M _
Amsterdam, N. Y
Auburn, N. Y _.
E'.mira, N. Y
Jamestown, N. Y
Kingston, N. Y
New burgh, N. Y
Poughkeepsie, N. Y
Rome, N. Y
Watertown, N. Y
White Plains, N. Y
High Point, N. C
Raleigh, N. C
Rocky Mount, N. C
Wilmington, N. C
Fargo, N. Dak
East Cleveland, Ohio
Elyria, Ohio
Lima, Ohio
Lorain, Ohio
Mansfield, Ohio
Marion, Ohio
Massillon, Ohio
Middletown, Ohio
Newark, Ohio
Norwood, Ohio
Portsmouth, Ohio
Steubenville, Ohio
Warren, Ohio..
Zanesville, Ohio
Enid, Okla
Muskogee, Okla.. __
Salem, Oreg
Aliquippa, Pa
Easton, Pa -
Haverford Township, Pa
Hazleton, Pa
Lebanon , Pa
Lower Merion Township, Pa
Number of police de-
partment em
ployees
Police
officers
Civil-
ians
Total
71
6
77
65
1
66
74
74
59
6
65
40
40
81
81
49
2
51
46
7
53
52
2
54
41
1
42
49
2
51
79
5
84
59
5
64
41
2
43
51
1
52
67
3
70
37
1
38
39
1
40
106
5
111
59
4
63
61
4
65
37
1
38
72
4
76
40
4
44
42
20
62
29
29
45
2
47
43
43
40
1
41
26
26
24
3
27
40
1
41
30
30
32
4
36
37
1
38
40
40
51
51
29
29
29
29
34
10
44
44
44
26
26
43
2
45
41
3
44
29
29
30
1
31
104
4
108
City
New Castle, Pa
Norristown, Pa
Sharon, Pa
Washington, Pa
Wilkinsburg, Pa
Williamsport, Pa
Central Falls, R. I....
Cranston, R. I
East Providence, E. I
Newport, R. I
Warwick, R. I
Woonsocket, R. I
Greenville, S. C
Spartanburg, S. C
Sioux Falls, S. Dak...
Johnson City, Term..
Abilene, Tex
Laredo, Tex
Lubbock, Tex
Port Aurthur, Tex
San Angelo, Tex
Tyler, Tex
Wichita Falls, Tex....
Ogden, Utah
Burlington, Vt
Alexandria, Va
Danville, Va
Lynchburg, Va
Newport News, Va...
Petersburg, Va _
Bellingham, Wash
Everett, Wash
Yakima, Wash
Clarksburg, W. Va-..
Parkersburg, W. Va. .
Appleton, Wis
Beloit, Wis _-
Eau Claire, Wis
Fond Du Lac, Wis
Green Bay, Wis
Kenosha, Wis
La Crosse, Wis
Oshkosh, Wis
Sheboygan, Wis
Superior, Wis
Wausau, Wis.
Wauwatosa, Wis
West Alhs, Wis
Number of police de-
partment employees
Police
officers
Civil-
ians
Total
29
Table 16. — Number of police department eviplnyees, April SO, 1948, cities %vith
population from 2,500 to 25,000
IBased on 1940 decennial census]
CITIES WITH 10,000 TO 25,000 INHABITANTS
City
Bessemer, Ala
Decatur, Ala . ..
Dothan, Ala
Fairfield, Ala
Florence, Ala
lluntsville, Ala
Phenix City, Ala -.
Selrna, Ala
Blytheville, Ark
El Dorado, Ark
Hot Springs, Ark
Jonesboro, Ark
North Little Rock, Ark
Pine Bluff, Ark
Texarkana, Ark
Albany, Calif
Anaheim, Calif ._.
Bell. Calif
Brawley, Calif
Burlingame, Calif-
Compton, Calif
El Centre, Calif
Eureka, Calif
Fullerton, Calif
Lodi, Calif
Lynwood, Calif..
Mayw'ood, Calif
Merced, Calif
Modesto, Calif
Monrovia, Calif
Monterev, Calif
National Citv. Calif .
Ontario, Calif I
Palo Alto, Calif
Pomona, Calif __
Red lands, Calif
Redondo Beach, Calif
Redwood City, Calif
Richmond, Calif __
Salinas, Calif
San Gabriel, Calif
San Leandro, Calif.
San Mateo, Calif
Santa Cruz, Calif
Santa Rosa, Calif
South Pasadena, Calif
Vallejo, Calif _
Ventura, Calif
Whittier, Calif
Boulder, Colo
Fort Collins, Colo _
Crand Junction, Colo
Oreeley, Colo
Trinidad, Colo..
A nsonia. Conn
Danbury, Conn
Derliy, Conn
East Hartford, Conn
Naugatuck, Conn
Norwich, Conn
Shelton, Conn
Stratford, Conn
Wallingford, Conn
Willimantic, Conn.
Bradent on, F la . _
Clearwater, Fla
Daytona Beach, Fla
Fort I-auderdale, Fla
Fort Myers, Fla
Gainesville, Fla
Key West, Fla
Lakeland, Fla
Panama City, Fla
St. Augustine, Fla
Sanford, Fla
Sarasota, Fla
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
34
10
30
12
19
30
21
2S
11
16
32
12
40
18
17
16
23
15
14
28
29
18
23
14
18
21
17
20
34
21
18
20
26
33
39
20
27
23
107
30
24
27
36
30
21
21
58
22
27
13
12
19
16
10
17
31
23
48
23
46
11
30
16
16
14
23
42
40
15
27
21
42
16
21
15
17
Tallahassee, Fla
Albany, Ga
Athens, Ga
Brunswick, Ga
Dalton, Ga
Decatur, Ga
East Point, Ga
Gainesville. Ga
QrifBn, Ga
La Grange, Ga
Moultrie, Ga
Thomasville, Ga
Valdosta, Ga
Waycross, Ga
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Idaho Falls, Idaho...
Lewiston, Idaho
Nampa, Idaho
Pocatello, Idaho
Twin Falls, Idaho....
Blue Island, 111
Brookfleld, 111
Cairo, 111
Calumet City, 111
Canton, 111
Centralia, 111
Champaign, 111
Chicago Heights, 111..
Dixon, 111
East Moline, 111
Elmhurst, 111.
Ehnwood Park, 111...
Forest Park, 111
Freeport, 111 .•
Granite City, 111
Harrisburg, 111
Harvey, 111
Highland Park, 111...
.Jacksonville, 111
Kankakee, 111
Kewance, 111
La Grange, 111
La Salle, 111
Lincoln, 111
Mattoon, 111.
Melrose Park, 111
Mount Vernon, 111...
Ottawa, 111...
Park Ridge, 111..
Pekin,Ill
Sterling, 111...
Streator, 111...
Urbana, III
West Frankfort, 111 ..
Wilmette, 111
Winnetka, 111
Bedford, Ind
Bloomington, Ind
Columbus, Ind
Connersville, Ind
Crawfordsvillc, Ind..
Elwood, Ind
Frankfort, Ind._
Cioshen, Ind
Huntington, Ind
.leflersnnville, Ind
La Porte, Ind
Logansport, Ind
New Castle, Ind
Peru, Ind
Shelbyville, Ind
Vincennes, Ind
Whiting, Ind
Ames, Iowa..
Boone, Iowa
Fort Dodge, Iowa
30
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 10,000 TO 25,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Fort Madison, Iowa.__.
Iowa City, Iowa
Keokuk, Iowa
Marshalltown, Iowa- _ .
Muscatine, Iowa
Newton, Iowa
Oskaloosa, Iowa
Arkansas City, Kans...
Atchison, Kans
Chanute, Kans
Coffejn-ille, Kans
El Dorado, Kans
Emporia, Kans
Fort Scott, Kans
Independence, Kans_.-
Lawrence, Kans
Leavenwortti, Kans
Manhattan, Kans
Newton, Kans
Ottawa, Kans
Parsons, Kans
Salina, Kans
Bowling Green, Ky.. _
Fort Thomas, Ky
Frankfort, Ky
Henderson, Ky
Hopkinsville, Ky
Middlesboro, Ky.
Bogalusa, La
Lafayette, La
Lake Charles, La
New Iberia, La
Auburn, Maine
Augusta, Maine
Bath, Maine
Biddeford, Maine
South Portland, Maine
Waterville, Maine
Annapolis, Md
Cambridge, Md
Frederick, Md
Salisbury, Md
Adams, Mass
Amesbury, Mass
Andover, Mass..
.\thol. Mass
Attleboro, Mass
Braintree, Mass
Clinton, Mass
Danvers, Mass
Dedham, Mass.
Easthampton. Mass
Fairhaven, Mass
Framingham, Mass
Gardner, Mass
Gloucester, Mass
Greenfield, Mass
Leominster, Mass
Lexington, Mass
Marblehead, Mass
Marlboro, Mass
Methuen, Mass.
Milford, Mass
Milton, Mass
Natick, Mass
Needhara, Mass
Newbnryport, Mass
North Adams, Mass
Northampton, Mass
North Attleboro, Mass.
Northbridge, Mass
Norwood, Mass
Peabody, Mass.
Plymouth, Mass
Reading, Mass
Saugus, Mass
Southbridge, Mass
Stoneham, Mass
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Swampscott, Mass
Wakefield, Mass
Webster, Mass
Wellesley, Mass
Westfleld, Mass
West Springfield, Mass...
Weymouth, Mass
Winchester, Mass
Winthrop. Mass
Woburn, Mass..
Adrian, Mich
Alpena, Mich
Benton Harbor, Mich
Birmingham, Mich
Ecorse, Mich
Escanaba, Mich
Ferndale, Mich
Grosse Pointe Park, Mich
Holland, Mich
Iron Mountain, Mich
Ironwood, Mich
Lincoln Park, Mich
Marquette, Mich
Menominee, Mich
Midland, Mich
Monroe, Mich
Mount Clemens, Mich
Muskegon Heights, Mich.
Niles, Mich..
Owosso, Mioh
River Rouge, Mich
St. Clair Shores, Mich
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. .
Traverse City, Mich
Ypsilanti, Mich
Albert Lea, Minn
Austin, Minn
Brainerd, Minn
Faribault, Minn
Fergus Falls, Minn
Hibbing, Minn
Mankato, Minn
St. Cloud, Minn
South St. Paul, Minn
Virginia, Minn
Winona, Minn
Biloxi, Miss
Clarksdale, Miss
Columbus, Miss
Greenville, Miss
Greenwood, Miss
Gulfport, Miss
Hattiesburg, Miss
Laurel, Miss
Natchez, Miss
Vicksburg, Miss
Cape Girardeau, Mo
Carthage, Mo
Clayton, Mo.
Columbia, Mo
Hannibal, Mo
Independence, Mo
.Tefferson City, Mo
Kirksville, Mo
Kirkwood, Mo
Maplewood, Mo
Moberlv, Mo
Poplar Bluff, Mo
Richmond Heights, Mo...
St. Charles, Mo.
Sedalia, Mo
Webster Groves, Mo
Anaconda, Mont
Billings, Mont
Helena, Mont
Missoula, Mont
Beatrice, Nebr
Fremont, Nebr...
31
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Contiiuied
CITIES WITH 10,000 TO 25,000 INHABITANTS-Continued
Grand Island, Nebr
Hastings, Nebr
Norfolk, Nebr
North Platte, Nebr..
Scottsbluff, Nebr
Reno, Ncv
Berlin, N. H
Claremont, N. H
Dover, N. H
Keene, N. H
Laeonia, N. H
Portsmouth, N. H
Rochester, N. H
Asbury Park, N. J
Bergenfield, N. J
Bridgeton, N. J
Burlington, N. J
Carteret, N. J
Cliffside Park, N. J
Collingswood, N. J
Cranford TovTnship, N. J
Dover, N. J
Englewood, N. J
Gloucester City, N. J.
Harrison, N. J
Hawthorne, N. J
Hillside Township, N. J
Linden, N. J
Lodi, N.J
Long Branch, N. J
Lyndhurst, N. J
Maplewood, N. J
Millburn Township, N. J
Millville, N. J
Morristown, N. J
Neptune, N. J
North Plainfleld, N. J
Nutley, N. J
Pennsauken Township, N. J.
Phillipsburg, N. J...
Pleasantville, N. J
Rahway, N. J
Red Bank, N.J . .
Ridgefield Park, N. J
Ridgewood, N . J . . .
Roselle, N. J
Rutherford, N. J
South Orange, N. J .
South River, N. J
Summit, N. J
Union Township, N. J
Weehawken, N. J.
Westfield, N. J
Clovis, N. Mex...
Hobbs, N. Mex
Roswell, N. Max..
Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Batavia, N. Y
Beacon, N. Y
Cohoes, N. Y
Corning, N. Y .
Cortland, N. Y...
Dunkirk, N. Y....
Endicott, N. Y..
Floral Park, N. Y....
Freeport, N. Y
Fulton, N.Y
Garden City, N. Y
Geneva, N. Y...
Glen Cove, N. Y....
Glens Falls. NY... ..'.
Gloversville, N. Y
Hempstead, N. Y
Hornell, N. Y
Hudson, N. Y
Irondequoit, N. Y..
Ithaca, N. Y
24
24
14
16
15
76
31
13
18
16
15
28
10
49
19
20
16
23
25
19
23
15
37
19
63
13
28
71
25
44
26
44
24
14
26
17
15
39
21
20
18
41
20
15
30
20
18
36
14
33
48
55
29
13
14
19
26
21
21
44
17
18
25
35
24
44
19
29
24
25
32
28
49
21
18
19
28
Johnson City, N. Y
Johnstown, N. Y
Kenmore, N. Y
Lackawanna, N. Y..
Little Falls, N. Y
Lockport, N. Y
Lynbrook, N. Y
Mamaroneck, N. Y
Massena, N. Y.
Midilletown, N. Y
North Tonawanda, N. "5
Ogdensburg, N. Y..
Olean, N. Y....
Oneida. N. Y
Oneonta, N. Y
Ossining, N. Y
Oswego, N. Y.
Peekskill, N. Y
Pittsburgh, N. Y
Port Chester, N. Y
Rensselaer, N. Y
Rockville Centre, N. Y.
Saratoga Springs, N. Y..
Scarsdale, N. Y
Tonawanda, N. Y
Watervliet, N. Y
Burlington, N. C
Concord, N. C
Elizabeth City, N. C
Fayetteville, N. C
Gastonia, N. C _
Goldrboro, N. C
Greenville, N. C..
Hickory, N. O.
Kinston, N. C...
Lexington, N. C
Reidsville, N. C
Salisbury, N. C
Shelby, N. C_..
Statesville, N. C
Thomasville, N. C.
Wilson, N. C
Bismarck, N. Dak
Grand Forks, N. Dak...
Minot, N. Dak
Alliance, Ohio
Ashland, Ohio
Ashtabula, Ohio
Barberton, Ohio
Bellaire, Ohio
Cambridge, Ohio
Campbell, Ohio
Chillicothe, Ohio
Coshocton, Ohio
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
East Liverpool, Ohio
Euclid, Ohio
Findlay, Ohio
Fostoria, Ohio
Fremont, Ohio
Garfield Heights, Ohio...
Ironton, Ohio
Lancaster, Ohio..
Marietta, Ohio
Martins Ferry, Ohio
Mount Vernon, Ohio
New Philadelphia, Ohio..
Nilcs, Ohio
Painesville, Ohio
Parma, Ohio
Pi(iua, Ohio
Salem, Ohio-
Sandusky, Ohio
Shaker Heights, Ohio
Struthers, Ohio
Tiffin, Ohio
Wooster, Ohio.
803181" — 48-
32
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 10,000 TO 25,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
Xenia, Ohio
Ada, Okla
Ardmore, Okla
Bartlesville, Okla
Chickasha, Okla
Durant, Okla
El Reno, Okla
Guthrie, Okla
Lawton, Okla ---
McAlester, Okla
Norman, Okla
Okmulgee, Okla
Ponca City, Okla
Sapulpa, Okla
Seminole, Okla
Shawnee, Okla
Stillwater, Okla
We.woka, Okla
Astoria, Oreg
Bend, Oreg
Eugene, Oreg
Klamath Falls, Oreg
Medford, Oreg
Abington Township, Pa
Ambridge, Pa
Arnold, Pa
Beaver Falls, Pa
Bellevue, Pa
Berwick, Pa
Braddock, Pa
Bradford, Pa
Bristol, Pa
Butler, Pa
Canonsburg, Pa
Carbondale, Pa
Carlisle, Pa
Carnegie, Pa
Chambersburg, Pa
Cheltenham Township, Pa
Clairton, Pa
Coatesville, Pa
Columbia, Pa
Connells ville. Pa
Conshohocken, Pa
Coraopolis, Pa
Darby, Pa
Dickson City, Pa
Donora, Pa
Dormont, Pa
Du Bois, Pa -
Dunmore, Pa
Duquesne, Pa
Ellwood City, Pa
Farrell, Pa
Oreensburg, Pa
Hanover, Pa
Hanover Township, Pa
Harrison Township, Pa
Homestead, Pa
Indiana, Pa
Jeannette, Pa
Kingston, Pa
Lansdowne, Pa
Latrobe, Pa
Lewistown, Pa
Lock Haven, Pa
Mahanoy City, Pa
McKees Rocks, Pa -
MeadvUle, Pa
Monessen, Pa
Mount Carmel, Pa
Mount Lebanon Township, Pa.
Munhall, Pa
Nanticoke, Pa
New Kensington, Pa
North Braddock, Pa
Oil Citv, Pa
Old Forge, Pa
15
15
26
14
17
9
11
10
22
20
17
12
22
12
12
25
16
7
19
13
34
31
18
27
16
II
21
11
7
24
22
11
27
14
13
12
13
18
33
26
22
6
18
10
11
20
3
15
15
8
15
21
13
18
21
10
21
6
24
12
14
18
14
13
14
13
7
14
22
17
8
27
20
19
24
20
17
3
Phoenix ville, Pa
Pittston, Pa
Plains Township, Pa
Plymouth, Pa
Pottstown, Pa
Potts ville. Pa
Shaler Township, Pa
Shamokin, Pa
Shenandoah, Pa
Steelton, Pa
Stowe Township, Pa
Sunbury, Pa
Swissvale, Pa
Tamaqua, Pa
Uniontown, Pa
Vandergrift, Pa
Warren, Pa
Waynesboro, Pa
West Chester, Pa
Bristol, R. I
Cumberland, R. I
Johnston, R. I
Lincoln, R. I
North Providence, R. I-
Westerly, R. I
West Warwick, R. I
Anderson, S. C
Florence, S. C
Greenwood, S. C
Orangeburg, S. C
Rock Hill, S. C
Sumter, S. C
Aberdeen, S. Dak
Huron, S. Dak
Mitchell, S. Dak
Rapid City, S. Dak
Watertown, S. Dak
Bristol, Term
Clarkesville, Term
Cleveland, Tenn
Columbia, Tenn
Dyersburg, Tenn
Jackson, Tenn
Kingsport, Tenn
Bay Town, Tex
Big Spring, Tex
Borger, Tex
Brownsville, Tex
Brownwood, Tex
Bryan, Tex
Cleburne, Tex
Corsicana, Tex
Del Rio, Tex
Denison, Tex
Denton, Tex
Greenville, Tex
Harlingen, Tex
Highland Park, Tex..._
Longview, Tex
Marshall, Tex
McAllen, Tex
Palestine, Tex
Pampa, Tex
Paris, Tex
Sherman, Tex
Sweetwater, Tex
Temple, Tex
Texarkana, Tex
University Park, Tex..
Victoria, Tex
Logan, Utah
Provo, Utah..
Barre, Vt
Rutland, Vt
Charlottesville, Va
Fredericksburg, Va
Martinsville, Va
Staunton, Va
33
Table 16. — Number of police depnrinient employees, April 30, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25.000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 10,000 TO 25,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Suffolk, Va
25
16
27
54
15
20
20
57
34
22
15
20
28
11
11
10
14
11
8
Chippewa Falls, Wis
Cudahy, Wis
14
Winchester, Va
13
Janesville, Wis -.
27
Manitowoc. Wis
34
Hoquiani, Wash . .
Marinette, Wis
13
Marshfield, Wis
Menasha, Wis
16
Olvmpia, Wash_
16
Vancouver, Wash.
Neenah, Wis . .. . ...
19
Walla Walla, Wash
Shorewood, Wis
21
Wenatchee, Wash .
South Milwaukee, Wis
13
Becklev. W. Va
Stevens Point, Wis..
17
Bluolield, W. Va.-
Two Rivers, Wis
11
Fairmont, W. Va
Watertown, Wis
15
Martinsbur^, W. Va
Waukesha, Wis
25
Morganto«Ti, W. Va .
Wisconsin Rapids, Wis
15
Moundsville, W. Va..
Casper, Wvo ....
20
South Charleston, W. Va
Cheyenne, Wyo
25
Ashland, Wis . -
Laramie, Wyo
12
Beaver Dam, Wis
Sheridan, Wyo._ _ .
10
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 TNHABITANTS
Albertville, Ala
Alexander City, Ala
Andalusia, Ala
Atmore, Ala
Attalla, Ala
Auburn, Ala
Brewton, Ala
Carbon Rill, Ala....
Clanton, .\la
Cullman, Ala
Demopolis, Ala
Enterprise. Ala
Fayette, Ala
Florala, Ala
Fort Payne, Ala
Greenville, Ala
Guntersville, Ala
Hartselle, Ala
Homowood, Ala
Jacksonville, Ala
Lannett, Ala
Leeds, Ala
Northport, Ala
Opelika, Ala
Opp, .\la
Ozark, Ala
Piedmont, Ala
Prattville, Ala
Prichard, Ala
Roanoke, Ala.
Russell ville, Ala
Sheffield, Ala
Sylaeauca, Ala
Tarrant City, Ala...
Tuscumbia, Ala
Tuskegee, Ala.......
Union Springs, Ala.
Bisbee, Ariz
Douglas, Ariz
Flagstaflf, Ariz
Olcndale, .\riz
Globe, Ariz
Mesa, Ariz
Nogales, Ariz
Prescott, Ariz
Temi)e, Ariz
Williams, Ariz
Winslow, Ariz
Yuma, Ariz
Arkadelphia, Ark...
Batesville, .\rk
Camden, Ark
Clarksville, Ark
Conway, Ark _ _ _
Crossett, Ark
De Queen, Ark
Dermott, .\rk__
Fayetteville, Ark
Fordyce, Ark
Forrest City, Ark
Harrison, Ark
Helena, Ark
Hope, Ark
Malvern, Ark
Marked Tree, Ark
McQehee, Ark
Mena, Ark
Monticello, Ark
Nashville, Ark
Newport, Ark
Osceola, Ark
Paris, Ark
Prescott, Ark
Rogers, Ark
Searcy, Ark.__
Siloam Springs, Ark
Springdale, Ark
Stuttgart, Ark
Trumann, Ark
Van Buren, Ark
Warren, Ark
West Helena, .\rk
West Memphis, Ark
Wynne, Ark _
Antioch, Calif
Arcadia, Calif...
Auburn, Calif,
Azusa, Calif
Banning, Calif
Brea, Calif
Calexico, Calif
Carmel By The Sea, Calif
Chico, Calif
Chino, Calif
Chula Vista. Calif...
riaremont , Calif
Coalinga, Calif.
Colton, Calif-
Corona, Calif,
Coronado, Calif
Covina, Calif
Culver City, Calif..
Daly Citv, Calif
Delano, Calif
Dinuba, Calif
El Cerrito, Calif
34
Table 16. — Number of police department employees. April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
El Monte, Calif
El Segundo, Calif
Emeryville, Calif
Escondido, Calif
Exeter, Calif
Fillmore, Calif
Fort Bragg, Calif
Gardena, Calif
Gilroy, Calif
Glendora, Calif
Grass Valley, Calif
Hanford, Calif
Hawthorne, Calif
Hayward, Calif
Healdsburg, Calif
Hemet, Calif
Hermosa Beach, Calif
Hillsborough, Calif
HoUister, Calif
Huntington Beach, Calif.
Laguna Beach, Calif
La Mesa, Calif
La Verne, Calif
Lindsay, Calif
Livermore, Calif
Lompoc, Calif
Los Qatos, Calif
Madera, Calif
Manhattan Beach, Calif .
Martinez, Calif
Marys ville, Calif
Menlo Park, Calif
Mill Valley, Calif
Montebello, Calif
Monterey Park, Calif
Mountain View, Calif
Napa, Calif
Needles, Calif
Newport Beach, Calif
North Sacramento, Calif-
Oakdale, Calif
Oceanside, Calif
Orange, Calif
Oroville, Calif
Oxnard, Calif
Pacific Grove, Calif -
Palm Springs, Calif
Paso Robles, Calif
Petaluma, Calif
Piedmont, Calif
Pittsburg, Calif
Placerville, Calif
Porter ville, Calif
Red Blua, Calif
Redding, Calif
Reedley, Calif
Roseville, Calif
San Anselmo, Calif _
San Bruno, Calif
San Carlos, Cahf
San Fernando, Calif
Sanger, Cahf
San Luis Obispo, Calif- __
San Marino, Calif
San Rafael, Calif
Santa Clara, Calif
Santa Maria, Calif
Santa Paula, Calif
Sausalito, Calif
Selma, Calif
Sierra Madre, Calif
Signal Hill, Calif
So. San Francisco, Calif. -
Sunnyvale, Calif
Taft, Calif
Torrance, Calif
Tracy, Calif
Tulare, Calif
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Turlock, Calif
Ukiah, Calif
Upland, Calif
Visalia, Calif
Watsonville, Calif
Woodland, Calif
Yuba City, Calif
Alamosa, Colo
Aurora, Colo
Brighton, Colo
Canon City, Colo
Delta, Colo
Durango, Colo
Englewood, Colo
Florence, Colo
Fort Morgan, Colo
Golden, Colo
La Junta, Colo
Lamar, Colo
Las Animas, Colo
Leadville, Colo
Longmont, Colo
Loveland, Colo
Monte Vista, Colo
Montrose, Colo
Rocky Ford, Colo
Salida, Colo
Sterling, Colo
Walsenburg, Colo
Danielson, Conn
Groton, Conn
Putnam, Conn
Rockville, Conn.. _.
Southington, Conn
Stafford Springs, Coim...
Winsted, Conn
Bellefonte, Del
Dover, Del
Laurel, Del
Milford, Del
Newark, Del
New Castle, Del
Seaford, Del
Apalachicola, Fla
Arcadia, Fla
Auburndale, Fla
Bartow, Fla
Cocoa, Fla
Coral Gables, Fla
Dade City, Fla
Dania, Fla
De Funiak Springs, Fla.
DeLand, Fla
Delray Beach, Fla
Eustis, Fla
Fort Pierce, Fla
Hialeah, Fla
Hollywood, Fla
Homestead, Fla
Jacksonville Beach, Fla.
Kissimmee, Fla
Lake City, Fla
Lake Wales, Fla
Lake Worth, Fla
Leesburg, Fla
Live Oak, Fla
Marianna, Fla
Melbourne, Fla
New Smyrna Beach, Fla
Ocala, Fla
Palatka, Fla
Palm Beach, Fla
Perry, Fla
Plant City, Fla
Pompano, Fla
Quincy, Fla --.
Sebring, Fla
Vero Beach, Fla
35
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to :?5,000— Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Wauchula, Fla
Winter Haven, Fla...
W inter Park, Fla
Anierieus, Ga
Bainbridge, Ga
Barnesville, Ga
Baxlev, Ga
Buford, Ga
Cairo, Ga
Calhoun, Ga
Canton, Ga
Carrollton, Ga
Cartersville, Ga
Cedartown, Ga
College Park, Ga
Commerce, Ga
Cordele, Ga..
Covington, Ga
Cuthbert, Ga
Dawson, Ga
Douglas, Ga
Douglasville, Ga
Eastman, Ga
Elberton, Ga
Fitzgerald, Ga-_
Fort Valley, Ga
Hapeville, Ga..
Hawkinsville, Ga
Hogansville, Ga
Jesup, Ga
Lafayette, Ga
Manchester, Ga
Marietta, Ga
Milledgeville, Ga
Millen, Ga
Monroe, Ga
Newnan, Ga
Pelham, Ga...
Porterdale, Ga
Quitman, Ga
Rockmart, Ga
Sandersville, Ga
Statesboro, Ga..
Thomaston, Ga
Thomson, Ga
Tifton, Ga
Toccoa, Ga
Trion, Ga
Washington, Ga
Waynesboro, Ga
West Point, Ga
Winder, Ga
.\lame.da, Idaho
Blackfoot, Idaho
Burlev, Idaho..
Caldwell, Idaho
Emniett, Idaho
Gooding, Idaho
Jerome, Idaho
Kellogg, Idaho
Malad City, Idaho...
Montpflier, Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
Payette, Idaho
Preston, Idaho..
Rexbtirg, Idaho
Rupert, Idaho
St. Anthony, Idaho..
Sandpoint, Idaho
Wallace, Idaho
Weiser, Idaho
Abingdon, 111
Aledo, 111
Arlington Heights, 111
Barrington ,111
Batavia, 111
Beardstown, 111
Bellwood.IlL
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Bclvidere, 111
Benton, 111
Bradley, 111
Bushnell.Ill
Carbondale, 111
Carlinville, 111
Carlyle, 111
Carmi, 111
Carterville, 111
Carthage, 111
Casev, 111
Charleston, 111
Chester, 111
Christopher, 111
Clinton, 111
Creve Coeur, 111
Crystal Lake, 111...
De Kalb, 111
Des Plaines, 111
Dolton, 111 __
Downers Grove, 111.
Du Quoin, 111
East Alton, 111
East Peoria, 111
Edwardsville, 111...
Effingham, 111.
Eldorado, 111
Evergreen Park, HI.
Fairfield. Ill
Flora, 111
Franklin Park, HI..
Fulton, 111
Galena, 111
Geneva, 111
GeorgetovvTi, 111.-...
Gillespie, HI
Glencoe, 111
Glen EUyn, 111
Glenview, 111
Greenville, lU
Harvard, 111
Havana, 111
Herrin, 111
Highland, 111
Highwood, 111
HilLsboro, 111..
Hinsdale, 111
Home wood. 111
Jer.seyvillo, 111
Johnston City, 111..
Kenilworth, 111
La Grange Park, 111
Lake Forest, 111
Lansing, 111
Lawrenceville, 111...
Lemont, 111
Libertyville, 111
Litchfield, 111
Lockport, 111
Lorabiird, 111
Lyons, 111
Macomb, 111.
Madison, 111
M<irion, 111
Marseilles, 111
Marshall, 111
McLeanaboro, 111...
Mcndota, 111..
Metropolis, 111
Monmouth, 111.
Monticello, 111
Morris, Ill__
Morrison, 111
Mount Carmel, 111..
Mount Olive, 111....
Murphysboro, 111...
Nanu'oki, 111
Napcrville, 111
36
Tabte 16 -Number of poUce department employees April 30, 1948, cities with
Table 16. ^^'"^^^;p^^ J,;^^ ;,,^, 2,500 to 25 ,000-Contmued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS-Continued
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Nokomis, 111
Normal, 111
North Chicago, HI
Oak Lawn, 111
Oglesby, 111
Olney, 111
Oregon, 111
Pana, 111
Paris, 111
Paxton, 111
Peoria Heights, 111
Peru, 111
Petersburg, 111
Phoenix, 111
Pincknevville, HI
Pittsfield, 111
Pontiac, 111
Princeton, 111
Riverdale, 111
River Forest, 111
River Grove, 111
Riverside, 111
Robinson, 111
Rochelle.Ill
Rock Falls, 111
Roodhouse, 111
St. Charles, 111
Sandwich, 111
Savanna, 111
Shelbyville, 111
Silvis, 111
Skokie.Ill
South Beloit, 111
Sparta, III
Spring Valley, HI
Staunton, 111
Steger, 111
Sullivan, 111
Summit, 111
Sycamore, 111
Taylorville, 111
Tuscola, 111
Vandalia, 111
Venice, 111
Villa Park, 111
Virden, 111 -,— xK"
Washington Park, 111.
Watseka, 111
West Chicago, 111
Western Springs, 111-
Westmont, 111-
WestvQle, 111
Wheaton, 111
White Hall, 111
Wood River, 111
Woodstock, 111
Zeigler, HI
Zion, 111
Alexandria, Ind
Angola, Ind
Attica, Ind
.\uburn, Ind
.\urora, Ind
Batesville, Ind
Beach Grove, Ind
Bicknell, Ind
Bluffton, Ind.-
Boonville, Ind
Brazil, Ind •
Clinton, Ind -..
Columbia City, Ind.
Crown Point, Ind--
Decatur, Ind.. -
Dxmkirk, Ind.
East Gary, Ind
Franklin, Ind
Garrett, Ind
Gas City, Ind-
City
10
7
4
6
3
4
11
3
6
10
3
2
2
2
7
6
5
23
8
13
.s
8
5
3
5
2
6
4
3
21
2
2
4
4
2
3
11
4
7
2
5
12
8
1
1
6
4
7
7
2
11
3
Greencastle, Ind-- --
Greenfield, Ind — - ---
Greenshurg, Ind
Hartford City, Ind
Highland, Ind
Hobart, Ind
Huntingburg, Ind
Jasonville, Ind
Jasper, Ind
Kendallville, Ind
Lawrencehurg, Ind
Lebanon, Ind
Linton, Ind
Madison, Ind
Martinsville, Ind
Mitchell, Ind
Monticello, Ind
Mount Vernon, Ind
Nappanee, Ind
Noblesville, Ind
North Manchester, Ind--
North Vernoji, Ind
Oakland City, Ind
Petersburg, Ind
Plymouth, Ind
Portland, Ind
Princeton, Ind
Rensselaer, Ind
Rochester, Ind
Rushville, Ind
Salem, Ind
Sevmour, Ind
Tell City, Ind
Tipton, Ind
Union City, Ind
Valparaiso, Ind
Wabash, Ind
Warsaw, Ind
Washington, Ind
West Lafayette, Ind
West Terre Haute, Ind-
Winchester, Ind
Albia, Iowa
Algona, Iowa
Anamosa, Iowa
Atlantic, Iowa
Belle Plaine, Iowa
Bloomfield, Iowa
Carroll, Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa
Center ville, Iowa
Chariton, Iowa -.-
Charles City, Iowa
Cherokee, Iowa
Clarinda, Iowa
Clarion, Iowa
Clear Lake, Iowa
Cresco, Iowa
Creston, Iowa
Decorah, Iowa
Denison, Iowa
Eagle Grove, Iowa
Eldora, Iowa
Emmetsburg, lowa.--
Estherville, Iowa
Fairfield, Iowa
Forest City, Iowa
Grimiell, Iowa
Hampton, Iowa
Harlan, Iowa
5 Hawarden, Iowa
3 Humboldt, Iowa
7 Independence, Iowa— .
2 Indianola, Iowa
3 Iowa Falls, Iowa
7 Jeflerson, Iowa
3 Knoxville, Iowa
3 Le Mars, Iowa
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
3
4
10
3
7
3
6
5
13
13
7
13
8
5
7
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
10
8
3
10
4
4
2
4
2
8
5
5
4
3
6
6
4
2
3
4
2
3
3
5
3
5
4
4
4
37
Table 16. — Number of police department emiployees, April 30, 194S, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Maquokcta, Iowa_
Marion, Iowa
Missouri Valley, Iowa..
MonticoUo, Iowa
Mount Pleasant, Iowa-
Nevada, Iowa
New Hampton, Iowa...
Oelwcin, Iowa
Onawa, Iowa
Osage, Iowa.
Osceola, Iowa
Pella, Iowa
Perry, Iowa
Red Oak, Iowa
Rock Rapids, Iowa
Sac City, Iowa....
Sheldon, Iowa
Shenandoah, Iowa
Spencer, Iowa
Storm Lake, Iowa
Tama, Iowa.
Tipton, Iowa.
Vinton, Iowa
Washington, Iowa
Waukon, Iowa
Waverly, Iowa
Webster City, Iowa
West Des Moines, Iowa
Wintcrset, Iowa
Abilene, Kans
Anthony, Kans
Augusta, Kans.
Belleville, Kans
Beloit, Kans
Caney, Kans
Cherry vale, Kans
Clay Center, Kans
Columbus, Kans
Concordia, Kans
Dodge City, Kans
Eureka, Kans
Fredonia, Kans
Galena, Kans
Garden City, Kans
Garnett, Kans..
Girard, Kans
Goodland, Kans
Great Bend, Kans
Hays, Kans...
Herington, Kans
Hiawatha, Kans.
Uoisington, Kans
Holton, Kans
Horton, Kans
lola, Kans
Junction City, Kans
Kingman, Kans
Lamed, Kans
Liberal, Kans.
Lyons, Kans
Marysville, Kans
Mcpherson, Kans
Neodesha, Kans
Norton, Kans
Olalhe, Kans
Osawatomie, Kans
Paola, Kans
Pratt, Kans
Russell, Kans.
Wcllijigton, Kans
Winfield, Kans
Beardstown, Ky
Bellevue, Ky
Carrollton, Ky...
Catlettsburg, Ky
Central City, Ky
Corbin, Ky
Cumberland, Ky
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
C>Tithiana, Ky
Danville, Ky
Dayton, Ky
Earlington, Ky
Elsmere, Ky...
Franklin, Ky
Fulton, Ky
Georgetown, Ky
Glasgow, Ky
Harlan, Ky
Harrodsburg, Ky
Hazard, Ky _.
Irvine, Ky..
Jenkins, Ky
Lebanon, Ky
Ludlow, Ky..
Mayfleld, Ky
Maysville, Ky
Mount Sterling, Ky..
Murray, Ky
Nicholasvilie, Ky
Paris, Ky
Pikesville, Ky
Princeton, Ky
Providence, Ky
Richmond, Ky
Russellville, Ky
Shelbyville, Ky
Somerset, Ky
Versailles, Ky
Winchester, Ky
Abbeville, La
Bastrop, La
Bossier City, La
Bunkie, La ■
Crowley, La
De Bidder, La
Eunice, La
Franklin, La
Hammond, La
Houma, La.
Jeanerette, La
Jennings, La
Jonesboro, La
Kaplan, La
Mansfield, La
Minden, La
Morgan City, La
Natchitoches, La
Opelousas, La
Plaquemine, La
Ponchatoula, La
Ruston, La
St. Martinsville, La..
Slidell, La....
Springhill, La
Tallulah, La
Thibodau.x, La
Ville Platte, La
West Monroe, La
Westwego, La
Winnsboro, La
Belfast, Maine
Brewer, Maine
Bruiiswi'k, Maine...
Calais, Maine
Eastport, Maine
Ellsworth, Maine
Fairfield, Mahie
Fort Fairfield, Maine
Gardiner, Maine
Hallowell, Maine
Old Town, Maine
Prestjue Isle. Maine..
Rockland, Maine
Rumford, Mame
Saco, Maine
Brunswick, Md
38
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to ^5,000— Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Chestertown, Md
Orisfield, Md
Easton, Md
Elkton, Md
Frostburg, Md
Greenbelt, Md
Havre De Grace, Md
Laurel, Md
Mount Rainier, Md
Pocomoke City, Md
Takoma Park, Md
Westminster, Md
Abington, Mass
Auburn, Mass
Ayer, Mass
Barnstable, Mass
Blackstone, Mass
Bridtrewater, Mass
Canton, Mass
Concord, Mass
Dalton, Mass
Dartmouth, Mass
Dracut. Mass
Franklin, Mass
Great Barrington, Mass
Hingham, Mass
Hopedale, Mass
Hudson, Mass
Ipswich, Mass
Lee, Mass
Longmeadow, Mass
Ludlow, Mass
Mansfield, Mass
Maynard, Mass
Middleborough, Mass
Millbury, Ma,ss
Montague, Mass
Nantucket, Mass
North Andover, Mass
Orange, Mass
Palmer, Mass
Provincetown, Mass
Randolph, Mass
Rockland, Mass
Rockfort, Mass
Somerset, Mass
South Hadley, Mass
Spencer, Mass
Stoughton, Mass
Uxbridge, Mass
Walpole, Mass
Ware, Mass
Whitman, Mass
Winchendon, Mass
Albion, Mich
Allen Park, Mich
Alma, Mich
Belding, Mich
Berkley, Mich
Bessemer, Mich
Big Rapids, Mich
Boyne City, Mich..
Buchanan, Mich
Cadillac, Mich
Caro, Mich
Center Line, Mich
Charlotte, Mich
Cheboygan, Mich...
Clawson, Mich..
Coldwater, Mich..
Crystal Falls, Mich
Dowagiac, Mich
Durand, Mich
East Detroit, Mich
East Grand Rapids, Mich.
East Lansing, Mich
Eaton Rapids, Mich
Fenton, Mich
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Freemont, Mich
Garden City, Mich
Gladstone, Mich
Grand Haven, Mich
Grand Ledge, Mich
Greenville. Mich
Grosse Pointe, Mich
Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich.
Grosse Pointe Woods, Mich.
Hancock, Mich
Hastings, M ich
Hillsdale, Mich
Houghton, Mich
Howell, Mich
Inkster, Mich
Ionia, Mich
Iron River, Mich
Ishpeming, Mich
Kingsford, Mich
L'Anse, Mich
Lapeer, Mich_
Ludington, Mich
Manistee, Mich
Manistique, Mich
Marine City, Mich
Marshall, Mich
Mason, Mich
Melvindale, Mich.
Mount Pleasant, Mich
Munising, Mich
Negaunee, Mich
Newberry, Mich
Northvilie, Mich
Norway, Mich
Otsego, Mich
Petoskey, Mich
Pleasant Ridge, Mich
Plymouth, Mich
Rochester, Mich
Rogers City, Mich
Romeo, Mich
Roseville, Mich
St. Clair, Mich
St. Ignace, Mich
St. Johns, Mich
St. Joseph, Mich
St. Louis, Mich
South Haven, Mich
Sturgis, Mich
Tecumseh, Mich
Three Rivers, Mich
Trenton, Mich.
Wakefield, Mich
Wayne, Mich
Zeeland, Mich
Alexandria, Minn
Anoka, Minn
Bayport, Minn
Bemidji, Minn
Benson, Minn
Blue Earth, Minn
Breckenridge, Minn
Chisholm, Mirm
CloQuet, Minn
Columbia Heights, Minn...
Crookston, Minn —
Crosby, Minn
East Grand Forks, Minn...
Edina, Minn
Ely, Minn
Eveleth, Minn
Fairmont, Minn
Gilbert, Minn
Glenwood, Minn
Grand Rapids, Mirm
Hastings, Minn
Hopkins, Minn
Hutchinson, Minn..
39
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Infprnfttinnnl Falls, Minn
6
Lake Citv, Minn.-
3
Litchfiold, Minn
3
I.ittlo F.ills. \Tinn
Luvorne. Minn
4
Marshall, Alinn -
6
6
Monrhead. Minn.
11
Morris. Minn .
4
New I'lm, Minn
g
Northfleld, Minn
4
North Mankato, Minn.
3
North St. Paul, Minn
2
Owatonna, Minn
11
Park Rapids, Minn
2
Pipestone, Minn
3
Red Winp, Minn
11
Redwood Falls, Minn
2
Richfield, Minn .
9
Robbinsdale, Minn . . ...
5
St. James, Minn
4
St. Peter, Minn
3
Sauk Center, Minn
2
Sauk Rapids, Minn
2
Sleepy Eve, Minn
3
Staples, Minn .
4
Stillwater, Minn...
g
Thief River Falls, Minn
g
Tracy, Minn
2
Two Harbors, Mmn
5
Wadena, Minn
5
Waseca, Minn
4
West St. Paul, Minn
5
White Bear Lake, Minn
2
Willmar, Minn
10
Windom, Minn
2
Worthington, Minn .. ..
5
Aberdeen, Miss ...
5
Amory, Miss...
5
Bay St. Louis, Miss
4
Belzoni, Miss .
3
Brookhaven, Miss ..
6
Cleveland, Miss
7
Columbia, Miss.
5
Corinth, Miss.
11
Durant, Miss . .
2
Grenada, Miss .
Holly Springs, Miss
4
Indianola, Miss...
5
Kosciusko, Miss
6
Leland, Miss
4
Lexington, Miss
4
Louisville, Miss
4
McComb, Miss
11
Moss Point, Miss .
3
Oxford, Miss
4
Pascagoula, Miss
14
Picayune, Miss
3
Tupelo, Mi.ss
11
Water Valley, Miss
3
West Point, Miss
5
Winona, Mi.ss
3
Yazoo City, Miss
9
Aurora, Mo
4
Berkeley, Mo.
4
Bethany, Mo
2
Boonville, Mo...
7
Brentwood, Mo
9
Butler, Mo
2
California, Mo..
1
Cameron, Mo...
3
3
Caruthersville, Mo
5
Chillicothe, Mo
10
Crystal City, Mo
1
De Soto, Mo
3
Dexter, Mo _
3
Eldon, Mo
2
Excelsior Springs, Mo...
Farmington, Mo
Fayette, Mo
Ferguson, Mo
Festus, Mo
Fredericktown, Mo
Fulton, Mo
Glcndale, Mo
Hayti, Mo
Higginsville, Mo
Jackson, Mo
Ladue, Mo
Lamar, Mo
Lebanon, Mo
Lexington, Mo
Liberty, Mo
Macon, Mo
Marcoline, Mo
Marshall, Mo
Maryville, Mo
Mexico, Mo
Monett, Mo
Neosho, Mo
Nevada, Mo
North Kansas City, Mo
Overland, Mo
Richmond, Mo
Rolla, Mo
Ste. Genevieve, Mo
Salem, Mo
Slater, Mo
Sullivan, Mo
Trenton, Mo
Warrens burg, Mo
Washington, Mo
West Plains, Mo
Bozeman, Mont
Cut Bank, Mont
Deer Lodge, Mont
Dillon, Mont
Glasgow, Mont
Glendive, Mont
Havre, Mont
Kalispell, Mont
Laurel, Mont
Lewistown, Mont
Livingston, Mont
Miles City, Mont
Red Lodge, Mont
Roundup, Mont...
Shelby, Mont
Sidney, Mont
Whitefish, Mont
Alliance, Nebr
Auburn, Nebr
Blair, Nebr
Broken Bow, Nebr
Chadron, Nebr..
Columbus, Nebr
Crete, Nebr
Fairbury, Nebr
Falls City, Nebr.-
Oering, Nebr
Iloldrpge, Nebr.
Kearney, Nebr
Lexington, Nebr
McCook, IS^'ebr
Nebraska City, Nebr...
Ogallala, Nebr...
Plattsmouth, Nebr
Schuyler, Nebr
Seward, Nebr
Sidney, Nebr..
South Sioux City, Nebr.
Superior, Nebr
Wahoo, Nebr..
Wayne, Nebr...
West Point, Nebr
40
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities voith
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
York, Nebr
Elko, Nev.--
Ely, Nev
Las Vegas, Nev
Sparks, Nev
Derry, N. H
Exeter, N. H
Franklin, N. H
Lebanon, N. H
Littleton, N. H
Milford, N. H
Newport, N. H
Somersworth, N. H
Audubon, N. J_. ---
Belmar, N. J
Bernardsville, N. J
Beverly, N. J
Blooniingdale, N. J
Bogota, N. J
Boonton, N. J
Bordcntown, N. J
Bound Brook, N. J
Bradlev Beach, N. J
Butler, N. J ---
Caldwell, N.J
Cape May, N. J
Carlstadt, N. J___-
Chatham, N. J
Clementon, N. J
Closter, N. J
Dumont, N. J
Dunellen, N. J
East Paterson, N. J
East Rutherford, N. J—
Edgewater, N. J
Egg Harbor City, N. J..
Fair Lawn, N. J
Fairview, N. J
Flemington, N. J
Fort Lee, N. J
Franklin, N. .7
Freehold, N. J
Garwood, N. J
Glassboro, N. J
Glen Ridge, N. J
GlenRock, N. J
Guttenberg, N. J
Haekettstown, N. J
Haddonfield, N. J
Haddon Heights, N. J.
Haledon, N. J
Hammonton, N. J
Highland Park, N.J...
Hightstown, N. J
Hillsdale, N. J
Keansburg, N. J
Keyport, N. J
Lambertville, N. J
Leonia, N. J
Little Ferry, N. J
Madison, N. J
Manville, N. J
Margate City, N. J
Mattawan, N. J_
Maywood, N. J...
Merehantville, N. J
Metuchen, N. J.
Middlesex, N. J
Midland Park, N. J....
Milltown, N.J
New Milford, N. J
Newton, N. J
North Arlington, N. J.
Northfield, N. J
North Haledon, N. J...
Oaklyn, N. J
Ocean City, N. J
Oceanport, N. J
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
City
Oradell, N. J
Palisades Park, N. J
Palmyra, N. J
Paramus, N. J
Park Ridge, N. J
Paulsboro, N. J
Penns Grove, N. J
Pitman, N. J
Pompton Lakes, N. J
Princeton, N. J
Prospect Park, N. J
Ramsey, N. J
Raritan, N. J
Ridgefield, N. J
River Edge, N. J
Rockawav, N. J
Roselle Park, N.J
Rumson, N. J
Runnemede, N. J
Salem, N. J
Sayreville, N. J
Secaucus, N. J
Somerville, N. J
South Plainfield, N. J
Tenaflv, N. J
Totowa, N. J
Ventnor City, N. J
Verona, N. J
Vineland, N. J
Wallington, N. J
AVanaquo, N. J
Washington, N. J
West Caldwell, N. J
West Paterson, N. J
Westville, N. J
Westwood, N. J
Wharton, N. J
Wildwood, N. J
Woodbury, N. J
Woodlynne, N. J
Wood Ridge, N. J
Alamogordo, N. Mex
Artesia, N. Mex
Belen, N. Mex...
Carlsbad, N. Mex
Clayton, N. Mex
Deming, N. Mex
Gallup, N. Mex
Hot Springs, N. Mex
Las Cruces, N. Mex
Las Vegas Town, N. Mex.
Lordsburg, N. Mex
Portales, N. Mex
Raton, N. Mex
Silver City, N. Mex
Socorro, N. Mex
Tucumcari, N. Mex
Albion, N. Y
Amitvville, N. Y
Babylon, N. Y
Bakiwinsville, N. Y
Ballston Spa, N. Y
Bath, N. Y
Brockport, N. Y
Bronxville, N. Y
Canajoharie, N. Y
Canandaigua, N. Y
Canastota, N. Y
Canisteo, N. Y
Canton, N. Y
Carthage, N. Y _...
Catskill, N. Y
Cobleskill, N. Y
Cooperstown, N. Y
Corinth, N.Y
Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y.
DansviHe, N. Y
Depew, N. Y
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
2
10
8
7
5
16
3
4
4
14
9
3
10
11
15
19
16
7
18
5
29
17
11
13
2
5
5
3
6
12
2
16
16
4
14
4
7
6
12
4
4
5
8
11
5
3
5
6
5
5
9
6
10
11
3
2
5
4
22
3
10
5
3
4
6
6
4
2
2
8
6
9
41
Table 16. — A^umber of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Dobbs Ferrv, N. Y
nolgeville, N. Y
East Aurora, N. Y
East Rochester, N. Y
East Syracuse, N. Y
Ellenville, N. Y
Elmira Heights, N. Y
Elmsford, N. Y
Falconer, N. Y...
Fort Edward. N. Y...
Fort Plain, N. Y
Frankfort, N. Y
Fredonia, N. Y
Goshen, N. Y.
Oouverneur, N. Y
Oowanda, N. Y
Oranville, N. Y_
Oreen Island, N. Y
Oreenport, N. Y
Hamburg, N. Y
Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y
Havcrstraw, N. Y
Herkimer, N. Y
Highland Falls, N. Y
Homer, N.Y
Hoosick Falls, N. Y
Horseheads, N. Y_
Hudson Falls, N. Y
Ilion, N.Y
Irvington, N. Y._
Lake Placid, N. Y
Lancaster, N. Y
Larchmont, N. Y
Le Rov, N. Y
Liberty, N. Y
Lindenhurst, N. Y
Liverpool, N. Y
Long Beach, N. Y
Lyons, N. Y
Malone, N. Y
Malverne, N. Y
MechanicvUle, N. Y
Medina, N. Y
Mohawk, N. Y
Monticello, N. Y
Mount Kisco, N. Y_
Mount Morris, N. Y
Newark, N. Y
New York Mills, N. Y
North Pelham, N. Y._
Northport, N. Y
North Tarrytown, N. Y...
Norwich, N. Y
Nyack, N. Y
Owego, N. Y
Palmyra, N. Y
Patchogue, N. Y
Pelham Manor, N. Y
Penn Yan, N. Y...
Perry, N. Y
Pleasantville, N. Y..
Port Jervis, N. Y
Potsdam, N. Y
Rye, N. Y
Sag Harbor, N. Y.
Salamanca, N. Y...
Saranac Lake, N. Y
Saugerties, N. Y
Scotia, N. Y
Seneca Falls, N. Y
Sidney, N.Y.
SUver Creek, N. Y
Solvay, N. Y....
Southampton, N. Y-
South Glens Falls, N. Y...
Spring Valley, N. Y...
Springville, N. Y
Suflern, N. Y
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Tarrj'town, N. Y
Ticonderoga, N. Y
Tuckahoe, N. Y_..
Tupper Lake, N. Y.
Walden, N. Y ..
Walton, N. Y_...
Warsaw, N. Y
Waterloo. N. Y
Watk ins Glen, N. Y...
Waverlv, N. Y ..
Wellsvi'lle, N. Y
Westfield, N. Y..
Whitehall, N. Y_
Whitesboro, N. Y.
Yorkville. N. Y.
Albemarle, N. C
Asheboro, N. C. ... .
Beaufort, N. C
Belmont, N. C
Brevard, N. C
Canton, N. C.._ ..
Chapel Hill, N. C
Cherr-^-ville, N. C
Clinton, N. C...
Dunn, N. C
Elkin, N. C_...
Farmville, N. C
Forest City, N. C
Graham, N. C.
Hamlet, N. C
Henderson, N. C
Hendersonville, N. C
Kings Mountain, N. C..
Laurinburg, N. C
Lenoir, N. C
Lincolnton, N. C
Lumberton, N. C
Marion, N. C
Monroe, N. C
Mooresville, N. C
Morehead City, N. C...
Morganton, N. C
Mount Airy, N. C
Newton, N. C ..
North Wilkesboro, N. C
Oxford, N. C
Roanoke Rapids, N. C
Rockingham, N. C
Ro.\boro, N. C
Sanford, N. C
Scotland Neck, N. C...
Smithfield, N. C
Southern Pines, N. C...
Spencer, N. C
Spindale, N. C
Tarboro, N. C
Valdese, N. C_
Wadesboro, N. C
Washington, N. C
Waviu'sville, N. C
Whilcvillc, N. C
Willinmston, N. C
Devils Lake, N. Dak
Dickinson, N. Dak
Grafton, N. Dak '.
Jamestown, N. Dak
Mandan, N. Dak
Valley City, N. Dak....
Wahpeton, N. Dak
Williston, N. Dak
Amherst, Ohio
Athens, Ohio
Barnesville, Ohio ■...
Bav, Ohio
Bedford, Ohio...
Bellefontaine, Ohio
Bellevue, Ohio
Berea, Ohio
42
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population, from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Bexley, Ohio
Bowling Green, Ohio
Bridgeport, Ohio
Brj'an, Ohio
Bucyrus, Ohio
Cadiz, Ohio
Carey, Ohio
Carrollton, Ohio
Celina, Ohio
Chagrin Falls, Ohio
Cheviot, Ohio
Circleviile, Ohio
Clyde, Ohio
Columbiana, Ohio
Conneaut, Ohio
Crestline, Ohio
Deer Park, Ohio
Defiance, Ohio
Delaware, Ohio
Delphos, Ohio
Dennison, Ohio
Dover, Ohio
East Palestine, Ohio
Eaton, Ohio
Elmwood Place, Ohio
Fairfield, Ohio
Fairport Harbor, Ohio
Faiiview, Ohio
Franklin, Ohio
Gallon, Ohio
Gallipolis, Ohio
Geneva, Ohio..
Girard, Ohio
Glouster, Ohio
Grandview Heights, Ohio.
Greenfield, Ohio
Greenhills, Ohio
Greenville, Ohio
Hicksville, Ohio
Hillsboro, Ohio
Hubbard, Ohio
Jackson, Ohio
Kent, Ohio
Kenton, Ohio
Lebanon, Ohio
Lisbon, Ohio
Lockland, Ohio
Logan, Ohio
London, Ohio
Louisville, Ohio
Maple Heights, Ohio
Marysville, Ohio
Maumee, Ohio
Mayfleld Heights, Ohio...
Medina, Ohio
Miamisburg, Ohio
Middleport, Ohio
Minerva, Ohio
Mingo Junction, Ohio
Montpelier, Ohio..
Mount Healthy, Ohio
Napoleon, Ohio
Nelsonville, Ohio
New Boston, Ohio
Newburgh Heights, Ohio.
Newcomerstown, Ohio
New Lexington, Ohio
Newton Falls, Ohio
North Baltimore, Ohio
North Canton, Ohio
North Colleee Hill, Ohio_
North Olmsted, Ohio
North Royalton, Ohio
Norwalk, Ohio
Oakwood, Ohio
Oberlin, Ohio
Orrville, Ohio..
Oxford, Ohio
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
14
9
4
6
13
2
4
2
4
5
8
10
5
2
10
7
6
6
8
5
4
12
5
5
5
3
3
6
5
8
6
6
8
2
5
4
4
10
2
4
4
7
7
9
4
3
10
5
4
3
11
4
7
6
6
7
2
3
5
3
4
7
4
6
7
£
3
6
2
3
6
3
4
10
12
3
2
3
Perrysburg, Ohio
Pomeroy, Ohio
Port Clinton, Ohio.. _
Ravenna, Ohio
Reading, Ohio
Rittman, Ohio
Rocky River, Ohio
St. Bernard, Ohio
St. Clairsville, Ohio
St. Marys, Ohio
Sebring, Ohio
Shadyside, Ohio
Shelby, Ohio
Sidney, Ohio
Silverton, Ohio
South Euclid, Ohio
Talmadge, Ohio
Tipp City, Ohio
Toronto, Ohio
Troy, Ohio
Uhrichsville, Ohio
University Heights, Ohio.
Upper Arlington, Ohio
Upper Sandusky, Ohio
Urbana, Ohio
Van Wert, Ohio
Wadsworth, Ohio
Wapakoneta, Ohio
Washington, C. H., Ohio.
Wauseon, Ohio
Wellington, Ohio
Wellston, Ohio
Wellsville, Ohio
Westerville, Ohio
Westlake, Ohio
Wickliffe. Ohio
Willard, Ohio
Willoughby, Ohio
Wilmington, Ohio
Wyoming, Ohio
Altus, Okla
Alva, Okla
Anadarko, Okla
Bethany, Okla
Blackwell, Okla
Bristow, Okla
Chandler, Okla
Cherokee, Okla
Claremore, Okla
Cleveland, Okla
Clinton, Okla
Cordell.Okla
Cushing, Okla
Drumright, Okla
Duncan, Okla
Edmond, Okla
Elk City, Okla
Frederick, Okla
Hartshorne, Okla..
Henryetta, Okla
Hohart, Okla
Hollis. Okla
Hominy, Okla
Hugo, Okla
Idabnl, Okla
Kingfisher, Okla
Madill.Okla
Mangum, Okla
Marlow, Okla
Miami, Okla
Nowata, Okla
Okemah, Okla
Pauls Valley, Okla
Pawhuska, Okla
Perry, Okla
Richer, Okla
Poteau, Okla
Pryor Creek, Okla
43
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,S0n TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
Purcell, Okla
Sand Springs, Okla.
Sayrc, Okla
Sulphur. Okla.
Tahleriuah, Okla....
Tonkawa, Okla
Vinita, Okla _
Wagoner, Okla
Watonjia, Okla
Woodward, Okla
Albany, Oreg
.\shland, Oreg..
Raker, Oreg
Burns, Oreg
Coos Bay, Oreg
Corvallis, Oreg
Cottage Orove, Oreg
Dallas, Oreg
Grants Pass, Oreg...
Hillsboro. Oreg
Hood River, Oreg ..
La Grande, Oreg
Lebanon, Oreg
McMinnville, Oreg.
Newbere, Oreg
North Bend, Oreg...
Ontario, Oreg
Oregon City, Oreg..
Pendleton, Oreg
Roseburg, Oreg
St. Helens, Oreg
Seaside, Oreg
Silverlon, Oreg
Springfield, Oreg
The Dalles, Oreg...
Tillamook, Oreg
Aldan, Pa.
Ambler, Pa
Apollo, Pa
Arehbald, Pa
Ashland, Pa.
Aspinwall, Pa
Avalon, Pa
Avoca, Pa
Bangor, Pa
Barnesboro, Pa
Beaver, Pa
Bedford, Pa.
Bellefonte, Pa
Bellwood, Pa
Ben Avon, Pa
Bentleyville, Pa
Birdsboro, Pa
Blairsvillc, Pa.
Blakely, Pa
Bloomsburg, Pa
Boyertown, Pa
Brackenridiie, Pa
Brentwood, Pa
Bridgeport, Pa
Brockway, Pa
Brookville, Pa
Brownsville, Pa
Burnham, Pa
California, Pa
Camp Hill, Pa
Castle Shannon, Pa.
CatasauQua, Pa
Clarion, Pa...
Clarks Summit, Pa.
Clearfield , Pa
Clifton Heights, Pa.
Clymer, Pa
Coaldale, Pa
Collingdale, Pa
Coplay, Pa
Corry, Pa
Crafton, Pa
Cresson, Pa
Curwensville, Pa
Dallastown, Pa
Danville, Pa
Derry, Pa.
Downingtown, Pa
Doylestown, Pa
Dupont , Pa
Duryea, Pa.
East Conemaugh, Pa. . .
East Lansdowne, Pa
East Maueh Chunk, Pa
East McKeesport, Pa...
East Pittsburgh, Pa
East Stroudsburg, Pa...
Ebensburg, Pa
Edge wood. Pa
Edwardsville, Pa
Elizabeth, Pa
Elizabethtown, Pa
Emmaus, Pa
Emporium, Pa...
Emsworth, Pa..
Ephrata, Pa
Etna, Pa
Exeter, Pa..
Ferndale, Pa
Ford City, Pa
Forest City, Pa
Forest Hilis, Pa
Forty Fort, Pa.
Fountain Hill, Pa
Franklin, Pa
Freedom, Pa
Freeland, Pa......
Freeport, Pa.
Gallitzin, Pa
Gettysburg, Pa
Olassport, Pa
Glenolden, Pa.
Greenville, Pa.
Grove City, Pa
Hatboro, Pa
Hellertown, Pa
Hollidavsburg, Pa
Hones.lale, Pa
Humnu'Istown, Pa
Huntingdon, Pa
Ingram, Pa
Irwin, Pa
Jenkintown, Pa
Jermyn, Pa
.lersey Shore, Pa
Johnsonburg, Pa
Kane, Pa
Kennett Square, Pa
Kittanning, Pa
Kulimiont, Pa
Kutztown, Pa..
Lansdale, Pa.
Lansford, Pa
Larksville, Pa
Laureldale, Pa
Leechburg, Pa
Lehighton, Pa
Lemoyne, Pa
Lewisburg, Pa...
Lititz, Pa..
Luzerne, Pa
Manheim, Pa
Marcus Hook, Pa.
Masontown, Pa
Maueh Chunk, Pa
McAdoo, Pa
McDonald, Pa..
Mechanicsburg, Pa
Media, Pa
Meyersdale, Pa
44
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 10^8, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
Middletown, Pa
Midland, Pa
Millersburg, Pa
Milton, Pa
Minersville, Pa
Monaca, Pa
Monongahela, Pa
Montoursville, Pa
Moosic, Pa_._
Morrisville, Pa
Mount Joy, Pa
Mount Oliver, Pa
Mount Penn, Pa..
Mount Pleasant, Pa
Mount Union, Pa
Muncy, Pa
Mverstown, Pa
Nanty Glo, Pa
Narberth, Pa
Nazareth, Pa
New Brighton, Pa
New Cumberland, Pa
Northampton, Pa
North Belle Vernon, Pa..
North Charleroi, Pa
North East, Pa
Northumberland, Pa
Norwood, Pa
Oakmont, Pa
Olyphant, Pa
Oxford, Pa
Palmerton, Pa
Palmyra, Pa
Patton, Pa....
Pen Argyl, Pa
Perkasie, Pa
Philipsburg, Pa
Pitcairn, Pa
Portage, Pa
Port Vue, Pa
Prospect Park, Pa
Punxsutawney, Pa
Quakertown, Pa
Rankin, Pa
Renovo, Pa
Reynolds ville, Pa
Ridgway , Pa
Ridley Park, Pa
Roaring Spring, Pa
Rochester, Pa
Royersford, Pa
St. Clair, Pa
St. Marys, Pa
Sayre, Pa
Schuylkill Haven, Pa...
Scottdale, Pa ,
Selinsgrove, Pa
Sewickley, Pa
Sharon Hill, Pa
Sharpsburg, Pa
Sharpsville, Pa
Shillington, Pa
Shippensburg, Pa
Slatington, Pa
Somerset, Pa
Souderton, Pa
South Connellsville, Pa.
South Fork, Pa
South Greensburg, Pa...
South Williamsport, Pa.
Spangler, Pa
Spring City, Pa
Springdale. Pa
State College, Pa .-
Stroudsburg, Pa
Sugar Notch, Pa
Summit Hill, Pa
Susquehanna, Pa
Swarthmore, Pa
Swoyerville, Pa
Tarentum, Pa
Taylor, Pa
Throop, Pa
Titusville, Pa
Towanda, Pa
Trafford, Pa
Turtle Creek, Pa
Tyrone, Pa
Union City, Pa
Verona, Pa
Waynesburg, Pa
Weatherly, Pa
Wellsboro,, Pa
We'^ley ville, Pa
West Hazleton, Pa
West Homestead, Pa..
Westmont, Pa
West Newton, Pa
West Pittston, Pa
West Reading, Pa
West View, Pa
West Wyoming, Pa...
Williamstown, Pa
Wilmerding, Pa
Wilson, Pa
Windber, Pa
Winton, Pa
Wyoming, Pa
Wyomissing, Pa
Yeadon, Pa
Youngwood, Pa
Barrington, R. I
Burrillville, R. I
East Greenwich, R. 1.
Warren, R. I
Abbeville, S. C
Aiken, S. C...
Bamberg, S. C
Batesburg, S. C .
Beaufort, S. C
Bennettsville, S. C...
BishopvUIe, S. C
Cheraw, S. C
Chester, S. C
Clinton, S. C...
Clover, S. C
Conway, S. C
Dillon, S. C
Easlev, S. C
Eau Claire, S. C
Fort Mill, S. C ..
GafTney, S. C
Georgetown, S. C
Greer, S. C
Hartsville, S. C
Honea Path, S. C
Kingstree, S. C
Lancaster, S. C
Laurens, S. C.
Marion, S. C
Mullins, S. C
Newberry, S. C
North Augusta, S. C.
Union, S. C
Walhalla, S. C
Whitmire, S. C
Williamston, S. C
York, S. C
Brookings, S. Dak
Canton, S. Dak
Deadwood, S. Dak...
Hot Springs, S. Dak.
Lead, S. Dak
Madison, S. Dak
Milbank, S. Dak
Mobridge, S. Dak...
45
Table 16. — Number of police depnrlmcnt employees, April 30, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Pierre, S. Dak
Sisseton, S. Dak
SturRis, S. Dak
Vermillion, S. Dak
Yankton, S. Dak
Alcoa, Tenn
Athens, Tenn
Brownsville, Tenn
Clinton, Tenn
Cookeville, Tenn
Covington, Tenn
Eliza both ton, Tenn
Erwin, Tenn
Etowah, Tenn
Fayetteville, Tenn
Franklin, Tenn
Oallatin, Tenn
Oreeneville, Tenn
Harriman, Tenn
Humboldt, Tenn
Jefferson City, Tenn...
La Follette, Tenn.
Lawrenceburg, Term-..
Lebanon, Tenn
Lenoir City, Tenn
Lewisburg, Tenn
Martin, Tenn
Maryville, Tenn
McMinnville, Tenn
Milan, Tenn
Morristown, Tenn
Mount Pleasant, Tenn
Murfreesboro, Tenn
Newport, Tenn
Paris, Tenn
Pulaski, Tenn
Ripley, Tenn
Shelby ville, Tenn
Sparta, Tenn
Springfield, Tenn
Sweetwater, Tenn
Trenton, Tenn
Union City, Tenn
Winchester, Tenn
Alamo Heights, Tex_..
Alpine, Tex
Arlington, Tex
Ballinger, Tex
Beeville, Tex,
Belton, Tex
Benavides, Tex
Bonham, Tex...
Bowie, Tex
Brady, Tex
Breckenridge, Tex
Brenham, Tex ■
Brownfield, Tex
Burkhurnett, Tex
Canyon, Tex
Childress, Tex
Cisco, Tex
Coleman, Tex
Comanche, Tex
Commerce, Tex
Conroe, Tex
Crockett, Tex
Cuero, Tex
Dalhart, Tex....
Dublin, Tex
Eagle Pass, Tex
Eastland, Tex
Edinburg, Tex
Electra, Tex
Fort Stockton, Tex....
Freeport, Tex
Gainesville, Tex
Oatesville, Tex..
Georgetown, Tex
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Gladewater, Tex
Gonzales, Tex
Graham, Tex
Haskell, Tex
Hearne, Tex
Henderson, Tex
Hillsboro, Tex
Huntsville, Tex
Jacksonville, Tex
Jasper, Tex
Jefferson, Tex
Kenedy, Tex
Kerrville, Tex
Kilgore, Tex
Kingsville, Tex
La Grange, Tex
Lamesa, Tex
Lampasas, Tex..'.
Levelland, Tex
Littlefleld, Tex
Llano, Tex
Lufkin, Tex
Luling, Tex
Marfa, Tex
Marlin, Tex
Mart, Tex
McCamey, Tex
McKinney, Tex
Memphis, Tex
Mercedes, Tex
Mexia, Tex
Midland, Tex
Mineola, Tex
M ineral Wells, Tex
Mission, Tex _.
Monahaas, Tex
Niicoedochos, Tex.
Navasota, Tex
New Braunfels, Tex
Odessa, Tex
Olney, Tex
Orange, Tex
Pasadena, Tex
Pecos, Tex
Pharr, Tex
Pittsburg, Tex
Plainview, Tex
Quanah, Tex
Ranger, Tex
Raymondville, Tex
Refugio, Tex...
Robstown, Tex.
Rusk, Tex
Seymour, Tex
Shamrock, Tex
Slaton, Tex
Smithville, Tex
Snyder, Tex
Stamford, Tex..
Stephenville, Tex
Taylor, Tex
Teague, Tex
Texas City, Tex
Vernon, Tex..
Wiixahaehie, Tex ,
Wcuthcrford, Tex
Wellington, Tex
Weslaco, Tex...
West University Place, Tex
Yoakum, Tex
American Fork, Utah
Bingham Canyon, Utah
Bountiful, Utah
Brieham, Utah
Cedar City, Utah
Heber, Utah
Helper, Utah
Lehi, Utah ,
46
Table 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
popxdation from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Midvale, Utah
Murray, Utah _
Orem, Utah ._.
Park City, Utah
Payson, Utah
Price, Utah
Richfield, Utah
South Salt Lake, Utah
Spanish Fork, Utah
Springville, Utah
Tooele, Utah
Bellows Falls, Vt
Bennington, Vt
Brattleboro, Vt
Montpelier, Vt
Newport, Vt
St. Albans, Vt
St. Johnsbury, Vt
Springfield, Vt
Waterbury, Vt
Windsor, Vt
Winooski, Vt
Abingdon, Va
AltaVista. Va
Appalachia, Va
Bedford, Va
Big Stone Gap, Va
Blackstone, Va
Bluefield, Va
Bristol, Va
Buena Vista, Va
Clifton Forge, Va
Colonial Heights, Va..
Covineton, Va
Emporia, Va
Falls Church, Va
Farmville, Va
Franklin, Va
Front Royal, Va
Galax, Va
Hampton, Va
Harrisonburg, Va
Hopewell, Va
Lexington, Va
Marion, Va
Norton, Va
Phoebus, Va
Pocahontas, Va _-
Pulaski, Va
Radford, Va.. -
Salem, Va
Saltville, Va
South Boston, Va
South Norfolk, Va
Vinton, Va
Virginia Beach, Va
Waynesboro, Va
Williamsburg, Va
Wytheville, Va
Anacortes, Wash
Auburn, Wash
Camas, Wash
Centralia, Wash
Chehalis, Wash
Clarkston, Wash,
Colfax, Wash
Dayton, Wash,.
Ellensburg, Wash
Enumclaw, Wash
Grand Coulee, Wash..
Kelso, Wash
Kent, Wash
Mount Vernon, Wash.
Omak, Wash
Pasco, Wash
Port Angeles, Wash...
Port Townsend, Wash
Pullman, Wash
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Puyallup, Wash.-
Raymond, Wash
Rent on, Wash
Sedro Woolley, Wash
Shelton, Wash
Snohomish, Wash
Toppenish, Wash
Benwood, W. Va
Buckhannon, W. Va
Charles Town, W. Va
Chester, W. Va
Dunbar, W. Va
Elkins, W. Va
Grafton, W. Va
Hinton, W. Va
Kenova, W. Va
Keyser, W. Va
Keystone, W. Va
Logan, W. Va
Mannington, W. Va
McMechen, W. Va
Montgomery, W. Va
Mullens, W. Va
New Martinsville, W. Va
Nitro, W. Va
Piedmont, W. Va
Point Pleasant, W. Va...
Princeton, W. Va
Richwood, W. Va
Salem, W.Va
Shinnston, W. Va
Sistersville, W. Va
Welch, W. Va
Wellsburg, W. Va
Weston, W. Va..
Williamson; W. Va
Algoma, Wis
Antigo, Wis
Baraboo, Wis
Berlin, Wis
Black River Falls, Wis...
Burlington, Wis
Clintonville, Wis
Columbus, Wis
Delavan, Wis
De Pere, Wis
Edgerton, Wis
Fort Atkinson, Wis
Greendale, Wis
Hartford, Wis
Hudson, Wis
Hurley, Wis.
Jefferson, Wis...
Kaukauna, Wis
Kewaunee, Wis
Kimberly, Wis
Ladysmith, Wis
Lake Geneva, Wis
Lancaster, Wis
Little Chute, Wis
Mauston, Wis
Mayville, Wis
Menomonie, Wis
Merrill, Wis
Monroe, Wis
Neillsville, Wis
New London, Wis
Oconomowoc, Wis
Oconto, Wis.
Park Falls, Wis
Platteville, Wis
Plymouth, Wis
Portage, Wis..
Port Washington, Wis...
Prairie Du Chien, Wis...
Reedsburg, Wis
Rhinelander, Wis
Rice Lake, Wis
47
Tabi.k 16. — Number of police department employees, April SO, 1948, cities with
population from 2,500 to 25,000 — Continued
CITIES WITH 2,500 TO 10,000 INHABITANTS— Continued
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
City
Number of
police de-
partment
employees
Richland Center, Wis
6
5
3
6
3
8
4
5
8
4
4
4
5
Waupun, Wis
5
Ripon, Wis
West Bend, Wis
River Falls, Wis
West Milwaukee, Wis
12
Shawano, Wis
Whitefish Bav, Wis
17
Shebovgan Falls, Wis . ..
Whitewater, Wis
5
Sparta. Wis
Cody, Wvo
4
Spooner, Wis. _
E vanston , Wyo
Green River, Wyo .
4
Stoughton, Wis
3
Sturgeon Bav, Wis
Lander, Wyo
3
Tomah, Wis
Rawlins, Wyo
8
Riverton, Wyo
4
Viroqua, Wis
Rock Springs, Wyo
10
Waupaca, Wis
ANNUAL REPORTS
Offenses Cleared by Arrest, 1947
Eighty of every 100 crimes against the person were cleared by the
pohce in 1947, and for each 100 crimes against property, almost 26
were cleared by arrest. Intensified investigation of the comparatively
more serious crimes, those involving personal assault, a prompt re-
porting of such crimes and the availability of a description of the
assailant are doubtless major factors affecting the clearance rate for
crimes against the person. In the individual classifications of crimes
against the person, the police in 1947 cleared by arrest 88.1 percent of
the murders, 85.5 percent of the negligent manslaughters, 76.5 percent
of the rapes, and 79.6 percent of the aggravated assaults.
In crimes with property as the object in 1947 the police cleared by
arrest 41.1 percent of the robberies, 29.2 percent of the burglaries, 22.4
percent of the larcenies, and 29.2 percent of the auto thefts. Although
a robbery is considered as a crime against property, it does involve an
assault on the victim or threats of bodily harm and its similarity to a
crime against the person is thus reflected in the relatively higher
clearance rate in comparison with other crimes against property.
Property crimes comprised 94.4 percent of the offenses investigated
in the reporting cities and 194,856 of these were cleared by arrest as
contrasted with 36,265 clearances of crimes against the person.
"Cleared by arrest" means generally that one or more offenders in
the case have been arrested and made available for prosecution.
Several offenses may be cleared by the arrest of one individual if the
police investigation establishes evidence identifying that person as the
perpetrator of the offenses. However, if several people were arrested
who jointly committed only one crime, the police would score only
one offense as cleared by arrest. The police may in some instances
"close" an investigative case when the oft'ender has been definitely
identified and located, but not formally arrested and charged in the
local jurisdiction for reasons beyond the control of the police. As a
practical matter the police would consider such a case cleared and
provision for these "exceptional clearances" is included in the system
of uniform crime reporting. These "exceptional clearances" are com-
paratively few in number and are strictly limited under the instruc-
tions in the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook, distributed by the
FBI to contributing agencies.
A case is not cleared by arrest merely because stolen property is
recovered. However, as an offset to the low arrest clearance of prop-
(48)
49
erty crimes and as an indication of police activity, it may be noted
that 60.3 percent of property stolen in 1947 was recovered by the police.
The number of offenses cleared by arrest and the number of persons
charged for each 100 ofl'enses known to the police in 1,639 cities having
a combined population of 49,236,928 are presented in table 17. The
number of offenses cleared by arrest does not agree with the number
of persons charged since the arrest of one individual may clear several
crimes but only one person would be charged. Likewise, several
persons may be charged for the commission of only one offense.
Certain crime classifili'ations will show more persons charged than
there are offenses cleared by arrest. This will be observed particularly
in the negligent manslaughter classification. It is the practice in
some jurisdictions to arrest and charge surviving drivers involved in
fatal automobile accidents even though they are released upon com-
pletion of the police investigation if it is established they were not
operating the vehicle in a grossly negligent manner.
Questionnaires are used in conjunction with the annual reports to
insure uniformity in the figures compiled by the various contributing
agencies. No reports are included in the tabulations unless the
agency indicated that all offenses of the indicated types known to
have occurred were included. Also these departments indicated that
the figures pertaining to offenses cleared by arrest were properly
distinguished from those relating to the number of persons arrested
by the police.
Each report is carefully reviewed as to reasonableness of the figures
and any apparent discrepancy or possible misunderstanding is made
the subject of correspondence as a further precaution in determining
the quality of the figures reported. Letters were sent to 750 of the
1,639 cities used in the following tabulation.
50
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Table 17 —Offenses known, cleared hy arrest, and persons charged (held for prose-
cution), 1947, by population groups, number per 100 known offenses
[Population figures from 1940 deceimial census]
Population group
Criminal homi-
cide
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
TOTAL, GROUPS I-VI
1, 639 cities; total population, 49,236,-
928:
Offenses known 100.0
Offenses cleared by arrest 88. 1
Persons charged 92. 4
GROUP I
31 cities over 250,000; total popula
lation, 19,307,202:
Offenses known 100.0
Offenses cleared by arrest 85.6
Persons charged 90.2
GROUP II
48 cities, 100,000 to 250,000; total
population, 6,855,810:
O ffenses known 100.
Offenses cleared by arrest 90. 1
Persons charged 97. 5
GROUP III
86 citiee, 50,000 to 100,000; total
population, 5,955,530:
Offenses known 100.0
Offenses cleared by arrest 92.2
Persons charged 94. 1
163 cities, 25,000 to 50,000; total popu
lation, 5,660,490:
Offenses known 100.0
Offenses cleared by arrest 89. 6
Persons charged 105.6
GROUP V
446 cities, 10,000 to 25,000; total popu
lation, 6,761,370:
Offenses known 100.
Offenses cleared by arrest 91. 1
Persons charged 87.5
GROUP VI
865 cities under 10,000; total popu
lation, 4,696,520:
Offenses known.. lOO.O
Offenses cleared by arrest 88. 9
Persons charged 83.3
100.0
85.5
96.7
100.0
85.2
119.2
100.0
78.9
74.1
100.0
91.3
74.2
100.0
86.4
79.3
100.0
89.6
91.6
100.0
89.8
90.7
100.0
76.5
79.4
100.0
73.1
76.0
100.0
75.9
74.1
100.0
80.3
79.9
100.0
81.1
90.9
100.0
82.5
88.1
100.0
82.6
100.0
41.1
38.0
100.0
43.5
35.3
100.0
34.0
38.2
100.0
40.1
46.5
100.0
40. 3
52.4
100.0
48.1
60.0
100.0
79.6
71.5
100.0
77.4
59.4
100. 100.
33. 8 72. 8
34. 6 66. 3
100.0
83.8
88.3
100.
82.0
85.6
100.
88.3
91.4
100.0
89.3
99.3
100.0
29.2
19.3
100.0
31.2
17.9
100.0
25.1
16.5
100.0
27.4
18.1
100.0
27.5
19.2
100.0
28.3
23.6
100.0
35.6
31.3
100.0
22.4
17.1
100.0
23.6
19.1
100.0
20.4
15.6
100.0
22.2
16.3
100.0
20.5
13.8
100.0
21.0
16.3
100.0
26.5
19.2
52
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53
Persons Charged (Held for Prosecution), 1947
Of 2,451,724 persons charged by the reporting poHce departments
in 1947, for violations other than minor traffic infractions, 326,388 or
13.3 percent were charged with serious crimes. The data in table 18
are from 1,639 cities with a combined population of 49,236,928 and
the number of persons charged with serious crimes in the individual
classifications is as follows:
Murder 2,838
Manslaughter 1, 799
Robbery 11,347
Aggravated assault 24, 456
Burglary 35, 675
Larceny 78, 207
Auto theft 18, 870
Embezzlement and fraud 11, 372
Stolen property (receiving, etc.) _ 4, 554
Forgery and counterfeiting 7, 711
Rape 4, 931
Narcotic drug laws 2,585
Weapons (carrying, etc.) 19, 045
Offenses against family and
children 31, 112
Driving while intoxicated 71, 886
With some exceptions, more persons were arrested and charged per
unit of population in the larger cities. This coincides with the general
observation that the greater the population in a city the more numerous
are the crimes which are committed per unit of population. However,
the persons charged rates for assault, burglary, larceny, auto theft,
buying, receiving and possessing stolen property, forgery and counter-
feiting, sex offenses, offenses against famity- and children, liquor law
violations and drunkenness were greater in some small city groups
than in the large population centers. The lowest rate for driving
while intoxicated was registered in cities of over 250,000 inhabitants
while cities under 10,000 had the highest rate in this category.
The scoring of the number of persons charged is governed by
different rules from those for scoring offenses known to the police.
This distinction should be recognized in studying table 18. For
example, an armed robbery of a drug store, a candy store, and a
service station by the same robber would count as three separate
offenses of robbery known to the police. Upon the arrest of the
robber and his identification with the three offenses, he would be
charged with robbery but only one person charged would be scored.
This distinction between the counting of crimes and counting of
persons may be further illustrated by assuming that a grocery store
is robbed by three armed bandits. The police would score one
offense of robbery. Upon arresting and charging the three bandits,
three persons charged with robbery would be listed. An auto thief
might be charged with "unauthorized use" which would be listed
under "all other offenses."
Almost 96 percent of the 1,639 cities represented in the following
tabulations indicated they had correctly listed the number of persons
charged rather than the number of charges placed against persons
arrested; i. e., if on an occasion of a single arrest an offender was
54
charged with burglary and larceny, the person was listed as only one
person charged, the entry being made opposite burglary.
Over 86 percent of the departments advised that all or some juve-
niles were included in the reports. Over 81 percent stated that all
juveniles were included. Of the departments including juvenile
arrests, 97 percent properly included them opposite the classification
embracing the violations involved, such as robbery, auto theft, and
the like, even though a technical charge such as "juvenile delinquency"
was placed against the juvenile at the time of his arrest. The remain-
der of the departments reported juveniles opposite "all other offenses."
Table 19 includes detailed figures concerning persons charged with
(1) violations of road and driving laws (usually distinguished as
"moving" violations), (2) parking violations, and (3) other traffic and
motor vehicle laws, except driving while intoxicated. The figures are
from 1,434 cities and are set forth separately in table 19, since such
detail was not furnished by all 1,639 cities represented in table 18.
Table 18. — Persons charged (held for prosecution), 1947, number and rate per
100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Totaf
1,639
cities;
total pop-
ulation,
49, 236, 928
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Offense charged
31 cities
over
250,000;
popu-
lation,
19, 307, 202
48 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popu-
lation,
6,855,810
86 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popu-
lation,
5,955,530
163 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popu-
lation,
5,660,496
446 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popu-
lation,
6,761,370
865 cities
under
10,000;
popu-
lation,
4,696,520
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and nonnegli-
gent manslaughter:
Number of persons
charged
Rate per 100,000.-.-
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence:
Number of persons
charged
2,838
5.76
1,799
3.65
11, 347
23.0
24, 466
49.7
1 92, 447
188.0
35,675
72.5
78, 207
158.8
18, 870
38.3
11,372
23.1
4,554
9.2
1,394
7.22
961
4.98
6,524
33.8
10,000
51.8
33, 402
173.0
13, 809
71.5
31,098
161.1
6,718
34.8
5,995
31.1
1,912
9.9
472
6.88
260
3.79
1,535
22.4
3,216
46.9
17. 753
258.9
5,541
80.8
12, 230
178.4
3,137
45.8
1,868
27.2
489
7.1
348
5.84
170
2.85
920
15.4
4,124
69.2
2 12. 587
213.6
4,162
69.9
10,021
168.3
1, 856
31.2
1,024
17.2
352
5.9
244
4.31
169
2.99
851
15.0
2,859
50.5
9,183
162.2
3,707
65.5
8,026
141.8
2,160
38.2
968
17.1
651
11.5
245
3.62
141
2.09
886
13.1
2,622
38.8
12, 722
188.2
4,700
69.5
9,959
147.3
2,841
42.0
950
14.1
794
11.7
135
2.87
98
Rate per 100,000. -_.
Robbery:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000
2.09
631
13.4
Aggravated assault:
Number of persons charged-
Rate per 100,000
1,635
34.8
Other assaults:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
6,800
144.8
Burglary — breaking or entering:
Number of persons charged-
Rate per 100,000
3,756
80.0
Larceny— theft:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000 -
6,873
146.3
Auto theft:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000
2,158
45.9
Embezzlement and fraud:
Number of persons charged,
Rate per 100,000
567
12.1
Stolen property; buying, re-
ceiving, possessing:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000..
356
7.6
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 18.
55
-Persons charged (held for prosecution), 1947 number and rate -per
100,000 inhabitants, by population groups — Continued
(Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Offense charged
Forgery and counterfeiting:
Xumber of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Rape:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Sex offenses (except rape and
prostitution):
Num ber of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Narcotic drug laws:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc.:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000
Offenses against family and
children:
Number of persons eharged.
Rate per 100,000
Liquor laws:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Driving while intoxicated:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000 ....
Traffic and motor vehicle laws:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
Disorderly conduct:
Number of persons charged.
Rate per 100,000
Drunkenne.ss:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Vagrancy:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Gambling:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
All other offenses:
Number of persons charged
Rate per 100,000
Total,
1,6.39
cities;
total pop-
ulation,
49, 236, 928
7,711
15.7
4,931
10.01
26,016
52.8
22, 374
45.4
2,585
5.3
19, 045
38.7
» 31, 112
63.2
26, 180
53.2
» 71. 886
148.4
n0,288,447
21, 930. 5
307, 867
625.3
1, 218, 607
2, 470. 7
118, 887
241.4
92, 854
188.6
"222.254
466.8
Group I
31 cities
over
2,'i0,000;
popu-
lation,
19, 307, 202
2,421
12.5
2,370
12.28
15, 059
78.0
7,806
40.4
1,456
7.5
8,690
45.0
11, 388
59.0
5,840
30.2
17, 630
91.3
i«4,171,092
23, 587. 1
121, 187
627.7
442, 370
2,291.2
51,509
266.8
48,505
251.2
'1 75, 460
426.7
Group II
48 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popu-
lation,
6,855,810
1.087
15.9
685
9.99
6,094
4,286
62.5
286
4.2
2,776
40.5
6,294
91.8
6,949
101.4
7,6S1
111.3
"1,924,289
28, 814. 7
43, 052
628.0
216, 563
3, 158. 8
30. 002
'437. 6
15, 447
225.3
33, 944
495.1
Group III
86 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popu-
lation,
5,955,530
1.293
21.7
478
8.03
1,941
32.6
2,755
46.3
310
5.2
2,367
39.7
3.360
56.4
3, 669
61.6
« 9. 193
155.8
121,284,146
22, 370. 4
37, 218
624.9
144, 727
2, 430. 1
11,435
192.0
11,271
189.3
34, 218
574.6
Group IV
163 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popu-
lation,
5,660,496
1,019
18.0
418
7.38
4,161
73.6
279
4.9
1.879
33.2
4,897
86.5
3,854
68.1
^ 10, 367
184.6
131,019,835
18, 571. 3
31,115
549.7
134, 489
2, 375. 9
9,392
165.9
7,228
127.7
30, 554
539.8
Group V
446 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popu-
lation,
6,761,370
1,110
16.4
555
8.21
1,022
15.1
2,258
33.4
141
2.1
2,225
32.9
« 3, 399
50.4
3,662
54.2
14, 521
215.9
"1,179,949
17, 660. 6
43, 325
640.8
159, 595
2, 360. 4
8,289
122.6
7,182
106.2
29, 587
437.6
Group VI
865 cities
u,nder ^
10,000;"^
popu-
lation,
4,696,520
781
16.6
425
9.05
512
10.9
113
2.4
1,108
23.6
1,774
37.8
2,206
47.0
12, 544
267.1
15 709,136
15, 286. 7
31, 970
680.7
118,763
2, 528. 7
8,210
174.8
3,221
68.6
18, 491
393.7
bekjw""™^^"^ Of persons charged and the rate are based on the reports from the number of cities indicated
Footnote
1
2
3
4
6
6.
7.
8
Cities
1,638
85
1,638
445
1,635
85
162
444
Population
49, 174, 532
5, 893, 134
49, 217, 528
6, 741, 970
49, 100, 209
5, 898, 818
5, 615, 785
6, 726, 074
Footnote
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Cities
1,616
30
47
83
159
441
856
1,638
Population
46, 913, 909
17,683,750
6, 678, 148
5, 740, 368
5, 491, 467
6,681,253
4, 638, 923
47, 613, 476
56
Table 19. — Persons charged (held for prosecution), traffic violations, except driving
while intoxicated, 1947; number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population
groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Total,
1,434
cities;
total pop-
ulation,
43,691,043
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Offense charged
28 cities
over
250,000;
popu-
lation,
18,100,556
39 cities,
100,000 to
250,000;
popu-
lation,
5,321,190
73 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popu-
lation,
5,124,333
144 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popu-
lation,
4,981,660
396 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popu-
lation,
6,024,169
754 cities
under
10,000;
popu-
lation,
4,139,135
Road and driving laws:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
1, 946, 752
4,455.7
6, 919. 599
15, 837. 6
372, 703
853.0
1, 066, 316
5, 891. 1
2, 660, 328
14, 697. 5
182, 586
1, 008. 7
222, 166
4, 175. 1
1, 350, 006
25, 370. 4
31, 906
599.6
202, 048
3, 942. 9
896, 205
17, 489. 2
44,293
864.4
154, 553
3, 102. 4
696, 159
13, 974. 4
39, 813
799.2
161, 780
2, 685. 5
868, 399
14, 415. 2
39, 109
649.2
139, 889
3, 379. 7
Parking violations:
Number of persons charged .
Rate per 100,000
448, 502
10, 835. 6
Other traffic and motor vehicle
laws:
N umber of persons charged -
Rate per 100,000
34, 996
845.5
Offenses Known, Cleared by Arrest, and Persons Charged and Found
Guilty, 1947
Of each 1,000 major crimes in 1947, police cleared 278 with the
arrest of 185 persons of whom 140 were found guilty (119 guilty as
charged and 21 of a lesser offense). Such information is of value to a
police administrator measuring the efficiency of his investigators m
preparing cases for court.
For each 1,000 crimes against the person in 1947, 767 were cleared
by the arrest of 651 persons and 403 of these were found guilty, while
the conviction ratio for crimes against property was 125 for each
1,000 offenses. Of the persons formally charged the percentage found
guilty ranged from 89.0 for driving while intoxicated to 39.4 for
negligent manslaughter. Over 79 percent of all persons charged by
the police in 1947 were found guilty, according to the information in
tables 20 and 21.
The percentage of persons found guilty decreased in 1947 as com-
pared with 1946. Decreases were sharp in embezzlement and fraud,
negligent manslaughter, stolen property, and drunkenness. Increases
were noticeable in the robbery, auto theft, offenses against family and
children, and narcotic drug laws classes.
Tables 20 and 21 are based on the reports of 181 cities with more
than 25,000 inhabitants representing a combined population of
19,161,801. The reports do not provide for listing offenses laiown for
the part II crimes and accordingly the persons found guilty data are
presented separately in the indicated tables. Unless the entries in
the reports for persons found guilty represented the final disposition
of the charges placed against persons arrested they were excluded
from the summaries. Certain classifications were not listed separately
in table 21 since separate figures were not provided in some reports
used.
57
PERSONS CHARGED
AND
PERCENT FOUND GUILTY
Calendar year 1947
CRIMES AGAINST PERSON
Percent found guilty
MURDER 990 CHARGED
fMMMMMtUU
57.6 %
NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER 589 CHARGED
RAPE 2,026 CHARGED
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT 8,744 CHARGED
181 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS
cJart """OTAL POPULATION 19,161,801
Figure 7.
58
Table 20. — Offenses known, cleared by arrest, and number of persons found guilty,
1947; 181 cities over 25,000 in population
[Total population, 19,161,801, based on 1940 decennial censusl
Oflense (part I classes)
Total.
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and nonnegli-
gent manslaughter _
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary— breaking or enter-
ing
Larceny— theft (except auto
theft)
Auto theft
Number
of
offenses
known to
the
police
345, 971
1,099
746
2,979
16,666
14, 151
77, 890
196, 706
35, 734
Number
of
offenses
cleared
by
arrest
96, 192
915
611
2,175
6,997
10,860
23, 028
42, 130
9,476
Number
of
persons
charged
(held for
prosecu-
tion)
63, 908
589
2,026
4,995
8,744
11,507
28, 858
6,194
Number
found
guilty
of
offense
charged
41,281
441
176
850
3,216
3,996
7,459
21,062
4,081
Number
found
guilty
of
lesser
oflense
7,189
129
56
339
900
1,655
1,766
1,447
897
Total
found
guilty
(o( offense
charged
or lesser
offense)
48.470
570
232
1,189
4,116
5,651
9, 225
22, 509
4,978
Percent-
age found
guilty
57.6
39.4
58.7
82.4
64.6
80.2
78.0
80.4
Table 21. — Number of persons charged (held for prosecution) and number found
guilty, 1947; 181 cities over 25,000 in population
[Total population, 19,161,801, based on 1940 deceimial census]
Oflense (part II classes)
Number of
persons
charged
(held for
prosecu-
tion)
Number
found
guilty of
oflense
charged
Number
found
guilty of
lesser
oflense
Total found
guilty (of
offense
charged or
of lesser
offense)
Percent-
age
found
guilty
TotaL__
Other assaults.
Forgery and counterfeiting
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Sex offenses (including prostitution and com
merci'.'lized vice)
Offenses against the family and children.
Narcotic drug laws
Liquor laws.
Drunkenness; disorderly conduct and vag
rancy.
Gambling
Driving while intoxicated
Traffic and motor vehicle laws
All other offenses
1 4, 976, 018
1 3, 923, 416
1 3, 941, 395
33, 895
2,391
4,974
1, 668
7,102
20, 781
15, 322
1,429
10, 321
570, 927
36, 115
22, 042
2 4, 188, 504
3 60, 547
19,315
1,616
2,604
776
5,557
16, 123
9, 253
1,029
8,443
422, 909
26,589
17, 542
2 3, 350, 620
3 41,040
716
194
337
86
163
516
239
35
139
1,081
119
2,072
2 11,065
3 1.217
20, 031
1.810
2,941
862
5,720
16, 639
9,492
1,064
8,582
423,990
26, 708
19,614
'■ 3, 361, 685
3 42, 257
179.2
59.1
75.7
59.1
51.7
80.5
80.1
62.0
74.5
83.2
74.3
74.0
89.0
2 80.3
3 69. 8
1 The total figures are subject to footnotes 2 and 3.
2 Based on the reports of 173 cities, total population, 16,657,544.
3 Based on the reports of 180 cities, total population, 17,538,349.
59
PERSONS CHARGED
AND
PERCENT FOUND GUILTY
Calendar year 1947
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY
Percent found guilty
ROBBERY 4,995 CHARGED
miiiiwi
82.4 %
BURGLARY 11,507 CHARGED
ninin
80.2 %
LARCENY 28,858 CHARGED
millllU;^
78.0 %
AUTO THEFT 6,194 CHARGED
nnini
80.4 %
181 CITIES WITH OVER 25,000 INHABITANTS
TOTAL POPULATION 19,161,801
FBI
CHART
Figure 8.
60
Persons Released Without Being Held for Prosecution, 1947
The arrest data in the preceding text and tables have been limited
to the number of persons formally charged with a crime. The annual
reports forwarded by the police also include the number of persons
arrested and released without a formal charge being brought against
them. By combining the number of persons charged and those re-
leased without being held for prosecution the police have the total
number of arrests for violations occurring locally for the year. Arrests
for other authorities are not included by the reporting agency to avoid
a duplicate listing of such matters.
The figures include persons taken into custody and released with a
reprimand or on the "golden rule" principle. Youthful offenders
released for various reasons without a formal charge being placed are
included as are persons ignoring notices to appear for traffic violations
who are not subsequently arrested and charged.
Reports appearing incomplete or incorrect as to persons released
were excluded from tables 22 and 23. Accordingly, 1,084 cities with a
combined population of 29,637,974 are represented although figures
for persons charged were available for 1,639 cities in table 18.
Some cities did not itemize the persons released figures for road and
driving laws, parking violations, and other traffic and motor vehicle
laws, resulting in a combining of these classes in table 22 and available
separate data in table 23.
Table 22. — Persons released without being held for prosecution, 1947; number and
rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Total,
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
1,084
cities;
total pop-
ulation,
29,637,974
22 cities
24 cities,
54 cities,
113 cities,
316 cities.
555 cities
Offense charged
over
100,000 to
50,000 to
25,000 to
10,000 to
under
250,000;
250,000;
100,000;
50,000;
25,000;
10,000;
popu-
popu-
popu-
popu-
popu-
popu-
lation,
lation.
lation.
lation.
lation,
lation,
10,801,180
3,300,171
3,762,949
3,873,291
4,768,162
3,132,221
Criminal homicide:
(a) Murder and nonnegli-
gent manslaughter:
Number of persons
released
407
169
71
76
48
27
16
Rate per 100,000....
1.37
1.56
2.15
2.02
1.24
0.57
0.51
(6) Manslaughter by negli-
gence:
Number of persons
released
261
107
24
50
43
25
12
RateperlOO.OOO...
.88
.99
.73
1.33
1.11
.52
.38
Robbery:
Number of persons released.
2,134
972
380
241
243
199
99
Rate per 100,000
7.2
9.0
11.5
6.4
6.3
4.2
3.2
Aggravated assault:
Number of persons released.
2,194
990
339
287
171
276
131
Rate per 100,000
7.4
9.2
10.3
7.6
4.4
5.8
4.2
Other assaults:
Number of persons released.
5,587
2,558
536
404
483
857
749
Rate per 100,000.
18.9
23.7
16.2
10.7
12.5
18.0
23.9
Burglary— breaking or enter-
mg:
Number of persons released.
4,870
1,265
650
688
633
907
727
Rate per 100,000
16.4
11.7
19.7
18.3
16.3
19.0
23.2
61
Table 22. — Persons released without being held for prosecution, 1947; number and
rate per 100,000 inhabitants, by population groups — Continued
Offense charged
Larceny— theft:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Auto theft:
Number of persons relesised-
Rate per 100,000
Embezzlement and fraud:
Niinibor of persons released-
Rate per IDO.OOO
Stolen property; buying, recei\--
ing, possessiiiK:
Number of persons released
Rate per 100,000
Forgery and counterfeiting:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Rape:
N um bcr of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice:
Number of persons released.
Rate per lOO.OoO..
Sex offenses (except rape and
prostitution):
Number of persons released.
Rate per 1(10,000
Narcotic drug laws:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc.:
N um bcr of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Offenses against family and
children:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000.. .-..
Liquor laws:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Driving while intoxicated:
Number of persons released.
Rale i)cr 1()0,(K)0
Traffic and motor vehicle laws:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100.000
Disorderly ajnduct:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000
Drunkenness:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Vagrancy:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000...
Gambling:
Number of persons released .
Rate per 100,000..
Suspicion:
Number of persons released
K:ite per 1(10,000
All otticr ofTciises:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
Total,
1.084
cities;
total pop-
ulation,
29,637.974
10, 939
36.9
2,599
844
2.8
513
1.7
2.3
745
2.51
5,792
19.5
990
3.3
1,142
3.9
I 1, 592
5.4
1,093
3.7
3 1, 383
4.7
i 434, 469
1, 580. 7
17,411
58.7
93, 721
316.2
9,930
33.5
5,434
18.3
■191,919
310.2
13 38, 528
137.6
Group I
3, 608
33.4
775
7.2
266
2.5
139
1.3
118
1.1
314
2.91
5,139
47.6
262
2.4
470
4.4
125
1.2
297
2.7
145
1.3
8 44, 364
499.0
8,402
77.8
55, 800
516.6
2,044
18.9
3,864
35.8
52.603
487.0
i< 18, 597
202. 6
Group II
24 cities,
100,000 to
2.'iO,()()0;
popu-
lation,
3,300,171
1,130
34.2
392
11.9
128
3.9
35
1.1
65
2.0
104
3.15
99
3.0
41
1.2
191
5.8
152
4.6
208
6.3
374
11.3
57, 754
1, 750.
1,200
36.4
13,651
413.6
1,841
55 8
764
23.2
4,241
128.5
5,984
181.3
Group III
54 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popu-
lation,
3,762,949
1,279
34.0
287
7.6
77
2.0
77
2.0
125
3.3
110
2.92
129
3.4
152
4.0
146
3.9
234
6.2
42
1.1
77
2.0
' 55, 426
1,506.0
1,180
31.4
5,834
155.0
692
18.4
141
3.7
10,810
287.3
2,099
55.8
Group IV
113 cities,
2.5.000 to
50,000;
popu-
lation,
3,873,291
1,295
33.4
302
7.8
2.2
75
1.9
95
2.5
55
1.42
156
4.0
56
1.4
87
2.2
261
6.7
213
5.5
205
5 3
s 54, 535
1,438.7
1,408
36.4
5,338
137.8
2,005
51.8
242
6.2
7.014
181.1
3,399
87.8
Group V
316 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popu-
lation,
4,768,162
2,021
42.4
.^42
11.4
125
2.6
68
1.4
166
3.5
79
1.66
92
1.9
193
4.0
143
3.0
2 337
7.1
171
3.6
*397
8.4
e 148.640
3, 143. 4
2,365
49.6
6,176
129.5
1,004
21.1
250
5.2
10, 375
217.6
4.377
91.8
Group VI
555 cities
under
10,000;
popu-
lation,
3,132,221
1, 606
51.3
301
9.6
162
5.2
119
3.8
119
3.8
83
2.65
109
3.5
128
4.1
105
3.4
483
15 4
162
5.2
185
5.9
10 73,750
2,381.7
2,856
91.2
6,922
221.0
2, .344
74.8
173
5 5
12 0, 876
220.2
12 4.072
1.30. 4
The number of persons released and the rate are based on the reports from the number of cities indicated
below:
Footnote
Cities
Population
Footnote
Cities
Population
1
1,083
315
1,083
315
1,072
20
53
29, 618, 574
4, 748, 762
29,617,295
4, 747, 483
27, 486, 317
8, 889, 992
3,680,367
8
111
314
550
1,083
554
1,082
21
3, 790, 637
2
9
4, 728, 647
3
10
3, 096, 503
4..
11
29,628, 119
5
12
3, 122, 366
6
13
28, 004, 667
7
14
9, 177, 728
62
Table 23. — Persons released withoxd being held for 'prosecution, traffic violations,
except driving while intoxicated, 1947; number and rate per 100,000 inhabitants,
by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decemiial census]
Total,
646 cities;
total
popula-
tion,
17,361,385
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Oflense charged
13 cities
over
250,000;
popula-
tion,
5,788,223
14 cities,
100,000 to
250.000;
popula-
tion,
1,950,202
37 cities,
50,000 to
100,000;
popula-
tion,
2,619,383
67 cities,
25,000 to
50,000;
popula-
tion,
2,284,178
193 cities,
10,000 to
25,000;
popula-
tion,
2,887,937
322 cities
under
10,000;
popula-
tion,
1,831,462
Road and driving laws:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
25, 656
147.8
340. 112
1,959.0
23.310
134.3
6,582
113.7
23, 219
401.1
14, 563
251.6
675
34.6
18,511
949.2
1,031
52.9
2,802
107.0
51, 942
1, 983.
682
26.0
3.243
142.0
45, 871
2, 008. 2
1,543
67.6
4,503
155.9
141, 697
4, 906. 5
2,440
84.5
7,851
428.7
Parking violations:
Number of persons released.
Rate per 100,000
58, 872
3, 214. 5
Other traffic and motor vehicle
laws:
Number of persons released-
Rateper 100,000
3,051
166.6
Offenses Known, Cleared by Arrest, and Persons Charged, by Geographic
Divisions, 1947
A police department may compare its experience with that of other
cities in the same geographic division by reference to tables 24 and 25.
These figures are based on the reports of the 1,639 cities represented
in tables 17 and 18 where the information was arranged by population
groups.
As in any other comparisons of crime data between police depart-
ments, other information must be taken into consideration. The police
are confronted with practical problems which affect the charge placed
against an individual in certain instances in a given community. For
example, persons arrested for manslaughter by negligence involving a
traffic death may be charged with reckless or drunken driving or some
other lesser violation. It may be that experience has shown that public
opinion in the community as reflected in the attitude of other officials
and juries will not support convictions for manslaughter in such in-
stances.
Established local custom also is reflected in other classifications.
The figures for prostitution and commercialized vice may be considered
conservative since violators of such laws may be charged with some
other sex offense, vagrancy, or disorderly conduct. Further, persons
arrested for intoxication may be charged with disorderly conduct,
while felonious assaults may be followed by a misdemeanor charge.
63
Table 24. — A'uniber of offenses known, number and pereentnge cleared by arrest,
1947, by geographic division
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Geographic division
Criminal
homiciiie
Mur-
der,
non-.
negli-
gent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter hy
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
TOTAL, ALL DIVISIONS
1.639 cities; total population,
49,236.928:
X umber of offenses known
Xumber cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
New England States
15.5 cities; total population, 5,251,842:
Xumber of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
Middle Atlantic States
400 cities; total population, 9,812,502:
Xumber of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
East North Central States
408 cities; total population, 15,126,476
Xumber of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
West North Central States
175 cities; total population, 4,753,654:
N umber of offen.ses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
South Atlantic States
129 cities; total population, 4,095,452:
X umber of offenses known
Xumber cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
East South Central States
4s cities; total population, 1,448,773;
Xumber of offenses known
Number cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared" by arrest
West South Central States
»2 cities: total population, 3,177,566:
Xumber of offenses known
Xumber cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
Mountain States
69 cities; total population, 1,253,796:
Xumber of offenses known
Xumber cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared by arrest
Pacific States
173 cities; total population, 4,316,867:
Xumber of offenses known
Xumber cleared by arrest
Percentage cleared bv arrest
3,073
2,707
88.1
81
79
97.5
282
244
86.5
785
625
79.6
211
184
87.2
652
602
92.3
273
258
94.5
465
447
96.1
63
55
87.3
261
213
81.6
1,861
1,592
85.5
184
152
82.6
380
347
91.3
369
288
78.0
123
107
87.0
183
167
91.3
95
77
81.1
175
168
96.0
279
223
79.9
6,210
4,749
76.5
399
380
95.2
766
658
85.9
2,166
1,540
71.1
502
383
76.3
655
^ 565
86.3
188
148
78.7
393
324
82.4
202
163
62.2
879
688
66.9
29, 898
12, 276
41.1
34, 209
27, 217
79.6
185, 043
54. 034
29.2
457, 764
102, 330
22.4
979
435
44.4
2,474
1,061
42.9
12, 185
5,503
45.2
2,068
868
42.0
2,478
1.197
48.3
1,160
480
41.4
1,985
867
43.7
1,097
388
35.4
5,472
1,477
27.0
671
610
3,503
2,805
80.1
8,906
6,848
76.9
2,339
1,917
82.0
9,000
7.534
83.7
3,748
3,282
87.6
646
486
75.2
2,907
1,755
(50.4
14, 574
4.574
31.4
21, 688
6,360
29.3
51,820
17, 668
34.1
14,235
4,184
29.4
19, 286
6,058
31.4
8,107
1,811
22.3
17,599
4,987
28.3
8,062
2,347
29.1
29, 672
6, 045
20.4
31, 124
8.323
26.7
41,018
9,645
23.5
132, 157
29, 922
22.6
39, 416
10,004
25.4
46, 567
13, 932
29.9
13,190
3,566
27.0
42,316
10,211
24.1
24, 404
5,172
21.2
87. 572
11,555
13.2
89, 643
26,218
29.2
7,347
3.402
46.3
11,057
3,172
28.7
21, 247
7,021
33.0
7,692
2,434
31.6
10, 465
2,448
23.4
4,174
1,070
25.6
7,739
2,094
27.1
3,655
1,210
33.1
16, 267
3,365
20.7
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rHC»eo-^»occt^ooos
DATA COMPILED FROM FINGERPRINT RECORDS
Source of Data
During the first 6 months of 1948 the FBI examined 377,933
arrest records, as evidenced by fingerprint cards, in order to obtain
data concerning the age, sex, race, and previous criminal history of the
persons represented. The compilation has been limited to instances
of arrests for violations of State laws and municipal ordinances. In
other words, fingerprint cards representing arrests for violations of
Federal laws or representing commitments to any type of penal institu-
tions have been excluded from this tabulation.
The number of fingerprint records examined exceeded the 371,228
prints handled during the first 6 months of 1947 by 1.8 percent. The
tabulation of data from fingerprint cards obviously does not include
all persons arrested, since there are individuals taken into custody for
whom no fingerprint cards are forwarded to Washington. Further-
more, data pertaining to persons arrested should not be treated as
information regarding the number of oft'enses committed, since two
or more persons may be involved in the joint commission of a single
offense, and on the other hand one person may be arrested and charged
with the commission of several separate crimes.
Offense Charged
More than 41 percent (157,361) of the records examined during the
first half of 1948 represented arrests for major violations. Persons
charged with murder, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and auto
theft numbered 107,537 and constituted 28.5 percent of the total arrest
records examined.
Sex
Fingerprint cards representing arrests of males during the first
half of 1948 numbered 340,130, a 2.0 percent increase over the 333,403
cards received during the first half of 1947.
Female arrest prints decreased from 37,825 the first half of 1947
to 37,803 during the first half of 1948, representing a decrease of only
0.1 percent.
Age
During the first half of 1948, males and females under 21 years of
age arrested and fingerprinted numbered 60,862, constituting 16.1
percent of the total arrests. In addition, there were 63,430 (16.8
percent) between the ages of 21 and 24, making a total of 124,292
(66)
I
67
(32.9 percent) less than 25 years old. Arrests of persons 25 to 29
years old numbered 61,175 (16.2 percent). The resultant total is
185,467 (49.1 percent) less than 30 years of age. It should be re-
membered that the number of arrest records is doubtless incomplete
in the lower age groups because of the pi-actice of some jurisdictions
not to fingerprint youthful oil'enders.
Youths played a predominant part in the commission of crimes
against pi'operty as iiuUcated by the following figures: During the
first half of 1948 there were 93,073 persons of all ages arrested for
robbery, burglary, larceny, auto theft, embezzlement, fraud, forgery,
counterfeiting, receiving stolen property, and arson; and 26,861
(28.9 percent) of those persons were less than 21 years old.
The extent of the participation of youths in the commission of
crimes against property is further indicated by the following figures:
During the first half of 1948, 32.9 percent of all persons arrested were
less than 25 years of age; however, persons less than 25 years old
numbered 55.5 percent of those charged with robbery, 59.9 percent
of those charged with burglary, 45.2 percent of those charged with
larceny, and 71.6 percent of those charged with auto theft. Approxi-
mately one-half of all crimes against property during the first half
of 1948 were committed by persons under 25 years of age.
Table 26. — Distribution of arrests by sex, January-June 1948
Oflense charged
Number
Total Male Female
Percent
Total Male Female
Total
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault _.
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting..
Rape -
Prostitution and commercialized vice..
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children . .
Liquor laws ..
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Park ing violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws. .
1 )isorderly conduct
Drun kermess. _
Vagrancy ,
Gambling..
Suspicion
Not stated -.
All other offenses
' Less than one-tenth of 1 percent.
377, 933
3,286
10, 988
28, 432
22, 107
34, 155
8,569
10, 276
1,789
495
4,694
4,605
4,251
8,398
2,203
5,971
7,577
4,185
19, 791
3,805
34
4,023
22, 336
87, 940
26, 162
8.857
23, 341
2,925
16, 738
340, 130
37, 803
100.0
2,853
10, 515
25, 443
21,523
29, 955
' 8,346
9,300
1,641
434
4,158
4,605
1,629
6,957
1,979
5,726
7, 119
3,586
18, 959
3,702
33
3, 871
19, 392
80, 107
22, 120
8,209
20, 814
2,493
14. 661
433
473
2,989
584
4,200
223
976
148
61
536
2,622
1,441
224
245
458
599
832
103
1
152
2,944
7,833
4,042
648
2,527
432
2,077
0.9
2.9
7.5
5.9
9.0
2.3
2.7
.5
.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
2.2
.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
5.3
LO
(')
1.1
5.9
23.3
6.9
2.3
6.2
100.0
0.8
3.1
7.5
6.3
8.8
2.5
2.7
.5
.1
1.2
1.4
.5
2.0
.6
1.7
2.1
1.1
5.6
1.1
1.1
5.7
23.6
6.5
2.4
6.1
.7
4.3
100.0
1.1
1.3
7.9
1.5
11.1
.6
2.6
.4
.2
1.4
(0
6.9
3.8
.6
.6
1.2
1.6
2.2
3
.4
7.8
20.8
10.7
1.7
6.7
1.1
5.5
68
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Table 28.-
G9
-A^titnber and percentage of arrests of persons under 25 years of age,
January- June 1948
Oflense charged
Total
number
of per-
sons ar-
rested
Number
under 18
years of
ape
Number
under 21
years of
ajje
Total
number
under 25
years of
age
Percent-
ape under
18 years
of age
Percent-
ape under
21 years
of age
Total
percent-
ape under
25 years
of age
Total
Criminal homicide
Robbery -. -
Assault-
Burglary — breaking or enter-
ing.
Larceny — theft
Autotheft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, re-
ceiving, etc.
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape - -
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice.
Other se.\ offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc.
Offenses against family and
children.
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor-vehicle
laws.
Disorderly conduct -
Dnmkenness
Vaprancy -.
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses -..
377, 933
16. 943
60. 862
124, 292
4.5
16.1
32.9
3,286
10, 988
28, 432
22, 107
34, 155
8,569
10, 276
1,789
495
4.694
4.605
4,251
8,398
2,203
5,971
7,577
4,185
19.791
3,805
34
4,023
22, 336
87, 940
26. 162
8.857
23, 341
2,925
16, 738
108
646
629
3, 809
3, 076
1, 585
139
74
40
193
400
40
233
39
256
121
571
426
794
59
1,523
92
1,808
427
3,070
3,288
8,794
9, 008
4,001
844
280
74
790
1,527
418
1,079
445
1,095
383
571
1,146
783
4
825
3,284
4,454
4,119
364
5,204
376
4,209
992
6, 098
8, 286
13,232
1,5,425
6,138
2,392
599
157
1,698
2,572
1,426
2,675
948
2,378
1,633
1,054
3,827
1,728
9
1,772
7,591
13, 488
8,819
1,228
9,934
832
7.361
3.3
5.9
2.2
17.2
9.0
18.5
1.4
4. 1
8.1
4.1
8.7
2.8
1.8
4.3
l.G
.4
2.5
3.0
2.6
.5
3.0
6!5
3.1
10.8
13.0
27.9
11.6
39.8
26.4
46.7
8.2
15.7
14.9
16.8
33.2
9.8
12.8
20.2
18.3
5.1
13.6
5.8
20.6
11.8
20.5
14.7
.5.1
1,5.7
4.1
22.3
12.9
2.5.1
30.2
5,5.5
29.1
59.9
45.2
71.6
23.3
33.5
31.7
36.2
55.9
33.5
31.9
43.0
39.8
21.6
25.2
19.3
45.4
26.5
44.0
34.0
15.3
33.7
1.3.9
42.6
28.4
44.0
For males and females combined, the figures for the groups in which
the largest number of arrests occurred during the first half of 1948 are
as follows:
Age
Number of
arrests
Age
Number of
arrests
21
16, 702
16,427
15, 871
19 -..
15, 283
22
20
15, 159
23
The frequency of male arrests followed the same pattern as above,
while arrests for females showed the largest number occurring at age
22 followed by ages 23, 21, 24, and 25 in that order.
Criminal Repeaters
Of the 377,933 arrest records examined, 218,448 (57.8 percent)
represented persons who already had fingerprint cards on file in the
Identification Division of the FBI. For males the percentage having
prior records was 59.3 and lor females the percentage was 44.3 These
figures pertain to fingerprint arrest records and in no way relate to the
Civil Identification Files of the FBI.
70
For males and females combined, the percentage with a prior finger-
print record was 20.0 at age 15 and this figure rose rapidly to 43.9
at age 20. For males, the percentage was 20.5 at age 15 and 44.6
at age 20. For females, the percentage with prior fingerprint records
was 15.5 at age 15 and 38.0 at age 20.
Race
Most of the persons represented in this study were members of the
white and Negro races. Members of the white race represented
279,054 of the 377,933 arrest records received, while 93,876 were
Negroes, 3,228 were Indians, 275 Chinese, 160 Japanese and 1,340
were representatives of other races.
OFFENSE CLASSIFICATIONS
In order to indicate more clearly the types of offenses included in part I and
part II offenses, tfiere follows a brief definition of each classification:
Part I Offenses
1. Criminal homicide. — (a) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter includes all
wilful felonious homicides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence.
Does not include attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths,
or justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides excluded from this classification
are limited to the following types of cases: (1) The killing of a felon by a
peace officer in line of duty; (2) the killing of a hold-up man by a private
citizen. (6) Manslaughter by negligence includes any death which the police
investigation establishes was primarily attributable to gross negligence on the
part of some individual other than the victim.
2. Rape. — Includes forcible rape, statutory rape (no force used — victim under
age of consent), assault to rape, and attempted rape.
3. Robbery. — Includes stealing or taking anything of value from the person by
force or violence or by putting in fear, such as strong-arm robbery, stick-ups,
robbery armed. Includes assault to rob and attempt to rob.
4. Aggravated assault. — Includes assault with intent to kill; assault by shooting,
cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisomng, scalding, or by the use of acids. Does not
include simple assault, assault and battery, fighting, etc.
5. Burglary — breaking or entering. — Includes burglary, housebreaking, safe-
cracking, or any unlawful entry to commit a felony or a theft, even though no force
was used to gain entrance. Includes attempts. Burglary followed by larceny
is included in this classification and not counted again as larceny.
6. Larceny — theft (except auto theft). — (a) Fifty dollars and over in value;
(6) under $50 in value — includes in one of the above subclassifications, depending
upon the value of the property stolen, thefts of bicycles, automobile accessories,
shoplifting, pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article of value which
is not taken by force and violence or by fratid. Does not include embezzlement,
"con" games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.
7. Ante theft. — Includes all cases where a motor vehicle is stolen or driven away
and abandoned, including the so-called joy-riding thefts. Does not include taking
for temporary use when actually returned by the taker, or unauthorized use by
those having lawful access to the vehicle.
Part II Offenses
8. Other assaults. — Includes all assaults and attempted assaults which are not
of an aggravated nature and which do not belong in class 4.
9. Forgery and counterfeiting. — Includes offenses dealing with the making,
altering, uttering, or possessing, with intent to defraud, anything false which is
made to appear true. Includes attempts.
10. Embezzlement and fraud. — Includes all offenses of fraudulent conversion,
embezzlement, and obtaining money or property by false pretenses.
11. Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing. — Includes buying, receiving,
and possessing stolen property as well as attempts to commit any of those offenses.
(71)
72
12. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. — Includes all violations of regulations
or statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manufac-
turing of deadly weapons or silencers and all attempts to violate such statutes
or regulations.
13. Prostitution and commercialized vice. — Includes sex offenses of a commer-
cialized nature, or attempts to commit the same, such as prostitution, keeping
bawdy house, procuring, transporting, or detaining women for immoral purposes.
14. Sex offenses (except rape and prostitution and commercialized vice). — In-
cludes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes
attempts.
15. Offenses against the family and children. — Includes offenses of nonsupport,
neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.
16. Narcotic drug laws. — Includes offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as
unlawful possession, sale, or use. Excludes Federal offenses.
17. Liquor laws. — With the exception of "drunkenness" (class 18) and "driving
while intoxicated" (class 22), liquor law violations, State or local, are placed in
this class. Excludes Federal violations.
18. Drunkenness. — Includes all offenses of drunkenness or intoxication.
19. Disorderly conduct. — Includes all charges of committing a breach of the
peace.
20. Vagrancy. — Includes such offenses as vagabondage, begging, loitering, etc.
21. Gambling. — Includes offenses of promoting, permitting, or engaging in
gambling.
22. Driving while intoxicated. — Includes driving or operating any motor vehicle
while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
23. Violation of road and driving laws. — Includes violations of regulations with
respect to the proper handling of a motor vehicle to prevent accidents.
24. Parking violations. — Includes violations of parking ordinances.
25. Other violations of traffic and motor vehicle laws. — Includes violations of
State laws and municipal ordinances with regard to traffic and motor vehicles
not otherwise provided for in classes 22-24.
26. All other offenses. — Includes all violations of State or local laws for which
no provision has been made above in classes 1-25.
27. Suspicion. — This classification includes all persons arrested as suspicious
characters, but not in connection with any specific offense, who are released with
out formal charges being placed against them.
o
-k
'^-^S^.5-^ 3
UNIFORM
CRIME
REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
ISSUED BY THE
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
WASHINGTON, D. C
Volume XIX
ANNUAL BULLETIN
Number 2
1948
UNIFORM
CRIME REPORTS
FOR THE UNITED STATES
AND ITS POSSESSIONS
Volume XIX— Number 2
ANNUAL BULLETIN, 1948
Issued by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Washington, D. C.
ADVISORY
International Association of Chiefs of Police
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1949
WIAR 23 t949
Page
Summary of volume XIX, No. 2 73-74
Classification of offenses ^ 74-75
Extent of reporting area (table 29) 75-76
Monthly reports:
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to population
(table 30) 77-78
Annual trends, offenses known to the police (tables 31-32) 79-87
Monthly variations, offenses known to the police (table 33) 88-90
Offenses known to the police — cities divided according to location
(tables 34-36) 91-94
Offenses in individual cities over 25,000 in population (table 37) 95-102
Data from supplementary offense reports (tables 38-40) 103-105
Rural crime rates (table 41) 106
Rural crime trends (table 42) 107-108
Offenses known in Territories and possessions (table 43)--- 109
Estimated number of major crimes (table 44) 110-112
Data compiled from fingerprint cards:
Sex distribution of persons arrested (table 45) - 113-114
Age distribution of persons arrested (tables 46-47) 114-119
Percentage with previous fingerprint records (table 48) 119
Race distribution of persons arrested (table 49) 119-120
Definition of part I and part II offense classifications 121-122
Index to volume XIX 123-124
(n)
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department
of Justice, Washington, D. C.
Volume XIX January 1949 Number 2
SUMMARY
Estimated Number of Major Crimes
During 1948 a serious crime was committed every 18.7 seconds, on
the average, and by the year's end the total reached an estimated
1,686,670 offenses. With the passing of each day on the average 36
persons were feloniously slain, 255 were victims of aggravated assault
or rape and 150 robberies were committed. During an average 24-
hour period 1,032 places were burglarized, 463 automobiles were
stolen, in addition to 2,672 miscellaneous larcenies.
Crime Trends
Long-term crime trend data, based on cities with population in
excess of 25,000, indicate that only negligent manslaughters and auto
thefts have declined to points below the prewar average. Aggravated
assaults and rapes in the larger communities reached peaks in 1948 of
68.7 and 49.9 percent, respectively, over the prewar averages and
larceny, while declining during the war years, more recently has shown
increases and for 1948 was 4.6 percent in excess of the prewar average.
Other crimes, though showing some tendency to decline, still exceeded
the prewar averages as follows: Burglary, 16.7 percent; murder, 14.1
percent; and robbery, 8.9 percent.
The total volume of crime throughout the country showed little
change in 1948, increasing only 1.3 percent over the 1947 figures. The
rise in the urban areas amounted to only 0.3 percent while the rural
figures were up 4.3 percent. In the urban areas aggravated assaults
increased 4.7 percent, larcenies 2.3 percent, and burglaries 0.8 percent,
while in the rural areas aggravated assault showed a decrease of 0.6
percent but larceny increased 9.6 percent and burglary rose 5.1
percent.
Decreases m the city crime figures were as follows: Murder, 2.1
percent; negligent manslaughter, 7.7 percent; rape, 2.3 percent;
robbery, 5.8 percent; and auto theft, 8.8 percent. In the rural areas
in addition to the slight decrease in aggravated assault, other crimes
declined as follows: Murder, 1.3 percent; negligent manslaughter, 1.1
percent; rape, 10.8 percent; robbery, 5.7 percent; and auto theft,
6.1 percent.
(73)
74
Monthly Variations in Crime
The crime figures reported monthly in 1948 show again the pro-
nounced effect the seasons have on this social phenomenon. Crimes
of murder, rape, and aggravated assault are most frequently com-
mitted during the summer months and least frequently during the
cold winter season. Negligent manslaughter offenses, consisting
almost entirely of traffic fatalities, show a trend inverse to that of
other crimes against the person and were least frequent during the
summer months and most frequent during the winter season, reaching
a decided peak in December.
Robberies and burglaries were most frequent during the first
quarter of the year and showed the smallest daily average during the
third quarter. Larcenies were most frequent during the second
quarter, reaching a peak in April and were least frequent durmg the
first 3 months of the year with the lowest daily average reported for
January. Auto thefts were most frequent during the fourth quarter
of the year, reachmg a peak in October and showed the lowest daily
average in January.
Supplemental Crime Data
Over half (57.4 percent) of the rape offenses reported in 1948 were
forcible in nature and the others classed as statutory cases. Of the
robberies reported, 65.2 percent were considered highway robberies;
25.7 percent involved places of business; 5.1 percent occurred in
private residences; and 4 percent were other types.
Of the burglaries reported, 39.4 percent involved residences and
two-thirds of these were committed during the night, while 89 percent
of the nonresidence burglaries were committed after dark.
The loot stolen in the average robbery amounted to $202; in the
average burglary, $127; in the average larceny, $64; and the average
automobile stolen was valued at $869.
Ninety-three percent of stolen automobiles and 21 percent of other
types of stolen property were recovered by the police.
Persons Arrested
During 1948 fingerprint arrest records received at the FBI totaled
759,698, an increase of 3.5 percent over the previous all-time high of
1947. Approximately one-tenth of the arrest records received
represented women and the predominating age of all persons arrested
was 21, followed by ages 22, 23, 24, and 20 in that order. Fifty-eight
percent of the arrest records received represented persons who already
had fingerprint arrest records on file in Washington.
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES
The term "offenses known to the police" is designed to include those
crimes designated as part I classes of the uniform classification occur-
ring within the police jurisdiction, whether they become known to the
75
police through reports of police officers, of citizens, of prosecuting or
court officials, or otherwise. They are confined to the following group
of seven classes of grave offenses, shown by experience to be those most
generally and completely reported to the police: Criminal homicide,
including (a) murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and (b) manslaugh-
ter by negligence ; rape ; robbery ; aggi'avated assault ; burglary — break-
ing or entering; larceny — theft; and auto theft. The figures contained
herein include also the number of attempted crimes of the designated
classes. In other words, an attempted burglary or robbery, for ex-
ample, is reported in the bulletin in the same manner as if the crime
had been completed. Attempted murders, however, are reported as
aggravated assaults.
"Offenses known to the police" include, therefore, all of the above
offenses, including attempts, which are reported by the law-enforce-
ment agencies of contributing communities and not merely arrests or
cleared cases. Offenses committed by juveniles are included in the
same manner as those known to have been committed by adults,
regardless of the prosecutive action. Complaints which upon inves-
tigation are learned to be groundless are not included in the tabula-
tions which follow.
In publishing the data sent in by chiefs of police in different cities,
the FBI does not vouch for their accuracy. They are given out as
current information which may throw some light on problems of
crime and criminal-law enforcement.
In compiling the tables, returns which were apparently incomplete
or otherwise defective were excluded.
In the last section of this bulletin may be found brief definitions of
part I and II offense classifications.
EXTENT OF REPORTING AREA
In the table which follows there is shown the number of police
departments from which one or more crime reports were received
dui4ng the calendar year 1948. Information is presented for the
cities divided according to size, and the population figures employed
are from the 1940 decennial census.
Population group
Total
number
of cities
or towns
Cities filing
returns
Total popu-
lation
Population represented
in returns
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
1,079
1,037
96.1
62, 737, 577
62, 157, 314
99.1
1. Cities over 250,000 -
37
55
107
213
667
37
55
107
213
625
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.7
30, 195, 339
7, 792, 650
7, 343, 917
7, 417, 093
9. 988, 578
30, 195, 339
7, 792, 650
7, .343, 91 7
7,417,093
9,408,315
100.0
2. Cities 100,000 to 250,000
3. Cities .50,000 to 100,000
4. Cities 25,000 to 50,000 _.
100.0
100.0
100.0
5. Cities 10,000 to 25,000
94.2
Note. — The above table does not include 2,069 cities, villages, and rural townships aggregating a total
population of 10,223,6,50. The cities and villages included in this figure are those of less than 10,000 popula-
tion filing returns, whereas the rural townships are of varying population groups.
76
In addition to the 3,106 city and village police departments which
forwarded crime reports during 1948, one or more reports were re-
ceived during the year from 2,236 sheriffs and State police organiza-
tions and from 1 1 agencies in Territories and possessions of the United
States, making a grand total of 5,353 agencies contributing crime
reports to the FBI during 1948. The status of the reporting area by
individual States is indicated in table 29.
Table 29. — Status of reporting area, Uniform Crime Reports, 1948, by States
State
Urban police departments '
Number of
cities
Number of
cities con-
tributing
Percent
contribut-
ing
County sheriffs
Number of
counties
Number of
counties
contribut-
ing
Percent
contribut-
ing
Total
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California.-
Colorado
Connecticut *
Delaware *
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois -..
Indiana '
Iowa.--
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana ' -..
Maine '
Maryland
Massachusetts *
Michigan '
Minnesota.
Mississippi.
Missouri.
Montana -..
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire '
New Jersey '
New Mexico '
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania '
Rhode Island *
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah..
Vermont.
Virginia '
Washington
West Virginia*
Wisconsin
Wyoming
3,462
2 2,i
84.8
3,070
59
16
53
167
30
32
8
1
69
78
26
208
98
89
64
56
64
26
24
122
125
78
48
87
23
36
5
18
178
22
203
76
12
186
74
34
355
19
50
19
57
195
25
14
53
40
45
93
12
42
14
30
165
28
30
7
1
48
56
25
194
91
79
59
47
32
23
17
111
120
76
28
64
20
31
5
17
160
21
190
56
12
175
54
31
301
18
32
18
42
109
23
12
49
37
35
90
11
71.2
87.5
56.6
98.8
93.3
93.8
87.5
100.0
69.6
71.8
96.2
93.3
92.9
88.8
92.2
83.9
59.3
88.5
70.8
91.0
96.0
97.4
58.3
73.6
87.0
86.1
100.0
94.4
89.9
95.5
93.6
73.7
100.0
94.1
73.0
91.2
84.8
94.7
64.0
94.7
73.7
55.9
92.0
85.7
92.5
92.5
77.8
96.8
91.7
67
159
44
102
92
99
105
120
64
16
23
14
83
87
82
114
56
93
17
10
21
31
62
100
53
88
77
36
67
5
46
69
95
254
29
14
100
39
55
71
23
' 2, 381
41
84
43
90
75
89
93
82
52
12
16
14
76
84
45
83
53
81
16
5
2
29
61
59
51
77
66
28
67
5
24
59
53
178
24
9
73
38
55
67
21
77.6
41.8
92.9
56.0
89.7
87.3
100.0
100.0
61.2
52.8
97.7
88.2
81.5
89.9
88.6
68.3
81.3
75.0
69.6
100.0
91.6
96.6
54.9
72.8
94.6
87.1
94.1
50.0
9.5
93.5
98.4
59.0
96.2
87.5
85.7
77.8
100.0
100.0
52.2
85.5
55.8
70.1
82.8
64.3
73.0
97.4
100.0
94.4
91.3
1 The Census Bureau's 1940 classification of communities as urban and rural has been followed. Gener-
ally, incorporated places with populations of 2,500 or more are classified as urban.
2 Does not include 170 rural township and village police departments.
8 Includes 144 counties for which State police submit crime reports and 15 counties composed entirely of
urban communities whose police departments foward crime reports; sheriffs of these counties do not con-
tribute reports. Does not include 14 State police organizations contributing reports.
* All counties were counted as contributors because the State police contribute data for rural portions of the
State.
« State police also contribute.
MONTHLY REPORTS
Offenses Known to the Police — Cities Divided According to Population
As indicated in table 29, a total of 2,936 cities contributed crime
reports to the FBI during 1948. However, not all of these cities
sent in a complete set of reports for the year. The reports received
were carefully examined and in some instances the verification of the
returns indicated they were not properly prepared. Accordingly, any
apparent discrepancies or any indication of misunderstanding as to
the proper method to be followed in preparing the reports were made
the subject of correspondence. In addition, frequent contacts were
made with the contributing law enforcement agencies by Special
Agents of the F B I to assist in correct uniform crime reporting. The
tabulations which follow were based on the reports of those cities from
whom a complete set of returns were received provided these returns
appeared to have been prepared in accordance with Uniform Crime
Reporting procedures.
Table 30 shows the number of offenses reported and the rate per
100,000 inhabitants by 2,404 cities representing a combined popula-
tion in excess of 68 million. The data are divided with the cities
grouped according to size so that interested individuals may compare
local crime rates with averages for other cities of approximately the
same size. This is generally desirable since there is a considerable
variation in the crime rates for cities of different population groups.
The following figures show the percentage distribution of the crimes
reported for 1948.
Offense
Rate per
100,000
Percent
Total.-
1, 687. 2
100.0
Larceny
975. 2
392.2
165.5
75.8
56.2
12.3
6.0
4.0
57.8
Burglary
23.3
Auto theft
9.8
Assault.,
4.5
Robbery '.
3.3
Rape.
.7
Murder
.4
Manslaughter
.2
(77)
78
Table 30. — Offenses known to the police, 1948; number and rate per 100,000
inhahitants, by population groups
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Population group
Criminal homi-
cide
Mur-
der,
non-
negli-
gent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
TOTAL, GROUPS I-VI
2,404 cities; total population, 68,142,-
674:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
GROUP I
36 cities over 250,000; total popula-
tion, 29,894,166:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000. ._
GROUP II
55 cities, 100,000 to 250,000; total
population, 7,792,650:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
105 cities, 50,000 to 100,000;
population, 7,225,117:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
total
GROUP IV
209 cities, 25,000 to 50,000;
population, 7.274,098:
Number of offenses known.
Rate per 100,000
GROUP V
557 cities, 10,000 to 25,000;
population, 8,472,286:
Nimiber of offenses known.
Rate per 100,000
GROT'P VI
1,442 cities under 10,000;
population, 7,484.357:
Number of offenses known
Rate per 100,000
total
4,085
5.99
2,176
7.28
544
6.98
445
6.16
285
3.92
.3?:
298
2,701
3.96
8,402
12.33
38, 285
58.2
51.625
75.8
1 230,432
392.2
1 573,008
975.2
112,769
165.5
1,528
5.11
394
5.06
247
3.42
216
2.97
156
1.84
160
2.14
5.025
16.81
11.54
678
9.38
555
7.63
563
6.65
682
9.11
24, 622
82.4
4,768
61.2
3,208
44.4
2, 085
28.7
1,876
22.1
1,726
23.1
29, 073
97.3
5,389
69.2
4,382
60.2
3, 859
45.5
2,640
35.3
I 95, 349
464.9
38, 132
489.3
30, 148
417.3
25, 000
343.7
23. 440
276.7
18,363
245.4
' 212,836
103T. 8
90,092
1156. 1
76,118
1053.5
73, 031
1004.
72, 223
852. 5
48, 708
650. 8
55, 000
184.0
16, 582
212.8
12, 472
172.6
11,080
152.3
10,142
119.7
7,483
100.
' The number of offenses and rates for burglary and larceny— theft are based on reports as follows: Groups
I-VI, 2,402 cities, total population, 58,756,345; group I, 34 cities, total population, 20,507,837.
79
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826001°— 49-
80
Urban Crime Trends
Urban crime as a total during 1948 showed little change (+0.3
percent) over the figures for 1947 although moderate increases were
registered for aggravated assault, 4.7 percent; burglary, 0.8 percent;
and larceny, 2.3 percent.
Auto theft and negligent manslaughter declined 8.8 and 7.7 percent,
respectively, while other decreases noted in the cities were as follows:
Kobbery, 5.8 percent; rape, 2.3 percent; and murder, 2.1 percent.
Most of the increases were reported by cities in the Northern region
where all offenses except negligent manslaughter and auto theft
exceeded the 1947 figures. In the South and West the only increases
registered were moderate ones for aggravated assault.
Among the individual geographic divisions the East North Central
and West North Central States showed the heaviest increases while
generally the largest decreases were recorded in the Pacific area.
With the crime trend data grouped according to size of city, most
of the increases were seen in the larger communities. For cities with
less than 50,000 inhabitants only larceny showed increases, while
cities over 250,000 in population registered increases in each offense
class except manslaughter by negligence, robbery, and auto theft.
Auto thefts declined in each geographic division and in cities of each
population group.
The foregoing comments are based on monthly crime reports re-
ceived during 1947 and 1948 from 2,166 urban communities of all sizes
throughout the country representing a combined population of
66,713,389 and the details are presented in tables 31 and 32.
Available long-term crime trend data are illustrated in figures 9 and
10. These charts are based on the reports of 373 cities with population
in excess of 25,000 — combined population, 50,616,919. The illustra-
tions indicate the marked crime increases during and shortly after
World War II.
Only negligent manslaughter and auto theft offenses have declined
to points below the prewar average. Aggravated assaults and rapes
in the larger communities reached peaks in 1948 of 68.7 and 49.9
percent, respectively, over the prewar averages for these offenses and
larceny, while declining during the war years, more recently has shown
increases and for 1948 was 4.6 percent in excess of the prewar average.
Other crimes, though showing some tendency to decline, still exceeded
the prewar averages as follows: Burglary^ 16.7 percent; murder, 14.1
percent; and robbery, 8.9 percent.
Auto theft offenses have shown the most pronounced rise and fall
of any of the crimes during recent years. These offenses in 1942 were
5.4 percent below the prewar average but thereafter rose sharply
in 1945 to a point 35.5 percent in excess of the average for 1938-41,
but have since fallen to a level 6.6 percent below the prewar average
in 1948.
81
Table 31. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 1947-48, by population
groups
Population group
Total
Murder
and
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
.-^ggra -
vated
assault
Bur-
glary-
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
Total, 2,166 cities; popula-
tion, 66,713,389:
1947
1, 025, 621
1, 028, 828
+ .3
4.071
3.984
-2.1
2.878
2,655
-7.7
8,467
8,274
-2.3
40. 222
37. 893
-5.8
48, 539
50. 801
+4.7
233. 088
234. 884
+.8
566. 240
579. 008
+2.3
122. 116
1948
111.327
Percent change
-8.8
Group 1, 36 cities; popula-
tion, 29,894,166:
1947 --
435. 308
444. 837
+2.2
159, 004
158. 800
-1.4
129. 043
129, 598
+.4
117, 574
116, 534
-.9
111,392
107, 806
-3.2
73, 300
73.251
-.1
2.123
2,176
+2.5
601
544
-9.5
459
445
-3.1
296
285
-.3.7
334
293
-12.3
258
241
-6.6
1.598
1. ,528
-4.4
411
394
-4.1
256
247
-3.5
267
216
-19.1
171
135
-21.1
175
135
-22.9
4.786
5,025
+5.0
979
899
-8.2
718
678
—5.6
591
555
-6.1
715
508
-29.0
678
609
-10.2
25.612
24, 622
-3.9
5,372
4.768
-11.2
3,136
3,208
+2.3
2,338
2,082
-11.0
2,134
1,796
-15.8
1,630
1,417
-13.1
25, 624
29, 073
+13.5
5,841
5,389
-7.7
6,518
6,282
-3.6
4,622
4,382
-5.2
3, 635
3, 520
-3.2
2, 299
2,155
-6.3
99. 809
102,868
+3.1
39, 610
38,132
-3.7
28, 583
30, 148
+5.5
24, 963
24,961
(')
23, 547
22,316
-5.2
16, 576
16, 459
-.7
216. 901
224, 545
+3.5
87, 343
90, 092
+3.1
75, 749
76, 118
+.5
72, 646
73. 003
+.5
69, 633
69, 623
(')
43, 968
45, 627
+3.8
58, 855
1948
55, 000
Percent change
Oroup II, 55 cities; popula-
tion, 7,792,650:
1947
-6.6
18,847
1948
16,582
Percent change
Group III, 105 cities; pop-
ulation, 7,225,117:
1947
-12.0
13,624
1948
12, 472
Percent change
Group IV, 208 cities; pop-
ulation, 7,234,659:
-8.5
11,851
1948
11,050
Group V, 527 cities; popu-
lation, 8,020,884:
1947
-6.8
11,223
1948
9,615
Percent change
Group VI, 1,235 cities;
population, 6,545,913:
-14.3
7,716
1948 - .-.
6,608
-14.4
A decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 percent.
82
83
Table 32. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 1947-48, by regions,
geographic divisions, and States
Regions, divisions, and
States
Total
Murder
and
nonneg
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Total, 2,166 cities; popula-
tion, 66,713,389:
1947
1948
Percent change
The North, 1,471 cities;
population, 47,003,154:
1947 __
1948
Percent change
New England, 183 cities;
population, 5,886,237:
1947
1948
Percent change
Connecticut, 23 cities;
population, 958,920:
1947
1948_. _
Maine, 17 cities; popula-
tion, 274,745:
1947.. __ _._
1948
Massachusetts, 105 cities;
population, 3,717,624:
1947—
1948
New Hampshire, 14 cities;
population, 239, 235:
1947
1948...
Rhode Island, 15 cities;
population, 606,136:
1947.-
1948
Vermont, 9 cities; popu-
lation, 89,577:
1947
1948
Middle Atlantic, 522 cities;
population, 19,390,318:
1947
1948.
Percent change
New Jersey, 131 cities;
population, 2,644,983:
1947
1948-
New York, 166 cities; pop-
ulation, 11,005,024:
1947
1948
Pennsylvania, 225 cities;
population, 5,740,311:
1947--
1948
East North Central, 516
cities; population, 16,-
391,708:
1947. -
1948...
Percent change
Illinois, 140 cities: popula-
tion, 5,428,238:
1947..- -
1948
Indiana, 59 cities; popula-
tion, 1,660,849:
1947--- -
1948
1,025,621
1, 028, 826
-fO.3
503, 718
525, 142
+4.3
61, 685
61, 234
-0.7
12, 706
12, 253
3,264
3,378
35, 889
36, 042
1,523
1,795
7,381
6,810
922
956
12S, 686
131,147
+4-4
27, 624
29, 262
57, 937
59, 632
40,025
42, 253
S43, 737
g64, 220
+4-S
55, 131
63, 902
29, 209
32, 082
4,071
3,984
-2.1
2,878
2,655
-7.7
8,467
8,274
-2.3
40, 222
37, 893
-5.8
48, 539
50, 801
+4.7
233, 088
234, 884
+0.8
566, 240
679, 008
+2.3
1,788
1,870
+4.6
1,716
1,634
4,890
5,060
+3.5
20, 909
21, 147
+1.1
19, 589
21, 151
+8.0
117,354
122, 722
+4.8
273, 895
292, 326
+6.7
79
80
+1.3
447
419
-6.3
1,097
983
-10.4
723
781
+8.0
16, 125
15, 712
-2.6
35, 016
36, 083
+3.0
119
80
668
676
+1.0
1,016
870
-14.4
335
297
/, 681
1, 726
+2.7
204
183
730
660
90
5,035
5,014
-0.4
252
233
301
352
134
152
7,260
6,777
-6.7
3,395
3,574
735
854
9,492
8,875
335
446
1,992
1,791
176
172
SO, 430
31,412
+3.2
7,406
7,081
2,101
2,065
19, 578
21, 028
1,022
1,160
4,305
4,056
604
693
56, 374
62, 122
+12.2
385
385
205
212
815
882
+8.2
123
110
584
309
262
378
466
+20.4
241
224
1,004
1,048
436
454
2,218
2,309
+4-1
924
781
1,998
1,891
2,113
2,342
12, 603
13, 066
+4-5
1,366
1,298
3,972
3,678
1,922
1,801
9,188
10, 231
+11.4
8,219
8,570
9,977
10,023
12,234
12, 819
66, 066
57, 396
+4-^
13, 493
15, 319
25, 515
28,176
16, 366
18,627
140, 495
147,351
+4-9
267
385
104
656
771
164
178
5,632
6,360
982
904
2,220
3,069
751
846
14, 259
17, 164
7,230
7,355
26, 678
30,230
16,368
19, 038
84
Table 32.— Annnal trends, offenses known to the police, 1947-48, by regions,
geographic divisions, and States — Continued
Regions, divisions, and
States
Total
Murder
and
nonneg
lisent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Michigan, 97 cities; popu-
lation, 3,296,214:
1947
1948
Ohio, 144 cities; popula-
tion, 4,418,662:
1947
1948
Wisconsin, 76 cities; pop-
ulation, 1,587,745:
1947.
1948
West North Central, 250
cities; population, 5,-
334,891:
1947
1948
Percent change
Iowa, 50 cities; popula-
tion, 926,637:
1947
1948,__
Kansas, 49 cities; popula-
tion, 698,464:
1947
1948
Minnesota, 65 cities; pop-
ulation, 1,318,096:
1947
1948
Missouri, 42 cities; popu-
lation, 1,702,304:
1947
1948
Nebraska, 22 cities; popu-
lation, 447,422:
1947 _
1948
North Dakota, 10 cities;
population, 121,649:
1947
1948_.._ _
South Dakota, 12 cities;
population, 120,319:
1947
1948
The South, 407 cities;
population, 12,172,472:
1947
1948
Percent change
South Atlantic,' 193 cities;
population, 5,820,268:
1947
1948
Percent change
Delaware, 3 cities; popu-
lation, 120.614:
1947
1948...
Florida, 30 cities; popula-
tion, 830,254:
1947
1948..._
Georgia, 22 cities; popula-
tion, 728,303:
1947
1948
70, 325
71, 534
71, 632
68, 747
17, 440
17, 955
72, 710
78, 541
+8.0
12, 133
12,069
11, 284
11,458
14, 152
16, 706
24, 806
28, 786
7,197
7,053
1,728
1,811
1,410
1,658
270, 987
267, 130
-1.4
136. 117
135. 542
+0.3
2,711
2,434
27, 328
26,904
15,443
15, 224
162
154
255
236
+S.1
158
141
130
157
+S0.8
761
758
547
541
5U
606
+11. i
2,813
2,889
2,908
2,769
168
144
-8.4
3,913
4,092
2,181
2,106
123
118
2. 418
3, 362
+39.0
15,048
14, 920
16, 159
15,453
2,369
2,504
15, 734
18, 202
+15.7
41, 985
43, 402
42, 352
41, 121
13,112
13, 560
43,010
46, 770
+8.7
142
137
1,834
1,764
-3.8
628
577
-8.1
75
319
381
1,712
1,661
-3.0
169
144
217
246
377
423
1,330
1,091
129
145
8,665
8,107
-5.3
192
212
131
126
1,801
2,792
173
135
22, 939
23, 549
+2.7
2,439
2,422
2,801
2, 789
2,919
3,298
5,612
7,724
1,457
1,330
258
301
248
338
63, 830
63, 114
-1.1
7,928
8,252
6,782
7,092
8,769
10,233
12, 670
14, 167
4, .592
4,640
1,278
1,246
991
1,140
140, 832
140, 071
-0.6
800
-5.2
190
-SI. 2
170
119
188
157
976
+6.1
4,306
4.'ilS
+0.2
13. 695
14. 945
+9.1
30. 486
+0.6
70, 120
70, 273
+0.2
105
95
902
816
435
417
1,648
1,352
1,169
1,302
561
598
8,038
7,618
2,857
3,305
1,739
1,479
14, 108
14, 756
8,576
8,093
1 Includes the District of Columbia.
85
86
Table 32. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 19^7-48, by regions,
geographic divisions, and States — Continued
Regions, divisions, and
States
Total
Murder
and
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
Maryland, 15 cities; popu-
lation, 1,021,478:
1947
14, 117
13, 467
18, 704
17, 958
6,632
7,110
22,544
24. 393
5,983
5,383
J,7, U8
45, m
-3.7
102
118
129
139
45
35
119
138
20
25
U8
46S
+4.6
7
8
57
33
10
10
38
22
21
17
160
165
+S.1
159
159
116
117
34
41
255
198
17
16
280
219
-21.8
542
485
381
328
132
152
639
734
224
286
1,994
1,702
-14.6
1,476
1,322
4,331
4,280
440
440
1,974
1,946
257
237
4,447
4, ISO
-7.1
2,532
2,406
4,063
3,913
1,286
1,428
4,976
5,311
1,422
1,364
12, 779
12,S34
-S.5
6,680
6,403
7,853
7,553
3,903
4,258
12, 217
13, 717
3,296
2,727
20, 489
20, 417
-0.4
2,719
1948 -
2,566
North Carolina, 46 cities;
population, 832,335:
1947
1,774
1948
1,595
South Carolina, 18 cities;
population, 309,376:
1947
782
1948
746
Virginia, 36 cities; popu-
lation, 878,464:
1947
2,326
1948
2,327
West Virginia, 22 cities;
population, 436,353:
1947
726
1948
711
East South Central, 83
cities; population,
2,435,794:
1947
6,651
1948 .
6,056
Percent change
-8.9
Alabama, 20 cities; popu-
lation, 636,538:
1947 -
12,703
12,653
15,124
15,805
4,943
4,231
14,478
12,802
88, en
86,097
-S.9
154
157
86
92
41
36
167
183
542
496
-8.6
42
42
44
42
21
16
53
65
192
222
+16.6
104
61
72
59
38
27
66
72
60S
466
-7.4
370
331
802
748
108
88
714
535
2.265
2,090
-7.7
1,751
1,577
1,035
935
512
432
1,149
1,186
4.797
4.474
-6.7
3,515
3,571
4,105
4,590
1,157
996
4,002
3,177
20, 72S
20.294
-2.1
5,163
5,641
6,706
6,924
2,533
2,261
6,087
5,591
60. 22S
49.S8I
-1.7
1,604
1948
1,273
Kentucky, 23 cities; popu-
lation, 673,138:
1947
2,274
1948 ___.
2,415
Mississippi, 15 cities; pop-
ulation, 278,741:
1947
533
1948
375
Tennessee, 25 cities; popu-
lation, 847,377:
1947
2,240
1948.
1,993
West South Central,
131 cities; population,
3,916,410:
1947
9,S77
1948
8,674
Percent change
-7.6
Arkansas, 13 cities; popu-
lation, 226,479:
1947
3,743
3,684
11,119
11,890
13, 703
13, 372
60, 057
57, 151
26
25
103
89
52
37
361
345
12
26
33
40
21
29
126
127
27
26
83
94
67
69
326
277
115
102
526
443
324
265
1,300
1,280
321
287
869
882
290
305
3,317
3,000
838
923
2,344
2,565
3,478
3,233
14, 063
13, 573
2,019
1,944
6,532
6,017
8,159
8, 273
34, 513
385
1948
351
Louisiana, 19 cities; popu-
lation, 810,104:
1947-
1,629
1948
1,760
Oklahoma, 32 cities; popu-
lation, 651,543:
1947
1,312
1948.
1,161
Texas, 67 cities; popula-
tion, 2,228,284:
1947...
6. 051
1948...
33, 147 5, 402
87
Table 32. — Annual trends, offenses known to the police, 1947-48, by regions,
geographic divisions, and States — Continued
Regions, divisions, and
States
Total
Murder
and
nonneg-
ligcnt
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
The West, 288 cities; pop-
ulation, 7,537,763:
1947
250,916
236, 554
-5.7
449
350
-22.0
534
444
-16.9
1,865
1,553
-16.7
10, 748
8,639
-19.6
6,011
6,101
+ 1.5
51, 904
49, 048
-5.5
151,513
146,611
-3.2
27, 892
1948
23, 808
Percent change - -
-14.6
Mountain, 93 cities, popu-
lation, 1,455,998:
1947
41,641
41,618
+0.2
62
68
+9.7
90
73
-18.9
293
244
-16.7
1,213
1,075
-11.4
739
688
-6.9
8,737
9,236
+6.7
26,431
26, 329
-0.4
3,976
1948
3,906
Percent change
-1.8
Arizona, 11 cities; popu-
lation, 150,001:
1947
6,060
6,194
14, 557
15, 084
4,328
4,218
3,120
3,080
2,443
2,042
2,053
2,467
7,711
7,057
1,269
1,476
Z09, 375
194. 93G
-6.9
12
14
26
27
6
4
2
3
3
8
5
7
5
4
3
1
387
282
-27.1
19
9
43
35
2
3
8
15
1
2
3
3
14
5
444
371
-16.4
64
54
142
116
6
9
11
10
5
9
10
12
45
27
10
7
1,672
1,309
-16.7
181
174
641
540
60
45
43
73
97
67
23
33
143
112
25
31
9,536
7,684
-20.7
191
150
229
214
41
38
50
75
20
41
93
84
96
56
19
30
6,272
6,413
+2.7
1,005
1,124
3,618
4,045
838
769
486
496
582
552
389
504
1,590
1,507
229
238
43, 167
39. 813
-7.8
3,852
3,906
8,734
8,861
3,006
2,969
2,231
2,165
1,441
1,185
1,297
1,464
5,003
4,774
867
1,005
126, 082
120, 282
-3.8
736
1948
763
Colorado, 18 cities; popu-
lation, 538,771:
1947
1,124
1948
1,246
Idaho, 17 cities; popula-
tion, 141,011:
1947
369
1948
381
Montana, 15 cities; popu-
lation, 156,042:
1947
289
243
Nevada, 4 cities; popula-
tion, 55,775:
1947
294
1948
178
New Mexico, 10 cities;
population, 88,775:
1947
233
1948
360
Utah, 14 cities; popula-
tion, 264,829:
1947..-
815
572
Wyoming, 4 cities; popu-
lation, 60,794:
1947...
116
1948
163
Pacific, 195 cities; popula-
tion, 6,081,765:
1947
23,916
1948
19. 902
Percent change
-16.8
California, 142 cities; pop-
ulation, 4,745,080:
1947
166, 872
153, 961
16,110
14, 428
26, 393
26, 547
336
235
14
19
37
28
342
283
33
34
69
54
1,370
1,130
110
73
92
106
8,207
6.445
459
386
869
733
4,592
4,928
436
297
244
188
33, 2.38
30, 914
3, 844
3,089
6, 085
5,810
99, 728
94, 597
9,578
9,098
15, 776
16,587
19, 059
1948... _--
15,429
Oregon, 24 cities; popula-
tion, 492,432:
1947
1,636
1948
1,432
Washington, 29 cities;
population, 844,253:
1947 .. -
3,221
1948
3,041
826001°— 49 3
MONTHLY VARIATIOINS
Offenses Knoivn to the Police
1048
2/404 CITIES
TOTAL POPULATION 68,142,674
(Offenses Against the Person)
MURDER
ANNVAL AveftAGE
150'?
140
130
120
110
100?
90
80
70
60%
NEGUGENT
MANSLAUGHTER
rV
ANNUAL AVERAGE
PERCENT OF ANNUAL AVERAGE
RAPE
ANNUAL AVERAGE"
150%
m
130
120
110
100%
90
80
70
60%
AGGRAVATED
ASSAULT
AVERAGE
FBI
CHAAT
Figure 12.
89
Monthly Variations — Offenses Known to the Police
Crime shows definite monthly variations and the patterns are
rather well established over the years. Offenses of murder, rape, and
aggravated assault are most frequently committed during the summer
months and show the lowest daily average during the cold winter
season. These crimes reached frequency peaks in June or July of
1948 and were least frequent during January.
Negligent manslaughter, while classed as a crime against the person,
is quite difl^erent from other offenses in this general category in that
these deaths are attributable to culpable negligence. Substantially
all of them grow out of traffic fatalities and accordingly the seasonal
fluctuation for negligent manslaughters shows the lowest frequency
during the summer months and highest during the winter when
driving conditions are less favorable. They reached a definite peak
in frequency in December and the daily average was lowest in June
and September.
Robbery and burglary were highest during the first quarter of the
year and lowest in frequency during the third quarter. Robbery
reached a peak in the number of offenses committed daily during
December and the burglary peak was in February and March. The
low months for these offenses were June for robbery and September
for burglary.
Larceny offenses were most frequent during the second quarter,
reaching a peak in April. They were least frequent during the fii'st
quarter with the smallest daily average being reported for January.
Auto thefts were highest in frequency during the fourth quarter of
the year, reaching a peak in October and showed the lowest daily
average during January.
Table 33. — Monthly variations, offenses known to the -police {daily average), 1948
[2,404 cities, total population 68,142,674, based on 1940 decennial census]
Month
Criminal
homicide
Mur-
der,
non-
negli-
gent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
sault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
Auto
theft
January-December
January-March
April-June.
July-September
October-December.
January...
February.,
March
April
May
June
July...
August...
September..
October
November
December
11.16
7.38
22.96
104.6
141.1
1,613.0
308.1
10.10
11.30
It 37
10.87
7.34
6.67
6.74
8.76
21.34
24.43
24.45
21.61
120.7
96.7
90.2
110.8
120.9
146.8
155.7
140.6
696.2
6SI.7
606.1
1.486.9
1,703.5
1.561.3
666.9 1.700.0
303. 5
311.7
290.6
326.6
8.10
10.8.3
11.42
10.87
11.74
11.27
12.61
12.29
12.20
10.16
11.17
11.29
7.71
6.93
7.35
6.67
6.87
6.47
6.84
7.06
6.30
8.00
8.23
10.03
18.97
20.93
24.10
2.3.77
24.19
25.33
24.55
25.26
23.50
23.06
22.17
19.61
121.1
124.5
116.8
104.9
97.6
87.7
89.2
89.7
91.8
96.0
104.9
131.3
113.2
121.3
128.3
138.9
149.6
151.9
157.0
154.4
155.7
146.4
137.1
138.3
667.0
711.3
711.3
665. 5
625.4
604.5
604.3
617.3
596.3
608.5
686.4
706.3
1,407.5
1,480.9
1,572.0
1,891.3
1,629.8
1,591.9
1,534.9
1, 573. 1
1, 576. 4
1, 701. 7
1, 724. 5
1, 674. 6
282.4
307.4
320.7
327.9
313. 3
293.8
284.0
289.1
298.9
331.6
329.4
319.0
90
MOI^THLY VARIATIOX!^
Offenses KnoiivTi to the Police
1948
2,404 CITIES TOTAL POPULATION 68,142,674
(Offenses Against Property)
ROBBERY
ANNUALAVER^E
150%
140 %
130 %
m%
110%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
BUROURY
AMNUAL AVERAGE
PERCENT OF ANNUAL AVERAGE
LARCENY
Af**UAL AVSRAGE
150%
140%
130%
120%
110^
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
AUTO THErr
Wage
FBI
CHART
Figure 13.
91
Offenses Known to the Police, Cities Divided According to Location
The volume of crime in a given location is affected by a large vari-
ety of factors, some of which are set forth on the page preceding
table 37. The degree to which these factors influence the crime
picture varies among the different areas of the country and accordingly
marked variations in the crime rates among the several States and
larger geographic divisions are observed.
The data presented heretofore in table 30 are shown in tables 35
and 36 with the rates per 100,000 presented for cities grouped according
to location for the information of police administrators and others
interested in studying the crime picture in a local community and
making comparisons with average figures for other communities in
the same general location.
Caution should be exercised in making comparisons between the
different sections of the country, bearing in mind that the tabulations
in the interests of uniformity were based on the 1940 decennial census,
whereas in some sections of the country marked changes in the popu-
lation of individual communities have occurred. The figures in
table 34 indicate the number of cities used in compiling the crime
rate data.
92
Table 34.
-Number of cities in each State incbided in the tabulation of uniform
crime reports, 1948
Total
Population group
Division and State
1
Over
250,000
100,000
to
250,000
50,000
to
100,000
25,000
to
50,000
10,000
to
25,000
Less
than
10,000
Total:
Population, 68,142,674
2.404
36
55
106
209
567
1,442
New England:
Population, 5,943,583
189
2
10
12
35
63
67
24
18
107
16
16
9
566
3
1
1
8
1
1
8
2
16
2
6
1
36
5
5
42
6
4
1
138
7
10
1
7
33
New Hampshire
7
1
3
7
Middle Atlantic:
Population, 19,705,777
6
11
23
352
New Tersev .
143
175
248
566
1
3
2
8
4
4
3
10
6
6
11
23
14
10
12
69
36
46
56
118
82
New York
106
Pennsylvania
164
East North Central:
Population, 16,637,676
347
Illinois
163
76
104
151
81
279
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
3
2
4
4
6
4
2
8
13
10
9
14
13
12
33
14
22
33
16
61
98
Indiana
44
Michigan
64
Ohio
92
49
West North Central:
Population, 5,476,507
5
189
69
63
68
49
26
1
2
1
4
1
2"
1
6
1
1
2
10
16
10
12
7
3
3
52
39
33
Minnesota
2
2
54
31
1
16
North Dakota
10
14
228
1
1
20
6
South Dakota
10
South Atlantic:
Population, 6,033,553
3
7
17
129
4
1
32
34
16
62
22
38
29
105
1
3
1
Florida
3
1
4
4
1
4
2
5
2
10
8
8
4
16
3
6
7
23
16
1
1
20
9
North Carolina
1
4
2
3
3
4
27
15
2
22
17
East South Central:
Population, 2,568,358
3
3
62
26
31
19
29
181
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
1
13
5
4
10
4
40
15
20
7
1
4
3
3
20
West South Central:
Population, 4,071,072
9
82
18
21
36
76
112
1
1
1
3
2
7
7
5
•4
12
19
21
11
1
12
2
1
1
20
Texas
3
1
7
2
39
Mountain:
Population, 1,534,200
80
13
19
21
17
4
12
18
8
209
1
1
1
1
1
2
11
Colorado
1
5
5
3
1
2
2
3
41
11
15
12
3
1
1
9
Utah
1
14
Wyoming
5
Pacific
Population, 6,171,948
6
5
7
17
134
161
25
33
3
1
1
3
'
13
1
3
30
5
6
95
18
Washington
2
21
93
Table 35. — Number of offenses knorvn to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, 1948,
by geographic divisions and States
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Division and State
Murder,
nonnegli-
?ent man-
slaughter
Robbery
Aggravated
assault
Burglary-
breaking
or
entering
Larceny-
theft
Auto theft
Total.
New England -
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire-
Rhode Island
Vermont...
Middle Atlantic.
New Jersey.. -
New York
Pennsylvania.
East North Central-
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
AVest North Central.
Iowa --
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota...
South Dakota...
South Atlantic '
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Virginia
West Virginia. --
East South Central.
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee.
West South Central.
Arkansas
Louisiana ,
Oklahoma
Texas
Mountain.
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico-
Utah .--
Wyoming
Pacitic
California
Oregon
Washington.
5.99
1.38
1.94
1.18
.77
2.31
3.35
3.44
2.80
3.49
3.64
5.33
7.02
5.20
4.63
5.35
1.11
4.31
1.44
5.62
1.88
7.%
3.19
.82
1.59
13.82
4.81
14.45
21.73
11.48
16.49
11.13
15.60
5.74
19.04
23.95
13.63
13.68
21.51
12.75
11.75
10.77
6.10
15.52
4.89
9.45
5.32
2.60
1.81
14.34
9.01
1.43
3.99
4.63
4.98
3.81
3.20
56.2
16.6
18.8
13.6
17.7
4.2
14.8
3.3
25.7
28.3
17.2
40.6
79.1
116.3
53.9
87.0
62.7
9.0
38.2
14.8
34.7
31.8
62.8
31.1
21.4
7.2
72.5
59.3
97.0
53.0
47.2
39.9
47.3
83.2
63.4
68.1
48.9
107.4
35.2
62.7
62.0
44.1
54.0
39.7
55.8
72.2
109.6
99.3
32.4
44.7
120.1
39.0
40.7
63.8
123.7
135.3
77.8
86.2
I 392. 2
13.2
266.1
610.1
23.9
12.1
9.4
4.2
25.1
34.6
372.3
305.1
238.2
183.1
295.5
192.0
2 234. 6
738.9
737.7
563.7
459. 7
669.2
773.6
2 494.
46.9
33.4
31.2
61.8
313.1
3 204. 4
< 206. 5
347.6
560.3
3 573. 6
< 374. 9
891.2
56.3
48.8
123.1
47.5
7.5
61.6
314.4
430.3
450.6
348.4
157.2
335.0
554.2
1,101.3
1, 308. 4
925.6
856.5
861.0
8.2
30.2
9.5
160.1
29.0
11.5
4.0
253.6
253.8
392.4
248.2
445.8
289.0
247.4
270.2
514.4
859.7
999.2
770.0
817.9
1,016.3
1, 024. 3
909.9
1,177.8
15.2
160.7
166.0
128.8
522.9
136.7
221.0
53.0
164.3
480.7
912.3
425.1
237.3
468.2
443.8
602. 7
298.1
495.2
1,187.2
1, 754. 1
1, 025. 1
624.7
896.9
1,324.1
1,551.0
593.8
818.4
234.8
133.1
154.7
138.2
114.2
539.3
655.5
360.2
377.2
509.3
863.5
982.7
815.7
649.6
1, 227.
134.8
109.6
46.0
133.4
48.8
395.9
316.8
483.2
599.5
620.0
806.1
736. 8
1, 232. 7
1,451.5
1,751.5
99.5
39.3
34.4
45.9
73.5
101.1
21.0
61.1
88.1
721.8
744.0
541.9
310.7
989.7
540.6
551. 8
433.3
651.8
2, 476. 6
1. 629. 8
1,968.4
1, 330. 3
2, 124. 6
1. 657. 9
1, 729. 6
1,513.9
1, 967. 6
103.2
59.6
21.8
649.8
626.6
677.3
1, 985. 9
1, 856. 8
1, 930. 7
' The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 2,402 cities with a total population of
58,756,345.
' The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 564 cities with a total population of 10,319,443.
' The rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports of 174 cities.
♦ The rates for burglary and larceny are based on reports of 247 cities.
* Includes the report of the District of Columbia.
94
Table 36. — Number of offenses knoxmi to the police per 100,000 inhabitants, 1948,
by geographic divisions and population groups
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Division and group
Total
New England
Group I-- --
Group II- -
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
Middle Atlantic
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
East North Central..
Group I
Group II
Group III --
Group IV
Group V
Group VI_
West North Central.
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI_
South Atlantic*
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
East South Central..
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
Group V
Group VI
West South Central.
Group I...
Group II..
Group III.
Group IV.
Group v..
Group VI.
Mountain
Group I.-.
Group II..
Group Ill-
Group IV.
Group v..
Group VI.
Pacific
Group I...
Group II.-
Group III.
Group IV.
Group v..
Group VI.
Murder,
nonnegli-
gent man-
slaughter
5.99
1.38
2.83
1.55
.34
1.43
.71
.95
3.44
4. .53
1.95
2.65
1.81
1.64
1.75
5.33
7.67
5.66
4.44
2.60
2.19
1.84
4.31
7.12
5.27
3.82
.76
2.01
1.52
13.82
13.70
18.22
14.50
11.68
11.21
11. 55
19.04
18.99
27.51
17.80
12.64
21.21
13.40
12.75
19.12
8.97
10.67
8.83
9.14
8.36
7.44
.67
7.65
6.10
1.64
5.34
4.63
Robbery
5.39
4.26
4.31
2.18
2.55
5.51
16.6
35.9
20.3
12.7
12.1
5.9
4.7
25.7
31.7
24.0
24.6
10.1
16.3
1.3.1
79.1
122.7
89.8
47.0
28.5
24.4
19.3
38.2
67.3
36.7
31.9
18.7
11.9
14.0
72.6
93.2
131. 5
59.7
43.7
2.3.1
.33. 3
68.1
116.9
52.1
52.0
51.5
.36.6
20.4
52.0
74.9
55.9
62.1
28.1
21.6
22.4
72.2
142.7
36.7
94.4
56.5
49.2
48.8
123.7
171.2
95.0
97.9
72.9
56.5
.58.0
Aggra-
vated
assault
13.2
26.2
17.3
12.7
7.2
6.2
3.8
34.6
42.3
28.5
.32.7
29. 1
20.6
14.4
61.8
91.4
85.7
45.2
22.4
21.5
12.1
61.6
140.4
32.3
16.0
9.3
9.0
14.5
253.6
334. 3
200.4
255. 6
256.8
218.2
144.7
164.3
190.3
103. 6
237. 1
239. 6
155.1
38.0
114.2
148.1
75.9
141.3
117.6
43.7
100.5
48.8
18.9
13.3
150.5
62.2
45.3
50.6
88.1
128.6
54.8
56.6
39.7
42.2
42.4
Bur-
glary-
breaking
or enter-
ing
1 392. 2
268.1
240.9
398.8
250.2
236.5
186.3
209.7
2 234. 6
■■ 290. 4
291.6
293.0
240.4
174.9
145.7
347.6
394.3
454.8
377.7
286.3
235.8
209.5
335.0
438.0
396.4
391.8
291.2
207.7
172.2
514.4
457.5
862.5
483.0
526'. 4
402.9
308.2
495.2
624.6
450.0
664.6
403.3
393. 1
252.4
509.3
633.5
638.4
547.4
446.6
286.0
258.2
620.0
970.8
589.6
805.4
547.4
530. 7
403.3
651.8
677.4
593.9
722.3
650.4
660.4
545.3
Lar-
ceny-
theft
1975.2
610.1
613.8
765.5
675.3
577.7
469.1
390.7
2 494.
3 512. 6
569.6
563.1
644.0
438. 3
317.1
891.2
864.9
1,218.9
1, 044. 3
951.0
885.0
538.2
861.0
865.4
1, 145. 1
1, 287. 2
881.3
761.2
462.7
1,177.8
1,118.0
1, 743. 5
1,211.0
1, 333. 5
891.7
588.4
818.4
1, 040. 8
641.8
762.1
981.5
812.1
312. 7
1, 227.
1, 360. 7
1, 710. 3
1,441.6
1, 261. 6
761.8
493.0
1,751.5
1, 729. 5
1,514.0
2. 195. 2
2. 263. 3
2, 105. 3
1, 133. 7
1, 967. 6
1, 797. 7
1, 956. 9
2, 122. 5
1, 937. 5
2,501.1
2, 194. 1
1 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 2,402 cities with a total population of
2 The rates for burglary and larceny are based on the reports of 664 cities with a total population of
10,319,448. , . .
» The rates for burglary and larceny are based op the reports of 4 cities.
* Includes the report of the District of Columbia.
95
Offenses in Individual Cities With More Than 25,000 Inhabitants
Tho number of offenses reported as having been committed during
the period of January-December 1948 is shown in table 37. The com-
pilation includes the reports received from police departments in
cities with more than 25,000 inhabitants. Police administrators and
other interested individuals will probably find it desirable to compare
the crime rates of their cities with the average rates shown in tables
30, 35, and 36 of this publication. Similarly, they will doubtless
desire to make comparisons with the figures for their communities
for prior periods, in order to determine whether there has been an
increase or a decrease in the amount of crime committed.
Caution should be exercised in comparing crime data for individual
cities, because differences in the figures may be due to a variety of
factors. The amount of crime committed in a community is not
solely chargeable to the police buCTs rather a charge against the entire
community. The following is a list of some of the factors which might
affect the amount of crime in a community:
Population of the city and metropolitan area adjacent thereto.
The composition of the population with reference particularly to
age, sex, and race.
The economic status and activities of the population.
Climate.
Educational, recreational, and religious facilities.
The number of police employees per unit of population.
The standards governing appointments to the police force.
The policies of the prosecuting officials and the courts.
The attitude of the public toward law-enforcement problems.
The degree of efficiency of the local law-enforcement agency.
It should be remembered that the war brought about marked
changes in some of the foregoing factors in many communities.
In comparing crime rates, it is generally more important to deter-
mine whether the figures for a given community show increases or
decreases in the amount of crime committed than to ascertain whether
the figures are above or below those of some other community.
826001°— 49-
96
Table 37. — Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 26,000 in
'population
[Based on 1940 decennial census]
Oity
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Abilene, Tex
Akron, Ohio
Alameda, Calif
Albany, N. Y
Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Alexandria, La.-.
Alexandria, Va..
Alhambra, Calif.
Aliquippa, Pa
Allentown, Pa...
Alton, ni_...
Altoona, Pa
Amarillo, Tex
Amsterdam, N. Y.
Anderson, Ind
Ann Arbor, Mich_
Anniston, Ala
Appleton, Wis
Arlington, Mass...
Arlington, Va
Asheville, N. C
Ashland, Ky
Atlanta, Ga
Atlantic City, N. J.
Auburn, N. Y
Augusta, Ga
Aurora, 111
Austin, Tex
Bakersfield, Calif-
Baltimore, Md
Bangor, Maine
Baton Rouge, La
Battle Creek, Mich,
Bay City, Mich
Bayonne, N. J
Beaumont, Tex
Belleville, El
Belleville, N.J
Bellingham, Wash_
Belmont, Mass
Beloit, Wis
Belvedere Township, Calif-
Berkeley, Calif - - -
Berwyn, 111
Bethlehem, Pa
Beverly, Mass
Beverly Hills, Calif.
Binghamton, N. Y.-
Birmingham, Ala--.
Bloomfield, N. J
Bloomington, 111..
Boise, Idaho
Boston, Mass
Bridgeport, Conn.
Bristol, Coim
Brockton, Mass...
Brookline, Mass..
Buffalo, N. Y
Burbank, Calif-...
Burlington, Iowa.
6
272
7
16
16
13
17
20
1
110
30
6
245
26
10
20
20
433
12
11
10
5
16
17
1
186
2
314
22
2
18
15
139
24
4
15
111
4
24
61
154
225
1
11
3
105
1
66
281
16
815
118
1
126
"129
8
1,235
1
7
24
2
5
467
2
1
2
199
10
6
2
223
7
95
1,011
60
227
211
128
185
260
63
190
277
296
16
232
99
82
29
64
227
335
94
1,805
561
34
271
42
438
318
192
192
120
187
299
33
65
84
61
87
290
469
102
112
28
90
161
1,631
81
93
150
1,333
408
58
249
176
1,265
272
44
95
713
26
200
61
35
130
67
28
148
12
72
427
17
166
132
43
35
20
177
204
48
1,346
575
56
83
67
75
236
1,495
66
162
63
31
40
100
10
27
42
17
35
83
112
32
50
31
37
94
1,154
31
71
121
1,851
421
36
121
39
834
255
7
308
2,063
435
334
715
199
668
325
114
379
194
325
659
56
481
440
145
337
46
666
402
100
2,732
737
195
349
168
1,318
660
3,537
242
287
618
364
247
784
73
86
125
102
316
266
1,089
145
64
167
73
684
1,601
149
214
400
2,513
843
129
394
146
2,688
702
118
97
Table 37. — Nvmber of offenses knoivn to the police, 1948, cities over 25,000 in
'population — Continued
Olty
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Burlington, Vt
Butte, Mont
Cambridge, Mass.
Camden, N. J
Canton, Ohio
Cedar Rapids, Iowa-
Central Falls, R. I..
Charleston, S. C
Charleston, W. Va..
Charlotte, N. C
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Chelsea, Mass
Chester, Pa
Chicago, Dl
Chicopee, Mass
Cicero, 111
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clarksburg, W. Va
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Heights, Ohio-
Clifton, N. J.--
Clinton, Iowa. _
Colorado Springs, Colo.
Columbia, S. C
Columbus, Qa
Columbus, Ohio
Concord, N. H
Corpus Christi, Tex..
Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Covington, Ky
Cranston, R. I
Cumberland, Md.
Dallas, Tex
Danville, 111
Danville, Va
Davenport, Iowa-
Dayton, Ohio
Dearborn, Mich..
Decatur, 111
Denver, Colo
Des Moines, Iowa-
Detroit, Mich
Dubuque, Iowa...
Duluth, Minn
Durham, N. C
Kast Chicago, Ind
East Cleveland, Ohio-
Easton, Pa---
East Orange, N. J
East Providence, R. I.
East St. Louis, 111.
Eau Claire, Wis...
Elgin, 111
Ehzabeth, N.J...
Elkhart, Ind
Elmira, N. Y.
El Paso, Tex..
Elyria, Ohio..
Enid, Okla....
Erie, Pa
7
7
22
38
1
11
326
1
3
48
5
105
69
143
46
32
5,595
1
32
369
41
576
13
7
3
4
41
29
329
2
73
8
38
3
11
253
18
29
269
39
17
461
11
2,340
22
5
70
111
117
100
454
115
2
14
2,343
3
78
285
1
415
118
48
194
1
252
5
57
730
8
28
307
30
4
60
11
3,394
2
1
673
37
1
6
1
136
94
116
221
504
397
102
53
363
357
558
571
164
185
11,743
42
185
1,957
76
2,097
93
72
59
67
431
252
1,963
66
838
67
407
69
85
2,717
143
95
405
1,190
326
267
3,130
758
8,977
47
123
258
265
72
67
198
70
389
32
34
257
101
660
64
49
340
76
30
193
286
283
113
15
210
(')
207
(')
52
64
7,584
52
106
1,126
29
659
20
58
47
101
450
142
1,796
35
286
84
67
34
31
737
56
64
58
426
363
55
1,595
216
2,652
27
190
234
188
9
32
80
42
87
69
32
173
61
126
238
50
52
133
353
310
354
389
760
686
94
766
949
750
405
134
115
9,199
130
196
2,974
71
8,281
214
96
252
086
1,069
362
1,738
160
1,144
268
247
142
114
6,484
250
200
905
2,388
1,446
424
3,992
1,277
19, 448
198
1,022
431
436
195
155
194
151
313
113
134
483
116
405
1,037
158
360
638
See footnotes at end of table.
98
Table 37. — Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 25,000 in
population — Continued
City
Mur-
der,
nonneg
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Bur-
Larceny— theft
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
$50 and
over
Under
$50
18
38
167
222
592
99
49
575
275
1,092
5
2
71
21
147
8
3
178
60
437
20
7
254
194
511
10
4
114
68
241
2
70
37
217
85
242
844
565
1,744
2
49
40
257
11
85
100
43
180
25
63
393
242
1,086
73
152
1,100
283
2,807
120
64
722
565
1,319
3
75
63
47
189
4
4
92
34
171
76
182
269
339
384
1
5
50
15
64
203
138
530
495
1,037
29
3
327
196
857
59
22
661
285
2,058
9
14
114
110
458
4
1
107
51
160
44
533
360
328
564
15
38
176
228
332
22
77
26
51
73
95
4
16
28
46
107
56
383
36
24
140
142
260
2
81
45
205
38
14
222
217
601
29
9
116
150
197
29
28
333
180
435
65
122
1, 356
461
1,319
3
50
20
54
2
175
60
269
2
39
16
54
48
27
180
121
444
3
177
162
60
137
Evanston, III
Evansville, Ind-_
Everett, Mass
Everett, Wash.__
Fall River, Mass-
Fargo, N. Dak
Fitchburg, Mass-_.
Flint, Mich
Fond du Lac, Wis-
Fort Smith, Ark...
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Fresno, Calif
Gadsden, Ala
Galesburg, 111
Galveston, Tex
Garfield, N. J
Gary, Ind
Glendale, Calif
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Great Falls, Mont
Green Bay, Wis
Greensboro, N. C
Greenville, S. C...
Greenwich Town, Conn.
Hackensack, N. J
Hagerstown, Md.
Hamilton, Ohio
Hamilton Township, N. J
Hammond, Ind
Hamtramck, Mich
Harrisburg, Pa
Hartford, Conn
Haverford Township, Pa
Haverhill, Mass
Hazleton, Pa
Highland Park, Mich.
High Pomt, N. C
Hoboken, N. J
Holyoke, Mass
Honolulu, T. H
Houston, Tex
Huntington, W. Va
Huntington Park, Calif.
Hutchinson, Kans
Indianapolis, Ind-
Inglewood, Calif. .
Irvington, N. J
Jackson, Mich
Jackson, Miss
Jacksonville, Fla
Jamestown, N. Y. . .
Jersey City, N.J
Johnson City, Term.
Johnstown, Pa
Joliet,Ill
Joplin, Mo
Kalamazoo, Mich..
Kansas City, Kans.
Kansas City, Mo..
Keamy, N.J
Kenosha, Wis
Kingston, N. Y..
Knoxville, Term.
KokomOjInd
13
106
5
Only 11 months received
44
267
37
34
2
243
40
7
9
12
214
2
327
1
86
67
192
82
1,107
413
2,372
214
3,312
994
4,585
63
263
129
360
3
200
107
381
9
146
56
380
275
2,244
1,216
3,206
2
257
166
448
5
205
92
252
37
156
150
554
63
234
132
507
122
1,497
1,102
1,902
2
115
Hats. nn(
41
136
16
4
17
86
482
3
1
1
63
6
50
27
71
155
81
250
76
50
243
195
234
264
190
162
707
460
310
796
1,491
1,346
2,872
63
35
105
95
27
208
21
18
100
534
360
477
201
84
34Q
99
Table Z7. -Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 25 000 in
population — Continued
La Crosse, Wis
Lafayette, Ind _
Lakewood, Ohio
Lancaster, Pa
Lansing, Mich
Laredo, Tex
Lawrence, Mass
Lebanon, Pa
Lewiston, Maine
Lexington, Ky
Lima, Ohio_..
Lincoln, Nebr
Little Roclv, Ark__
Long Beach, Calif
Lorain, Ohio
Los Angeles, Calif
Louisville, Ky
Lowell, Mass
Lower Merion Township,'Pa
Lubbock, Tex
Lynchburg, Va
Lynn, Mass
Macon, Ga._..
Madison, Wis
Maiden, Mass
Manchester, N. H
Mansfield, Ohio
Marion, Ind-
Marion, Ohio
Mason City, Iowa
Massillon, Ohio
May wood, Ill._.
McKeesport, Pa
Medford, Mass
Melrose, Mass
Memphis, Tenn
Meriden, Conn
Meridian, Miss
Miami, Fla.
Miami Beach, Fla
Michigan City, Ind
Middletown, Conn
Middletown, Ohio
Milwaukee, Wis...
Minneapolis, Minn
Mishawaka, Ind
Mobile, Ala
Moline, HI
Monroe, La
Montclair, N. J
Montgomery, Ala.
Mount Vernon, N. Y
Muncie, Ind
Muskegon, Mich
Muskogee, Okla
Nashua, N. H..
Nashville, Tenn
New Albany, Ind
Newark, N. J I -ji
Newark, Ohio --.-"""'''""";" 1
See footnotes at end of table.
100
Table 37. — Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 25,000 in
population — Continued
City
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assaul
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
New Bedford, Mass.._
New Britain, Conn.-.
New Brunswick, N. J.
Newburgh, N. Y
New Castle, Pa
New Haven, Conn:._
New London, Conn.-.
New Orleans, La
Newport, Ky
Newport, R. I
Newport News, Va..
New Rochelle, N. Y.
Newton, Mass
New York, N. Y.2 ..
Niagara Falls, N. Y_.
Norfolk, Va
Norristown, Pa
North Bergen, N. J_
Norwalk, Conn
Norwood, Ohio
Oakland, Calif. _
Oak Park, 111
Ogden, Utah
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr
Orange, N. J
Orlando, Fla
Oshkosh, Wis_._
Ottumwa, lowa.
Owensboro, Ky.
Paducah, Ky
Parkersburg, W. Va.
Pasadena, Calif
Passaic, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Pawtucket, R. I
Pensacola, Fla
Peoria, Dl
Perth Amboy, N. J_
Petersburg, Va
Philadelphia, Pa-
Phoenix, Ariz
Pittsburgh, Pa...
Pittsfleld, Mass..
Plainfield, N. J. _
Pontiac, Mich
Port Arthur, Tex_.
Port Huron, Mich.
Portland, Maine.. .
Portland, Oreg
Portsmouth, Ohio...
Portsmouth, Va
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Providence, R. I
Pueblo, Colo
Quincy, 111
Quincy, Mass.
Racine, Wis...
Raleigh, N. C.
Reading, Pa...
315
1
117
7
29
10
20 12 592 190
Only 8 months received
10
2
5
34
6
375
23
6
30
6
2
1,515
19
323
12
36
11
534
20
4
134
26
1
2,810
100
402
13
110
43
298
97
74
198
120
35
124
799
332
1,167
88
48
181
1,684
1,369
1,993
101
81
153
61
40
179
395
228
484
108
63
85
242
136
422
2,726
(')
7,713
225
155
332
1,474
1,085
1,737
25
13
90
62
29
137
Only 11 months received
3
2
450
431
17
49
34
143
137
108
92
7
24
7
114
3
8
6
11
27
11
42
2
44
11
18
47
38
77
10
72
15
83
145
126
6
123
10
72
,086
908
68
65
570
318
5
2
6
6
34
26
10
18
3
7
11
8
332
252
20
11
60
208
3
23
54
69
43
112
9
14
6
11
1
25
216
27
29
74
34
116
2,281
495
4,866
123
77
237
353
210
1,128
1,169
252
3,286
719
653
1,980
96
32
113
249
221
447
100
70
561
86
25
143
154
60
396
182
55
243
84
49
161
433
328
929
214
110
263
744
119
400
191
118
529
297
173
495
699
267
1,097
475
(')
1,500
145
134
469
4,793
2,184
1,812
519
321
1,641
2,147
894
. 1,084
148
32
241
131
109
266
371
198
292
75
64
359
85
93
477
273
189
627
2,315
1,361
4,460
219
97
402
395
189
550
121
77
305
1,135
504
1,419
428
123
496
150
48
381
222
60
430
196
105
591
159
74
167
322
86
525
See footnotes at end of table.
101
Table 37. — Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 25,000 in
population — Continued
Olty
Mur-
der,
nonnftg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Revere, Mass__.
Richmond, Ind.
Richmond, Va..
Riverside, Calif.
Roanoke, Va
Rochester, Minn
Rochester, NT. Y
Rockford, 111
Rock Island, 111
Rocky Mount, N. C.
Rome, Oa
Rome, N. Y
Royal Oak, Mich.
Sacramento, Calif.
Saginaw, Mich
St. Joseph, Mo
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn
St. Petersburg, Fla.
Salem, Mass
Salem, Oreg
Salt Lake City, Utah..
San Aneelo, Tex
San Antonio, Tex
San Bernardino, Calif.
San Diego, Calif
San Francisco, Calif..
San Jose, Calif
Santa Ana, Calif
Santa Barbara, Calif.
Santa Monica, Calif.
Savannah, Ga
Schenectady, N. Y...
Scranton, Pa
Seattle, Wash
Sharon, Pa
Sheboygan, Wis
Shreveport, La
Sioux City, Iowa
Sioux Falls, S. Dak.
Somerville, Mass..
South Bend, Ind..
South Gate, Calif..
Spartanburg, S. C.
Spokane, Wash
Springfield, 111
Spriugfleld, Mass.
Springfield, Mo...
Springfield, Ohio..
Stamford, Conn...
Steubenville, Ohio.
Stockton, Calif
Superior, Wis
Syracuse, N. Y
Tacoma, Wash
Tampa, Fla ,
Taunton, Mass. . .
Teaneck, N. J
Terre Haute, Ind.
Toledo, Ohio
2
39
356
20
71
76
67
1,177
250
271
58
51
1,050
112
231
34 41
71 520 392
28 221 125
Only 6 months receivec
74
18
54
43
963
172
131
(')
325
229
28
95
542
49
501
222
1,057
1,508
86
126
160
457
588
117
111
1,459
40
38
213
241
110
94
335
152
110
373
195
197
145
65
176
65
572
32
461
428
413
36
32
119
5
87
123
9
26
48
2
1
74
9
1
174
162
63
573
35
103
343
21
32
229
643
2,214
4,682
111
79
1,260
20
47
520
4
152
5
5
132
55
20
884
14
65
125
174
637
1,331
36
21
352
103
70
760
1,205
552
3,056
35
26
346
16
26
155
13
21
237
67
49
572
28
67
165
3
14
221
21
28
225
468
80
3,083
5
2
51
5
52
15
43
153
26
13
214
1
2
180
19
10
401
55
89
483
33
2
227
13
28
204
98
28
717
38
24
201
14
23
298
8
6
358
38
36
330
18
30
193
50
31
115
143
66
651
3
68
25
17
608
93
19
830
81
195
672
4
9
155
50
32
17
449
191
236
1,596
82
136
3,177
491
501
152
1,604
621
258
55
183
320
2,179
1,040
669
6,435
2,695
519
155
603
1,728
284
2,763
840
2,101
9,162
1,671
687
608
990
1,054
280
398
5,133
117
312
723
713
403
311
1,142
389
404
2,396
595
737
627
668
377
151
1,173
440
1,289
1,601
1,349
318
55
552
2,860
See footnotes at end of table.
102
Table 37. — Number of offenses known to the police, 1948, cities over 26,000 in
population — Continued
City
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
$50 and
over
Under
$50
Topeka, Kans
Torrington, Conn.
Trenton, N.J
Troy, N. Y
Tucson, Ariz
Tulsa, Okla
Tuscaloosa, Ala
Tyler, Tex
Union City, N. J
University City, Mo.
Upper Darby, Pa.
Utica, N. Y
Waco, Tex
Waltham, Mass...
Warren, Ohio
Warwick, R. I
Washington, D. C.
Washington, Pa —
Waterbury, Conn..
Waterloo, Iowa
Watertown, Mass.
Watertown, N. Y.
Waukegan, 111
Wausau, Wis
Wauwatosa, Wis..
West AUis, Wis
West Hartford, Conn_.
West Haven, Conn —
West New York. N. J.
West Orange, N. .T
West Palm Beach, Fla.
W heeling, W. Va
White Plains. N. Y
Wichita, Kans
Wichita Falls, Tex
Wilkes-Barre, Pa..
Wilkinsburg, Pa...
Williamsport, Pa..
Wilmington, Del...
Wilmington, N. C.
Wmston-Salem, N. C.
Woodbridge, N. J
AV'oonsocket, R. I
Worcester, Mass
Wyandotte, Mich
Yakima, Wash
Yonkers, N. Y
York, Pa
Youngstown, Ohio.
Zanesville, Ohio
72
23
31
77
3
1
5
10
11
5
8
3
21
3
1,023
3
7
23
1
3
7
6
33
154
26
44
19
20
109
245
17
108
2
10
2
4,049
5
7
83
10
78
44
41
24
7
1
16
337
21
474
364
333
1,078
125
103
201
152
189
195
155
89
147
44
4,543
73
192
179
61
123
80
33
40
44
56
102
39
40
244
140
87
800
222
115
75
103
569
307
84
10
207
113
255
825
124
31
65
74
51
130
43
48
70
no
1,993
42
116
72
47
73
59
17
21
108
111
291
217
102
20
40
334
125
260 326 148
Only 11 months received
2
5
73
49
875
487
68
49
224
233
316
161
171
82
541
334
157
93
593
86
539
92
982
1,513
178
156
155
191
323
552
662
319
291
167
9,294
124
365
827
128
322
233
264
140
397
81
46
16
85
327
147
221
1,523
810
195
86
370
1,082
458
188
1,215
126
1,034
585
559
768
231
1 Larcenies not separately reported. Figure listed includes both major and minor larcenies.
2 Figures include offenses committed by juveniles: this is in accord with the uniform reporting procedure
followed by other cities.
103
Supplement to Return A Data
Generally the Police Chief in a city over 25,000 in population is in
need of something more than mere monthly totals as to the number of
offenses of robbery, burglary, larceny, and the like, and the number of
such offenses cleared by arrest. To most effectively cope with the
crime problem, he should have available a more detailed analysis of
the crime picture in his community.
Thus, most of the larger city departments are in a position to forward
the F B I a supplement to the monthly Return A of offenses known to
the police showing an analysis of reported offenses by nature of the
criminal act, time and place of commission, and value of property
stolen and value of property recovered. Summaries based on these
reports follow in tables 38-40.
The 353 cities over 25,000 in population forwarding additional
information relative to offenses known reported 5,731 crimes of rape
and 57.4 percent of these were forcible offenses while 42.6 percent were
classed as statutory in nature (no force used — victim under the age
of consent). They reported 30,770 robberies, the majority of which
(65.2 percent) were committed on sidewalks and other public thorough-
fares. These were classed as highway robberies. In 25.7 percent of
the robbery offenses a place of business was involved; in 5.1 percent
of the cases the robberies occurred in private residences and 4.0
percent of the robberies were classed as miscellaneous in nature.
Of the 178,553 burglaries reported, 39.4 percent involved residences
and 60.6 percent were committed in business establishments. Two-
thirds of the residence burglaries were committed during the night,
while 89 percent of the nonresidence offenses were committed after
dark.
Twenty-five percent of the 418,596 larcenies involved property
over $50 in value; 61.3 percent were thefts of property valued from $5
to $50; and 13.7 percent of the thefts involved property valued at
less than $5. Nearly one-half of all the larcenies involved thefts of
auto accessories or other personal property from automobiles and
bicycle thefts.
The reporting cities showed car thefts totaling 75,094 during 1948
with recoveries of stolen cars during the same period of 69,917 or
93.1 percent.
104
Table 38. — Number of known offenses by nature of criminal act, time and place of
commission, and value of property stolen, 1948
[Based on reports of 353 cities over 25,000 in population; total population, 40,892,943, according to the 1940
decennial census]
Classification
Number of
offenses
Percent dis-
tribution
Rape:
Total
Forcible
Statutory
Robbery:
Total
Highway
Commercial house
Oil station
Chain store
Residence
Bank_-
Miscellaneous
Burglary — breaking or entering:
Total
Residence (dwelling):
Committed during night
Committed during day
Nonresidenee (store, office, etc.):
Committed during night
Committed during day
Larceny— theft (except auto theft) (grouped according to value of article
stolen) :
Total
$50 and over ---
$5 to $50--
Under $5
Larceny— theft (grouped as to type of offense) :
Total
Pocket-picking -
Purse-snatching -
Shoplifting
Thefts from autos (exclusive of auto accessories) -..
Auto accessories
Bicycles
All others
3,289
2,442
30, 770
20, 062
6,682
913
251
1,574
53
1,235
178, 553
46,834
23,436
96, 412
11,871
104, 708
256, 550
57, 338
418, 596
7,292
8,028
18, 529
78, 787
62, 136
63, 050
180, 774
100.0
57.4
42.6
100.0
65.2
21.7
3.0
.8
5.1
.2
4.0
100.0
26.2
13.1
54.0
6.7
25.0
61.3
13.7
100.0
1.7
1.9
4.4
18.8
14.9
15.1
43.2
Of the 353 cities with over 25,000 inhabitants mentioned above, 344
reported information as to the value of property stolen by individual
offense classification and the summary data are presented in table 39.
These cities reported 685,459 crimes against property with a total
value of property stolen of $119,240,431, for an average of $174
per offense.
In 29,940 instances victims were personally accosted by thieves
who robbed them of property valued at $6,036,608 or $202 on the
average for each hold-up. Over 22 million dollars in property was
taken in the 173,047 burglaries reported for an average value of
property stolen of $127 per offense.
105
While the average larceny involved property of only $64, such
crimes are of great frequency; thus the loot taken in the reporting
cities totaled nearly 26 million dollars in the 407,378 thefts reported
The average automobile stolen was valued at $869.
Table 39. — Value of property stolen, by type of crime, 1948
[Based on the reports of 344 cities over 25,000 in population; total population, .39,571,703, according to 1940
decennial census. All values have been rounded oil to even dollars]
Classification
Number of
offenses
Value of prop-
erty stolen
Average
value per
offense
Total
Robbery
Burglary
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
685, 459
.$119,240,431
.$174
29, 940
173, 047
407, 378
75, 094
6, 036, 608
22, 055, 563
25, 916, 513
65,231,747
202
127
64
869
In 337 instances the cities over 25,000 in population reported com-
plete data relative to the value of property stolen and recovered by
type of property as indicated in table 40. The loot taken by thieves
in the reporting cities during 1948 totaled $112,093,594 and 59.9
percent or $67,184,640 in stolen property was recovered by the police.
Exclusive of automobiles, the recoveries amounted to 20.8 percent.
Table 40. — Value of property stolen and value of property recovered, by type of
property, 1948
[Based on reports of 337 cities over 25,000 in population; total population, 37,388,336, according to the 1940
decennial census. All values have, been rounded off to oven dollars]
Type of property
Value of
property
stolen
Value of
property
recovered
Percent
recovered
Total
Currency, notes, etc
Jewelry and precious metals
Furs
Clothing.
Locally stolen automobiles. .
Miscellaneous
$112,093,594
$67,184,640
59.
15,388,216
8, 992, 586
2, 491, 409
5, 698, 188
61,045,059
18, 478, 136
2, 054, 928
1,876,266
242, 315
1,017,178
56, 580, 495
5, 413, 458
13.4
20.9
9.7
17.9
92.7
29.3
106
Rural Crime Rates
The 1948 murder and nonnegligent manslaughter crime rates for the
rural areas exceed slightly the corresponding figures for the urban
communities as a group, and the rates for rape in the two areas are
substantially the same. For other offense classes, however, the rural
rates are noticeably lower.
A comparison of the rural crime rates with those for cities with
population under 10,000 reflects substantially higher rates in the rural
areas for murder, manslaughter by negligence, and rape with the rates
for aggravated assault and robbery reasonably comparable. The
small city rates for burglary, larceny, and auto theft exceed those for
the rural areas, but not to such a pronounced degree as is observed in
the comparison between the rural rates and those for urban communi-
ties of all sizes.
The rural crime data presented in table 41 are based on the reports
of 1,574 sheriffs, 132 rural village officers, and 11 State police organiza-
tions representing a combined rural population of 34,168,627. The
rural figures include the reports of some agencies which listed a very
small number of ofi^enses and in some instances the entries on the
reports for oft'enses known may have been limited to cases in which
arrests were made. Thus some incompleteness probably exists in the
rural reports, particularly in the less serious crime classes.
Table 41. — Offenses known, rural areas, mimher and rate per 100,000 inhabitants,
1948
[Based on reports of 1,574 sherills, 132 rural village officers, and 11 State police organizations representing
a combined population of 34,168,627. Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Criminal
homicide
Rape
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
as-
sault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Lar-
ceny-
theft
IVIur-
der,
non-
negli-
gent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Man-
slaugh-
ter by
negli-
gence
Auto
theft
Number of offenses known
2,103
6.15
1,456
4.26
4,179
12.23
6,284
18.4
12, 459
36.6
51, 191
149.8
75, 288
220.3
18,454
Rate perlOO,000 ..
54.0
107
108
Rural Crime Trends
Rural crime in 1948 was up 4.3 percent over the figures for 1947,
as compared with a 0.3 percent increase in the cities.
The trends in the rural areas were generally in the same direction
as those reported by the cities, although aggravated assault showed a
slight decrease (0.6 percent) as compared with a 4.7 percent rise in
the urban areas.
The rise in rural burglaries and larcenies of 5.1 and 9.6 percent was
more pronounced than the 0.8 percent burglary increase and 2.3
percent larceny increase in the cities.
Rural murders and negligent homicides were down 1.3 and 1.1
percent, in that order, as compared with a 2.1 percent urban murder
decrease and a 7.7 percent decrease in urban negligent manslaughter
offenses. Offenses of rape in the rural areas declined 10.8 percent
from the 1947 figures and robberies were down 5.7 percent, while
urban crimes in these classes declined 2.3 and 5.8 percent, respectively.
A 6.1 percent decrease in auto thefts was reported in the rural areas
while in urban communities these crimes were down 8.8 percent during
1948 as compared with the previous year.
Table 42. — Trends in offenses known, rural areas, 1947-48
[Based on reports of 1,358 sheriffs, 107 rural village officers, and 11 State police organizations representing a
combined population of 31 ,351 ,503. Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Offense
Total -
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny — theft
Auto theft
Number of offenses
1947
1948
147. 396
153, 757
1,718
1 , 695
1,247
1,233
3,947
3,522
5.494
5,180
9, 884
9,827
44, 256
46, 493
62, 929
68, 977
17, 921
16, 830
Percent
change
+4.3
-1.3
-1.1
-10.8
-5.7
-.6
+5.1
+9.6
-6.1
109
Offenses Known in Territories and Possessions
During 1948 a complete set of montlily reports was received from
nine Territories and possessions of the United States. Included in
table 43 are the data reported from the First and Fourth Judicial
Districts in Alaska; Honolulu City, and the counties of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Kauai, and Maui in the Territory of Hawaii; the Isthmus
of Panama; and Puerto Rico. The figures represent offenses reported
to the police agencies serving both the urban and rural areas with
the exception that the figures for Honolulu City and Honolulu County
are reported separately.
Table 43. — Number of offenses known in United States Territories and possessions,
1948
[Population figures from 1940 decennial census]
Mur-
der,
nonneg-
ligent
man-
slaugh-
ter
Rob-
bery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Bur-
glary—
break-
ing or
enter-
ing
Larceny-
theft
Auto
theft
Jurisdiction reporting
Over
$50
Under
$50
Alaska:
First judicial division (Juneau), popula-
tion, 25,241; number of offenses known.
Fourth judicial division (Fairbanks),
population, 16,094; number of offenses
known... _ _ .
4
3
4
13
9
2
2
5
2
44
. 9
2
10
9
82
24
3
2
12
757
15
9
105
1,107
170
68
126
161
2,033
26
43
21
413
73
16
12
115
534
14
16
210
2,372
323
96
328
890
5,323
7
11
Hawaii:
Hawaii County, population, 73,276; num-
11
Honolulu City, population, 179,326; num-
ber of offenses known
Honolulu County, population, 78,898;
number of offenses known .
303
46
Kauai Comity, population, 35,818; num-
ber of offenses known ... _ .
7
Maui County^ population, 55,980; num-
ber of offenses known
7
Isthmus of Panama: Canal Zone, population,
51,827; number of offenses known...
1
303
13
124
28
Puerto Rico: population, 1,869,255; number
of offenses known. .
41
no
Ill
Estimated Number of Major Crimes, 1948
A serious crime was committed every 18.7 seconds during 1948 and
by the year's end the estimated total reached 1,686,670 offenses.
On the average each day 36 persons were feloniously slain, 255 were
victims of aggravated assault or rape, and 150 robberies were com-
mitted. Places burglarized numbered 1,032; 463 automobiles were
stolen; and 2,672 larcenies of miscellaneous types were committed.
The estimates with reference to total crime in the United States
during 1948 as presented in table 44 are based on crime reports re-
ceived each month during the year from over 4,100 local law-enforce-
ment agencies policing a population in excess of 102,000,000 including
both urban and rural areas. While the larceny figures include minor
thefts, a number of serious crimes such as embezzlement, fraud, arson,
and the like are not included in the tabulation. Thus the estimated
total of serious crimes is considered conservative.
Table 44. — Estimated number of major crimes in the United States, 1947— 4S
Oflense
Total -_
Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
Manslaughter by negligence
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary... :.
Larfeny
Autotheft
Number of offenses
1947
1,665,110
7,760
5,770
17, 180
58, 100
74, G90
373, 450
943, 430
184, 730
1948
1, 686, 670
7,620
5,390
16, 180
54, 990
77,310
377, 640
978, 000
169,540
Change
Number
+21, 560
-140
-380
-1,000
-3,110
+2. 620
+4, 190
+34. 570
-15, ICO
Percent
+1.3
-1.8
-6.6
-5.8
-5.4
+3.5
+1.1
+3.7
-8 2
112
DATA COMPILED FROM FINGERPRINT RECORDS
Source of Data
A total of 759,698 fingerprint arrest records were received at the
FBI during 1948. This figure exceeded the 1947 total of 734,041 by
3.5 percent and, in fact, was the largest of any yearly total since the
tabulation of fingerprint arrest records first began in 1932. The
fingerprint arrest records as received are examined to record data
concerning the age, sex, race, and previous criminal history of the
persons arrested and the tabulations which follow are based on this
study.
In recording the data, duplications (two fingerprint cards repre-
senting the same arrest) are eliminated as are the fingerprint cards
representing commitments to any type of penal institution. Also,
the compilation is limited to arrests for violations of State laws and
municipal ordinances, Federal charges being excluded.
The data compiled from fingerprint cards by no means represents
all persons arrested since there are many persons taken into custody
for whom no fingerprints are forwarded to Washington. In addition,
data pertaining to persons arrested should not be treated as informa-
tion relative to the volume of crime since many oftenses are com-
mitted in connection with which no arrests are made. Then, too, one
person may be arrested for the commission of several separate crimes
while in another instance two or more arrested persons may be in-
volved in the joint commission of a smgle offense.
Offense Charged
Of the total fingerprint arrest records received in 1948, more than
41 percent (312,264) represented arrests for major violations. Those
charged with murder, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and auto
theft numbered 212,823 or 28.0 percent of the total.
Sex
Approximately one-tenth (76,977) of the fingerprint ariest records
received during 1948 represented arrests of women while the remain-
mg 682,721 were males. Female arrest fingerprints increased 2.1
percent over the figures for 1947 while male arrests showed a 3.7
percent rise.
(113)
114
Table 45. — Distribution of arrests by sex, 1948
Offense charged
Total.- -.
Criminal homicide
Robbery.-
Assault
Burglary — breaking or entering
Larceny — theft-..
Autotheft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Arson. . -
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercialized vice-
Other sex offenses
Narcot ic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Offenses against family and children . .
Liquor laws -
Driving wh ile intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws. . ,
Disorderly cond uct . -
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated -
A 11 other offenses
Number
Total
769, 698
703
583
304
299
154
720
246
350
986
314
517
674
602
846
598
410
770
584
906
87
064
402
863
423
561
135
102
435
Male
682, 721
5,848
19, 644
52, 145
40, 246
59, 697
17, 307
18, 329
3, 059
867
8,216
9,517
3,257
14, 819
4, 363
11.085
13. 588
7,573
37, 925
7,731
85
7,802
40, 964
165, 591
41,356
16, 228
40,214
5,154
30,111
Female
76, 977
855
939
6,219
1,053
8, 457
413
1,917
291
119
1,098
5,417
2, 783
483
513
822
1,197
1, 6.59
175
2
262
6, 438
16,272
8,067
1,333
4,921
948
4,324
Percent
Total
100.0
.9
2.7
7.7
5.4
9.0
2.3
2.7
.4
.1
1.2
1.3
1.1
2.3
.6
1.5
1.9
1.2
5.2
1.0
(')
1.1
6.3
24.0
6.5
2.3
6.0
.8
4.5
Male
100.0
2.9
7.6
5.9
8.7
2.5
2.7
.4
.1
1.2
1.4
.5
2.2
.6
1.6
2.0
1.1
5.6
1.1
(')
1.1
6.0
24.3
6.1
2.4
5.9
.8
4.4
Female
100.0
1. 1
1.2
8.1
1.4
11.0
.5
2.5
.4
.2
1.4
7.0
3.6
.6
1. 1
1.6
2.2
.2
(')
.3
8,4
21.1
10.5
1.7
6.4
1.2
5.6
1 Less than Mo of 1 percent.
Age
During 1948, males and females under 21 years of age arrested and
fingerprinted numbered 115,940, constituting 15.3 percent of the total
arrests. In addition, there were 125,362 (16.5 percent) between the
ages of 21 and 24, making a total of 241,302 (31.8 percent) less than
25 years old. Arrests of persons 25 to 29 years old numbered 123,468
(16.2 percent). The resultant total is 364,770 (48.0 percent) less
than 30 years of age. It should be remembered that the number of
arrest records is doubtless incomplete in the lower age groups because
of the practice of some jurisdictions not to fingerprint youthful
offenders.
Youths played a predominant part in the commission of crimes
against property as indicated by the following figures: During 1948
there were 181,652 persons of all ages arrested for robbery, burglary,
larceny, auto theft, embezzlement, fraud, forgery,- counterfeiting,
receiving stolen property, and arson; and 50,723 (27.9 percent) of
those persons were less than 21 years old.
115
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117
Table 47.-
-Nu7nber and percentage of arrests of persons under 25 years of age, 1948
Offense charged
Total.
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault ...I.
Burglary— breaking or entering
Larceny— theft
Auto theft _
E mbezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, re-
ceiving, etc
Arson _'_"
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape _.
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc
Oflenses against family and
children
Liquor laws _."
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parking violations
Other traffic and motor vehicle
laws
D isorderly conduct
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Gambling.
Suspicion
Not stated
All other oflenses
Total
number
of persons
arrested
759, 698
6,703
20, 583
58, 364
41,299
68, 154
17,720
20, 246
3,350
986
9,314
9,517
8,674
17, 602
4,846
11,598
14,410
8,770
39, 584
7,906
87
8,064
47, 402
181,863
49, 423
17,561
45, 135
6,102
34, 435
Number
under 18
years of
age
31,750
208
1, 121
1,157
6,821
6,093
3,030
249
138
58
327
773
80
415
70
58
129
157
181
1
211
1,163
866
1,424
110
2,831
163
3,440
Number
under 21
years of
115,940
824
5. 577
6,332
15, 899
17,659
7,920
1,534
539
152
1,443
3,010
801
2,120
2,023
719
1,053
2,059
1, 550
1, 535
6,593
8,659
7,652
676
9,749
722
8,233
Total
number
under 25
years of
241, 302
1,988
11.269
16, 429
24. 310
.30, 374
12,334
4,463
1,128
314
3,251
5,249
2,819
5,293
1,971
4,422
3,038
2,045
7,318
3, 434
26
3,473
15,691
26, 895
16,356
2,382
18, 837
1,663
14, 530
Percent-
age under
18 years
of age
Percent-
age under
21 years
of age
4.2
3.1
5.4
2.0
16.5
8.9
17.1
1.2
4.1
5.9
3.5
8.1
2.4
1.4
.4
1.5
.4
2.3
1.1
2.6
2.5
.5
2.9
.6
6.3
2.7
10.0
15.3
12.3
27.1
10.8
38.5
25.9
44.7
7.6
16.1
15.4
15.5
31.6
9.2
12.0
18.6
17.4
5.0
12.0
5.2
19.6
9.2
19.0
13.9
4.8
15.5
3.8
21.6
11.8
23.9
Total
percent-
age under
25 years
of age
31.8
29.7
54.7
28.1
58.9
44.6
69.6
22.0
33.7
31.8
34.9
55.2
32.5
30.1
40.7
38.1
21.1
23.3
18.5
43.4
29.9
43.1
33.1
14.8
33.1
13.6
41.7
27.3
42.2
118
ARRESTS - SELECTED
AGE GROUPS
193 8 ■ 19 4 8
AGE
21-24
125,362
AGE
18-20
84,190
AGE
17&
UNDER
31J50
1938 '^^ '^^ '^^ '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 I943
DATA COMPILED FROM FINGERPRINT RECORDS pg|
^ CHART
Figure 18.
119
The extent of the participation of youths in the commission of crimes
against property is further indicated by the following figures: During
1948, 31.8 percent of all persons arrested were less than 25 years of age.
However, persons less than 25 years old numbered 54.7 percent of
those charged with robbery, 58.9 percent of those charged with bur-
glary, 44.6 percent of those charged with larceny, and 69.6 percent of
those charged with auto theft. Approximately one-half of all crimes
against property during 1948 were committed by persons under 25
years of age.
Age 21 predominated during 1948 among the single age groups
followed by ages 22, 23, 24, and 20, in that order.
Criminal Repeaters
A search of the 759,698 fingerprint arrest records received during
1948 against the fingerprint arrest records on file in the Identification
Division of the FBI disclosed that 58.0 percent of the arrest records
received during the year represented persons who already had finger-
print arrest cards oh file in Washington. The percentage was higher
for males (59.5) .than for females (44.7). These figures pertain to
fingerprint arrest records and in no way relate to civil identification
files at the FBI.
Table 48. — Percentage with previous fingerprint records, arrests, 1948
Offense
Narcotic drug laws..
Vagrancy
Forgery and counterfeiting
Drunkenness
Embezzlement and fraud
Robbery _ . _
Burglary — breaking or entering
Prostitution and commercialized vice..
A uto theft _ . _
Larceny— theft
All other offenses
Assault
Suspicion
Disorderly conduct
Percent
74.0
69.4.
68.8
66.6
64.1
63.8
59.1
58.0
56. .3
56.0
55.5
54.3
54.3
52.7
Offense
Liquor laws
Offenses against family and children..
Stolen property; buying, receiving, etc
Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc
Gambling _.
A rson _
Driving while intoxicated
Other traffic and motor vehicle laws...
Criminal homicide.
Rape
Other sex offenses
Parking violations '
Violation of road and driving laws
Percent
51.2
50.8
50.8
49.4
49.2
48.3
46.0
44.8
44.6
44.4
41.8
37.9
37.6
'Only 87 fingerprint cards received representing arrests for violation of parking regulations.
Race
Most of the persons represented in this study were members of the
white and Negro races. Members of the white race represented
557,125 of the 759,698 arrest records received, while 191,921 were
Negroes, 6,846 were Indians, 653 Chinese, 309 Japanese, and 2,844
were representatives of other races.
120
Table 49. — Arrests by race, 1948
Offense charged
Total
Criminal homicide
Robbery
Assault
Burglary — breaking or enter-
ing
Larceny— theft
Auto theft
Embezzlement and fraud
Stolen property; buying, re-
ceiving, etc
Arson
Forgery and counterfeiting
Rape
Prostitution and commercial-
ized vice
Other sex offenses
Narcotic drug laws
Weapons; carrying, possessing,
etc
Offenses against family and
children
Liquor laws
Driving while intoxicated
Road and driving laws
Parkins violations
Other traflic and motor vehicle
laws
Disorderly conduct — --
Drunkenness.
Vagrancy ,.
Gambling
Suspicion
Not stated
All other offenses
Total,
all races
759, 698
6,703
20, 583
58, 364
41, 299
68, 154
17, 720
20, 246
3,350
986
9,314
9,517
8,674
17, 602
4,846
11, 598
14, 410
8,770
39, 584
7,906
87
8,064
47, 402
181, 863
49, 423
17, 561
45, 135
6,102
34, 435
Race
White
3,579
12, 579
31, 025
46, 022
14, 275
17, 592
2,249
749
7,928
5,563
14, 618
2,876
5,621
11, 556
5,362
35, 732
6,320
54
6,085
33, 375
149, 474
37, 498
8,810
31,871
4,713
26,116
Negro
191,921
3,072
7,816
26, 780
12,012
21, 626
3,265
2,544
1,078
231
1,312
2,924
2,931
2,847
1,776
2,759
3,320
3,387
1,522
31
1,887
13, 381
28,021
11,165
8,279
12, 927
1,279
7,861
Indian
6,846
26
96
296
161
273
123
54
3
6
48
64
61
53
321
45
2
58
444
3,569
484
14
211
74
176
Chinese
Japanese
All others
653
15
13
107
6
21
48
32
110
13
5
95
309
,844
24
78
215
116
172
44
45
19
20
61
47
71
40
31
24
129
13
25
177
703
226
254
109
OFFENSE CLASSIFICATIONS
In order to indicate more clearly the types of offenses included in part I and
part II offenses, there follows a brief definition of each classification:
Part I Offenses
1. Criminal homicide. — (a) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter includes all
willful felonious homicides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence.
Does not include attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths, or
justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides excluded from this classification are
limited to the following types of cases: (1) The killing of a felon by a peace officer
in line of duty; (2) The killing of a hold-up man by a private citizen. (6) Man-
slaughter by negligence includes any death which the police investigation estab-
lishes was primarily attributable to gross negligence on the part of some individual
other than the victim.
2. Rape. — Includes forcible rape, statutory rape (no force used — victim under
age of consent), assault to rape, and attempted rape.
3. Robbery. — Includes stealing or taking anything of value from the person by
force or violence or by putting in fear, such as strong-arm robbery, stick-ups,
robbery armed. Includes assault to rob and attempt to rob.
4. Aggravated assault. — Includes assault with intent to kill; assault by shooting,
cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisoning, scalding, or by the use of acids. Does not
include simple assault, assault and battery, fighting, etc.
5. Burglary — breaking or entering. — Includes burglary, housebreaking, safe-
cracking, or any unlawful entry to commit a felony or a theft, even though no force
was used to gain entrance. Includes attempts. Burglary followed by larceny
is included in this classification and not counted again as larceny.
6. Larceny — theft (except auto theft). — (a) Fifty doUars and over in value; (6)
under $50 in value — includes in one of the above subclassifications, depending
upon the value of the property stolen, thefts of bicycles, automobile accessories,
shoplifting, pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article of value which
is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Does not include embezzlement,
"con" games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.
7. Auto theft. — Includes all cases where a motor vehicle is stolen or driven away
and abandoned, including the so-called joy-riding thefts. Does not include tak-
ing for temporary use when actually returned by the taker, or unauthorized use
by those having lawful access to the vehicle.
Part II Offenses
8. Other assaults. — Includes all assaults and attempted assaults which are not
of an aggravated nature and which do not belong in class 4.
9. Forgery and counterfeiting. — Includes offenses dealing with the making,
altering, uttering, or possessing, with intent to defraud, anything false which is
made to appear true. Includes attempts.
10. Embezzlement and fraud. — Includes all offenses of fraudulent conversion,
embezzlement, and obtaining money or property by false pretenses.
11. Stolen property; buying, receiving, possi ssing. — -Includes buying, receiving,
and possessing stolen property as well as attempts to commit any of those offenses.
(121)
122
12. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc. — Includes all violations of regulations or
statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manufac-
turing of deadly weapons or silencers and all attempts to violate such statutes or
regulations.
13. Prostitution and commercialized vice. — Includes sex offenses of a commer-
cialized nature, or attempts to commit the same, such as prostitution, keeping
bawdy house, procuring, transporting, or detaining women for immoral purposes.
14. Sex offenses (except rape and prostitution and commercialized vice). — In-
cludes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes
attempts.
15. Offenses against the family and children. — Includes offenses of nonsupport,
neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.
16. Narcotic drug laws. — Includes offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as
unlawful possession, sale, or use. Excludes Federal offenses.
17. Liquor laws. — With the exception of "drunkenness" (class 18) and "driving
while intoxicated" (class 22), liquor law violations. State or local, are placed in
this class. Excludes Federal violations.
18. Drunkenness. — Includes all offenses of drunkenness or intoxication.
19. Disorderly conduct. — ^Includes all charges of committing a breach of the
peace.
20. Vagrancy. — Includes such offenses as vagabondage, begging, loitering, etc.
21. Gambling. — Includes offenses of promoting, permitting, or engaging in
gambling.
22. Driving while intoxicated. — Includes driving or operating any motor vehicle
while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
23. Violation of road and driving laws. — Includes violations of regulations with
respect to the proper handling of a motor vehicle to prevent accidents.
24. Parking violations. — Includes violations of parking ordinances.
25. Other violations of traffic and motor vehicle laws. — -Includes violations of
State laws and municipal ordinances with regard to traffic and motor vehicles
not otherwise provided for in classes 22-24.
26. All other offenses. — ^Includes all violations of State or local laws for which
no provision has been made above in classes 1-25.
27. Suspicion.- — This classification includes all persons arrested as suspicious
characters, but not in connection with any specific offense, who are released with-
out formal charges being placed against them.
INDEX TO VOLUME XIX, UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS
[All references are to page numbers]
Age of offenders. {See Arrests.)
Annual crime trends: Page
Cities grouped by size 80-81
Cities grouped by location 80,83-84,86-87
Estimated total number of major crimes, 1948 110-112
Long-term trends, 1938-48 79-80, 82
Rural crime trends 17-18, 107-108
Arrests — based on fingerprint records 66-70, 113-120
Age of offenders 66-69, 114-119
Race of offenders 70, 119-120
Recidivism 69-70, 1 1 9
Sex of offenders 66-67, 113-114
Automobiles — percentage recovered 15-16, 103
Classification of offenses 2-3, 71-72,74-75, 121-122
Cleared by arrest, offenses 48-52, 56, 58, 62-63
By geographic divisions 62-63
Crimes. (See Arrests, estimated number, offenses, persons charged, per-
sons found guilty, and persons released.)
Criminal repeaters. {See Arrests — recidivism.)
Employees, number of police 19-47
Fingerprint records 66-70, 1 13-120
Monthly variations, offenses known to the police 88-90
Offenses known to the police:
Annual trends ' 7, 17-18, 79-87
Cities grouped by location 7-10, 91-94
Cities grouped by location and size 10, 94
• Cities grouped by size 4-5, 77-78
Cleared by arrests 48-52, 56, 58, 62-63
Cleared by arrest, geographic divisions 62-63
Divided as to time and place and value of property stolen... 13-16, 103-105
Individual cities over 100,000 in population 11-13
Individual cities over 25,000 in population 95-102
Monthly variations 88-90
Rural areas 16-18, 106-108
Territories and possessions of the United States 109
Persons charged (held for prosecution) 53-59, 62-65
By geographic divisions 62-65
Persons found guilty 56-59
Persons released (not held for prosecution) 60-62
Police department employees 19-47
Police killed 19-20
Possessions and Territories of the United States, offenses in 109
Property, value stolen 15-16, 104-105
Property, value stolen and recovered 16, 105
Prosecution, persons held for. (See Persons charged and persons found
guilty.)
(123)
124
Race of offenders. {See Arrests.)
Recidivism. {See Arrests.)
Reporting area, extent of 75-76
Rural crime data 16-18, 106-108
Sex of offenders. {See Arrests.)
Sheriffs' reports 16-18, 106-108
State crime rates. {See Offenses known — ^cities grouped by location.)
State police reports 16-18, 106-108
Territories and possessions of the United States, offenses in 109
Trends, annual crime:
Cities grouped by size 80-81
Cities grouped by location 80,83-84,86-87
Long-term trends, 1938-48 79-80,82
Value of property stolen 15-16, 104-105
Value of property stolen and recovered 16, 105
Variations, monthly crime 88-90
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