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THE

UNION ARMY

A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal
States 1861-65 — Records of the Regi-
ments IN THE Union Army — Cyclo-
pedia OF Battles — Memoirs
OF Commanders and
Soldiers

VOLUME I

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,

Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania

and Delaware

MADISON, WIS.
Federal Publishing Company

1908

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Federal Publishing Company

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To the
VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR,
Who Left Their Shops, Fields
and Firesides,
to Preserve the Union Our Forefathers Established,
and
After a Bloody Contest of Four Years
Gave to Their Posterity a Reunited Country,
This Work is Respectfully Dedicated
by the Publishers.

j%.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con-
necticut, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

VOLUME II

Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of New York,
Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio.

VOLUME HI

Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of New Jersey,
Indiana, Illinois and Michigan,

VOLUME IV

Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of Wisconsin, Minne-
sota, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee,
California, Oregon, The Territories and
District of Columbia.

VOLUME V

Cyclopedia of Battles — A to Helena.

VOLUME VI

Cyclopedia of Battles — Helena Road to Z.

VOLUME VII
The Navy.

VOLUME VIII

Biographical.

%0I^

JOSHUA L. CHAMBERLAIN

Joshua L. Chamberlain, major-general, was bom in Brewer,
Me., Sept. 8, 1828. His father proposed an army career for him,
and sent him at the age of fourteen to the military academy of
Maj. Whiting at Ellsworth, Me., where one lasting benefit was
the compulsory acquirement of some practical acquaintance
with the French language. After some time spent in that insti-
tution of learning, and in teaching country school and other
remunerative employment, he decided to become a minister
of the gospel ; and finally, having committed to memory Kuhner's
unabridged Greek grammar from alphabet to appendix, he en-
tered Bowdoin college with advanced standing at the age of
nineteen. Graduating at the college in 1852, he entered Bangor
theological seminary, where, besides conforming to all regula-
tions, he read his theology in Latin and his church history in
German, and took up the study of the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic
languages, to which he continued to devote not less than an
hour a day for six years. Before his graduation, having written
the four sermons required, and occasionally preached them, he
received "calls" from three important churches; but the remark-
able impression made by his "Master's Oration" at Bowdoin
in 1855 on "Law and Liberty" led to his immediate appointment
as instructor in the department of natural and revealed religion.
The next year he was elected professor of rhetoric and oratory
and held this place for five years. In July, 1862, leave of ab-
sence for two years was granted him for the purpose of pursuing
his studies in Europe, but the serious reverses of the Union army
and the critical condition of the country at that time seemed to
him a call to service in another field. On Aug. 8 he was made
lieutenant-colonel of the 20th regiment of Maine volunteers.
In twenty days he had the organization complete with full
ranks, turned the command over to Col. Ames of the regular
army, and set forth for the field. The regiment was assigned
to Butterfield's division, Porter's corps. Army of the Potomac.
Col. Chamberlain's qualities were tested in the sharp engagement
at Shepherdstown ford immediately after the battle of Antietam,
in September, and in the terrible experiences of his command
in the disastrous battle of Fredericksburg in December he cer-
tainly won the master's degree in his military education. He
had an arduous part in all the trying operations of that winter
Vol. 1—2 17

on the Rappahannock. In May, 1863, he was made colonel
of his regiment, having already acted in that capacity for three
months. At Gettysburg, July 2, he held the extreme left of the
Union line, and his conduct on that occasion in the memorable
defense of Little Round Top won for him the admiration of the
army and public fame, and he was recognized by the govern-
ment in the bestowal of the Congressional medal of honor for
"conspicuous personal gallantry and distinguished service."
He was immediately placed in command of the famous "light
brigade" of the division, which he handled with marked skill
in the action at Rappahannock station. At Spottsylvania
Court House in May, 1864, he was placed in command of a "for-
lorn hope" of nine picked regiments to make a night assault on
a hitherto impregnable point of the enemy's works. By remark-
able judgment and skill he gained the position, but in the morn-
ing it was found to be commanded on both flanks by the enemy
in force, therefore utterly untenable, and the withdrawal ordered
was more difficult than the advance had been. Shortly after-
ward came the sharp engagements on the Totopotomy and the
North Anna, and the terrible battles of Bethesda Church and
Cold Harbor, in all of which his coolness of judgment and quick-
ness of action drew special commendation. He was promoted
to colonel of the 20th Maine on May 18, as stated above, and one
month later, in command of a brigade, he made the desperate
charge on Rives' salient in the Petersburg lines, where Gen.
Grant promoted him on the field to the rank of brigadier-general
"for gallant conduct in leading his brigade against a superior
force of the enemy and for meritorious service" in that terrible
campaign of 1864. In this assault he was seriously wounded
and reported dead, but after two months of intense suffering he
returned to his command. In the last campaign of the war, with
two brigades he led the advance of the infantry with Sheridan,
and made the brilliant opening fight on the Quaker road, March
29, 1865, where he was twice wounded (in the left arm and
breast), and his horse was shot under him. His conduct again
drew attention of the government, and he was promoted to the
brevet rank of major-general "for conspicuous gallantry" in
this action. On the White Oak road, March 31, although much
disabled by wounds, he distinguished himself by recovering a
lost field; and in the battle of Five Forks, April i, his prompti-
tude and skillful handling of troops received special official men-
tion. In the final action at Appomattox Court House, April
9, he was called by Gen. Sheridan to replace his leading division
of cavalry, and the first flag of truce from Longstreet came to
him. His corps commander says in an official report: "In the
final action Gen. Chamberlain had the advance, and was driving

the enemy rapidly before him when the announcement of the
surrender was made." At the formal surrender of Lee's army
he was designated to command the parade before which that
army laid down the arms and colors of the Confederacy. At the
final grand review in Washington, his division had the honor
of being placed at the head of the column of the Army of the
Potomac, and his troops, fresh from the surrender at Appomat-
tox, were received by the thronging spectators as might be
imagined. In the reorganization of the regular army at the close
of hostilities he was offered a colonelcy, with the privilege of
retiring with the rank of brigadier-general, on account of wounds
received in the service. Not caring to be a soldier in time of
peace, he declined this offer, and was mustered out of military
service Jan. 15, 1866. Returning to Maine he was offered the
choice of several diplomatic offices abroad, but almost as soon
as he was out of the army, he was elected governor of the state
by the largest majority ever given in that commonwealth. His
administration was very satisfactory and he was continued in
that office for four terms. While popular with the people he
was in some disfavor with his party because he did not approve
the policy of conferring the privilege of the "suffrage" on the
lately liberated slaves, holding that reconstruction could only
be effected by and through the best minds of the south, a position
that history has thoroughly vindicated. In 1871 Gen. Cham-
berlain was elected president of Bowdoin college, and held that
position until 1883, when he resigned, although continuing to
lecture on public law and public economy until 1885. He was
appointed major-general of Maine militia in 1876, was United
States commissioner to the Paris exposition in 1878, and in
1885 he went to Florida as president of a railroad construction
company. In 1900 he was appointed by President McKinley
surveyor of customs at the port of Portland, and is still the effi-
cient occupant of that position. Thus it will be seen that Gen.
Chamberlain is still an active man of affairs. He is in great
request as a speaker on public occasions and as a writer he has
an extended reputation. He has recently been engaged in writ-
ing out his notes on the last campaign of the Army of the Poto-
mac, which he contemplates publishing under the title, "The
Passing of the Armies: Last Campaign of Grant and Lee." He
also revised and edited the manuscript pertaining to the state
military history of Maine, which appears as a part of this pub-
lication.

Military Affairs in Maine

1861-65

No one of the loyal states can claim preeminence over the
Pine Tree State in its conduct during the Civil war. The uni-
versal sentiment of her people was that the Union must be pre-
served and the supremacy of the law maintained at whatever cost
of life and treasure. All the patriotism of their revolutionary
ancestors showed forth in the prompt and energetic action taken
by her citizens in support of the general government, and in the
determination that our institutions should be preserved as handed
down by the fathers. The excess of her devotion to the Union,
and some of her enormous sacrifices in blood and treasure will
be briefly recorded in the following pages. Unnumbered pages
would not suffice to tell in detail the splendid history of individual
sacrifice and heroism on the part of her citizens during the con-
tinuance of the great struggle for the life of the nation.

The distant mutterings of rebellion had been heard for many
months, and four of the Southern States had already passed or-
dinances of secession, while several others were threatening to
pass similar ordinances, when the legislature of the State of
Maine took steps to assure the government at Washington of its
unswerving loyalty, and passed on Jan. i6, 1861, by a large ma-
jority, the following joint resolutions : —

"Whereas, By advices received from Washington, and by
information received in marty other ways, it appears that an ex-
tensive combination exists of evil-disposed persons to effect the
dissolution of the Federal Union, and the overthrow of the Gov-
ernment ; and whereas the people of the state are deeply attached
to the Union and thoroughly loyal to the government, and are
heartily devoted to their preservation and protection ; therefore,

"Resolved, That the governor be, and hereby is, authorized and
requested to assure the president of the United States of the
loyalty of the people of Maine to the Union and the government
thereof; and that the entire resources of the state in men and
money are hereby pledged to the administration in defence and
support of the Constitution and the Union."

Military Affairs in Maine 21

When the news reached the people of Maine that the first gun
of rebellion had been fired upon our national flag, and that the
United States fort, Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, S. C, had
been assaulted and reduced, April 12, 1861, a great wave of
patriotic ardor swept over the whole state. Everywhere her sons
and daughters were inspired by a spirit of determination to
avenge the blow that had been struck, and to aid the government
in crushing the treasonable movement. Men forgot their party
affiliations, and patriotic assemblages gathered in all the princi-
pal places in the state to voice their undying devotion to the
Union. All were animated by the same spirit of sacrifice, and
active steps were at once taken to form military organizations.
The hills and valleys of Maine resounded with martial music
and the gleam of bristling bayonets was seen throughout the
land. In some towns, in less than twenty-four hours, full com-
panies of volunteers were formed, ready to march. The pulpit
and the press united in the demand that the state should do its
full share in upholding the government. Banks and private citi-
zens hastened to tender such material aid to the government for
war purposes as might be found essential. Mr. Henry B. Hum-
phrey, a wealthy gentleman of Thomaston, offered to arm and
equip a company of artillery at an expense of $15,000. Mothers,
wives and sisters were animated by the same loyal spirit, and
some of the women of Skowhegan, eager to testify their devo-
tion to the nation, got out a field piece and fired a salute of 34
guns. The first companies to tender their services were the
Lewiston Light Infantry, Auburn Artillery, and Portland Rifle
Guards. The first named organization was the first to fill its
ranks and be accepted and ordered into service by the governor.
In Cherryfield, four hours after the enlistment roll was opened,
fifty volunteers had entered their names. A poll of a volunteer
company in China on the question of an immediate tender of
their services to the state, showed no dissenting voice. Many
other towns acted with almost equal zeal and promptitude.

The long reigu of peace had rendered military organizations
unnecessary, and the opening of hostilities found the militia of
Maine in a neglected and unprepared condition. There was an
enrolled but unarmed militia of about 60,000 men, and not more
than 1,200 of these were in a condition to respond to any sudden
call to arms in the emergencies contemplated by the constitution
of the state. Nevertheless, within two weeks of the president's
call for 75,000 volunteers, April 15, 1861, the ist regiment of
infantry was organized under the command of the gallant Na-
thaniel J. Jackson of Lewiston, and in less than a month the 2nd

22 The Union Army

regiment was also ready for service, commanded by the brave
and lamented Charles D. Jameson of Bangor. Sickness some-
what delayed the departure of the ist regiment from the state,
and the 2nd was the first to start for the seat of war, armed and
equipped so well that it received the warm encomiums of Mr.
Cameron, the secretary of war.

Maine was most fortunate in having, from the commencement
of the war, able and incorruptible chief magistrates, imbued with
the loftiest patriotism, and whose great ambition was to furnish
men and means for the suppression of the rebellion as promptly
and economically as it was possible to do. At the outbreak of
hostilities, Israel Washburn, Jr., was in the gubernatorial chair,
and labored under almost insurmountable difficulties in his ef-
forts to organize an effective miltiary force from the crude and
chaotic elements- of the state militia system. He found himself
without sufficient authority of law to meet the requisition made
on him by the president for a portion of the state militia to be
used in suppressing the armed uprising against the Federal gov-
ernment, and on April 16, the day following President Lincoln's
first call for troops, he called the legislature in extra session, to
convene on the 22nd. He used this language in his proclama-
tion summoning the law-making body: — "The fact that the laws
of the United States have been, and now are opposed, and their
execution obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, by a com-
bination too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course
of judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the marshals
by the laws that are ; the fact that a requisition has been made
on me by the President of the United States for a portion of the
militia of the state to aid in suppressing such combinations, and
causing the laws to be duly executed ; the fact that I find myself
without sufficient authority of law to enable me to respond thereto
as the exigency of the case requires, — these facts present in my
judgment, one of those extraordinary occasions contemplated in
the constitution for the convening of the legislature. In consid-
eration whereof, I, Israel Washburn, Jr., governor of the State
of Maine, in virtue of the power vested in me by the constitution
to convene the legislature of this state, hereby require the sena-
tors and representatives to assemble in their respective chambers
at the capitol in Augusta, on Monday, the 22nd day of April
instant, at 12 o'clock noon, and then and there to consider and
determine on such measures as the condition of the country and
the obligation of the state may seem to demand."

The legislature sat for only three and a half days, but during

Military Affairs in Maine 23

that time, enacted with commendable promptness and unanimity
all laws necessary to enable the state to do its share in meeting
the remarkable crisis of the country. An act was passed to
receive, arm, and equip ten regiments of volunteers, not to exceed
10,000 men, and authorizing a loan of $1,000,000 to meet this
expense. A bill was also passed to raise a volunteer corps of
militia of three regiments, not to exceed 3,000 men, who should
be armed, equipped and drilled at the expense of the state, and
subject to be called into actual service at the demand of the
proper authorities. The volunteers in actual service were to
receive two months bounty and the regular pay of $11 per month.
Steps were also taken to place the whole militia force of the
state in the most effective condition. The governor was author-
ized, if in his discretion the public safety should demand it, to
make provision for the organization of coast guards to protect
the commerce and harbors of the state from privateers. It au-
thorized a loan of $300,000, in case it was deemed necessary to
provide this coast guard. This prompt and patriotic action of the
legislature influenced all classes. The ship-builders and ship-
owners of the state met and offered their vessels to the govern-
ment ; lumbermen, fishermen, and men of all professions hastened
to volunteer their services in the companies which were now
being rapidly formed. A general order was at once promulgated
calling for 10,000 volunteers, to be organized into ten regiments,
without regard to military districts, to be immediately enlisted
and mustered into the active militia service of the State.

Strange as it may now seem, the general government believed
that the rebellion would be quickly repressed, and the original
call for troops on April 15, was for only three months service.
The legislative act authorizing these troops to be raised in Maine,
caused them to be enlisted for two years unless sooner discharged,
and the 1st and 2nd regiments were so enlisted; the former was
mustered into the service of the United States for three months,
and the latter for two years. On May 3, 1861, the president
issued another call for troops. Under this call, and under acts
approved July 22 and 25, 1861, 500,000 men were required, orders
were issued from the war department, requiring all state volun-
teers to be mustered into government service for three years.
Meanwhile the 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th regiments had been organ-
ized and enlisted for two years under the above mentioned act of
the legislature, when the three years requirement was issued from
Washington, which necessitated an amendment in the state's mode
of enlistment. The men in the four regiments above mentioned
were asked to sign a contract to serve for an additional year, and

24: The Union Army

those who declined, with the exception of the ist and 2nd regi-
ments, were discharged.

Such was the zeal of the patriotic citizens of the state, that
within a few weeks after the adjournment of the extra session of
the legislature, companies had been organized far in excess of
the needs of the hour. After sending forward the first six regi-
ments, the last of which was mustered into the service of the
United States on July 15, 1861, Gov. Washburn decided to
discontinue enlistments in consequence of word received from
Washington that no more troops from Maine would be accepted.
The following organized companies were now required to dis-
band, or, if they preferred, be placed upon such footing as to
drill and compensation, as would measurably relieve them from
the sacrifices entailed in keeping up a military organization, and
yet secure their services when called for :

Capt. West's, East Machias ; Capt. Sawyer's, Dixmont ; Capt.
Roberts', Dexter ; Capt. Boynton's, Newport ; Capt. Carlisle's,
Bangor ; Capt. Cass', Bangor ; Capt. Lawrence's, Gardi-
ner ; Capt. Norris', Monmouth ; Capt. Duly's, Phipps-
burg; Capt. Jones', Waldoboro' ; Capt. Crowell's, Winter-
port ; Capt. Robinson's, Unity ; Capt. Jones', China ; Capt.
Chase's, Fairfield ; Capt. McDonald's, Buckfield ; Capt.
Houghton's, Woodstock ; Capt. McArthur's, Limington ; Capt.
Andrews,' Biddeford. Four of these companies elected to main-
tain their organizations, viz. : Duly's, Jones' of Waldoboro', Rob-
inson's and Andrews, and to devote not less than two days per
week to drill and instruction until otherwise ordered, and to be
paid pro rata therefor, without quarters or rations. The other
companies were given leave of absence, without pay or rations,
until called for. Twelve of these commanding officers, together
with large portions of their commands, as then existing, subse-
quently entered the service of the United States in regiments
which were later accepted, as was also true of Capt. Hutchin's
company, of New Portland, which was also put upon leave of
absence.

About this time Brig.-Gen. Thomas W. Sherman visited the
state and concerted measures with Gov. Washburn in regard to
his naval expedition, when it was then learned that more regi-
ments would be required. The work of organizing new regi-
ments was accordingly recommenced with vigor, and four other
regiments were speedily mustered into the United States service.

In the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, the troops of
Maine bore an honorable and conspicuous part, and despite the
reverse suffered by the Union Army of McDowell, won fame

Military Affairs in Maine 35

for themselves and glory for their state. Of the Federal troops
actually engaged in this fight, nearly one-fourth were from
Maine. This disaster to the national forces led to an order by
Gov. Washburn directing the enlistment of additional regiments
of volunteers. This document recited: — "Whilst observing, with
the most grateful pride and admiration, the brave conduct of our
regiments already in the field, the governor and commander-in-
chief calls upon the loyal men of the state to emulate the pa-
triotic zeal and courage of their brothers who have gone before
them. The issue involved is one on which there can be no divided
opinion in Maine. It aflfects not only the integrity of our Union,
but the very life of republican government. For the preserva-
tion of these, Maine will pour out her best blood, and expend her
richest treasure. Having already contributed generously of the
flower of her youth and manhood, Maine must send yet more
of her stalwart sons, to do battle for the preservation of the
Union, and for the supremacy of law."

The recruiting service of the state was again in active opera-
tion from this time forward, until the general government re-
lieved Maine from all further participation in the work early
in the following year. Many of the states were ahead of Maine
at this time in the quota of troops furnished the government,
and were still rapidly forming new military organizations, so
authority was given Maine by the war department to organize
five more regiments of infantry (with power to increase the num-
ber to eight), a regiment of cavalry, six batteries of light artillery,
and a company of sharpshooters. Many voluntary organiza-
tions of an informal nature for military service had been formed
in various parts of the state since the outbreak of hostilities ; or-
ganizations which not only took their rise without compulsion,
but were maintained after repeated refusals to their applications
for formal enlistment in the service of the state. Not in many
years had there been seen such an array of citizen soldiery parad-
ing for discipline and review, as was to be observed in the months
of September and October, 1861. Little trouble was therefore
found in raising these additional troops, together with four com-
panies of coast guards, which served by authority of the war de-
partment. All told, the State of Maine raised during the year
1861 sixteen regiments (one of them one of the best cavalry
regiments in the service), six batteries of artillery, and a company
of sharpshooters, besides four companies of coast guards. This
was 2,500 in excess of her quota, and those regiments which had
gone forward to the seat of war gloriously maintained the high
reputation of the state for bravery and self-possession in the
numerous battles.

26 The Union Army

The elections for state officers and members of the legislature
in 1861, on the issue of the vigorous prosecution of the war,
sustained the government by a majority of nearly 60,000. Ar-
rangements were made during this year for the erection of a
fort at the mouth of the Kennebec river. An appropriation of
$100,000 by Congress had been made for this purpose four years
earlier, but Secretary Floyd had refused to take the necessary
steps for procuring a title and domain over the land necessary
for its location. It is only just to say that the movement to in-
crease the defences of the seaboard cities and towns of the state,
originated with Hon. John A. Poor of Portland. His attention
was drawn to the subject, early in 1861, and when the official
note of Oct. 14, 1861, addressed by Mr. Seward, secretary of
state, to the governors of the loyal states on the sea-coasts and
lakes, was issued, Mr. Poor laid certain papers before Gov.
Washburn, who promptly responded, and sent Hannibal Hamlin,
Reuel Williams and Mr. Poor to Washington, as commissioners.
They brought the matter properly before the secretary of war,
and secured the appropriation. The fort was called Fort Popham,
in honor of Gov. Popham. who, in 1608, erected a fort on the
same site. Mr. Poor was further employed by Gov. Washburn
as commissioner in 1862, and his report of Dec. 12, of that
year, was laid before the legislature early in 1863 and printed.
At the close of this session, he secured the adoption of vigorous
resolutions, addressed to the authorities at Washington, which
at once led to the supplying of proper guns and needed arma-
ment for the coast defences of the state, — a measure which had
been neglected by the ordnance bureau of the United States year
after year.

As most of the active militia of the state had been absorbed
into the Federal service, it was found necessary to form several
companies of home guards for coast defence. Fort McClary,
at Kittery, was garrisoned on April 30, 1861 ; Fort Scammel,
in Portland Harbor, on July 22, and Fort Sullivan, at Eastport,
on Dec. 4. These companies were organized under the author-
ity of the act passed at the extra session of the legislature, pre-
viously mentioned, and were recognized by the national govern-
ment. Informal organizations of similar corps at Wiscasset and
Boothbay were also recognized. Capt. R. H. Tucker, Jr., had
command at the former place. Near the close of the year 1862,
a patrol guard was detailed from Co. I, Capt. B. M. Flint, of
Calais, for that city, to ward off a threatened lawless incursion
across the eastern border of the state.

An event of much interest to the people of the state, and to the

Military Affairs in Maine 27

nation at large as well, occurred at the beginning of the year
1862, when Mr. Seward, secretary of state, granted permission
for British troops to pass across the territory of Maine into
Canada. As the movement of British troops to Canada at this
time was in connection with the British demand for the release of
Mason and Slidell, who had been taken from the British steamer
Trent, the State of Maine was considerably agitated, and care-
fully inquired into the matter. The government explained that
the principle on which this concession was made to Great Britain
was that, when humanity or even convenience, renders it desirable
for one nation to have a passage for its troops and munitions
through another, it is a customary act of comity to grant it, if
it can be done consistently with its own safety and welfare.
There was no thought that the State of Maine would feel ag-
grieved ; but if so, the directions would be modified.

During the progress of the war the Confederates made increas-
ing efforts to acquire a navy, and already several powerful ves-
sels flying their flag were inflicting much damage upon northern
commerce. In the spring of 1863 rebel privateers appeared off
the coast of Maine and attacked a number of vessels. On June
26, 1863, the crew of the Confederate bark Tacony, under the
command of Lieut. Reade, entered Portland Harbor in the dis-
guise of fishermen, on board a fishing schooner they had recently
captured. After the capture of the schooner, their commander
had transferred to her his crew and effects, and then burned the
Tacony. The night after their unsuspected arrival in the harbor,
they succeeded in capturing the United States revenue cutter,
Caleb Cushing, an armed vessel, as she lay at anchor. Inquiry
the next morning soon disclosed the method of her disappearance,
and a volunteer fleet was sent in pursuit. Being a sailing vessel,
the cutter was soon overhauled in the outer harbor. After a
brief resistance, the Confederates set the cutter on fire and took
to their boats in an attempt to reach the fishing schooner. The
magazine of the cutter was stored with 400 pounds of powder,
which exploded at 2 p. m. with terrific force, in full view of thou-
sands of citizens who were watching the proceedings from vantage
points on the shore. The daring Confederates, 23 in number, were
captured before they could reach the schooner, and proved to
be from the man-of-war, Florida. Their leader held a regular
commission from the Confederate government and they could
not, therefore, be adjudged pirates. After a short confinement
at Fort Preble, they were exchanged. This episode increased
the demand for a further strengthening of the state's seaboard
defences by the national government, which was induced to act

28 The Union Army

before the end of the year 1863, and Gov. Samuel Cony thus
alluded to the work in his inaugural message: "Upon the call
of this state by the resolves of the legislature touching the de-
fenceless condition of her coast and northeastern frontier, and
the urgent solicitation of my predecessor, the United States in
addition to large expenditures upon the permanent fortifications
in the harbor of Portland, at the mouth of the Kennebec river,
and the narrows of the Penobscot, has constructed earthworks
at Rockland, Belfast and Eastport, at each of which places two
batteries of 5 guns each have been mounted, while both at Castine
and Machiasport a single battery of 5 guns have been supplied."

A succession of victories by the Union armies in the latter
part of 1 86 1 and the earlier months of the following year, in
both the east and west, led the North to believe that the Con-
federacy would soon collapse, and inspired the following resolu-
tion on the part of the Maine legislature, Feb. 18, 1862: "Re-
solved, That the legislature, for ourselves and in behalf of the
state, tender to the gallant officers and soldiers of the army, and
to the officers and soldiers of the navy of the United States, our
warmest thanks for the brilliant victories recently won by their
valor and skill in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Missouri^
North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, and that the
governor be requested to order a salute to be fired in testimony
of our appreciation of the honor and glory which these signal
successes reflect on the arms of the Union,"

In compliance with this resolve, a salute of 100 guns was fired
at the capitol. On April 3, 1862, the adjutant-general of the
United States ordered the volunteer recruiting service in Maine
to cease and all enlistments were suspended until May 21. Brig.-
Gen. Milroy having been defeated on May 8, at the battle of Bull
Pasture mountain, W. Va., by the forces under "Stonewall" Jack-
son, authority was given on the aforesaid date to raise the i6th
regiment of infantry for three years service. No further call
for troops was intimated.

One of the kaleidoscopic changes incident to the war now en-
sued. The army under Gen. Banks was routed at Winchester,
May 25 ; Jackson's army escaped from Gens. Fremont and Shields
and the genius of the wonderful Southern commander even in-
flicted a severe defeat on Gen. Shields ; a few weeks later came
the Seven Days' retreat of Gen. McClellan's army from the
Chickahominy to the James, involving a series of terrible battles
before Richmond. These events made it apparent that the war
was far from ending, and that additional armies must be raised.
July 2, 1862, the president issued a call for 300,000 men for

Military Affairs in Maine 29

three years, the quota assigned to Maine being 9,609. Within a
few weeks a requisition was made upon Maine for her quota
under this call, and the i6th regiment then ready, together with
the 17th, i8th, 19th and 20th, authorized by General Orders,
and numerous recruits for regiments in the field, furnished by
cities, towns and plantations upon requirements based upon popu-
lation, were accepted in satisfaction of the requisition. Mean-
while, an inspiring appeal to the people of the state had been
issued on July 4, 1862, by Gov. Washburn, in which he said :
"An additional number of troops is required by the exigency of
the public service, and if raised immediately, it is believed by
those who have the best means of knowledge, that the war will
be brought to a speedy and glorious issue. * * * That her
natural interests may be protected and advanced ; that tranquil-
ity and peace may be restored throughout the land ; that the
Constitution and the Union, which have been to us all the source
of unmeasured blessings, may be preserved ; that Liberty, of
which they were the inspiration and are the selected guardians,
may be saved ; and that the light of one great example may shine
brighter and brighter, to guide, cheer and to bless the nations ;
to aid in all these, I invoke the people of this state, a prompt and
hearty response to this new demand upon their patriotism. And
may they all unite in the work that is before them, each laboring
in his own sphere, doing what he can by his example, influence
and sympathy — proffering his treasure, his time, his strength,
his heart and his highest hopes to the cause of his country.

General orders will be issued immediately, giving authority
for raising new regiments of infantry and calling into actual
service a portion of the ununiformed militia of the state."

Volunteering in all parts of the state was so prompt that the
last of the above regiments, the 20th, was mustered into the
service of the United States before the end of August. Before
their organization was completed, the president, on Aug. 4,
called for 300,000 militia, to be raised by draft, and to serve for
nine months, unless sooner discharged. The quota of Maine,
under this call, was 9,609, from which some deduction was made
on account of the large number of enrolled militia in the mer-
chant marine and the navy. Permission was also given to satisfy
the requisition with volunteers, either in whole or in part. On
Aug. 9 general orders were issued by the war department, which
prescribed regulations for the enforcement of the draft, di-
rected the selection of rendezvous for the troops, commandants
for the encampments, and the enrolment of all able-bodied male
citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five; it also di-

30 The Union Army

rected, provisionally, the appointment of a commissioner from
each county to superintend the drafting and hear and determine
the excuses of persons claiming exemption from military duty.
Under a law enacted by the legislature at its last session, all
citizens subject to military duty had been enrolled in June, and
only a supplementary enrolment was now found necessary to
fulfil the requirements, hence no commissioners were appointed
at this time in Maine. The enforcement of the draft was finally
ordered for Sept. lo, but it was only found necessary to com-
mence proceedings in a few towns, which were then deficient in
their quotas. Under this stimulus, the municipal authorities of
these towns, made arrangements to supply their quotas by vol-
untary enlistment, and without resort to the draft.

Three places of rendezvous were deemed sufficient : — ''Camp
Abraham Lincoln," at Portland, Col. John Lynch, commandant ;
"Camp E. D. Keyes," Augusta, Col. George W. Ricker, com-
mandant; "Camp John Pope," Bangor, Col. Gideon Mayo, com-
mandant. At Portland and Augusta, three regiments of nine
months' troops were rendezvoused and organized at each en-
campment, and at Bangor, two regiments. As some of the towns
were still deficient in their quotas at the close of October, a
general order was issued, appointing a commissioner for each
county to make a draft on Nov. 29, if any town should then be
found wanting. These commissioners devoted their energies to
such good purpose in facilitating enlistments for delinquent
towns, that they found it unnecessary, in any instance, to resort
to the harsh measures of the draft.

Seventy-seven cities and towns in the state even exceeded
their quotas under the calls of July 2 and Aug. 4, sending from
one to twenty-five men in excess of the demand, thus relieving
other parts of the state. The town of Portage Lake had only
one able-bodied man left in it ; the town of Saco exceeded her
quota under each call by no less than twenty-five men ; and the
town of Machias not only furnished its full quota with splendid
promptness, but declared a willingness to respond to any future
calls in like manner. Many towns had more men in the service
than were required of them, but these recruits were credited to
and received the bounty of other places, their places of residence
never receiving the credit they deserved.

The citizens of Maine were divided into three parties at the
election which took place on the second Monday of Sept., 1862 :
viz, the Republican, the Democratic, and the "War Democrats."
The Republicans placed in nomination Abner Coburn as their

Military Affairs in Maine 31

candidate for governor; the "War Democrats" nominated Col.
Charles D. Jameson, colonel of the 2nd Maine regiment ; and the
regular Democratic party nominated Bion Bradbury, who had
previously failed to receive the nomination of the "War Demo-
crats." The convention of the Republican party adopted a series
of resolutions, in substance as follows: ist. — inviting the pa-
triotic citizens of Maine to unite on a simple basis to support
the policy and principles characterizing the administration of
Abraham Lincoln; 2nd. — that the rebellion must be put down at
any cost ; 3d. — expressing sympathy with, and praise of the
American army and navy, and approving national and state
measures for their relief and reward; 4th. — expressing respect
for and confidence in the present governor, Mr. Washburn ;
5th. — expressing confidence in Hon. Abner Coburn, the nominee
for governor. The resolutions adopted by the "War Democrats,"
expressed "unwavering support to the government in all neces-
sary and proper efforts to subdue the existing rebellion and vin-
dicate the authority of the Constitution and Union over every
inch of territory in the United States, and gratitude to our army
and navy," but voiced resistance to "all measures and efforts to
convert this war for the Union into a crusade for negro emanci-
pation ;'' approved the "patriotic course of the brave Gen. Mc-
Clellan," and "viewed with detestation and scorn the wicked at-
tempts of scheming politicians to undermine and weaken him
and his army in their brave efforts for the vindication of the
Union." The resolutions of the regular Democrats declared
among other things, "That the purpose of the Democratic party
is the restoration of the Union as it was, and the preservation of
the Constitution as it is; and to secure these objects we will
stand shoulder to shoulder with Union men everywhere in sup-
port of the Federal government in maintaining its safety, in-
tegrity, and legitimate authority by all constitutional means."
The platform recited certain of the Bill of Rights of the Federal
constitution, and "condemned and denounced the repeated and
gross violation by the executive of the United States, of the said
rights thus secured by the constitution ; and also repudiated the
monstrous dogma that in time of war the constitution is sus-
pended, or its powers in any respect enlarged beyond the letter
and true meaning of that instrument ;" etc. At the election held
on Sept. 8, Coburn received 45,534 votes; Jameson, 7,178, and
Bradbury, 32.331, a Republican majority over both the others
of 6,025. Four Republican Congressmen, one Democratic Con-
gressman, and a Republican majority of 81 in the state legis-
lature were elected at the same time.

32 The Union Army

By the close of the year 1862, there had been sent into the
field from the State of Maine, twenty-seven regiments of infantry,
one regiment of cavalry, one regiment of heavy artillery, six
batteries, and one company of sharpshooters, exceeding 30,000
men. These were all volunteer troops, and were distributed in
Virginia on the Peninsula ; southwest of Washington ; at Port
Royal, S. C. ; Fernandina and Pensacola, Fla., and at New Or-
leans. In addition to the troops above mentioned, a considerable
number were also recruited for regiments in the field, which had
become depleted from active service.

The draft was enforced by the general government under the
conscription law for the first time in the year 1863. In June of
this year, Lee's great army of nearly 100,000 men had crossed
the Potomac and his advanced corps under Ewell had entered
Pennsylvania. The authorities at Washington were much alarmed
by the presence of this army on their north and on June 29
a draft of 100,000 men was ordered by the war department. The
draft proceeded in Maine, during the summer months, in a gen-
erally peaceable and orderly manner. Maj. J. W. T. Gardiner
was appointed acting assistant provost-marshal-general of Maine,
and boards of enrolment were organized by the United States in
the five congressional districts of the state. The only resistance
made to the enforcement of the draft was in the towns of King-
field, Freeman and Salem, in the 2nd district, when, in July, the
malcontents to the number of a few score of men rallied at Kings-
ton and made some show of armed rebellion. This uprising was
promptly subdued by a force of men made up of Co. G, 3d divi-
sion of the state militia (composed chiefly of returned veterans),
and a detail of United States regulars ; the whole under the com-
mand of Post Adjt. Webber, on the staff of Maj. Gardiner.
The number of men held for service or accepted as substitutes
under the draft, was about 2,500. As many towns had voted in
public meeting to pay the commutations of such of their citizens
as might be drafted. Gov. Coburn, in view of the trouble which
might result from this action, propounded the two following
questions to the justices of the Supreme Court: i. — "Has a
city or town any legal right to pledge its credit to raise money
for the purpose of paying the commutations of such of its citizens
as may be drafted into the service of the United States under the
law aforesaid? 2. — Has a city or town any legal right to raise
money by taxation to provide commutations for such of its
citizens as may be drafted?"

The court ruled that Congress had full power, under the con-
stitution, "to command all the resources of the nation, the lives

Military Affairs in Maine 33

of its citizens, to prevent, by any and all proper means, that fear-
ful anarchy which would be so imminent if its dissolution should
become an accomplished fact ;" that the liability to serve, procure
a substitute, or pay the commutation fee, as created by the En-
rolment act of March 3 was of a purely personal nature ; that
this was "an act to raise soldiers, not to raise money," etc. Each
of the questions was answered in the negative.

Following the draft, another call for troops was made by the
president on Oct. 17, for 300,000 volunteers to serve for three
years. This gave rise to an eloquent proclamation from Gov.
Coburn which opened as follows: "Of this additional force
Maine is expected to furnish her quota, and she will not dis-
appoint that expectation. Now, as heretofore, her patriotic men
will respond to the call, and promptly furnish her full share
of the force necessary to vindicate the integrity of our govern-
ment, and maintain the supremacy of the laws of the Union.

"Our people, with almost entire unanimity, have determined
that the present rebellion shall be suppressed, and that the
Union which it was designed to destroy, shall be maintained.
For this purpose they entered upon the contest, and to this end
they will persevere until the object be accomplished, and until
the world shall be satisfied that free men can endure more, and
persevere longer for the preservation of free government, than
can the most determined and desperate traitor for its destruction.

"The length of the conflict is not to be measured by years,
but by events. Treason is to be put down, and to that end should
all the measures of the government be subservient."

Pending the draft in 1863, Gov. Coburn received permission
through a general order of the war department, to recruit the
29th and 30th regiments of infantry, 2nd regiment of cavalry,
and 7th battery of light artillery, which organizations were
termed veteran volunteers, and furnished with "service chevrons"
by the war department, to be worn as a badge of honorable
distinction, as was done with all men who reenlisted. By the
end of the year the above troops were nearly ready for the field
and in addition a large number of men were enlisted for regi-
ments already at the front. Ten Maine regiments were mustered
out of the service of the United States during the year 1863, the
terms of their enlistments having expired, and at the close of the
year, there remained in active service sixteen regiments and one
battalion of infantry, one regiment and one company of cavalry,
one regiment of heavy and six batteries of light artillery, and
one company of sharpshooters. In addition to the government
bounty of $402 for veteran recruits and $302 for new recruits,
Vol. 1—3

34 The Union Army

Maine oflFered in October, 1863, a bounty of $100 to all recruits
entering incomplete organizations then in the state, and $55 to
recruits entering regiments or corps in the field ; besides this, as
in 1862, numerous cities and towns paid extra bounties to recruits
enlisted within their limits, anticipating legislative grants for
legal authority in such cases. It had been hoped in this manner
to escape any resort to the draft in Maine. As in previous years,
many of the seafaring population entered the naval service.

When the war broke out, the bonded state debt was in round
numbers about $700,000. This was increased by expenses in-
cidental to the war to $1,472,000 on Jan. i, 1863, and during that
year there was added a further war debt of $950,000, making
the total debt of the state, on Jan. i, 1864, $2,422,000. The
legislature of 1863 increased the state tax of that year over the
tax of the previous year by the addition of a mill on the dollar
of valuation. It also renewed the act of the previous year,
exempting for another year the state banks from the severe
penalties imposed by their charters in the event of their suspend-
ing specie payments. This legislature also remitted one-half of
the state tax imposed upon the banks by their charters, as Con-
gress had imposed a tax upon the circulation and deposits of
the local banks.

The Republican state convention of 1863 voted unanimously
to sustain the national administration in its efforts to subdue the
rebellion, and placed in nomination for governor Samuel Cony,
who had in the previous year been a prominent member of the
party known as "War Democrats," and had made an active can-
vass of the state in favor of Col. Jameson. The Republicans
and the War Democrats united in the canvass this year under
the name of the Union party. The Democrats renominated their
candidate of the previous year, Bion Bradbury, and adopted
resolutions announcing their devotion to the Constitution and
the Union, but severely denouncing many of the war measures
of the Government. They declared that in the opinion of the
convention the war was conducted by the present administration
"not for the restoration of the Union, but for the abolition of
slavery and the destruction of the Union." In the election
which followed on Sept. 14, Cony received 67,916 votes, and
Bradbury 50,366 — a majority for Cony of 17,550. The Union
party also had a majority of 118 on joint ballot in the legislature,
elected at the same time.

Among the more important war measures passed by the legis-
lature of 1864 was an act authorizing Maine soldiers in the field
to vote for electors of president and vice-president; also a re-

Military Affairs in Maine 35

solve by a two-thirds vote providing for an amendment to the
constitution of the state, so as to allow soldiers absent from the
state, except those in the regular army of the United States, to
vote for governor and other state and county ofificers. This
amendment was ratified by the people by a majority of 45,303.
The whole number of votes cast by soldiers was reported to
be 4,915. A law was also enacted for the payment by the state
of a uniform bounty of $300 to any person enlisting under any
calls except those made prior to Feb. i, 1864. This was done
to correct the practice which had arisen in large cities and towns,
which in their anxiety to avoid the draft outbid each other in
the amount of bounties, thus depriving the poorer towns of the
ability to fill their quotas. The law operated well until the call
of July 18, 1864, under which recruits were taken for one year.
The state offered only $100 for this class of recruits, which
proved to be insufficient, and the old methods were again re-
sorted to by the cities and towns.

Under Gov. Cony's administration in 1864 six companies of
cavalry were raised late in the winter for Baker's D. C. cavalry,
in addition to one raised by his predecessor. The 31st and
32nd regiments of infantry were also raised under the call of
Feb. I, 1864. Ewell's daring raid up the Shenandoah Valley
early in July, 1864, during which he invaded Maryland and the
District of Columbia and severed the communications of Wash-
ington with the North, so alarmed Gov. Cony that he issued a
proclamation declaring the national capital in danger, and call-
ing for volunteers for 100 days' service for its protection. A
general response was made throughout the state ; but fortunately
the danger proved of short duration, as the invading force was
small and retired in a few days into Virginia, with a mass of
plunder, without forcing Grant to release his hold upon Peters-
burg. On July 18, the president issued his call for 500,000
men to serve one, two and three years, and all further action
upon the governor's proclamation was at once suspended.

During the year 1864, Maine contributed to the military and
naval service of the country an aggregate of 18,904 men, of
whom 3,380 were enlisted under the call of Oct., 1863, and
3,525 were veteran soldiers, who reenlisted. Enlistments for
the navy numbered 1,846. Allowances of credits for naval en-
listments anterior to 1864 were made to the number of 3,675.
The term of their original enlistment having expired, the 3d,
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, I2th, 13th and 14th infantry regiments were
mustered out of the service during the year. A large portion of
these organizations had reenlisted, and these, together with others

36 The Union Army

whose terms of enlistment had not yet expired, were transferred
to other regiments, so that only about 2,000 men all told were
thus lost to the army. By the close of this year the state had fur-
nished for the military and naval service more than 61,000 men,
a number nearly equal to one-tenth of her whole population,
and an excess of several hundred over all calls. By a resolve
approved March 19, 1864, the treasurer of the state was author-
ized to borrow $3,000,000 by the issue of six per cent, bonds
payable in 25 years. He sold bonds to the amount of $2,765,000,
which increased the funded debt of the state to $5,137,000 on
Jan. I, 1865. At the same date the total ascertained funded and
floating debt amounted to $5,714,625.31.

Toward the close of the year 1864, so much of the territory
of the Confederacy had fallen into Union hands, that a large
number of troops were required to occupy and garrison it ef-
fectively. Moreover, it was believed that the rebellion could
be finally crushed with larger armies, and so President Lincoln
called for 300,000 more men on Dec. 19. Maine did her share
in meeting this demand, but, like most of the other states, did
not complete her full quota, as the necessity for more men had
ceased to exist.

The Republican state convention assembled at Portland on
June 29, and renominated Samuel Cony for governor by acclama-
tion. The Democrats, in their convention at Bangor on Aug.
16, unanimously nominated for governor, Joseph Howard of
Portland. After a political campaign conducted with unusual
earnestness until the presidential election in November, Gov.
Cony was reelected on Sept. 12, by a majority of 15,913, and
the legislature chosen at the same time showed a Republican
majority of 118 on joint ballot. The vote for presidential elec-
tors in November gave a Republican majority of 17,592, and
the electors chosen cast the vote of the state for Abraham Lin-
coln for president, and Andrew Johnson for vice-president.
William P. Fessenden, having resigned as U. S. Senator from
Maine to accept the ofiice of secretary of the treasury. Gov.
Cony appointed Nathan A. Farwell in his place.

An attempt was made to rob the bank at Calais, on July 18,
by a small party of Confederate raiders from St. John, N. B.,
led by one Collins, a captain in a Mississippi regiment. The
daring plan was frustrated, but led to an uneasy feeling along
the northeastern and eastern frontier. Volunteer organiza-
tions were formed in Eastport, Calais, Belfast, and other border
towns to patrol the streets at night, and the regular police force
was increased and armed. In view of the possible danger from

Military Affairs in Maine 37

this source, Gov. Cony ordered several companies of home
guards to stand ready to move to any part of the state at a
moment's warning.

This brief narrative of the splendid part Maine took in the
War of the RebelHon must now be brought to a close. Else-
where in this work will be given in detail the splendid services
of some of her noble sons, among them the gallant Gen. O. O.
Howard, conspicuous at Gettysburg, and afterwards in the cam-
paigns of the Southwest, where he rose to the command of one of
the armies under Sherman ; Gen. Hiram G. Berry, whose military
talents and substantial service brought him to high command, and
whose death on the field of Chancellorsville was a sore loss to the
army; Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain, whose military experience
and honors won were altogether remarkable ; and many others
equally worthy of mention here did the limits of this sketch per-
mit. It may be remarked that three sons of Senator Fessenden
and two of Senator Hamlin served with distinction, one of each
family giving his life for the cause.

Soon after the capitulation of General Lee, the Maine troops
began to return home to their families and friends. The regi-
ments returned, sunburned, ragged and worn, sacred for their
losses and crowned with honor. Many flags had been captured,
but not one had been lost, by the gallant sons of Maine.

The troops furnished by Maine to the Union army during
the progress of the war comprised two regiments of cavalry;
one regiment of heavy artillery; three companies of garrison
artillery ; one battalion of seven batteries of light artillery ; one
battalion of six companies of sharpshooters ; thirty regiments
and sixteen companies of infantry, inclusive of the coast-
guard battalion of seven companies, a total of 72,114; or, re-
duced to a three years standard, 56,776. In addition to the
above, the state was credited with a total of 6,750 men in the
navy and marine corps, and also furnished about 800 men for
the 1st D. C. cavalry, an independent organization under the
command of Col. L. C. Baker. It will thus be seen that Maine
contributed considerably more than one-tenth of her total popu-
lation' to the service of the nation. Of the numbers above
given, 2,801 were killed or died of wounds, according to the
army list; 4,521 died of disease; and 6,642 were mustered out
for disabilities resulting from casualties occurring in service
or from sickness.

The financial credit of the state was well sustained through-
out the war, notwithstanding upwards of $15,000,000 were
contributed in one way or another by her inhabitants to the
national cause. The funded debt of the state on Jan. i, 1861,

38 The Union Army

was $699,500, as against $5,164,500 on Jan. i, 1866, the in-
crease of $4,465,000 being due altogether to the extraordinary
expenses growing out of the war. From Jan. i, 1861, to Jan.
I, 1866, the state expended for war purposes a total of $7,357,-
572, of which $4,578,636 were paid for bounties. The amount
advanced by cities and towns for aid to families of soldiers to
Jan. I, 1865, was $1,599,536. In addition to the above, the
cities and towns of the state contracted a debt of not less than
$6,556,183 for bounties. No one would have deemed it possible
that the state of Maine could have sent so many troops into the
field, or that she could raise such vast sums of money to meet
the expenses of the war.

Soon after the outbreak of the war, arrangements were made
to transmit such portions of the pay of persons in service as
they chose to allot for the benefit of their families or themselves.
State and municipal authorities cordially cooperated with the
war department in securing the acquiescence of soldiers in
this wise arrangement for the welfare of themselves and fami-
lies.

Everything possible was done by the state authorities and
by the better portion of the citizens of both sexes in aid of
the sick and wounded soldiers, and to improve the sanitary
conditions of Maine troops in the field. State agencies for
the relief of the disabled and destitute soldiers of the state
were maintained at New York, Philadelphia and Washington.
Among the many who labored in this splendid work, were
George R. Davis, agent of the U. S. Sanitary Commission,
Portland; Cols. Frank E. Howe of the New England Soldier's
Relief Association, New York; Robert R. Corson, Philadelphia;
and Charles F. Mudge of the special relief department of the
U. S. Sanitary Commission, Boston. The Washington Relief
Association, composed of citizens of Maine residing in Wash-
ington, was a potent agency for good in relieving the wants
of wounded, sick and destitute soldiers in and near that city.

In conclusion, it may be truly said that Maine gave unstint-
edly of her treasure of her best blood to secure the perpetuation
of the Union. Nearly every home had its martyr, a willing sac-
rifice on the altar of country. The record of the Pine Tree
State throughout the long four-years' struggle was indeed a
glorious one, and will challenge comparison with that of any
other of the loyal states.

RECORD OF MAINE REGIMENTS

First Infantry.^ — Col., Nathaniel J. Jackson; Lieut.-Col., Albion
Witham; Maj., George G. Bailey. This regiment was organized for
active service on April 28, 1861, and was mustered into the United States
service for three months, May 3, at Portland. Its departure from the
state was somewhat delayed by sickness and it did not leave for the seat
of war until June i. It was raised at a time when Washington was in
great danger, when a feeling of gloom pervaded the North, and every
man who enlisted fully expected that the regiment would be called into
active service at the front. It numbered 779 men. Eight of its compa-
nies were highly esteemed organizations in the state militia before enter-
ing the service of the United States. Two were of recent organization
and enlisted to make up the quota of the regiment. Their camp was at
Westbrook, near the marine hospital, and was called Camp Washburn,
in honor of the governor. On their way to Washington, they were the
recipients of marked attention at Newburyport, the birthplace of Col.
Jackson, at New York, Philadelphia, and in fact all along the route.
Both at Newburyport and New York they were presented with beautiful
American flags. At Baltimore they marched over the same route as the
6th Mass., but were not molested. Soon after their arrival in Wash-
ington^ they went into camp on Meridian Hill. Though eager and ready,
the regiment was not allowed to participate in the first battle of Bull Run,
as it was not thought best to withdraw it from the defenses of Washing-
ton. The 1st Me. was noted for its fine discipline and was regarded as
a model regiment. After Bull Run it was stationed for a time to guard
the Long Bridge, which was considered the post of honor. It performed
necessary guard duty at exposed points in the immediate vicinity of the
capital until Aug. i, when the term of enlistment having expired it re-
turned to Portland, and was mustered out on the 5th. The men returned
bronzed and healthy, not a single one missing. Though enlisted in the
state service for two years, they could not be moved outside the state after
the expiration of their three months' muster in, and they were disbanded.
On the formation of new regiments, a large proportion of the officers and
men reenlisted in other organizations. Col. Jackson was soon after placed
in command of the 5th infantry and had a long and honorable record. He
was subsequently promoted to brigadier-general, and later placed in com-
mand of the rendezvous camp at Ricker's island. New York harbor.

Second Infantry. — Col., Charles D. Jameson; Lieut.-Col., Charles W.
Roberts; Maj., George Varney. Numerically the second, this was in fact
the first regiment to leave the state for the front. It was raised within
the limits of the first militia division of the state and was rendezvoused
at Bangor. Companies A, B, C, D and I belonged to Col. Jameson's old
command, and were reorganized for service in this regiment. The others

40 The Union Army

were new companies. It completed its organization and left the state
May 14, 1861. Like the ist, it originally enlisted for three months, but on
May 28, was mustered into the United States service for two years. The
2nd, during its two years' term of service, saw much hard service and
participated in eleven bloody and hard-fought battles, besides numerous
skirmishes and scouting expeditions. It never received a word of censure
and invariably distinguished itself. A list of the important battles in
which it was engaged includes the first and second Bull Run, Hall's Hill,
Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, Antietam,
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The magnificent fighting record of
the 2nd was largely due to the efficiency of its officers. It showed the
stuff it was made of in its first battle at Bull Run. Col. Keyes, \yho com-
manded the brigade which included the 2nd Me., says in his official report
of the battle: "The gallantry with which the 2nd regiment of Maine
volunteers charged up the hill upon the enemy's artillery and infantry,
was never in my opinion surpassed." Col. Jameson, the first volunteer
and the first colonel in the field from Maine, was commissioned briga-
dier-general of volunteers for gallantry displayed in this, his first battle.
Lieut.-Col. Roberts succeeded to the command of the regiment, and after
his resignation and honorable discharge, Jan. 10, 1863, Lieut.-Col. Var-
ney was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, and Maj. Sargent was
commissioned lieutenant-colonel, the majorship being left vacant on ac-
count of the reduced condition of the regiment. On July 18, 1862, Capt.
Chaplin, who had succeeded Varney in that command, was discharged to
enable him to accept the command of the i8th Me., then being raised, and
Capt. Sargent of Co. G was promoted to fill the vacancy. Some of the
men became discontented three months after leaving the state from seeing
three months' men from other states returning home. Sixty-six claimed
their time had expired, became insubordinate, and were sentenced to
Tortugas ; but this sentence was later commuted to a transfer to the 2nd
N. Y., where they served about a year and then returned and served
faithfully with the regiment for the remainder of the term. Co. I became
greatly reduced in numbers in Oct., 1861, and the officers having resigned,
it was disbanded. Capt. Daniel White of Bangor raised a new company
which took its place in December of that year. On July 28, 1862, the
eflfective strength of the 2nd became reduced to 257 rifles and came out
of the battle of Second Bull Run with but 137 men able to carry arms.
This is most convincing evidence of the trying service to which they were
subjected. The regiment was mustered out June 4, and 9, 1863. In all
1,228 men were mustered in, of whom 275 returned and were mustered
out; 120 were mustered in for three years and transferred to the 20th Me.

Third Infantry Col., Oliver O. Howard; Lieut.-Col., Isaac N.

Tucker; Maj., Henry G. Staples. This regiment responded to the first
call for troops with promptness and alacrity. It was rendezvoused on
the state house grounds at Augusta and was composed mainly of Ken-
nebec lumbermen. The regiment was most fortunate in having for its
colonel Oliver O. Howard, who rose rapidly to the rank of major-general
and gained for himself a name distinguished among the nation's heroes.
During the long three years' service the regiment was successively com-
manded by Maj. Staples and Capt. Moses B. Lakeman of Co. I, Lieut.-
Col. Tucker having resigned to become brigade quartermaster. On the
resignation of Lieut.-Col. Tucker, Capt. Sampson of Co. D, Capt. Lake-
man and Adjt. Burt served as lieutenant-colonel in the order named.
Succeeding Henry G. Staples as major were Adjt. Burt and Capt. Will-
iam C. Morgan. Of the original companies of the regiment Co. A (Bath

Maine Regiments 41

City Greys) had existed under former militia laws and the others were
new organizations. The regiment was mustered into the United States
service on June 4, 1861, and left the state for the front the next day.
Perhaps no regiment from the state saw more fighting or rendered more
distinguished service. From the first battle of Bull Run, until the battle
of Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864, the regiment participated in most of the
important battles and movements of the Army of the Potomac. The
operations of the so-called "Stove-Pipe Artillery" commenced with this
regiment. While encamped at Flag Hill, Va., they employed the ruse of
mounting a stove-pipe on wheels, and drew 12 shots from the enemy at
their cannon. The loss of the 3d in killed and wounded at the battle of
Fair Oaks was nearly one-third of the men engaged. It was in this en-
gagement that Sergt.-Maj. F. W. Haskell of Waterville so greatly dis-
tinguished himself as to win the commendation of his colonel and of the
entire regiment. The 3d gave an excellent account of itself in the battle
of Gettysburg. At the close of the second day's fighting Gen. Sickles
declared that, "The little 3d Me. saved the army today." Its loss at
Gettysburg was 113 killed, wounded and missing. On the return of the
regiment to Augusta, June 11, 1864, only 17 officers and 176 enlisted men
were left to be mustered out. Sixty-four of these men reenlisted, and
together with the recruits were transferred to the 17th Me. Not one of
the original field and staff officers returned with the regiment and only
one of the original captains — the veteran Moses B. Lakeman — who re-
turned in command of the regiment.

Fourth Infantry Col., Hiram G., Berry ; Lieut.-Col., Thomas H.

Marshall; Maj., Frank S. Nickerson. This regiment was organized for
active service May 8, 1861, and was mustered into the United States
service on June 15 at Rockland. Co. A (Belfast Artillery), Co. K (Bel-
fast City (Grays), and Co. F (Brooks Light Infantry), had formed part
of the state militia, but the other companies were without previous expe-
rience. The regiment left Rockland for Washington on June 17, and was
armed with the Springfield smooth-bore musket. Passing through New
York, it was presented with two beautiful flags. It participated in all the
important battles of the Army of the Potomac during its three years'
term of service. Gen. Kearney wrote as follows of the conduct of its
gallant colonel at Bull Run : "Col. Berry manifested such a genius for
war, and such a pertinacity in the fight, as proved him fit for high com-
mand." It is stated that the 4th Me. saved the day at Williamsburg,
while at Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, Gaines' Mill, Glendale, Gettys-
burg, the Wilderness, and on many other bloody fields it rendered mag-
nificent service. The heroic commander of the regiment, Hiram G.
Berry, was killed amid the awful carnage of the battle of Chancellorsville,
having attained to the rank of major-general and being esteemed one of
the most brilliant officers in the service. On June 25, 1864, the regiment
arrived in Rockland, its term of service having expired on the 15th, and
after being furloughed were mustered out on July 19. It returned under
the command of Elijah Walker, who had gone out as captain of Co. B.
There were 46 officers in the regiment, including 10 recruits ; privates
of the original organization, 966; recruits, 513; total, 1,525. Number of
officers mustered out, 17; prisoners of war, 2; privates mustered out,
224; prisoners, 37; officers discharged, 5; resigned, 41; privates dis-
charged for disability, 366; privates transferred to other commands,
435 ; officers died of wounds, 14 ; of disease, 2 ; privates died of wounds,
139; of disease, 112; privates deserted, 131. Total, 1,525. The number
of officers lost by casualties during the service of the regiment was 65;

42 The Union Army

mustered out July 19, 1864, 17; prisoners of war, 2. Total, 84. Thirty-
eight officers were promoted from the ranks.

Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Mark H. Dunnell, Nathaniel J. Jackson, Ed-
ward A. Scammon, Clark S. Edwards ; Lieut.-Cols., Edwin Illsley, Will-
iam S. Heath, Edward A. Scammon, Clark S. Edwards, Capt. Millett of
Co. A; Majs., Samuel C. Hamilton, Edward A. Scammon, Clark S. Ed-
wards, Capt. Millett, A. S. Daggett. This regiment was recruited from
the third militia division of the state. It was mustered into the service
of the United States on June 24, 1861, and numbered 1,046 men. It was
made up entirely of new companies and was raised at a time when a
spirit of intense patriotism prevailed throughout the state, so that little
exertion was required to fill its ranks. It left Maine for Washington on
June 26, fully equipped and armed with Springfield muskets and bayonets.
On its way through New York city it was the recipient of a beautiful
flag, presented by the loyal sons of Maine there resident. It remained
in camp at Meridian Hill, Washington, until July 5, when it commenced
its march to the battle-field of Bull Run. During its three years of severe
service, it was engaged in eleven pitched battles and eight skirmishes,
prior to its participation in the terrible campaign of the Wilderness under
Grant. Its list of battles includes First Bull Run, West Point, Gaines'
Mill, Charles City Cross-Roads, Crampton's Gap, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, Salem Heights, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Wilderness,
Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In the battle of Gaines'
Mill the 5th lost 10 killed, 69 wounded and 16 missing, its gallant Col.
Jackson was carried wounded from the field and Lieut.-Col. Heath was
among the killed. At Rappahannock Station, the regiment was conspicuous
for its gallantry, and captured 4 standards of the enemy. The flags were
presented to Gen. Meade, who said: "In the name of the army and the
country I thank you for the services you have rendered, particularly for
the example you have set and which I doubt not on future occasions will
be followed and emulated." In a gallant charge on the enemy's works
at Spottsylvania Court House, more than half of the regiment was lost
in crossing an open field subject to a raking fire of canister, but it cap-
tured the works, and took 2 flags and a large number of prisoners. In
addition to the 6 captured flags, the Sth had the record of taking more
men prisoners than it carried on its own rolls. It left the front near
Petersburg, June 22, 1864, and started for home, arriving in Portland on
the 28th with 216 men, who were mustered out of service, July 27, 1864,
the veterans and recruits having been transferred to the 7th Me. During
its term of service it had received some 500 recruits.

Sixth Infantry. — Cols., Abner Knowles, Hiram Bumham, Benja-
min F. Harris; Lieut.-Cols., Hiram Bumham, Charles H. Chandler,
Benjamin F. Harris; Majs., George Fuller (commissioned, but never mus-
tered in), Frank Pierce, Benjamin F. Harris, Joel A. Hancock, George
Fuller, Theo. Lincoln, Jr. (commissioned, but never mustered in), Frank
Pierce, Benjamin F. Harris, Joel A. Hancock, George Fuller, Theo. Lin-
coln, Jr. This regiment was composed principally of the hardy lumber-
men of the Penobscot valley and the eastern portion of the state,
who were quick to respond to the first call to arms. Before its or-
ganization it was made up of two battalions of five companies each,
rendezvousing respectively at the state arsenal, Bangor, and Fort
Sullivan, Eastport. Under a general order from Adjt.-Gen. Hods-
don, June 28, 1861, both battalions were removed to Portland and or-
ganized into a regiment for active service. On July 12-15, 1861, it
was mustered into the service of the United States and on the 17th

Maine Regiments 43

left for Washington. En route through New York city, the regiment
was presented with a handsome standard by the sons of Maine in
that city. It arrived in Washing^ton on the igth and was stationed at
Chain Bridge on the Potomac, where it remained until Sept. 3.
Through the fall and winter of 1861-62 it occupied Fort Griffin, and
in March, 1862, was put into Hancock's brigade, Smith's division,
and joined in the advance on Manassas. A little later it was at-
tached to the 4th corps under Gen. E. D. Keyes, and advanced with
the rest of the army on Yorktown on April 4, 1862. For the remain-
der of its three years the regiment saw the most arduous and active
service. It participated in ten general engagements and in a great
many skirmishes. On April 5-7, 1862, it was engaged in skirmishing
and reconnaissances at the siege of Yorktown, and subsequently took
part in the engagements at Lee's mills, Williamsburg, Garnett's farm.
White Oak bridge, Antietam and Fredericksburg. From Feb. 2 to May
II, 1863, it was with the "Light Division", and during this period
took an honorable part in the battle of Chancellorsville, where it lost 128
officers and men killed and wounded. Other important battles in which
the 6th was engaged were Rappahannock Station, where it lost 16
officers and 123 men ; Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, where
it lost a few men, and two days later in an attack on the enemjr's
works on the right, it lost 125 in killed, wounded and missing. On
June 12, 1864, the regiment only numbered 70 men, and was under
fire for eight hours, supporting Gen. Hancock's corps, losing 16 offi-
cers and men. The original members of the regiment were mustered
out on Aug. IS, 1864, and the veterans and recruits to the number of 238
men, were transferred to the 7th Me. afterwards organized as the ist
regiment veteran volunteers.

Seventh Infanry. — Col., Edwin C. Mason; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas H.
Marshall, Selden Connor, Thomas W. Hyde; Majs., Thomas W. Hyde,
James P. Jones (known in the army as the "fighting Quaker"),
Stephen C. Fletcher. This regiment was raised irrespective of di-
visional limits, and was organized at Augusta, Aug. 21, 1861, to serve
three years. It left the state Aug. 23, 1861 and arrived in Baltimore
on the 25th. It remained here until Oct. 25, when it was moved to
Washington. Nov. 7th, it crossed the Potomac into Virginia and went
into camp near Lewinsville, Fairfax county, where it remained until
March 10, 1862, engaged in picket duty, scouting and drilling. Sick-
ness and death had been prevalent in its ranks, and Co. F became so
reduced in numbers it was disbanded, a new company raised by CapL
Fletcher of Skowhegan, being mustered into service Jan. 23, 1862, in
its place. March 23, 1862, the regiment embarked for Fortress Monroe,
preparatory to the Peninsular campaign. It was at this time in the
3d brigade, 2nd division, 6th provisional corps, the division being under
the command of Gen. Smith. On April 4, 1862, it joined in the ad-
vance on Richmond, and led the advance on the Yorktown line of de-
fenses on April 5. The next day it was under the fire of Fort Lee on
Warwick creek, and afterwards participated in the siege of Yorktown,
holding a position near Dam No. 3, "the key of the line", until the
enemy evacuated. For its gallantry at the battle of Williamsburg, the
7th received the personal thanks of Gen. McClellan. On May 24,
it won more glory at the first battle at Mechanicsville and during
June it was almost daily engaged with the enemy, who tried to shell
it from its position on the left bank of the Chickahominy. On the
withdrawal of the army from Richmond, the 7th participated in the

44 The Union Army

battles of Savage Station, White Oak Swamp and Malvern Hill. In
the autumn it joined in the Maryland campaign, took part in the bat-
tles of South Mountain and Antietam, losmg at the latter battle, ii
officers and loo enlisted men out of 15 officers and 166 enlisted men
present. In Oct., 1862, it became so reduced in numbers it was sent to
Portland, Me., to recruit, and on Jan. 21, 1863, it left Portland with
a battalion of five companies filled by consolidation and rejoined its old
command, 3d brigade, 2nd division, 6th corps, at White Oak Church,
Va. May 2, 1863, it was in the storming party which carried the en-
emy's works on Cemetery and Marye's Heights near Fredericksburg,
and engaged tne enemy on the 4th in a desperate struggle near Chan-
cellorsville. On May 23, Co. F under Capt. Fletcher, having been re-
organized at Portland, rejoined the battalion. It participated in the
Pennsylvania campaign, taking part in the battles of Rappahannock
Station, Locust Grove, Mine Run and numerous skirmishes. The follow-
ing year it was with Grant in the relentless advance on Richmond, and
was engaged in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House,
Cold Harbor, and the attacks on the Weldon railroad. July 11, 1864, the
regiment returned to Washington, and assisted in the defeat of the enemy
on its nearest approach to the capital. On the 13th, it marched up the
Potomac, through Snicker's gap to the Shenandoah, and was back in
Washington on the 23d. On the 26th, it again started up the Potomac,
crossed at Harper's Ferry on the 29th, and marched to the vicinity of
Charlestown, where it remained until its original term of service expired
on Aug. 21, 1864, when it returned to Maine and was mustered out of
service Sept. 5, at Augusta. The reenlisted men and recruits of the regi-
ment were consolidated with battalions of the 5th and 6th regiments to
form the ist veteran infantry in Sept., 1864.

Eighth Infantry. — Cols., Lee Strickland, John D. Rust, Henr>' Bojm-
ton, William M. McArthur; Lieut.-Cols., John D. Rust, Ephraim W.
Woodman, Joseph F. Twitchell, John Hemingway, Henry Boynton,
William M. McArthur, Edward A. True; Majs., Joseph S. Rice, Ephraim
W. Woodman, Joseph F. Twitchell, John Hemingway, Henry Boynton,
William M. McArthur, Edward A. True. This regiment was made up of
companies from different parts of the state, and was organized at Au-
gusta, Sept. 7, 1861, to serve three years. It entered the service with
770 enlisted men, and in bravery and efficiency was excelled by few, if
any regiments in the service. It left the state Sept. 10, for Hemp-
stead, Long Island, N. Y., and subsequently for Fortress Monroe, Va.,
where it formed a part of Gen. T. W. Sherman's expedition to Port
Royal, S. C, which sailed on Oct. 29, and landed at Hilton Head Nov.
8, 1861. For several months the men were engaged in throwing up
breastworks and building fortifications. On May i, 1862, they moved
to Tybee Island in the Savannah river, and took a prominent part in
the attack on and capture of Fort Pulaski, one of the defenses of
Savannah. From this time until the spring of 1864, the regiment
was employed for the most part in doing guard duty at Hilton
Head and Beaufort, S. C, and at Jacksonville, Fla. It suffered
much sickness as the result of the exposures of the spring cam-
paign in 1862, and from diseases contracted in a southern climate. In
Nov., 1862, about 300 well drilled and disciplined recruits were sent
to the regiment from Maine. In Nov., 1863, while at Beaufort, S. C,
its ranks were again replenished by the addition of nearly 200 drafted
men, who proved excellent soldiers. In March, 1864, 16 officers and
330 enlisted men, who had reenlisted for a term of three years, re-

Maine Regiments 45

1
ceived a furlough of 35 days and returned to their homes. In April,
1864, the 8th was transferred to the Department of Virginia, and on
May 4, moved to Bermuda Hundred, where it took part in all the ac-
tive operations of the Army of the James. Sixty veterans, whose term
of service had expired, returned to the state, and were mustered out
of service on Sept. 15, 1864. The regiment was still large enough,
however, to retain its organization as many men had reenlisted and it
had received 570 recruits. Until the surrender of Lee at Appomattox,
it was engaged in numerous skirmishes and arduous picket and guard
duties, and took part in the following important engagements : Drewry's
Bluff, losing 96 men, killed, wounded and prisoners; Cold Harbor,
where it lost 79 men; the operations before Petersburg, losing 50
men; Chaffin's Farm; Fair Oaks, where it again lost heavily. Spring
Hill; capture of Forts Gregg and Baldwin, Rice's Station and Appo-
mattox Court House. After Lee's surrender, it was at Richmond
until Aug., 1865, at Manchester until the following November, and at
Fortress Monroe until Jan. 18, 1866, when the men were mustered out
and proceeded to Augusta, Me., where they were paid and finally
discharged.

Ninth Infantry. — Cols., Rishworth Rice, Jan. 2, 1863, Horatio Bis-
bee, Jr., Sabine Emery, George F. Granger; Lieut. -Cols., Coleman
Hardigg, Horatio Bisbee, Jr., Sabine Emery, Zina H. Robinson,
George F. Granger, Joseph Noble; Majs., Sabine Emery, Zina H.
Robinson, Geo. F. Granger, Joseph Noble, Geo. B. Dyer. This regi-
ment was raised at large and was organized at Augusta, Sept. 22,
1861, to serve three years.. In less than two weeks from the arrival
of the first company at Augusta, the 9th was on its way to Washing-
ton, with more than 1,000 men in its ranks. The original members
(.except veterans) numbering 158 men were mustered out of service
Sept. 27, 1864, and the regiment composed of veterans and recruits,
retained in service until July 13, 1865, when it was mustered out under
orders from the war department. The 3d company of unassigned
infantry, organized Sept. 30, 1864, was assigned to this regiment as
Co. K, and was mustered out June 30, 1865. Soon after its arrival
in Washington (Sept. 26), the regiment was assigned to Gen. T. W.
Sherman's expedition for the capture of Port Royal, S. C, and landed
at Hilton Head, S. C, Nov. 8, 1861. On Feb. 7, 1862, it went to War-
saw island, off the coast nf Georgia, and on the 21st, joined the
expedition which captured Fernandina, Fla., being the first regiment
to land from the transports and the first to take possession of the
town. It remained here until Jan. 17, 1863, when it returned to
Hilton Head, and on June 24th went to St. Helena island as part of
a force under Gen. Strong for the assault on Morris island, S. C.
July 4 it went to Folly island, and on the loth landed on Morris
island, where it carried the enemy's rifle pits in front of their works.
The regiment formed a part of the assaulting forces in the attacks on
Fort Wagner, July 11 and 18, and Sept. 6. Its casualties in the
several assaults were over 300 men in killed, wounded and missing. The
9th continued at Black and Morris islands, S. C, until April 18, 1864.
In the meantime 416 of the original members reenlisted for an addi-
tional term of three years. In the spring of 1864 it was transferred to
the Army of the Potomac and arrived at Gloucester Point, Va., April
22, where the reenlisted men, who had been home on 30 day furlough,
rejoined the regiment on the 28th. It sailed up the James river on
May 4 to Bermuda Hundred, and from this time on saw much hard

46 The Union Army

service at the front, participating in the following engagements:
Drewry's Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, losing 52 men; Cold Harbor, where
its loss was over 70 men; the assaults on Petersburg; Deep Bottom,
Fort Gilmer, Darbytown Road, losing 48 men. Oct. 28, it went to
Chaffin's farm, and after the capture of Fort Fisher, N. C., in 1865,
it was ordered there. Later it took possession of Wilmington, then
joined Gen. Sherman's forces at Cox's bridge, after which it pro-
ceeded to Magnolia and from there to Raleigh, N. C, which city it
entered April 11, 1865. It remained at Raleigh until July 13, 1865,
when it was mustered out and proceeded to Augusta, Me., where the
men were paid and finally discharged.

Tenth Infantry. — Col., George L. Beal; Lieut.-Col., James F. Fille-
brown; Majs., Charles Walker, Charles S. Emerson. When the ist
Me. was mustered out of service in the Union army the various corn-
companies composing it, and which had enlisted in the State militia for
two years and in the U. S. service for only three months, were
ordered to rendezvous at Portland for the purpose of reorganizing
the regiment to serve out the rest of their time. This was found to
be partially impracticable, however, except by the employment of
coercive measures.. All the companies were reorganized except A, C
and D, but 697 out of the 881 men were paid bounty as newly enlisted
troops. Co. C was formed by a fusion of the three companies not
able to organize separately; Co. A was recruited in Saco, and Co. D
was raised in Aroostook county. These companies were organized to
form the new loth at Cape Elizabeth, Me., in Oct., 1861, and were
mustered into the U. S. service as follows: Companies B, C, E, F, G,
H, I, and K to serve two years from May 3, 1861, and A and D to
serve three years from Oct. 4, 1861.. The two years men were mus-
tered out of service May 7 and 8, 1863, and the remaining men con-
solidated into a battalion of three companies, A, B and D, which was
transferred to the 29th Me. on Nov. i, 1863, by a special order from
the war department. The regiment left Portland Oct. 6, 1861, and
arrived in Baltimore on the 9th, where it remained encamped at
"Patterson Park" until Nov. 4, when it moved to Relay House, Md.,
and relieved the 4th Wis. as guard of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad
until Feb. 27, 1862. It afterward guarded the main line of the same
road leading to Harper's Ferry, and the railroads leading to Martins-
burg and Charlestown, W. Va. The regiment was concentrated at
Winchester on May 24, and the following day was given the danger-
ous duty of rear-guard to the forces of Gen. Banks on his retreat to
Williamsport, Md., during which it suffered a loss of 90 men. At
Williamsport it was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division. Banks'
corps. May 28, it made a reconnoissance towards Martinsburg, ad-
vanced to Winchester on the 31st, occupied Front Royal June 22, and
took part in the reconnoissance to Luray Court House on June 29.
On July 6, it proceeded towards Culpeper Court House and arrived
there on the 24th. Gen. Crawford, the brigade commander, often
stated that the loth Me. contained more scouts than all other regi-
ments in the brigade combined. It subsequently participated in the
battle of Cedar mountain, where its losses were 173 men, and was in
all the movements of Gen. Pope's army on his retreat toward Wash-
ington. At the battle of Antietam the regiment lost 20 killed and
48 wounded. From Sept. 19, 1862, to Sept. 28, 1863, it was at Mary-
land heights, opposite Harper's Ferry, Berlin, Md., Fairfax Station
and Stafford Court House, Va., leaving the latter place on April 28,

Maine Regiments 47

1863, for Maine, as the two years' term of service had expired. The
original members were mustered nut at Portland on May 7-8, 1863.
The three years' men were detached from the regiment on April 26,
and organized into a battalion of three companies. On Sunday, April
26, 1863, the following order was received from corps headquarters:
"Special Order No. 100. (extract) The enlisted men of the loth Me.
volunteers, whose term of service extends to three years or during the
war, will be marched to these headquarters in charge of the following
named officers: Capt. J. D. Beardsley, Lieut. Charles F. King, Lieut.
Chandler Libbey, Lieut. Charles H. Haskell, and Ass't Surgeon H.
N. Howard. These men will be constituted a provost guard, relieving
the three companies of the 2nd Mass. volunteers now on duty at
these headquarters. They will be allowed to retain their full pro-
portion of camp and garrison equipage. By command of Maj.-Gen.
Slocum." As soon as the battalion had reported, the officers and rnen
referred to were immediately organized into three equal companies,
and on April 29, with the rest of the 12th corps, crossed the Rappa-
hannock and arrived at Chancellorsville on the 30th. It was not
actively engaged in the battle which ensued here and lost only a few
men. It next participated in every part of the campaign ending in
the battle of Gettysburg, and was encamped along the Rappahannock
and Rapidan rivers from Aug. i to Sept. 24, 1863, when it accompanied
the I2th corps to Nashville, Tenn. From Nashville it went to War-
trace, and remained there until Nov. i, 1863. when it was assigned to
the 29th Me. infantry then being organized, and which the battalion joined
at New Orleans, La.

Eleventh Infantry. — Cols., John C. Caldwell, Harris M. Plaisted,
Jonathan A. Hill; Lieut.-Cols., Harris M. Plaisted, William M. Shaw,
Robert F. Campbell, Winslow P. Spofford, Jonathan A. Hill, Charles
P. Baldwin; Majs., William M. Shaw, Robert F. Campbell, Winslow
P. Spoflford, Jonathan A. Hill, Charles P. Baldwin, Henry C. Adams.
The ten preceding regiments had been raised at the expense of the
state, under the act of the legislature of April 25, 1861, and the cap-
tains and subalterns of the organized companies elected the field
officers. The nth was the first to be raised at the direct expense of
the general government, and the colonel, lieutenant-colonel and major
were chosen before the companies were organized. The regiment was
organized for active service Oct. 11, 1861, and mustered into the U. S.
service on Nov. 12, to serve for three years. It left the state the next
day for Washington, where it remained encamped until March 28,
1862, when, as part of Casey's division, it proceeded to Alexandria,
thence to Newport News. Here on April 6 it was detached from its
brigade (Naglee's), and went to the mouth of Warwick creek, where
it was under the fire of the rebel gunboat Teazer. On the 17th, it
rejoined the division and brigade and proceeded to Yorktown, where
on the 29th it was in a sharp engagement with the enemy. Later it took
a prominent part in the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines and
White Oak swamp. From Aug. 16, to Dec. 26, 1862, it was at York-
town, and on the latter date embarked with Naglee's brigade for Port
Royal, S. C, where it landed on Feb. 10, 1863. Gen. Naglee, having
been promoted to the command of a division, issued a spirited order
on leaving the regiment, of which the following is a part : "Yours is
the honor of having been the first to pass and the last to leave the
Chickahominy. And, while you led the advance from this memorable
place near Richmond, you were the last in the retreating column,

48 The Union Army

when, after seven days' constant fighting, it reached a place of
security and rest at Harrison's Landing." The regiment remained
in the South until April, 1864, during which time it participated
in the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, and was engaged for
a long time as artillerists, sheUing Sumter and the Confederate
works on Sullivan and James' islands. In April, 1864, it joined Gen.
Butler's command at Gloucester Point, Va., and during the remainder
of the war saw almost contmuous fighting. On Nov. 2, 1864, about 130
of the men left the field for Maine, as their term of service had ex-
pired, and were mustered out at Augusta on Nov. 18. The next day,
Nov., 3, the rest of the regiment went with Gen. Butler to New York
to assist in maintaining order in that city at the presidential election,
after which it returned to the front. The total casualties of the regi-
ment during 1864 were 363. killed, wounded, missing and prisoners.
If received 549 recruits, also a full company of volunteers — the 8th
unassigned infantry. During the first three months of 1865, it
formed a part of the 3d brigade, ist division, 24th corps, and was
stationed near the New Market road, 10 miles from Richmond. On
March 27, it crossed the James and Appomattox rivers, engaged the
enemy at Hatcher's run on the 31st, and was almost constantly
exposed to the fire until April 2, losing meanwhile 3 enlisted men
killed, 2 officers and several enlisted men wounded, and i officer and
15 enlisted men captured. It participated in the assault and capture
of Forts Gregg and Baldwin, losing 25 enlisted men killed and
wounded, and on the 3d moved with the army in pursuit of Lee's
forces. At "Clover Hill" on the 9th, it lost 6 enlisted men killed, 2
officers and 29 enlisted men wounded. It remained in the vicinity of
Richmond until Nov. 24, and on the 26th, moved to Fredericksburg,
where it remained, doing patrol and other duties until the middle of
Jan., 1866, when it was ordered to City Point, Va., to be mustered
out. It was mustered out on Feb. 2, 1866, in accordance witli orders
of the war department, and left on the 3d for Augusta, Me., where
the men were paid and finally discharged. The regiment saw an
unusual amount of hard service, and left a splendid name for intrepid-
ity and heroism.

Twelfth Infantry. — Cols., George F. Shepley, William K. Kimball;
Lieut. -Cols., William K. Kimball, Edwin Illsley; Majs., David R.
Hastings, Gideon A. Hastings. This regiment was organized at Port-
land, Nov. 16, 1861, to serve for three years, and was mustered out of
service at the same place, Dec. 7, 1864, the recruits and reenlisted men,
however, being organized into a battalion of four companies and re-
maining in the field. This battalion was afterwards ordered to
Savannah, Ga., and was raised to a full regiment by the assignment of
the loth, nth, 15th, i8th, and i6th, companies of unassigned infantry,
organized at Augusta, Me., in the early part of 1865, to serve, one,
two and three years, and which were assigned as Companies E, F, G,
H, I and K, respectively. The regiment was intended from the outset
to form a part of Gen. Butler's New England division, designed for
the capture of New Orleans. It left the state for Lowell Mass., on
Nov. 24, 1861, and after a delay of several weeks at Lowell and
Fortress Monroe, finally disembarked at Ship island. Miss. On May
4, 1862, the regiment went to New Orleans, which city had fallen into
Union hands, and where Col. Shepley, now commanding the 3d
brigade of Gen. Butler's army was appointed military commandant of
the city. The regiment saw much exciting and arduous service in

Maine Regiments 49

the South before it finally returned to the battlefields of Virginia, on
July 20, 1864. Col. Kimball, who succeeded Col. Shepley in command
of the regiment, aided by a gunboat, performed brilliant service at
Manchac pass, where he captured two Confederate batteries of six
32-pounders, with a stand of colors, a large amount of stores, and
$8,000 of Confederate currency. The achievement was eulogized by
the war department, which ordered the captured colors to be kept in
the possession of the 12th and they were subsequently added to the
trophies of the state. The 12th, during this period, also took an
important part in the reduction of Port Hudson, accompanied the
expedition of Gen. Grover up Grand lake, and engaged the enemy at
Donaldsonville, La. On March 12, 1864, two-thirds of the regiment
reenlisted as veterans, and went back to Maine on a short furlough.
They rejoined the regiment at New Orleans on June 16. On the
arrival of the regiment at Fortress Monroe on July 20, 1864, it reported
to Gen. Butler at Bermuda Hundred. From this time until the
muster out it was engaged in an almost incessant conflict.. It partici-
pated in the battle of Winchester, where it lost 113 officers and men;
at Cedar creek it lost 82 officers and men, and was in many smaller
engagements. On Nov. 19, 1864, the term of service of about 80 of
the officers and men having expired, they returned to Maine and were
mustered out. The recruits and reenlisted men, augmented by un-
assigned infantry, as above detailed, remained in the field to form a
new regiment. The two and three years' men remained on duty,
together with the battalion of veterans, at Savannah, Ga., until April
18, 1866, when the whole battalion was mustered out of service at that
place.

Thirteenth Infantry. — Cols., Neal Dow, Henry Rust, Jr.; Lieut.-
Cols., Henry Rust, Jr., Frank S. Hasseltine; Majs., Frank S. Hassel-
tine, Abernethy Grover. The 13th regiment was raised at large, and
rendezvoused at Augusta. It was mustered into service for three
years on Dec. 13, 1861, and left Feb. 18, 1862, for Boston, where it
embarked on board transports for Ship island. Miss., arriving there
in March. During its long stay on Ship island, it suffered severely
in health, though it excelled in drill and discipline. Detachments of
the regiment were sent into the defenses of New Orleans, July 5,
1862, and the entire regiment was ordered there on Sept. i. The
T3th remained in the South until July i, 1864, when it was ordered
north and arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 12th. While in the
South it participated in the capture of Point Isabel, Tex., Mustang
island, and of Fort Esperanza, commanding Pass Caballo, the entrance
to Matagorda bay. In April, 1864, it formed part of the Red River
expedition under Gen. Banks, and was in the battle of Pleasant Hill,
La. Soon after its arrival in the North, it went to Harper's Ferry.
On Aug. 3, 1864, the reenlisted men proceeded to Maine on furlough,
and rejoined the regiment at Harper's Ferry on Oct. i. As communi-
cation with the front was impossible at this time. Gen. Stephenson
on the 5th ordered the regiment to Martinsburg, W. Va., to strengthen
the defenses of that place, as it was the base of supplies for Sheridan's
whole army. Here the regiment remained engaged in picket and
patrol duty until the expiration of their original term of service. The
original members who had not reenlisted arrived in Augusta, Dec.
30, 1864, and were mustered out at that place on Jan. 6, 1865. Two
hundred and fifty-two reenlisted men and 82 recruits, whose term of
service had not expired, were transferred to and consolidated with the
30th regiment of infantry, Maine volunteers.

Vol. I — 4

50 The Union Army

Fourteenth Infantry. — Cols., Frank S. Nickerson, Thomas W. Por-
ter, Albion K. Bolan ; Lieut.-Cols., Elias Milliken, Thomas W. Porter,
Charles S. Bickmore, Albion K. Bolan, John K. Laing; Majs., Thomas
W. Porter, Charles S. Bickmore, Albion K. Bolan, John K. Laing, Joseph
M. Wiswell. This regiment, like all those raised in 1861 at the expense
of the general government, was recruited from the state at large. It was
organized at Augusta, from Dec. 3 to Dec. 17, 1861, to serve for three
years, and left the state for Boston Feb. 5, 1862. It sailed at once from
there for Ship island. Miss., where it arrived on March 8, and remained
in the South until July 13, 1864, during which time it saw an unusual
amount of trying and dangerous service. Its "first serious engagement
was at Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 1862, where it lost in killed, wounded and
missing 126 men. Other engagements in which they participated were
at St. Charles Court House, Civiques ferry, and the assaults on the forti-
fications of Port Hudson, May 2T, and June 14, 1863. During the cam-
paign from May 7 to Aug. 5 of this year, the regiment was without tents
of any kind, and their only camp equipage was their camp-kettles. Both
officers and men were forced to sleep in the open air, and they suffered
much from chills and fever. In Jan., 1864, all but 40 of the available
men of the regiment reenlisted for an additional term of three years, and
on Feb. 10 they left New Orleans for Maine on a furlough of 30 days.
They rejoined the regiment at New Orleans May 19, 1864. On the arrival
of the 14th at Bermuda Hundred, Va., July 22, 1864, it was at once
assigned to Gen. Butler's command. Joining Gen. Sheridan's forces at
Berryville, Va., on the i8th, it took an important part in the battle of
Winchester on Sept. 19, losing 60 killed, wounded and prisoners, or about
one-third of the number engaged. Subsequently it participated in the
assault and capture of Fisher's hill and joined in the pursuit of Gen.
Early to Harrisonburg. At the battle of Cedar creek it again suffered
severe losses. Of the 200 men in the 14th who entered this fight, 80
were either killed, wounded or captured, Lieut.-Col. Bickmore being
among the killed. Shortly after this battle the regiment moved to a
position near Kernstown, where it remained until the expiration of its
term of service, Dec. 23, 1864. The original members who had not reen-
listed were mustered out at Augusta, Me., on Jan. 13, 1865. The reen-
listed men and recruits whose term of service had not expired, were
organized into a battalion of four companies. A, B, C and D. The 13th,
14th, 17th, 20th, 22nd and 23d companies unassigned infantry, organized
in Augusta in April, 1865, to serve one year, were assigned to this bat-
talion as Companies E, F, G, H, I and K, thereby reorganizing the
battalion into a full regiment. The new regiment was variously stationed
at Savannah, Augusta and Darien, Ga., engaged in guard and patrol duty,
until Aug. 28, 1865, when the entire regiment was mustered out. On
Sept. I it embarked for Maine, and the men were finally paid and dis-
charged at Augusta on Sept. 28.

Fifteenth Infantry. — Cols., John McCluskey, Isaac Dyer; Lieut.-Cols.,
Isaac Dyer, Benjamin B. Murray, Jr., Pembroke; Majs., Benjamin Hawes,
Franklin M. Drew, James H. Whitmore, John R. Coates. This regi-
ment was raised principally in Aroostock county, and was organized at
Augusta, Me., from Dec. 6 to 31, 1861, to serve for three years. It was
mustered into the U. S. service on Jan. 23, 1862, and embarked from
Portland March 6 for Ship island. Miss., at which date it numbered 962
men, rank and file. The regiment remained encamped at Carrollton, La.,
from May 19 to Sept. 18, during which time it suffered much from mala-
rial diseases. In September it went to Pensacola, Fla., where it remained

Maine Regiments 51

until June 21, 1863. Here the health of the men so improved that the
number in hospital was reduced to less than one-quarter. During the
first year of its service the isth lost by desertion, discharge and death
329 men, although it had never been in battle. On its return to New
Orleans in June, 1863, it joined Gen. Banks' expedition to Texas and
rendered conspicuous service in the capture of Fort Esperanza, in Mata-
gorda bay. While at Matagorda peninsula, from Jan. 17 to Feb. 28, 1864,
three-fourths of the original members of the regiment reenlisted for
another term of three years. Returning to New Orleans in March, the
regiment formed a part of Gen. Banks' Red river expedition, during
which it marched more than 700 miles in two months, and participated
in the battles of Sabine cross-roads, Pleasant Hill, Cane river crossing
and Mansura plains. In June, 1864, it was ordered to New Orleans, and
on July 5 embarked on transports for Fortress Monroe, Va., where it
arrived on the 17th. Six companies were then ordered to Bermuda Hun-
dred, and the remaining companies participated in the campaign up the
valley in pursuit of Early's army. The command was reunited at Mon-
ocacy Junction, Md., Aug. 4, when the veterans of the regiment who had
reenlisted received a 35 days' furlough, returning to the field Sept. 27.
In October it went to Martinsburg, where it remained until Jan. 7, 1865.
The original members of the regiment who had not reenlisted were mus-
tered out on Jan. 18, 1865, but the reenlisted men, recruits, volunteers,
drafted men and substitutes forwarded from Camp Berry, Portland, were
sufficient to reorganize the regiment, which was ordered to Washington
in April, and went to Savannah, Ga., on June 4. On the 13th, it em-
barked on transports for Georgetown, S. C, where it was assigned to
the 3d separate brigade. Department of South Carolina, and remained
here until the date of muster out, July 5, 1866, whence the men went to
New York, where they were finally paid and discharged.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Cols., Asa W. Wildes, Charles W. Tilden;
Lieut.-Cols., Charles W. Tilden, Augustus B. Farnham; Majs., Augustus
B. Farnham, Archibald D. Leavitt, Abner R. Small. The recruits for
this regiment were rendezvoused at Augusta during the months of May,
June and July, and the regiment was mustered into the U. S. service on
Aug. 14, 1862, to serve for three years. The regiment 'left for Washing-
ton on the 19th with 38 commissioned officers and 944 enlisted men, and
remained encamped there until Sept. 7, when it proceeded to Rappahan-
nock Station as a part of Taylor's brigade, Hooker's corps. Here it was
transferred to Duryea's brigade of Reynolds' corps. It had left camp at
Fort Tillinghast, near Washington, in light marching order and during
the next two months the men suffered terribly from the lack of sufficient
clothing and camp equipage. By the middle of October the regiment had
dwindled to less than 700 men, and of these 250 were at one time on the
sick list. Even medicines for the sick were lacking and the hardships
endured by these men, so recently taken from the peaceful walks of life,
can never be told. Finally, at the end of October, they drew shoes and
shelter tents, Nov. 27 (Thanksgiving day), their knapsacks and over-
coats arrived from Washington. The self-respect of the men was now
restored and a better feeling took the place of the old despondency. The
loss the regiment suffered in its first serious battle tells the story of its
valor. About 450 men were engaged at Fredericksburg on Dec. 13, 1862,
and 226 of this number was either killed, wounded or missing. Said
Gen. Burnside, who commanded that day: "Whatever honor we can
claim in that contest was won by Maine men." The regiment again lost
heavily at Gettysburg, when, at the close of the terrible three days' fight-

58 The Union Army

ing, all that remained of 248 officers and men, who entered the battle,
were 2 officers and 15 enlisted men. Besides the battles above mentioned,
the list of engagements in which this regiment bore an honorable part
would include, Chancellorsville, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania
Court House, where it lost nearly 100 men, Laurel Hill, losing nearly
50 men. North Anna river, Totopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg,
Weldon railroad, Hatcher's run, losing 3 killed, 60 wounded and 11 miss-
ing, Gravelly run, losing 29 men, and the South Side railroad. It joined
in the pursuit of Lee's forces to Appomattox Court House, after which it
returned to Washington, D. C, where it was mustered out on June 5,
1865, and the next day the men were en route for the state rendezvous
at Augusta where they were finally paid and discharged. The regiment
had received about 800 recruits and in addition the 2nd company of
unassigned infantry, organized at Augusta, Me., Sept. 23, 1864, to serve
for one year, joined the regiment and was assigned as Co. A. The offi-
cers and men whose term of service did not expire before Oct. i, 1865,
were transferred to the 20th Me.

Seventeenth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas A. Roberts, George W. West,
Charles P. Mattocks; Lieut.-Cols., Charles B. Merrill, William Hobson;
Majs., George W. West, Charles P. Mattocks. This regiment was re-
cruited chiefly from the counties of York, Cumberland, Androscoggin and
Oxford, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Camp King, Cape
Elizabeth, Aug. 18, 1862, to serve for three years. On June 4, 1864, 129
of the recruits of the 3d Me., whose term of service had not expired on
the date of the muster-out of that command, were transferred to the
17th. The war department also directed on Feb. i, 1865, the transfer to
this regiment of Co. D, 2nd U. S. sharpshooters. The members of the
regiment whose term of service expired prior to Oct. i, 1865, were mus-
tered out at Bailey's cross-roads, June 4, 1865, and the remaining men
were transferred to the ist Me. heavy artillery. The 17th left the state
for Washington Aug. 21, 1862, and occupied the line of forts on the east
side of the Anacosta and north side of the Potomac rivers, until Oct. 7,
engaged in both heavy artillery and infantry drill and garrison duty. It
then joined the 3d brigade (Berry's), ist division (Bimey's), 3d corps,
at Upton's hill, Va. On Dec. 13, 1862, it participated in the battle of
Fredericksburg, losing 2 men killed and 19 wounded, and was compli-
mented by Gen. Berry for the steadiness of the men, who were under
fire for the first time. The regiment remained encamped at Falmouth,
Va., until May i, 1863, when it took part in the Chancellorsville campaign,
being hotly engaged at Chancellorsville on May 2-3, losing 113 men in
killed, wounded and missing out of about 625 men in the action. The
regiment was next engaged at Gettysburg, during the last two days of
the battle, where it lost 132 in killed, wounded and missing. On Nov.
27, it took a prominent part in the battle of Orange Grove, losing 52
men. It wintered at Brandy Station until March 25, 1864, during which
time its ranks were filled by returned convalescents and recruits, and
numbered about 500 men for the spring campaign. It was now assigned
to the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 2nd army corps, and participated in the
battle of the Wilderness, losing 24 men killed, 147 wounded and 12 miss-
ing. On the I2th, the corps made its famous charge upon the enemy's
lines at the Po river, where the regiment lost 53 men, and on the 23d, in
the charge which drove the enemy across the North Anna river, it lost
23 men. It was under fire at Cold Harbor, and in two assaults on the
enemy's works at Petersburg it lost 84 men. Subsequently it encamped
near Fort Sedgwick, where it remained until Feb. 5, 1865, having mean-

Maine Regiments 53

while taken part in the attack on the Weldon railroad under Gen. War-
ren. They subsequently participated in all the movements of the 2nd
corps in the vicinity of Hatcher's run, until March 29, 1865. On May i,
it left Burkesville, Va., for Washington, where it was mustered out on
June 4. Its aggregate losses during the years 1862, 1863 and 1864 were

745-

Eighteenth Infantry, — Col., Daniel Chaplin; Lieut.-Col., Thomas H.
Talbot; Maj., Charles Hamlin. The regiment was raised chiefly in the
Penobscot valley, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Bangor,
Aug. 21, 1862, to serve for three years. It left the state on Aug. 24 for
Washington, where, after doing duty in the defenses of the capital on
the Virginia side for nearly five months, the organization was changed
to heavy artillery by order of the war department of Dec. 19, 1862, and
was numbered the ist regiment heavy artillery, Maine volunteers.

Nineteenth Infantry. — Cols., Frederick D. Sewell, Francis E. Heath,
Selden Connor, James W. Welch, Isaac W. Starbird; Lieut.-Cols., Fran-
cis E. Heath, Henry W. Cunningham, Isaac W. Starbird, Joseph W.
Spaulding; Majs., Henry W. Cunningham, James W. Welch, Isaac W.
Starbird, Joseph W. Spaulding, David E. Parsons. A large portion of
the men in the 19th came from Sagadohoc, Waldo, Knox and Kennebec
counties and the regiment was mustered into the U. S. service at Bath,
Aug. 25, 1862, to serve for three years. On the 27th it left for Washing-
ton, numbering 39 officers and 969 enlisted men, having been raised, or-
ganized and equipped in less than four weeks. It remained in garrison
at Washington until the end of September, when it went to Harper's
Ferry, and was assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division, 2nd corps.
During a reconnaissance in force Oct. 16, to Charlestown, it was under
fire for the first time, the men behaving with the coolness which ever
afterwards characterized the regiment. During its term of service, it saw
an unusual amount of active duty, and, in addition to innumerable skir-
mishes, was engaged in the battles at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Bristoe Station, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Mine run, Spottsylvania
Court House, Po river, Totopotomy, North Anna river, Bethesda Church,
Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Reams' station. Strawberry
Plains, Hatcher's run, Boydton plank road. Fort Powell, Amelia Springs
and High bridge. At Gettysburg it went into action with 440 officers and
men and lost during two days 12 officers and 220 enlisted men. Its losses
were also very severe at the battle of the Wilderness, on the Jerusalem
plank road, and in front of Petersburg. It was exposed to the fire of
artillery and sharpshooters in the immediate front of Petersburg both
night and day, from Oct. 20 to 26, 1864. Its casualties during the year
1864 were as follows : killed in action, 61 ; wounded, 16 officers, 283 men ;
captured, i officer, 133 men. On June 18, 1864, 277 men were transferred
to this regiment from the 4th Me. infantry, and on Oct. 22, 1864, the Sth
unassigned Me. infantry, organized at Augusta, Oct. 4, 1864, to serve
one, two and three years, joined this regiment. On May 2, 1865, it left
Burkesville, Va., for Washington, and was mustered out on May 31 at
Bailey's cross-roads. The officers and men whose term of service did
not expire prior to Oct. I, 1865, were transferred to the ist Me. heavy
artillery.

Twentieth Infantry. — Cols., Adelbert Ames, Joshua L. Chamberlain,
Charles D. Gilmore, Ellis Spear; Lieut.-Cols., Joshua L. Chamberlain,
Charles D. Gilmore, Walter G. Morrill, Thomas D. Chamberlain; Majs.,
Charles D. Gilmore, Ellis Spear, Atherton W. Clark, George R. Abbott.
This was the last of the three-year regiments raised in the state in the

54 The Union Army

summer of 1862. It was rendezvoused at Portland and mustered into
the U. S. service Aug. 29, 1862. The original members whose term of
service expired prior to Oct. i, 1865, were mustered out at Washington,
D. C, June 5, 1865, and the enlisted men of the i6th Me. infantry and
the 1st Me. sharpshooters were transferred to the 20th, June 5 and June
21, 1865, respectively. The regiment as thus reorganized was finally mus-
tered out near Washington, July 16, 1865. On Sept. 3, 1862, the 20th
left the state, and on the 7th went into camp at the arsenal grounds,
Washington, D. C. Attached to Butterfield's brigade. Porter's division, it
formed a portion of the reserve at Antietam, and was under fire for 36
hours at the battle of Fredericksburg, where the men acted with great
gallantry in this, their first serious battle. A list of the important battles
in which the 20th subsequently engaged includes Chancellorsville, Gettys-
burg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Toto-
potomy. North Anna river, Bethesda Church, Hatcher's run, Petersburg,
Weldon railroad, Peebles' farm, Boydton road. Gravelly run and Five
Forks. After the battle of Chancellorsville, Col. Ames was promoted to
brigadier-general, and Lieut.-Col. Chamberlain assumed command. Under
his command it formed the extreme left of the line at Gettysburg on the
second day of that sanguinary contest and was hotly engaged for many
hours. Its total loss was 3 officers and 134 enlisted men killed and
wounded. At the opening of the spring campaign of 1864, recruits and
returning convalescents augmented the numbers of the regiment about
100 men, so that it numbered 347 muskets. It was still attached to the
3d brigade, ist division, 5th corps. On June 6, 1864, Col. Chamberlain
was assigned to the command of the ist brigade of the division and Maj.
Spear assumed command of the regiment. In the gallant charge on the
enemy's works at Peebles' farm on Sept. 30, 1864, it suffered a loss of 57
men killed and wounded, out of 167 men taken into action, but captured
6 commissioned officers, 70 men and a piece of artillery. Its whole num-
ber of casualties during the year 1864 was 298; and it received 200 re-
cruits. In Jan., 1865, it mustered 275 muskets for duty. On the comple-
tion of negotiations for the surrender of Lee's army, the 20th was one of
the regiments designated to receive the Confederate arms.

Twenty-first Infantry. — Col., Elijah D. Johnson; Lieut.-Col, Nathan
Stanley; Maj., Benjamin G. Merry. This regiment, like the seven suc-
ceeding ones, was raised under the call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia
for nine months' service. It was mustered into the U. S. service at
Bangor, Oct. 14, 1862, and started for Washington, D. C, on the 21st.
While en route it was ordered to report to Maj. -Gen. N. P. Banks, com-
manding the Department of the Gulf, at New York city, then organizing
his expedition for the opening of the Mississippi. It remained quartered
at East New York for two months and then proceeded to New Orleans,
where it arrived early in Feb., 1863. It went at once to Baton Rouge and
was assigned to the ist brigade, 1st division, 19th corps. The men
suffered from disease contracted in the low southern country, despite the
utmost precautions taken. Baton Rouge was now an important Union
"base," and the regiment was occupied in doing picket duty and protect-
ing the city from guerrilla attacks. On March 14th, it advanced with
the corps against Port Hudson, while Adm. Farragut's fleet was engaged
in passing the enemy's works there on that memorable night. The army,
however, made no attack in force at that time, but on May 21 it engaged
the enemy at Plains Store. The regiment took part in the siege of Port
Hudson and participated in the assaults on May 27 and June 14, losing
in the two engagements 88 men killed and wounded. Though its term

Maine Regiments 55

of service had expired during the siege, the regiment volunteered to re-
main until the capture of Port Hudson, which occurred on July 9, 1863.
Preparations were then at once made to transport home those regiments
that had already remained beyond their term of service. The 20th was
assigned to the 2nd brigade of the post forces, and July 25 embarked for
Maine. With other regiments, it was the first to pass up the Mississippi
river and received a continuous ovation. It arrived in Augusta, Aug. 7,
where the men were mustered out on Aug. 25th, by Lieut. F. E. Cross-
man of the 17th U. S. infantry.

Twenty-second Infantry. — Col., Simon G. Jerrard; Lieut.-Col.,
Olonzo G. Putnam; Maj., John O. Brackett. This regiment was ren-
dezvoused at Camp John Pope, Bangor, and was mustered into service
Oct. 18, 1862, to serve nine months. It left on the 21st for Washington,
where it arrived on the 24th and remained encamped at Arlington Heights
until Nov. 3, when it was temporarily assigned to the 3d brigade, Casey's
division, commanded by Col. Fessenden, of the 25th Me. Having been
ordered to Fortress Monroe to form a part of the projected expedition
to New Orleans, it embarked Dec. 4 at Newport News and arrived at
New Orleans on the 15th. On the 17th it occupied Baton Rouge and
was assigned to the ist brigade, Grover's division. It participated in the
reconnaissance in the rear of Port Hudson March 13 to 16, and on March
26 formed a part of the expedition up the Atchafalaya to attack the
enemy's works in the rear. It defeated the enemy in a sharp engage-
ment at Irish bend on April 14, and garrisoned at Franklin until the
25th, when it went to New Iberia. On May 6, it moved toward Port
Hudson, where it arrived on June i, having marched over 500 miles
during the campaign. It participated in two assaults on the works at
Port Hudson, June 9 and 14, and after the surrender of that place was
quartered inside the works until July 24, when it started for Maine, going
by boat to Cairo, 111., thence by rail to Bangor, where it arrived on Aug.
6, and was mustered out on the 15th.

Twenty-third Infantry. — Col., William Wirt Virgin ; Lieut.-Col,
Enos T. Luce; Maj., Alfred B. Soule. This regiment was entirely com-
posed of men from the counties of Androscoggin and Oxford, except one
company from Cumberland county. Many of its members were graduates
of seminaries and colleges and the moral and intellectual qualities of the
men were of an exceptionally high order. They went into camp at Port-
land, and were there mustered in on Sept. 29, 1862, for nine months. The
regiment left for Washington Oct. 18, arrived there on the 20th, and on
the 25th received orders to report to Gen. Grover at Seneca, Md., where
it was assigned the duty of guarding the several fords of the upper Po-
tomac. It performed this duty with care and fidelity until May 24, 1863,
when it was ordered to Alexandria, Va., and was there engaged for
several weeks in digging rifle-pits, building barricades across the princi-
pal streets and patrolling the town, in addition to sending out a large
number of men daily for picket duty. On June 17, it moved back to
Poolesville, Md., and to Maryland heights opposite Harper's Ferry on
the 24th. On the 27th, it was ordered to Portland, Me., where the men
were mustered out and discharged on July 15. During its ten months'
service, it lost about 50 men by disease, and 2 by accident. By the for-
tunes of war it was never under fire, but this was no fault of the officers
or men, who established a good reputation among all with whom they
came in contact for good order, sobriety and excellent discipline.

Twenty-fourth Infantry. — Col, George M. Atwood; Lieut. -Cols.,
Charles T. Bean, Eben Hutchinson; Majs., Eben Hutchinson, William

56 The Union Army

Holbrook. This regiment was mustered into the U. S. service at Augusta,
Oct. i6, 1862, to serve for nine months. On the 29th it left for New
York and reported to Maj.-Gen. Banks. The regiment was detained at
East New York by sickness until Jan. 12, 1863, when it embarked for
New Orleans, arriving there Feb. 14. On the 26th it was ordered to
Bonnet Carre, 40 miles above New Orleans, and was there assigned to
the 3d brigade, 2nd division, under command of Gen. Nickerson. While
at this place details from the regiment were variously engaged in active
duties at different times and places. On May 21, it was ordered to Port
Hudson and participated in the entire siege of that stronghold, including
the desperate assaults of May 27 and June 14, but suffered few casualties.
The southern climate, however, worked havoc in their ranks, as they lost
184 men from disease and nearly 100 more were discharged for disability.
Of the 900 men who went out with the regiment, 570 returned. It left
Port Hudson for Maine, via Cairo, 111., July 24, arrived at Augusta on
Aug. 6, and was mustered out on the 25th of the same month, after a
term of service of nearly one year. None was killed in battle or died of
wounds.

Twenty-fifth Infantry. — Col., Francis Fessenden ; Lieut.-Col., Charles
E. Shaw; Maj., Alexander M. Tolman. This regiment was mustered
into the U. S. service at Portland, Sept. 29, 1862, to serve for nine months.
It comprised 993 men, and left for Washington on Oct. 13, arriving in
that city on the i8th. It was assigned to the 3d brigade, Casey's division,
Reserve army corps, for the defense of the national capital, and remained
encamped on Arlington Heights, on the north side of Columbia turnpike,
in front of the line of defenses from Oct. 26, 1862, to March 24, 1863,
continually engaged in guarding "Long Bridge" and constructing fortifi-
cations. On March 24, 1863, it was ordered to Chantilly, Va., on the
Little River turnpike, and remained on picket duty in that vicinity until
June 26, when it was ordered back to Arlington Heights. On June 30, it
started for Maine and arrived July 3 at Portland, where the men were
mustered out of the U. S. service July 10. During its term of service
the regiment participated in no engagements, but faithfully performed
every duty assigned it. The losses were 25 men who died of disease; 5
officers and 27 men discharged ; 13 deserted, and 9 were transferred.

Twenty-sixth Infantry. — Col., Nathaniel H. Hubbard ; Lieut.-Col.,
Philo Hersey; Maj., James N. Fowler. This regiment was raised in the
counties of Knox, Hancock and Waldo, and was rendezvoused at Camp
John Pope, Bangor, where it was mustered into the U. S. service Oct.

11, 1862, to serve for three years. It left the state Oct. 23, and arrived
in Washington on the 27th. On Nov. 9 it embarked for Fortress Monroe,
and on Dec. i reembarked at Newport News on the steamers Pocahontas
and Matanzas for Ship island, where it arrived on the 12th, and at New
Orleans on the i6th. It proceeded at once to Baton Rouge, where it was
assigned to the 3d brigade, Grover's division, remaining here until March

12, 1863, when it joined in the reconnaissance to Port Hudson, returning
on the i6th, and on the 28th embarked on the river steamer St. Maurice
for Donaldsonville, 60 miles below. Thence, with the other forces from
Baton Rouge, it proceeded to Thibodeaux, thence by rail to Brashear City,
and on April 11, together with Grover's division, it proceeded to Irish
bend, near Franklin, La., where on the 14th it engaged the enemy and
met with a loss of 68 men out of 300 engaged. On May 30 it arrived at
Port Hudson and engaged in supporting a battery until June 14, when
it participated in the assault of that day, afterward returning to its former
position. On the surrender of Port Hudson, it remained on duty inside

Maine Regiments 57

the fortifications until July 26, when it embarked for Maine, and was
mustered out of the U. S. service at Bangor on Aug. 9. The mortality
of the regiment from all causes was about 200.

Twenty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Rufus P. Tapley, Mark F. Went-
worth; Lieut.-Cols., Mark F. Wentworth, James M. Stone; Majs., James
M. Stone, John D. Hill. Most of the members of this regiment came
from York county and were rendezvoused at Portland, where the regi-
ment was mustered into service Sept. 30, 1862, to serve for nine
months. They left on Oct. 20 for Washington, arriving there on the
22nd. On the 26th it marched to Arlington Heights, where it remained
doing picket duty until Dec. 12th, when it was ordered to the south of
Hunting creek. Here it relieved a Vermont brigade in the duty of
guarding a picket line 8 miles long, extending from the Potomac near
Mount Vernon to the Orange & Alexandria railroad, and remained here
in the performance of that duty throughout a severe winter until March
24, 1863. It then moved to Chantilly, Va., doing picket duty on the
outermost line of infantry in the defenses of Washington. On June 25
it returned to Arlington Heights. The term of service of the regiment
had already expired, but 315 of the officers and men volunteered to re-
main and if necessary assist in the defense of the capital against the
forces of Gen. Lee, who had then commenced his great invasion of Penn-
sylvania. On July 4, after the result of the battle of Gettysburg was
announced, the regiment left for Maine and arrived at Portland on the
6th, where the men were mustered out on the 17th. The 27th left the
state with 949 men, and lost 82 men by death, discharge and resignation.

Twenty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Ephraim W. Woodman ; Lieut.-Col.,
William E. Hadlock; Maj., Joseph D. Bullen. This regiment, number-
ing 935 men, was organized on Oct. 6, 1862, and was mustered into the
U. S. service at Augusta, Oct. 18, to serve for nine months. On the 26th
it left the state for Washington, but stopped en route at New York, and
was ordered to Fort Schuyler to report to Gen. Banks. On Nov. 26 it
was ordered to East New York, and on Jan. 17, 1863, embarked for For-
tress Monroe and New Orleans, arriving at the latter place on the 29th.
It encamped at Chalmette, 7 miles below the city, until Feb. 15, when it
was ordered to Pensacola, Fla. On March 29 it returned to New Orleans,
and was at once ordered to Donaldsonville and Plaquemine. On May
27, six companies under Col. Woodman were ordered to Port Hudson,
and assigned to Gen. Nickerson's brigade of Dwight's division. They
shared in the advance of June 14, and on June 22 assaulted a bastion of
the Confederate works, losing 3 killed and 9 wounded. Meanwhile, the
portion of the regiment which had remained at Donaldsonville to garrison
Fort Butler, was attacked by a vastly superior force of the enemy, but
repulsed them with heavy loss in one of the most gallant engagements
of the war. The little garrison killed, captured and wounded more than
three times its number, and was mentioned for gallantry in general orders
read to the troops before Port Hudson. On July 4, the six companies
at Port Hudson were ordered to Fort Butler, then besieged by the enemy,
and arrived there on the 5th. The same evening, Maj. Bullen, who had
so recently won distinction for his brilliant defense of the fort with his
little command, was foully murdered by private Francis G. Scott of the
1st La. infantry. Owing to a dearth of field officers. Col. Woodward
had been retained at Port Hudson. After the surrender of that place on
the 8th he again took command of the regiment on the loth and two
days later took command of the post at Baton Rouge, where the regi-
ment was stationed until Aug. 6, when it started for Maine via Cairo,

58 The Union Army

111., arrived at Augusta on the i8th, and on the 31st was mustered out
at that point. Many of the men had reenlisted while in the South, but
all the men captured had been paroled or exchanged, and were mustered
out with the others.

Twenty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., George L. Beal, George H. Nye;
Lieut. -Col., Charles S. Emerson; Majs., William Knowlton, George H.
Nye, John M. Gould. Col. Beal, formerly of the loth Me., was author-
ized to recruit this regiment, which was one of the veteran volunteer
organizations raised in Maine near the close of 1863. It was organized at
Augusta, from Nov. 13, 1863, to Jan., 1864, to serve for three years, with the
exception of Companies A and D, which were transferred from the loth
Me. battalion and joined the regiment at New Orleans, La. Co. A was
mustered out Oct. 18, 1864, its term of service having expired, and its place
was filled by the ist company of unassigned infantry, organized at Au-
gusta on Sept. I, 1864, to serve for one year. The new Co. A was mus-
tered out June 5, 1865 ; the balance of the regiment was mustered out
at Hilton Head, S. C, June 21, 1866, and arrived in New York harbor
June 28, where the men were paid and discharged. The regiment left
Augusta Jan. 31, 1864, and embarked at Portland on Feb. 2, on the steam-
ship De Molay for New Orleans, where it arrived on the i6th. It par-
ticipated in the Red River expedition under Gen. Banks, being assigned
to the 1st brigade, ist division, 19th corps, and rendered brilliant service
at the battles of Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, La. It assisted in building
the dam which saved the gunboats of the fleet, and was at one time with-
out sleep and very little to eat for 60 hours, marching 56 miles in the
meantime and fighting two battles. On July 12, it returned to Fortress
Monroe and subsequently took part in all the movements of the Army of
the Shenandoah, including the battles of Winchester, Fisher's hill, and
Cedar creek. Maj. Knowlton was fatally wounded at Winchester, and
in the action at Cedar creek the regiment lost 18 killed and iii wounded.
During the winter of 1864-65 it was in winter quarters in the neighbor-
hood of Stephenson's depot, Va., attached to the ist brigade, ist division,
19th corps. It did guard duty at Washington arsenal over the assassins
of President Lincoln on May 4-5, 1865, and took part in the grand re-
view of the Army of the Potomac on the 23d. On June 5 it arrived in
Savannah, Ga., by boat, whence they went to Georgetown, S. C. on the
14th and 15th. From this time until March 27, 1866, detachments of the
regiment were occupied at various stations in South Carolina, with head-
quarters at Darlington. On the last-named date the regiment was ordered
to Hilton Head, S. C, which it occupied, with detachments at St. Helena
island and at Seabrook, until it was mustered out.

Thirtieth Infantry. — Cols., Francis Fessenden. Thomas H. Hubbard,
Royal E. Whitman; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas H. Hubbard, Royal E. Whit-
man, George W. Randall; Majs., Royal E. Whitman, George W. Randall,
Horace C. Haskell. Like many of the regiments formed in the latter
years of the war, the 30th had a large number of experienced soldiers
among its officers and men, though it also had some who were attracted
by the large bounties offered and some who were old and disabled. The
regiment was mustered in at Augusta from Dec. 12, 1863, to Jan. 8, 1864,
to serve for three years. On Jan. 8, 1865, it was joined by three compa-
nies made up from the enlisted men of the 13th Me., whose term of serv-
ice had not expired at the date of the muster out of that regiment, and
were assigned to this organization on Nov. 18, 1864. The entire regiment
was mustered out on Aug. 20, 1865, at Savannah, Ga. On Feb. 7, 1864,
the 30th embarked at Portland on the steamer Merrimac for New Or-

Maine Regiments 59

leans, La., arriving there on the i6th. It participated in the Red River
campaign as a part of the 3d brigade ist division, 19th corps, and took
an honorable part in the battles of Sabine cross-roads and Pleasant Hill
on April 8 and 9, respectively. It lost in the two engagements 11 killed,
66 wounded and 71 missing, and during the retreat of the Union forces
to the Mississippi river, it took the most prominent part in the dislodg-
ment of the enemy at Cane river crossing, which was perhaps the most
gallant action of the disastrous campaign. Its loss here was 2 officers
and ID men killed, 2 officers and 67 men wounded, and 7 men missing.
Soon after the close of this campaign, the regiment was sent north to
Virginia. In August and the early part of September it moved with the
Army of the Shenandoah, but did not share in the battles and victories
of Gen. Sheridan in September and October, as the brigade was detached
from its division until Oct. 26. On Nov. 9, 1864, it took up a position
between Kernstown and Newton, and on Dec. 30 went into winter quar-
ters at Stephenson's depot, 4 miles north of Winchester, but a few days
later moved to Winchester. After the recruits from the 13th Me. joined
the regiment at Winchester it was formed into seven companies and re-
tained its field and staff officers without change. The new companies
from the 13th were lettered B, H and K in the new organization. The
30th remained at Winchester until April 10, 1865, when it went to Wash-
ington, where it participated in the grand review of the Army of the Po-
tomac on May 23, and on June 2 was transferred to the 2nd brigade, ist
division, 19th corps, which it accompanied to Savannah, Ga., the place of
their muster out. On Aug. 24 it arrived in Portland, where the men were
finally paid and discharged.

Thirty-first Infantry. — Cols., Thomas Hight, Daniel White; Lieut-
Cols., Thomas Hight, Stephen C. Talbot, Edward L. Getchell; Majs.,
Stephen C. Talbot, Daniel White, George A. Bolton. This regiment was
mustered into the U. S. service at Augusta, from March i to April 29,
1864, to serve for three years. The 4th and 6th companies of unassigned
infantry, organized at Augusta in Oct., 1864, to serve for one year, were
assigned to this regiment as Companies L and M, the 32nd Me. was con-
solidated with this regiment on Dec. 12, 1864, and the entire regiment
was mustered out of service near Alexandria, Va._ July 15, 1865. The
men returned to Bangor on the 19th of the same month, where they were
finally paid and discharged on the 27th. The 31st left the state for Wash-
ington April 18, 1864, and upon its arrival at Alexandria, Va., was as-
signed to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 9th corps. It at once marched to
Bristoe Station, whence it was hastened to the front to aid in the conclu-
ding scenes of the conflict. The regiment almost immediately took part
in the battle of the Wilderness, where it lost heavily in killed and
wounded. From this time on it saw continuous hard service until the
close of the war. In addition to the Wilderness it participated in the
battles of Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon
railroad. Poplar Spring Church and Hatcher's run. For its gallantry at
the furious engagement of Bethesda Church on June 3, Gen. Griffin, com-
manding the brigade, issued the following congratulatory order : "It also
gives me pleasure to add my evidence to the well-known fact that the
31st Me. has made for itself a most brilliant record, and won for itself
imperishable renown." The casualties of the regiment were enormous, as
it was so constantly engaged. It lost at Spottsylvania Court House 12
killed, 75 wounded and 108 missing. In the great battle of July 30, when
the mine was exploded at Petersburg, the regiment was assigned an im-
portant position and was the first to enter the enemy's works. Its losses

60 The Union Army

were lo killed, 31 wounded and 47 captured. Again at the battle of
Poplar Spring Church the regiment distinguished itself, and was the last
to fall back when the enemy turned the right of the brigade and com-
pelled a retreat. It lost here 5 killed, 15 wounded and 16 captured. Dur-
ing the winter of 1864-65 it garrisoned Forts Fisher and Davis until
Feb. II, when it was ordered to a point near Parke Station on the Army
Line & City Point railroad, where it remained until April 2, when it
assaulted the enemy's works and suffered severely. On the next day it
participated in the pursuit of the enemy and on the 8th conducted a de-
tachment of prisoners to Ford's station. On the 20th it embarked for
Alexandria, Va., and was mustered out the following July.

Thirty-second Infantry.— Col., Mark F. Wentworth; Lieut-Cols.,
John M. Brown, James L. Hunt; Maj., Arthur Deering. This regiment
was raised in the counties of Androscoggin, Cumberland, Franklin, Lin-
coln, Oxford, Sagadahoc and York, and was mustered in at Augusta,
from March 3 to May 6, 1864, to serve for three years. Such was the
urgent demand for troops in the field, that six companies which had com-
pleted their organization left the state on April 20 for Washington, under
the command of Maj. Deering. A few days later they were assigned to
the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, gth corps, and at once hurried to the front.
They overtook their corps, which had preceded them by three days, on
May 6, and were continuously under fire during the battle of the Wilder-
ness, while engaged in building fortifications and changing position. At
Spottsylvania Court House, they were under fire for eight days and ren-
dered most effective service throughout the whole action, holding an ex-
posed part of the line and making numerous charges, losing heavily in
men and officers. On the 25th they crossed the North Anna river under
fire, and on the 26th were joined by the remaining four companies of the
regiment, which had completed their organization on May 6th, and left
for the front on the nth. The following is a list of battles in which this
regiment, or a portion of it, bore an honorable part: Spottsylvania Court
House, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, June 17 to July 30;
Weldon railroad, Poplar Spring Church, Pegram farm and Hatcher's
run. The regiment charged most gallantly on July 30, when the Con-
federate works in their immediate front were blown up by Burnside's
mine, and was one of the first to enter the works. It came out of this
sanguinary fight with but 27 men under Adjt. Hayes, the only officer left,
the loss in this engagement being 11 officers and about 100 men killed,
wounded and captured. It again met with fearful loss when it sharply
engaged the enemy near the Pegram house on Sept. 30. The regiment
remained at the Pegram house from Oct. 28 to Nov. 30, and then moved
to near Fort Hayes, where it remained until Dec. 12, where, under
orders from the war department, 15 of its officers and 470 enlisted men
were consolidated with the 31st Me., on account of the reduced state of
both regiments, and all surplus officers of the 32nd were mustered out.

First Cavalry. — Cols., John Goddard, Samuel H. Allen, Calvin S.
Douty, Charles H. Smith ; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas Hight, Calvin S. Douty,
Charles H. Smith, Stephen Boothby, Jonathan P. Cilley; Majs., Samuel H.
Allen, David P. Stowell, Calvin S. Douty, Warren L. Whitney, Jonathan P.
Cilley, Charles H. Smith, Stephen Boothby, George M. Brown, Sidney W.
Thaxter, Constantine Taylor, Benjamin F. Tucker, Paul Chadbourne, Dan-
iel S. Curtis, Joel W. Cloudman. This regiment was raised at large, con-
sisted of twelve companies, and was mustered in at Augusta, Nov. 5,
1861, for three years. It was the equal of any in the service in the char-
acter of its men and the quality of its horses. It remained encamped at

Maine Regiments 61

Augusta until the following spring. Companies A, D, E and F left the
state for Washington on March 14, 1862, under command of Col. Allen,
arriving there on the 19th. Companies B, I, H and M, under Maj. Douty,
arrived on the 24th, and C, G, K and L, under Maj. Stowell, on the 28th.
A, B, E, H and M, under Lieut.-Col. Douty, joined Gen. Banks' corps at
Strasburg, Va., on May 11, and were attached to Gen. Hatch's cavalry
brigade. The other seven companies were first assigned to Gen. Aber-
crombie's brigade, and soon afterwards to Gen. Ord's division at Fred-
ericksburg. The men participated in their first severe engagement on
May 23, when Lieut.-Col. Douty with his command and two companies of
the 1st Vt. cavalry, charged the enemy at Middletown, Va., covering
Banks' retreat to Williamsport. The loss was 176 horses and equip-
ments. The regiment was reunited at Warrenton, Va., on July 10, and
attached to Bayard's brigade, with which it took part in the battle of
Cedar mountain. It participated in the retreat of Gen. Pope's forces to
Fairfax Court House, where it arrived on Sept. 3 and reported to Gen.
Reno, having engaged the enemy at Brandy Station on Aug. 20, and been
present at the second battle of Bull Run on the 30th, under Brig.-Gen.
Elliott of Pope's staff. Arriving in Washington on Sept. 4, it was at-
tached to Burnside's corps and engaged the enemy at Frederick, Md.,
on the I2th. Co. G, acting as Gen. Reno's body-guard, took part in the
battle of South mountain, Cos. M and H, under Gen. Porter, in that of
Antietam. The regiment (except Cos. G, M and H) remained at Fred-
erick from Sept. 12 to Nov. 2, up to which period it had lost in action
and worn out in service nearly 700 horses. The severity of the service
to which the men of this regiment were subjected may be inferred from
a bare recital of the battles in which they were subsequently engaged and
from data showing some of their heaviest losses. The list of battles in-
cludes, in addition to those above mentioned : Fredericksburg, Rappa-
hannock Station, Brandy Station, Aldie, Middleburg, Upperville, Gettys-
burg, Shepherdstown, Sulphur Springs, Mine Run, about Richmond, Old
Church, Todd's tavern, Ground Squirrel Church, Hawes' shop, Cold Har-
bor, Trevilian Station, St. Mary's Church, Deep Bottom, Reams' Sta-
tion, Wyatt's farm, Boydton road and Bellefield. Col. Douty was killed
at Aldie, Va., while leading a gallant charge, on June 17, 1863, as was
Capt. Summatt while rallying his men under a murderous fire of grape
and canister. Three hundred selected men from the regiment participated
in the daring raid of Gen. Kilpatrick to the vicinity of Richmond, Feb.
27 to March 12, 1864, the loss of the ist in this famous raid being 93 men
killed, wounded or missing and over 200 horses. It also moved with the
cavalry corps on Gen. Sheridan's first raid. May 9, 1864, until within 3
miles of Richmond. In the engagement at Trevilian Station, June 24,
1864, its loss was 10 officers and 58 enlisted men. During August of this
year its loss in killed, wounded and missing was 49 men and 75 horses,
and the total casualties during 1864 amounted to 295 officers and enlisted
men. In Aug., 1864, seven companies of the ist D. C. cavalry were trans-
ferred and assigned to the several companies of this regiment by a spe-
cial order of the war department. The original members of the regi-
ment whose term of service expired Nov. 4, 1864, were mustered out at
Augusta, Me., on the 25th, while the regiment, now composed of veterans,
recruits and members of the ist D. C. cavalry whose term had not ex-
pired, participated in the closing battles of the war; was mustered out of
the U. S. service at Petersburg, Va., Aug., i, 1865, and arrived in Augusta,
Me., on the 9th.

Second Cavalry. — Col, Ephraim W. Woodman; Lieut.-Cols., John F.

62 The Union Army

Godfrey, Andrew B. Spurling; Majs., Charles A. Miller, Eben Hutchin-
son, Andrew B. Spurling, Nathan Cutler. This regiment was organized
at Augusta at the close of the year 1863, and the men were mustered in
between Nov. 30 and Jan. 2, 1864, to serve for three years. It numbered
989 men, all of good physique and well armed and disciplined. It was
assigned to the Department of the Gulf and arrived in five detachments
at New Orleans, during April, 1864. Companies A and D, and a part of
G, the first to arrive, were at once ordered to Alexandria, La., and as-
signed to the 3d cavalry brigade, to participate in the Red River expedi-
tion. They took part in the engagements at Cherryville cross-roads,
Marksville, Avoyelles prairie and Yellow bayou, and rejoined the main
body of the regiment at Thibodeaux on June i. In August the regiment
went to Pensacola, Fla., arriving on the nth, and encamped near Bar-
rancas. During the balance of this year it was engaged in fatigue duty,
and participated in raids to Marianna, Fla., and Pollard, Ala. In each of
these raids severe damage was inflicted on the enemy, many prisoners and
large quantities of stores being captured. In the raid to Pollard four dis-
tinct battles were fought, but Lieut. -Col. Spurling, on whom the com-
mand of the expedition had devolved, succeeded in conducting his com-
mand, encumbered with a train of 50 wagons, 60 miles through the en-
emy's country, attacked constantly on front, rear and flanks by a superior
force. The regiment suffered much during the summer of 1864, from
sickness, induced by a sudden change to the excessive heat of southern
Louisiana. At one time only 450 were able to report for duty, and during
the year the regiment lost by deaths one officer and 278 enlisted men.
On Feb. 2}^, 1865, Lieut.-Col. Spurling with 300 men routed the enemy at
Milton, Fla. The regiment joined Gen. Steele's command at Pensacola
on March 19, and participated in the campaign which resulted in the
capture of Mobile, and opened up the State of Alabama to the Union forces.
The regiment rendered highly efficient service, captured many prisoners,
destroyed much railroad and other property, frequently engaged the
enemy, and opened communication with Gen. Canby, who was besieging
Spanish Fort. After the fall of Mobile, a detachment of the regiment
accompanied the i6th corps on a 200-mile march to Montgomery, Ala. In
Aug., 1865, detachments of the regiment were stationed at various points
in western Florida to preserve the peace. On Dec. i, it was concentrated
at Barrancas, and was mustered out on the 6th, though 25 officers and 116
men remained in Florida, and 14 officers and 500 enlisted men returned
to Augusta, where they were finally paid and discharged.

First District of Columbia Cavalry. — This regiment, known as
Baker's cavalry, was an independent organization and was originally de-
signed for special service in the District of Columbia, subject only to the
orders of the war department. It was commanded by Col. L. C. Baker.
Eight companies were organized at Augusta, from Oct., 1863, to March,
1864, to serve for three years, and assigned as Cos. D, F, G, H, I, K, L
and M, rendering the regiment to all intents and purposes a Maine
organization. Capt. Cloudman, whose company was the first to leave the
state for Washington, was commissioned major by the president, during
the seven months' service of the regiment, which was engaged in impor-
tant service in and about Washington until May, when half of it was
ordered to Portsmouth, Va., and dismounted for a short time. The other
half was assigned to the army of Gen. Butler and participated in Gen.
Kautz' cavalry raids about Petersburg, in May and June, 1864. In July
this portion participated in the engagement at Malvern hill, and Aug. 2
crossed the Appomattox river and established headquarters at Sycamore

Maine Regiments 63

Church, with four companies stationed at Cox's mills, 2 miles below. The
regiment was engaged in skirmishing and doing picket duty on the Wel-
don & Petersburg railroad, Aug. 8-23, and on the latter date engaged and
drove the Hampton legion, inflicting a severe loss on the enemy. On the
24th, it took part in the action at Reams' station, after which it returned
to Sycamore Church, and on the 27th, by a special order of the war de-
partment, all the Maine officers and men were transferred to the 1st Me.
cavalry. They did not join the latter regiment at once, but remained
doing duty on the extreme left of the army, on a line about 4 miles in
length. On Sept. 15, the regiment was attacked simultaneously at three
points on their extended line by an overwhelming force of the enemy,
and after a heroic resistance was compelled to retreat. The loss was
severe, 9 officers and over 150 privates being captured, in addition to sev-
eral killed and wounded. Majs. Baker and Cloudman were captured, and
the remaining men then joined the ist Me. cavalry, their history from
this date being identical with that regiment.

First Heavy Artillery. — Cols., Daniel Chaplin, Russell B. Shepherd;
Lieut. -Cols., Thomas H. Talbot, Russell B. Shepherd, Zemro A. Smith;
Majs., Charles Hamlin, Russell B. Shepherd, George W. Sabine, Christo-
pher V. Crossman, Zemro A. Smith, Charles W. Nute, Harrison G. Smith.
This regiment was originally organized as the i8th infantry (q. v.), but
was changed to heavy artillery after five months' service, and by general
order No. 62, from the adjutant-general's office of Maine, series of 1862,
was designated as the ist regiment, heavy artillery, Maine volunteers.
Two additional companies were organized — one in Jan., 1864, the other
in Feb., 1864. The original members were mustered out on June 6, 1865,
but the organization, composed of veterans and recruits of this regiment
and accessions from the 17th and 19th Me. infantry, remained in service
and was mustered out at Washington, D. C, Sept. 11, 1865. The men
returned to Bangor, Me., on the 17th and were paid and discharged on
the 20th. The several companies were stationed in the defenses of Wash-
ington until 1864. The 3d battery of mounted artillery was temporarily
attached to this regiment, and served as Co. M, from March 28, 1863, to
Feb. 23, 1864. The maximum number of men required for the regiment
(1,800), was secured in Feb., 1864, when two new majors were added and
four lieutenants in each company instead of two. On May 15 1864, the
regiment as thus organized joined the Army of the Potomac at Belle Plain
landing and came under fire for the first time on the 19th, when it took
a prominent part in repulsing a heavy attack of the enemy on the supply
trains near the Fredericksburg pike. It suffered severely in the action,
losing 476 men in killed, wounded and missing. It subsequently partici-
pated in the battles of Totopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bot-
tom, Boydton road, Weldon railroad, Hatcher's run. and in all the final
movements resulting in the evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg and
the surrender of Gen. Lee. On May 24, 1864, the regiment was assigned
to the 3d brigade, 3d division, 2nd corps. In the heroic assaults on the
enemy's works at Petersburg, between June 15-30, the regiment lost 30
killed, 519 wounded and 31 missing, 6 of the killed being commissioned
officers. Col. Chaplin was mortally .wouiided by a sharpshooter on Aug.
18 at Deep Bottom, and in the action on the Boydton plank road, Oct.
27, the regiment lost 3 commissioned officers and 29 men. In an engage-
ment of a little more than an hour at Hatcher's run, March 25, 1865,
it lost I officer and 3 men killed, and 23 wounded and captured. The
regiment was at Bailey's cross-roads April 16, and later participated in
the grand review at Washington.

64 The Union Army

First Mounted Artillery.— Col., Freeman McGilvery; Lieut.-Cols.,
Davis Tillson, George F. Leppien, Freeman McGilvery, James A. Hall;
Majs., Davis Tillson, Freeman McGilvery, James A. Hall, Albert W.
Bradbury. This organization was composed of seven batteries, serving
in different commands, which were mustered into service for three years.
The ist battery was organized at Portland, Dec. i8, 1861, and mustered
out there on July i, 1865; the 2nd was organized at Augusta, Nov. 30,

1861, and mustered out at the same city on June 6, 1865; the 3d was
organized at Augusta, Dec. 11, 1861, and mustered out at Augusta on
June 17, 1865; the 4th was organized at Augusta, Dec. 21, 1861, and
mustered out there on June 17, 1865; the 5th was organized at Augusta,
Dec. 4, 1861, and mustered out at Augusta, July 6, 1865; the 6th was
organized at Augusta, Feb. 7, 1862, and mustered out at the same place
on June 17, 1865; the 7th was organized at Augusta, Dec. 30, 1863, and
mustered out there on June 21, 1865. The ist battery left the state for
Camp Chase, Lowell, Mass., Dec. 19, 1861, and arrived at Ship island,
Miss., March 10, 1862. It moved to New Orleans May 15, and did patrol
and garrison duty until Oct. i, when it became a part of Gen. Weitzel's
reserve brigade at Carrollton. The battery remained in the South until
Feb. 10, 1864, during which period it was in the engagements at Labadie-
ville. Bayou Teche, Fort Bisland, siege of Port Hudson and Donaldson-
ville. Every man present for duty with the battery reenlisted for three
years on Dec. 29, 1863, and was mustered in Jan. i, following. The men
were furloughed for 30 days in Feb. and March, 1864, and the batterj'
was assigned to Gen. Burnside's corps in April. On July 12 it assisted
in repelling Gen. Early's forces at Fort Stevens. On the 30th it was
assigned to the 19th corps. Gen. Emory commanding, and joined the ist
division on Aug. 3. It remained with this division through the balance
of the year, participating in the brilliant campaign of Gen. Sheridan in the
Shenandoah valley. It was in the actions at Winchester, Strasburg and
Cedar creek, in all of which it distinguished itself. On Nov. 9 it moved
from Cedar creek to Winchester, and Jan. 14 to Manchester. On April
14 returned to Winchester and on July 9 embarked for Portland.

The 2nd battery garrisoned Fort Preble from March 10 to April i,

1862, when it left for Washington. It participated in the action at Cross
Keys, June 8, and in skirmishes at Strasburg, Woodstock, Mount Jack-
son, Newmarket, Harrisonburg and Port Republic. On Aug. 5, it moved
from Waterloo to Culpeper Court House and engaged the enemy near
there on the 8th. It was also engaged in the second Bull Run, the battle
of Cedar mountain, and was in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13,
losing 2 killed and 14 wounded, and 31 horses. It then encamped at
Fletcher's Chapel until May 3, 1863, when it engaged in the battle of
Chancellorsville, after which it took part in the Pennsylvania campaign,
and in the battle of Gettysburg. In Dec, 1863, most of the men reen-
listed for three years, and were given furloughs of 30 days. The battery
was at Camp Barry until April 26, 1864, and was then assigned to the
9th corps. Army of the Potomac, taking part in the advance on Rich-
mond and the battles of the Wilderness. Spottsylvania Court House
(eight days' fighting). North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor
and Petersburg. From Oct. 13, 1864, to May 3, 1865, it occupied the
outer defenses of City Point, Va., when it moved to Alexandria, and on
May 31 left there for Maine.

The 3d battery remained in barracks at Island Park, Portland, until
April I, 1862, when it left for Washington. It served with Gen. Mc-
Dowell as pontoniers from May 14 to Nov. 7; was then engaged in
building battery "Maine" at Fort Lincoln until March 28, 1863, when it

Maine Regiments 65

was assigned to the ist Me. heavy artillery as Co. M, and remained in
the defenses of Washington as part of that organization until it was re-
organized on Feb. 22, 1864. Meanwhile, 72 of the men had reenlisted for
three years, on Jan. 5, 1864, and returned home on a 30-days' furlough.
The reorganized battery remained at Camp Barry, Washington, until July
5, when it moved to City Point, Va., and was assigned to the 3d division,
9th corps, then before Petersburg. It remained in the trenches before
Petersburg from July 9 to Oct. 25, with three days exception, and was
then in the defenses of City Point until May 3, 1865, when it went to
Washington and left there for Maine on June 2.

The 4th battery remained at Portland until April i, 1862, when it left
for Washington. It was stationed in and about Washington until June
28, when it joined Gen. Sigel's command in their march up the Shenan-
doah valley and participated in the battle of Cedar mountain, losing i
killed, 6 wounded and i missing. Later it returned to Culpeper with
Gen. Banks' corps, and retreated to Washington with Gen. Pope's army.
It was in the battle of Antietam, and spent the winter of 1862-63 at Shep-
herdstown and Harper's Ferry. After the defeat of Gen. Milroy at Win-
chester, it moved to Monocacy Junction, and on July 8 was assigned to
the 3d corps. Gen. French commanding. It was engaged in the action
at Wapping heights, Oct. 15, and at Kelly's ford, Nov. 7, and went into
camp at Brandy Station on the iith. It was engaged on Nov. 30 at
Mine Run, returned to Brandy Station and remained there until March
31, 1864, where it was assigned to the artillery brigade of the 6th corps
and participated in the battle of Cold Harbor. From June 17 to July 13,
1864, it was in position in front of Petersburg and was then ordered to
join the 6th corps at Washington. Finding the corps advanced to Har-
per's Ferry, the battery returned to Petersburg, and was assigned tem-
porarily to the 5th corps. It was in the action of July 30, losing 2 men.
On Dec. 21, 1864, 21 of the original members were mustered out, but the
battery remained in service until June 17, 1865.

The 5th battery left for Washington April i, 1862. On May 19 it
marched to Fredericksburg, thence to Front Royal and Cedar rnountain,
where it took position under a heavy artillery fire. On Aug. 20 it moved
to Rappahannock Station and covered the railroad crossing. It retreated
with the army on Aug. 23, participating in the engagements at Thorough-
fare gap, and at Manassas, where 4 of the guns were captured after the
battery was deserted by its infantry supports. The battery then refitted
at Washington, rejoined its division and took part in the battle of Fred-
ericksburg, being highly complimented there for accuracy of aim and
rapidity of fire. It wintered at Fletcher's Chapel until April 28, 1863, and
on May 2 suffered severely in the battle of Chancellorsville, losing 31
men killed and wounded and 40 horses killed and disabled. It was in
winter quarters at Culpeper from Dec. 24, 1863, to April 15, 1864, when
it was placed in the reserve corps and encamped at Rappahannock Sta-
tion. It moved with the reserves to the Wilderness and Spottsylvania,
and on May 17, 1864, was permanently assigned to the 6th corps. On
June 2 it silenced the enemy's batteries in their front at Cold Harbor, and
on the i8th moved to Petersburg, where it engaged the enemy on the
2ist. Later it took part in the defensive operations of the 6th corps at
Washington. On Sept. 30, at Harrisonburg, Va., one section of battery
A, ist Mass., was assigned to this battery. It was heavily engaged at
the battle of Cedar creek, Oct. 19, 1864, where it lost 29 men and 31
horses ; was at Winchester, Nov. i ; moved to Frederick on Jan. lO,
1865; returned to Winchester on April 4, and on June 21 was ordered
to Maine.
Vol. 1-5

66 The Union Army

The 6th battery left for Washington March 21, 1862, and served under
Gens. Sigel, Banks and Heintzelman in Virginia, and Gens. Williams and
Slocum in Maryland. It was engaged at Cedar mountain, losing 13 men;
took part in all the fighting on the Rappahannock under Gen. Pope, and
at the battles of Centerville and Manassas lost 13 men. The battery was
assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division, 12th corps, and remained at
Dumfries, Va., from Dec, 1862, to May 27, 1863, when it was assigned
to the reserve corps at Falmouth. It took a prominent part in the battle
of Gettysburg and in the skirmishes of the ist corps on the retreat from
Culpeper. It was. at Brandy Station from Dec. 3 to April 22, 1864.
Meanwhile, more than two-thirds of the men had reenlisted for three
years. The battery took part in the advance of the Army of the Potomac
to Richmond, and saw much hard service during the campaign, partici-
pating in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor,
Petersburg, Opequan, Fisher's hill and Cedar creek.

The 7th battery left for Washington Feb. i, 1864, and joined the 9th
corps on April 25. It joined in the advance on Richmond and was en-
gaged in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, North
Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Reams' station and Poplar Spring
Church. It held a position near the Taylor house, immediately in front
of and 700 yards from the point where the mine was sprung on July 30,
1864, for 47 consecutive days. From Dec. 2, 1864, to April i, 1865. it
occupied Fort Sedgwick and participated in the general assault resulting
in the capture of Petersburg. It returned to Washington April 20; was
in the grand review. May 23, and on June 5 left for Maine.

Company D, Second U. S. Sharpshooters.^ — This company was or-
ganized at Augusta, Nov. 2, 1861, to serve for three years. The secretary
of war had requested the governor to contribute a company of rifle sharp-
shooters to the general government and the men were selected with great
care. James D. Fessenden of Portland superintended the formation of
the company, and went out as captain. It left the state for Washington
Nov. 13, 1861, and was assigned to Col. Berdan's regiment, the 2nd U. S.
sharpshooters, until Feb. 18, 1865, when the surviving reenlisted members
thereof were transferred to the 17th Me. infantry (q. v.). During its
term of service it shared in many important battles and skirmishes, in-
cluding the second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Gettysburg and all the battles of the final campaign of the Army of the
Potomac in 1864.

First Sharpshooters. — Lieut.-Col., Jacob McClure. This regiment
was composed of six companies, and was organized at Augusta,
from Oct. 27 to Dec. 29, 1864, to serve one and three years,
and was consolidated with the 20th Me. infantry, June 21, 1865.
Cos. A and B left for the front Nov. 12, 1864, and were assigned
to the defenses at City Point, Va. Cos. C, D, E and F left Augusta on
Dec. 7 and Dec. 30 and proceeded to Galloupe's island in Boston harbor,
where they remained until Jan. i, 1865, when they were ordered to City
Point. They joined the two companies already there on the 5th, and
remained until the 21st, when the war department decided there was no
authority for such a regiment. The lieutenant-colonel commanding was
mustered out of service, the command was ordered to report to the 5th
army corps and joined the 20th Me. infantry on June 21.

Coast Guards Artillery. — This organization, composed of three com-
panies (A, B and C), commenced to organize in July, 1861, to serve for
three years as garrison artillery in the state. This was the more neces-
sary as most of the efficient, active militia of the state had already been
absorbed into the U. S. service and left the state. The above companies

Maine Regiments 67

were stationed as follows : Co. A, Capt. Ira Andrews, at Fort McCIary,
Kittery, relieving Capt. M. F. Wentworth's company of artillery, which
had been doing duty since April 30, 1861 ; Co. B, Capt. James Staples,
Fort Scammel_ Portland harbor; Co. C, composed of a detachment of
40 men under Lieut. George W. Sabine, at Fort Sullivan, Eastport. They
occupied these several stations until Sept. 13, 1862, when they were mus-
tered out of service in accordance with orders from the war department.

First Infantry Battalion. — This organization was composed of the
21 st, 24th, 25th and 26th companies of unassigned infantry and was mus-
tered into the U. S. servcie at Augusta, in Feb. and March, 1865, to serve
for one year. It was designed for the 15th Me. infantry, but was organ-
ized as the 1st battalion on May 25, 1865, as there was no vacancy in the
iSth. The companies were lettered A, B, C and D, and were assigned
to the 2nd brigade, Dwight's division, then in the Shenandoah valley, and
subsequently moved to Washington, where it remained until June i.
From there it moved to Savannah, Ga., and on July 6 was ordered to
South Carolina, where it did duty at various places until April 5, 1866,
when it was mustered out at Charleston, S. C.

Unassigned Companies Thirty unassigned companies of infantry

were organized at Augusta during the closing months of 1864 and in the
early months of 1865, to serve for one, two and three years, of which
twenty-three were assigned to different regiments of Maine infantry in
the field. The 27th and 28th companies were never mustered finally into
the U. S. service ; the 7th was assigned to garrison Fort Popham, on the
Maine coast; the 9th was attached to the engineer brigade. Army of the
James ; and the 19th, 29th and 30th remained at Augusta.

Coast Guards Battalion. — This organization was composed of seven
companies of infantry, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Bel-
fast, Augusta and Eastport from March 18, 1864, to March 2, 1865, to
serve for one, two and three years. Co. A, mustered in at Belfast, March
18, 1864, for three years, left for Washington on May 2, and was assigned
to garrison Fort Washington, Md. It was mustered out at Portland, Me.,
May 25, 1865. Co. B, mustered in at Augusta, April 27, 1864, to serve for
three years, left Rockland May 5, 1864, for Washington and was sta-
tioned at Fort Foote, Md. It was mustered out at Portland, Me., June 24,
1865. Co. C, mustered in at Eastport, May 16, 1864, to serve for three years,
was stationed at Fort Sullivan, Me., and was mustered out at Portland,
Sept. 6, 1865. Co. D, mustered in at Augusta, Jan. 6, 1865, to serve for
one, two and three years, was stationed at Machiasport, Me., and was mus-
tered out Sept. 6, 1865, at Portland. Co. E, mustered in at Augusta, Jan.
7, 1865, to serve for one, two and three years, was stationed at Rockland,
and was mustered out July 7, 1865. Co. F, mustered in at Augusta, Jan.
6, 1865, to serve for one year, was stationed at Belfast, Me., and was
mustered out July 7, 1865. Co. G, mustered in March i, 1865, was sta-
tioned first at Augusta, and afterwards at Calais, Me. It was mustered
out at Augusta, July 6, 1865.

Militia Companies. — Three militia companies were mustered into the
U. S. service in 1864, to garrison the forts on the Maine coast; Co. A.
1st State Guards, was mustered in at Bangor, July 7, 1864, and mustered
out at Bangor, Sept. 8, 1864. after being stationed for 60 days at Fort
McClary, Kittery, Me. Co. B, ist State Guards, was mustered in at Ban-
gor, to serve for 60 days, and was stationed at Fort McClary. It was
mustered out at Bangor, Nov. 7, 1864. Co. H, ist regiment light infantry,
was consolidated with a detachment of Co. G, same regiment and mus-
tered into the U. S. service at Fort McClary, April 2"], 1864, to serve for
60 days. It was mustered out July 9, 1864, at Portland.

JOAB NELSON PATTERSON

Joab Nelson Patterson, associate editor for New Hampshire,
is a native of that state, having been bom at Hopkinton, Jan.
25, 1835. After due preparation at New Hampton, he entered
Dartmouth college in 1856 and graduated in i860. He decided
to adopt the law as his profession and had made arrangements
for a course of legal study when the war broke out and changed
the whole course of his career. On April 22, 1861, he enlisted
as a private and received a warrant as a recruiting officer. As
such he opened an office at Contoocook Village, where he enlisted
a company of 72 men for the three months' service. On the re-
organization of the 2nd regiment for the three years' service he
was made first lieutenant of Co. H, and on May 23, 1862, was
promoted to the captaincy. His military career appears fully in
the history of the 2nd N. H. infantry elsewhere in this work,
as he served with it from beginning to end, participating in
every march and battle, and was with it at the final muster out
in Dec, 1865, when he had the unique distinction of being the
only one of the original commissioned officers. When Gen.
Marston assumed command of the District of St. Mary's he named
Capt. Patterson as provost marshal, a position which in that
district demanded the highest capacity for work, combined
with firmness and tact. He filled this difficult position to the
entire satisfaction of Gen. Marston, with whom he was always
a great favorite. In Gen. Butler's campaign on the James river,
Capt. Patterson served with his regiment as acting major, and
was afterward in the battle of Cold Harbor. When the original
members of the regiment were mustered out in June, 1864, he
was left in command of the remnant of the regiment and was
for a time the only commissioned officer with the organization.
On June 21, 1864, upon the recommendation of Gens. Smith
and Marston, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and on Jan.
10, 1865, was commissioned colonel, but was not mustered as
such imtil the following June, when 300 men from the loth,
12th and 13 th N. H. infantry regiments were consolidated with
the 2nd, giving it the requisite number for a colonel. In Sept.,
1864, he was temporarily in command of the 3d brigade, 2nd
division, i8th army corps, and led it into action on the Williams-

burg road on Oct. 27. He served with distinction and was mus-
tered out with his regiment Dec. 19, 1865, having won the rank
of brevet brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from March
13, 1865, for "bravery in battle and good conduct throughout
the war." After the war he returned to New Hampshire, set-
tled in Concord, where in March, 1867, he married Miss Sarah C,
one of the accomplished daughters of Rev. Nathaniel Bouton,
one of New Hampshire's distinguished divines and historical
writers. He was appointed U. S. marshal for New Hampshire
and held the position until the inauguration of President Cleve-
land. From the close of the war to the reorganization of the
New Hampshire militia he held the commission of brigadier-
general, but when the troops were reorganized he resigned and
had no further connection with the militia until the organiza-
tion of the 3d regiment on April 8, 1879, when he accepted a
commission as its colonel. He was subsequently commissioned
brigadier-general, commanding the New Hampshire National
Guard, and held that rank for several years. Soon after Presi-
dent Harrison was inaugurated he appointed Gen. Patterson
second auditor of the treasury, which place he filled acceptably
for four years, and upon retiring from it settled in Washington,
where he engaged in the life insurance business, but after a
few years returned to his old home at Concord. When the
Spanish-American war came on he accepted a commission as
captain in the regiment which New Hampshire sent forth in
that conflict and remained in service until the regiment was
mustered out in 1899, when he was appointed inspector of public
buildings in the city of Havana, Cuba, which position he held
until the administration of affairs was turned over to the Cubans
in 1902. Gen. Patterson now holds a responsible position in
the U. S. treasury department and resides in Washington, D. C.

Military Affairs in New Hampshire

1861-65

The attitude of New Hampshire throughout the continuance
of the Civil war was one of unswerving loyalty to the general
government. When the news reached the state of the assault
upon Fort Sumter the feeling of indignation was intense
throughout the length and breadth of the commonwealth. Men
forgot party affiliations, and there was a prompt and patriotic
response to the proclamation of President Lincoln calling on the
states for assistance. It was sufficient that many of the South-
ern States claimed the right to secede from the Union, that the
insurgents of one of them, South Carolina, had fired upon the
national flag, and that the capital of the nation was in danger of
capture. Every patriotic instinct was aroused, and New Hamp-
shire proceeded at once to perform her share of the work to be
done.

The state was without an organized militia that could be
readily called into service, and the enrolment required under the
law was so imperfect that it was impossible to make a fair and
even draft upon her citizens liable to be called upon to repel in-
surrection at home or invasion from abroad. Consequently, the
governor called for volunteers to fill the state's quota of one regi-
ment of 780 men, under the first call for 75,000 troops for three
months' service. Ichabod Goodwin, then governor, issued the
following proclamation: "Concord, April 16, 1861. Sir: The
president of the United States having, in pursuance of the act
of Congress approved. Feb. 28, 1795, called upon the State of
New Hampshire for a regiment of militia, consisting of ten
companies of infantry, to be held in readiness to be mustered into
the service of the United States for the purpose of quelling an
insurrection and supporting the government, I, Ichabod Good-
win, governor of New Hampshire, command you to make procla-
mation, calling for volunteers from the enrolled militia of the
state to the number required, and to issue from time to time all
necessary orders and instructions for enrolling and holding in
readiness to be mustered into service said volunteer corps, agree-

72 The Union Army

able to the aforesaid requisition." This was addressed to the
adjutant-general of the state, and in compliance therewith Adjt.-
Gen. Joseph C. Abbott issued an order calling for volunteers to
fill one regiment of infantry. In order that the work of raising
the regiment might be expedited as much as possible, twenty-
eight recruiting stations were established in different parts of
the state, and Henry O. Kent, Lancaster ; Frank S. Fiske, Keene,
and Jeremiah C. Tilton, Sanbornton, were appointed special
aides in the recruiting service. The greatest enthusiasm in the
work of enlistment prevailed throughout the state, and nearly
every farm, workshop and business establishment contributed a
volunteer.

Nor were the women lacking in patriotic zeal; they organized
sanitary aid societies in nearly every considerable town and
busied themselves in the work of making shirts, drawers, and
other necessary comforts for the soldiers in the field, and pro-
viding linen and bandages for the hospitals. Every citizen was
impressed by the gravity of the situation which confronted the
country. Innumerable public meetings were held in the larger
towns and cities, attended by both men and women, where pa-
triotic speeches were made and measures concerted to encourage
enlistments. Both towns and individuals pledged funds for the
support of families of those who entered the service of the gov-
ernment.

During the two weeks following April 17, the names of 2,004
men were enrolled, many more than enough to fill the regiment
called for. On April 24, the enlisted men were ordered into
camp upon the fair grounds of the Merrimack county agricultu-
ral society, about a mile east of the state house at Concord. Col.
John H. Gage of Nashua was in command of the camp, which
was called "Camp Union," until May 17. The first regiment
was ready by May 8, and left Concord for the seat of war on the
25th. As so many men had responded to the call for volunteers,
the state authorities determined to organize two regiments. On
April 27, Gov. Goodwin was authorized by Brig.-Gen. John E.
Wool, U. S. Army, commanding the Department of the East, to
place Portsmouth harbor in a defensive condition. The ist regi-
ment had been partially organized, when the surplus men assem-
bled at Concord were sent to Portsmouth early in May, with the
view of placing them in Fort Constitution, at New Castle. By
May 4, 400 men had assembled at Portsmouth, and Brig.-Gen.
George Stark of Nashua assumed command. Henry O. Kent
of Lancaster was appointed colonel and assistant adjutant-gen-
eral on April 30, and proceeded to Portsmouth the same day to

Military Affairs in New Hampvshire 73

assist in organizing- the troops. As new companies arrived,
some were placed in Fort Constitution, where Capt. Ichabod
Pearl was given command May 7. When President Lincoln
issued his call on May 3 for additional troops, to serve for three
years, New Hampshire was required to furnish one regiment.
EnHstment papers were distributed among the troops assembled
at Portsmouth and Fort Constitution and the men were given
the choice of enlisting in the 2nd regiment, or serving out their
time of three months as garrison. The result was that 496 of the
three months' men immediately reenlisted for three years, or dur-
ing the war, and by the end of May 525 more three years' men
had reported. The regiment was completely organized on June
10, and left the state for the front on the 20th.

The legislature convened at Concord in annual session June 5,
1861. On the second Tuesday of March preceding, Nathaniel
S. Berry, the Republican candidate, had been elected governor
to succeed Gov. Goodwin. On June 6, Gov. Goodwin delivered
a valedictory address, wherein he eloquently portrayed the stir-
ring events of the closing months of his term, and detailed the
energetic measures he had taken to meet the grave emergency
which had arisen. Most of the state legislatures had been called
in extra session, but Gov. Goodwin deemed he could best facili-
tate the organization of troops by calling for volunteers, and was
more readily induced to take this course by the nearness of the
approaching session of the legislature. After referring to Presi-
dent Lincoln's first call for troops, he said : "This requisition
was followed by an intimation that another regiment might soon
be required. The state of our militia organization was such that
I could not, by a military order, fulfill the constitutional obliga-
tions of the state. Upon reflection, I came to the conclusion that
I could meet this call with less delay and less expense by a vol-
untary enlistment, than by any other method, and this course was
adopted. The prompt and energetic manner in which our banks
and citizens placed a large amount of money at my disposal, re-
moved the necessity of convening a special session of the legis-
lature. So unanimous was our whole population in resisting
this attempt to overthrow the constitution and liberties of the
people, that the second regiment was filled as readily as the
first." When Gov. Goodwin had concluded his address Gov.
Berry was sworn in, and delivered his annual message. After
reference to the action of the Southern States and a brilliant
analysis of the principles on which the Union was founded, he
urged upon the legislature the necessity of prompt action, saying :
"The legislature being now assembled, there is a pressing neces-

74 The Union Army

sity for immediate attention to those measures that shall aid the
general government in resisting the rebellion now waged against
our institutions. No northern state has placed less than $i,ooo,-
ooo at the command of the general government, in view of the
present emergency of the country, and I trust New Hampshire
will not be behind her sister states in this respect, and that what-
ever we may do may be done with perfect unanimity." He also
recommended the organization of at least one regiment in every
county in the state, to be thoroughly drilled and equipped and
subject to the call of the legislature.

The legislature responded most cordially to these recommen-
dations during a session which lasted for 30 days. Among the
laws enacted was one entitled "An act to aid in defense of the
country," which was finally passed after much discussion and
strenuous opposition and provided in substance : That all pay-
ments and expenditures made by the governor and council, or by
their authority, in the work of raising and equipping troops for
the national defense, were ratified and confirmed; that the gov-
ernor and council be authorized to enlist and equip needed troops
to satisfy any present or future calls by the national government,
provided that not more than two regiments in addition to those
already raised, be enlisted at any one time; and finally that the
treasurer be authorized to issue bonds or certificates of debt, in
the name of the state, to an amount not exceeding $1,000,000, to
meet expenses already incurred or that might be incurred under
this act to provide for the defense of the country, or for main-
taining the military force of the state, while engaged therein.
It also passed an act authorizing cities and towns to aid the fami-
lies of volunteers, and providing means whereby said cities and
towns should be reimbursed from the treasury of the state for
any moneys so expended. Finally, resolutions were unanimously
passed, declaring the war now in progress to be solely for the
maintenance of the government and the suppression of rebellion ;
asserting that neither the president nor Congress can constitu-
tionally entertain any proposition which had for its object the
dismemberment of the government or the dissolution of the
Union ; and pledged the resources of the state for the integrity
of the Union, the support of the constitution, and the enforce-
ment of the laws of the general government. The sons of New
Hampshire in New York and Boston were given a vote of thanks
for their attentions to the ist and 2nd N. H. regiments.

Ex-Gov. Anthony Colby of New London was appointed adju-
tant and inspector-general in June, 186 1, after the resignation of
Joseph C. Abbott. During the year 1861, the following organiza-

Military Affairs in New Hampshire

tions were raised and sent to the front: The ist, 2nd, 3d, 4th,
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regiments of infantry ; Companies I, K, L
and M of the ist New England volunteer cavalry; ist N. H.
volunteer light battery; Co. E, ist U. S. volunteer sharpshoot-
ers, and Cos. F and G, 2nd U. S. volunteer sharpshooters. All
told 9,197 men had been enlisted since the first call for troops;
the state had paid out $893,333.26 for equipping and recruiting
the several regiments and companies.

In March, 1862, Gov. Berry was reelected, receiving 32,150
votes out of a total of 62,425, on a platform which ignored past
political topics, and simply avowed the unreserved purpose of
supporting the government, and advocated the vigorous prose-
cution of the war. During the two years of Gov. Berry's admin-
istration practically all the regiments and other organizations of
New Hampshire were organized and put into the field, and it is
only fair to state that no one of the states sent forth troops bet-
ter armed, equipped and supplied with all the necessities for ac-
tive military service than those of New Hampshire. Under the
call in July, 1862, for three years' troops 5,053 men were re-
quired from New Hampshire and she raised six regiments of
volunteer infantry ; under the call for troops for nine months'
service, Aug. 4, 1862, three regiments entered the service. By
the close of the year 1862, the state had furnished to the general
government 18,261 men, and up to June i, 1862, she had ex-
pended for war purposes $953,649. Joseph A. Gilmore received
29,035 votes out of a total of 66,240, in the election for governor
in March, 1863. Failing of a majority, he was subsequently
chosen by the legislature, June 3, which had a Republican ma-
jority of 53 on joint ballot. His first and all succeeding mes-
sages to the legislature were replete with patriotic suggestions ;
during his two years as governor he promptly supplied the war
department with all the troops demanded, and was untiring in
his efforts to supply the necessities of New Hampshire men in
the field, and in military hospitals. During the year 1863, addi-
tional loans for military purposes to the amount of $482,300
were negotiated. Up to June i, 1863, the state had paid out on
account of the war, $1,305,835, part of which had been paid back
by the Federal government.

Some resistance in the state was offered this year against the
enforcement of the draft. A number of towns had already fur-
nished an excess of men above their quota, and considered the
draft upon them as peculiarly burdensome. A mob burned the
Forest Vale house, half way between the Crawford and Glen
houses, and stoned the agents of the provost-marshal engaged

76 The Union Army

in notifying the drafted men. Altogether $8,000 worth of prop-
erty was destroyed. Again, at Portsmouth, there was some
trouble on the day of the draft. An excited throng of men,
women and children gathered about the provost-marshal's office,
which was in charge of volunteers from Fort Constitution and
U. S. marines from the navy yard. A large force of police were
also present to assist in dispersing the crowd. Two men who
resisted were arrested and when a mob of 100 attacked the sta-
tion house later in the evening, two of the police and four of the
rioters were wounded, but none were killed. The mob was then
dispersed by a squad of soldiers from the provost-marshal's office
and the troube at Portsmouth ended.

Gov. Gilmore was reelected in March, 1864, by a majority of
5,666 over Edward W. Harrington, the Democratic candidate.
In his annual message to the legislature, which assembled on
June I, he stated that the state debt, including $600,000 paid to
the families of volunteers, amounted to $1,900,000, an increase
of $600,000 within the fiscal year, and recommended the funding
of this debt by the issue of six per cent, bonds, payable in 15 or
20 years. The action of the legislature on financial and military
matters at this session was not satisfactory to the governor, and
he summoned an extra session to meet on Aug. 9. In his mes-
sage he recommended a forced loan from the banks to meet the
immediate necessities of the state, and to preserve its credit in-
tact; he also took exception to the military bill passed at the
previous session, which had aimed to provide means to fill the
New Hampshire quotas under the various calls for troops. Hav-
ing shown that the state lacked 5,000 men to fill its quota and
that only 23 working days remained to raise that number by vol-
untary enlistments, he asked that the legislature authorize larger
bounties and put a stop to the extravagant competition between
cities and towns, some of which were offering $1,000 for a single
one-year recruit. The legislature failed to meet the views of
the executive on financial matters, and adopted a report that un-
der existing laws, a necessary temporary loan could be secured
at a reasonable rate of interest. However, it passed a new mili-
tary bill, fixing bounties for recruits enlisted in insurgent states,
and providing state bounties, ranging from $100 to $300, accord-
ing to the term of the enlistment of the recruit. Town bounties
were similarly limited, except where enrolled citizens enlisted
and were credited to the localities where they resided, in which
case no limit was placed on town bounties. This measure gave
a great impulse to volunteering from among enrolled citizens,
and the governor was requested to ask a few more days grace

Military Affairs in New Hampshire 77

from the war department, as the state's quota could probably be
filled without resort to the draft. A bill was also passed, and
became a law, in spite of the governor's veto, entitled the "Sol-
dier's Voting Bill," under which New Hampshire soldiers in the
field and absent from the state, voted at the ensuing election. A
decision of the supreme court in favor of the constitutionality of
the act was also obtained.

Frederick Smyth was chosen governor in March, 1865, by a
majority of 6,071 over Edward W. Harrington, his Democratic
opponent. He was elected on a platform which expressed confi-
dence in the administration of President Lincoln, and favored a
vigorous prosecution of the war. The Democrats adopted as a
platform of principles, "the Constitution and the Union." The
inaugural address of Gov. Smyth to the legislature which con-
vened on June 7, was an exceptionally able state paper, and
awakened renewed confidence in the credit and resources of the
state. After giving the number of troops sent to the field from
New Hampshire, he paid a noble tribute to her soldier sons, say-
ing: "Our state will never be unmindful of the heroic deeds of
her sons in the great struggle for national life. They sprang to
arms at the first call, and no considerable battle has been fought
in which they have not participated. In the early days of the
rebellion, they were at times cast down by temporary defeat, but
in every instance only to rally with renewed vigor. * * * It
will not be easy to pay our debt of gratitude to these brave men."
The legislature adopted all the practical suggestions embodied
in the message, and in less than three months loans to the
amount of $1,200,000 were effected in such a manner as to im-
prove rather than depreciate the credit of the state. On July i,
1865, the finance committee of the house of representatives re-
ported the actual debt of New Hampshire to be $3,793,625.82.
To the proper funding and payment of this debt Gov. Smyth
brought such rare ability that it was successfully funded and the
credit of the state placed on a firm basis. Speaking of the two
years' administration of Gov. Smyth, Maj. Otis F. R. Waite says
in his work on New Hampshire in the Rebellion : "During the
two years of his administration Gov. Smyth brought to the dis-
charge of the duties of his office great energy, industry and
financial skill. During the last year the state debt had been re-
duced $254,313.18. When he retired from office all the claims
of the state against the general government had been satisfacto-
rily adjusted; the state debt had been funded on advantageous
terms, the credit of the state stood at least equal to that of any
other, and in his valedictory address — which like all his state

78 The Union Army

papers was a model for its directness and practical common
sense suggestions — he congratulated his successor that he would
be relieved from any labor or anxiety relating to financial mat-
ters."

After the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court
House, the New Hampshire men in the field were anxious to
return to their home as speedily as possible. Influence was
brought to bear on the war department by Gov. Smyth and many
of the regiments from this state were among the first to be mus-
tered out. All through the months of June and July, the streets
of Concord were thronged with returning soldiers, who were
most cordially welcomed by the state officials and citizens. They
were promptly paid and discharged from the service and every
effort was made to relieve individual cases of need. Gen. Natt
Head, the state's efficient and patriotic adjutant-general, will be
especially remembered by all the "boys in blue" for the careful
solicitude he displayed in rendering individual assistance to the
needy, and in giving good counsel. It was, moreover, due to
his patriotic initiative that a memorial certificate, handsomely
engraved on steel with appropriate devices, was prepared. Each
surviving officer and soldier from the state, who could show a
record of honorable service in the war, or his widow or nearest
relative, in case of death, was entitled to receive a certificate,
and have it filled up with the name, rank, regiment and company,
and the nature and length of service of the recipient. He was
indeed the "Soldiers' Friend."

Throughout the war. New Hampshire was most fortunate in
the character and ability displayed by her chief executives, as
well as in the personnel of her adjutant-generals. The needs of
her soldiers both in field and hospital were well attended to.
Col. Frank E. Howe of New York city and Robert R. Corson
of Philadelphia, were efficient state agents in each of those cities,
charged with the duty of caring for sick and wounded soldiers
there in hospital, or passing through those cities. They made
monthly reports of names, disability and deaths in the various
hospitals, together with any other important facts which might
come under their observation. Many other agents were sent to
army hospitals and battle-fields to care for the sick and bury
the dead. The patriotic women of the state were especially active
in the formation of sanitary aid societies, which were maintained
with efficiency and system, and without interruption, throughout
the war. They furnished comforts not supplied by the govern-
ment to enlisted men ; sent clothing, delicacies, bandages and
medicines to army hospitals, and cared for the families of soldiers
during their absence in the field. At Washington the New

Military Affairs in New Hampshire 79

Hampshire soldier's relief rooms became a practical agency for
the distribution of substantial aid and comfort to the soldiers, sent
by the good people of the state. Among the names of many
noble men and women who labored zealously for the welfare of
the state's soldier's that of Miss Harriet P. Dame of Concord is
worthy of especial mention. Her services, both in hospital and
on the bloody battle-field, will never be forgotten. Said one who
knew her well : "She was more than the Florence Nightingale
of America, because she had not the secure protection of hospital,
but stood with our soldiers beneath the rain and fire of bullets,
undaunted. She knew no fear, and thought not for a moment
of her personal safety, for God had called her, and she felt that
His divine protection was over all."

The total expenditures of New Hampshire for war purposes
amounted to $6,852,678. Of this amount, $2,389,02^ were paid
for bounties, and $1,835,985 went to reimburse towns for aid
furnished families of soldiers. At the end of the fiscal year
1867, the Federal government had reimbursed to the state for
war expenses, the sum of $897,122.

In 1895 there was prepared and published bv authority of the
legislature a revised register of the soldiers and sailors of New
Hampshire in the War of the Rebellion, compiled bv Adjt.-Gen.
Augustus D. Ayling, in which it is shown that the state fur-
nished the following troops during the war : Eighteen regiments
of infantry, embracing 705 officers and 26,581 enlisted men, or a
total of 27,286; a N. H. battahon, ist regiment New England
volunteer cavalry ; one regiment of cavalry ; one battery of light
artillery ; three companies of garrison artillery ; one regiment of
heavy artillery ; three companies of U. S. sharpshooters, inclu-
ding the field and staff of Co. F, 2d U. S. sharpshooters ; some
unattached companies, and the 2nd brigade band. This gives
a total of 836 officers, 31,650 enlisted men, or 32,486 men alto-
gether. In addition to the above, there were 19 officers and 394
enlisted men enrolled in the veteran reserve corps; 124 officers
and 2,272 men in the U. S. colored troops ; 66 officers and 90
men in the regular army; 71 officers in the U. S. volunteers; i
officer and 11 men in the U. S. veteran volunteers; 309 officers
and 2,851 men in the U. S. navy; 3 officers and 363 men in the
U. S. marine corps; and 87 officers and 1,796 men who were
citizens, or residents of New Hampshire, and served in the or-
ganizations of other states. This gives a grand total of 1,516
officers and 37,427 enlisted men furnished by the state.

The number of officers killed, or died of wounds, 131 ; enlisted
men, 1,803; total, 1,934. Three regiments, the ist. i6th and 17th,
lost no men killed in battle. The 5th, 3d and 12th regiments, in

80 The Union Army

the order named, suffered the heaviest losses on the field in killed
and wounded. At the head of all the infantry regfiments in the
army stands the 5th N. H., with a loss of 295 in killed alone.
The number who died of disease was: Officers, 36; enUsted
men, 2,371 ; total, 2,407. The number who died from other
causes, or causes unknown, officers, i ; enlisted men, 498 ; total,
499. Only 102 officers and men were dishonorably discharged.
Twelve New Hampshire men were awarded medals of honor,
under the resolution of Congress, No. 43, approved July 12,
1862, and section 6 of the act approved March 3, 1863. Twenty
of the 3d regiment, 20 of the 4th, and 18 of the 7th were awarded
"Gillmore Medals" by Maj.-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore for gallantry
and meritorious conduct during operations before Charleston,
S. C.

With no thought of disparagement to the other loyal states, it
may be truly said that the commonwealth of New Hampshire
made an imperishable record for herself throughout the Civil
war. The number of troops furnished in proportion to her popu-
lation was exceeded by few if any of the other states, and by
none in point of efficiency, equipment and braverv. The blood
of the soldier sons of the Granite State crimsoned every battle-
field of note throughout the great struggle. At home, her people
in every walk of life made willing sacrifice that the Union of
the Fathers might be preserved, and free institutions perpetuated.

RECORD OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
REGIMENTS

First Infantry. — Col., Mason W. Tappan; Lieut. -Col., Thomas J.
Whipple; Maj., Aaron F. Stevens. The ist regiment, which enlisted
for the three months' service, was mustered in at Concord, from
May. I to 7, 1861, and was mustered out at the same place Aug. 9,
1861. It numbered 816 and lost by death 5 men. It was equipped
at "Camp Union" and left the state for Washington on May 25. In
New York it was received by 450 sons of New Hampshire and pre-
sented with a beautiful silk flag. On its arrival in Washington the
regiment was attached to the brigade commanded by Col. Stone,
and ordered to take possession of Edwards' and Conrad's ferries.
Its route was through Rockville, Point of Rocks and Sandy Hook
and it arrived at Harper's Ferry, July 7. From there it proceeded
to Martinsburg, W. Va., where it joined the Army of the Shenandoah.
The brigade was expected to cut off Gen. Johnston from Bull Run,
but, to the great disappointment of the New Hampshire men, it
failed to receive orders to advance. Four companies were sent to
Conrad's ferry, where they exchanged shots with the enemy across
the river. This was their only fighting, but all the duties assigned
to them were faithfully and carefully performed. Fully 500 men of
the 1st reenlisted.

Second Infantry. — Cols., Thomas P. Pierce, Oilman Marston,
Edward L. Bailey, Joab N. Patterson; Lieut. -Cols., Frank S. Fiske,
Edward L. Bailey, James W. Carr, Joab N. Patterson, John D.
Cooper, Jr., Levi N. Converse (not mustered) ; Majs., Josiah Stevens,
Edward L. Bailey, James W. Carr, Samuel P. Sayles, John D. Cooper,
Jr., Levi N. Converse, George T. Carter (not mustered). The 2nd
regiment, composed of volunteers from all parts of the state, was
mustered into the service of the United States at Portsmouth, from
May 31 to June 10, 1861, except its band, which was mustered in Aug.
7, 1861, at Washington and mustered out Aug. 8, 1862, near Har-
rison's landing, Va. The recruits transferred from the 17th N. H.
infantry, April 16, 1863, were mustered out at Concord, June 21, 1864,
the reenlisted men and recruits on Dec. 19, 1865, at City Point,
Va. The regiment's original members numbered 1,022, transferred i,
recruits 1,144, band recruits 22, recruits gained by transfer 366;
making a total of 2,555. The losses include 159 killed or died of wounds,
178 deaths from other causes, making a total loss of ■^^iJ- A large
proportion of the members of the 2nd enlisted for three months in
April, 1861, but reenlisted for three years when the second call for
troops was sent out. The regiment left Portsmouth for Washington
June 20, via Boston and New York, receiving ovations all along the
route. On arriving in Washington it became a part of the 2nd
brigade of Hunter's division and opened the fight at Bull Run, July
21, 1861. The winter was spent at Budd's ferry, Md., and in the
spring the regiment took part in the siege of Yorktown, after which

Vol. 1-6 81

82 The Union Army

it pursued and attacked the Confederate rear-guard at Williamsburg.
On May 3:, 1862, it was at Poplar hill and participated in the fight
at Fair Oaks. Two days later they fought at Oak Grove. For
bravery in action at Williamsburg and Oak Grove, Private Michael
Dillon, Co. G, was awarded a medal by Congress. Skirmishes fol-
lowed at Peach Orchard, Va., Glendale, Malvern hill and Kettle run
and, on Aug. 29, the regiment was again at Bull Run. At Chantilly
it was not brought into action and at Fredericksburg its duties were
comparatively light. The 2nd wintered in New Hampshire. At
Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, the 2nd made a historic defense at Sherfy's
peach orchard. It joined Grant at Cold Harbor in June, 1864, hav-
ing made a noble record at Front Royal, Warrenton, Point Lookout,
Petersburg and Fort Darling, and finished its active service with the
Army of the Potomac.

Third Infantry. — Cols., Enoch Q. Fellows, John H. Jackson, John
Bedell; Lieut.-Cols., John H. Jackson, John Bedell, Josiah Plimpton,
James F. Randlett; Majs., John Bedell, Josiah Plimpton, James F. Rand-
lett, William H. Trickey. The 3d regiment was mustered in at Concord
from Aug. 22 to 26, 1861, for three years. The original members, not
reenlisted, were mustered out Aug. 23, 1864, at Bermuda Hundred,
Va., and the reenlisted men were mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C., in
July, 1865. The total strength was 1,769 and there were 342 deaths,
194 caused by wounds. The regiment was ordered first to Hunter's
point, L. I., next to Washington, and in October to Annapolis, where
it embarked for a coast exp.edition. Gen. T. W. Sherman was quar-
tered with the 3d on the "Atlantic." In April, 1862, the regiment was
ordered to Edisto island and in June to James island. Its first action
was at Secessionville, where its loss was 105 killed, wounded or miss-
ing. In July the regiment returned to Hilton Head and camped
there. It was next divided, a detail being sent to Florida and another
to Pinckney island. It united again in June at St. Helena island,
proceeded to Folly island and aided in capturing part of Morris
island. During the siege of Fort Wagner the 3d lost heavily, but had
the post of honor the day of the surrender. Twenty members re-
ceived Gillmore medals for bravery during this siege. Ordered to
Florida and back again to Virginia, the troops were repeatedly in
action. At Deep Bottom, Va., Aug. 16, 1864, the regiment was nearly
annihilated. Then the men whose terms had expired were mustered
out and the remainder of the troops were ordered to Petersburg.
In September the 3d was repeatedly engaged on the south side of
the James, and in Jan., 1865, it participated in an attack on Fort
Fisher, N. C. Brave fighting followed at Sugar Loaf battery and Wilming-
ton and after distinguished services, the remnant of the 3d was finally
mustered out.

Fourth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas J. Whipple, Louis Bell, William
Badger (not mustered); Lieut.-Cols., Louis Bell, Gilman E. Sleeper,
Jeremiah D. Drew, Francis W. Parker; Majs., Jeremiah D. Drew,
Charles W. Sawyer, Richard O. Greenleaf (not mustered), George F.
Towle. The 4th regiment was mustered in at Manchester for three
years' service. The original members not reenlisted, were mustered
out on Sept. 27, 1864, at Concord, and the reenlisted men and recruits
at Raleigh, N. C, Aug. 23, 1865. The total strength was 1,025 and
the total loss by death was 280, of which number 95 deaths were due
to wounds. The 4th left the state for Washington, Sept. 27, 1861,
and embarked on the "Baltic" for Port Royal, S. C, arriving there

New Hampshire Regiments 83

Nov. 4, after terrible storms. In Jan., 1862, it sailed on a southern
expedition, which captured Fernandina, Jacksonville and St. August-
ine, Fla., and garrisoned the last two places. It took an active part
in the attacks on Morris and Folly islands and fought almost con-
stantly until the capture of Fort Wagner. At the siege of Charleston
a number of the men won Gillmore medals. At Drewry's bluflf,
where the losses were very heavy, Bermuda Hundred, Cold Harbor,
the first attack on Petersburg and in daily service the men showed
their heroism. At Petersburg they did trench duty 36 days in one
position, 20 feet from a Confederate outpost. Here 50 men were
killed or wounded. At the Crater fight only 200 men remained and
in this bloody engagement the regiment lost 50 more. Then followed
the battle of Deep Bottom and the charge on New Market heights,
when only 40 men under a lieutenant could be mustered. The 4th
was then in the two expeditions against Fort Fisher and, after guard-
ing for a time the railroad between Wilmington and Little Washing-
ton, it was ordered to Raleigh, where the men were mustered out,
having gloriously earned their home-coming after the hardest service.
Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Edward E. Cross, Charles E. Hapgood,
Richard E. Cross (not mustered), Welcome A. Crafts (not mustered);
Lieut.-Cols., Samuel G. Langley, Charles E. Hapgood, Richard E.
Cross, James E. Larkin, Welcome A. Crafts; Majs., William W. Cook,
Edward E. Sturtevant, Richard E. Cross, James E. Larkin, Welcome
A. Crafts, Thomas L. Livermore, John S. Ricker (not mustered).
The 5th, composed of men from all parts of the state, was mustered
in at Concord Oct. 12 to 26, 1861, for three years' service. The
original members, not reenlisted, were mustered out at Concord, Oct
29, 1864, the reenlisted men and recruits at Alexandria, Va., June 28,
1865. The 5th was made a battalion of eight companies, original mem-
bers 1,002, recruits and transferred men 1,560, total strength 2,562.
The number killed or died of wounds was 295 and other deaths num-
bered 176. The regiment left the state for Bladensburg, Md., Oct.
29, 1861, and became at once a part of the Army of the Potomac,
wintering near Alexandria, Va. It built the famous "Grapevine
bridge" across the Chickahominy and met its first severe losses at
Fair Oaks, June i, 1862; was engaged at Peach Orchard, Savage
Station, White Oak swamp and Malvern hill; was in advance at
Boonesboro and met with heavy losses at Antietam and Marye's
heights, where its dead were found near the noted stone wall. Gen.
Hancock reports their conduct as "heroic." The 5th soon won a
reputation for hard fighting that caused it often to be assigned to
some post of danger and it never failed to acquit itself with honor.
A detail of picked troops supported the cavalry at Beverly ford and
Brandy station, Va., and rejoined their regiment at Sangster's station.
The 5th lost heavily at Gettysburg and on Aug. i, 1863, was ordered
home to recruit. With other New Hampshire regiments it was pres-
ent at Cold Harbor, again losing many men. In the actions at
Petersburg and at Deep Bottom, Gen. Hancock mentions them in
orders for "Gallantry in capture of an enemy's battery." The regi-
ment was relieved and moved to the rear about Nov. 15, 1864, and on
Dec. I it was ordered to Fort Welch. It met with slight losses at
Fort Stedman, was in actions at Dinwiddle Court House and Sailor's
creek, Va., and fought their final battle at Farmville, Va., April 7,
1865. Few escaped death or capture, but on April 9 Lee surrendered
and the remnant of the gallant 5th participated in the grand review
of the Union army at Washington on May 23.

84 The Union Army

Sixth Infantry- — Cols., Nelson Converse, Simon G. Griffin, Phin P.
Bixby; Lieut.-Cols., Nelson Converse, Simon G. Griffin, Charles Scott,
Henry H. Pearson, Phin P. Bixby, Samuel D. Quarles; Majs., Charles
Scott, Obed G. Dort, Phin P. Bixby, Samuel D. Quarles, Robert L.
Ela. The 6th was composed of men from all parts of the state and
was mustered in from Nov. 27 to 30, 1861, at Keene. The original
members not reenlisted, were mustered out Nov. 27 and 28, 1864,
near Petersburg, Va., and the reenlisted men and recruits were
mustered out July 17, 1865, near Alexandria, Va. The number Ci
members was 2,448. Of these, 158 were killed or died of wounds and
230 died from other causes. The 6th camped at Bladensburg, Md.,
until Jan., 1862, when it left for Annapolis to join Burnside's expedi-
tion to North Carolina. In February' the regiment was removed to
Roanoke island, in March details were ordered to Columbia and
Elizabeth City, N. C, and on April 19, under Gen. Reno, met the
enemy in a sharp encounter at Camden. At Bull Run the 6th made a
gallant attack and met with fearful losses. It was in action at
Antietam, Amissville, White Sulphur springs and Marye's heights,
after which it was ordered to join Gen. Grant's army before Vicks-
burg. In 1864 the regiment was attached to the Army of the Potomac
and participated in the battle of the Wilderness, where it made a
heroic charge. For gallantry in this battle, Sergt.-Maj. Abraham
Cohn was awarded a medal by Congress. Engagements followed at
Totopotomoy creek, Bethesda Church, the Weldon railroad. Poplar
Springs Church, Hatcher's run and near Forts Davis and Sedgwick.

Seventh Infantry. — Cols., Haldimand S. Putnam, Joseph C. Abbott;
Lieut.-Cols., Joseph C. Abbott, Thomas A. Henderson, Augustus W.
Rollins; Majs., Daniel Smith, Thomas A. Henderson, Augustus W.
Rollins, Jeremiah S. Durgin. The 7th, from the state at large, was
mustered in for three years at Manchester, Oct. 29 to Dec. 15, 1861,
and was mustered out at Concord, Dec. 27, 1864. The reenlisted men
and recruits were mustered out July 20, 1865, at Goldsboro, N. C.
The regiment numbered 1,762 members, of whom 152 were killed or
died of wounds and 246 died from other causes. The first month
was spent at Manchester, the second at New York, and on Feb. 13,
1862, the regiment embarked for Fort Jefferson, Florida, where it
remained till sent to St. Augustine Sept. i. Greatly reduced by
sickness, it left there in June for Hilton Head, Folly and Morris
islands, where it was actively engaged in the siege of Fort Wagner.
A number of men of the 7th won Gillmore medals for bravery and in
an attack on Fort Wagner the regimental loss was 18 officers killed
or wounded. After camping at St. Helena island until Feb., 1864,
the regiment participated in Gen. Seymour's campaign in Florida,
afterward joining the Army of the James at Bermuda Hundred, Va.
Through May and June it was in many engagements, including Drewry's
bluflf, Deep Bottom, New Market heights, Laurel hill and along the
Darbytown road. First Sergt. George P. Dow, Co. C, Sergt. Henry
F. W. Little, Co. D, Sergt. George F Robie, Co. D, and Sergt. Will-
iam Tilton, Co. C, all won medals of honor during this campaign.
Ordered to New York during the presidential election of 1864, the
regiment returned to Virginia and went into winter quarters at Laurel
hill. In January it was ordered to Fort Fisher, N. C., in June to
Goldsboro, after some time at Wilmington, and was mustered out in
July after nearly four years of distinguished service.

Eighth Infantry. — Col., Hawkes Fearing; Lieut.-Cols., Oliver W.

New Hampshire Regiments 85

Lull, George A. Flanders, William M. Barrett; Majs., Morrill B.
Smith, Thomas Connolly, Henry H. Huse, John K. Stokes. The 8th
regiment, from the state at large, was mustered in at Manchester
Oct. 25 to Dec. 29, 1861, for three years' service. It was converted
into a cavalry regiment between Dec. 16, 1863, and July 25, 1864, and
was known first as the ist and later as the 2nd N. H. cavalry. The
original members, not reenlisted, were mustered out on Jan. 18, 1865,
at Concord and the reenlisted men and those whose term had not
expired became the veteran battalion, 8th N. H. infantry, and were
mustered out at Vicksburg, Miss., Oct. 28, 1865. The original mem-
bers numbered 926, recruits 674, transferred 3, total strength 1,603.
The 8th lost by death 99 men, of whom 81 were killed or died of
wounds. The veteran battalion numbered 341, of whom 25 were
recruits. Its loss by death was 13. The 8th was ordered to Fort
Independence, Boston harbor, embarked from there Feb. 16 and 18,
1862, for Ship island. Miss., where it arrived on Mar. 18 and 29,
after a stormy passage. With Gen. Weitzel's brigade, the regiment
sailed for Donaldsonville, La., landed, and engaged the Confederates
at Labadieville, La., on Oct. 27; was then transferred to the 2nd
brigade of Emory's division; was actively engaged at Fort Bisland,
La., April 12-13, 1863, and participated in the siege of Port Hudson,
La., from May 23 to July 9. On June 14 an assault was made, in
which the 8th N. H. was sent in advance as skirmishers, a position
requiring, according to orders, "The best troops." The losses were
heavy but the attack was successful. In Sept., 1863, as part of
McMillan's brigade, the regiment participated in the second Red
River expedition and marched north. In Jan., 1864, it was made a
cavalry regiment and ordered back to New Orleans, where it remained
until March 2. Engagements followed at Henderson's hill, La
Natchitoches, Crump's hili, Wilson's farm, Sabine cross-roads, Mo-
nett's bluff. Cane river, near Alexandria, Snaggy Point, Gov. Moore's
plantation, Moreauville, Bayou de Glaize and Yellow bayou, all
between March 21 and May 18. The duties of the 8th were so severe
that they called forth a protest from Gen. Arnold, but the regiment
never flagged. On June 16, 1864, the regiment left New Orleans for
Concord and spent the next two months on furlough, leaving for
Natchez, Miss., Aug. 29, where it remained until mustered out. The
veteran battalion, 8th N. H. infantry, was then organized as above
described by special orders, and was assigned to Vidalia. In March
it returned to Natchez and was mustered out in October.

Ninth Infantry. — Cols., Enoch Q. Fellows, Herbert B. Titus;
Lieut.-Cols., Josiah Stevens. Jr., Herbert B. Titus, John W. Babbitt,
George H. Chandler; Majs., Herbert B. Titus, George W. Everett,
George H. Chandler. This regiment .from' the state at large, was
mustered in for three years from July 3, to Aug. 23, 1862, at Concord.
The original members were mustered out June 10, 1865, near Alexan-
dria, Va., the recruits having been transferred to the 6th N. H.
infantry on June i. The number of original members was 990, of
recruits 886, total strength 1,876. The losses were 143 killed or died
of wounds and 243 who died from other causes. On Aug. 27, 1862,
the regiment arrived in Washington and was assigned to Gen. Whip-
ple's division, defenses of Washington. On Sept. 6 it became part of
the 1st brigade, 2d division, under Gen. McClellan. At South moun-
tain, Sept. 14, the 9th alone attacked a Confederate brigade and drove
it from its position. At Antietam it was actively engaged and after

86 The Union Army

the battle the route of the regiment was throug^h White Sulphur
Springs, Va., where it had a slight engagement, to Fredericksburg.
For bravery in battle at Fredericksburg, Capt. Charles D. Copp, Co.
C, was awarded a medal of honor. The regiment remained in this
city until in Feb., 1863, when it was ordered to Newport News and
there embarked on Mar. 25 for Baltimore, but immediately left there
for Lexington, Ky. It arrived at Lexington on the 30th and was
ordered to Vicksburg, where it took part in the siege. After the fall
of Vicksburg it guarded for a time the Kentucky Central railroad
and did some escort duty. On April 27, 1864, it became part of the
2nd brigade, 2nd division , 9th corps, Army of the Potomac,
and fought in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court
House, North Anna river, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church, Cold
Harbor and the siege of Petersburg, where Sergt. Leander A. Wilkins,
Co. H, won a medal for recapture of the colors of the 21st Mass.
On Aug. 19, 1864, the 9th was sent to the Weldon railroad. The next
day it assisted in repulsing the enemy; was engaged at Poplar Springs
Church, Sept. 30, and at Hatcher's run, Oct. 27. After wintering at
Fort Alexander Hays, the regiment performed guard duty for several
days in the spring of 1865. This closed the service of the 9th and
after taking part in the grand review at Washington the regiment
started for home.

Tenth Infantry. — Col., ^Michael T. Donahue; Lieut.-Col., John
Coughlin; Majs., Jesse F. Angell, Timothy B. Crowley. The loth regi-
ment was organized from the state at large for three years' service,
and was mustered in from Aug. 6 to Sept. 18, 1862, at Manchester. The
original members were mustered out on June 21. 1865, at Richmond,
Va., and the recruits were assigned to the 2nd N. H. infantry. The
original members and recruits numbered 1,333 and its loss by death
was 198 men. The loth left the state for Washington on Sept 22,
1862, and saw its first fighting in the Army of the Potomac, Nov.
15, while crossing the Rappahannock. On Dec. 11 it entered Fred-
ericksburg and joined in an attack on Marye's heights with the 13th
N. H. After three months at Fredericksburg and a month at Newport
News, it was ordered to Suffolk, Va. At Hill's point a battery was
captured, at Littlepage's bridge on the Pamunkey there was a sharp
fight, and on July 30 the regiment went into camp at Julian's creek,
where it spent the winter of 1863-64. In April it was assigned to the
Army of the James and went to Bermuda Hundred. Active engage-
ments followed at Port Walthall Junction, Va., Swift creek. Proctor's
and Kingsland creeks, and Drewry's bluff. Lieut.-Col. Coughlin won
a medal at Swift creek for distinguished gallantry in action. May
9, 1864. At Cold Harbor the regiment was in the front line, June 1-12,
when it was removed to the rear and returned to Bermuda Hundred.
On June 15 it left camp for Petersburg and that day aided in the
capture of Battery No. 5. The next day Cos. A, E and K made an
assault in which the prisoners captured outnumbered the attacking
party. The regiment was engaged in the siege of Petersburg until
Aug. 27, and from Sept. 28 to Oct. i, was engaged in the capture and
defense of Fort Harrison. Late in October it was withdrawn from
that place and on the 27th participated in a bloody encounter near
Fair Oaks, where it suffered heavy losses. Returning to Fort Harrison
it spent the winter of 1864-65 there, when it was ordered to Rich-
mond and remained there from April 3, 1865, to June 21, when it
was mustered out and returned home.

New Hampshire Regiments 87

Eleventh Infantry. — Col., Walter Harriman; Lieut. -Cols., Moses
N. Collins, Leander W. Cogswell; Majs., Moses N. Collins, Evarts
W. Farr. The nth, composed of volunteers from the state at large
for three years' service, v^^as mustered in at Concord, Aug. 21 to Sept.
10, 1862. The original members were mustered out at Alexandria,
Va., June 4, 1865, and the recruits were transferred to the 6th N. H.
infantry on June i, 1865. The original members numbered 1,005,
the recruits 649, transferred i, making a total of 1,655. The regiment
lost by death 303 men, of whom 136 were killed or died of wounds.
The nth left Concord Sept. 11, 1862, for Baltimore and on its arrival
there was immediately ordered to Washington, where it became part
of the 2nd brigade of the 2nd division of the 9th corps, in which it
remained throughout its service. It participated in the battle of
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, where First Sergt. Francis H. Goodall,
Co. G, won a medal of honor for conspicuous gallantry, and then
went into camp at Newport News, Va., until March, 1863. On June
14, 1863, the regiment arrived at Vicksburg, having spent the months
of April and May en route. It was engaged at Jackson, Miss., and
then returned to the North by way of Cairo. On Oct. 15, 1863, it
was at Knoxville Tenn., where it participated in the siege from Nov.
17 to Dec. 5, and afterward aided in the pursuit of Gen. Longstreet
through the mountains of East Tennessee. On April 7, 1864, the
regiment arrived at Annapolis after marching across the mountains,
175 miles in II days, and was engaged at the Battle of the Wilder-
ness. It was then with the Army of the Potomac in the actions at
Spottsylvania, North Anna river, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church, Cold
Harbor and the siege of Petersburg. On June 17, at Petersburg,
Private Henry W. Rowe, Co. I, made a heroic capture of a flag,
which won him a medal of honor. Having served constantly at
Petersburg from Jime 16, 1864, to April 3, 1865, the nth on April 4
went to City Point, Va., from there to Alexandria and Washington,
where it participated in the grand review and was mustered out after
nearly three years of hard service.

Twelfth Infantry. — Cols., Joseph H. Potter, Thomas E. Barker;
Lieut.-Cols., John F. Marsh, George D. Savage, Thomas E. Barker,
Nathaniel Shackford; Majs., George D. Savage, John F. Langley,
Nathaniel Shackford, Edwin E. Bedee. The 12th, from the state at
large, was mustered in for three years at Concord, Aug. 28 to Sept.
25, 1862. The original members were mustered out June 21, 1865,
at Richmond and Manchester, Va., and the recruits were transferred
to the 2nd N. H. infantry the same day. There were 1,019 original
members and 444 recruits, in all 1,463. Of these 180 were killed or
died of wounds and 146 died from other causes. The 12th left "Camp
Belknap" Sept. 27, 1862, for Washington, where it was assigned to
the Army of the Potomac and was first under fire at Fredericksburg,
Dec. 12-15, 1862. The regiment spent the winter at Falmouth, Va.,
and in May, 1863, was in the battle of Chancellorsville, where it
suffered heavy losses. At Gettysburg its loss was again fearful.
In the pursuit of Gen. Lee the regiment reached Warrenton, Va.,
when it was ordered to Point Lookout, Md., and was on duty there
until the spring of 1864. In April it was assigned to the Army of
the James and took part in the battles of Swift creek. Relay house,
Drewry's bluff, and Port Walthall Junction. On June i it joined the
Army of the Potomac at Cold Harbor and was actively engaged in
that battle. Leaving Cold Harbor on the nth, it reached Petersburg
on the 15th, where it was constantly on duty until Aug. 25. The

88 The Union Army

winter of 1864-65 was spent at Bermuda Hundred, Chaffin's farm,
and in the vicinity of Fort Harrison. On the memorable Apr. 3,
1865, it entered Richmond and after a time spent at Danville, Va.,
was mustered out at Richmond.

Thirteenth Infantry. — Col., Aaron F. Stevens; Lieut.-Cols., George
Bowers, Jacob J. Storer, William Grantman, Norman Smith; Majs.,
Jacob J. Storer, William Grantman, Norman Smith, Nathan D.
Stoodley. This regiment, composed of men from Rockingham Hills-
boro, Strafford, Grafton, Merrimack, Carroll and Coos counties, was
mustered into the service for three years, at Concord, Sept. 12 to
Oct. 9, 1862. The original members were mustered out at Richmond,
Va., June 21, 1865, and the same day the recruits were transferred to
the 2nd N. H. infantry. The original members and those gained by
transfer numbered 1,017, recruits 255, making a total of 1,272. The
13th lost by death 180 members, of whom one-half were killed or died
of wounds. The regiment arrived in Washington, Oct. 8, 1862, and
was assigned to the ist brigade, defenses of Washington, until Dec.
10, when it joined the Army of the Potomac and was first under fire
at Stafford's heights. Entering Fredericksburg Dec. 11 it remained
there until the 13th, when it made an assault on Marye's heights.
After the battle of Fredericksburg it went into camp at the Phillips
house and was there until in Feb., 1863, when it left for Newport
News. It was ordered to Suffolk, Va., on March 13 and took part in
raising the siege of that city. During this summer and the ensuing
winter it performed many arduous and exacting duties but was
not again actively engaged until May, 1864, when it was in the battles
of Port Walthall Junction, Swift creek. Proctor's and Kingsland
creeks, Drewry's bluff and Bermuda Hundred, all in the vicinity of
Richmond, Va. The regiment lost heavily in the battle of Cold Har-
bor and afterward moved toward Petersburg, where it made a daring
assault on Battery No. 5, succeeding in its capture. It took part in
the siege of Petersburg and on Aug. 26 was ordered to Bermuda
Hundred, where it remained until Sept. 28, when it was ordered to
Fort Harrison. It fought bravely in the capture and defense of that
fort and suffered severe losses. Its next battle was at Fair Oaks late
in Oct., 1864. The regiment and its colors were among the first
to enter Richmond, April 3, 1865, and it was on duty here until the
end of its service.

Fourteenth Infantry. — Cols., Robert Wilson, Alexander Gardiner,
Carroll D. Wright, Theodore A. Ripley; Lieut.-Cols., Tileston A.
Barker, Oliver H. Marston; Majs., Samuel A. Duncan, Alexander
Gardiner, Flavel L. Tolman. This regiment, mostly from the south-
western part of the state, was mustered in for three years at Concord
in Sept. and Oct., 1862. It was mustered out July 8, 1865, at Savan-
nah, Ga. The original members numbered 968, transferred i, recruits
417, total strength 1,386. It lost 66 of its number, w^ho were killed
or died of wounds and 159 from other causes. The 14th was the
last three years' regiment furnished by the state, many of its men
having expected to join other regiments. It left the state for Wash-
ington on Oct. 18, 1862, arrived there two days later and was assigned
to defense duty. It remained near Washington, performing varied
services until in Feb., 1864, when it was ordered to the upper Potomac
and was encamped for a short time near Harper's Ferry. The men
went home to vote and in March the regiment was ordered to Hilton
Head, S. C, which was reached after terrible storms. From April
to July, 1864, it was in or near New Orleans, then returned to Wash-

New Hampshire Regiments 89

ington, and soon entered into active field service. It was in the fights
at Deep Bottom, Winchester, Halltown, Berryville, Lock's ford,
Fisher's hill, Tom's brook, Strasburg and Cedar creek, and all proved
the valor of the 14th. The late winter and spring were spent in
Savannah, Ga., and in May, 1865, the regiment was ordered to Augusta.
So much southern service was disastrous to the health of the troops and
they lost heavily through sickness.

Fifteenth Infantry. — Col., John W. Kingman ; Lieut.-Cols., William
M. Weed, George W. Frost, Henry W. Blair; Majs., George W.
Frost, Henry W. Blair, John Aldrich. This regiment was from the
1st Congressional district and was the first in the state to respond to
the call for nine months' men. It was mustered into the U. S.
service at Concord, from Oct. 4 to Nov. 12, 1862, and was mustered
out at Concord, Aug. 13, 1863. It numbered 919 men, of whom 30
were killed or died of wounds and 115 from other causes. The regi-
ment left the state for New York on Nov. 13 and embarked from
Brooklyn two weeks later for New Orleans where it encamped on
the Shell road at Carrollton. From May zj to July 9, 1863, the 15th
took part in the siege of Port Hudson, La., engaging in active com-
bat and in many laborious siege duties. After the surrender, it was
ordered north and returned to Concord.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Col., James Pike; Lieut.-Col., Henry W. Fuller;
Majs., Henry W. Fuller, Samuel Davis, Jr. The i6th was made up
in the 2nd Congressional district and was mustered in for nine months
at Concord from Oct. 10 to Dec. 2, 1862. It numbered 914 men, of
whom 210 died of disease and 3 were drowned. On Nov. 23 it left
Concord for New York and was there ordered to sail south under
sealed orders. Its destination proved to be New Orleans, which it
reached on Dec 20 and remained near that city until March 5, 1863,
when it proceeded to Port Hudson, where it joined in the siege from
June 3 to July 9. This regiment suffered greatly from sickness, par-
ticularly during a six weeks' stay at Fort Burton, which it captured
April 20, 1863, and the percentage of deaths was very large. On
Aug. I it started for Cairo, 111., and from there proceeded by rail to
Concord, where it was mustered out on Aug. 20, 1863.

Seventeenth Infantry. — Col., Henry O. Kent; Lieut.-Col, Charles H.
Long; Maj., George H. Bellows. The 17th was nmstered into the U. S.
service between Nov. 13, 1862, and Jan. 10, 1863, but the organization
was not completed, the men were transferred to the 2nd N. H. in-
fantry, and the officers were mustered out on April 16, 1863. The
regiment numbered 216 and lost by death 4 men. Under the presi-
dent's call for troops of Aug. 4, 1862, New Hampshire was required
to furnish three regiments, one to be organized in each congressional
district. 791 men from the 3d district volunteered, who should have
been assigned to the 17th regiment, but the 15th and i6th regiments
were not yet complete, and, as the call was urgent, men were trans-
ferred from the 17th to fill these regiments. Other volunteers joined
the 17th, but not enough to enable it to take the field as a separate
organization and they were assigned to the 2nd infantry, as above
stated. By Act of Congress in 1892, the 17th was recognized as a
regiment and its status determined beyond question.

Eighteenth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas L. Livermore, Joseph M.
Clough; Lieut.-Cols., Joseph M. Clough, Willis G. C. Kimball; Majs.,
William I. Brown, Alvah K. Potter, Silas F. Learnard. This regiment
was raised from the state at large, for one and three years, six com-
panies under the call of July 18, and four under the call of Dec. 19,

90 The Union Army

1864. The organization was completed on April 6, 1865, and the
troops were mustered into service at Concord. Co. K was mustered
out on May 6, 1865, at Galloupe's island, Mass.; Cos. A, B, C, D, E
and F on June 10, 1865, at the Delaney house in the District of Colum-
bia ; and Cos. G, H, and I on July 29, 1865, at the Delaney house, with the
field and staff officers. The regiment numbered 978, its loss by death
being yj, of whom 3 were killed or died of wounds. The first six
companies were ordered to City Point, Va., where they were joined
in Feb., 1865, by companies G and H. In March, company I joined
the command at Petersburg, but on account of Lee's surrender, Co. K
was held at Galloupe's island. On March 25, the regiment aided in
the capture of Fort Stedman, Va., and remained in that fort until the
fall of Petersburg. On April 2, in an engagement with the enemy
before Petersburg, it met with slight losses. It was placed on guard
duty m Washington, during the court-martial which tried the con-
spirators against President Lincoln, this closing their active service.
First Cavalry Battalion. — Lieut. -Col., John L. Thompson; Majs.,
David B. Nelson, John L. Thompson, Stephen R. Swett. Cos. I,
K, L and M of the ist New England volunteer cavalry, were from
New Hampshire and were mustered into the U. S. service on Dec.
17, Oct. 24, Dec. 24 and 27, 1861, respectively, for three years' service.
Cos. I, L and M were mustered in at Concord and Co. K at Man-
chester. These companies left the N. E. cavalry to become part of
the 1st N. H. cavalry on Jan. 7, 1864. The battalion numbered 435
and lost by death 33 members, of whom 15 were killed in battle.
The N. H. battalion joined the two R. I. battalions at Pawtucket,
R. I., Jan. 22, 1862, and left there for Washington on March 2 and 31,
the name of the regiment being changed to the ist R. I. cavalry, which
was considered an injustice by the men. The N. H. battalion was
engaged alone at Front Royal, Va., and received complimentary men-
tion in orders. It was in the battles of Cedar mountain, Groveton,
second Bull Run, Chantilly, Mountsville and Fredericksburg. The
winter of 1862-63 found the battalion on active duty with almost no
rest, and it participated in the cavalry fight at Kelly's ford, March 17,

1863. Stoneman's raid, from April 27 to May 8, required the services of
the cavalry and the battles at Brandy Station, Thoroughfare gap,
Middleburg, Rapidan Station, White Sulphur springs and Bristoe
Station all show how nobly the cavalry performed every duty assigned
to it, winning well-earned laurels.

First Cavalry. — Col., John L. Thompson; Lieut. -Col., Benjamin T.
Hutchins; Majs., Arnold Wyman, Joseph F. Andrews, John A. Cum-
mings. Cos. A, B and C of the ist N. H. cavalry were mustered in
from April 19 to 23, and D, E, F and G from June 25 to July 21,

1864, at Concord, for three years' service. I, K, L and M were trans-
ferred from the ist N. E. cavalry, as mentioned in the previous sketch.
The regiment was mustered out July 15, 1865, at Cloud's mills, Va.
It numbered 1,533 men, of whom 210 were transferred from the ist
N. E. cavalry. It lost 23 killed, or died of wounds, and 106 from other
causes. On May 17, 1864, the regiment joined the Army of the
Potomac and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor on June 2. Dur-
ing that month it was almost constantly in action, campaigning in
Virginia. From June 30 to Aug. 8 it had a short rest at City Point.
On Aug. 24 the companies recruited in June and July joined the
regiment and all were engaged at Kearneysville the next day. Mov-
ing then through Virginia, the regiment participated in ten different
actions during September and October. The records show that the
1st participated in engagements at twenty-seven places in Virginia.

New Hampshire Regiments 91

in which state most of its time was spent. In Wilson's raid on the
Weldon railroad it was in action every day for a week. At Tom's
brook, Va., Oct. 9, 1864, it made a gallant attack and was compli-
mented by Gen. Custer, who sent an officer to tell Col. Thompson that
his troops had "saved the day." Its history is of repeated brilliant
charges, bravery on the part of officers and men and conscientious
performance of duty.

First Light Battery. — Capts., George A. Gerrish, Frederick M.
Edgell. The ist light battery, the only one furnished by New Hamp-
shire, was recruited at ^Manchester and mustered in there Sept. 25,
1861. The original members, not reenlisted, were mustered out near
Petersburg, Va., Sept. 25, 1864. The reenlisted men and recruits were
mustered out June 9, 1865, at Concord. In Nov., 1864, it became Co.
M, 1st N. H. heavy artillery, but was later continued as a separate
light battery. It numbered 258 men and lost by death 12, of whom
one-half were killed or died of wounds. On its arrival in Washington
in Nov., 1861, it was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, with
which it remained during its three years and nine months of service.
Through all the important campaigns of that army the guns of the
1st N. H. light battery sounded their defiance. At the battles of the
second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys-
burg, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, Deep
Bottom and many other engagements their well directed fire and
steadfast endurance made them of the utmost value and service.

First Company, Heavy Artillery. — Capt., Charles H. Long. This
company was raised for the defense of Portsmouth harbor and spent
all of its three years' term of service at Fort Constitution except the
time between May 6 and Nov., 1864. It was mustered in at Concord
and Portsmouth from May 26 to July 22, 1863, and was mustered out
at Concord, Sept. 11, 1865. In the summer of 1864 it was ordered to
Washington, where it formed part of the defenses of that city, and
in September became Co. A, ist N. H. heavy artillery.

Second Company, Heavy Artillery. — Capts., Ira McL. Barton,
George P. Thyng. This company was raised for the defense of Ports-
mouth harbor and was assigned to Fort McClary except from May,
1864, to Feb., 1865, when it became part of the defenses of Washington.
It was mustered in at Concord from Aug. 18 to Sept. 17, 1863, became
Co. B, 1st N. H. heavy artillery in Oct., 1864, and was mustered out
Sept. II, 1865, at Concord.

First Heavy Artillery. — Col., Charles H. Long; Lieut.-Col., Ira
McL. Barton; Majs., George A. Wainwright, Dexter G. Reed, Frederick
M. Edgell. Cos. A, B and M of this regiment were organized as
described in the three preceding sketches and the remaining companies
were mustered in at Concord and Fort Constitution in Sept. and Oct.,
1864. Cos. A and B were mustered out at Concord, Sept. 11, 1865, Co.
M, June 9, 1865, and the rest of the regiment at Washington, June
15, 1865. The total strength of the regiment was 1,857 and the death
losses 34. The troops as fast as mustered in were ordered to Wasli-
ington to form part of the defenses of that city.

Company E, First U. S. Sharpshooters. — This company was mus-
tered in at Concord, Sept 9, 1861, having been recruited in different
parts of the state for three years' service. The original members,
not reenlisted, were mustered out near Petersburg, Va., Sept. 9, 1864,
and the reenlisted men and recruits were assigned to Co. G, 2nd U. S.
volunteer sharpshooters, on Dec. 23. 1864. The regiment became
part of the army of the Potomac and took part in the siege of York-
town, the battles of the second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg,

92 The Union Army

Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, the siege
of Petersburg and a large number of other engagements. At one
time in the spring of 1864 it was in action 24 out of 31 days. It was
the recipient of many compliments for gallant behavior and never
failed in its duty.

Companies F and G, Second U. S. Sharpshooters. — Cos. F and G
were mustered in for three years' service, at Concord and Manchester,
in Nov. and Dec, 1861, and were mustered out at Petersburg, Va.,
in Nov. and Dec. 1864, the reenlisted men and recruits being trans-
ferred to the 5th N. H. infantry on Jan. 30, 1865. The regiment was
assigned to the Army of Virginia and saw most of its fighting in that
state, taking part in an unusual number of engagements, and often
receiving special commendation. The records show thirty-seven en-
gagements, some of them continuing through several days. Its
losses were often heavy but it never flagged in zeal and one of its
most brilliant performances was at Hatcher's run, after it had received
orders to disband.

Miscellaneous Organizations. — An unattached company in the ser-
vice of the state was mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Constitu-
tion May 15, 1862, and transferred to the 9th N. H. infantry on Aug.
6, 1862.

The Strafford Guards, of the state militia, were mustered into the
U. S. service for 60 days on May 5, 1864, and were ordered to Fort
Constitution. They were mustered out on July 28, 1864. About the
same time (May, 1864) the National Guards were mustered into the
U. S. service and served for 60 days at Fort Constitution.

The Martin Guards were mustered into the U. S. service, July 25,
1864, for 90 days, and served at Fort Constitution until mustered out
on Sept. 16.

The Lafayette Artillery, which aided in garrjsoning Fort Constitu-
tion, were mustered in at Lyndeborough, Aug. i, 1864, and mustered
out on Sept. 23, 1864, at Fort Constitution.

The Veteran Reserve Corps, first known as the Invalid Corps, was
organized in May, 1863, and served till the close of the war. It was
mustered out at different times and places.

State Service. — Capt. Josiah G. Hadley raised a company of Ports-
mouth men for the garrison of Fort Constitution until the men en-
listed for three months should arrive. Under President Lincoln's call
of April 15, 1861, for three months' troops, the following companies
were enlisted : Goodwin Guards, at Portsmouth ; Granite State Guards, at
Great Falls; Abbott Guards, at Manchester; Claremont Volunteers, at
Claremont; Laconia Volunteers, at Laconia; Manchester Mechanics'
Phalanx, at Manchester; Cheshire Light Guard, at Keene; Milford
Volunteers, at Milford; Concord Volunteers, at Concord; Littleton
Volunteers, at Littleton; Capt. Joshua Chapman's company, at
Plymouth and Conway ; Lancaster Volunteers, at Lancaster and North
Stratford; Capt. Jonathan R. Bagley's company, at Fort Constitution,
and made up of a number of the aforesaid companies ; Capt. George H.
Gillis's company, at Fort Constitution, and composed mostly of mem-
bers of the Milford Volunteers and the Granite State Guards.

A great number of the members of these companies reenlisted.
The Dover and Contocook volunteers enlisted for three years and
were afterward part of the 2nd regiment. The Winnacunnet Guards,
first enlisted for three months, most of the men later enlisting for
three years, became finally Co. D, 3d N. H. infantry. Capt. James
Davidson's company was organized for the garrison of Fort Constitu-
tion after the discharge of the three months' men.

Military Affairs in Vermont

1861—65

The little State of Vermont established an enviable record
for loyalty and unswerving devotion to the Union during the four
years of civil strife. The story of what it did and suffered dur-
ing this fateful period needs little embellishment by the his-
torian to command the respect of all. It ranks high among the
other loyal states, in proportion to population, in the number and
quality of men furnished to the army, the splendid fighting qual-
ities of its soldiers, and the material sacrifices made to prevent
the disruption of the Union. It was ever ready throughout the
struggle to aid the government with both men and treasure, and
no state displayed a higher degree of patriotism. At the out-
break of the Civil war, Vermont was a small, rural common-
wealth, devoid of any populous cities and almost stationary in
population by reason of the constant stream of emigration to the
West. In 1 86 1 the total population was 315,098, and the total
number of men subject to military duty was 60,719. Out of
this number it sent to the war 10 men for every 100 of its popula-
tion, and of the able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and
45 years, every other man enlisted in the service of his country.
By reason of the character of its population it furnished a greater
proportion of native-born citizens than any other state, and in
proportion to the number of men furnished, it gave to the Union
more lives lost from all causes than any other loyal state. Penn-
sylvania sustained the greatest loss in killed of any state, its
percentage being 7.1 ; Vermont ranks second with a loss of 6.8.
The percentage of loss in the Union army, killed and mortally
wounded, was 4.7, and it will thus be seen that Vermont troops
saw their full share of the hard fighting. The first reconnois-
sance in force made by United States troops upon the soil of
Virginia, was that of the ist Vt., May 23, 1861. It is an interest-
ing fact that the 2nd Vt. fired the last shot of the 6th army corps,
April 6, 1865, at Sailor's creek, Va. The ist Vt. brigade and
the loth regiment were among the first troops to enter Peters-
burg on the morning of its capture, April 3, 1861 ; and the same
morning, Capt. Abel E. Leavenworth, of the 9th Vt., assisted

94 The Union Army

by Lieuts. Joel C. Baker and Burnham Cowdrey and a force of
I20 men from the same regiment on the skirmish line, were the
first organized troops to enter the Confederate capital of Rich-
mond. In the final act of the bloody drama which took place at
Appomattox Court House on the occasion of Lee's surrender,
the 1st Vt. cavalry received and partly executed the last order
given for a cavalry charge in the Army of the Potomac, when
it received the order to halt, as a flag of truce announcing Lee's
surrender had been displayed.

Vermont recorded its verdict on the momentous issues in-
volved in the presidential election of i860 in no uncertain manner,
by giving President Lincoln a majority of 22,970 over the com-
bined vote of Douglas, Breckenridge and Bell. The state elec-
tion in September had resulted in an overwhelming majority for
Erastus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, the Republican candidate
for governor. Gov. Fairbanks was a successful business man,
a citizen of substantial worth, and held the respect of all as an
able and patriotic public servant. During the year 1861, the
state was represented in the U. S. Senate by Solomon Foot and
Jacob Collamer, who were honored by all as men of sterling
worth and the purest patriotism. In the lower branch of Con-
gress her representatives were Justin S. Morrill, Eliakim P. Wal-
ton and Homer E. Royce.

Despite the almost feverish activity displayed by the slave-
holding states during the months and even the years preceding
the outbreak of the war, Vermont, in common with the other
loyal states, remained strangely blind to the seriousness of the
situation. When the year 1861 began, practically nothing had
been done by the people of Vermont in anticipation of actual war.
Everywhere in the North, and especially in Washington, an opti-
mistic view prevailed, and it was believed that the gathering
storm of war would blow over. All open preparations and demon-
strations designed to give armed support to the national gov-
ernment were even deprecated, lest such measures tend to widen
the breach between the sections. Even after South Carolina,
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas
had adopted formal ordinances of secession and withdrew their
senators and representatives from Washington ; when the Federal
forts and arsenals had been garrisoned by Southern state militia-
men; when a provisional Confederate government had been or-
ganized, few active steps were taken in the North to meet the
threatened emergency. Many signs indicated, however, that
the more far-seeing public men were at last beginning to appreci-
ate the gravity of the situation. On Jan. 5, 1861, Gov. Fairbanks
wrote to Gov. Buckingham of Connecticut as follows : "I am

Military Affairs in Vermont 95

desirous to learn your views as to the expediency of legislation
in the Free States at the present time touching- the affairs of the
general government and the action of certain Southern states.
* * * Should the plans of the secessionists in South Caro-
lina and other cotton states be persevered in and culminate in the
design to seize upon the national capital, will it be prudent to
delay a demonstration on the part of the Free States assuring the
general government of their united support in putting down re-
bellion and sustaining the constitution and the dignity of the
United States Government ?" It is a curious fact that on the very
day this letter was written, Gov. Andrew of Massachusetts sent
confidential messengers to the governors of the several New
England states, urging on them the necessity of military prepara-
tion, and stating that he was preparing to put part of the Massa-
chusetts militia in a condition for active service. Col. Wardrop
of the 3d Mass militia was the Vermont messenger, and, not
finding the governor at Montpelier, he drove to St. Johnsbury
and held communication with him there. The nature of his er-
rand leaked out and was commented on by the press of the day.
Considerable excitement resulted, and it was deemed wise to con-
tradict the rumor, which was formally denied by a Boston
paper. The news that the secessionists were preparing to seize
upon the national capital on or before the 4th of March was
indeed startling, but Gov. Fairbanks was a cautious man and
hesitated to follow the advice of Gov. Andrew to at once con-
vene the legislature in special session, and put the state militia
on a war footing. Instead, he sought the advice of the state's
representatives at Washington and wrote the other New England
governors, as well as Gov. Morgan of New York, asking for their
views and suggesting that they act in concert to meet any pos-
sible contingency threatening the safety of Washington. Gov.
Andrew was informed that he deemed it wise that all the free
states make provisional preparation to meet force with force,
if necessary, and that he only awaited advices from Vermont's
representatives in Congress, and from the governors of the
other states.

One suggestion of Gov. Andrew, that Jan. 8, the anniversary
of Gen. Jackson's victory at New Orleans in 1815, be made an
occasion to arouse the latent patriotism and loyalty of the people
was cordially adopted by Gov. Fairbanks. He accordingly ar-
ranged that salutes of 100 guns be fired at noon of the 8th in
the cities of Montpelier, Burlington, St. Albans, Rutland, Brat-
tleboro, Bennington, Woodstock, Windsor, and several other
towns "in honor of the Union of the states, and of Maj. Ander-
son, the gallant defender of the country's honor," who had occu-

96 The Union Army

pied Fort Sumter, two weeks before, and had thus asserted the
supremacy of the national government in the heart of the secession
movement.

There was nothing in the advices received from Washington
which, in the judgment of Gov. Fairbanks, warranted him in
calHng the legislature together at this juncture. He took pains,
however, to inform President Buchanan that Vermont stood
ready to meet any requisition for troops that might be made upon
it.

None of the Northern states was in a condition of military
preparedness at the beginning of the war, Vermont least of all.
Disorganization and inefficiency characterized her whole militia
system. The people of the state, indeed, cherished in song and
story the glorious achievements of their forbears at Ticonderoga,
Bennington, and other battles of the Revolution, but their ways
had long been ways of peace, and her sturdy sons were quite un-
versed in the arts of war. Even the laws on the statute books
requiring the enrolled militia to do military duty, except in cases
of insurrection, war, invasion, or to suppress riots, had been
repealed before the year 1850. The effort to maintain a number
of uniformed companies raised from the state at large had failed,
the companies disbanded one by one, and in 1856, hardly a pre-
tense of military organization was maintained. This condition
of affairs was deplored by a number of able citizens, and between
1856 and 1861 some effort was made to revive the militia. A law
of 1856 gave $3 a year to each militiaman who should drill "not
less than three days during the year ;" he was armed by the
state, but was required to furnish his own uniform. A few
companies were formed as a result, but there was no regimental
organization. Gov. Fletcher, an old militia officer, succeeded in
bringing about a state muster of nine companies in 1858, at
Brandon, when 450 members assembled, and were quartered in
the halls and private houses of the village, as no tents were to
be had. Some additional interest was aroused at this time, and
a number of new companies were formed. The following 3'ear
a brigade of four regiments was formed, under the command of
Gen. Alonzo Jackman, a professor in the Norwich military
academy. By order of Gov. Hall, a brigade muster occurred at
Montpelier on Aug. 30, i860, when fourteen of the seventeen
organized companies, drawing pay from the state, assembled,
numbering with the staff officers and bands, about 900 men.
Under the command of Gen. Jackman, the men now received
their first practical experience of military camp life in tents
provided by the state. At the close of i860, according to the
records of the adjutant-general's office, there were twenty-two

Military Affairs in Vermont 97

organized companies. Five of these had Httle more than a nom-
inal existence, and the other seventeen were variously uniformed
and armed. The majority of the companies possessed the
smooth-bore percussion muskets, while some were armed with
only the old flint-locks. Though nominally there were four
regiments a brigade organization existed only on paper.

Of the military material which had been furnished the state
by the ordnance department at Washington, there remained in
Jan., 1861, only 957 muskets, 7 6-pounder field pieces, (3 brass
and 4 iron) 503 Colt's pistols, which were practically worthless,
and 104 tents. In other words the state could barely arm a
single regiment from the material on hand.

On Jan. 26, 1861, Vermont took the first step towards open
preparation to meet the threatened emergency, when the adju-
tant and inspector-general was ordered to notify the town clerks
and listers to comply with the law and make full returns of all
persons liable for military service in their respective towns.
General Order No. 10 immediately followed, wherein the officers
of the several militia companies were directed to "ascertain at
once whether any men in their commands are unable or in-
disposed to respond to the orders of the commander-in-chief,
made upon any requisition of the president of the Unites States
to aid in the maintenance of the laws and the peace of the Union,
in order that they may be discharged and their places filled by
men ready for any public exigency that may arise." The various
captains were also directed in the same order to make every
effort to bring their companies up to the required standard in
point of numbers, and to see that the men were properly drilled
and uniformed.

Despite this step, when the first call for troops came in April,
many towns had wholly neglected to make returns of the number
of men liable for military duty and no degree of accuracy in the
total enrolment was ascertainable. Replies to General Order
No. 10 from ten captains are to be found in the files of the
adjutant-general's office, reporting 376 men armed, partially
equipped and ready for active service. One company numbered
75 men, but the average number of members was less than 50.
There was some increased effort to promote discipline in the
companies and a few enlistments were made, but little actual good
resulted.

Despite the active preparations for war which were taking
place in the South, the spirit of compromise was still dominant
in the North. This conciliatory spirit took concrete form in the
well known Peace Conference called at Washington by the legis-
lature of Virginia, to meet on Feb. 4, 1861. Gov. Fairbanks and
Vol. 1-7

98 The Union Army

the people of Vermont generally were in active sympathy with
this effort to adjust the differences between the sections. The
governor appointed as Vermont's representatives to the confer-
ence ex-Gov. Hiland Hall, Lieut.-Gov. Underwood, Hon. L. E.
Chittenden, Adjt.-Gen. H. H. Baxter, and Hon. B. D. Harris.
The conference sat for 24 days behind closed doors, but the only
result of its protracted deliberations was a series of proposed
amendments to the constitution, none of which received serious
consideration by the Congress of the United States. President
Lincoln was duly inaugurated in March and still the angry mut-
terings of the South did not break forth into armed rebellion.
The loyal people of the Green Mountain State still cherished the
hope that milder counsels might prevail and an armed clash be
averted, and little or no preparation was made for the great con-
flict so soon to arise.

When the news reached Vermont on April 14 that Fort
Sumter had been captured, the most intense excitement pre-
vailed throughout the commonwealth. On April 15, President
Lincoln issued his proclamation for 75,000 militia for three
months, or the emergency, under which Vermont was assigned
one regiment of 780 men as its quota. All talk of compromise
was now silenced, and the people of the state welcomed with
inexpressible joy and satisfaction the firm determination to
assert the national authority by force of arms. The response of
the state was prompt and patriotic. The governor at once issued
a proclamation apprising the people of the president's call for
troops, and also the proper orders to Adjt. and Inspector-Gen.
Baxter of Rutland to provide the necessary men. His next step
was to call an extra session of the legislature to convene on the
25th of the month to adopt the necessary measures to meet the exi-
gencies of the hour, by organizing, arming and equipping the
militia of the state, and to support the general government in
the work of suppressing the insurrection. The legislature con-
vened pursuant to this call and in a brief session of 42 hours,^
completed its work and adjourned. In his message the governor
announced the preliminary steps he had already taken to comply
with the requisition, reviewed the actions of the Southern States,
explained the present emergency, urged the adoption of immedi-
ate measures for a more efficient organization of the military arm
of the state and the appropriation of money, "to be expended,
under the direction of the executive, for the outfit of any addi-
tional military forces which may be called for by the general
government." He closed with the following patriotic utterance :
"I feel assured, gentlemen, that you will best reflect the senti-
ments and wishes of your constituents, by emulating in your

Military Affairs in Vermont 99

lej^islative action the patriotism and liberality of the noble states
which have already responded to the call for the government. It
is devoutly to be hoped that the mad ambition of the secession
leaders may be restrained, and the impending sanguinary conflict
averted. But a hesitating, half-way policy on the part of the
administration of the loyal states will not avail to produce such
a result. The United States government must be sustained, and
the rebellion suppressed, at whatever cost of men and treasure."
The prompt response of the people's representatives reflected the
patriotic feeHng which prevailed among all the citizens regardless
of party or sex. Within 24 hours $1,000,000 were appropriated
for war expenses by a unanimous vote of both houses ; bills were
also enacted, providing for the organization and placing upon a
war footing, without delay, of two more regiments, in addition
to the one already called for, and provision was made for drilling
the same in barracks or encampment. The executive was author-
ized to call out four more regiments, if needed, (making seven
in all) for two years' service, and to the governor was committed
the duty of organizing and appointing the field officers thereof.
Other acts exempted militia men, in service, from arrest on civil
process ; granted to each private $7 a month, in addition to the
$13 offered by the government; provided for the relief of the
families of volunteers at the cost of the state in cases of destitu-
tion ; made provision for furnishing the uniforms of all volunteers
after March 12, 1861 ; authorized banks to loan over ten per cent,
of their capital stock to the state ; and levied a war tax of ten
cents on the dollar of the grand list. No such sum of money had
ever before been voted in the little state of Vermont. In propor-
tion to population it exceeded the appropriation of any other
state, and the levy of ten cents on the dollar had no parallel in
the state's history. This action of the state in providing for six
additional regiments to serve for two years, was evidence that the
people did not believe the war would be a short one, or one of
insignificant proportions.

Meanwhile, pending the meeting of the legislature, and the
enactment of the above legislation, public meetings were held in
the various towns and villages to express the patriotism of the
people, promote enlistments, raise money for the equipment
of new companies, and to provide for the families of all who
should enlist. The Stars and Stripes were everywhere in
evidence, and the enthusiasm of the people was unbounded.
Hundreds of thousands of dollars were freely offered. From
every part of the state oflFers of men and money poured in on the
governor and the adjutant-general. The hills and valleys re-
sounded with the tramp of marching men and the strains of

100 The Union Army

martial music. Every man in the state capable of drilling a
squad of recruits, was called into service; the students of the
University of Vermont and of Middlebury college formed them-
selves into companies and devoted themselves to the work of
drilling; the Montpelier banks each placed $25,000 at the disposal
of the governor for military purposes, while the banks of Bur-
lington and St. Albans each tendered ten per cent, of their capital
stock and more if needed, for the same purpose. The public
service corporations offered the governor free transportation of
troops and munitions of war. Individual offers were equally
generous ; James R. Langdon, of Montpelier, tendered $20,000
on private account; Thomas McDaniels, of Bennington, $10,000;
the firm of E. & T. Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, pledged $2,000
for the support of families of volunteers ; William C. Harding, of
Winooski, $1,000, and $10,000 if needed; F. P. Fletcher, of
Bridport, $1,000 a year during the war. The patriotism and zeal
of the women of the state were equally strong. They freely
offered their services as hospital nurses and busied themselves
in preparing soldiers' garments and hospital supplies. A resolu-
tion of the women of Burlington declared : "We further resolve
that we will consider all our time and all our energies sacred to
this object (the restoration of the authority of the government)
until it shall be accomplished, and if need be until the end of the
war." The above are only a few examples of the boundless
enthusiasm, the generous spirit of self-sacrifice, and the intense
patriotism which animated all classes in the old Green Mountain
State, when the integrity of the Union was at stake. All dis-
tinctions of party were obliterated for the time being and the
people were practically a unit in support of the government.

Very early in the war a state board of medical examiners, con-
sisting of three eminent physicians, was appointed to pass upon
candidates for appointment as surgeons and assistant surgeons
of Vermont regiments. The board consisted of Dr. Samuel
White Thayer, Jr., of Burlington, chairman and commissioned
surgeon-general in 1864, Dr. Edward E. Phelps, of Windsor,
and Dr. Charles L. Allen, of Rutland. In Feb., 1862, Dr. Phelps
became brigade surgeon of volunteers, and his place on the board
was taken by Dr. Hiram F. Stevens. A considerable number of
recruits were allowed to enlist during the early part of the war,
who were not properly examined as to their physical condition ;
the same was true in the closing days of the war, when men were
less eager to enlist, and the demand for more troops was inces-
sant. Once enlisted, however, the troops of Vermont received
superior medical care, and the sanitary condition of the regiments
in the field was far above the average, a fact which was largely
due to the character of the regimental surgeons.

Military Affairs in Vermont 101

The organization of the ist regiment proceeded rapidly. The
militia companies of Brandon, Middlebury, Rutland, North-
field, Woodstock, Bradford, Cavendish, Burlington, St. Albans
and Swanton were designated by an executive order of April 27,
1861, to form the regiment and it v^as mustered into the United
States service for three months at Rutland, May 8. Before the
regiment was mustered in, the work of organizing and equipping
two more regiments was begun. Commissions to recruit these
troops were issued by the governor on May 7, and within three
days, the adjutant-general was tendered the services of fifty-six
full companies, only twenty of which could then be accepted.
On May 3 President Lincoln issued a second call for 42,000
volunteers for three years' service, and all subsequent regiments
were enlisted for that period. The ist regiment, admirably
equipped, reached New York, May 10, commanded by Col. J.
Wolcott Phelps of Brattleboro,' a graduate of West Point. In
many respects it was the most remarkable of the three months'
organization. The men were of superior education and social
position and nearly one-tenth were graduates of New England
colleges. Many others were from the professional ranks and
practically all were of strictly temperate habits. The remarkable
stature of many of the men commanded especial attention. It is
related that ten men from one of the companies lay down upon
the ground for measurement, and formed a line 67 feet, lo inches,
in length. Their blankets, made by their wives and daughters,
were also much admired, differing as they did from so many of
the shoddy blankets furnished. A second regiment from Ver-
mont arrived at New York June 25, and a third July 24. Two
more followed in September and a sixth in October. Thus far
all the regiments had been recruited by the state authorities. The
1st cavalry regiment, the only regiment of this arm of the service
furnished by the state, was raised under the direct authority of
the United States, by Col. Lemuel B. Piatt, of Colchester, during
the fall of the year, and was mustered into the United States
service on Nov. 19 with 966 officers and men.

The state election on the first Tuesday in September gave an
overwhelming majority for the Republican and Union candidates.
Frederick Holbrook, the Republican and Union candidate for
governor, received 40,000 votes against 5,000 cast for the other
two candidates. The administration of Gov. Holbrook covered
the darkest period of the war — 1861-63. During this period
Vermont furnished the United States government with more than
20,000 troops, including two of the governor's own scms. All
the regiments in the field were constantly recruited, and the fol-
lowing organizations were enlisted: the 1st cavalry regiment,

102 The Union Army

above mentioned, the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, loth, nth, 12th, 13th,
14th, 15th, and i6th infantry regiments, three battaUons of light
artillery, and three companies of sharpshooters. It was at the
suggestion of Gov. Holbrook and in response to a document
prepared and signed by him, and subsequently approved and
signed by most of the governors of the loyal states, that President
Lincoln issued his call for 300,000 volunteers after the Seven
Days' battles. Under the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 men
for three years, Vermont furnished 4,369 volunteers, and under
the call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia for nine months'
service, 4,781 men volunteered. The Republican convention
which renominated Gov. Holbrook in the summer of 1862, de-
clared itself "in favor of the confiscation of the slaves and prop-
erty of rebels," urged "the speedy and effectual suppression of
the rebellion," approved the general policy of the national
administration, pledged Vermont to furnish men and money to
the last extent of its ability, tendered thanks to the brave and
patriotic soldiers in the field, and thanked Gov. Holbrook for the
prompt manner in which he tendered to the president Vermont's
quota of 300,000 additional soldiers. Still another resolution
accepted certain special acts of President Lincoln as pledges that
the government had cut itself free from all complicity with
slavery; this was adopted with only a few dissenting votes. In
the Democratic convention, subsequently held, resolutions were
adopted which declared, "That while we regret the existence of
four or five millions of negroes in this country as slaves, we are
unwilling to sacrifice the constitution and the Union, or the
interests of the white race, for the fancied or real grievances of
the black race," and "that the abolition and radical opinions of
a portion of the people of the North have been largely productive
of the present war and national difficulties, and we record our
hearty condemnation of the action of that class of our citizens
in Congress or elsewhere." In the election in September the
Republican vote for governor was 30,032 ; Democratic, 3,724,
There was no party division in the legislature and Solomon Foot
was again chosen U. S. Senator.

The annual state election in 1863 caused considerable excite-
ment as the Democrats had declared in convention assembled,
that the administration had endangered the liberties of the people
by establishing martial law in states where the laws are unob-
structed, and was committing tyrannical acts on loyal and
unoffending citizens. The Union state convention shortly after
expressed strong approvstl of all the measures of the government,
and declared that Northern traitors deserve greater reproach
than Southern rebels. The Democrats nominated Hon. T,. P.

Military Affairs in Vermont 103

Redfield, and the Republicans, or the Union party, John Gregory
Smith of St. Albans. In the election in September, Smith's
majority was 17,651. Gov. Smith was the third and last of the
able war governors of Vermont and served during the last two
years of the great struggle, being triumphantly reelected in the
fall of 1864 by a majority of 19,415 over his opponent of the
previous election. He was the friend and frequent counsellor of
Lincoln, and was often called to Washington in an advisory
capacity. No governor was more solicitous of the welfare of the
soldiers and he often visited the Vermont troops at the front.
After the battle of the Wilderness, he went at once to Fred-
ericksburg, Va., ordered there a dozen of the best surgeons in
Vermont, and gave his personal supervision to the sick and
wounded volunteers. His kindly face and cheerful voice are held
in grateful remembrance by many of the old soldiers. During
his administration the only new organizations raised in the state
were the 17th infantry, the 3d battery of light artillery, and two
companies, designated M and F, of the ist frontier cavalry. In
addition to these new organizations, the old regiments were
veteranized, large numbers of recruits were added to the organi-
zations in the field, and a considerable number of men was fur-
nished to the regular army of the United States, the U. S. navy,
the U. S. colored troops, the signal corps, and to various state
organizations.

In the presidential election which took place in Nov., 1864,
Vermont gave to the Lincoln and Johnson electors a majority of
29,097 in a total vote of 55,741, and also returned substantial
majorities for each of the states Union Republican candidates
for Congress, F. E. Woodbridge, J. S. Morrill and P. Baxter.

On Oct. 19, 1864, the northern part of the state was for a
time filled with alarm, as the result of a successful raid, accom-
panied by wanton bloodshed, by some 30 or 40 Southern refugees
from Canada, on the town of St. Albans, 15 miles from the
Canadian border. The raiders claimed to be acting under orders
from Gen. Early, and in retaliation for acts committed by Federal
troops in the Shenandoah Valley. They attacked simultaneously
the St. Albans, Franklin county, and First national banks, and
secured bank notes to the value of $211,150. With this sum in
their possession, they seized all the horses they could find and
"hurried across the Canadian frontier. Previous to their departure,
they wantonly fired upon a number of unofiFending and unarmed
citizens. An attempt to secretly fire the town fortunately failed.
Eventually nearly the whole gang was captured in Canada. As a
result of this raid the two companies of frontier cavalry above
mentioned were raised in December, 1864, for the ist regiment of

104 The Union Army

frontier cavalry, together with a provisional militia force of 2,215
men, to secure the protection of the northern frontier.

An extraordinary session of the legislature was called in
March, 1865, for the purpose of ratifying the anti-slavery amend-
ment to the Federal constitution. The session only lasted one day,
in which the amendment was ratified unanimously in the senate
and with only two dissenting voices in the house.

As soon as the Confederate armies had surrendered, the war
department made prompt provision for reducing the number of
troops in service. As a result, all the Vermont regiments, bat-
teries, and detached companies, except the 7th and four companies
of the 9th infantry, were sent home with praiseworthy prompt-
ness and were mustered out of service at Burlington by the end
of the summer. The 7th was finally mustered out of service at
Brownsville, Tex., March 14, 1866, and the battalion of the 9th
at Portsmouth, Va., Dec. i, 1865.

According to the Statistical Record of the Armies of the
United States, as compiled by Capt. Frederick Phisterer, the quota
assigned to Vermont, under all calls for troops during the war,
was 32,074; the number of men furnished by the state was 33,-
288; the drafted men who paid commutation numbered i,974,
making the total number of men with which the state was credited
35,262, and giving it a surplus of 3,188 over all calls.

The final summary of Vermont troops as shown upon the
books of the adjutant-general gives the whole number of men
furnished by the state during the war as 34,238; the aggregate
quotas under all calls, 33,729 ; excess over quotas, 509.

The war department credited the state with a total of 35,242
men, or 1,004 more than the records of the state. This would
give Vermont a surplus over all calls of 1,513 men. This dis-
crepancy between the records is accounted for, to a large extent,
by enlistments in other state organizations to the credit of Ver-
mont, which appeared upon the muster in rolls of those organiza-
tions and were not reported to Vermont.

The report of Adj. -Gen. Peck for 1866 gives the following
data in regard to Vermont troops :

Original members, 18,530; recruits, 10,437; total in Vermont
organizations, 28,967; veterans reenlisted, 1,961 ; enlisted in U. S.
army, navy and marine corps, 1,339; drafted men who paid com-
mutation, 1,971; whole number furnished by the state, 34,238.
The total number of drafted men and substitutes was 3,800.
In the admirable state roster of Vermont troops, as recently
compiled by Adjt.-Gen. Theodore S. Peck, the earlier statistics of
losses have been somewhat modified. It is here shown that the
total number of deaths among Vermont troops during the war

Military Affairs in Vermont 105

from all causes was 5,237, made up of 1,832 killed in action and
mortally wounded, and 3,405 died of disease, accident and as
prisoners.

When the war began the state was practically without debt;
its taxable property was valued at $85,000,000; it expended for
war purposes $9,887,353, of which amount $5,215,787 was ex-
pended by the several towns and municipal corporations for
bounties and other purposes and has never been repaid. Of the
balance $4,671,566, by far the greater amount, or nearly $4,000,-
000, was the result of the state bounty of $7 per month, paid to
Vermont soldiers during their service in the United States army ;
the unique provision for the families of the volunteers, men-
tioned earlier in this history, absorbed a large part of the re-
mainder.

Admirable arrangements were perfected by the state long
before the close of the war, whereby sick and disabled soldiers
received special care and attention, and secured for them whenever
practicable a speedy transmittal to their native state. Three
hospitals were established in the state — the U. S. general hospital
at Brattleboro, with a capacity of 893 beds ; the Sloan U. S.
general hospital at MontpeHer, with a capacity of 496 beds ; and
the Baxter U. S. general hospital at Burlington, with a capacity
of 250 beds. The report of the adjutant-general for 1865 showed
that 2,886 soldiers were admitted to these hospitals during the
year, of whom 1,916, or nearly 75 per cent, were returned to
duty. A total of nearly 6,000 wounded and sick Vermont soldiers
were transferred to these hospitals, after their establishment, in
addition to a large number from other states. Said Robert E.
Corson, military agent for the state at Philadelphia: "Apart from
the beneficial influence of a change of air, the associations of
home, and the tender offices of friends who could thus reach and
minister to those they loved (this transfer) was the undoubted
means of hastening the recovery of very many and the state
of Vermont was thus enabled to return to the government a much
larger percentage of convalescent and well men than would have
been the case had they been left in distant hospitals to receive those
attentions which, with so vast a number to share them, can be
bestowed but sparingly on individuals."

Before the end of the first year of the war, the protracted
nature of the struggle before the North was better realized.
Most of the soldiers at the front were enlisted for long terms of
service, and the lists of casualties from disease and battle began
to swell to large proportions. The state authorities were always
solicitous of the welfare of the Vermont soldiers after they left
the borders of the commonwealth, and for this purpose state mil-

106 The Union Army

itary agencies were established and maintained throughout the
war at Washington, Philadelphia and New York city. The ex-
cellent and zealous commissioner from Vermont at Washington
was Frank F. Holbrook; the military agent at Philadelphia was
Robert R. Corson, and at New York City, Frank E. Howe. The
business of the agency at Washington involved a great variety
of work and a vast multitude of details. In addition to the labor
of caring for the sick and wounded soldiers in the various general
hospitals at Washington, Alexandria, Baltimore, AnnapoHs, Fred-
erick, Point Lookout, Fortress Monroe, City Point, York, Chester,
Wilmington, Whitehall, Newark, Philadelphia, New York City,
etc., providing lists of the arrivals and changes at the various hos-
pitals and making prompt arrangements for their transfer, as far
as possible, to the general hospitals in the state, much was done
to promote the comfort and efficiency of the Vermont troops at
the front. Full and complete lists of paroled prisoners and of
those in the hands of the enemy were obtained ; lists of the dead
-were published for the information of friends ; the remains of many
of those who perished were sent home for interment ; assistance
was rendered in procuring furloughs, leaves of absence, dis-
charges ; and in mustering men out of service in field and hos-
pital as far as was consistent with the interests and regulations
of the service. Soldiers were aided in obtaining claims for
back pay, bounty, commutation of travel and subsistence, pen-
sions, prize money, state pay, etc. Passes were obtained for
•citizens of the state, enabling them to visit friends in the army,
and the soldiers in hospital were provided with supplies of various
kinds, by orders on the U. S. sanitary and Christian commissions.
'After the date of his appointment, Dec. 15, 1862, Mr. Holbrook
personally visited more than 10,000 Vermont soldiers in over 100
different hospitals and reported on their condition.

The New York agency was maintained at 194 Broadway, the
home of the New England soldiers' relief association. At this
'"midway home" of the soldiers a splendid work of love and mercy
was carried on ; the rooms of the agency were always open to
receive sick, wounded, and enfeebled soldiers and provide them
with tender nursing ; to receive the regiments en route for the
front or returning home ; and in general to give aid and comfort
to the soldiers during their stay in the city. According to the
report of Col. Howe for the period from Sept. i, 1864, to Sept.
T, 1865, a total of 7,689 Vermont soldiers were visited, registered
and aided in general hospitals, lodged and provided for at the
rooms of the association, or given aid directly or indirectly while
returning home to the state rendezvous for their final muster out.

The admirable service rendered the state by its efficient

Military Affairs in Vermont 107

military agent at Philadelphia, Robert R. Corson, is deserving of
all praise. He held his commission for more than three years,
and, during that time his office was a general headquarters for
the soldiers of Vermont and other states in the different hospitals
in the city. The men were furnished with any desired informa-
tion connected with their positions in the army, their private
wants, such as for stationery, postage stamps, tobacco, money,
car tickets to different parts of the city, etc., were supplied. Mr.
Corson's most important duty, however, was that of visiting the
soldiers in the twenty or more different hospitals in the city,
where he inquired into the special wants of each man. He also
visited numerous battle-fields, where he rendered to the soldiers
every aid in his power. After the establishment of the U. S.
sanitary and Christian commissions he procured from them what-
ever thev had to give to the sick and wounded men. When some
30,000 Union prisoners were exchanged near the close of the war,
he visited the men on their arrival at Annapolis and reported on
them to the state adjutant-general. He said: "Although long
accustomed to the horrible scenes which are the necessary result
of terrible battles; familiar as I am with the ghastly spectacles
which cover every field of conflict ; acquainted with human suffer-
ing in a thousand dreadful forms, I confess that I was not pre-
pared for the horrible sight which I witnessed on the wharves and
in the hospitals at Annapolis. Here, day after day, these floating
charnel-houses poured forth their contents. Men, emaciated,
hunger-stricken, worn away to skeletons by disease and starvation,
trooped out from the ships in vast numbers, until the heart
sickened at the fearful sum of human misery here presented. No
pen can ever depict the awfulness of this scene, much less over-
draw it." The three state agencies in Washington, New York and
Philadelphia closed their labors in Sept., 1865.

Vermont is one of the smallest states in the Union, and it
furnished less than an eightieth part of the Union army, but the
quality of the soldiers furnished was much above the average,
while their fighting characteristics, and the brilliant service to the
government rendered by the troops of the Green Mountain State
is recognized by every impartial historian. Vermont soldiers
shared in every decisive campaign and battle of the war and fre-
quently performed a leading part. Every man called for by the
Federal authorities was promptly furnished and every dollar
necessary to raise and equip the men was as promptly expended.
The sons of Vermont did their full duty in the hour of the Nation's
peril, and have made for themselves an imperishable record of
patriotism and bravery, unsurpassed in the story of bloody wars.

RECORD OF VERMONT REGIMENTS

First Infantry.— Col., J. Wolcott Phelps; Lieut.-Col., Peter T. Wash-
burn; Maj., Harry N. Worthen. The ist regiment, composed of militia
companies from Bradford, Brandon, Burlington, Cavendish, Middlebury,
Northfield, Rutland, St. Albans, Swanton and Woodstock, ten in all, was
mustered into the service of the United States at Rutland, May 8, 1861,
for a term of three months. It proceeded at once to Fortress Monroe, re-
ceiving along its route the greeting of the enthusiastic people. From Fort-
ress Monroe, on May 23, the regiment marched 6 miles to Hampton, Va.,
making the first reconnaissance of Union troops in that state. On May
26 it again left Fortress Monroe, this time for Newport News, which
place it was for a time employed in fortifying. On June 9 an expedition
was undertaken to Big Bethel which resulted in an encounter with
the enemy, and on Aug. 4 the regfiment embarked for New Haven, the
men being mustered out at Brattleboro soon after their arrival. The
total number of men in the ist was 781, of whom many reenlisted in
other organizations. Its loss by death in action was i man, by disease
4, and by accident i.

Second Infantry. — Cols., Henry Whiting, James H. Walbridge, New-
ton Stone, John S. Tyler, Amasa S. Tracy; Lieut.-Cols., George J. Stannard,
Charles H. Joyce, Newton Stone, John S. Tyler, Amasa S. Tracy, Enoch
E. Johnson; Majs., Charles H. Joyce, James H. Walbridge, Newton
Stone, John S. Tyler, Amasa S. Tracy, Enoch E. Johnson, Erastus G.
Ballou. The 2nd regiment was organized at Burlington and there mus-
tered into the U. S. service for three years on June 20, 1861. It left
Burlington for Washington, June 24, and encamped on Capitol hill until
July 10, when it was ordered to Bush hill, Va., where it was attached
to Howard's brigade, Heintzelman's division, with which it fought at
Bull Run on July 21. It was next sent to Chain bridge for guard duty
along the Potomac, and assisted in the construction of Forts Marcy and
Ethan Allen. In September it was formed with the 4th and 5th Ver-
mont regiments into the Vermont brigade (later known on many battle-
fields), the 2nd brigade of Smith's division. Winter quarters were estab-
lished at Camp Griffin and occupied until March 10, 1862, when the regi-
ment marched to Centerville, thence to Alexandria, where it was ordered
to Newport News and participated in the Peninsular campaign. It was
in action at Young's mills, Lee's mills and Williamsburg. In the organ-
ization of the 6th corps, the Vermont brigade, to which had been added
the 6th Vt., became the :?nd brigade, 2nd division. From April 13 to
May 19, 1862, the brigade was posted at White House landing. On June
26 it shared in the battle of Golding's farm and in the Seven Days' bat-
tles it was repeatedly engaged. It was ordered to Alexandria and to
Bull Run late in August. The corps was not ordered into the battle and
was next in action at Crampton's gap and Antietam in September. It
fought at Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862, after which winter quarters
were established near Falmouth and broken for the Chancellorsville
battles in May, where the 6th corps made a gallant charge upon the
heights. It fought at Gettysburg, and from Aug. 14 to Sept. 13, 1863, the

;i08

Vermont Regiments 109

brigade was stationed in New York to guard against rioting and then
rejoined the corps. Winter quarters were occupied with the Army of
the Potomac near the Rapidan and a large number of members of the
regiment reenHsted. The command continued in the field as a veteran
organization and broke camp May 4, 1864, for the Wilderness campaign.
On the opening day of the fight at the Wilderness Col. Stone was killed
and Lieut.-Col. Tyler fatally wounded. A number of the bravest officers
and men perished in the month following, during which the Vermont
brigade fought valiantly day after day with wonderful endurance, at
the famous "bloody angle" at Spottsylvania, at Cold Harbor and in the
early assaults on Petersburg. On July 10 it formed a part of the force
ordered to hasten to Washington to defend the city against Gen. Early,
and shared in the campaign in the Shenandoah valley which followed —
the fatiguing marches and counter-marches and the battles of Charles-
town, Fisher's hill, Winchester and Cedar creek. During the last named
battle the brigade held its ground when it seemed no longer tenable and
only withdrew when it was left alone. Returning with the 6th corps to
Petersburg in December, it participated in the charge on March 25, 1865,
and the final assault April 2, after which it joined in the pursuit of Lee's
army and was active at the battle of Sailor's creek, April 6, where it is
said to have fired the last shot of the 6th corps. The service of the 2nd
closed with participation in the grand review of the Union armies at
Washington, after which it returned to Burlington. The original mem-
bers who did not reenlist were mustered out on June 29, 1864, the veterans
and recruits at Washington, July 15, 1865. The total strength of the
regiment was 1,858 and the loss by death 399, of which number 224 were
killed or died of wounds and 175 from other causes. In his well-known
work on 'Regimental Losses," Col. Fox mentions the 2nd Vt. infantry
among the "three hundred fighting regiments" of the Union army.

Third Infantry. — Cols., William F. Smith, Breed N. Hyde, Thomas
O. Seaver, Horace W. Floyd ; Lieut. -Cols., Breed N. Hyde, Wheelock
G. Veazey, Thomas O. Seaver, Samuel E. Pingree, Horace W. Floyd,
William H. Hubbard; Majs., Walter W. Cochran, Wheelock G. Veazey,
Thomas O. Seaver, Samuel E. Pingree, Thomas Nelson, Horace W.
Floyd, John F. Cook, William W. Hubbard, Alonzo H. Newt. The 3d
regiment was mustered into the U. S. service for three years at Camp
Baxter, St. Johnsbury, July 16, 1861, and ordered to Washington on July
24. It was assigned to the force on guard at the Chain bridge over the
Potomac and became a part of the famous Vermont brigade, with which
it served until the expiration of its service, as part of the 6th corps. It
assisted in building Fort Ethan Allen and participated in its first engage-
ment at Lewinsville, Va., Sept. 11, 1861, after which it was in winter quar-
ters at Camp Griffin until March 10, 1862, when it moved to Alexandria
and Fortress Monroe. The regiment shared in the Peninsular campaign of
1862 and in all the difficult and arduous service of the Vermont brigade
in the following years of the war. This brigade, according to Col. Fox,
suffered the heaviest loss of life of any one brigade during the war.
The engagements participated in by the brigade were as follows : Lee's
mills, Va.. Williamsburg, Golding's farm. Savage Station, White Oak
swamp, Crampton's gap, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Gettysburg, Funkstown, Rappahannock Station, the Wilderness, Spott-
sylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Reams' Station, Fort Stevens, Charles-
town, Opequan, Fisher's hill, Winchester, Cedar creek, and again at
Petersburg at the end of the siege and at Sailor's creek. The 3d Vt. is
also mentioned by Col. Fox in the list of the 'three hundred fighting regi-
ments." The winter of 1862-63 was spent in camp near Falmouth and

110 The Union Army

in the Chancellorsville battles in May, 1863, the brigade was repeatedly
in action, making a brilliant assault upon Marye's heights. At Gettys-
burg the regiment participated in the battle with heavy loss and was then
ordered to New York to preserve order in that city. Winter quarters
of the 6th corps, of which the Vermont brigade was the 2nd brigade,
2nd division, were established at Brandy Station, Va., where a large num-
ber of the members of the 3d reenlisted. In the battles of the Wilder-
ness and Cold Harbor the command suffered severely and when the
original members not reenlisted were mustered out on July 27, 1864, the
remainder of the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of six com-
panies. It proceeded to Petersburg with the Army of the Potomac and
in July was ordered to Washington, where it faced Gen. Early in the
campaign which followed in the valley of the Shenandoah. Returning
to Petersburg, it was employed in the operations of the siege from Dec,
1864, to the fall of the city, April 2, 1865, and joined in the final assault on
the works. After participating in the grand review at Washington, the
regiment was mustered out there on July 11, 1865. The total strength
of the regiment was 1,809, of whom 196 were killed or died of wounds
and 166 from disease, imprisonment or accident. '

Fourth Infantry. — Cols., Edwin H. Stoughton, Charles B. Stoughton,
George P. Foster ; Lieut.-Cols., Harry N. Worthen, Charles B. Stough-
ton, George P. Foster, Stephen M. Pingree, John E. Pratt; Majs., John
Curtis Tyler, Charles B. Stoughton, George P. Foster, Stephen M. Pin-
gree, John E. Pratt, Charles W. Boutin. The 4th, composed of -members
from the eastern part of the state, was mustered into the U. S. service
for a term of three years at Brattleboro, Sept. 21, 1861, and ordered at
once to Washington. Co. A was composed mainly of members from
Bennington county, and Windsor, Orange, Orleans, Windham, Washing-
ton and Caledonia '^onft'es were all represented. The regiment spent
Imt a few days at Washington and moved on to join the other Vermont
regiments, stationed at Camp Advance, Va. It was assigned to the Ver-
mont brigade. Gen. W. T. Brooks, 2nd division. Gen. William F. Smith,
6th corps, and remained with this corps during the entire war. The origi-
nal members not reenlisted were mustered out, Sept. 30, 1864. and the
1st, 2nd and 3d companies of sharpshooters were assigned to the regi-
ment, Feb. 25, 1865. The losses of the regiment were so hea\y that in
spite of the large numbers of reenlisted men and recruits, it was con-
soHdated into eight companies on Feb. 25, 1865. The 4th is mentioned
by Col. Fox in his "Regimental Losses" as one of the "three hundred
fighting regiments." The active service of the command opened with
the campaign on the Peninsula early in 1862, followed by the battles of
Antietam and Fredericksburg of that year, the "Mud March," Chancel-
lorsville, Gettysburg, the Mine Run campaign, the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania. Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, the campaign against Early
in the valley of the Shenandoah in the summer of 1864, and the final
capture of Petersburg. The first winter was spent near the Chain bridge
over the Potomac ; the second near Falmouth, Va. ; the winter of 1863-64
at Brandy Station, Va., and the final winter in the trenches before Peters-
burg. In all of the varied services of the Vermont brigade, the 4th
always played its part with steadiness and courage, meeting losses that
were almost overwhelming. After the grand review at Washington in
May, 1865, the regiment was mustered out (July 13), and received the
welcome orders for the homeward journey. The total strength of the
regiment was 1.690 members, of whom 159 were killed or died of wounds,
201 from disease, 61 in Confederate prisons and 2 by accident.

Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Henry A. Smalley, Lewis A. Grant, John R.

Vermont Regiments 111

Lewis, Ronald A. Kennedy; Lieut.-Cols., Nathan Lord, Jr., Lewis A.
Grant, John R. Lewis, Charles P. Dudley, Addison Brown, Jr., Ronald
A. Kennedy, Eugene O. Cole; Majs., Lewis A. Grant. Redfield Proctor,
John R. Lewis, Charles P. Dudley, Eugene O. Cole, Thomas Kavaney.
The 5th was composed of members from St. Albans, Middlebury, Swan-
ton, Hyde Park, Manchester, Cornwall, Rutland, Brandon, Burlington,
Poultney, Tinmouth and Richmond and was mustered into the U. S.
service for three years at St. Albans, Sept. i6, 1861. It was ordered at
once to Washington and joined the other Vermont troops at Camp Ad-
vance, Va., near the Chain bridge, where it was assigned to the Vermont
brigade, with which it served during the remainder of the war. The fort-
unes of this brigade were many months of hard fighting and miles of
weary marching, but at the end the attainment of lasting renown. The
5th is one of the "three hundred fighting regiments" mentioned by Col.
Fox. Co. E, from Manchester, is said to have sufifered the heaviest loss
of any company from Vermont, and at the battle of Savage Station, Va.,
June 29, 1862, the regiment is said to have suffered the heaviest loss in
killed and wounded of any one regiment in a single action. The story
of the Vermont brigade has already been told and the 5th had its im-
portant share in the engagements of the brigade throughout the Penin-
sular and Maryland campaigns of 1862, both Fredericksburg campaigns,
Gettysburg and the movements in the vicinity of the Rapidan and Rappa-
hannock in the autumn of 1863. Early in December of that year a large
number of the members of the 5th reenlisted, and on Sept. 15, 1864, the
original members not reenlisted, were mustered out at Clifton, Va._ The
5th was continued in service as a veteran organization and participated
in the bloody month with the Army of the Potomac from the Wilderness
to Cold Harbor, afterward taking part in the siege of Petersburg, where
it was active in the operations. It moved to Washington with *^he 6th
corps to confront Gen. Early, whose troops threatened the city. In the
final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865, the Vermont brigade was in
the front of the line, the 5th being the first regiment to reach the enemy's
works and there plant its colors. It then joined in the pursuit and after
Lee's surrender moved to Danville to cooperate with Gen. Sherman. The
total strength of the regiment was 1,618, of whom 201 rnembers were
killed or died of wounds, 112 from disease, 21 from imprisonment and
4 by accident. The veterans and recruits were mustered out on June
29, 1865.

Sixth Infantry.— Cols., Nathan Lord, Jr., Oscar S. Tuttle, Elisl.a L.
Barney, Sumner H. Lincoln; Lieut.-Cols., Asa P. Blunt, Oscar S. Tuttle,
Elisha L. Barney, Oscar A. Hale, Frank G. Butterfield, Sumner H. Lin-
coln, William J. Sperry; Majs., Oscar S. Tuttle, Elisha L Barney, Oscar
A. Hale, Richard B. Crandall, Carlos W. Dwinell, Sumner H. Lincoln,
William J. Sperry, Edwin R. Kinney. The 6th, recruited from the state
at large, was mustered into the U. S. service for three years at Mont-
pelier, Oct. 15, 1861, and immediately ordered to Washington, where it
arrived on the 22nd. It proceeded at once to Camp Griffin, where it was
attached to the Vermont brigade. The command remained at this post
during the winter and broke camp on March 10, 1862, for the Peninsular
campaign. On April 6, 1862, at Warwick creek, Va., the regiment was first
in action, fortunately without loss. The brigade was first a part of the
4th and later of the 6th corps, with which it was generally known. In
the battle of Golding's farm the 6th won complimentary mention from
Gen. Hancock. The loss at Savage Station was severe, and in the Mary-
land campaign it bore an active part. It was active at Fredericksburg
and soon after went into winter quarters at White Oak Church, where it

112 The Union Army

remained until camp was broken for the Chancellorsville movement in
the spring of 1863. There and at Gettysburg and Funkstown later in the
summer, the regiment proved its right to be known as a brave and gal-
lant band. After sharing in the Mine Run campaign, the 6th went into
winter camp at Brandy Station, Va., until the opening of the Wilderness
campaign in the spring of 1864. In this memorable campaign the part of
the Vermont brigade was both important and tragic. The work was
arduous and the loss terrible. It joined in the famous assault at Spott-
sylvania and was repeatedly in action at Cold Harbor. Soon after the ar-
rival of the army at Petersburg the 6th corps was ordered to the defense
of Washington and rejoined the Army of the Potomac in Dec, 1864, to
remain with it during the remainder of the siege. In Oct., 1864, the orig-
inal members not reenlisted were mustered out and the veterans and re-
cruits consolidated into a battalion of six companies. After the surren-
der of Lee at Appomattox the regiment was mustered out at Washing-
ton, June 19, 1865, and ordered home. The total number of members of
the 6th was 1,681, of whom 189 were killed or died of wounds, 189 from
disease, 20 from imprisonment and 2 from accident.

Seventh Infantry Cols., George T. Roberts. William C. Holbrook,

David B. Peck, Henrv M. Porter; Lieut.-Cols., Volney S. Fullam, David
B. Peck, Henry M. Porter, Edgar N. Bullard ; Majs., William C. Hol-
brook, Henry M. Porter, Edgar N. Bullard. Darwin A. Smalley, George
E. Croff. The 7th was mustered into the U. S. service at Rutland, Feb.
12, 1862, for a three years' term. Greatly to the disappointment of its
members, it was ordered to join Gen. Butler's southern expedition and
sailed from New York March 10, landing at Ship island, Miss., two weeks
later. When the army occupied New Orleans, the 7th was stationed at
Fort Pike and Carrollton, and subsequently at Baton Rouge. Eight com-
panies joined in the expedition from Baton Rouge to Vicksburg in June,
1862, in whicli the men suffered much from diseases incident to the cli-
mate. After a short period passed in the vicinity of New Orleans, the
regiment was sent to Pensacola, where it remained until Aug. 10, 1864.
The southern summers proved very difficult for troops from the climate
of Vermont to endure, and the ranks were greatly depleted by yellow
fever, malaria, etc. On Aug. 30, 1864, the original members not reen-
listed were mustered out. All but 58, however, had enlisted for another
term and, in spite of the great reduction of the regiment by disease, it
was continued in the field as a veteran organization. It was engaged in
the defense of important fortifications at Pensacola and skirmished with
the enemy at a number of points in the vicinity. The regiment was ordered
again to New Orleans in Aug., 1864, and remained there until Feb., 1865,
when it was ordered to Mobile, which was then besieged by Gen. Canby,
and from that time took an active part in the operations of the siege.
After the fall of Mobile, the regiment was stationed at Clarksville and
later at Brownsville, Tex., where it was mustered out on March 14, 1866.
The total strength of the 7th was 1,572 members, of whom 11 were killed
or died of wounds, 379 died of disease, 6 in prison and 15 by accident.
It was longer in the service than any other Vermont regiment, lost more
members from sickness and a larger number of its members reenlisted
than any other Vermont organization.

Eighth Infantry. — Cols.. Stephen Thomas. John B. Mead ; Lieut.-
Cols., Edward M. Brown, Charles Dillingham, Henry F. Dutton, John B.
Mead, Alvin B. Franklin; Majs., Charles Dillingham, Luman M. Grout,
Henry F. Dutton, John L. Barstow, John B. Mead, Alvin B. Franklin,
Henry M. Pollard. The 8th, recruited for Gvn. Butler's southern expedi-
tion and rendezvoused at Camp Holbrook, Brattleboro. was mustered into

Vermont Regiments 113

the U. S. service for three years, Feb. i8, 1862. It remained in camp at
Brattleboro until March 4, when it left for New York, there to embark
for Ship island. Miss. From April 5 until early in May it encamped at
Ship island and was then ordered to New Orleans, where it was quartered
in the Mechanics' Institute building until the end of the month, when it
crossed to Algiers and Col. Thomas was placed in command of the dis-
trict of La Fourche. It opened the Opelousas railroad as far as La
Fourche crossing, and was engaged for some months in guarding the
road. On June 22, a detachment of 30 men from Co. H was ambushed
at Raceland Station, losing 5 killed and 9 wounded, the first blood shed
in the regiment. On Sept. 4, another detachment of 60 men was am-
bushed at Boutte Station by a Confederate force of 1,500 men, and lost
15 killed and 20 wounded. The same force of the enemy then moved
on Bayou Des AUemands Station, and compelled the surrender of Capt.
Hall, Lieuts. Sargent, Green and Mead, and 137 men. Among those
surrendered were 7 Germans, who had enlisted at New Orleans, and who
were promptly condemned and shot on the pretext that they were de-
serters from the Confederate army. In October, as a part of Gen.
Weitzel's brigade, the 8th began the work of opening the Opelousas rail-
road to Brashear City, which was completed on Dec. 8. It was en-
camped at Brashear City until Jan. 8, 1863, when it moved to Camp
Stevens at Thibodeaux, but returned after two days, and shared in the
expedition against the gunboat "John L. Cotton," located in the Bayou
Teche, during which it performed excellent service, but suffered no loss.
On April 12 it moved with the 19th corps in the advance to Port Hud-
son, having a brisk engagement with the enemy at Fort Bisland on the
same evening, which was resumed on the 13th. In the desperate assault
on Port Hudson, May 27, Col. Thomas commanded the brigade, and the
8th again distinguished itself for gallantry, losing in this battle 12 killed,
and yd wounded, among the latter Col. Thomas, Capt. Foster and Lieut.
Welch. It now shared in the siege operations and on June 14, led the
assaulting column in the second attack on the Confederate works. Its
loss on this occasion was 21 killed, and 75 wounded. After the surrender
of Port Hudson it was ordered to Donaldsonville, thence to Thibodeaux,
where it encamped until Sept. i, when it moved to Algiers and took part
in the fruitless Sabine Pass expedition, returning on Sept. 11. On Jan.
5, 1864, 321 men reenlisted for another three years' term and received
the usual veteran furlough. The remainder of the regiment, including
the recruits, remained in active service at Algiers and Thibodeaux, until
June 6, when they returned to the state and were mustered out at BraC"-
tleboro on the 22nd. The veteran portion of the regiment returned to
New Orleans and after a number of scouting expeditions embarked for
Fortress Monroe on the steamer St. Mary, July 5. On its arrival there
it was at once ordered to Washington to assist in resisting Gen. Early's
attempt upon the city, after which it was ordered to join the 6th corps
at Tenallytown, Md. It then moved with the army in pursuit of the
enemy as far as Berryville, Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, but imme-
diately countermarched to the vicinity of Washington, whence they were
ordered back into Maryland during the flurry caused by McCausland's
raid into that state. The severe marching of this month on half rations,
will never be forgotten by the men. In Aug., 1864, Gen. Sheridan took
command of the Army of the Shenandoah, and the 8th was assigned to
the 2nd brigade (McMillan's), ist division (Dwight's), 19th corps, un-
der Gen. Emory. It did gallant service at the battle of the Opequan,
Sept. 19, executing a splendid bayonet charge. Its casualties were 7
killed and ZZ wounded, among the latter Lieut. -Col. Button, Capt. Ford,
Vol. 1—8

114 The Union Army

and Lieuts. Livingston and Robie. It participated in the charge which
routed the enemy at Fisher's hill on the 22nd, and then followed in pur-
suit. On Oct. ID it encamped north of Cedar creek, where it remained
until the battle on the 19th. Its loss during the fierce fighting at Cedar
creek was 15 killed, 82 wounded and 27 missing, out of 350 men in action.
Capt. Hall was mortally wounded, and among the wounded were Capts.
Franklin, W. H. Smith, Ford and Howard and Maj. Mead. This battle
ended the hard fighting of the regiment, though on Nov. 12 it was en-
gaged at Newtown without loss. The command was encamped for five
weeks at Newtown and on Dec. 20 moved to Summit Point, where it re-
mained through the winter of 1864-65, on guard and picket duty along
the railroad from Charlestown to Winchester. On Feb. 20, 1865, a de-
tachment, while cutting wood, was attacked by guerrillas and 11 men were
captured, but were soon exchanged and rejoined the regiment. At the
beginning of 1865 the regiment mustered 675 men, of whom 470 were
present for duty. Enough recruits were received during January and
February to bring the total enrolment to 781, with 662 for duty. Lieut-
Col. Mead was promoted colonel March 4, Col. Thomas having resigned
Jan. 21, and been appointed brigadier-general Feb. i. On April 15 the
regiment was part of the cordon of infantry about the city of Washing-
ton to prevent the escape of the assassin Booth. It participated in the
grand review May 23, and on June i, as part of Dwight's division, it em-
barked for Savannah, Ga., but, at the last moment through the interces-
sion of Gov. Smith, then in Washington, it was ordered to disembark.
It now reported to Gen. Wright, commanding the 6th corps, and went
into camp with the other Vermont troops on Munson's hill until June 28,
when it was mustered out and arrived at Burlington, July 2, with 650
officers and men. July 8 and 10 they were finally paid and discharged.
The regiment had 1,016 original members, 752 recruits and 4 transfers,
a total of 1,772. Its losses were 102 killed or mortally wounded; 214
who died of disease, 7 by accident and 22 as prisoners — total, 345. It
had 264 men wounded, 185 captured and 83 deserted. More of its mem-
bers (viz.: 33) were promoted to be officers in other regiments than any
other Vermont regiment, and more of its members reenlisted than in
any other Vermont regiment except the 7th.

Ninth Infantry. — Cols., George J. Stannard, Dudley K. Andross, Ed-
ward H. Ripley; Lieut.-Cols., Dudley K. Andross, Edwin S. Stowell,
Edward H. Ripley, Valentine G. Barney, Herman Seligson; Majs., Edwin
S. Stowell, Edward H. Ripley, Charles Jarvis, Amasa Bartlett, Joseph C.
Brooks. This regiment was organized at Brattleboro and there mustered
into the U. S. service, July 9, 1862, for three years. It was ordered at
once to Washington, left camp on July 15, and four days later was at-
tached to Gen. Sturgis' division at Cloud's mills. On the 24th the com-
mand moved to Winchester, where it was employed in the construction
of fortifications, and other duties for several months. Early in Septem-
ber it was withdrawn to Harper's Ferry on the approach of Stonewall
Jackson's forces and with the other troops there posted was surrendered
and sent on parole to Chicago. On Jan. 10, 1863, the prisoners were
exchanged and the regiment was placed on guard duty over prisoners
captured at Murfreesboro and Arkansas Post until April 1, when it re-
turned to City Point, Va. It was at Suffolk during the siege in April
and May, 1863 ; was next sent to Yorktown and occupied West Point
during the Gettysburg campaign, when a futile attempt was made upon
Richmond. July, August and September were spent at Yorktown, where
the health of the men suffered from the climate and malaria was com-
mon. For this reason the command was transferred in October to New-

Vermont Regiments 115

port barracks, between Morehead City and New Berne, N. C. Early in
Feb., 1864, at the time of the attack upon New Berne, a detachment was
sent by the Confederate leader. Gen. Pickett, to capture Newport bar-
racks and in the battle which resulted 3 men of the 9th won medals
for gallantry. The regiment was finally obliged to withdraw to More-
head City, after a brave stand in defense of the post, and finally to Beau-
fort. Three days later the old position at Newport barracks was re-
occupied by the 9th Vt. and the 21st Conn, and held for some months
without any break in the routine except several excursions into the sur-
rounding country. During the summer various details near New Berne
employed several detachments of the regiment, and in September, the
entire command was ordered to Petersburg, Va., where it became a part
of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, i8th corps. Army of the James, with
which it remained during the existence of the corps. A detachment of
the regiment was posted at an earthwork known as Redoubt Dutton,
sometimes called Butler's slaughter-pen, which exposed position it held
and defended with honor, protecting the artillery, and the remainder of
the regiment was stationed at Chaffin's farm, where it was joined by the
detail from Redoubt Dutton. The regiment formed part of the force
that engaged the enemy at Fort Harrison on Sept. 29 and carried Bat-
tery Morris. On Oct. 27 it participated in the conflict at Fair Oaks,
after which it was ordered to New York to guard against possible riot-
ing during the presidential election. With the 3d division, 24th corps,
it was again stationed before Petersburg and took part in the final as-
sault on the city April 2, 1865. On June 13, the members of the regiment
whose term would expire before Oct. i, 1865, were mustered out and the
remainder consolidated into a battalion of four companies, which re-
mained in service until Dec. i, 1865. The total strength of the 9th was
1,878 members, of whom 23 were killed or died of wounds, 232 from dis-
ease, 36 from imprisonment and 7 from other causes.

Tenth Infantry. — Cols., Albert B. Jewett, William W. Henry, George
B. Damon; Lieut.-Cols., John H. Edson, William W. Henry, Charles G.
Chandler, Edwin Dillingham, Lucius T. Hunt, George B. Damon, Wyllys
Lyman, John A. Salsbury. The loth, composed of members from all por-
tions of the state, was mustered into the U. S. service at Brattleboro,
Sept. I, 1862, for three years, and left camp on the 6th for Washington,
where it spent a few days at Camp Chase, and was then posted along
the Maryland side of the Potomac to guard the fords near Edwards'
ferry. The winter was spent in the vicinity of Seneca creek and on June
22, 1863, it was ordered to Harper's Ferry, where it was assigned to the
1st brigade, 3d division, 3d corps, with which it served until the reor-
ganization of the Army of the Potomac in March, 1864, when it became
a part of the ist brigade, 3d division, 6th corps. The regiment was in
action at Locust Grove, Nov. 27, 1863, and was quartered at Brandy Sta-
tion, Va., during the winter of 1863-64. At the beginning of the Wil-
derness campaign, it was not in the thick of the fight and it was not
until the battle of Cold Harbor that it suffered heavily, when its services
were especially complimented in orders. The 6th corps was sent to Ber-
muda Hundred, while the army advanced to Petersburg but soon re-
joined the main body. On July 6 the 3d division was ordered to Har-
per's Ferry, but the loth and one regiment of the 2nd brigade was de-
tained with the 1st brigade at Frederick City, Md., and under Gen. Wal-
lace it engaged the enemy there on July 8 and at Monocacy on the 9th.
The loth then became a part of the army under Gen. Sheridan in the
Shenandoah Valley and participated in the battles of Winchester, Sept
19, Fisher's hill, and Cedar creek. After a short rest at Cedar creek

116 The Union Army

and Kernstown it returned to Petersburg on Dec. 3 and was active at
the time of the assault upon Fort Stedman in March, 1865, capturing 160
prisoners. The regiment shared in the final assault on Petersburg, April
2, and was among the first to enter the captured city. It then joined in
the pursuit of Lee's army and after the surrender was sent to Burling-
ton, where the men were mustered out on June 27, 1865. Fourteen offi-
cers and 136 men were transferred on June 22 to the 5th Vt. infantry
and were mustered out on the 29th. The total strength of the loth was
1,306 members, of whom 149 were killed or died of wounds, 153 from
disease, 32 in prison and 2 by accident. The regiment is included as one
of the "three hundred fighting regiments" in Fox's "Regimental Losses."
The following officers of this regiment were brevetted for gallant and
meritorious service: Capt. and Lieut.-Col. George B. Davis, Lieut. Aus-
tin W. Fuller, Col. and Brig.-Gen. William W. Henry, Capt. and Maj.
John A. Hicks, Lieut, and Capt. Silas Lewis, Lieut, and Capt. James M.
Read, and Maj. A. Salsbury.

Eleventh Infantry — First Heavy Artillery. — Cols., James M. War-
ner, Charles Hunsdson ; Lieut.-Cols., Reuben C. Benton, George E. Cham-
berlin, Charles Hunsdon, Aldace F. Walker, Darius J. Safford; Majs.,
George E. Chamberlin, Charles Hundson, Charles K. Fleming, Aldace F.
Walker, Charles Buxton, George D. Sowles, Robinson Templeton, Darius
J. Safford, Henry R. Chase. The nth was the largest Vermont regiment
sent to the war, both in original membership and in total enrolment. It
was recruited as an infantry regiment at the same time as the loth, un-
der the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 volunteers. By the middle of
August ten companies had been organized, and rendezvoused at Camp
Bradley, Brattleboro, where they were mustered into the U. S. service,
Sept. I, 1862, for three years. It left the state on Sept. 7 for Washing-
ton, where it arrived on the 9th and was assigned to duty in the chain
of forts constituting the northern defenses of the capital. By order of
the secretary of war, dated Dec. 10, 1862, it was made a heavy artillery
regiment, and was designated the "ist artillery, nth Vt. volunteers."
Authority was also given to increase its numbers to the regular heavy
artillery standard of twelve companies of 150 men each, with three ma-
jors and four heutenants to a company. This was accomplished in the
course of the next few months. It remained in the defenses of Wash-
ington for a period of 18 months, during which time it was chiefly em-
ployed in strengthening the works and constructing and garrisoning Forts
Slocum, Stevens and Totten. It assumed the red stripes and chevrons
of the artillery and its companies were designated as batteries. A new
flag was also added to the other colors of the regiment, bearing crossed
cannons on a yellow field. During the latter part of its artillery service
at Washington, it garrisoned four other forts and occupied a line of
about 7 miles front, the works mounting upwards of 200 heavy guns and
mortars. It experienced little of the real hardships of war during the
year 1863 and the first three months of 1864. It had comfortable quar-
ters, the men enjoyed excellent health and rations and even luxuries
were abundant. It maintained an excellent state of discipline and was
rated the best disciplined regiment in the defenses of the capital. After
the terrible losses incurred at the battle of the Wilderness, it was or-
dered to reinforce the army of the Potomac and reported for duty as
infantry near Spottsylvania Court House with nearly 1,500 men in line.
It was assigned to the Vermont brigade, 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 6th
corps, and was divided into three battalions, each of which was manoeuvred
as a regiment, and each of which exceeded in numbers any one of the
older regiments of the brigade. The Vermont brigade at this time was

Vermont Regiments 117

reduced to about 1,200 muskets. During the severe campaigning which
now ensued, the nth participated in every battle of the 6th corps from
May, 1864, to April, 1865. It was engaged at Spottsylvania, Cold Har-
bor, Petersburg, June 18, 1864, Weldon railroad. Fort Stevens, Charles-
town, Gilbert's ford, Opequan, Fisher's hill. Cedar creek, Petersburg,
March 25 and 27, 1865, and in the final assault which carried the works
of Petersburg on April 2. In the affair on the Weldon railroad, June 23,
1864, the regiment suffered the greatest loss sustained by any Vermont
regiment in one action, its loss being 9 killed, 31 wounded, and 261 cap-
tured. Among the prisoners were i field and 17 line officers. The regi-
ment participated in the review of the brigade, June 7, and in the grand
review of the 6th corps at Washington on the following day. Original
members, recruits for one year, and recruits whose term of service expired
before Oct. i, 1865, were mustered out of service on June 24, 1865, and
the remainder of the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of four
companies of heavy artillery, commanded by Maj. Safford, and stationed
in the defenses of Washington until mustered out on Aug. 25, 1865. The
following officers were brevetted for gallant and meritorious service :
Col. James M. Warner, Maj. Aldace F. Walker, Capt. James E. Eldredge,
Lieut. Henry C. Baxter, Capt. George G. Tilden, Lieuts. Henry J. Nich-
ols, George A. Bailey, John H. Macomber and Charles H. Anson. The
original members of the nth numbered 1,315, recruits and transferred
men, 1,005 — total, 2,320. Its losses were 152 killed and mortally wounded,
210 who died of disease, 175 who died in prison and 2 by accident, a total
of 539. The total number wounded was 457, captured 339.

Twelfth Infantry.— Col., Asa P. Blunt; Lieut.-Col, Roswell Fam-
ham; Maj., Levi G. Kingsley. The 12th regiment was the first of the
five regiments raised in response to the president's call of Aug. 4, 1862,
for 300,000 militia for nine months' service, the quota of Vermont under
this call being 4,898 men. Gov. Holbrook issued a general order for a
new enrolment of the Vermont militia and all the militia companies of
the state were called into active service. There were twenty-two such
companies upon the state roster, but some had formally disbanded, and
some existed only on paper, so that only thirteen companies were in a
condition to respond to the call. General Order No. 13 calling for nine
months men to fill the quota, stated that town officers and patriotic citi-
zens would be expected to enlist the men and form the necessary com-
panies. By Sept. 20, 1862, fifty companies were enlisted and organized
into the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th and i6th regiments of infantry. All were
militia regiments, organized in accordance with the state constitution,
the privates electing the company officers and the company officers nom-
inating the field officers, who were then commissioned by the governor,
the field of^cers in turn electing the regimental staff. The first ten com-
panies which responded to the call comprised the 12th regiment. These
were the West Windsor Guards (Co. A), Woodstock Light Infantry
(Co. B), Howard Guards (Co. C), Tunbridge Light Infantry (Co. D),
Ransom Guards (Co. E), New England Guards (Co. F), Allen Grays
of Brandon (Co. G), Bradford Guards (Co. H), Saxton's River Light
Infantry of Rockingham (Co. I), and Rutland Light Guard (Co. K).
B, C, E, F, G, H, and K formerly formed part of the ist infantry, but
under different officers and with many different members. The several
companies rendezvoused at Brattleboro, Sept. 25, and were mustered into
the U. S. service on Oct. 4, with a membership of 996 officers and men,
many of the officers having seen previous service. Col. Blunt had served
as adjutant in the 3d, and lieutenant-colonel in the 6th; Lieut.-Col. Farn-
ham and Maj. Kingsley had held lieutenants' commissions in the ist and

118 The Union Army

more than a dozen of the line officers had served in the ranks of that
organization. The personnel of the regiment comprised the best citizen-
ship of the state, — men of property and high business and professional
standing, who afterwards gave to the state two governors, a quarter-
master-general, a railroad commissioner, a state librarian, a state his-
torian and several state senators. The 12th left the state on Oct. 7 for
Washington, and on its arrival there was assigned to Derrom's brigade,
Casey's division. When the other four nine months regiments arrived
on Oct. 30, the five organizations were united to form the 2nd Vermont
brigade, — the 2nd brigade, Casey's division, reserve army corps for the
defense of the capital. Col. Blunt was the ranking colonel and com-
manded the brigade until Dec. 7, when Brig.-Gen. E. H. Stoughton took
command. On the morning of Oct. 30, the brigade broke camp and
moved to a point 2 miles south of Alexandria, on the Mt. Vernon rail-
road, where it did picket and fatigue duty for 6 weeks. It then moved
with the brigade to Fairfax Court House and performed picket duty for
3 months along Bull run and Cub run. On Dec. 28 it assisted in repulsing
Stuart's third cavalry raid, inflicting some loss on the enemy, but sus-
taining none itself. It was afterwards employed in guarding the fords
of the Occoquan river and picketing the outer line of defenses of Wash-
ington. During May and part of June, 1863, it was engaged in railroad
guard duty by detachments on the Orange & Alexandria railroad and on
June 21, moved to Wolf Run shoals. At the beginning of the Gettys-
burg campaign, the 2nd Vermont brigade was attached to the 3d division,
1st corps, and formed the rear-guard of the army until it crossed the
Potomac. During the battle of Gettysburg it was detached with the 15th
Vt. to guard the corps trains. Cos. B and G were later detached as
guard for a portion of the ammunition trains and were posted on the
Taneytown road on the outskirts of the field, during the 3d day of the
fight. After the battle it moved by railroad to Baltimore, as guard for
2,500 Confederate prisoners. Its term of service having expired on July
4, 1863, it returned to Brattleboro on the 9th and was mustered out on
the 14th. It suflfered no losses in action, but willingly performed all that
was asked of it, and was a well disciplined command. Many of its mem-
bers subsequently reenlisted in other organizations. The total enrol-
ment was 1,005; of whom 63 died of disease and only 4 deserted.

Thirteenth Infantry. — Col., Francis V. Randall; Lieut.-Cols., Andrew
C. Brown, William D. Munson; Majs., Lawrence D. Clark, Joseph J.
Boynton. The 13th was recruited in the summer of 1862 in the counties
of Washington, Chittenden, Lamoille and Franklin. It was organized
on Sept. 24, rendezvoused at Brattleboro on the 29th, and was mustered
into the U. S. service for nine months on Oct. 10, 1862. Two of its com-
panies, the Emmett Guards of Burlington, and the Lafayette Artillery of
Calais, belonged to the uniformed militia of the state, who responded to
the order of Aug. 12, calling all the state militia into active service. The
personnel of the regiment was of a high order, more than half of the
members being young farmers and many of the others belonging to the
learned professions. Col. Randall had seen 15 months' service as cap-
tain of Co. F, 2nd infantry ; Lieut.-Col. Brown was a captain of the Mont-
pelier militia company when elected, but was without previous military
service; Maj. Clark had been a captain in the ist infantry throughout
its term of service. The 13th left the state for Washington, Oct. 11,
953 strong, and soon after its arrival there was united with the other
nine months' Vermont regiments to form the 2nd Vermont brigade. On
Oct. 30 it proceeded to the heights south of Alexandria, Va., where it
engaged in picket and fatigue duty at "Camp Vermont" for a month.

Vermont Regiments 119

Late in November it moved to Fairfax Court House, thence to Union
mills, Va., where it was occupied for 2 weeks in railroad guard duty, and
then returned to Camp Vermont, Dec. 5. A week later it marched with
the brigade to Fairfax Court House, was occupied for 5 weeks in hold-
ing the fortifications at Centerville and picketing along Bull run, assist-
ing in the repulse of Gen. Stuart's cavalry at Fairfax Court House Dec.
28. It was posted at Wolf Run shoals from Jan. 20 to April 2, 1863, then
established "Camp Carusi," on the Occoquan, guarded the fords of that
stream until the latter part of June, when it joined the other regiments
of the brigade at Union mills and started on the 7 days' march to Get-
tysburg. It arrived on the battle-field on the evening of July i and went
into position on the left of Buford's cavalry on Cemetery hill. On the
second day of the battle five companies of the 13th, commanded by Lieut.-
Col. Munson, supported a battery on the west side of Cemetery hill.
The other companies under Col. Randall recovered a Union battery by
a gallant charge, and advancing in the evening on the Emmitsburg road
as far as the Rogers' house, captured 83 of the enemy who had taken
refuge there. On the 3d day of the battle it was heavily engaged during
Pickett's famous charge, capturing 243 officers and men. The loss of the
13th at Gettysburg was 11 killed, 81 wounded and 23 missing. Its term
of service having expired, it returned to Brattleboro shortly after the
battle and was there mustered out on July 21, 1863. A large number of
the members afterwards reenlisted in other organizations. The total
enrolment of the regiment was q68, of whom 19 were killed in action or
died of wounds, 53 died of disease, 7 deserted, 84 were wounded and 5
were captured.

Fourteenth Infantry. — Col., William T. Nichols; Lieut.-Col, Charles
W. Rose; Maj., Nathaniel B. Hall. The 14th was one of the five Ver-
mont regiments raised under the call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia
to serve for nine months. It was recruited in the counties of Addison,
Rutland and Bennington, and comprised the following companies : Co.
A, from the town of Bennington; Co. B, Wallingford; Co. C, Shoreham;
Co. E, Middlebury; Co. F, Castleton; Co. G, Bristol; Co. H, Rutland;
Co. I, Vergennes ; and Co. K, Danby. The several companies rendezvoused
at Brattleboro on Oct. 6, 1862, and were mustered into the U. S. service
for nine months on the 21st. The following day it left for Washington
with 952 officers and men. Col Nichols was a prominent young lawyer
of Rutland; had been a member of the Rutland Light Guard, and had
served with the ist regiment. Lieut.-Col. Rose had been a lieutenant of
the Middlebury company of the ist regiment; was afterwards captain of
Co. B of the sth, and was wounded at Savage Station. Maj. Hall was
a son of Ex-Gov. Hiland Hall; a successful lawyer and state's attorney
of Bennington county, when commissioned, but was without previous
military experience. On its arrival in Washington on the 25th, the 14th
was temporarily brigaded with some Maine troops, but a few days later
was united with the other nine months' regiments to form the 2nd Ver-
mont brigade. The command was assigned to duty in the outer defenses
of Washington, serving first at Alexandria, Va., then in the vicinity of
Fairfax Court House, where it assisted on Dec. 28, 1862, in repulsing
Stuart's cavalry raid, and was posted at Wolf Run shoals on the Occo-
quan river, from March to June, 1863. In addition to picket duty it per-
formed arduous fatigue duty, digging rifle pits and building corduroy
roads. On April 20, 1863, Brig.-Gen. George J. Stannard took command
of the brigade, and on June 25 the brigade was assigned to the 3d division,
1st corps, and began its march to Gettysburg. It marched 120 miles in
6 days, reaching Emmitsburg, Md., on the 30th. It arrived on the bat-
tle-field too late to share in the first day's fighting and encamped for the

120 The Union Army

night in a wheat field to the left of Cemetery hill. On the afternoon of
the 2nd day it went into action on the left center, where it remained dur-
ing the remainder of the battle. Its chief loss was sustained on the 3d
day during the splendid charge of Pickett's men. The 14th behaved with
the steadiness and gallantry of veteran troops, executing a number of
difficult movements while under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry.
Its casualties were 18 killed, g mortally and 65 severely wounded, the
heaviest loss in killed and wounded sustained by any regiment in the
brigade. After the battle it joined in the pursuit of Lee's army, making
a number of hard marches. On July 18, its term of service having ex-
pired, it started for home, and was mustered out at Brattleboro, July 30,
1863. The total enrolment of the regiment was 964, of whom 27 were
killed in action or mortally wounded; 39 died of disease; i died in prison
and I was murdered — total deaths 68. It lost not a man by desertion; 65
were wounded.

Fifteenth Infantry.— Col., Redfield Proctor; Lieut.-Col., William W.
Grout; Maj., Charles F. Spaulding. The isth was one of the five Ver-
mont regiments enlisted under the President's call of Aug. 4, 1862, for
nine months' service. It was recruited in the counties of Caledonia,
Orleans, Orange and Windsor, one of its companies, the Frontier Guards
of Coventry, being one of the thirteen existing companies of uniformed
militia which first responded to the call. The companies perfected a
regimental organization on Sept. 26, 1862; rendezvoused at Brattleboro
Oct. 8; were mustered into the U. S. service for nine months on Oct. 22,
and left the state for Washington on the 23d. Col. Proctor had seen
previous service as quartermaster of the 3d Vt., and afterwards as major
of the Sth. He was a fine type of the civilian soldier and was one of the
best colonels in the service. His fine qualities later placed him in the
highest office within the gift of the state. Lieut.-Col. Grout was a rising
young lawyer of the Orleans county bar, and Maj. Spaulding was a busi-
ness man of St. Johnsbury, though neither was experienced in military
affairs. After the arrival of the 15th in Washington on the morning
of the 26th, it was temporarily assigned to the 2nd brigade, Case/s
division, and a few days later joined the other Vermont regiments to
form the 2nd Vt. brigade. It was stationed at "Camp Vermont" near
Hunting creek, engaged in drill, picket and fatigue duty, until Dec. 12.
From that date until the following spring it was stationed one mile south
of Fairfax Court House, occupied in drill and fatigue duty on rifle-pits.
At the time of Gen. Stuart's raid in the rear of Fairfax Court House,
Dec. 28, 1862, it picketed all the approaches to Centerville, and during
May, 1863, it was on picket duty at Bealeton Station for a few days with
Gen. Stoneman's cavalry, after which it returned to Bull run, with head-
quarters at Union Mills. On May 30 a detachment of 15 men guarding
a supply train, near Catlett's station, was overpowered by a superior
force of Mosby's men and the train was partially burned. The regiment
was employed during part of June in guarding the Orange & Alexandria
railroad at Catlett's and Bristoe Stations. On June 25, with the rest of
the brigade, it began its long forced march to join the ist corps at Get-
tysburg. At Emmitsburg on the 30th, the 15th and 12th regiments were
detailed to guard the corps train, which they escorted to within about 2
miles of the battle-field on July i. That evening the 15th was ordered
to join the 13th, 14th and i6th, and bivouacked in a wheat field to the
left of Cemetery hill. At noon of July 2, while serving as support to the
batteries on Cemetery hill, it was ordered to return again and assist the
I2th in guarding the train. A detail of two companies, with two from
the I2th, had charge of the ist corps ammunition train near the battle-

Vermont Regiments 121

field. The command overtook the train at Westminster, and moved with
it via Frederick City and South mountain towards Hagerstown, Md.,
rejoining the brigade at Funkstown. During the pursuit of Lee it formed
in hne of battle on the right of the ist corps in front of Hagerstown,
200 men of the isth being thrown forward as skirmishers. When Lee
effected his escape into Virginia the regiment was ordered home, ar-
riving in New York City during the draft riots. Its term of service
had expired, but it remained at the request of Gen. Canby until order
was restored. It was mustered out of service at Brattleboro, Aug. 5,
1863. The total enrolment of the 15th was 942, of whom 78 died by dis-
ease, I committed suicide, i deserted, 69 were honorably discharged, i
was transferred to veteran reserve corps and 5 were captured.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Col., Wheelock G. Veazey; Lieut.-Col., Charles
Cummings; Maj., William Rounds. This regiment, composed of men
from Windsor and Windham counties, was organized Sept. 27, 1862,
rendezvoused at Brattleboro Oct. 9, and was mustered into the United
States service for nine months on the 23d. It was one of the five nine
months' regiments recruited in Vermont under the call of Aug. 4, 1862,
for 300,000 militia. Col. Veazey, a graduate of Dartmouth college, had
received excellent training in military affairs as captain, major and lieu-
tenant-colonel in the 3d Vt. infantry, and as commander of the 5th Vt.,
during part of the Peninsular campaign. He was an excellent officer
and commanded the complete confidence of his regiment. Lieut.-Col.
Cummings had served as first lieutenant of Co. E of the nth Vt., after-
wards returned to the service as lieutenant-colonel of the 17th Vt., and
was killed while commanding that regiment at the battle of Poplar
Grove, near Petersburg, Va. Maj. Rounds was a well known lawyer of
the Windsor county bar, but without previous experience in military af-
fairs. The regiment had an unusually large number of intelligent and
well educated men and contained some of the best blood of the state.
It left Brattleboro on Oct. 24, 1862, with 949 officers and men, for Wash-
ington, and on its arrival there was brigaded with the other Vermont
troops to form the 2nd Vermont brigade. On Oct. 30, it moved with
the brigade, to Ball's cross-roads, Va., and then to Hunting creek, where
it established "Camp Vermont." On Dec. 11, it moved farther to the
front and was stationed at Centerville and Fairfax Court House until
Jan. 20, 1863. It was then at Fairfax Station on the Orange & Alex-
andria railroad until March 24, when it moved to Bull run and was
chiefly occupied in guard and picket duty. In the latter part of May it
was stationed by detachments at various points on the railroad on guard
duty. At Catlett's station, on May 30, Mosby's raiders attacked a sup-
ply train and inflicted considerable damage. On June 11 it returned to
Union mills and resumed picket duty along Bull run. Lee's great in-
vasion into Pennsylvania was now under way, and on June 23 the brig-
ade, commanded by Gen. Stannard, was assigned to the ist corps of the
Army of the Potomac. Two days later it received orders to join the
corps and started on its long forced march to Gettysburg. It reached
Emmitsburg, Md., on the 30th and after a hurried march the following
day reached the battle-field at the close of the first day's fight, going
into position on the left on Cemetery hill. The regiment was engaged
on the afternoon of the 2nd, Co. B, under Capt. Arms being detached to
reinforce the skirmish line in the morning and rendering efficient service.
While moving in the afternoon to the left along Cemetery ridge to rein-
force the shattered Union lines, it was exposed to a heavy artillery fire,
and finally halted in support of a battery. That night it was detailed for
picket duty across the field of the afternoon and during the fierce fight-

132 The Union Army

ing of the 3d day, it held the same advanced position on the skirmish
line. During the famous charge of Longstreet's three divisions the i6th
was heavily engaged, twice changing front under a severe artillery and
musketry fire and charging the enemy's flank. It captured prisoners
several times in excess of its own numbers, together with 3 stands of
colors, and after the battle followed in pursuit of Lee's retreating army
until Lee crossed the Potomac into Virginia, when it was ordered home,
its term of enlistment having expired. It arrived in New York during
the draft riots and remained there until order was restored. It was
finally mustered out at Brattleboro, Aug. 10, 1863. The total enrolment
of the i6th was 968, of whom 24 were killed in action or mortally wounded ;
48 died of disease and i died in prison — total deaths, "JZ- Eighty men
were wounded, 4 were captured and 2 deserted.

Seventeenth Infantry.— Col., Francis V. Randall; Lieut.-Cols., Charles
Cummings, Lyman E. Knapp; Majs., William B. Reynolds, Henry A.
Eaton, Lyman E. Knapp, James S. Peck. The 17th was recruited under
an order issued by Gov. Holbrook on Aug. 3, 1863. The original inten-
tion was to enlist a regiment of veterans. The five nine months' regi-
ments had just been mustered out and it was expected that a large num-
ber of these men would promptly reenlist in the new regiment. For
business and other reasons this did not prove to be the case and the
work of filling the regiment proceeded very slowly. At first the bounties
offered were confined to men who had seen service, and when this re-
striction was removed in September only $100 was offered for recruits
for the new regiment, while $300 was offered for recruits for existing
organizations. On Dec. 31 the government offered the same bounty to
recruits for new regiments as was offered to those for the old, and men
were then obtained more rapidly. Enlistments began on Aug. 21, 1863,
and continued to Sept. 23, 1864. The first company was not filled until
Jan. 5, 1864, and from that date until the following September the regi-
ment was slowly mustered into service for a three years' term, mostly
in small squads. Col. Randall, an experienced officer, who had served
as captain in the 2nd and as colonel of the 13th Vt., was commissioned
colonel Feb. 10, 1864, but could not be mustered until the full regiment
was raised. He joined the 17th at the front on Oct. 27, but was never
given the opportunity to lead the regiment into battle. The 17th ren-
dezvoused at Burlington and when only partially organized, left the state,
April 18, 1864, as a battalion of seven companies commanded by Lieut-
Col. Cummings, who had served in that capacity with the i6th Vt. Maj.
Rejmolds was also an experienced officer, having served as captain in
the 6th Vt. Thus imperfectly organized the 17th had had little oppor-
tunity for drill and discipline. It arrived at Alexandria on April 22,
where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Col. Griffin), 2nd division (Gen,
Potter), 9th corps (Gen. Burnside), and was at once hurried into the
bloody campaign which began at the Wilderness. During its brief term
of service it fought in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North
Anna river, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg
on June 17 and in the mine explosion of July 30, Weldon railroad. Pop-
lar Spring Church, the first battle on Hatcher's run, and the fall of Pe-
tersburg. Its first experience of the stern realities of war was in the
battle of the Wilderness, where it gave evidence of the same fine quali-
ties of courage and fighting ability which had already rendered the 1st
Vt. brigade famous throughout the army, and gained an honorable name
for the nine months' regiments of the 2nd Vt. brigade at Gettysburg.
The command behaved with the steadiness and courage of veterans. Its
loss in this battle was 80 killed, wounded and missing out of 313 engaged.

Vermont Regiments 133

It again lost heavily at Spottsylvania, where it added to its reputation
for courage and coolness, its loss here being 72 killed, wounded and miss-
ing out of about 250 engaged. From that time on the regiment was al-
most constantly marching and fighting. Writing from Cold Harbor on
June 8, Lieut. -Col. Cummings said in his official report : "During the last
IS days we have been under fire every day but 3, and 2 of these days
we were on the march." It was already sadly reduced in numbers by
battle and sickness and was glad to welcome on June 8 Co. H, Capt.
Corey, with 57 men, which gave it a total of 235 muskets. In the assault
on the works of Petersburg, June 17, the regiment captured the colors,
adjutant and about 70 men of the 17th Tenn. and 2 pieces of artillery.
It went into action with 135 men and lost 6 killed and 20 wounded, 7
fatally. In the disastrous action of the mine explosion, July 30, it was
commanded by Maj. Reynolds. It mustered for the assault only 8 com-
missioned officers and 120 men, and when the bloody affair was over,
only I officer and less than half the men returned. Its casualties were
10 killed, 46 wounded, 18 missing. Among the killed was the gallant
Maj. Reynolds. Lieut. Needham, the only officer who escaped, was badly
wounded and died a week later. Adjt. Peck, though sick, assumed com-
mand, but was soon succeeded by Capt. Knapp, absent on detached serv-
ice, and shortly after, Capt. Eaton, also on detached duty, was relieved
and promoted to major. Lieut. -Col. Cummings went home on sick leave,
and Maj. Eaton continued in command. In August Co. I, with 87 men,
joined the regiment, which was further augmented by returning con-
valescents and mustered 233 present for duty on Sept. i. Another heavy
loss was sustained by the regiment in the action at Poplar Spring Church,
when 8 were killed, 40 wounded, 2 mortally, and 27 captured. Among
the killed were Lieut. -Col. Cummings and Maj. Eaton, both gallant offi-
cers, and for a while after this disastrous action the command mustered
only 84 men, with Capt. Knapp in command. On Oct. 27, Co. K, Capt.
Yale, with 95 men and Col. Randall joined the regiment. It sustained
no loss in the action at Hatcher's run, Oct. 27. During the period from
Nov., 1864, to Feb. 11, 1865, the 9th corps was transferred to the extreme
right of the army, and Griffin's brigade held the left of the corps line,
which extended from the Appomattox to the left as far as the Jerusalem
plank road. Col. Randall was placed in charge of Fort Davis on the
brigade line, in command of his own regiment, the 31st Me., 56th Mass.,
and two batteries. On Feb. 11, 1865, the 17th was moved a mile to the
left on the advance line and held this position until the final assault on
Petersburg, April 2. Early in March Col. Randall went home on 30
days' leave, and did not rejoin the regiment until after Lee's surrender.
Lieut.-Col. Knapp commanded the regiment in the final assault, during
which it displayed its customary gallantry, losing 10 killed and 35
wounded, 5 mortally. It joined in the pursuit of Lee, and on the day of
the final surrender was at Burkesville, where it was joined the next
day by Col. Randall. It remained there on duty until the 20th, when it
returned to Alexandria via City Point. It participated in the grand re-
view at Washington, May 23, and was mustered out and started home on
July 14. It arrived at Burlington on the i8th and the men were finally
paid and discharged on the 24th. The 17th was one of the nine Vermont
regiments in Fox's "three hundred fighting regiments" which sustained
a loss of 119 to 174 men each. It lost 14 officers killed or mortally
wounded, exceeding that of any other Vermont regiment ; had 6 com-
missioned officers brevetted for gallant and meritorious services in the
field ; was credited with 232 recruits, but of this number 120 enlisted as
substitutes or were drafted and stand on the records as "deserted, never

124 The Union Army

joined company." The original members numbered 869, recruits, 232,
transferred from other regiments, 5, total enrolment, 1,106; killed in
action or died of wounds, 133, by accident, 3, in prison 33 — total 226;
losses other than by death 386, viz: wounded, 314; captured, 72.

Company F, First U. S. Sharpshooters, — Lieut-Col., William Y.
W. Ripley; Capts., Edmund Weston, Jr., Charles W. Seaton, E. Witsey
Hindes, Charles D. Merriman. Co. F, ist U. S. sharpshooters was organ-
ized at West Randolph, Sept. 13, 1861. The following day it left the
state for the regimental rendezvous at Weehawken, N. J., and a few days
later went with the regiment to Washington, where it was mustered into
the U. S. service for three years. It had left Vermont with 3 officers and
113 men, but when mustered, its number was reduced to the service re-
quirement of 100 men. Lieut.-Col. Ripley commanded the regiment until
disabled by wounds. The regiment was encamped near Washington
until March 22, 1862, when it was assigned to Gen. Porter's division and
participated in the Peninsular campaign, Co. F losing 11 killed and
wounded. It was then attached to Morell's division of the 5th corps
and was active at Bull Run, losing several men. At Blackford's ford,
W. Va., Co. F captured 2 guns and several prisoners. At Gettysburg the
sharpshooters were actively engaged at various points on the line, serving
with the 3d corps. Co. F led the advance of the 3d corps at Kelly's ford
Nov. 7, 1863, when 406 of the enemy were surprised and captured. It
was again heavily engaged at Locust Grove, during the Mine Run cam-
paign. In the spring of 1864, the sharpshooters were attached to the 2nd
brigade, 3d division, 2nd corps, and had an active part in the battles of
the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and those around Peters-
burg. After the battle of Cold Harbor Co. F had only 15 men left of
the 43 who crossed the Rapidan on May 4. Its term expired Sept. 12,
1864, when it had but 25 men of the original members. Nineteen of
these were honorably discharged and 6 reenlisted. On Dec. 23, 1864, the
small remnant of veterans and recruits was transferred to Co. E, 2nd
U. S. sharpshooters. Co. F participated in 37 important battles and
skirmishes, besides numerous minor engagements. Its total enrolment
was 190, of whom 30 were killed or died of wounds, 13 died of disease,
2 died in prison, 7 were captured, 6 deserted and 50 were wounded.

Company E, Second U. S. Sharpshooters. — Col., Homer R. Stough-
ton; Capts., Homer R. Stoughton, Francis D. Sweetser, Seymour F. Nor-
ton. The 2nd company of Vermont sharpshooters, designated as Co. E,
2nd U. S. sharpshooters, was recruited by Homer R. Stoughton, of West
Randolph, Vt. The conditions for enlistment required that each recruit
must, in a public trial, shooting from the shoulder without telescopic
sights, put 10 successive bullets into a lo-inch ring, 300 yards distant.
The uniform of the sharpshooters was distinctive, being of green cloth
to match the green of nature, with leather leggings and knapsacks tanned
with the hair on. Co. E was mustered into the U. S. service Nov. 9,
1861, with 91 officers and men, and left the state on Nov. 21 for Wash-
ington, where it joined the 2nd U. S. sharpshooters. It remained in
camp of instruction until March 18, 1862, when its regiment was assigned
to the 1st brigade, ist division, ist corps, under Gen. McDowell. It fired
its first shot at Falmouth April 17, 1862, and had its first man killed at
the second battle of Bull run, Aug. 30. From its first important engage-
ment at Rappahannock Station in Aug., 1862, to that of Hatcher's run
in Feb., 1865, it was present in no less than 27 important engagements
and skirmishes, besides a number of minor engagements. During the
year 1862, out of 145 officers and men on its rolls, 2 were killed in
action, 5 died of disease, 43 were discharged for wounds or disability,

Vermont Regiments 125

6 deserted, 3 were transferred, and i was promoted out of the com-
pany, leaving 84 officers and men. In 1863, despite the hard service
at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and during the Mine Run campaign,
its losses were not great. One died of disease, 2 were wounded, 6
captured, 15 discharged for wounds or disability and 4 transferred,
leaving 64 officers and men. In the severe campaign of 1864, which
began at the Wilderness, the company was engaged in 11 pitched
battles. On Dec. 23, 1864, it was joined by 32 men from Co. F, and
on Feb. 25, 1865, the 2nd regiment of sharpshooters was so badly
reduced in numbers, the original members, except veterans and
recruits, having been mustered out of service on Nov. 9, 1864, it was
transferred to the 4th Vt. infantry as Co. G. The total enrolment of
the company, including 116 recruits, was 207, of whom 22 were killed
in action or mortally wounded, 14 died by disease and accident, 3
died in prison, 7 deserted, 8 were captured and 57 were wounded.

Company H, Second U. S. Sharpshooters. — Capts., Gilbert Hart,
Albert Buxton, William Newell, William H. Churchill, Walter W.
Smith. This company, the third and last company raised in Vermont
for this arm of the service, was recruited during the months of Nov.
and Dec, 1861, rendezvoused at Brattleboro and was mustered into
the U. S. service for three years, Dec. 31, 1861. The same day it left
the state for Washington, and on its arrival there became Co. H, of
the 2nd U. S. sharpshooters. An epidemic of measles made it neces-
sary to leave behind a large number of men who rejoined the command
at Washington the following February. On March 19, 1862, it took
the field, the regiment having been assigned to Augur's brigade (ist),
King's division (ist), ist corps, commanded by Gen. McDowell. Most
of the summer was spent at Falmouth, Va., though the command
shared in the various movements of McDowell's corps towards Rich-
mond and afterwards towards Front Royal in the effort to cut off
the retreat of Stonewall Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley. It
also shared in the campaign of Pope, being engaged at Rappahannock
Station, Sulphur springs, Groveton and the second Bull Run. In
September, as part of Hooker's corps of the Army of the Potomac,
it was active at Turner's gap and Antietam, losing a number of men,
and Co. H was again active at Fredericksburg, but met with only
slight loss. On June 16, 1862, it was armed with the Sharp breech-
loading rifle instead of the unpopular Colt's rifle. At Chancellorsville,
the company lost 3 wounded, and during the remainder of 1863, was
engaged at Gettysburg, Wapping heights. Auburn, Kelly's ford.
Brandy Station, Orange Grove, and Mine Run, besides numerous
minor skirmishes. The winter of 1863-64 was spent at Brandy Sta-
tion, where on Dec. 21, nearly all the members reenlisted and received
the usual veteran furlough. In Feb., 1864, when the veterans returned,
the ranks had been swelled by recruits and the company again num-
bered 100 men. On the opening of the bloody campaign of 1864, the
2nd sharpshooters were assigned to the ist brigade, 3d division, 2nd
corps, under Gen. Hancock. Co. H lost at the Wilderness 8 killed,
16 wounded and 2 missing, among the mortally wounded being the
gallant Capt. Buxton. It was active in the engagements at the Po
river, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Peters-
burg, Deep Bottom, the capture of Fort Hell on the Jerusalem plank
road, Boydton plank road, and the Weldon railroad. During the
winter of 1864-65, the company's ranks were swelled by 17 recruits
from Co. F, ist U. S. sharpshooters, whose organization was discon-
tinued. Their last skirmish as sharpshooters was at Hatcher's run,

126 The Union Army

Feb. 5-7, 1865, and on the 25th the sharpshooters were disbanded, Co.
H retaining its letter, became a part of the 4th Vt. infantry and with
this organization was engaged at Fort Fisher, in the final assault on
Petersburg, and in the pursuit of Lee to Appomattox. The total
enrolment of the company was 191, of whom 18 were killed or mor-
tally wounded, 19 died of disease, 3 in prison, 6 men deserted, 7 were
captured and 44 were wounded.

First Battery Light Artillery. — Capts., George W. Duncan, George
T. Hebard. Vermont furnished three batteries of light artillery during
the war. The ist owed its origin chiefly to the exertions of George
T. Hebard, of Chelsea, who enlisted about 100 men at Montpelier near
the close of the year 1861, and at the same time about 50 more were
enlisted at South Shaftsbury by George W. Duncan. The battery
was designed to form part of the New England division for service
with Gen. Butler. The men rendezvoused at Camp Holbrook, Brat-
tleboro, Jan. 21, 1862, where they were attached to the 8th Vt. infantry
and mustered into the U. S. service for three years on Feb. 18, 1862.
It left the state with the 8th on March 6 and embarked at New York
for Ship island. Miss., on the loth. On its arrival at Ship island,
April 5, it was detached from the regiment and assigned to Gen.
Phelps' brigade as an independent command. Early in May two
sections proceeded to Camp Parapet on the Mississippi river, where
they were joined by the 3d section in June. Here it was equipped
with 6 brass field pieces, caissons, battery wagons and forge, but had
as yet no horses. After a time it was assigned to man some heavy
barbette guns commanding the river. When the troops in the Depart-
ment of the Gulf were reorganized by Gen. Banks in Dec, 1861, the
battery was assigned to the ist division (Gen. T. W. Sherman) and
was stationed at Metaire ridge race course, between New Orleans and
Lake Pontchartrain. On Jan. 21, 1863, Capt. Duncan resigned, and
Lieut. Hebard assumed command of the battery, which attained a fine
reputation for discipline and efficiency under his skillful instruction.
In May it moved to Port Hudson, where it was active throughout
the siege as well as in the unsuccessful assaults in May and June.
Many attempts were made by the enemy to drive it from its position
at "Battery No. 4," but the gunners disabled or dismounted every
gun within range. Upon the surrender of Port Hudson it was sta-
tioned at various places along the Mississippi river, but principally at
Baton Rouge. It shared in the Sabine Pass expedition, and during
the winter and spring of 1864 was stationed at Brashear City, La.,
on garrison duty and also served by detachments on the steamers of
the quartermaster's department. It was active in all the engagements
and skirmishes of the Red River campaign except the battle of Mans-
field. At the battle of Pleasant Hill it was charged by infantry and
such was its danger of capture that Gen. Banks ordered the guns to
be spiked and the men to retreat. Instead of obeying Capt. Hebard
gave the order "Spike your guns with canister and — quick, too."
The order was promptly obeyed, several volleys of canister at short
range broke the enemy's lines and ended the action. The actions
at Yellow bayou, Bayou de Glaize, and the crossing of the Atchalafaya
river closed the active service of the battery. During the remainder
of its service it was successively stationed at Morganza bend and
Baton Rouge. At the latter place its equipment was turned over to
the 13th Wis. battery, and on July 22 the original members returned
home and were mustered out at Brattleboro, Aug. 10, 1864. The
recruits were transferred on the same day to the 2nd Vt. battery.

Vermont Regiments 127

The total enrolment of the battery was 217, of whom 3 were killed or
mortally wounded, 43 died of disease and accident, 3 deserted and 7
were wounded.

Second Battery Light Artillery. — Capts., Lensie R. Sayles, Pytha-
goras E. Holcomb, John W. Chase. The 2nd battery, like the ist,
was intended to form part of Gen. B. F. Butler's expeditionary force
for service in the Department of the Gulf. A recruiting office was
established at Leicester, afterwards removed to Brandon, in charge
of Lensie R. Sayles, and 89 men were mustered into the U. S. service
for three years Dec. 16, 1861, 20 more on the 24th, when the battery
rendezvoused at Camp Chase, Lowell, Mass., where 14 more men were
enlisted, the battery then numbering 128 officers and men. It was
armed with four 6-pounder Sawyer rifled guns and two 20-pounder
Parrotts. While at Lowell, Capt. Sayles resigned and Capt. P. E.
Holcomb of the 17th U. S. infantry was appointed in his place. On
Feb. 6, 1862, the battery embarked at Boston on the "Idaho," and
on March 12 reached Ship island, Miss., where it was attached to
Gen. Phelps' brigade. It landed at New Orleans on May 2, the
first Union battery in the city. On the last day of May it was
ordered to Camp Parapet, 7 miles up the river from New Orleans,
and remained here for 5 months, when it returned to New Orleans,
where it was fully mounted for the first time. On Dec. 29 it started
on the fruitless expedition to Galveston, Tex., and on Jan. 25, 1862,
moved up the river to Donaldsonville, on Feb. 24 to Baton Rouge,
where it was attached to Gen. Augur's division. It shared in an expe-
dition to the vicinity of Port Hudson in March and again on May
18; was engaged for the first time at Plains Store, near Port Hudson,
May 21 ; was active during the assaults on Port Hudson of May 27
and June 14 and was constantly under fire after July 4. On the sur-
render of Port Hudson it was the first battery inside the works.
Early in August, the 2nd section under Lieut. Dyer moved on an
expedition to Jackson, La., under the command of Maj. Hanham of
the I2th, corps d'Afrique. The expedition as attacked by Forrest's
cavalry on the 3d, and Dyer and 15 men were captured through the
inefficiency of the major in command. Dyer was wounded in the
leg and was paroled.. The other prisoners were taken to Anderson-
ville, where 5 died. On July 28 the battery shared in a fruitless
expedition to Clinton, La., after which it continued to serve on gar-
rison duty at Port Hudson until July 7, 1865. It then moved to
Baton Rouge, and on the 9th proceeded home via Cairo, 111. It
arrived at Burlington July 20 and was here mustered out on the 31st.
The original members, except veterans and recruits to the number
of 20, were mustered out Sept. 20, 1864. The battery with recruits
then numbered 136 officers and men. Additional recruits afterwards
swelled its number to 260 officers and men, which was in excess of
the regulation number, and on March i, 1865, the surplus men to the
number of 118 were organized under orders from the department com-
mander as the 1st company Vermont heavy artillery, for service in
the works at Port Hudson. The total enrolment of the 2nd battery
was 456 officers and men, of whom i died of wounds, 47 of disease,
or in prison, 19 deserted, 7 were wounded, and 16 were captured.

Third Battery Light Artillery.— Capt., Romeo H. Start. The 3d
battery, one of the last two organizations sent by the state to the war,
was recruited by its commanding officer, Capt. Romeo H. Start, during
the closing months of 1863. It rendezvoused at Burlington, was
mustered into the United States service for three years, Jan. i, 1864,

128 The Union Army

left for Washington Jan. 15, where it was attached to the 22d corps
and went into winter quarters at Camp Barry, the artillery camp of
instruction. On Feb. 20, 1864, it was fully equipped as a mounted
battery of light artillery, and on April 2 was assigned to the gth
corps. It was employed in railroad guard duty until May 4, when
it was ordered to join the corps, overtaking it on the 6th in the Wilder-
ness. It served as part of the guard for the base of supplies and for
the provision and ammunition trains of the Army of the Potomac
until the army reached Petersburg, where it remained upon the lines
until Oct. 25, 1864, when it moved to City Point and garrisoned Fort
McKean until Jan. 15, 1865. It then moved to the Weldon railroad
and in February participated in the movement of the 6th corps to
Hatcher's run. On Feb. 9, it occupied Fort Fisher, where it re-
mained until the final assault on Petersburg, during which it was
actively engaged. While upon the lines before Petersburg, prior to its
removal to City Point, it served in Forts Morton, Michael, Battery
27, Battery 16, and Fort Phillips ; participated in the movement of the
2nd corps on Reams' station on the Weldon railroad, and was re-
peatedly engaged in severe artillery duels with the enemy. Though
often under heavy fire, it fortunately escaped with small loss. It
had its full share of hardships and exposure and faithfully discharged
every duty. At the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865, it had
the honor of firing the signal gun, which inaugurated the general
movement upon the enemy's works south of the city, and after the
fall this battery, with the reserve artillery brigade of the 6th corps,
took charge of the captured artillery. Later it moved to City Point
and on May 3 to Alexandria, where it turned over its guns to the
ordnance department on the 5th and started for home. It was mus-
tered out on June IS, at Burlington. The total enrolment of the 3d
battery was 256 officers and men, of whom 21 died by disease and
accident; 8 were honorably discharged, i was promoted, i transferred
to veteran reserve corps, 5 deserted, and 3 were wounded.

First Company Heavy Artillery. — Capt., Henry W. Fales of Lowell,
Mass. This organization was formed on March i, 1865, from surplus
recruits of the 2nd Vt. battery, light artillery, then stationed at Port
Hudson, La., and remained on duty there during the remainder of
its service. It was mustered out at Burlington, July 28, 1865. It
numbered 188 officers and men, of whom 7 were discharged for dis-
ability, 4 died of disease, i deserted, and i committed suicide.

First Cavalry. — Cols., Lemuel B. Piatt, Jonas P. Holliday, Charles
H. Tompkins, Edward B. Sawyer, Addison W. Preston, William
Wells, Josiah Hall; Lieut. -Cols., George B. Kellogg, Addison W.
Preston, John W. Bennett, Josiah Hall, William G. Cummings; Majs.,
William D. Collins, John D. Bartlett, Edward B. Sawyer, Josiah Hall,
William Wells, John W. Bennett, Henry M. Paige, Andrew J. Grover,
William G. Cummings, Robert Scofield, Jr., Charles A. Adams, John
H. Hazelton. The ist cavalry, recruited in different parts of the
state, was mustered into the U. S. service for three years, Nov. 19,
1861, at Burlington. After a few weeks in camp it left for Washing-
ton, Dec. 14, and was not in active service in the field until the spring
of 1862, when, with the forces of Gen. Banks, it was engaged at Mid-
dletown, Winchester, and in the campaign which terminated in the
second battle of Bull run Aug. 30, 1862. The loss in the summer cam-
paigns was heavy but the command was reinforced in the autumn by
the addition of two new companies and many recruits. The regiment
was stationed in the vicinity of Washington on various details during

Vermont Regiments 129

the winter of 1862-63 and frequent skirmishes with Mosby's guerrillas
prevented any monotony. On June 28, 1863, it was. assigned to the
cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, with which it served from that
time. In the battle of Gettysburg it won laurels; was active in the
pursuit which followed, harassing the enemy from point to point, and
finally halted for the winter at Stevensburg, Va. It shared in the raid
upon Richmond under Gen. Kilpatrick and when the spring cam-
paign opened in 1864 was attached to the 2nd brigade, 3d division,
cavalry corps. In the battle of the Wilderness the ist lost many brave
officers and men. It was active in the battles which followed at
Yellow tavern and Meadow bridge, during Sheridan's raid on Rich-
mond, and was also at Hanover Court House, Ashland, Haw's shop,
Bottom's bridge, White Oak swamp. Riddle's shop and Malvern
hill. The regiment was ordered to join the expedition for the
destruction of the Weldon and South Side railroads, in which skir-
mishes and engagements resulted at Reams' station, Nottoway Court
House, Roanoke Station and Stony creek. In August it was ordered
to join Sheridan who was confronting Gen. Early in the Shenandoah
Valley and arrived at Winchester on Aug. 17, in time to participate in
the engagements at Winchester, Charlestown, Summit Point, Kear-
neysville, the Opequan, Newmarket, and Cedar creek. The original
members who had not reenlisted, were mustered out on Nov. 18,
1864. On Feb. 27, 1865, Sheridan's cavalry commenced the return to
Petersburg where it arrived after a journey of three weeks. In the
cavalry fight at Five Forks the 1st Vt. had a share and continued
in the advance of the column through several minor affairs until the
corps reached Appomattox Court House, where Gen. Lee surrendered.
The regiment participated in the grand review of the armies at Wash-
ington and returned to Vermont early in June. The men whose term
of service would expire prior to Oct. I were mustered out at Bur-
lington and the remainder were consolidated into a battalion of six
companies which served in Vermont and northern New York until
Aug. 9, 1865, when they were mustered out. Col. Fox mentions the
1st Vt. Cavalry as one of the "three hundred fighting regiments," and
also lists it fifth in an enumeration of nine regiments who lost over
119 men. It was, however, second to none in the number of captures
it made. At the battle of Cedar creek it won three of the eight
medals awarded to the army for colors captured. The total strength
of the regiment was 2,304 members, of whom 112 were killed or died
of wounds, 114 died of disease, 159 in Confederate prisons and 7 by
accident.

Companies M and F, Frontier Cavalry. — Co. M, Capts., Josiah
Grout, Jr., Edwin M. Baldwin; Co. F, Capt., George B. French. The
frontier cavalry owed its origin to the fear created by the St. Albans
raid of Oct. 19, 1864, when a few Southern refugees from Canada
suddenly descended on the town of St. Albans, near the Canadian
border, plundered the banks, wounded a number of unoffending citi-
zens, seized a number of horses and hurriedly made their escape across
the border. A provisional force of 2,215 militiamen was promptly
placed in service by the state to guard the frontier, and this force was
soon succeeded by veteran troops of the invalid corps and a cavalry
organization composed of seven companies from New York, three
from Massachusetts, and two from Vermont. The regiment was
never united and the two Vermont companies served at Burlington
and St. Albans. The two companies, consisting of loi officers and
men each, were raised under authority granted by the president to
Vol. 1—9

130 The Union Army

Gen. Dix, commanding the Department of the East, and their en-
listment was provided for under General Order No. 6, dated Dec. 29,
1864. The companies were mustered into the service of the United
States Jan. 10, 1865, at Burlington, for one year, and remained quar-
tered at Burlington in barracks until midwinter, when they moved
to St. Albans, where they did guard and patrol duty until the latter
part of June. The regiment was known as the 26th N. Y. cavalry and
the governor of that state issued all commissions above the line.. The
Vermont companies were denominated the ist and 2nd companies of
Frontier cavalry. Though not called upon to do any actual fighting,
they faithfully and promptly performed every required duty, and were
a well equipped and disciplined body of troops. They were mustered
out at Burlington, June 2.-J, 1865. The total enrolment of the two
companies was 6 officers and 200 enlisted men. One officer was dis-
charged and I enlisted man deserted, but no deaths occurred during
the term of service.

Miscellaneous. — During the year 1863 the state of Vermont fur-
nished a total of 68 recruits for the well known 54th Mass. (colored).
Of this number 2 were killed in action, 4 died of disease, 12 were
discharged for disability, i deserted, i was transferred to the regular
army and 4 were wounded.

The final statement shows that 87 men were enlisted into the
veteran reserve corps, of whom i was killed by accident, 3 died of
disease, 14 deserted, 6 were transferred to other organizations, and 63
were discharged.

The whole number of unassigned recruits from Vermont was 325,
of whom I was killed in action, 71 died of disease, i in prison, i by
accident, 2 shot by sentence of general court-martial, 196 were honor-
ably discharged, 8 dishonorably discharged, 4 transferred to the
veteran reserve corps and navy, 20 unaccounted for, and 20 mustered
out.

fn^^ix^s^w y^Oyin'

FRANCIS AUGUSTUS OSBORN

Francis Augustus Osborn was bom Sept. 22, 1833, in that
part of the town of Dan vers, Mass., which is now called Peabody.
His parents were Augustus Kendall and Mary (Shove) Osborn*
His ancestor, William Osborn, came from England to this coun-
try before 1645 ^^^ settled in the locality named which was then
a part of Salem, and William's descendants, in the direct line
to the subject of this sketch, continued their residence in that
town for over 200 years. He attended the public schools of his
native town and a private school in Marlborough, and in 1845
he entered the Public Latin school of Boston, one of the oldest
and most famous public schools of the country, having been
founded in 1635, ^^o years before Harvard college. When, in
1849, he had finished the course there, his father had just died,
so that instead of entering Harvard college, as had been intended,
he went as a clerk into the counting room of William Ropes &
Co., who were engaged in importing goods from Russia. He
remained there for five years, and then became a partner in a
firm in the ship chandlery business. In 1855 he joined a militia
company in Boston called the New England Guards, an organi-
zation of high character, dating from 181 2, in which he was
afterward appointed sergeant, and later commissioned succes-
sively second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain, the last
named commission being dated April 19, 1861. Just before
that time the company was detached from the regiment with
which it had been connected and was expanded into a battalion
of two companies, the senior captain, Thomas G. Stevenson,
being commissioned major. On the 25th of April the battalion
was sent by the state authorities at the request of the United
States government to garrison Fort Independence in Boston
harbor, the only occupant then being an ordnance sergeant.
There it remained until May 25th, during which time it was
thoroughly exercised, not only in infantry drill, but also in the
use of the heavy guns mounted on the fort. The devotion to
their duty on the part of both officers and men was so cordial
and persistent, and so efficient in its results, that the 4th bat-
talion Mass. volunteer militia, which was its official name, was
pronounced on its return to the City of Boston, when it marched
through the streets and gave an exhibition drill upon the Com-

131

mon, the best drilled body of troops ever seen in the city. The
value of the training received in the New England Guards is
shown by the fact that over 150 of its members were given com-
missions as officers in the volunteer service, many of them at-
taining high rank, and all making themselves conspicuous wher-
ever they served, for their thorough knowledge of their duties
and their faithfulness and efficiency in performing them. Im-
mediately after the close of their duty at the fort, Maj. Stevenson
and Capt. Osborn offered their services to Gov. John A. Andrew,
who, on Aug. 31, following, authorized them to raise a regiment,
of which the former should be colonel and the latter lieutenant-
colonel. This regiment was recruited upon different principles
from those which had been up to that time adopted. In order
to send troops promptly into the field it had been found neces-
sary to take companies hastily formed in the several towns in
certain sections of the state and aggregate them into regiments,
a method which had some obvious disadvantages. As the state,
however, had now sent forward the number of troops immediately
requisite, and had a little breathing spell. Gov. Andrew per-
mitted the newly appointed field officers to carry out the plan
upon which they had set their hearts, namely, to establish a
"cadre" of officers, consisting of young men well known to them
as having high character, education and experience in the militia,
and to allow them to secure their enlisted men by a system of
recruiting similar to that of the regular army. Gov. Andrew
cordially approved the plan and promised to commission the
officers whom the colonel and lieutenant-colonel should recom-
mend to him. The result of the experiment was most satis-
factory and fully confirmed the wisdom of the method. The
officers came to the service well instructed in their duties, hav-
ing good executive ability and capacity for handling their men
to the best advantage, while the enlisted men were a picked
body gradually accumulated and compactly welded into a homo-
geneous mass. The process was a little longer than the usual
one but since it was possible to take the time its result fully
compensated for the delay. The regiment, the 24th Mass.
infantry, left the state on Dec. 9, 1861, joined the Bumside
expedition at Annapolis, and later proceeded with it to Roanoke
island. In the engagement there on Feb. 8, 1862, the Union
forces captured about 2,800 Confederate prisoners. On Feb.
16, Lieut. -Col. Osborn was sent by Gen. Burnside to Elizabeth
City, N. C, with a flag of truce to Maj. -Gen. Huger of the Con-
federate army, commanding the Department, as bearer of a
letter relating to exchange of those prisoners. On his return
with Gen. Huger's answer he was put in charge of five transports
for conveyance to Elizabeth City of the prisoners whom he

132

delivered to Maj. Benjamin Allston of the Confederate army.
In March, 1862 the 24th regiment was hotly engaged as a part
of the force which gained the battle of New Berne and captured
that city. Within a few days after the battle, Col. Stevenson
was put in command of the brigade, so that Lieut. -Col. Osbom
commanded the regiment continuously from that time on. The
regiment remained in New Berne as a part of the garrison until
the following June, when it was ordered to Washington, N. C,
which had been occupied for a short time by two of its companies.
The Confederate guerrillas had been numerous and active about
the town and had become so threatening in their demonstra-
tions that it was thought desirable to give them a lesson. In
obedience, therefore, to such orders, Lieut. -Col. Osbom pro-
ceeded to that place by transports with the other eight com-
panies of his regiment and marched with them and a company
of cavalry and a section of artillery about 10 miles out of the
town to Tranter's creek, where he met the enemy and after a
sharp engagement completely routed him. The effect of this
defeat was so salutary that the enemy did not show himself in
that vicinity for many months. Lieut. -Col. Osbom remained
in command of the post of Washington until June 29th, when
he was ordered with his regiment back to New Berne to take
part in other operations. The plans of the military authorities,
however, having shortly afterward been changed, the regiment
remained in New Berne taking part in movements of minor
importance within the department. On Dec. 28, 1862, Lieut. -
Col. Osbom was promoted to colonel of his regiment to fill the
vacancy caused by the promotion of Col. Stevenson to brigadier-
general. On Jan. 22, 1863, the regiment, with nearly all the
troops then at New Berne, was taken to Hilton Head by Gen.
John G. Foster, who expected to be given command of the forces
which were to attempt the reduction of Fort Sumter. This
cherished hope on the part of Gen. Foster was a reasonable and
laudable one, since he had been second in command at Fort
Sumter in April, 1861, when it was taken by the Confederates,
and was the officer from whom the defense of the fort derived
the greater part of its energy and tenacity. Gen. Hunter, how-
ever, who was then in command of the Department of the South,
had influence enough to prevent the consummation of this very
desirable arrangement. The result was that Gen. Foster was
obliged to return to New Berne and leave his troops in the De-
partment of the South. In the assault upon Fort Wagner on
July 18, 1863, the regiment was in the third line, and though
under a heavy fire did not participate in the actual assault. It
did its regular tours of duty in the trenches and in fatigue work
during the siege of Fort Wagner and^^Fort Sumter. On Aug.

133

26, 1863, Col. Osborn commanded his regiment in the charge
upon the rifle-pits in front of Fort Wagner, capturing nearly
the whole force of the enemy that had held the pits against three
previous attacks by other regiments, and completely checked
the advance of engineering work. On the night of Sept. 6, the
regiment was selected to lead one of the columns of assault on
Fort Wagner. The column had been formed and was about
to march when the discovery was made that Wagner had been
secretely evacuated, the enemy having recognized the hope-
lessness of further defense. On Sept. 8 Col. Osborn was placed
in command of a boat expedition consisting of the 24th Mass.
and the loth Conn., intended to make a night assault upon Fort
Sumter. The navy had also planned an assault for the same
night, neither Gen. Gillmore, in command of the land forces,
nor Adm. Dahlgren in command of the sea forces, being willing
to yield to the other the right of priority, or on the other hand
to cooperate with the other. The troops had to contend with
great difficulties in embarking at a distance from the open har-
bor in a shallow creek only wide enough to admit one boat at a
time, and were consequently delayed until a very late hour. In
the meantime the navy with its superior facilities attempted
the assault, which was easily repulsed, with the loss or capture
of nearly all the attacking party. No blame for this failure can
be attributed to the navy, whose officers and men conducted
themselves on that occasion with the gallantry and intrepidity
which are the conspicuous characteristics of that service. Fort
Sumter was not practicable for an assault. The engineer officers,
who had believed it was, had been misled by deceptive appear-
ances, caused by the great distance at which they were com-
pelled to examine it through field glasses. If the true state of
the case had been known the assault would never have been at-
tempted. Further, it has since been learned that the enemy
had read our signals, knew that an attack was to take place on
that night and had made extraordinary preparations for meeting
it. Under all the circumstances failure was inevitable. On
Sept. 30, the regiment was sent to St. Augustine to recuperate,
it having been so greatly reduced by losses and disease and by
the exhausting work in the trenches and on fatigue service that
it had only about 280 men fit for duty. Col. Osborn was put
in command of the post of St. Augustine and remained there
until Feb. 18, 1864, when he was ordered with his regiment to
Jacksonville to take command of that post. Toward the last
of April the loth army corps, with which the 24th regiment was
incorporated, was transported to Virginia, where, in connection
with the 1 8th corps, it formed the Army of the James, cooperat-
ing with the Army of the Potomac. The 24th reached Glouces-

134

ter Point, Va., on May i, and on the 4th the Army of the
James embarked in transports, proceeded up the James River
and two days later landed at Bermuda Hundred, which had been
chosen as the base of operations. During the summer of 1864
the regiment went regularly on picket in its turn, the enemy
lying close to the front of our troops, and was engaged in the
following actions: Green Valley, Drewry's bluff. Proctor's
creek, Richmond and Petersburg turnpike, Ware Bottom Church,
besides skirmishes and minor affairs, all under the command of
Col. Osborn. On Aug. 13 Col. Osborn was detached from his
regiment and assigned, at the request of Gen. John W. Turner,
commanding the 2nd division loth army corps, to the command
of the 3d brigade of that division, whose commander was absent
upon leave. That brigade marched under his command on
Aug. 16 with the rest of the Corps to Deep Bottom on the north
side of the James, where it was engaged. On that day Col.
Osborn was struck by a spent ball but was not seriously injured,
being able to return to duty in a few days. On Aug. 28 he moved
with his brigade to Petersburg and put it into the trenches there.
On Sept. 25 the commander of the brigade returned to duty and
Col. Osborn was relieved and ordered back to his regiment. On
Sept. 28 the 24th regiment marched under his command with
the rest of the ist division, loth corps, to the north side of the
James and was engaged in the actions of Newmarket heights,
Newmarket road and Darby town road. On Oct. 13 Col. Osborn
was given 30 days leave of absence for the purpose of using his
influence to have the regiment recruited up to its standard
before he should leave it at the expiration of his term of service.
On Oct. 28 he was appointed by the president, brevet brigadier
general of volunteers for distinguished services in the movements
upon the enemy's works near New Market, Va. On Nov. 14,
1864, he resigned and was mustered out of the service. His
first business occupation after returning to civil life was that
of cashier for one year of Blake Bros & Co., bankers of Boston.
He was naval officer for the districts of Boston and Charlestown
from March 19, 1867, to June 8, 1869. In partnership with
Hubbard Bros. & Co., he then followed the business of stock
broker for five years, having been previously on Oct. 30, 1866,
elected a member of the Boston stock exchange. On Jan. i,
1874, he was elected treasurer of the Corbin Banking Company
of New York and Boston, where he remained actively engaged
until March, 1888, when, the company having abandoned its
New England business, he sold out his interest and in the fol-
lowing June resigned the treasurership. In November of the
same year he organized The Eastern Banking Company, which
began business under his presidency as an association, and was

135

incorporated in 1887, and he has been its president ever since
its organization. In the meantime he has had other business
relations, having been president of several other corporations.
He was the original treasurer of the New England Mortgage
Security Company, having been elected thereto in 1875. He
resigned this office June 14, 1879, but was afterward a director
for several years. He was elected director of the Tremont
national bank of Boston, Jan. 11, 1876, and was annually re-
elected thereafter until the bank went into voluntary liquidation,
Dec. 6, 1898. On March 9, 1891, he was elected president of
the Boston real estate exchange and auction board. In 1892
he declined reelection, and was then elected one of its vice-
presidents. Politically, Gen. Osborn is an independent Repub-
lican. He served in the common council of Boston in 1867-68-
69; was appointed by the governor, chairman of the Massachu-
setts civil service commission, June 23, 1886; and declined an
offered reappointment in June 1889, for the reason of a great
increase of work in his business caused by the death of an asso-
ciate. He was one of the organizers of the Citizen's association
of Boston in Dec, 1887, and was its president in the years 1888,
to 1891, inclusive. In March, 1868, he was elected commander
of the Massachusetts Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal
Legion of the United States. On Jan. 20, 1869, he was elected
grand commander of the Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R.
In the preparation of this work Gen. Osborn carefully revised
the manuscript pertaining to the "Military affairs in Massa-
chusetts." Sept., 1867, he married Mary M. Mears, daughter of
Granville Mears of Boston, by whom he had one daughter.
In 1879 he married as his second wife, Emily T. Bouvd,
daughter of Thomas T. Bouvd of Boston, by whom he has
had two daughters and three sons.

136

Military Affairs in Massachusetts

1861—65

The outbreak of the Civil war found Massachusetts, as was
true of the Eastern States generally, in an almost complete
state of military unpreparedness. In the South men were drill-
ing and active preparations for war were under way long
before the optimistic Northerner could bring himself to believe
that the inevitable conflict was at hand. Very few men in the
North desired war and largely on this account few believed
that war would come. It is also matter of common knowledge
that still fewer men, either North or South, believed that the
war would assume large proportions or be of long duration,
after the actual outbreak of hostilities.

Crude and incomplete as was the militia organization of the
state when the war began, Massachusetts was, nevertheless, the
first in the field with her troops, and should perhaps be credited,
by reason of her promptness, with saving the national capital
from capture. The separate militia companies of the state had
been recently organized into regiments by the foresight of
Gov. Banks, and on Jan. i6, 1861, eleven days after John Albion
Andrew was inaugurated as governor, he issued an order re-
quiring every company commander to revise his muster roll,
with the view of determining whether all were fit for service
in case of emergency. If any were unfit or unwilling to re-
spond to the call of the commander-in-chief, such were to be
discharged and their places filled by others. It was, moreover,
due to Gov. Andrew, that the state armory, when the war
broke out, contained overcoats, blankets, knapsacks and ball-
cartridges for 2,000 troops, as well as 3,000 Springfield rifled
muskets of the latest pattern.

The following admirable word picture of the famous War
governor brings the man vividly before the reader: "He stood
before the people a figure of unique appearance and bearing —
short, stout, blue-eyed, with closely curling brown hair, smooth
cheeks, and a general effect that was feminine, though very
sturdily so. He entered on his duties with universal popular

137

138 The Union Army

confidence as to his intentions, but absolutely untried as to large
executive duties. His personal habits were pacific and even
sedentary; he had no taste for any pageantry, least of all for
that of war; yet in his very inaugural address he showed that
he had grasped the situation of the country, and from that day he
was, emphatically and thoroughly, the war governor. Gov.
Andrew was frank, outspoken, with no concealments and little
solicitude for any reserve in others. * * * He was thin-
skinned and felt keenly any personal attack; and when he met
with a thoroughly unscrupulous and tormenting opponent it
was not hard to keep him vexed and irritated, in spite of the
unselfish nobleness of his aims." (Massachusetts in the Army
and Navy, Higginson, vol. i, pp. 5-6.)

It is a fact but little commented on, that Gov. Andrew im-
mediately after his inauguration, sent confidential messengers
to the governors of the rest of the New England States, im-
pressing on them the necessity of military preparation. The
number of enrolled militia in the state in i860, was 155,389;
the number of active or volunteer militia, 5,593. Gov. Andrew
was one of the few men in the North who believed that war
was rapidly approaching. He made this plain in his inaugural
address wherein he advised an inquiry whether the dormant
militia, or at least a large part of it, as well as the active militia
should not be put on a war footing, thus placing the state
ready, "without inconvenient delay, to contribute her share of
force in any exigency of public danger." To arouse the latent
patriotism of the people, he caused a salute to be fired on
Boston Common Jan. 8, 1861, in commemoration of the battle
of New Orleans. Among the important acts of the session of
the legislature which closed on April 11, 1861, were the act in
relation to the volunteer militia, which gave the governor
authority to organize as many companies and regiments as the
public exigency might require in addition to the existing militia
organization ; the act appropriating $100,000 as an emergency
fund ; and one appropriating $25,000 to provide overcoats and
equipage for 2,000 men. Meanwhile Gov. Andrew was engaged
in correspondence with leading members of Congress, state
governors, leading men, etc. Not only was the militia strength-
ened, but a cipher key for sending secret messages was arranged,
the defense of Boston harbor considered, and the best means
of forwarding troops for the defense of Washington was fully
discussed. Col. Ritchie, of the governor's staflF, was even de-
spatched to Washington, to confer confidentially with the Mas-
sachusetts senators and representatives, and Gen. Scott, on the
subject of a possible requisition for troops, to learn from the

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 139

general what would be the best route for troops to take to
Washington and whether they were to carry their field equipage
with them. Arrangements were even made to charter transports
for the troops. From the above and much more of the same
tenor it will be seen that Massachusetts, during the four months
prior to the outbreak of hostilities, was more or less alive to
the approaching crisis, and that however inadequate her military
preparation, she was at least better prepared than the rest of
the loyal states.

The time for actual fighting came with unexpected sudden-
ness. On April 12 Fort Sumter was fired upon, and "the
drum beat of the long roll was struck." On April 15 Massa-
chusetts received the first call for troops in a telegram from
Senator Wilson, asking that twenty companies be sent on to
Washington separately. This was followed by telegraphic de-
spatches the same day from the secretary of war and the adju-
tant-general making formal requisition for two full regiments
of militia. Four regiments were at once summoned in order
that the two required might be filled to the maximum. Special
Order, No. 14, being sent by mail and special messengers to Col.
Wardrop of the 3d at New Bedford, Col. Jones of the 6th at
Lowell, Col. Munroe of the 8th at Lynn, and Col. Packard of
the 4th at Quincy, requiring them to muster their commands
on Boston Common forthwith. Adjt.-Gen. Schouler is authority
for the statement that the first companies to arrive were three
from Marblehead (Cos. B, C, H, 8th regiment), though Thos.
Wentworth Higginson, the state military and naval historian,
says that Co. E, 4th regiment, from Abington, is possibly en-
titled to this honor. The troops all arrived promptly on April
16, in a driving storm of rain and sleet, and were marched
directly to Faneuil Hall followed by an enthusiastic throng of
people, who had gathered to receive them. A number of de-
tached companies were also ordered to report at the same time
and were assigned to different regiments. On the day of mus-
ter, April 16, another message came from Senator Wilson
stating that the original call had been modified to include four
regiments with a brigadier-general in command. On April 19
the 5th regiment was also ordered out and Brig.-Gen. Butler
was placed in command of the first four regiments. Cos. B, E, F,
G, H, of the 7th, together with Maj. A. F. Cook's company of
light artillery, were added to the command of Col. Lawrence
of the 5th. Co. F, above mentioned, became insubordinate, and
a new company under Capt. Wardwell was substituted. On
April 20, the 3d battalion of rifles of Worcester, under Maj.
Devens, was ordered to report for duty, and on May i, Capt.

140 The Union Army

Albert Dodd's company of Boston was summoned, thus com-
pleting the list of three months' volunteers. These troops num-
bered 244 officers and 3,492 men, a total of 3,736. Col. Pack-
ard's regiment was the first to leave the state, going via
Fall River on the afternoon of April 17 to New York and
thence by steamer to Fortress Monroe. An hour later the 6th,
under Col. Jones, left by rail for Washington. The 3d, under
Col. Wardrop, left for Fortress Monroe by steamer, on the
morning of April 18, and the 8th, Col. Munroe, accompanied
by Brig.-Gen. B. F. Butler, proceeded to Washington via Phila-
delphia, New York and Annapolis, on the same day. To the
6th regiment must be accorded the unique honor of being the
first fully organized and equipped regiment to reach Washing-
ton, under the call of the president. It had been preceded by
a force of five militia companies from Pennsylvania, numbering
400 or 500 men, totally unarmed with the exception of 34 men.
These companies reached Washington at 7 P. M., April 18, and
the 6th Mass. arrived at 9 P. M., April 19. This historic regi-
ment was composed of four companies from Lowell, two from
Lawrence, one from Groton, one from Acton, one from Boston,
one from Worcester, and one from Stoneham, making
eleven in all and mustering about 700 men. "Their hetero-
geneous uniform was characteristic of the period. Seven of
the companies wore blue uniform coats, dark or light, sorne-
times with red trousers, and four wore gray, with
bufif or yellow trimmings. Some companies had two lieutenants,
some had four; some had learned the old Scott drill, others
the Hardee tactics, then a novelty, afterwards universal."
(Higginson's, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy, p. 18.)
In passing through Boston, New York and Philadelphia, the
regiment was received with enthusiastic ovations, but in Balti-
more, Cos. C, D, I and L, under Capts. Follansbee, Hart, Picker-
ing and Dike, and numbering about 220 men, were attacked by
a mob while marching from the President street station to the
Camden street station, a distance of a little more than a mile. The
other seven companies, under Col. Jones, covered the distance in
safety. These four companies found the track obstructed and were
forced to march the distance. In the riot 4 of the Massachu-
setts soldiers were killed, 36, including Capt. Dike of Stoneham,
were wounded, and 12 of the rioters were killed. On their
arrival in Washington the regiment was quartered in the senate
chamber and constituted the chief defense of Washington until
the arrival of the 8th and 5th, together with the 7th New York,
by way of Annapolis. When this regiment continued in service
after the expiration of its term of service, in order that it might

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 141

protect the capital, which was still in danger, they received a
vote of thanks from the national house of representatives. Said
Lincoln, wrought up by the anxieties of the hour, to the
wounded men of the 6th Mass. at Washington: "I begin to
believe that there is no North. The 7th regiment is a myth.
Rhoc^e Island is a myth. You are the only reality." On the
arrival of the 8th Mass. at Philadelphia, Gen. Butler was ordered
by Ma j. -Gen. Scott, to go via Annapolis to Washington, where
the regiment finally arrived on April 26, after a toilsome march
from Annapolis in company with the 7th N. Y. Gen. Butler
remained behind in command at Annapolis, and two companies
of the 8th were put aboard the frigate Constitution, then the
school ship at the academy, until she should sail for New York.
The enthusiasm with which these first three months' troops
were welcomed by the people is a tribute to their true instinct.
These raw militia regiments were as yet untried and had been
subjected to none of the real perils of war, yet they were recog-
nized as the real saviors of the country during the first hours
of peril. The spontaneity and zeal with which these men took
up arms at the first call of country is worthy of all praise.
While the regiments above mentioned were getting ready, scores
of offers to raise companies poured in from all parts of the
state. Says Adjt.-Gen. Schouler, in his report for 1861 : "From
the 13th of April to the 20th of May, 159 applications were
granted to responsible parties for leave to raise companies. In
nearly every instance the application was signed for the requisite
number of men for a company. These applications came from
every part of the commonwealth, and represented all classes,
creeds, and nationalities. The authorities of the several cities
and towns acted with patriotic liberality toward these companies,
furnishing good accommodations for drilling, and providing
for the families of the men." There were fully 10,000 men in
these companies, all anxious to be called into immediate service.
Nearly all the new militia companies were organized between
April 13 and May 4. While the work of enlistment was going
on offers of pecuniary aid poured in on the governor and the adju-
tant-general. William Gray of Boston sent his check for
$10,000; Otis Norcross of Boston sent $500; Gardner Brewer
of the same city offered the state $10,000, while many smaller
amounts were received. The Boston banks proffered a loan of
$3,600,000 without security and further offered to the secretary
of the treasury to take their full share of an issue of $150,000,000
in treasury notes. Secretary Chase credited Samuel Hooper of
Boston with more valuable assistance in supporting the credit
of the government than any other man in the country. He

142 The Union Army

further said : "I sent the first treasury note that ever was
signed to Mr. Edward Wallace of Salisbury, Mass., in recogni-
tion of his having been the first man in the country to offer a
loan to the government without interest." The professional
classes rallied to the support of the government with the same
zeal. At the very inception of the war, an efficient medical
department was organized through the efforts of Drs. George
H. Lyman and William J. Dale. Dr. Lyman had shown wise
foresight by preparing himself in advance for such service and
immediately offered his services to the governor in the work
of fitting out the regiments with medical supplies. Dr. Dale
wrote: "On April i6, 1861, I was called from my professional
pursuits, by Gov. Andrew, to assist Dr. George H. Lyman in
furnishing medical supplies for the 6th regiment, and I con-
tinued, under the direction of the governor, to perform, con-
jointly with Dr. Lyman, such duties as were incidental to a
medical bureau, until June 13, 1861, when I was commissioned
surgeon-general of Massachusetts, with the rank of colonel."
Many of the best physicians in the state gave their services
gratuitously to the families of soldiers. The Boston bar voted
to assume the business of any lawyers who might enlist and to
make liberal provision for their families. Many of the clergy
offered their services as chaplains. The Rev. W. H. Cudworth,
of East Boston, not only volunteered as chaplain for the first
three years' regiment, but also announced that, if his services
were not accepted, he would devote a year's salary to the cause,
and that the sexton and the organist would do the same. He
also advised that the money raised to build a new church be
devoted to the families of soldiers ; hoped the society would
furnish at least one company to defend the flag; and recom-
mended that the women of the parish form a society to make
underclothing for the soldiers. Nor were the women lacking
in zeal and patriotism. They freely offered their services as
hospital nurses and busied, themselves in making soldiers' gar-
ments and hospital supplies. On April 19 Mrs. Frances Wright,
of Foxboro, wrote the governor, the letter being signed by 100
young women of that town who offered their services in the
above capacities, or in any other way possible. Gov. Andrew
replied: "I accept it as one of the most earnest and sincere of
the countless offers of devotion to our old commonwealth, and
to the cause of the country," and asked them "to help those who
are left behind and follow those who have gone before with your
benedictions, your benefactions, and your prayers." The above
are but limited examples of the boundless enthusiasm, the gen-
erous spirit of sacrifice and the patriotic zeal displayed by all

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 143

classes in the Old Bay State, when the nation's integrity was
assailed. Moreover, Massachusetts contributed her full share
in the councils of the government at Washington, where she
was represented by such men as Charles Sumner and Henry
Wilson, while abroad she was represented at the Court of St.
James by the brilliant Charles Francis Adams.

From the first outbreak of hostilities the executive and mili-
tary departments of the state were almost swamped with work.
It was at once found necessary to relieve the adjutant-general of
part of his duties, and on April 19 Col. John H. Reed, an experi-
enced military man, was commissioned quartermaster-general of
Massachusetts, with the rank of brigadier-general. Cols. Sargent,
Ritchie, Lee and Wetherell, of the governor's personal staff,
were almost constantly on duty, giving information, answering
letters, and engaged with the many details of the executive office
at this time. The executive council was also in session and on
April 20 it authorized the treasurer to borrow $200,000, as an
emergency fund for military purposes; and further directed that
"an agent be sent to Europe with authority to purchase, on account
of the commonwealth, 25,000 rifles and army pistols, to be im-
ported as soon as may be, for the use of the militia in defense
of the state and of the nation, and that the governor issue a letter
of credit to such agent for the purpose of fulfilling this order."
Hon. Francis B. Crowninshield was appointed as agent, given
a letter of credit for £50,000 sterling, and sailed forthwith for
England.

Before the three months' levy was fairly in the field, men
began to realize the need for longer enlistments, and that the war
was to be a longer and much more serious affair than any one
had at first thought. When, on May 3, Gov. Andrew stated
among other things, in a letter to President Lincoln, "We have
now enough additional men to furnish you with six more regi-
ments to serve for the war, unless sooner discharged," he had
in mind a three years' enlistment, which was believed by all,
ample to cover any possible prolongation of the war. On May
3, 1861, President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for
thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, but Mas-
sachusetts was not assigned her quota under the call for more
than two weeks. From the time the three months' troops left
the state until the call for three years' volunteers communica-
tions between the departments at Washington and the state
authorities was slow and unsatisfactory. It was on this account
that Gov. Andrew requested ex-Gov. Boutwell, Atty.-Gen. Fos-
ter, Judge E. R. Hoar and William L. Burt to go forward and
make every effort to keep him in touch with events at Wash-

144 The Union Army

ington, New York and elsewhere. He was admirably served
by all these gentlemen, as will be seen from a study of their
correspondence among the state papers. The following brief
extracts from the correspondence of Judge Hoar at this period
will show something of the valuable services rendered by them
all. He writes from Washington on May 6, to Gov. Andrew :
"Mr. Foster, I learn, has gone with Gen. Butler, and cannot
be communicated with. Dr. Howe has not arrived. The 'Cam-
bridge' arrived yesterday afternoon. I have therefore, as I wrote
to you yesterday, 'taken the responsibility,' which I trust will meet
your approbation, as there is no one here to attend to the busi-
ness, and, unless instant attention be paid to it, in the present
extreme confusion of affairs here, there would be even great
delay in getting their private packages to our troops. I saw
the president this morning the instant he left the breakfast table,
presented your letter to him, and explained to him the whole
business. I also saw Gen. Cameron, and he has agreed to take
the stores, with the exception of such as we may retain for hos-
pital use and for the reasonable comfort of our men, at the
invoice price with the freight added at the price you named.
The president sent for Mr. Seward, and I had a conference
with them jointly as to the purchase or employment of the
steamers, and also with Gen. Cameron. The strong inclination
of the government is to purchase rather than to charter vessels,
and I think the arrangement can be made to sell them. * * *
The 6th Mass. regiment left Washington yesterday, under Gen.
Butler's orders, for the Relay house, between Annapolis Junc-
tion and Baltimore. Their future destination is not certain, but,
if there should be a march for the occupation of Baltimore, it
is felt that poetical justice requires that regiment to have first
place." He thus describes a few of the early hardships of the
5th regiment: "The regiment reached the junction (Annapolis)
and took their first substantial sleep on the ground, without
shelter or blankets. Our Concord company had nothing but
their guns, and what they left home in, and their great-coats,
and a number had not even the coats left behind at Annapolis.
The baggage, left without charge, got mixed with general
United States stores and distributed to Pennsylvania and other
troops promiscuously. It is gone past redemption. Thirty men
of the Concord company have not yet got a blanket and sleep
on a hard floor. They had not a shirt in the company till last
Friday, two weeks from home, except those they wore from
home, nor a pair of stockings or drawers till Saturday, and then
not enough to go around There is no complaint. * * * *
They want what the enclosed list states — instantly. I know

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 145

you will send them if you can." May 2 Gov. Andrew appointed
Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Boston to go into the field and make
a personal report on the sanitary condition of Gen. Butler's bri-
gade. He entered on his duties at once, and returning concluded
his report with the pertinent suggestion : "If a tithe of the
science, skill and care, which are so liberally given to improving
all the means of killing the soldiers of other armies were devoted
to the means of keeping our own soldiers in health, the present
fearful mortality of war would be lessened." Judge Hoar left
Washington about May 15. Charles Russell Lowell, Jr., later
well known as a general of cavalry and mortally wounded at
Cedar creek, Va., was appointed to take up the work of Judge
Hoar. His duties as the semi-official agent of the state were
explained to him by Judge Hoar, who thus summarized the
matter: "The object of the whole arrangement is to have some
one responsible, competent agent, who will know all that is
done and sent from Massachusetts, and all that is wanted and
received at Washington, or by the troops wherever stationed ;
to take care of property, take vouchers, prevent waste, and to
be the sole channel of communication between supply and de-
mand." Mr. Lowell served as state agent until May 14, when
he received from the president a captain's commission in the
6th U. S. cavalry. He was succeeded in the work by Charles
H. Dalton of Boston.

After the president's call of May 3, 1861, every effort was
made by the state authorities to induce the government to ac-
cept all the regiments which Massachusetts was prepared to
furnish. The whole state overflowed with martial ardor and
companies were rapidly organized. These were drilled with
care, and might be seen parading the streets of every consid-
erable town in the state. Enlisted as militia, they were anxious
to serve as three years' volunteers. On May 8 an offer was
made to the secretary of war, by direction of the governor, to
"furnish six regiments for three years, or for the war, per-
fectly equipped, in addition to the quota which Massachusetts'
might be called upon to furnish under the first call of the presi-
dent." This was refused and the same day, by the secretary.
Gov. Andrew telegraphed time and again for instructions to
organize into regiments the various companies which had been
formed, but could get no reply. Finally, on May 22, a letter
was received from Sec'y Cameron, which gave, almost grudg-
ingly, authority to raise six regiments, but added: "It is im-
portant to reduce rather than enlarge this number, and in no
event to exceed it. Let me earnestly recommend you, therefore,
to call for no more than eight regiments, of which six only are
Vol. I— 10

146 The Union Army

to serve for three years or during the war, and if more are
already called for to reduce the number by discharge." This is
strange language, in the light of after events, and clearly shows
how little the authorities at Washington comprehended the grav-
ity of the situation or the magnitude and length of the contest
ahead. The masses of the people in city and hamlet seemed
to have a far clearer insight into the future. The records of all
the early town meetings in Massachusetts reflect this saner view
on the part of the people.

The organization of these three years' regiments was practi-
cally the same as that which obtained in the regular army. Ma-
terial for the formation of twice the number of regiments was
at hand, but the war department had authorized only six addi-
tional ones, which "were organized, armed, equipped, clothed
and sent forward within four weeks after orders were received
that they would be accepted." The following were the regi-
ments: The 1st (Col. Cowdin) left for Washington June 15
and was the first of the three years' regiments to reach the
capital; the 2d (Col. Gordon) left for the front on July 8; the 7th
(Col. Couch) left for Washington July 11 ; the 9th (Col. Cass),
and the nth (Col. Clark) left for Washington on June 24;
and the loth (Col. Briggs) on July 25. On June 17, through
the vigorous efforts of Gov. Andrew, permission was accorded
to raise ten more regiments. This met the governor's view
that the war should be prosecuted with vigor and also dispelled
some of the cares which had crowded thick upon him at this
time. Orders were at once issued to organize and send forward
these regiments and the work was accomplished with the same
energy and despatch which had characterized Massachusetts
since the inception of the war. It was impossible for the execu-
tive department to satisfy many of the demands made upon it
during this period. Replying to a letter from Senator Wilson,
in Washington — who wrote that "the condition of the uniforms
and equipments of the Massachusetts three months' troops was
bad, as compared with those of other states," Gov. Andrew used
this language: "I have sent and am sending forward large
supplies both of provisions and clothing, but as I am not gifted
by the Lord with omniscience, and as in no single case have I
received any report from any of the regiments in and about
Washington of what they need, I am sorry I am unable to sat-
isfy everybody, and still more sorry that Massachusetts
troops should be permitted to suffer. Although a month has
now elapsed since they left the state, the muster-rolls of the 8th
regiment are the only ones which have as yet been received." The
officers failed to report fully and frequently on the needs of

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 147

their commands, but when authentic information was received
on this head there was every effort made to satisfy all demands.
"We have," he wrote, "not less than $50,000 worth of under-
garments and other clothing now on hand. We are now manu-
facturing no less than 6,000 summer unifonns, and we have spent
not less than $50,000 in merely supplying subsistence to our
troops on their way and in the field." If the troops were not
properly equipped, it was due to their hurried departure, being
assured by the secretary of war that the department would sup-
ply all their needs at Washington on their arrival. He com-
plained that he had never been advised what supplies the de-
partment had furnished or expected to furnish; that no United
States officer had been detailed to muster troops in Massachu-
setts, and to advise with him, as was done in New York and
other states; that in spite of his frequent communications on the
subject, Boston harbor was then undefended by a single gun —
his requests having been met with positive refusal or ignored;
and that he was even refused permission to clean Fort Warren
at the expense of the state, in order to put it into a sanitary
condition for the reception of the volunteer troops ; and sug-
gested finally "that the influence of all the agents of Massachu-
setts at Washington is needed, and may be profitably exerted
to extort from the national government, if it cannot be done
by persuasion, at least some approach to the courtesy and atten-
tion which have evidently been extended to other states in these
respects, and which is preeminently due to Massachusetts, by
reason of her constant loyalty, her prompt movement to the de-
fense of the nation, her children dead at Baltimore, and the sac-
rifice of money and men which she expects and is willing to
make for the common cause."

Believing that the war would be a long one, and that the state
should be placed in a better position to meet the numerous prob-
lems that had arisen since the close of the regular session of
the legislature on April 13, it was deemed best to call an extra
session, which convened on May 14. Gov, Andrew addressed
them thus: "The occasion demands action, and it shall not be
delayed by speech; nor do either the people or their representa-
tives need or require to be stimulated by appeals or convinced
by arguments. A grand era has dawned, inaugurated by the
present great and critical exigency of the nation, through which
it will providentially and triumphantly pass and soon, emerging
from apparent gloom, will breathe a freer inspiration in the as-
sured consciousness of vitality and power. Confident of our
ultimate future, confident in the principles and ideas of demo-
cratic-republican government, in the capacity, conviction and

148 The Union Army

manly purpose of the American people, wherever liberty exists
and republican government is administered under the purifying
and instructing power of free opinion and free debate — I per-
ceive nothing now about us which ought to discourage the good
or to alarm the brave." He then briefly reviewed the events of
the last month ; stated that the state had expended up to date
$267,645.18 in equipping and provisioning the regiments, ex-
clusive of the £50,000 sterling drawn in favor of Mr. Crownin-
shield for the purchase of arms abroad and of contracts which
would call for the expenditure of $100,000 more ; said that 129
new companies had been organized, and urged the following
matters upon the attention of the legislative body: A state
camp for military instruction ; a law forbidding the payment of
bounties to men enlisting in local companies by the towns ; and
prohibiting all costly and inefficient modes of organizing and
disciplining troops. The legislature made a cordial response to
these suggestions. Among the acts passed at this session was
one "in aid of the families of volunteers," which empowered
towns and cities to raise money for soldiers' families ; one or-
ganizing the home guard ; and one "for the maintenance of
the Union and the Constitution," which ratified what the gov-
ernor had previously done, gave him power to arm, equip, and
officer troops, fix their rank and pay, and adjust accounts with
the United States. It also created the "Union Fund," and
authorized the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip, bearing interest at
six per cent. — coupons payable after 10 or at 30 years. A sup-
plemental act empowered the governor to issue scrip for
$7,000,000 at six per cent., to be loaned to the United States or
expended in the -purchase of U. S. treasury notes. It also cre-
ated a sinking fund to redeem the war debt ; passed an act which
authorized the governor to pay from the Union Fund any troops
of the commonwealth mustered into the U. S. service, from the
time they reported up to the date of their muster in; and an act
empowering the governor to establish one or more camps of
military instruction and discipline. Many of the members do-
nated their pay to the volunteer fund and the session concluded
amid the singing of patriotic songs.

After the six three years' regiments had left the state and
the additional ten, before mentioned, had been accepted, there
was a constant demand for troops until the close of the war.
The state camp authorized by the legislature was never estab-
lished, but the troops were rendezvoused at various temporary
camps in different parts of the state to accommodate the local
demand. In 1861, during a period of six months, a total of
27,000 officers and men were organized, equipped and sent to

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 149

the front as three years' volunteers. Including the three months'
men, the state furnished during the year an aggregate of 30,736
ofhcers and enlisted men. The three years' organizations were the
1st, 2d, 7th, and from the 9th to 29th regiments of infantry,
inclusive, though the last two were not complete. In addition
were one battalion of infantry, composed of five companies doing
garrison duty at Fort Warren until the close of the year, which
formed the nucleus of what was later the 32d infantry ; two
companies of sharpshooters; the ist cavalry; ist, 2nd, 3d, 4th
and 5th light batteries. Gen. Butler was also organizing two
regiments in the state independently of the state authorities; six
companies had gone to New York to join the "Mozart" regi-
ment and the Excelsior brigade ; 300 had enlisted in the Union
coast guard at Fortress Monroe, under Col. Wardrop, formerly
of the 3d Mass. infantry, and 7,658 men had entered the naval
service through enlistments at the Charlestown navy-yard.

Despite the small pay of the volunteer soldier, every effort
was made to induce him to save a part of it, both for the sake
of those dependent upon him and for his own sake on return
to civil life. On July 22, 1861, Congress provided for the allot-
ment system to the vohmtecr soldiers. Frank H. Fay of Chelsea.
Henry Edwards of Boston, and David Wilder, Jr., of Newton,
were appointed allotment commissioners in Feb., 1862, and at
once visited all the troops in the field. The work was so well
done that forty-one regiments and batteries took advantage of
the system, whereby a portion of the soldier's pay was deducted
by the U. S. paymasters and sent directly to the state treasurer,
who distributed it to the recipients named in the act of allot-
ment through the several city and town treasurers, or retained
it in the treasury at interest for the benefit of the soldier. More
than $3,000,000 were sent home in this way by Massachusetts
soldiers, in addition to sums sent directly by the men.

Under the Massachusetts militia system the officers were
elected and all the three months' regiments were organized in
this manner. On account of the short term of their service, no
question arose as to the method of filling vacancies which might
result during their absence. With the three years', and other
long service troops, the elective system was dropped and the
officers of the regiments and companies were selected and com-
missioned by the governor. The question of filling vacancies
was unsettled until Aug., 1861, when it was determined that the
adjutant-general of the United States should report any va-
cancy to the governor, who thereupon issued the commission
to such person as he might select. This practice, with some
modifications for certain troops, prevailed during the war.

150 The Union Army

The work of organizing and sending off so many troops dur-
ing the year 1861 entailed so much extra labor as to require
the appointment of new staff officers, and the creation of more
military departments. Mention has already been made of the
appointment of a quartermaster-general of the state on April
19, which appointment was later confirmed at the special session
of the legislature. The organization of a medical bureau has
also been detailed. On May 25, 1861, Gen, Ebenezer W. Stone
was appointed master of ordnance with the rank of colonel and
held, the position until October of the same year. On May 27,
Albert G. Browne, Jr., of Salem, was appointed military secretary
to the governor with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and held the
position throughout the several administrations of Gov. Andrew.
On June 13, 1861, Elijah D. Brigham of Boston was commis-
sioned commissary-general of Massachusetts ; Charles H. Dalton,
at Washington ; William P. Lee and Waldo Adams, of Boston, and
Frank E. Howe, of New York, were appointed assistant quarter-
master-generals during the summer of this year.

Men had come to realize that the war was to be a bitter and
protracted struggle. Most of the men in the field had enlisted
for long terms of service and the casualties from battle and
disease were growing in volume as the months rolled by. Every
effort was made by the state authorities to supply the needs of
the soldiers at the front and to relieve the sufferings of the
sick and wounded. To this end various soldiers' relief asso-
ciations and agencies were established early in the war. One
such agency was established at Washington after the arrival
of the wounded of the 6th regiment from Baltimore, April 19,
1861. This agency enlarged its field of usefulness until it in-
cluded not only the oversight of Massachusetts men in the 60
hospitals in and near Washington, but reached out to the ac-
cessible camps and battle-fields and took in the needs of both
the sound and disabled soldiers. The scope of the work to be
carried on is well set forth in the following preamble of the
constitution, adopted at a meeting of Massachusetts residents
of Washington, April 19: "The undersigned, now or formerly
citizens of Massachusetts, in order to secure, by organization
and mutual cooperation, proper care for the wounded and dis-
abled and decent interment for the dead, of the Massachusetts
troops which are now or may be on duty in this vicinity, do
form ourselves into a society, to be called the Massachusetts
association." The sick and wounded were returned in great
numbers during the summer of 1862 from the Peninsular cam-
paign, and Col. Gardner W. Tufts of Lynn was appointed the
agent for Massachusetts in Washington. His instructions gov-

Military Affsiirs in Massachusetts 151

ered every service an agent could perform, or a soldier require.
Mention should here be made of the devoted labors in this field of
Miss Lander of Salem, sister of Gen. Frederick W. Lander, who
"headed the advance guard of that corps of mercy." Another
devoted co-worker was Mrs. Jennie L. Thomas of Dedham.
appointed in Oct., 1862, to assist Col. Tufts. The names of
35,151 sick or wounded men were recorded at the Washington
agency, and the expense to the Massachusetts treasury was $35,-
cxx). The total amount of the money transactions of the agency up
to Jan. I, 1867, was $721,722.87. During the last year of the
war a branch was established in Annapolis to care for the Mas-
sachusetts soldiers who were or had been prisoners.

Another important relief agency was early established in New
York city, which came to be known as "the New England
rooms." The originator of this noble relief work was Frank E.
Howe, a former citizen of Massachusetts. It developed into a
hospital and home for soldiers from all the New England states.
The expenses were met by voluntary contributions from the lib-
eral and patriotic citizens of the city. Col. Howe was made the
accredited agent of the commonwealth in a letter written by the
governor May 20, 1861, acknowledging Mr. Howe's liberal and
patriotic tender of services.

The need for similar agencies was early felt in the large cities
of Baltimore and Philadelphia, where state agencies were estab-
lished and became useful auxiliaries to the great agencies in New
York and Washington. In consequence the soldiers of the state
were sure of being cared for while en route through these cities.
The Baltimore agency was established under the direction of the
governor and was placed in charge of William Robinson of that
city, who had won favorable notice through kindness extended
to the wounded of the 6th regiment. At Philadelphia Robert C.
Corson was placed in charge of the immediate interests of Mas-
sachusetts soldiers passing through that city. In addition to the
establishment of the above agencies, the governor gave personal
attention to the wants of the Massachusetts regiments, and at
various times sent members of his staff to the front to report on
their condition. During the disastrous summer of 1862, Adj.-Gen.
Schouler, Col. Ritchie, Col. John Q. Adams, and Dr. Bowditch
were sent to the front and rendered full reports of the condition
of the men.

Among the numerous relief associations which were estab-
lished in various parts of the state it is only possible to mention
a few of the more important ones by reason of the limitations
of this work. Two important and central organizations, which
carried on relief work of a notable and highly praiseworthy char-

152 The Union Army

acter, were formed in Boston and its immediate vicinity. The
"Ladies' Industrial aid association" had for its object the assist-
ance of those women who performed sewing- and manual work
for contractors to meet the urgent calls for military clothing and
supplies. Mrs. Charles R. Lowell was the president of the asso-
ciation and received the articles from the contractors. She was
able to pay the women twice as much as the contractors and thus
performed a two-fold service. The New England Women's
auxiliary association, an efficient branch of the U. S. sanitary
commission, was organized in Dec, 1861, and rendered impor-
tant aid in the work of that noble institution. Its branches were
everywhere throughout Massachusetts, and the three New Eng-
land States on the north. One million garments and articles
were forwarded to the hospitals and camps; $314,000 was con-
tributed to the work; all services were done gratuitously. The
Donation Committee originated in Boston early in the war and
was another important relief association. It was under the man-
agement of Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis and received and distrib-
uted during the four years of the war an immense quantity of
supplies to the soldiers. Nearly $1,000,000 in money and goods
were donated and passed through the hands of the committee.
The headquarters were originally at the home of Mrs. Otis,
later at the Evans house, and finally at 126 Tremont street, op-
posite Park street church. While these large and central meas-
ures were being put into operation in and about Boston other
parts of the state were equally patriotic and were doing efficient
work along the same lines. Even the convicts in the state prison
worked night and day preparing supplies for the outgoing vol-
unteers. Space forbids more than passing mention of the Mas-
sachusetts soldiers' fund, whereby the amount of nearly $75,000
was raised and disbursed for the benefit of soldiers' families ;
the Boston soldiers' fund, for the benefit of soldiers' families liv-
ing in Boston ; and the considerable sums donated and disbursed
through the medium of the surgeon-general of the state. The
record of patriotic relief work carried on by the people of Mas-
sachusetts during the war is an inspiring and noble one, and has
never been surpassed.

Gov. And,rew was nominated by acclamation at the Republi-
can state convention which met at Worcester, Oct. i, 1861, and
was elected to succeed himself by a large majority. The resolu-
tions adopted by the convention recited that the maintenance of
the constitution transcends any other question, and demands the
life and property of all citizens; expressed a desire for the union
of all friends of the coimtry against its pretended friends and
open enemies; declared that no rights secured to loyal citizens

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 153

shall be endangered, and that disloyal citizens have no rights
adverse to those who are loyal ; approved the acts of the admin-
istration ; recognized the devotion of the volunteers and recom-
mended, great care in the nomination of subordinate officers. An
anti-slavery resolution was tabled.

Near the close of 1861, after some correspondence between
the states, the legislature of Maryland appropriated $7,000 for
the benefit of the families of those who were killed and wounded
in the Baltimore riot. The act was a gracious one and did much
to promote good feeling between the two states. The legisla-
ture, which assembled in Jan., 1862, duly acknowledged this act
of Maryland. It also mad,e provision for the armament of the
forts in Boston harbor and at New Bedford and caused plans
to be prepared for the fortifications of other ports in the state.
This subject of proper coast defenses was a matter of constant
care and anxiety to the state authorities throughout the war.
The matter never received the attention it deserved at Washing-
ton, though it is probable that neither the navy nor war depart-
ment had the means at their command to afford the needed pro-
tection. As early as April 24, 186 1, the governor sent a detach-
ment of the volunteer militia to garrison the forts in Boston har-
bor. Though every effort was made to induce the United States
government to remedy the defenseless condition of the coast as
speedily as possible, so great was the pressure of other matters
of moment requiring immediate attention, that little or nothing
was done. In his message to the legislature in Jan.. 1863, the
governor reviewed the history of his past efforts, and liberal pro-
vision was made by the legislature at this session to effect the
desired relief. Fortifications were thereupon erected at New-
buryport, Marblehead, Plymouth, Salem, New Bedford and
Gloucester, and Boston harbor was at the same time provided
with an ingenious system of defenses. The greatest need — large
and powerful guns — could only be satisfied by despatching
agents to Europe, which was promptly done. In this way a
number of powerful guns were contracted for and secured. The
famous fight between the Merrimac and Monitor had demon-
strated the absolute necessity of heavy ordnance in naval attack
and coast defense.

During the first six months of 1862, the following three years'
organizations had been recruited and sent to the front : Three
companies of unattached cavalry ; the 28th, 29th and 30th in-
fantry regiments; the 6th battery; seven companies of the 31st
regiment comprising the Fort Warren battalion and later reor-
ganized as the 32nd infantry ; two companies for the 14th infantry,
making a total of 4,587 men. Other new organizations created

154 The Union Army

during this period were a company of light artillery known as
Cook's (8th) battery, mustered in for six months' service; the ist
unattached company of heavy artillery, enlisted for three years for
service in the Boston harbor forts; the ist company of Cadets,
which took the place of the Fort Warren battalion ; the 2nd com-
pany Cadets of Salem, on garrison duty in the forts of Boston
harbor, and a company raised by Capt. E. H. Staten, also mus-
tered in for garrison duty. Besides the above new organiza-
tions 6,628 volunteers were recruited and sent forward to fill
the depleted ranks of regiments in the field. Says Adjt.-
Gen. Schouler: "It was the policy of Gov. Andrew to keep
the regiments in service full, rather than to organize new regi-
ments while the old regiments were wanting men. In pur-
suance of this policy, 7,000 men were enlisted during the year
1862, assigned to regiments in the field, and forwarded to their
several destinations." Much criticism has been leveled at Mas-
sachusetts for what was termed her "mistaken policy" in respect
to recruiting. Such able military critics as J. C. Ropes at home
and the Comte de Paris abroad have been especially severe in
their strictures on the policy of forming new regiments, instead
of filling up the old ones. What these and other critics say is
probably true, but the procedure was rather a matter of neces-
sity than one of choice. That it was not the policy of Gov. An-
drew, as sometimes asserted, is refuted by the above statement
of Adjt.-Gen. Schouler, as well as by an incident related by the
state historian, T. W. Higginson. A local selectman in 1864
offered the governor a company from his town for a new regi-
ment if the officers named by the men could be commissioned.
This was strongly opposed by the governor, but the selectman
stated that not a man could be raised in his town for an old regi-
ment. Said Bvt. Brig.-Gen. Walcott who described the scene :
"Since new regiments were better than none and quotas
must be fille^, Gov. Andrew had to yield, and wound up with
this vehement commentary, 'Julius Caesar himself couldn't raise
a company for an old regiment in Massachusetts, as long as there
is a shoemaker left to make a captain of.' " It became easier to
secure recruits for old organizations after July 21, 1862, when
the secretary of war issued an order promising new recruits that
they should be mustered out with the regiment to which they
were assigned. "Most of our regiments in the field had two
years yet to serve, and there was a general belief that before the
expiration of the regiments' terms the war would be at an end.
The effect of the order was to send nearly 5,000 men to fill up
the depleted ranks." (Adjt.-General's Rep., Jan., 1865, p. 51.)
In response to an order from the president May 28, 1862, for

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 155

thirty companies of infantry, recruiting was commenced for the
33d and 34th infantry. Six of the remaining ten companies were
recruited and assigned as a garrison for Fort Warren, and four
to complete the organization of the 32nd. On July 2, 1862, the
president called for 300,000 three years' men. General Order,
No. 26, called for 15,000 volunteers from Massachusetts to form
new regiments and to fill the ranks of old ones. Each town was
now assigned its quota and recruiting proceeded rapidly. Within
three months from the date of the receipt of this order, Massa-
chusetts had furnished her contingent of 15,000 men, 4,000 of
which went to recruit regiments in the field, and the 33d, 34th,
35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st infantry (afterwards
reorganized as the 3d cavalry), together with the 9th and loth
light batteries, were the new organizations formed under this
order. Not a dollar of bounty was paid these or any of the pre-
ceding men by the state. Before the work of recruiting the
above mentioned 15,000 men was half completed the president
issued, on Aug. 4. a call for 300,000 men for nine months' serv-
ice. The proportion assigned to Massachusetts was 19,000 and
the men were to be drafted. From the beginning to the end of
the war, both the state and local authorities were strenuously
opposed to the draft, and labored to avoid it. As Massachusetts
furnished her quota at this period within a reasonable time by
voluntary enlistment a draft was avoided. The new enrolment,
however, which was made at this time, showing the credits to
be allowed to the various cities for men already furnished, and
the proportion required from each under this call, remained as a
basis for all future apportionments among the cities and towns
throughout the war. By December the quota of the state was
practically filled. About 33,000 men had been recruited in less
than 5 months, and the regiments, well organized and equipped,
had gone forward. Und,er the call for nine months' troops, the
following regiments were supplied: The 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th,
which had been in the three months' service at the beginning of
the war, were each recruited to the full standard for the nine
months' service, and new infantry regiments from the 42nd to
the 53d, inclusive, were organized, together with the nth light
battery, the only nine months' battery raised in the state. Mas-
sachusetts had at the close of the year 1862 in active service up-
wards of 60,000 men in the field, composed of fifty-three regi-
ments of infantry, one regiment and three unattached companies
of cavalry, twelve companies of light and three of heavy artil-
lery, and two companies of sharpshooters. Moreover, recruiting
for the old organizations in the field had gone forward briskly
and several thousand men had been supplied. Massachusetts

156 The Union Army

troops had suffered heavy losses in the Peninsular campaign, un-
der Gen. Pope, and at the battle of Antietam.

In the Republican state convention which assembled at Wor-
cester, Sept. lo, 1862, resolutions were adopted which stated
in substance: that Massachusetts would support the government
in the prosecution of the war; that, as slavery was a principal
support of the rebellion, slavery should be exterminated. The
valor of the soldiers was complimented and sympathy expressed
for those who had fallen ; one complimentary to the senators in
Congress, and favoring the reelection of Charles Sumner to the
U. S. senate by the legislature to be elected in November, and
one which indorsed the state administration. The convention
renominated Gov. Andrew and the old state officers, with the
exception of the lieutenant-governor, by acclamation. The
Democratic party as such held no convention, but united with
the conservative and dissatisfied Republicans to hold a "People's
convention," which placed in nomination Brig.-Gen. Charles
Devens, Jr., for governor; Thomas F. Plunkett for lieutenant-
governor; Henry W. Paine for attorney-general, and indorsed
the balance of the Republican ticket. Candidates for Congress
in several districts were also nominated. The resolutions adopted
favored a vigorous prosecution of the war and pointedly in-
dorsed Gen. McClellan. Gov. Andrew received 80,835 votes at
the election, and Devens 52,587. The legislature which met in
Jan., 1863, reelected Charles Sumner as U. S. senator, thus sus-
taining him in his fearless position as an opponent of the insti-
tution of slavery. The legislature adjourned on April 29, after
passing about 350 bills. Among the expenditures provided for
were $1,000,000 for coast defenses, $500,000 for the purchase of
arms and $5,500,000 for expenses connected with the war. It
authorized the reimbursement to the cities and towns for the
bounties paid by them to volunteers, in sums not to exceed $100
to each volunteer; legalized the acts and doings of cities and
towns in the payment of bounties to volunteers and taxes assessed
to pay the same ; authorized the state aid to be paid to families of
drafted men the same as families of volunteers ; provided for
the payment by the state of the pay due to soldiers by the Fed,-
eral government and for the encouragement of the allotment of
pay by the soldiers ; authorized the governor to pay bounties not
to exceed $50 each to volunteer, and provided that cities and
towns might raise money by taxation for the support of the
families of deceased soldiers and of soldiers discharged for disa-
bility. The various municipalities were prohibited, from the fur-
ther payment of bounties to volunteers.

The state raised and equipped during the war five regiments

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 157

of cavalry, which were all the mounted troops furnished, except
a battalion of frontier cavalry and a few unattached companies
furnished near the close of the struggle. Reference has been
made to the formation of the ist cavalry. Two more regiments
of cavalr>' were formed in 1863.

The Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln had
gone into effect on Jan. i, 1863, and Congress had authorized
the president by express terms to employ persons of African
descent as he might deem best for the suppression of the rebel-
lion. On Jan. 26 Gov. Andrew was authorized by the secretary
of war to recruit a colored regiment in Massachusetts, the same
to be officered by white men. On account of the strong preju-
dices involved only five regiments of colored volunteers, the ist
S. C, ist Kansas, and three regiments of free colored men
recruited by Gen. Butler in New Orleans, had been organized
up to this date. An effort had, indeed, been made in one eastern
state, Rhode Island, to recruit a colored regiment, but it re-
mained for Massachusetts, under the vigorous lead of Gov. An-
drew, to take the first effective steps. The first authority to
recruit for a colored regiment was issued by Gov. Andrew, Feb.
7, 1863, and in less than 100 days the regiment was filled to the
maximum. Such was the enthusiasm among the colored men to
enlist the authorities decided to organize another colored regi-
ment, which was also rapidly filled, the two regiments being
numbered the 54th and the 55th. The report of the adjutant-
general for 1863 thus sets forth the feeling which prevailed :
"It required calm foresight, thorough knowledge of our condi-
tion, earnest conviction, faith in men, faith in the cause, and
undaunted courage, to stem the various currents which set in
and flooded the land against employing the black man as a sol-
dier. In the executive of Massachusetts was found a man who
possessed the qualifications necessary to stem these currents, and
to wisely inaugurate and peacefully carry out to a successful ter-
mination the experiment of recruiting regiments of colored
men." Many patriotic men in the North felt that there was
imminent danger in this procedure lest the prime object of the
war — the restoration of the national authority in the seceded
states — give place to an anti-slavery crusade. Many worthy sol-
diers protested against serving in an abolition crusade, and many
desertions at this time may properly be attributed to this cause.
Most men now realize that the employment of the blacks as sol-
diers by the North was wise, both from a military standpoint and
as a means of advancing the colored race. Col. Shaw, who was
placed in command of the 54th, had been a captain in the 2nd
Mass. infantry, a brilliant officer, a student of Harvard college

158 The Union Army

and belonged to one of the best families in the state. He fell
while leading his men, on the parapet of Fort Wagner, S. C, and
was buried with his men in a common trench by the Confeder-
ates. Lieut.-Col. Hallowell organized the 55th and became its
colonel. Both regiments rendered excellent service. In the
winter of 1863-64, a third colored regiment was formed, known
as the 5th Mass. cavalry, under the command of Col. Henry S.
Russell. The men in these commands came from many different
parts of the country. Massachusetts officers were especially
prominent in the work of arming the blacks in other parts of
the country. The pioneer regiment of the whole series of slave-
regiments was the one raised in South Carolina in Aug., 1862,
under authority of the war department, by Brig.-Gen. Rufus
Saxton, military governor of the Department of the South. Gen.
Saxton was a Massachusetts man, as was Col. T. W. Higginson,
the commander of the regiment. Capt. R. J. Hinton, who re-
cruited the 1st Kansas colored reg., Maj.-Gen. B. F. Butler, who
recruited the three colored regiments of New Orleans, Maj.-Gen.
G. L. Andrews, and Maj. G. L. Stearns, who had principal
charge of the work of organizing the blacks in the slave states,
Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks, who organized the Corps d'Afrique at
New Orleans, Maj.-Gen. Edward W. Hinks, who commanded
a large body of the colored troops in the operations before
Petersburg, and Brig.-Gen. Samuel M. Quincy, author of a
special system of tactics for the colored troops, were all Massa-
chusetts men. A matter which should also be borne in mind is
that the white officers in command of these black men were ex-
pressly denied the ordinary rights of war by the Confederate
government, and "if captured, were to be put to death as in-
citing servile insurrection."

The only draft of any consequence which occurred in Massa-
chusetts took place during the months of June and July, 1863.
The law directing it, passed by Congress the previous winter,
was put into operation at this time, when Maj. Clarke, of the
U. S. Army, was appointed provost-marshal-general for the
state, with headquarters at Boston, and assistant provost-mar-
shals were appointed for the several congressional districts. All
male persons in the state between 20 and 45 years of age were
enrolled in two classes, the total number being 164,178. The
number actually drafted was 32,079, of whom 6,690 were held
to serve, though of these only 743 actually joined the service,
2,325 provided substitutes, 22,343 were exempted, 3,044 failed
to report, and 3,623 paid commutation, amounting to $1,085,800.
The number of drafted men and substitutes actually mustered
into service in 1863 was 2,944, of whom 2,720 were assigned to

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 159

regiments at the front, and 224 served as a provost guard at
camp on Long Island. Of the above number, 73 were colored
and were sent to the 54th infantry. By reason of the wise pre-
cautions taken, the bloody scenes which occurred in the streets
of New York were not repeated in Massachusetts. There was
rioting and disorder in the streets of Boston and angry demon-
strations in other places, but only one serious outbreak took
place. This was in front of the armory of the nth battery of
light artillery on Cooper street, Boston. A single volley was
all that the soldiers of Massachusetts were called on to fire
against a mob which sought to force an entrance to the armory
building, the police being sufficient to quell the other disturb-
snces.

During the winter of 1863-64 every encouragement was given
to the soldiers in the field whose terms of service were about to
expire to reenlist for another term of three years. Each soldier
who reenlisted was to receive a furlough of 30 days and the liberal
bounty offered by the state and general government. Upward
of 6,200 Massachusetts veterans accepted the terms, and were
credited on the state's quota. While not increasing the number
of soldiers in the service, they were the best troops possible and
served to offset the weakness resulting from the inferior charac-
ter of the troops recruited during the later months of the war,
from which Massachusetts suffered in common with the other
states. Four veteran regiments were raised during the fall and
winter of 1863-64, composed of men who had not seen less than
nine months' service. These were the 57th to the 59th, inclusive.

In addition to the 2nd cavalry recruited in the early part of
the year to which reference has been made, the 2nd heavy artil-
lery was organized in the summer of 1863, while several com-
panies of heavy artillery were organized for garrison duty in
the coast forts of the state. During the year, 11,538 men were
mastered in for three years, bringing the total of three years'
men up to 63,359. Added to this were 16,837 ii^^e months' men
and 3,736 three months' men, giving the state a grand total of
83,932. Also 3,686 men who had enlisted in 1863 for the naval
service and 17,304 since the beginning of the war, for whom the
state had as yet been given no credit by the general government.
If these be added to those furnished for the military service,
Massachusetts had supplied for all arms of the service by the
close of the year 1863, a total of loi, 236 men.

Under the president's call of Oct. 17, 1863, for 300,000 volun-
teers, the quota of Massachusetts was 15,126. The repeated
calls had already drained the state of much of its active man-
hood,. The high patriotic impulses which had moved men to

160 The Union Army

enlist by thousands during the early months of the war no longer
stirred men's hearts, after more than two years of bitter struggle.
The stay-at-homes were influenced by potent family and business
considerations. In the face of the strong demand for labor at
high wages, and the prevailing business prosperity, the small
bounties offered and the meager pay of the soldier in the field
provided no pecuniary temptation to embark in the more dan-
gerous service. Volunteers in active service were receiving $13
per month in money and $3 in clothing, the state was oiTering a
bounty of $50 for a three years' enlistment, and the United
States $100, while the recruits were given their choice between
infantry, cavalry and artillery regiments. Recruiting progressed
very slowly, and to avoid a resort to the unpopular draft the
governor was importuned to call an extra session of the legis-
lature, that measures might be devised to stimulate enlistments.
The amount of state bounty could not be increased under exist-
ing law and little added inducement could be offered by the cities
and towns under the law as framed. He accordingly summoned
the legislature to meet on Nov. 11, and in an elaborate message
recommended that the state add to the monthly pay of the vol-
unteers, rather than pay a large bounty at the date of their mus-
ter into service. He also asked them to right the injustice done
the colored troops by the general government, which paid these
men only $7 per month and the usual allowance for clothing.
The legislature remained in session for only a week and devoted
itself to the matters urged on their attention by the governor. A
bill to promote enlistments and recruiting was passed ; a bill
which provided for the payment of a bounty of $325 on the date
of muster, or, if the recruit should so elect, a bounty of $50, and
a monthly wage of $20. In case a soldier should be honorably
discharged after six months' service, the payment was to be con-
tinued for six months longer, or, if he should die in the service,
the money was to be paid to his legal representatives. It further
extended the provisions of the state-aid act to the families of
volunteers. Resolutions were passed urging on Congress an in-
crease of the pay of the soldiers; expressing the injustice done
the state by Congress in not allowing credits for men in the
naval service, and in not allowing the colored troops the same
pay as the whites.

Considerable bitterness was shown in the political campaign
of 1863. The Democratic party placed in nomination for gov-
ernor a new man to the party, and a former Whig, Henry W.
Paine of Cambridge, and a full state ticket. They made their
canvass on a platform which declared that it is the duty of every
citizen to sustain the national government; that the Democracy

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 161

will meet armed rebellion with the sword, and "unconstitutional
acts of Congress and startling usurpations of power by the exec-
utive" with the ballot; that obedience to the constitution is the
only true test of loyalty to the government; that the attempt of
the radicals to insist on their party platform as a condition of
peace, tends, not merely to prolong the war, but to produce an-
archy and despotism. They urged a speedy peace on honorable
terms and condemned the unconstitutional assumption of various
powers by the administration on the insidious plea of military
necessity. The Republican convention again placed in nomina-
tion Gov. Andrew and his official associates, on a platform which
pledged the state to an unwavering and unconditional support
of the national government ; thanked the soldiers and sailors for
their heroic services for the preservation of the Union ; approved
the emancipation policy of the president and the arming of the
blacks, and gave unqualified indorsement to the policy of the
state administration. At the election in November, Gov. Andrew
and his party associates were elected by a large majority, An-
drew receiving the largest majority he had yet received — 41,199.

When the new legislature assembled in 1864, the annual mes-
sage of the governor recommended that the various bounty acts
and those extending state aid to families be modified to include
soldiers enlisted in the regular army, and all such families irre-
spective of their place of residence, and authorizing retroactive
relief when the situation of the families demanded it. He urged
the establishment of a military academy by the commonwealth,
and argued at length in favor of recruiting the wasted regiments
in the field from the population of the rebellious states. He
showed also that the expenses of the year had been $6,728,000,
about $5,1 16,032 of which had been expended in the payment of
bounties, aid to families, etc. Most of the acts passed by the legisla-
ture were of a local character, the others being chiefly amenda-
tory of acts already passed relating to the soldiers. Towns were
authorized to raise money by taxation for the purpose of erecting
monuments "in memory of their soldiers who have died or may
die in the service of our country in the present war." Another
act was designed to give the right of suflFrage to those whose ab-
sence prevented their assessment in the usual manner ; another
made provision for the payment of the proportional expense of
the state in the completion of the national cemetery at Gettys-
burg and the reinterment of the dead there, while still another
authorized the creation of a "Bounty Fund" by the issue of $10,-
000,000 of scrip at five per cent, interest.

At the beginning of the year 1864, the seventeen regiments
enlisted for nine months had returned home, and the state had in
Vol. I— 11

162 The Union Army

the field thirty-six regiments of infantry, three regiments of
cavalry, two regiments of heavy artillery, one battalion and
eight unattached companies of heavy artillery, twelve batteries
of light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters — all in
the three years' service. In addition to the four veteran regi-
ments recruited during the winter of 1863-64, the 4th and 5th
cavalry were organized and sent to the front during the first six:
months of 1864, and the following new organizations were also
recruited within this period: a new battalion for the ist cavalry;
the nth, 14th and i6th batteries of light artillery, which joined
the Army of the Potomac ; four companies of heavy artillery,
which were attached to the eight companies raised in 1863, and
known as the 3d Mass. heavy artillery ; and several thousand
men were sent forward as recruits to fill the old regiments.

The final campaign of the war was now in progress and was
soon to bring about the fall of the Confederacy. Every available
man was now needed at the front, and an order from the secre-
tary of war on July i, 1864, relieved veteran troops on garrison
duty at various points and sent them into active service, and
directed that militia regiments enlisted for 100 days take their
places. Massachusetts responded with her usual promptness
and furnished five regiments to serve for 100 days. These were
the 5th, 6th, 8th, 42nd and 60th regiments of infantry, the last
named being a new organization. Besides these regiments, nine
companies of 100 days' men were recruited for garrison duty in
the coast fortifications of the state. The total recruited under
this call was 5,461, none of whom were credited on the quota of
the state. During September the 4tli regiment of heavy artillery
was recruited for one year's service and was assigned to duty in
the defenses of Washington, where it was soon followed by two-
unattached companies designed for the same service. A regi-
ment of infantry, the 6ist, was also slowly recruited during the
fall and winter, and left the state in detachments, to report to
Gen. Grant at City Point. Near the close of December, the fron-
tier cavalry was organized^, consisting of a battalion of five com-
panies, which joined the 26th N. Y. cavalry and performed
guard duty on the Canadian frontier. From the surplus men
who had desired to enlist in this battalion, three companies were
formed late in the year and attached to the 3d Mass. cavalry in
the field, taking the places of three independent companies which
were mustered out. In addition to the above, 1,247 men were
mustered in for 90 days' service. On March 10, 1865, General
Order, No. 5, was issued in accordance with a requisition of the
war department to raise one regiment for one year's service, and
for thirty infantry companies to recruit old regiments. The new

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 163

regiment was to be numbered the 62nd, but while these organi-
zations were in process of formation the news of Gen. Lee's sur-
render was received and they were never organized.

According to the official statement from the adjutant-general's
office, July 15, 1885, the total number of sailors and marines
furnished by the various states to the U. S. Navy was 101,207.
Of this large number, Massachusetts, being a seaside state, con-
tributed a larger number than any other except New York. Her
contribution in round numbers was 20,000, or nearly one-fifth
of the whole number. A body of volunteer naval officers was
also created during the war. A total of 7,500 were enrolled in
this service, and out of this number, Higginson says that Massa-
chusetts furnished at least 1,757. The state received no credit
on her quotas for this large number of naval enlistments, until
Congress passed the act of July 4, 1864, which allowed the
same and was one of the most just deeds of Congress during
the war. Much credit is due Gov. Andrew in securing its en-
actment and he was at Washington when the bill passed. It
afforded a method whereby all the discontented cities and towns
of the state could be satisfied. The number of enlistments
claimed by the several cities and towns was allowed them, and
there was left a surplus of 7,605, which was distributed pro rata
among them. The same act which allowed naval credits, also
made it lawful for the executive to send recruiting agents into
the rebellious states to obtain recruits for the Union armies.
Col. Jos. M. Day of Barnstable was appointed provost-marshal
of the state and given supervision over the matter of enlistments.
Agents were appointed at Washington, Fortress Monroe, New-
bern, Hilton Head, and Nashville. In this way 1,257 ^nen were
secured for the quota of the state, but the measure proved of
doubtful value. There resulted a sharp competition between the
several states, who despatched their agents into the rebellious
territory as to which could offer the highest bids for men willing
to join the Union army. In addition to these enlistments secured
without the borders of the state, it will have been noted that
certain other outside elements contributed to fill her quota. Many
came to the state to enlist in the 54th and 55th infantry (col-
ored), the California battalion of the 2nd cavalry, but the great
proportion of the men furnished by Massachusetts were her own
sons. She even furnished considerable bodies of troops for out-
side organizations, for which she is commonly given no credit
in estimates of the total numbers furnished. Five companies
joined the New York Mozart regiment in 1861, and some 600
men enlisted in the 99th N. Y. infantry, commanded by Col.
Wardrop, formerly of the 3d Mass. militia.

164 The Union Army

While the trying campaign of 1864 was in full progress and
a heavy cloud of uncertainty hung over the country lest it should
not be carried to a successful issue, the great battle of the ballots
in both nation and state took place. President Lincoln was tri-
umphantly reelected for a second term. In the state, the Re-
publicans met in convention at Worcester, Sept. 15, and renomi-
nated Gov. Andrew amid great enthusiasm. The old state ticket
was again nominated with the exception of Atty.-Gen. Foster,
who declined to make the race. The resolutions adopted con-
formed to those of previous years and sustained the Baltimore
platform and nominations of the national party. The Democratic
state convention met on Sept. 21, at Faneuil Hall, Boston, and
renominated their ticket of the previous year. Their platform
indorsed the nomination of Gen. McClellan at Chicago and "the
patriotic principles declared by the national convention" ; de-
clared that the people demanded fulfillment of the pledges in
the Crittenden resolution and a return to cooperative movements
toward peace and union ; that the present deplorable civil war
was fatal to the Union and constitution ; applauded Sheri-
dan's great victory at Winchester, which had just taken place;
and called for a better system for the exchange of prisoners of
war The campaign was conducted vigorously, but in a con-
ciliatory spirit. The gubernatorial vote was: Andrew, 125,281;
Paine, 49,190, — majority for Andrew, 76,091, — slightly less than
that of Lincoln, which was 77,997.

When the legislature of the state assembled in Jan., 1865, it
was evident that the war was drawing rapidly to a close. The
message of the governor expressed this belief, and also that
when the national authority was again restored slavery would
have been abolished. In this, his fifth and last inaugural address,
he exhaustively reviewed the services and sacrifices of Massa-
chusetts in the war and stated that the war debt amounted to
nearly $14,500,000, most of which was held by citizens of the state.
Said he : "All the scrip issued by Massachusetts she is bound to
pay, and she will pay, both interest and principal, in gold, to all
holders, with the cheerfulness which becomes her spotless honor
and the promptness of an industrious, economical, and thrifty
commonwealth." He showed plainly that general prosperity had
prevailed despite the war, as the great increase in savings de-
posits well shows.

On Feb. 2, 1865, the president signed the resolution abolishing
slavery and the constitutional amendment was at once ratified
by the legislature. The next day Gov. Andrew wired the presi-
dent: "Massachusetts has today ratified the constitutional
amendment abolishing slavery by a unanimous yea and nay vote

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 165

of both branches of the legislature, the Democrats voting- affirma-
tively."

On April 3 Gov. Andrew received a message from the secre-
tary of war, announcing the evacuation of Petersburg and the
fall of Richmond. He at once telegraphed in reply: "I give
you joy on these triumphant victories. Our people, by a com-
mon impulse, abandoned business today, for thanksgiving and
rejoicing. The colored man received last got in first, and thus
the scripture is fulfilled." The colored division of Weitzel's
corps is said to have been the first infantry to enter the Confed-
erate capital. From now on all was excitement and re-
joicing, and with the final surrender of Lee on April 9 came the
practical ending of the war. The surrender of the other armies
of the Confederacy followed in quick succession, the work of dis-
banding the soldiers was then taken up, and by the close of the
.summer nearly all the survivors among the Massachusetts troops
came home, only a few regiments being detached on special duty
until the following year.

A highly interesting ceremony took place after the close of
the war, when on Dec. 22, 1865, the 245th anniversary of the
landing of the pilgrims at Plymouth, the survivors of the various
Massachusetts regiments, batteries and companies bore their re-
spective flags in procession through the streets of Boston. The
thoroughfares were crowed with spectators, and when the sol-
diers finally returned to the state house, the flags were formally
turned over to the governor by Gen. Couch, commanding the
column, and were received by Gov. Andrew with eloquent words
which touched the hearts of all. His address closed with the
pledge : "I accept these relics in behalf of the people and the
government. They will be preserved and cherished, amid all
the vicissitudes of the future, as mementoes of brave men and
noble actions."

Only five states, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and
Indiana, surpassed Massachusetts in the total number of men
furnished during the war. The report of the adjutant-general
for January, 1866, states that the number of men supplied was
159,165, including 26,163 i" the navy. Included in this estimate
also, are the reenlisted veterans. Phisterer, an able statistician,
estimates that the state supplied a total of 146,730 men, and that
5,318 men paid commutation, making a grand total credited to
the state of 152,048. The final report of the adjutant-general
at Washington for the year 1885 credits Massachusetts with
122,781 white troops, 3,966 colored troops, and 19,983 sailors,
or 146,781 men in all. It would appear from the successive re-
ports of the adjutant-general of the state that every city and

166 The Union Army

town filled its quota upon every call by the president, and that,
with twelve minor exceptions, each furnished a surplus over all
demands, amounting in all to 15,178. This number should be
further increased by the addition of a large number of sailors
now credited to Massachusetts, and also by the men recruited
in the state and furnished to the two New York organizations.
Deduct the imported Germans, and the colored troops as well as
the men enlisted in the states in rebellion, and there would still
remain a large balance in favor of Massachusetts.

Mention has been made of the three colored regiments re-
cruited in the state. There were two distinctively Irish regi-
ments, the 9th and 28th infantry, besides Irish companies in
several regiments. It has been estimated that there were 1,876
Germans recruited in the state out of a total German population
of 9,961. (Higginson, vol. I, p. 135.) These were scattered
through the various regiments, but three companies were dis-
tinctively German — B and C, in the 20th, and A in the 25th.

Higginson is also authority for the statement that the total
amount of bounty paid to all recruits by the state, up to Dec. i,
1865, amounted to $11,685,987.60, and speaking of casualties,
says : "There are in all forty-five infantry regiments which lost
over 200 men each, killed or mortally wounded, during the Civil
war. Six of these were Massachusetts regiments."

The good sanitary condition of the Massachusetts regiments
in the field was frequently commended and the condition of the
camps was often such as to require no special preparation when
an inspection was announced for a certain day. During the
early part of the war many recruits were allowed to enlist who
had not been properly inspected as to their physical condition,
and the same was true to a certain extent in the latter days of
the war. The men, however, once enlisted, were given fairly
good surgical attendance throughout the war. The "contract
surgeons" of the latter days were hardly the equals of their pre-
decessors, but, on the whole, the Massachusetts surgeons ranked
high in character. It has been well said that "nothing is more
deceptive among military statistics than the mere number of
killed in battle ; this may proceed from the superior daring of
a commander or simply from his carelessness and incapacity;
but a small death-roll from disease is pretty sure to be due to
the care of the commander and the surgeons." The total num-
ber of those who died from disease and accident in Massachu-
setts organizations is stated by Higginson to be 5,799. The 13th
infantry is said to have had the smallest percentage of loss from
disease among the three years' regiments of the entire army.

Military Affairs in Massachusetts 167

The total losses from all causes among- Massachusetts troops
was 13,498.

The state expended a total of $27,705,109 in raising and equip-
ping troops and it is estimated that the cities and towns spent
as much more, so that the enormous sum of $50,000,000 was
spent altogether. Besides the men in the military service, the
state furnished many laborers employed at the Charlestown navy-
yard and the Springfield armory. Many others were engaged
on the fortifications. At the Springfield armory, during the five
years beginning on July i, i860, a total of 805,636 muskets, with
extra parts and repairs equal to 120,845 more, were manufac-
tured. The musket here produced was the standard weapon of
the service, and recognized as the best muzzle-loading military
arm made. (Bowen, p. 82.)

Massachusetts, as a single state, has been credited by her state
historian with certain modest claims, which will hardly be called
in question : She was promptly in the field ; she maintained a
certain high standard in her regiments ; no regiment ever con-
spicuously disgraced itself ; she provided soldiers and sailors not
merely up to, but in excess of her quota; her governor was fully
alive to the situation ; while she produced no soldier of the very
highest rank, she brought out a number of brilliant young men,
prominent among whom were Lowell, Bartlett and Miles, who
exhibited both splendid courage and a certain marked genius for
war. On the larger stage, in the great work of molding- public
opinion, one of the brilliant speakers of Congress, speaking of
the period from 1855 to 1875, said: "Whether it was for weal
or woe, whether it was wisely or unwisely done, men may diflfer
and historians may dispute — but as a matter of fact Massachusetts
led America and led her with an audacity and an aggressive-
ness, with a skill and an eloquence, with a power and force that
have never been surpassed in all the tide of time in the leadership
of a great people." (Speech of Breckenridge of Ky., in the house
of representatives, Jan. 19, 1888.)

RECORD OF MASSACHUSETTS
REGIMENTS

First Infantry, — Cols., Robert Cowdin, N. B. McLaughlin ; Lieut. -Cols.,
George D. Wells, Clark B. Baldwin; Majs., Charles P. Chandler, Gard-
ner Walker. This was the first Massachusetts regiment enlisted for three
years' service, having first responded to the call for militia regiments for
three months. It was mustered in at Boston May 23 to 27, i86i, and
mustered out on Boston Common, May 25, 1864. Co. B was composed
of the Union Guards of East Boston ; Co. C, of the North End True
Blues, of Boston ; Co. D, of the Roxbury City Guards ; Co. E, of the
Pulaski Guards, of South Boston ; Co. F, of the National Guards of Bos-
ton ; Co. G, of the Independent Boston Fusileers ; Co. H, of the Chelsea
Volunteers ; Co. I, of the Schouler Guards, of Boston, and Co. K, of
the Chadwick Light Infantry, of Roxbury. On June 15 it left Boston for
Washington, where it was assigned to Richardson's brigade and encamped
on the Potomac, 2 miles below the Chain bridge. Its first skirmish was
at Blackburn's ford July 18, 1861, and later participated in the battle of
Bull Run and the siege of Yorktown. It was on the skirmish line at
Williamsburg and engaged at White Oak swamp, where it made two
assaults, and in the Seven Days' battles fought at Savage Station and
Glendale. The month of July was spent at Harrison's landing, where the
men had a much-needed rest. The regiment was sent to Alexandria in
Aug., 1862, and took part in the second battle of Bull Run. After the
fight at Chantilly, when Gen. Hooker left the division, he insisted that the
division should be relieved for a time, on account of its heroic and ardu-
ous services. The ist took part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chan-
cellorsville, Gettysburg, where its loss was heavy, and Manassas gap. It
was ordered to New York on Aug. 2, 1863, on account of the draft riots,
and remained there till Oct. 15, when its returned south. It was engaged
at Kelly's ford and in the Mine Run campaign, wintered at Brandy Sta-
tion and met with severe losses in the battle of the Wilderness. Late in
May, 1864, the regiment was mustered out and the reenlisted men and
recruits transferred to the nth Mass. infantry.

Second Infantry. — Cols., George H. Gordon, George L. Andrews,
Samuel M. Quincy, William Cog'^well ; Lieut.-Cols., George L. Andrews,
Wilder Dwight, Charles R. Mudge, Charles F. Morse; Majs., Wilder
Dwight, James Savage, Jr., James Francis. The 2nd regiment, from the
state at large, was mustered in for three years at Boston, the organization
being completed May 25, 1861. It was mustered out at the same place,
May 24, 1864, and the reenlisted men and recruits at Washington, July ir,
1865. The Abbott Grays of Lowell formed Co. A, and the Andrew Light
Guard of Salem, Co. C. Before leaving the state, a battle-flag was pre-
sented to the regiment by the women of Boston and it also received its
state flag. It joined Gen. Patterson's army at Martinsburg, W. Va.. July
12, and moved to Harper's Ferry, which place it garrisoned till Aug. 2.
Here it was honored with another flag by the women of Harper's Ferry.
Two months were spent in camp at Hyattstown and marches followed ta

168

Massachusetts Regiments 169

Edwards' ferry, by way of Conrad's ferry, back to Edwards' ferry and on
to Darnestown. After camping near Frederick from Dec. 4, 1861, to
Feb. 27, 1862, it was ordered to Harper's Ferry, then to Charlestown and
to Berrjrville. On March 22, it moved to Snicker's ferry, then back
to Winchester; pursued the enemy to Strasburg and Mount Jackson,
where it was engaged; then proceeded to near Harrisonburg and back
to Newmarket and Strasburg. It formed the rear-guard on the retreat
to Newtown and repelled several attacks. As part of the Army of Vir-
ginia the 2nd took part in the battle of Cedar mountain, where it suffered
heavy loss. It was present at the second battle of Bull Run, but was
held in reserve. In the battles of Chantilly, Antietam and Chancellors-
ville its part was an honorable one, and at Gettysburg its charge was
notable and its loss heavy. Advancing close up to the enemy's works, the
regiment held its ground until cut off by a force in the rear, when it turned
and charged through the line in the rear, thus escaping capture. It then
moved into Virginia, but was sent to New York during the draft riots
and remained two weeks, or until Sept. 5, 1863. It was next ordered to
the Army of the Cumberland and guarded the railroad from Nashville
for Gens. Rosecrans and Thomas. In the spring of 1864, the Army of
the Cumberland joined Gen. Sherman, and from that time the 2nd formed
a part of that army on the march to Atlanta and until it reached Wash-
ington, where the men were mustered out after over four years' service.

Third Infantry. — Cols., David W. Wardrop, Silas P. Richmond;
Lieut.-Cols., Charles Raymond, James .Barton; Majs., John H. Jen-
nings, John Morissey. The 3d regiment, Mass. militia, responded to the
call for three months' troops, sailed for Fortress Monroe, where it was
mustered into the U. S. service on April 23, 1861, and was mustered
out at Boston, July 23, 1861. In May, four companies enlisted for three
years and joined the 3d, but were afterward transferred to the 29th.
The 3d again enlisted for nine months and was reorganized at Lakeville,
Sept., 1862, when it numbered 1,000 men. On Oct. 26. it sailed for
Beaufort, S. C, and took part in an expedition to Goldsboro, where it
was in action on Dec. 17, 1862. Jan. and Feb., 1863, were spent at Camp
Jourdan, near New Berne, N. C, and in March the regiment was en-
gaged at Deep Gully, New Berne and Pollocksville. Going to the relief
of Little Washington, April 5, several skirmishes ensued and the siege
was raised. On its return the 3d reached Boston June 16, and was
mustered out at Camp Joe Hooker on the 26th.

Fourth Infantry. — Cols., Abner B. Packard, Henry Walker; Lieut.-
Cols., Hawkes Fearing, Jr., Eben T. Colby; Majs., Horace O. Whitte-
more, Charles F. Howard. The 4th regiment, Mass. militia, responded
to the call for three months' troops and reported at Fortress Monroe,
Va., where it was mustered into the U. S. service, April 22, 1861. It
was employed in fortifying a camp at Newport News for the most part,
but took part in an expedition against Big Bethel, where it was in an
encounter with the enemy. On July 22, 1861, the 4th was mustered out,
but in Aug., 1862, it again volunteered for duty and was mustered in
for nine months at Lakeville, from September to December. The regi-
ment embarked for Louisiana on Jan. 3, 1863, and landed at Carrollton
on the 13th. After some skirmishing at Fort Bisland, it participated in
the siege of Port Hudson and after the surrender garrisoned the place
until Aug 4th, when it started for home. It was mustered out at Lake-
ville. Aug. 28. 1863.

Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Samuel C. Lawrence, George H. Pierson;
Lieut.-Cols., J. Durell Greene, John T. Boyd, William E. C. Worcester;
Majs., Hamlin W. Keyes, William E. C. Worcester, William T. Gram-

170 The Union Army

tner. The 5th regiment, Mass. militia, volunteered for three months, and
with the addition of one company from the ist and four from the 7th
militia, it reported for duty at Washington, where it was mustered into
the U. S. service, May i, 1861. It fought nobly in the battle of Bull
Run and on July 21, 1861, was mustered out at Boston. The regiment
volunteered again for the nine months' service and was reorganized at
Wenham, in Sept. and Oct., 1862, with 984 officers and men. It left
Boston Oct. 22 for New Berne, N. C, and from there moved to Wash-
ington, N. C, and Williamston. It took part in an expedition to Golds-
boro and met the enemy in battles at Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro.
On April 4, 1863, it went to the relief of Little Washington, but was
obliged to return to New Berne. It was mustered out at Wenham, July
2, 1863. In July, 1864, the 5th again took the field in response to the
call for troops for 100 days. It proceeded to Baltimore, garrisoned Fort
Marshall, was detailed for guard duty at different places in Maryland
during the elections, and was mustered out at Readville, Nov. 16, 1864.

Sixth Infantry. — Cols., Edward F. Jones, Albert S. Follansbee; Lieut.-
Col., Melvin Beal; Majs., Benjamin F. Watson, Charles A. Stott,
Thomas O. Allen. The 6th regiment, Mass. militia, offered its services
in Jan., 1861, and when the call came in April was the first to arrive
in Washington. Its passage through Baltimore is noted, where the
bloodshed in an encounter with an agry mob was the first of the war.
Four men were killed and 36 wounded. The term of service was from
April 22 to Aug. 2, 1861. The 6th was again the first regiment to vol-
unteer under the call for troops for nine months, and was mustered in
from Aug. 31 to Sept. 8, 1862, ten companies strong. All along the
route to Washington it was enthusiastically welcomed, even Baltimore
joining in the demonstrations. After several expeditions into the enemy's
country the regiment was under fire for the first time in Nov., 1862, on
the Blackwater river, Va. During the winter it was quartered near
Suffolk and was there through the siege in April and May, 1863. It
left Suffolk for Boston, May 26, 1863, and was mustered out at Lowell
on June 3. From July 14 to 19, 1864, the 6th was again mustered into
the U. S. service at Readville and was mustered out at the same place,
Oct. 27, 1864. It left for Washington a third time on July 20, 1864, and
there performed garrison duty until the close of its term.

Seventh Infantry. — Cols., Darius N. Couch, Nelson H. Davis, Joseph
H. Wheelock, David A. Russell, Thomas D. Johns; Lieut.-Cols., Chester
W. Greene, Charles Raymond, Franklin P. Harlow; Majs., David E.
Holman, Franklin P. Harlow, Joseph B. Leonard. The 7th, composed
mainly of Bristol county men, was mustered in for three years at Taun-
ton, June IS, 1861, and was mustered out on June 27, 1864, when the
recruits and reenlisted men were assigned to the 37th Mass. infantry.
The regiment left for Washington July 11, 1861, and went into camp
at Georgetown, where it remained till Aug. 6. It next occupied Camp
Brightwood until the following spring, when it was assigned to the
Army of the Potomac and left Brightwood in March. It was engaged
in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and Glendale, and on Aug. 16,
1862, started for Yorktown. From there it moved into Maryland, but
returned to Virginia in time to participate in the battle of Fredericks-
burg. It wintered near Falmouth, Va., and left there for Chancellors-
ville, April 28, 1863. In that campaign it made a brilliant assault at
Marye's heights and joined in the battle at Salem Church. Its next
battle was Gettysburg and it participated in the marches of the Army
of the Potomac all summer and the Mine Run expedition in the early

Massachusetts Regiments 171

winter. From Dec. 2, 1863, to Feb. 27, 1864, the regiment was encamped
at Brandy Station. On the latter date it left camp to support a cavalry
movement, which march proved a very difficult one, owing to a severe
storm. It returned in a few days to camp and there remained till May 3,
when it started south and was soon in the thick of battle at the Wilder-
ness. The 7th's final engagement was at Cold Harbor, the term of
service expiring soon after. Its greeting on its return home showed
the high value placed on its services to the Union.

Eighth Infantry. — Cols., Timothy Munroe, Frederick J. Coffin, Ben-
jamin F. Peach; Lieut. -Cols., Edward W. Hinks, James Hudson, Jr.,
Christopher T. Hanley; Majs., Andrew Elwell, Israel W. Wallis, David
W. Low. The 8th Mass militia, with a company from the 7th militia
and one from the loth regiment, volunteered for three months and left
the state for Washington, April 18, 1861, its total strength being 705
men. On April 30, it was mustered into the U. S. service at Washing-
ton and Aug. i it was mustered out at Boston. At Wenham, from
Sept. 15 to Oct. 30, 1862, the 8th militia was reorganized and mustered
in for nine months. It arrived at New Berne, N. C, Nov. 30, encamped
there and at Fort Totten, and sent out details on various duties. Late
in May, 1863, it was ordered to Fort Thompson but returned to New
Berne on June 12. Orders for muster out came in June, but on account
of threatened danger to Baltimore the 8th was ordered there and was
not mustered out till Aug. 7, 1863. It again took the field in July, 1864,
for 100 days, when it was organized at Readville and proceeded at once
to Baltimore. Details performed guard duty at Baltimore and in that
vicinity until the regiment was mustered out on Nov. 10, 1864, after its
return to Massachusetts.

Ninth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas Cass, Patrick R. Guiney; Lieut.-
Cols., Cromwell G. Rowell, Robert Peard, Patrick R. Guiney, Patrick T.
Hanley; Majs., Robert Peard, Patrick R. Guiney, Patrick T. Hanley,
George W. Dutton, John W. Mahan. The 9th was made up of Irish-
men and was mustered in for three years at Boston, June 11, 1861. It
was mustered out on Boston Common, June 21, 1864, the recruits and
reenlisted men being then transferred to the 32nd Mass. infantry. Be-
fore it left Boston, the regiment was presented by the Irish citizens of
the city with a national flag and also a beautiful Irish banner. It left
Boston on June 25 for Washington, in which vicinity it remained till
the following March, when it was assigned to the Army of the Potomac
for the Peninsular campaign. At the battle of Hanover Court House
the 9th made a gallant assault and it lost heavily at Gaines' mill, where
their brave leader, Col. Cass, was mortally wounded. It also suffered
severely at Malvern hill. The regiment was in reserve at Antietam, the
second Bull Run and Fredericksburg, and was engaged in skirmishing
at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. It joined in the pursuit of Lee to
Williamsport and in the different movements of the Army of the Po-
tomac, including the battles at Rappahannock Station and the Mine Run
campaign, after which it went into winter quarters at Bealeton, Va.,
until April 30, 1864, when it broke camp and May 4 found it at the
Wilderness tavern. The following day it made a brave advance, fighting
fiercely, and its record is a proud one in the engagements ensuing at
Laurel hill. North Anna river, Bethesda Church and Cold Harbor.
Massachusetts may well be proud of her Irish volunteers.

Tenth Infantry. — Cols., Henry S. Briggs, Henry L. Eustis; Lieut.-
Cols., Jefford M. Decker, Joseph B. Parsons; Majs., William R. Marsh,
Ozro Miller, Dexter F. Parker. The loth was from the western part

172 The Union Army

of the state and was mustered in for three years at Springfield, June 21,
1861. It was mainly composed of the loth militia, reorganized. Co. A
came from Great Harrington; Co. B, from Adams; Co. C, Northamp-
ton; Co. D, Pittsfield; Co. F, Springfield; Co. G, Greenfield; Co. H,
Shelburne Falls, and Co. K, Westfield. At Springfield the women of
the city presented it with beautiful flags, both state and national, a
greatly appreciated honor. The regiment sailed from Boston, July 25,
for Washington, and reached there on the 28th. The winter was spent
at Camp Brightwood and in March, 1862, the loth proceeded to New-
port News, thence toward Yorktown, the latter march being one of
great hardship. Fair Oaks was their first sharp battle and the severe
test was gallantly met. The battles of Gaines' mill, New Market road
and Malvern hill soon followed and the loth became seasoned veterans.
It was hurried to Antietam, but arrived too late for the battle. It then
joined in the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns and was held
in reserve at Gettysburg. In Nov., 1863, it joined the Mine Run expedi-
tion and then went into winter quarters at Brandy Station, Va., where
it remained till May 4, 1864. Its next pitched battle was that of the
Wilderness and it also participated in the battle at Spottsylvania Court
House, fighting for 24 hours at the "bloody angle" without rest. The
losses in this campaign were terrible, yet undaunted it joined in the
battle of Cold Harbor and was not relieved till June 19, when the re-
cruits and reenlisted men were assigned to the 37th Mass. infantry and
the original members were mustered out July 1-6, 1864, at Springfield.

Eleventh Infantry. — Cols., George Clark, Jr., William Blaisdell,
Thomas H. Dunham; Lieut. -Cols., William Blaisdell, George F. Tile-
ston, Porter D. Tripp, Charles C. Rivers, Thomas H. Dunham, James
F. Mansfield; Majs., George F. Tileston, Porter D. Tripp, Charles C.
Rivers, Richard T. Lombard, James W. McDonald, Thomas H. Dun-
ham, James F. Mansfield, Frank McQuade. The nth infantry, the third
Massachusetts regiment to enlist for three years, was composed mainly
of Boston men and was called the Boston volunteers. It was mustered
in at Fort Warren, June 13, 1861, and was mustered out June 12, 1864.
The recruits and reenlisted men were made a battalion of five com-
panies, to which a company of men, enlisted for one year, was added
and the battalion, known as the nth regiment, was mustered out on
July 14, 1865, at Readville. The total strength was 1,316 members. On
June 27, 1861, the regiment left the state for Washington, where it ar-
rived on July 3. At the first battle of Bull Run, the nth suffered a
baptism of fire which it nobly withstood. It took part in the siege of
Yorktown, and was later engaged at Williamsburg, Oak Grove, Malvern
hill and Bristoe Station. In the second battle of Bull Run it drove the
enemy from behind a railroad embankment, where they were very
strongly intrenched. The nth was held in reserve at Fredericksburg,
but was in action at Chancellorsville, on which occasion it was compli-
mented by Gen. Hancock. At Gettysburg it suffered heavily and after
that brittle was again ordered into Virginia, where it participated in the
Mine Rin expedition. The remainder of the winter was spent at Brandy
Station, which place was left on May 3, 1864, for the Wilderness. Here
the resriment was in action and also in the bitter contest at the "bloody
angle" at Spottsylvania, where its work was very brilliant. It then followed
the forttinrs of the Army of the Potomac and after the battle of Cold
Harbor became a battalion, which continued in the same command, being
joined by two companies from the i6th Mass. infantry. Next, near
Petersburg, it was in several engagements with the enemy, and in Feb.,

' Massachusetts Regiments 173

1865, it joined the expedition to Hatcher's run, where it finished its
active service.

Twelfth Infantry. — Cols., Fletcher Webster, James L. Bates; Lieut-
Cols., Timothy M. Bryan, Jr., David Allen, Jr., Benjamin F. Cook;
Majs., Elisha M. Burbank, Daniel G. Handy, Benjamin F. Cook, Edward
P. Reed. The 12th, recruited at Boston, was mustered in for three years
from June 26 to July 11, 1861, at Fort Warren, and was mustered out
on Boston Common, July 8, 1864. Co. A was composed of the Felton
Guards ; Co. B, Dehon Guards ; Co. D, Latin School Guards ; Co. E,
Emerson Guards ; and Co. K, Dale Guards. The regiment numbered
1.575 men and its loss by death from wounds was 179. It received its
colors from the women of Boston and left the state July 23, arriving at
Sandy Hook, Md., on the 27th. In camp at Hyattstown and on guard
duty along the Potomac, the summer passed, and the regiment went into
winter quarters at Camp Hicks, near Frederick, Md. The first battle
in which it took part was the battle of Cedar mountain. At Antietam
the killed, wounded and missing numbered 283, which, following on a
loss of 138 at the second Bull Run, where Col. Webster was fatally
wounded, was well-nigh discouraging. Shortly after Antietam, at a
review, the 12th showed only 119 men. It was with the Army of the
Potomac at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville and its conduct was
always brave and reliable. Again in the thick of the fight at Gettysburg,
the loss was heavy. It then moved to Virginia with the Army of the
Potomac, and was in the Mine Run campaign. During the winter it
was shifted about and obtained but little relief, yet it marched bravely into
the battle of the Wilderness. Through the remainder of its term of serv-
ice, which expired while it was before Petersburg, it was repeatedly en-
gaged and its endurance was severely tried. In July it was ordered
home and mustered out, the recruits and reenlisted men being trans-
ferred to the 39th infantry.

Thirteenth Infantry Col., Samuel H. Leonard ; Lieut.-Cols., N.

Walter Batchelder, Charles H. Hovey; Majs., Jacob Parker Gould,
Elliott C. Pierce. The 13th was mustered into the U. S. service at
Fort Independence, July 16, 1861, and was mustered out at Boston, Aug.
I, 1864. It numbered 1,411 men, and its loss by death from wounds
was 102. Co. A was made up of the Boston City Guard; Co. G, Grey
Eagles; Co. H, Mechanic Riflemen, and Co. K, Westboro Rifles. The
4th battalion of rifles, Mass. militia formed a large part of the regi-
ment, which left the state July 30, 1861. for Hagerstown, Md., and from
there was ordered to Sharpsburg. Various posts along the upper Po-
tomac were held during the autumn and winter, and in the second battle
of Bull Run the regiment suffered its first heavy losses. Its next en-
gagement was Antietam, after which it was with the Army of the
Potomac on its march south and at Fredericksburg, where the 13th
was on the skirmish line. It took part in the Chancellorsville campaign
and at Gettysburg made a gallant charge, in which it met with great
loss. After the Mine Run campaign the regiment established winter
quarters at Mitchell's station, which it occupied till April 26, 1864, when
it rejoined the army and took part in the Wilderness campaign. At the
Wilderness the position of the 13th was not especially exposed but, at
Spottsylvania, May 8, it was in the front of the fight. During the re-
mainder of the campaign it was in the engagements at North Anna
river, Bethesda Church and Cold Harbor, generally on the skirmish line,
and was occupied in siege duties at Petersburg when its term of service
expired. The recruits and reenlisted men were transferred to the 39th
Mass. infantry.

174 The Union Army

Fourteenth Infantry. — Col., William B. Greene; Lieut.-Col., Samuel
C. Oliver; Maj., Levi P. Wright. The 14th, composed of Essex county
men, was mustered in at oFrt Warren, July 5, 1861, and was ordered to
Washington. After serving in the defenses of Washington for the re-
mainder of the year, it became on Jan. i, 1862, the ist regiment Mass.
heavy artillery, under which name its history will appear. Co. A was
composed of the Heard Guards of Ipswich; Co. B came from Methuen;
Co. C, Mechanic Phalanx of Lynn; Co. D, Essex Cadets; Co. E. from
Amesbury ; Co. F, Scott Guards ; Co. G, from Marblehead ; Co. H,
Andover Light Infantry ; Co. I, Putnam Guards of Danvers, and Co. K,
Lawrence City Guards.

Fifteenth Infantry. — Cols., Charles Devens, Jr., George H. Ward,
George C. Joslin; Lieut.-Cols., George H. Ward, John W. Kimball,
Chase Philbrick, George C. Joslin, I. Harris Hooper; Majs., John W.
Kimball, Chase Philbrick, George C. Joslin, I. Harris Hooper, Lyman
H. Ellingwood, Walter Gale. The 15th was organized at Worcester to
serve for three years; was mustered in during the month of July, 1861,
and mustered out at Worcester, July 28, 1864, when the recruits and reen-
listed men were transferred to the 20th infantry. The 15th numbered
1,521 men and its loss by death from wounds was 116. Co. A was com-
posed of Leominster men ; Co. B, Fitchburg Fusileers ; Co. C, Clinton Light
Guard; Co. D, from Worcester; Co. E, DeWitt Guards of Oxford;
Co. F, from Brookfield ; Co. G, from Grafton ; Co. I, Slater Guards of
Webster, and Co. K was from Blackstone. The regiment contained
three companies of State militia. In Worcester, the women of the city
presented the regiment with its standard and it left for Washington
Aug. 8, 1861. At Ball's bluflf its losses were severe, but the men earned
the praise of their general. The regiment joined in the campaign on
the Peninsula and fought at Antietam and Fredericksburg. At Antie-
tam the brigade to which the 15th was attached engaged a much superior
force and was almost cut to pieces. It was more fortunate at Fred-
ericksburg and was not in an especially exposed position at Chancellors-
ville. At Gettysburg it became the victim of a sad error. While en-
gaged in resisting a fierce attack of the enemy, the Union batteries fired
through them from the rear. Here the brave Col. Ward fell, mortally
wounded. Next followed the southward march of the Army of the
Potomac, the Mine Run campaign late in the autumn, and the regiment
finally went into camp near Stevensburg, Va., until May, 1864. At the
Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor the 15th played its part
bravely, and by the end of June had lost all of its officers and so many
of its men that for the rest of its term it was attached to the 20th
Mass. infantry. Its record is that of the severest duties nobly per-
formed.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Cols., Powell T. Wyman, Thomas R. Tannatt,
Gardner Banks; Lieut.-Cols., George A. Meacham, Daniel S. Lamson,
Gardner Banks, Waldo Merriam, Samuel W. Richardson; Majs., Daniel
S. Lamson, Waldo Merriam, Samuel W. Richardson, Matthew Dono-
van. The i6th was mustered in for three years at Camp Cameron,
North Cambridge, from June 29 to Aug. i, 1861, and was mustered out
on July 27, 1864, the reenlisted men and recruits being then transferred
to the nth battalion. The regiment was composed mainly of men from
Middlesex county. Co. A, was the Cambridge City Guard ; Co. B, the
Winthrop Guard from Holliston ; Co. C, the Union Guard ; Co. D, the
Hill Cadets from Lowell; Co. E, the Wiley Light Infantry; Co. G, the
Butler Rifles; Co. I, the Newton Guards, and Co. K, the Watertown

Massachusetts Regiments 175

Volunteers. The i6th left the state on Aug. 17, 1861, and was ordered
to Camp Hamilton near Hampton, Va., where it remained during the
winter of 1861-62. In May, 1862, it was assigned to the Army of the
Potomac and moved to Suffolk, where it fought its first battle. Its rec-
ords show participation in the battles at Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern
hill, Kettle run and Chantilly, but it was ordered to Washington at
the time of the battle of Antietam. The year's work closed with the bat-
tle of Fredericksburg. At Gettysburg the losses were very heavy.
Then, with the Army of the Potomac, the regiment marched southward ;^
participated in the Mine Run campaign; went into winter quarters at
Brandy Station ; continued with the same branch of the army through
the next spring and early summer and fought in all the battles of its re-
nowned campaigns. Out of a total strength of 1,220 men, 211 were killed
or died of wounds.

Seventeenth Infantry Cols., Thomas J. C. Amory, John F. Fel-
lows, Henry Splaine; Lieut-Cols., John F. Fellows, Henry Splaine; Will-
iam W. Smith; Majs., Jones Frankle, Luther Day, Henry Splaine, Will-
iam W. Smith, John E. Mullaly. The 17th was mustered in at Lynnfield,
July 21 and 22, 1861, and was mustered out on Aug. 3, 1864, when the
reenlisted men and recruits were formed into a battalion of three compa-
nies, which continued the same name and were reinforced by the addi-
tion of several companies from the 2d Mass. heavy artillery. The bat-
talion was mustered out July 11, 1865. The 17th originally was composed
of eight companies from Essex county, one from Middlesex and one
from Suffolk. Co. A was made up of the Newburjport City Grays; Co.
B, the Foster Guards; Co. C, the Danvers Light Infantry; Co. D, the
Wallace Guards ; Cos. E and F, from Haverhill ; Co. G, the Kimball
Guard ; Co. H, the British Volunteers of Boston ; Co. I, the Saunders
Guard, and Co. K, the Maiden Light Infantry. The total strength was
1,411 men when the regiment left the state for Baltimore on Aug. 23,
1861. It spent the winter near Baltimore, with the exception of an expe-
dition into Virginia, and in the spring of 1862 was ordered to New Berne,
N. C. It took part in an expedition to Goldsboro and met the Confed-
erates at Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro. From Dec. 22, 1862, to July
25, 1863, the headquarters were at New Berne, with several minor expe-
ditions. On July 25 it embarked in support of a cavalry raid on W^eldon,
but returned to duty again at or near New Berne. In Feb., 1864, a detail
of the regiment had a sharp brush with the enemy at Batchelder's creek,
and in April another detachment was sent to the relief of Little Wash-
ington. The battalion spent the winter of 1864-65 near Beaufort, moved
to Goldsboro in March, encountering the enemy along the route, and
closed its term of service in July, 1865.

Eighteenth Infantry. — Cols., James Barnes, Joseph Hayes ; Lieut.-
Cols., Timothy Ingraham, Joseph Hayes, Stephen Thomas, William B.
White, Fisher A. Baker; Majs., Joseph Hayes, Stephen Thomas, William
B. White, Thomas Weston, Luther S. Bent. The i8th, composed mainly
of men from Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth counties, was mustered into
the U. S. service from Aug., 1861, to Jan., 1862, and was mustered out
on Sept. 2, 1864, when the recruits and reenlisted men were transferred
to the 32d infantry. The original regiment numbered 1,152 men, of
whom 247 were killed or died from wounds, disease or in prison. The
regiment arrived in Washington on Sept. i, 1861, and spent the winter
in camp near Hall's hill. It took part in the siege of Yorktown, the sec-
ond battle of Bull Run, and the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg.
At the last engagement it made a gallant charge and left its dead lying

176 The Union Army

close to the enemy's works. The winter was uneventful, except for the
famous "Mud March," and the next spring found the i8th at the battle
of Chancellorsville, where its most important duty was after the action
in forming a rear-guard for the retreating army. On June 14, 1863, it
started north, arrived at Gettysburg on the second day of the battle, and
was assigned to a position near Little Round Top. From Gettysburg it
moved south again with the Army of the Potomac, was engaged at Rap-
pahannock Station and in the Mine Run movement, and went into camp
on Dec. 3, 1863, at Beverly ford. Early in May, 1864, the regiment broke
camp and marched to Wilderness tavern, where it took part in the battle
which followed and in the rest of the engagements of the Army of the
Potomac until mustered out.

Nineteenth Infantry. — Cols., Edward W. Hinks, Arthur F. Dever-
eux, Ansel D. Wass, Edmund Rice; Lieut.-Cols., Arthur F. Devereux,
Ansel D. Wass, Edmund Rice, Morcena Dunn; Majs., Henry J. Howe,
Ansel D. Wass, Edmund Rice, Morcena Dunn, Isaac H. Boyd, William
L. Palmer. The 19th was mustered in for three years at Lynnfield, in
Aug., 1861, and was mustered out June 30, 1865, so large a number of its
members having reenlisted that the organization was maintained. The
regiment contained three companies of the ist battalion of rifles, the
Tiger fire zouaves of Boston, four other Boston companies, one from
Lowell and one from Maiden, and numbered 1,892 members. It lost by
death from wounds 163, and 104 died from disease or imprisonment. It
arrived in Washington on Aug. 30, 1861, and was assigned to picket duty
on the upper Potomac. Its first engagement was at Ball's bluff, after
which it joined the preceding Mass. regiments in the Army of the Poto-
mac. Engagements followed at Yorktown, Oak Grove, Peach Orchard,
Savage Station, White Oak swamp and Glendale. At Antietam its divi-
sion was nearly surrounded but the 19th valiantly fought its way back
with the 1st Minn. When the army attempted to cross the river before
Fredericksburg, the 19th Mass. was one of the regiments that crossed
the river in open boats and drove out the Confederate sharpshooters, who
were blocking the approach. After this battle it was encamped at Fal-
mouth during the winter of 1862-63 ^nd participated in the Chancellors-
ville campaign the following spring. At Gettysburg the regiment, in a
hand to hand fight, captured 4 flags. It next went south with the Army
of the Potomac, took part in its operations of the autumn, and went into
winter quarters at Brandy Station, Va., until May 3d, 1864, when it be-
gan the advance with the army and was in action at the Wilderness. On
May 10 it made two brilliant but unsuccessful charges and later joined
in the successful assault on the "Angle" at Spottsylvania. At Cold Har-
bor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom and along the Weldon railroad the regi-
ment was repeatedly engaged, and while quartered for the winter of
1864-65 at Fort Emory, on the Vaughan road, several engagements en-
sued in that vicinity. It took part in the grand review at Washington,
the end of a long and honorable service.

Twentieth Infantry. — Cols., William R. Lee, Francis W. Palfrey,
Paul J. Revere, George N. Macy; Lieut.-Cols., Francis W. Palfrey, Fer-
dinand Dreher, George N. Macy, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Arthur R.
Curtis, Rufus P. Lincoln; Majs., Paul J. Revere, Ferdinand Dreher,
George N. Macy, Allen Shepard, Henry L. Abbott, Arthur R. Curtis,
Henry L. Patten, William F. Perkins, John Keliher, Mason W. Tyler.
This regiment was mustered into the U. S. service at Readville in July
and Aug., 1861, and was mustered out at Washington July 15, 1865. The
total strength of the regiment was 2,550 and its death losses numbered

Massachusetts Regiments 177

352. It left the state for Washington, Sept. 4, 1861, and was encamped
near Edwards' ferry until the battle of Ball's bluff, its first engagement.
During the next summer the regiment saw much hard service. It was
in action before Yorktown, at West Point, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard,
Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern hill. At Antietam its losses were
heavy, and before Fredericksburg it helped to clear the way for the pas-
sage of the army across the river. On Jan. 25, 1863, it went into camp
at Falmouth and remained there till the beginning of Chancellorsville
movement. The next important battle was Gettysburg and then followed
an encounter at Bristoe Station, Va., and the Mine Run campaign, with
winter quarters at Stevensburg. On May 3, 1864, it left camp with the
rest of the army for the Wilderness battle-field, where it was again in
action, followed by the many engagements of that spring, the campaign
culminating in the battle of Cold Harbor. The repeated losses had left
but few of the regiment in active service, and at Reams' station, Aug. 25,
the remaining men were nearly all captured. Reinforcements and recruits
enabled the regiment to keep its organization, however, and after several
sharp encounters near Hatcher's run it went into winter quarters near
Fort Emory. The year of 1865 was not so disastrous as the preceding
and, though it encountered the enemy at several places near Petersburg,
the losses were not great. After participating in the grand review at
Washington the regiment was ordered home, having for four years per-
formed most important services for the Union.

Twenty-first Infantry. — Cols., Augustus Morse, William S. Clark;
Lieut-Cols., Albert C. Maggi, William S. Clark, Joseph P. Rice, Theo-
dore S. Foster, George P. Hawkes, Henry H. Richardson, Solomon
Hovey, Jr.; Majs., William S. Clark, Joseph P. Rice, Theodore S. Fos-
ter, George P. Hawkes, Henry H. Richardson, Solomon Hovey, Jr. This
regiment was mustered into the U. S. service for three years at Worces-
ter from July 23 to Aug. 19, 1861, and was mustered out in Aug., 1864,
the recruits and reenlisted men being then transferred to the 36th Mass.
infantry. The total number of members was 989, of whom 138 were killed
or died of wounds. A beautiful flag was presented to the regiment by
the women of Worcester and on Aug. 23, 1861, the regiment left for the
front. It was soon ordered to North Carolina and fought in the battles
of Roanoke Island, New Berne and Camden. On July 6, 1862, it moved
to Fortress Monroe and went into camp at Newport News. At the sec-
ond battle of Bull Run it escaped with only slight loss but at Chantilly
in an encounter with the enemy in a thick wood, and later in resisting a
charge, it suffered severely. At South mountain, Antietam and Fred-
ericksburg it had its share of fighting, after which it went into camp at
Falmouth and remained there till Feb. 9, 1863, when it proceeded to Bal-
timore, via Newport News, thence to Cincinnati, Covington, Ky., and
Mount Sterling. The last place it garrisoned till July, when the news
of Morgan's raid took it to Lexington. After two months spent at Camp
Nelson it marched 185 miles to Knoxville, Tenn. It met the enemy at
Blue springs but exposure more than fighting formed the hardship of
that autumn. Constantly on the march, barefooted, with insufficient food
and no tents, its lot was not enviable. In the siege of Knoxville the regi-
ment was constantly on duty, and pursued the Confederates after the
siege, repeating its experience of marching in the cold without sufficient
food and clothing. Nevertheless at this trying time nearly all the mem-
bers reenlisted for three years. Such was the devotion of the 21st to the
Union cause. Feb., 1864, was spent in Massachusetts on furlough and
the next active duty was in the Wilderness campaign. At the Wilder-
Vol. 1—12

178 The Union Army

ness, Spottsylvania and Bethesda Church the regiment was in action and
the rest of the term was spent at Petersburg.

Twenty-second Infantry. — Cols., Henry Wilson, Jesse A. Gove,
Charles E. Griswold, William S. Tilton ; Lieut-Cols., Charles E. Griswold,
William S. Tilton, Thomas Sherwin, Jr.; Majs., Charles E. Griswold,
William S. Tilton, Thomas Sherwin, Jr., Mason W. Burt. The 22nd was
mustered in at Lynnfield for three years from Aug. 10 to Oct. i, 1861,
and mustered out Oct. 20, 1864, when the reenlisted men and recruits
were transferred to the 32nd Mass. infantry. The regiment had 1,438 mem-
bers, of whom 218 were killed or died of wounds and 94 died from dis-
ease or imprisonment. It reached Washington on Oct. 11, '61, and went
into camp at Hall's hill for the winter. The next spring it took part
in the siege of Yorktown and after its close embarked for West Point,
Va., thence to White House Landing and encamped there for a few days.
Its next camp was at Gaines' mill, from which point an expedition was
made which resulted in the action at Hanover Court House. The battle
of Gaines' mill followed, in which Col. Gove was killed. On Sept. i, 1862,
the regiment was once more at Hall's hill, its previous camp, but not
more than one-fifth of the men returned. At Antietam and Fredericks-
burg it escaped with few losses, and from Fredericksburg to the Chancel-
lorsville movement in the spring of 1863, it was in camp near Stoneman's
switch, from which place several expeditions were made, one the famous
"Mud March." On the march toward Chancellorsville the 22nd aided
in the capture of the fords of the Rapidan. It was in action at Gettys-
burg and Rappahannock Station, took part in the Mine Run campaign
and camped for the rest of the winter near Rappahannock Station. The
regiment had an important share in the work of the Army of the Poto-
mac during the rest of its service, as is shown by its participation in the
battles of the Wilderness, Laurel hill, Spottsylvania, Jericho ford. Little
river, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church and Shady Grove Church and the
siege of Petersburg. In the words of Brig.-Gen. Griffin to the 22nd:
"You leave the army with an enviable record, and with the regrets of
your comrades at parting with you."

Twenty-third Infantry. — Cols., John Kurtz, Andrew Elwell, John W.
Raymond; Lieut. -Cols., John Kurtz, Henry Merritt, Andrew Elwell, John
G. Chambers, John W. Raymond, Henry T. Woodbury; Majs., Henry
Merritt, Andrew Elwell, John G. Chambers, Ethan A. P. Brewster, Dan-
iel W. Hammond. This regiment was mustered in at Lynnfield for three
years from Sept. 28 to Oct. 24, 1861, and was mustered out on Sept. 28,

1864, the reenlisted men and recruits continuing in service under the
same regimental name until mustered out at New Berne, N. C, June 25,

1865. The total strength was 1,393. Co. C came from Gloucester ; Co.
D, New Bedford ; Co. E was made up of Davis Guards ; Co. F, from
Salem, and Co. G, Beverly. The 23d started on Nov. 11 for Annapolis
and joined the "Burnside expedition." The first expedition was against
Roanoke island in Feb., 1862, and was a success. Then followed the
movement to New Berne, and several engagements in that vicinity. The
Goldsboro expedition in December was next undertaken, in which the
enemy was encountered at Southwest creek, Kinston, Whitehall and
Goldsboro, where the railroad bridge was burned and parts of the Wil-
mington railroad destroyed, the main objects of the expedition. It next
moved to Carolina City, thence to Hilton Head, and went into camp at
St. Helena island, where it remained until April 3, 1863, when it em-
barked, expecting to go to Charleston, but was sent back to Hilton Head.
Finally, however, it was ordered to the relief of Little Washington and

Massachusetts Regiments 179

arrived at New Berne after the siege was raised. The winter of 1863-64
was spent at Fortress Monroe and Portsmouth, Va. On April 13 an ex-
pedition was commenced which took the 23d up the James river to Smith-
field. On April 26th it was sent to Yorktown and engaged the enemy at
Port Walthall Junction, Hcckman's farm and Arrowfield Church. At
the battle of Drewry's bluff the losses were heavy and the army fell back
to Bermuda Hundred. At Cold Harbor the regiment again lost a sad
number but its advance in the face of the enemy's fire was most gallant.
From this time till late in August of the same year the regiment was on
duty before Petersburg, but was then ordered to New Berne, where it
remained until March 3, 1865. At New Berne it suffered from yellow
fever which caused great mortality. In March the regiment moved to
Kinston, in which vicinity it engaged the enemy several times and finally
routed them. This closed its active service, of every part of which they
might justly be proud, and for which they received well-earned praise.

Twenty-fourth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas G. Stevenson, Francis A.
Osborn, Charles H. Hooper, Albert Ordway; Lieut.-Cols., Francis A. Os-
born, Robert H. Stevenson, Charles H. Hooper, Albert Ordway, Thomas
F. Edmands; Majs., Robert H. Stevenson, Charles H. Hooper, Edward
C. Richardson, Albert Ordway, Thomas F. Edmands, Davis Foster. The
24th, of which the nucleus was the 4th battalion, state militia, was mus-
tered in at Readville for three years during the autumn of 1861, and was
mustered out at Richmond, Va., Jan. 20, 1866, the reenlisted men and re-
cruits being sufficient in number to keep up the regimental organization
until that time. The total strength was 1,438. It left the state for An-
napolis, Dec. 9, 1861, joined the "Burnside expedition," took part in the
expedition to Roanoke island and the battles at New Berne, Kinston and
Goldsboro, as well as some minor engagements. Late in Jan., 1863, it
embarked for St. Helena island and remained there till March 27, when
it proceeded to Seabrook's island, Edisto inlet, S. C, where it was sta-
tioned till July 6. At James island the enemy was encountered on the
loth and then followed the siege of Fort Wagner, where important duties
were assigned to the regiment, one the capture of some rifle-pits in a very
exposed position. Malaria and other diseases resulting from the ener-
vating climate had by this time told so severely on the men that after
the siege the medical inspector recommended they be sent to a better cli-
mate and in consequence the regiment was ordered to St. Augustine, Fla.
From Feb. 18 to May i, 1864, the 24th was stationed at Jacksonville. On
May 6 it landed at Bermuda Hundred and soon after participated in en-
gagements at Drewry's bluff, along the Richmond & Petersburg railroad
and at Deep Bottom. From Dec. 16, 1864, to April 8, 1865, the regiment
garrisoned Bermuda Hundred and was next ordered to Richmond, where
it guarded the military prisons until the end of its term of service. It
was the last save one of the Massachusetts regiments to be mustered out.

Twenty-fifth Infantry. — Cols., Edwin Upton, Josiah Pickett, James
Tucker; Lieut.-Cols., Augustus B. R. Sprague, Orson Moulton, James
Tucker, Samuel Harrington; Majs., Matthew J. McCafferty, Josiah Pick-
ett, Cornelius G. Atwood, John W. Davis. This regiment, composed
mainly of Worcester county men, was mustered in at Worcester for three
years in the fall of 1861, and was mustered out at Worcester, Oct. 20,
1864, when the recruits and reenlisted men were formed into a battalion
of four companies, which was mustered out at Readville, July 28, 1865.
The total strength of the command was 1,519, of whom 126 died from
wounds and 169 from disease or imprisonment. Co. A was made up of
Worcester men; Co. B, from Milford; Cos. D, E and G, from Worcester

180 The Union Army

and Co. F, from Fitchburg. In spite of the large number of deaths due
to disease (126) the adjutant-general reports, in 1865, only 268 discharged
for disability and only 13 deserters. The regiment was honored by the
women of Worcester with a flag and left there Oct. 31 for Annapolis.
With the two preceding regiments it joined the "Burnside expedition"
into North Carolina, reached Roanoke island early in Feb., 1862, after
severe storms, and remained there till March 6. In March the battle of
New Berne was fought, after which the regiment remained on duty in
the city till May g, when it was ordered to Red house. Headquarters
remained at New Berne during the summer and autumn, and expeditions
were made to Trenton, Plymouth and Tarboro. In Dec. the regiment
joined in the Goldsboro expedition, which fought the battles of Kinston,
Whitehall and Goldsboro. The year 1863 was spent at New Berne, with
several excursions into the surrounding country, and it was not until De-
cember that the troops were sent to Newport News and in Jan., 1864, to
Yorktown, Va. The next camps were at Williamsburg and Getty's sta-
tion and the last of April found the regiment at Yorktown. On May 4,
1864, the 25th embarked for Bermuda Hundred and after its arrival there
participated in the battles at Port Walthall Junction, Arrowfield Church
and Drewry's bluff. At Cold Harbor it made a heroic charge and was
able to hold the ground thus gained. On June 13 it moved to Petersburg
and was occupied there until Sept. 4, when orders came to return to
New Berne. Here it remained till March 3, 1865, when it was ordered
to Kinston and encountered the enemy on the loth at Wise's forks. On
March 22, it left Kinston for Goldsboro, then moved to Mosely hall,
thence to Goldsboro, then to Raleigh and Charlotte, remaining in camp
at the last place till orders came for muster out.

Twenty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., Edward F. Jones, Alpha B. Farr,
William H. Chapman; Lieut.-Cols., Alpha B. Farr, Josiah A. Sawtell,
William H. Chapman, John S. Cooke; Majs., Josiah A. Sawtell, Eusebius
S. Clark, William H. Chapman, Seth Bonney. This regiment contained
a large number of the members of the 6th militia regiment, and was mus-
tered in for three years at Lowell from Aug. 28 to Oct. 18, 1861. A
larger number of its members reenlisted than of any other Massachusetts
regiment and it was not mustered out till Aug. 28, 1865, at Savannah. Ga,
It numbered 1,489 men and lost 64 by death from wounds and 171 from
disease or imprisonment. It left Lowell on Nov. 19, 1861, and arrived at
Ship island. Miss., on Dec. 3. Here it encamped for the winter and on
April 15, 1862, started for New Orleans. It garrisoned the quarantine
station. Forts St. Philip and Jackson till July, when it proceeded to New
Orleans, which was headquarters until June 20, 1863. It was then as-
signed to the Department of the Gulf and moved to La Fourche cross-
ing and repulsed the enemy there, but was obliged to fall back to Jeffer-
son Station, a more tenable position. Expeditions in the neighborhood
of New Orleans followed and December found the regiment encamped
at New Iberia. Jan., 1864, was spent at Franklin and then the regiment,
except the veterans sent home on furlough, encamped at Carrollton, near
New Orleans, till June. An expedition to Morganza was undertaken in
June, after which the 26th, with other regiments, was ordered to Ber-
muda Hundred, Va., where it arrived on July 21. It joined in the stra-
tegic movements preceding the battle of Winchester and participated in
that battle and those of Cedar creek and Fisher's hill. It was stationed
for a short time at Washington and then ordered to Savannah, Ga., where
it remained till mustered out.

Twenty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Horace C Lee, Walter G. Barthol-

Massachusetts Regiments 181

omew; Lieut.-Cols., Luke Lyman, Walter G. Bartholomew, Joseph H.
Nutting, William M. Brown; Majs., William M. Brown, Walter G. Bar-
tholomew, William A. Walker, John W. Moore, Joseph H. Nutting, Will-
iam McKay. The 27th was composed of men from the four western
counties and was mustered in at Springfield from Sept. 19 to 27, 1861,
for three years. The original members, not reenlisted, were mustered out
at Springfield, Sept. 29, 1864, and the reenlisted men and recruits re-
mained in the service under the same name till mustered out at New
Berne, N. C, June 26, 1865. The total strength was 1,629 and the loss
by death from wounds 118, from disease or imprisonment 267. The regi-
ment left the state on Nov. 2, 1861, and after more than a month at An-
napolis joined the "Burnside expedition" to North Carolina. It took
part in the battles at Roanoke island and New Berne and in December
joined in the Goldsboro expedition. In April, 1863, it aided in the siege
of Washington. After the return to New Berne an expedition to Gum
swamp was undertaken and in an engagement there a number of pris-
oners were captured. New Berne was the regiment's headquarters until
Oct. 10, 1863, when it was ordered to Newport News and was for a time
occupied with routine duties at Norfolk and Portsmouth. In April, 1864,
as part of the Army of the James it embarked for Yorktown, thence to
Williamsburg, Fortress Monroe and Bermuda Hundred, where it landed
and marched to Cobb's hill. The battles of Dunn's farm and Port Wal-
thall Junction followed and during one day the regiment had 5 wounded,
while 50 were disabled by sunstroke. At Arrowfield Church the 27th was
engaged and at Drewry's bluff, after a brave defense of their position,
was surrounded and a large number captured, of whom 120 died in prison.
The number of killed and wounded was also large on this disastrous day.
On May 26 the regiment was transferred to the Army of the Potomac
and fought at Cold Harbor. It was next ordered to Petersburg and the
assault on June 18 left but few of the regiment, with no officer to lead
them. The next day the remnant of it was relieved but, after a very
short rest returned to active duty before Petersburg, which was the last
service of those who had not reenlisted. The reenlisted men and recruits
maintained the organization, which was sent to Beaufort, N. C, encamped
at Carolina City, thence to Beaufort, Plymouth and Jamestown, where
the enemy's skirmishers were encountered. The Confederates disputed
the possession of the bridge at Foster's mills, but after the 27th crossed
retreated and the regiment pushed forward and captured a Confederate
force at Butler's bridge. It returned in Jan., 1865, to New Berne and
•was assigned to duty at Red house and Rocky run. On March 8, it was
attacked at Southwest creek, where the whole brigade, with a few excep-
tions, was captured, after resisting for an hour, Hoke's entire division
of 8,000 men. The captives were taken to Richmond, paroled and then
furloughed. The few who escaped, reinforced by recruits and convales-
cents, were assigned to guard duty at New Berne until mustered out.
This closes the history of a regiment, whose services, if particularly un-
fortunate, were of great importance to the Union cause.

Twenty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., William Monteith, Richard Byrnes,
George W. Cartwright; Lieut.-Cols., Maclelland Moore, George W. Cart-
wright, Jeremiah W. Coveney, James Fleming; Majs., George W. Cart-
wright, Andrew P. Caraher, Andrew J. Lawler, Jeremiah W. Coveney.
James Fleming. The 28th was the second Irish regiment organized in
Massachusetts and was mustered in for three years at Camp Cameron.
Cambridge, from Oct. 8, 1861, to the end of the year. The original mem-
bers, not reenlisted, were mustered out at Boston, Dec. 13, 1864, when

183 The Union Army

the recruits and reenlisted men were formed into a battalion of five com-
panies, which remained in service under the same name until mustered
out at Washington on June 30, 1865. The regiment numbered i,834 men,
of whom 214 were killed or died of wounds, 86 died from disease and
47 from imprisonment. It left the state, Jan. 11, 1862, and was stationed
at Fort Columbus, New York harbor, until Feb. 14, when it embarked
for Hilton Head, S. C. It was assigned to Gen. T. W. Sherman's expe-
ditionary corps and details performed varied services until June i, when
the whole command arrived at James Island and made an attack on Fort
Johnson near Secessionville. Early in July it was transferred to the
Army of the Potomac and set out for Fortress Monroe on the 12th. The
battles of the second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain and Antietam
followed in rapid succession, after which the 28th enjoyed a short rest
near Harper's Ferry. Nov. 19, 1862, found it at Fredericksburg, where
it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist division, 2nd corps, known as the
Irish brigade, commanded by Gen. Meagher. At the battle of Fredericks-
burg, during a gallant advance, the regiment was nearly cut in two by
the enemy's fire. From Dec. 15, 1862, to April 27, 1863, it was on picket
duty along the Rappahannock and then moved to Chancellorsville, which
was its next battle. After heavy losses at Gettysburg the 28th followed
the fortunes of the Army of the Potomac southward, being engaged at
Bristoe Station, in the Mine Run campaign and went into winter quarters
at Stevensburg. On May 3, 1864, the regiment broke camp and marched
through Chancellorsville to the Wilderness, where it took part in the bat-
tle. It was subsequently engaged at the Po river, Spottsylvania, where
its loss was heavy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom and Reams'
station. On the last occasion it was publicly commended by Brig.-
Gen. Nelson A. Miles. The remainder of the year was spent in routine
duties and at its close the regiment was mustered out. The 28th bat-
talion, Mass. infantry, after an uneventful winter, was engaged at Fort
Stedman, and on the Southside railroad near Sutherland Station. Fol-
lowing the surrender of the Confederate army at Appomattox the bat-
talion moved to Alexandria, participated in the grand review of the
Union army at Washington and returned to Massachusetts to receive
an enthusiastic welcome.

Twenty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., Ebenezer W. Pierce, Thomas W.
Clarke ; Lieut.-Cols., Joseph H. Barnes, Willard D. Tripp, Charles D.
Browne; Majs., Charles Chipman, Charles T. Richardson, John M. Deane.
This regiment was formed by the addition of three new companies, Dec.
13, 1861, to Jan. 13, 1862, to the seven companies called the ist battalion,
Mass. infantry, which was among the first three years' troops to leave
the state and reinforced the 3d and 4th regiments. It was mustered out
at Tenallytown, Md., July 29, 1865. The total membership was 919, of
whom 30 were killed or died of wounds and 31 died of disease. The reg-
iment was posted at Newport News until May 10, 1862, when it embarked
for Ocean View and marched to Norfolk. Though an American regi-
ment, it was assigned to the "Irish brigade," encamped at Fair Oaks and
was engaged at that place, Gaines mill. Savage Station and Malvern hill,
in all of which the conduct of the troops was praised by Gen. Meagher.
The regiment then moved by way of Yorktown and Fredericksburg to
the support of Gen. Pope at Centerville and was engaged at Fairfax
Court House. At Antietam it made a gallant charge. It next moved
south with the Army of the Potomac and encamped a short time at Fal-
mouth, where it was transferred from the Irish brigade to the ist brig-
ade, 1st division, 9th corps. At Fredericksburg it was held in reserve

Massachusetts Regiments 183

and it escaped the "Mud March.'' Ordered west in March, 1863, the 29th
was located at Paris, Ky., during April. In May proceeded to Vicksburg,
where it arrived at the end of the siege and joined in the pursuit of the
Confederate forces at Jackson, Miss. The next field of action was in
East Tennessee in the battles of Blue Springs, Campbell's station and
the siege of Knoxville. The marches in East Tennessee were difficult
and the men suffered from cold, insufficient clothing and lack of food,
yet in Jan., 1864, a number of them reenlisted and became a veteran regi-
ment. The remainder was attached to the 36th Mass. infantry. After
a short furlough the veterans arrived in Washington on May 18, 1864,
and were assigned to the Army of the Potomac. At Cold Harbor their
duties were comparatively light, but at Petersburg 3 color-bearers were
shot in quick succession during a gallant charge and volunteers rescued
the flag. The winter of 1864-5 was spent at Battery No. 11, in the vicin-
ity of Fort Stedman and in the battle there on March 25, 1865, the bat-
tery was taken and retaken. Color-bearer Conrad Homan received a
medal of honor because he was the first to enter when the battery was
recaptured. On the journey home the regiment paraded in New York
at the request of the New England society and was given a dinner and
a complimentary address by Gen. Burnside. The seven original compa-
nies served the Union cause in the field longer than any other regiment,
always with honor to themselves and to their country.

Thirtieth Infantry.— Cols., Nathan A. M. Dudley, Francis H. Whit-
tier; Lieut.-Cols., William Warren Bullock, Horace O. Whittemore, Fran-
cis H. Whittier, Samuel D. Shipley; Majs., Horace O. Whittemore, Will-
iam F. Clark, Francis H. Whittier, Samuel D. Shipley, Edward A. Fiske,
Brent Johnston. This regiment, known as the Eastern Bay State regi-
ment, was mustered in at Lowell in the autumn and early winter of
1861-62. Owing to a difference of opinion between Gov. Andrew and
Gen. Butler, for whom the regiment was raised, it left the state, Jan. 2,
1862, without officers having been commissioned but a satisfactory un-
derstanding was soon reached. It enlisted for three years but remained
in the service as a veteran battalion until July 5, 1866, when it was mus-
tered out at Fort Sumter after four and one-half years' service and was
the last Massachusetts regiment to return home. It embarked on Jan.
13, 1862, for Fortress Monroe, where it reembarked for the south and
arrived at Ship island. Miss., Feb. 12. It continued up the Mississippi
river and landed at New Orleans, May 2, but soon reembarked for Baton
Rouge. An expedition further up the river was undertaken and the
troops landed at Vicksburg, where they endeavored to dig a canal to
divert the river but failed. Returning to Baton Rouge, it engaged the
enemy at that place on Aug. 5, and then moved to the vicinity of New
Orleans. Much illness was the result of the hot climate and the duties
of the regiment during the winter of 1862-63 were comparatively light.
In May, 1863, it took part in the siege of Port Hudson and after the sur-
render moved to Donaldsonville, La. It spent the month of August at
Baton Rouge. After various minor duties the beginning of 1864 found
the regiment in camp at New Iberia, La., where many of the men re-
enlisted and the regiment became the 30th veteran volunteers. On July
5 it sailed for Fortress Monroe, Va., proceeded to Washington, thence
through Harper's Ferry to Bolivar heights. Various strategic move-
ments in Virginia followed, including an engagement at Winchester, fol-
lowed by constant skirmishing while in pursuit of the enemy and battles
at Fisher's hill and Cedar creek. Winter quarters were built near Mid-
dletown in the Shenandoah Valley but on Dec. 30, 1864, the regiment

184 The Union Army

was ordered to Winchester and posted at the Opequan crossing to guard
two important bridges. Here camps were built and the regiment re-
mained here until April i, 1865, when a movement up the Shenandoah
Valley was commenced, but the surrender of Lee's army ended it. The
30th participated in the grand review at Washington and was ordered to
Savannah, Ga., thence to Georgetown, S. C., then to Sumter with various
details for garrison duty in the district. The total number of members
of the regiment was 1,472, of whom 50 were killed or died of wounds
and 319 from disease or accident.

Thirty-first Infantry. — Cols., Oliver P. Gooding, Edward P. Nettle-
ton ; Lieut.-Cols., William S. B. Hopkins, Edward P. Nettleton, W. Irv-
ing Allen; Majs., Robert Bache, Elbert H. Fordham, W. Irving Allen,
L. Frederick Rice. This regiment, originally known as the Western Bay
State regiment, was mustered in during the latter part of 1861 and the
beginning of 1862 for three years. It was mustered out in Dec, 1864,
when the reenlisted men and recruits were consolidated into a battalion
of five companies, which was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., Sept. 9, 1865.
The total strength of the regiment was 1,365, of whom 50 were killed or
died of wounds and 130 from disease or accident. The 31st embarked
for Fortress Monroe, Feb. 21, 1862, reembarked for the south and ar-
rived at Ship island. Miss., March 20. It was ordered to New Orleans
and was the first Union regiment to occupy the city. It was engaged in
all the important battles of the Department of the Gulf during 1862 and
1863 and joined in the Red River expedition, leaving Carrollton, Dec. 19,
1863. At this time the regiment was converted into a cavalry regiment
and moved to New Orleans, but was not in active service until March.
As the 6th Mass. cavalry, it took part in the marches of the Red River
expedition, leading up to the battles of Sabine cross roads, Pleasant Hill,
Cane river, Alexandria and Yellow bayou. On May 3, 1864, in a repulse
of the enemy at Gov. Moore's plantation, the conduct of the regiment
was complimented by Gen. Mower, who said, "I have seldom seen cav-
alry do as well, never better." Guard duty along the Mississippi river
occupied the greater part of the winter and in Feb., 1865, the regiment
was ordered to Carrollton to prepare for the Mobile expedition. After
the fall of Mobile the regiment remained there until mustered out.

Thirty-second Infantry. — Cols., Francis J. Parker, George L. Pres-
cott, Joseph C. Edmands ; Lieut.-Cols., Francis J. Parker, Edward A.
Wilde, George L. Prescott, Luther Stevenson, Jr., Joseph C. Edmands,
James A. Cunningham; Majs., Edward A. Wilde, Luther Stevenson, Jr.,
Joseph C. Edmands, James A. Cunningham, Edward O. Shepard. The
32nd, whose nucleus was the Fort Warren battalion, was organized for
garrison duty at that place, and was sent to the front in May, 1862, where
it was subsequently reinforced by the addition of four new companies.
It was mustered out at Washington on June 28, 1865. Its total number
of members was 2,393, of whom 134 were killed or died of wounds and
117 died from accident or disease. It was first ordered to Washington,
sailed for Fortress Monroe in July, and was assigned to the Army of the
Potomac. The six weeks in camp at Harrison's landing which followed
was a time of great suffering from sickness, and in August, on the first
day of the march to Yorktown, only 30 were able to keep up. Nevertheless,
at the second Bull Run, the regiment was ready to do its share, but for-
tunately its duties on that occasion and during the battle of, Chantilly
were comparatively light. After participating in the battle of Fredericks-
burg, it went into winter quarters at Stoneman's switch. It shared in
the "Mud March" and on April 27, 1863, started for Chancellorsville.

Massachusetts Regiments 185

Here and at Gettysburg the regiment fought bravely and then followed
the fortunes of the Army of the Potomac through the Mine Run cam-
paign, closing the year in winter quarters near Bealeton, Va. Early in
1864 the reenlisted men were furloughed and returned in February to
camp, being the ist Mass. veteran regiment. The 32d had its part in
the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, and suffered heavy
losses at Laurel hill. During this time the men had little rest and the
engagements at the North Anna river, Totopotomoy and Bethesda Church
followed in rapid succession. Next it was ordered to Petersburg and
took part in the engagements there, on the Weldon railroad and at Poplar
Grove Church. It finally went into winter quarters near the Jerusalem
plank road, but was not destined to remain here long, for on Feb. 5,
1865, it left camp under sealed orders, proceeded to Hatcher's run and
on the 6th, fought the battle of Dabney's mill. It was then stationed on
the Vaughan road until March, and was engaged at the battles of Grav-
elly run and the White Oak road. On April 9, while engaged with the
enemy at Ramplin's station on the Southside railroad, the news came of
Lee's surrender, which abruptly ended the fighting. On the nth, the
arms of the conquered were received and after guarding them until the
13th, the homeward journey was commenced.

Thirty-third Infantry Cols., Albert C. Maggi, Adin B. Underwood,

Elisha Doane; Lieut.-Cols., Adin B. Underwood, Godfrey Ryder, Jr.,
Elisha Doane, Albion W. Tebbetts; Majs., Adin B. Underwood, James
L. Bates, James Brown, William H. Lamson, Elisha Doane, Albion W.
Tebbetts, Edward W. Blasland. The 33d was mustered in for three years
in Aug., 1862, at Lynnfield, and was mustered out at Washington, June
II, 1865. The total number of members was 1,280, of whom 102 were
killed or died of wounds and 65 died from disease or accident. The regi-
ment left the state on Aug. 14, 1862, for Washington, where it remained
until Oct. 10. After several short marches undertaken upon rumors of
the enemy's presence, it started for Fredericksburg, Dec. 10, but arrived
too late to take part in the battle. It had, however, the experience of the
"Mud March" and made winter quarters near Stafford Court House. On
April 2"], 1863, the march to Chancellorsville was commenced. The regi-
ment had no important part in this engagement, but in June at Beverly
ford, it was in action all day. It lost heavily at Gettysburg and was com-
plimented for gallant behavior. It was encamped at Bristoe Station until
Sept. 24, when it was assigned to the Army of the Cumberland, moved
to Bridgeport, Ala., where it arrived on Oct. i, and at Chattanooga on
Oct. 25. It was in the battles at Lookout mountain and Chattanooga, and
took part in the attack on Missionary ridge. It started for Knoxville,
but upon hearing that the siege was over returned to Chattanooga. Win-
ter quarters were built in Lookout valley and here the regiment remained
until May, 1864. The first battle of this year was at Resaca, where the
33d made a brilliant charge, and it was in the engagements at Dallas and
Kennesaw mountain. On July 17th the regiment, having become greatly
reduced in numbers, was detailed as train guard and remained in the rear
while siege operations were carried on before Atlanta. It was ordered
to Atlanta, on Sept. 5, where various duties in the city were assigned to
it until Nov. 16, when the long march was commenced which brought
the troops to Savannah, Dec. 10. After a short rest the weary army
started northward at the beginning of 1865, with engagements at Averas-
boro and Bentonville. Gen. Johnston's surrender closely followed that of
Gen. Lee, and the army of Gen. Sherman, after its wonderful march,
reached Washington and participated in the grand review, after which
the men joyfully returned to their homes.

186 The Union Army

Thirty-fourth Infantry.— Cols., George D. Wells, William S. Lin-
coln; Lieut.-Cols., William S. Lincoln, Andrew Potter; Majs., Henry
Bowman, Harrison W. Pratt, Andrew Potter, Alonzo D. Pratt, Wells
Willard. The 34th, composed of men from the western part of the state,
was mustered in at Worcester, during July and Aug., 1862, for three years,
and was mustered out at Richmond, June 16, 1865. The total number of
members was 1,309, of whom 125 were killed or died of wounds and 76
died from accident or disease. The regiment started for Washington on
Aug. 15, 1862, and remained on duty in that vicinity until May 2, 1863,
when it was sent to Upton hill. Here it remained until June 2, when it
returned to Washington; was on duty there for over a month; was or-
dered to Fort Duncan, July 9; crossed the river and fought the battle of
Berryville, Va., on Oct. 18, 1863. In December an expedition was made
to Harrisonburg which almost resulted disastrously, the Union troops be-
ing pursued all the way back. The regiment was then in camp near Boli-
var until Feb. i, 1864, when it was ordered to Cumberland, Md. Several
difficult marches and the battles of New Market, Piedmont, and Lynch-
burg followed, and then the hurried march in retreat to the Union lines.
Without rest it was again on the march and took part in the battles at
Snicker's gap, Winchester, and Martinsburg. It was in the engagements
at Halltown, Berryville, Fisher's hill and Cedar creek and in December
received orders to join the Army of the James before Richmond. In Jan.,
1865, the regiment joined Gen. Sheridan at the Chickahominy and moved
toward Petersburg. It engaged the enemy at Hatcher's run, captured
Battery Gregg at Petersburg, joined in the pursuit of Lee's army until
the surrender and entered Richmond, April 25, 1865. Two members of
the regiment received Congressional medals for bravery and throughout
its term of service the 34th was noted for its discipline and steadiness.
At the battle of Cedar creek, in resisting the enemy's charge, the regiment
was the only one of the entire Army of West Virginia to preserve its
formation entire.

Thirty-fifth Infantry. — Cols., Edward A. Wild, Sumner Carruth;
Lieut.-Cols., Sumner Carruth, William S. King, Burr Porter, John W.
Hudson; Majs., Sumner Carruth, Sidney Willard, William S. King, Na-
thaniel Wales, Edward G. Park, John W. Hudson, Franklin B. Mirick.
This regiment was composed of men from the eastern part of the state,
and in Aug., 1862, was mustered in for three years. It was mustered out
at Washington, June 9, 1865, when the recruits and reenlisted men were
transferred to the 29th Mass. infantry. The total number of members
was 1,553, of whom 135 were killed or died of wounds and 64 died from
disease or accident. The regiment left camp for Washington on Aug. 22,
and Sept. 6, 1862, and was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac in
Maryland. At South mountain it had a sharp fight with the enemy and
made a brilliant assault at Antietam, the men behaving like seasoned vet-
erans. After this battle, out of 1,000 men who had started from Massa-
chusetts, less than 300 were able to report for duty. After a short rest
the movement into Virginia was commenced and in December the regi-
ment participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, where it again suffered
heavy losses. On Feb. 9, 1863, it was transferred to Newport News,
where it remained until March 25, when it was assigned to the Depart-
ment of the Ohio, and reached Mt. Sterling, Ky., April 3. It was soon or-
dered to the support of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg, and joined in the pur-
suit of Gen. Johnston's army to Jackson, Miss. It was next actively en-
gaged in the siege of Knoxville, after which it remained in the vicinity
through the winter of 1863-64. In March, 1864, the regiment was ordered

Massachusetts Regiments 187

east and arrived in Annapolis, April 7, proceeding to Washington, thence
to IBealeton Station, and joined the Army of the Potomac at the Wilder-
ness on May 4. In this battle it was posted to guard the supply train,
and was not actively engaged. At Cold Harbor, however, and at the
siege of Petersburg, the Weldon railroad and Peebles' farm, it found op-
portunity for heroism and lost many men. It followed Lee's army as far
as Farmville in April, 1865, when it received the news of the surrender.
After a short time in Washington, came the welcome order: "Home."

Thirty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., John W. Kimball, Henry Bowman,
Thaddeus L. Barker; Lieut.-Cols., John B. Norton, Arthur A. Goodell,
William F. Draper, Thaddeus L. Barker, James B. Smith; Majs., James
H. Barker, Arthur A. Goodell, William F. Draper, Thaddeus L. Barker,
James B. Smith, Edward T. Raymond. This regiment, composed mostly
of Worcester county men, was mustered in for three years at Worcester,
in Aug. and Sept., 1862, and mustered out at Fort Lyon, near Alexandria,
June 8, 1865. In Oct., 1864, the 21st battalion Mass. infantry was attached
to the 36th and with the recruits was transferred to the 56th when the
36th was mustered out. The total number of members was 1,275, oi
whom 106 were killed or died of wounds, and Ii8 died from accident or
disease. The regiment left camp for Washington Sept. 2, 1862, and was
assigned to Gen. Burnside's command, which it joined near Sharpsburg,
Md. Its part at Fredericksburg was not an important one; the winter
was spent in that locality, and in the spring of 1863 it was ordered to the
Department of the Ohio. It was posted for a time at Lexington, Ky.,
where several excursions were made into the surrounding country, and
on June 4 it started for Vicksburg to reinforce Gen. Grant. Here it
joined in the siege, pursued Gen. Johnston to Jackson and took part in
the siege there. The men suffered much from sickness in the south and
were in no condition to endure hardships. Nevertheless, in the campaign
in East Tennessee, which was the next battle-ground, the regiment fought
bravely at Blue Springs, Campbell's station and Knoxville. In April,
1864, it returned to Annapolis, joined the Army of the Potomac and per-
formed important services in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsyl-
vania, suffering severe loss. At Cold Harbor and Petersburg the 36th
was engaged, meeting the enemy on the Weldon railroad, at Poplar Spring
Church and Hatcher's run. After the fall of Petersburg, routine duties
occupied the regiment until the order came for muster out and the men
returned home after serving the Union cause for nearly three years in
eastern, central and southern states.

Thirty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Oliver Edwards, Rufus P. Lincoln,
Mason W. Tyler; Lieut.-Cols., Alonzo E. Goodrich, George L. Montague,
Rufus P. Lincoln, Mason W. Tyler, Archibald Hopkins; Majs., Oliver Ed-
wards, George L. Montague, Eugene J. Allen, Marcus T. Moody, Rufus
P. Lincoln, Mason W. Tyler, Archibald Hopkins, Charles L. Edwards.
This regiment, composed of men from the western part of the state, was
mustered in at Pittsfield, Aug. 30 to Sept. 4, 1862, for three years, and
mustered out on June 21, 1865, at Washington. The recruits and reen-
listed men were transferred to the 20th Mass. infantry. The total num-
ber of members was 1,344, of whom 157 were killed or died of wounds
and 76 died from accident or disease. The regiment left the state for
Washington, Sept. 7, 1862, and remained in that vicinity for about a month,
when it was then assigned to the Army of the Potomac. It was present
at Fredericksburg; took part in the famous "Mud March," spent the win-
ter of 1862-63 in camp near White Oak Church; joined in the Chancel-
lorsville campaign, and lost heavily at the battle of Gettysburg, where its

188 The Union Army

conduct was complimented by its commander. It started south after Get-
tysburg and reached Warrenton, Va., where it was ordered to New York
on account of the draft riots. On Oct. 14, it returned to the Army of the
Potomac; was present at the battle of Rappahannock Station; joined in
the Mine Run campaign, and went into winter quarters near Brandy
Station. In May, 1864, the 37th lost heavily at the Wilderness, fought
desperately at the Spottsylvania Court House, and moved on to the North
Anna, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. At Petersburg on June 18, 1864, it
made a gallant charge and early in July was sent to the defense of Wash-
ington. It was engaged at Charlestown, W. Va., and at the Opequan in
the Shenandoah Valley, and was then stationed at Winchester as provost
guard. On Dec. 16 it rejoined the Army of the Potomac at Petersburg,
took part in the Hatcher's run movement, the assault on Fort Stedman,
and the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Following the foe in
their retreat, it was in the fight at Sailor's creek which was the last en-
gagement in which the regiment participated. After guarding for a short
time the Southside railroad, the men were reviewed at Richmond, also
at Washington, and were then mustered out. The reenlisted men and re-
cruits were transferred to the 20th Mass. June 21, 1865.

Thirty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Timothy Ingraham; Lieut.-Cols., David
K. Wardwell, William L. Rodman, James P. Richardson; Majs., David
K. Wardwell, William L. Rodman, James P. Richardson, Charles F. Allen.
Seven companies recruited at Camp Stanton, Lynnfield, were composed
of men from Plymouth county for the most part, and were mustered in
on Aug. 21, 1862, for three years. The remaining companies, A, B and F,
recruited at Cambridge, were mustered in on Aug. 22, at Camp Day,
North Cambridge. The regiment carried on its rolls a total of 80 officers^
and 1,036 enlisted men. Its losses during service were 4 officers, and 72
enhsted men killed or died of wounds; 2 reported missing; 138 died by
accident or disease; 9 as prisoners, and 42 deserted. It left Boston, Aug.
26, 1862, and arrived at Baltimore the following day. Col. Ingraham was
serving as lieutenant-colonel of the i8th Mass. infantry, when commis-
sioned in the 38th, and did not assume command until Sept. 3. It moved
out on the Liberty road on Sept. 9, and occupied Camp Cram for several
weeks. On Oct. li marching orders were received, the regiment being
called out on account of Stuart's cavalry raid, but it was re-called soon
after starting, and occupied a position on the outskirts of Baltimore until
Nov. 9. Moving then to Hampton Roads, it remained on transports for
a month, when it sailed for Louisiana, arriving at Carrollton Jan. i, 1863.
It was assigned to the 3d brigade, 3d division, 19th corps. Col. Ingraham
was appointed to command the Tst brigade, same division, and did not
again return to the regiment. While at Camp Kearny, where the regi-
ment remained until March, the men suffered much from sickness. In
March the 38th embarked for Baton Rouge, joined in the advance to Port
Hudson and encountered the enemy at Fort Bisland April 12, 1863. On
May 22 the regiment landed above Port Hudson, joined in the assault on
the fortifications on the 27th, and shared in the subsequent siege opera-
tions. After the surrender it embarked for Donaldsonville, but returned
on Aug. I to Baton Rouge, where it spent the winter of 1863-64. It took
part in the Red River expedition, garrisoned Alexandria for a time, par-
ticipated in the engagement at Cane river, and late in the month of July,
was ordered to Washington. It then joined Gen. Sheridan's Army of the
Shenandoah and at the battle of the Opequan displayed great courage
and coolness under conditions of unusual difficulty, as its brigade, through
a mistake, had been deprived of its support. The battles of Fisher's hill

Massachusetts Regiments 189

and Cedar creek followed, and in Jan., 1865, the regiment was ordered to
Savannah, Ga., where it remained for about five weeks. On March 5,
orders came to move north to Kinston, N. C, via Hilton Head, Wilming-
ton and New Berne, but as its services proved unnecessary at Kinston,
it encamped at Morehead City until April 8. The rest of April was spent
at Goldsboro on guard duty, and on May i, the regiment returned to Sa-
vannah, where varied duties occupied the men until the close of their
term of service.

Thirty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., Timothy Ingraham, P. Stearns Davis,
Charles L. Peirson, Henry M. Tremlett, Frederick R. Kinsley; LieuL-
Cols., Charles L. Peirson, Henry M. Tremlett, John Hutchins; Majs.,
Henry M. Tremlett, Charles J. Payne, Frederick R. Kinsley, William W.
Graham. The 39th was mustered in at Lynnfield in July and Aug., 1862,
to serve for three years, and was mustered out at Washington, June 2,
1865, when the recruits and reenlisted men were transferred to the 32nd
Mass. infantry. The total number of members was 1,432, of whom 66
were killed or died of wounds and 83 died by accident or disease. The
command left Boxford Sept. 6 for Washington, and was immediately
posted along the Potomac near Edwards' and Conrad's ferries, on guard
duty. From Dec, 1862, to April, 1863, winter quarters were occupied at
Poolesville, Md. It was stationed at Washington on guard duty from
the middle of April to July 9, when it left the city and moved to join the
Army of the Potomac, then at Funkstown, Md. It participated in the
Mine Run campaign and spent the winter of 1863-64 at Mitchell's station.
In the battle of the Wilderness its loss was light, but at Laurel hill, it
was less fortunate. From the opening of the spring campaign of 1864,
there was plenty of hard service for the 39th. Bethesda Church, Cold
Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, the operations against the Weldon rail-
road. Hatcher's run. Gravelly run, and Five Forks, all were tests of the
mettle and endurance of the men, to which they responded nobly, per-
forming every service required of them without faltering. On May i,
1865, the regiment left the Southside railroad for Arlington heights, par-
ticipated in the grand review at Washington and left for Boston, June 4.
It is worthy of mention that the loss of the regiment by death in prison
was two-thirds as great as its other death losses, viz: 102 men.

Fortieth Infantry. — Cols., Burr Porter, Guy V. Henry; Lieut.-Cols.,
Joseph A. Dalton, Charles L. Chandler, George E. Marshall, Horatio Jen-
kins, Jr., John Pollock; Majs., Joseph M. Day, A. Parker Browne, George
E. Marshall, Horatio Jenkins, Jr., Charles G. Cox, John Pollock, Josiah
L. Elder. This regiment was organized at Camp Stanton, Lynnfield,
Mass., in the summer of 1862, and was mustered into service from Aug.
22 to Sept. 5, to serve three years. The actual number of members dur-
ing its term of service was 1,067. It lost in killed and died of wounds
70; missing 4; died by accident or disease 113; died as prisoners 11; total
losses 198. its record of desertions was highly creditable, losing but 13
in this way during its varied service. The regiment left the state Sept.
8, 1862, under Lieut. -Col. Joseph A. Dalton, Col. Porter taking command
at Washington on the 14th. It was comparatively inactive for some time
and remained on picket and guard duty in and around Washington until
the spring of 1863. On April 15, 1863, it moved to Suffolk, Va., then un-
der siege, where it was engaged in two reconnaissances on April 24 and
May 3. It then moved to West Point, Va., Yorktown, Williamsburg,
White House landing in succession, and was engaged with the enemy at
Baltimore cross-roads, on July 2. It then passed through Washington on
the nth, and went to Frederick, Md., where it joined the Army of the

190 The Union Army

Potomac in the pursuit of Lee's army after the battle of Gettysburg. On
Aug. 6, it was ordered to Folly island, Charleston harbor, and occupied
the trenches in front of Fort Wagner until the surrender of that strong-
hold. Capt. Guy V. Henry, a graduate of West Point, assumed command
of the regiment on Nov. lo, Col. Porter having resigned some months
before. On account of its high repute for excellence in drill and dis-
cipline, it was equipped as mounted infantry at Hilton Head in Jan., 1864,
and moved on Feb. 4, to Jacksonville, Fla., where it formed part of the
Light brigade composed of the 40th, the independent battalion Mass. cav-
alry and Battery B, ist U. S. artillery, Col. Henry acting brigadier. It
was engaged at Barber's ford and Olustee, losing in the latter engage-
ments 5 killed, 23 wounded and 4 missing. A detachment of 52 men un-
der Capt. Marshall was also engaged at Gainesville. In March the brig-
ade was broken up, the 40th, again unmounted, reported to Gen. Butler
at Gloucester Point, Va., on the 28th and was assigned to the ist brigade,
2nd division, loth corps. It shared in the battles of Arrowfield Church and
Drewry's bluff, suffering a loss of 10 killed, 42 wounded and 22 missing
in the latter battle. As a part of the i8th corps under Gen. W. F. Smith,
it joined the Army of the Potomac, and was heavily engaged at Cold
Harbor. It then moved to the works before Petersburg, participated in
the first attacks there and afterwards shared in the arduous work of the
siege until Aug. 27. It had suffered heavily from exposure, disease and
in action, and left the trenches with only 2 officers and 45 men present
for duty. It was on provost duty at Bermuda Landing for a month, and
later in the operations about that place. It left its winter quarters at
Chaffin's farm on March 4, 1865, and shared in the expeditions to Fred-
ericksburg and White House landing. On April 3, it started for Rich-
mond and remained near the city until the 25th, when it crossed the
James to Manchester, at which place it was mustered out on June 17,
1865. It reached Mass. on the 21st and the men were paid and finally
discharged the 30th.

Forty-first Infantry. — Col., Thomas E. Chickering; Lieut.-Cols., Ansel
D. Wass, Lorenzo D. Sargent; Majs., Lorenzo D. Sargent, John F. Vinal.
This was the last of the ordinary three years' regiments sent out by the
state, the 54th and 55th (colored), and the four veteran regiments of
1863, being the only infantry regiments subsequently enlisted for that
term. It was recruited at Lynnfield and Boxford, and was organized and
mustered into service from Aug. 5 to Nov. i, 1862. It left for New York
on Nov. 5, where it reported to Gen. Banks; embarked on the steamer
North Star, which sailed for New Orleans Dec. 4, and reached Baton
Rouge on the 15th. It landed at this place and was assigned to the 2nd
brigade (Col. W. R. Kimball), 4th division (Gen. Cuvier Grover), 19th
corps, with which it participated in the Bayou Teche expedition in April,
1863, and reached Opelousas on the 20th, where Col. Chickering was ap-
pointed military commander of the district. Here the men were provided
with horses confiscated from the surrounding district, and on May 11
moved to Barre's landing. The regiment was thenceforth known as the
41st mounted rifles. In June it reported to Gen. Banks at Port Hudson
and while engaged here in outpost, scout and train duty, an order was
issued consolidating the command with the ist, 2nd, and 3d companies un-
attached cavalry, to form what was henceforth known as the 3d Mass.
cavalry, (q. v.)

Forty-second Infantry. — Col, Isaac S. Burrell; Lieut.-Col., Joseph
Stedman; Maj., Frederick G. Stiles. The nucleus of this regiment was
the 2nd regiment of militia, which volunteered under the first call for nine-

Massachusetts Regiments 191

months' troops. It was recruited up to 41 officers and 900 enlisted men
at Camp Meigs and mustered into service from Sept. 13 to Oct. 14, 1862.
The field and staff were mustered Nov. 11; on the 19th the regiment was
ordered to report to Gen. Banks and left the state on the 21st for the ren-
dezvous at Long island, N. Y. Early in December it left for New Orleans
in four detachments. Col. Burrell, with Cos. D, G and I, reached Car-
rollton, La., on the 17th, and was at once ordered to Galveston to coop-
erate with the naval force at that point. A post was established on the
island, but after repulsing two or three assaults on Jan. i, 1863, the de-
tachment was forced to capitulate. Most of the men were paroled on
Feb. 18, and Chaplain George J. Sanger was unconditionally released.
The paroled men occupied a parole camp at Bayou Gentilly until their
term of service expired. The officers were held as prisoners until their
exchange was effected on July 22, 1864, Surgeon Cummings and Lieut.
Bartlett having meanwhile died. The other three detachments were de-
layed, but finally reached New Orleans on Dec. 29, Jan. i and Jan. 14,
and were assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 19th corps, with head-
quarters on the Pontchartrain railroad, near Bayou Gentilly, under com-
mand of Lieut.-Col. Stedman. In detachments of one or two companies,
variously located, the regiment served until the following summer, when
Cos. C and H under Capt. Leonard, and Co. K under Lieut. Harding
received engineering details. Five of the companies were reunited at
headquarters in June. Meanwhile Capt. Leonard had organized a colored
regiment known as the ist La. engineers, largely officered by enlisted men
from the 42d. A detachment under Lieut. Tinkham participated in the
action at La Fourche crossing, meeting with a loss of i killed, 3 wounded
and I captured. Forty-six members of the regiment, forming part of the
garrison at Brashear City, were captured when that place was attacked
and taken on June 23, 1863, 2 having been killed and 2 wounded during
the unsuccessful resistance. About this time the regiment was transferred
to New Orleans and spent the remainder of its service there and at Al-
giers, embarking for New York on July 31. It reached Boston on Aug.

10, and was mustered out at Readville on the 20th. This regiment was
recruited and reorganized for the 100 days' service in the summer of 1864,
retaining the same field officers, but with many changes among the staff
and line officers, and embarked for Washington on July 24, under Lieut.-
Col. Stedman. Col. Burrell was exchanged about this time and rejoined
his regiment at Alexandria, where it passed its term of service in the
performance of guard and patrol duty, a detachment serving for some
time at Great Falls, Md., and large details serving as guard for supply
trains to the Shenandoah Valley. It was mustered out of service Nov.

11, 1864.

Forty-third Infantry.— Col., Charles L. Holbrook; Lieut.-Col., John
C. Whiton; Maj., Everett Lane. The basis of this regiment, known as
the "Tiger regiment," was the 2nd battalion, ist brigade, ist division, Mass.
volunteer militia. The battalion, which volunteered for the nine months'
service, was recruited to a full regiment at Camp Meigs and mustered
into service between Sept. 12 and Oct. 25, 1862. It numbered 40 officers
and 908 enlisted men. Its total losses during service were 3 killed, 12
died by accident or disease, total 15. suffering no casualties among its
officers. It left the state Nov. 5, for Beaufort, N. C, where it arrived on
the 15th and went into camp on the Trent river at "Camp Rogers." Co.
C under Capt. William B. Fowle was soon sent to Beaufort, where it re-
mained on detached duty until March 4, 1863, and the rest of the regi-
ment formed part of Gen. Foster's forces in the Goldsboro expedition in

192 The Union Army

Dec, 1862. It was under fire for the first time at Kinston, but suffered
no losses, and was engaged at the battles of Whitehall and Goldsboro.
Its next service was in connection with the Trenton expedition. In April,
1863, it was sent to the relief of a small force besieged at Washington,
N. C., engaged in the skirmish at Blount's creek, and afterwards supplied
a number of volunteers in the dangerous service of running the blockade
below Washington. It was engaged in various duties in the vicinity of
New Berne until June 24, when it was sent to Fortress Monroe, reported
to Gen. Dix on the Pamunkey river, and went into camp at Hampton,
Va., until July 2. Some complaints arose among the men at this time,
as the term of service of most of them had expired. Thereupon Gen.
Naglee, whose attention had been called to the matter, offered the men
individually the option of returning home, or of joining the Army of the
Potomac for a time, then engaged in the pursuit of the fleeing Lee. Offi-
cers and men to the number of 203 volunteered to remain in service, and
were engaged in provost duty at Sandy Hook, Md., till July 18, when they
were relieved and ordered home. They were mustered out of service
at Readville, July 30, 1863.

Forty-fourth Infantry. — Col., Francis L. Lee; Lieut.-Col., Edward C.
Cabot; Maj., Charles W. Dabney. The nucleus of this regiment was the
4th battalion, Mass. volunteer militia, which had been organized at Bos-
ton, May 27, 1862, to serve during the pleasure of the president, and had
been mustered out May 31, 1862. The command volunteered almost as
a unit when the call came for nine months' troops, and was recruited to
a full regiment at Camp Meigs, Sept. 12. It numbered 43 officers and
975 enlisted men. During its short term of service it lost 10 killed and
died of wounds; 26 died by accident or disease; and one died as prisoner.
It left the state Oct. 22, for New Berne, N. C, where it was brigaded
with the 24th Mass., 5th R. I., and loth Conn, under Col. Stevenson of
the 24th. At the end of October it engaged in the Tarboro expedition,
and saw its first fighting at Rawle's mill, where it suffered a loss of 2
killed and 6 wounded. This expedition occupied two weeks, and in De-
cember it participated in the Goldsboro expedition, suffering a loss of 8
killed and 14 wounded at Whitehall. It formed part of the reserve at
Goldsboro, whence they returned to New Berne, and Cos. B and F were
on detached picket duty at Batchelder's creek until May i. In March
the rest of the regiment went to reinforce the small garrison at Wash-
ington, N. C, and occupied the town during the siege. The regiment
returned to New Berne on April 24, relieved the 45th and was engaged
in provost duty until its term of service expired. It was relieved by the
27th Mass. on June 6, returned to Boston, where it arrived on the loth,
and was mustered out at Readville on the i8th. On July 13, on account
of the danger of a draft riot, it was again called into service for a week.

Forty-fifth Infantry. — Col, Charles R. Codman; Lieut.-Col, Oliver
W. Peabody; Maj., Russell Sturgis, Jr. This organization was known
as the "Cadet regiment," from the fact that its field officers, and several
of its line officers, were taken from the ist corps cadets. It was recruited
at Camp Meigs, Readville, and was mustered into the U. S. service for
nine months on varying dates between Sept. 26 and Oct. 28, 1862. While
the officers were from Boston and the immediate vicinity, the ranks were
recruited from over 200 cities and towns in the state. It numbered 40
officers and 918 men. Its loss during service was 20 killed and 27 who
died by accident or disease. It embarked for New Berne, N. C, Nov. 5,
and on its arrival there was assigned to Col. Amory's brigade, consisting
of the 17th, 23d, 43d and 51st Mass. infantry. It remained inactive until

Massachusetts Regiments 193

Dec. 12, when all but Cos. C and G (on detached service) participated in
the Goldsboro expedition. It was actively engaged at the battles of Kin-
ston and Whitehall, winning praise for its gallantry and efficiency in
both actions, and suffering a loss of 15 killed and 43 wounded at Kinston,
and 4 killed and 16 wounded at Whitehall, but was not in action at
Goldsboro. In Jan., 1863, it took part, with two other regiments, in a
five days' reconnaissance to Trenton, N. C., and on the 26th was detailed
for provost guard at New Berne, in which capacity it served until April
25. With its brigade it took part in an expedition to Core creek, on the
Atlantic & North Carolina railroad, on April 28, and engaged the enemy
on the Dover road, where it met with a loss of i killed and 4 wounded.
This ended its active campaigning, and it remained encamped in the
neighborhood of Fort Spinola until June 24, when it broke camp and
returned to Massachusetts, reaching Boston on the 30th. It was mus-
tered out at Readville, July 8, 1863.

Forty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., George Bowler, William S. Shurtleff;
Lieut.-Cols., William S. Shurtleff, Lucius B. Walkley; Majs., Lucius B.
Walkley, Samuel B. Spooner. The recruits of this regiment were ob-
tained in Hampden county through the efforts of Rev. George Bowler
of Westfield, the men rendezvoused at Camp N. P. Banks, Springfield,
and were mustered in from Sept. 24 to Oct. 30, 1862, for the nine months'
service. The total enrolment of the regiment was 43 officers and 954
men. The casualties during service were i killed and 32 who died by
accident or disease. It was ordered to New Berne, where it arrived on
Nov. 15, and was attached to Col. Horace C. Lee's brigade, composed of
the 3d, 5th, 25th, 27th and 46th Mass. infantry. Cos. A and K, under
Capt. Spooner, were soon detached for duty at Newport barracks, and
in December the rest of the regiment took part in the Goldsboro expedi-
tion, under command of Lieut.-Col. Shurtleff. Col. Bowler, on account
of illness, resigned his commission on Jan. 2;}, 1863. The regiment saw
no more active service until March, remaining encamped near the junc-
tion of the Neuse and Trent rivers. On March 13 it participated in the
reconnaissance on the Trent road, and the following month six compa-
nies formed part of the garrison at Plymouth, on the Roanoke river,
while Cos. A and I, under Maj. Spooner, remained behind in the defenses
of New Berne. In May, these two companies were sent to Batchelder's
creek, and displayed commendable bravery in the defense of an advanced
redoubt after the rest of the Union forces had been driven back in con-
fusion during the attack on May 23. Sergt. A. S. Bryant of Co. A was
rewarded for bravery on this occasion by promotion to sergeant-major
and awarded a medal from congress. Shortly before the term of service
expired, more than 100 members of the regiment enlisted in the 2nd
Mass. heavy artillery, then being organized. The 46th was ordered to
Fortress Monroe on June 23. Its term of service had nearly expired on
their arrival at this point, and the regiment volunteered for further
service during Lee's invasion of the North. It was assigned to Gen.
Tyler's brigade in the defenses of Baltimore until July 6, when it was
attached to Gen. Briggs' brigade, and performed outpost and picket duty
on Maryland heights until July 11. It then joined the Army of the Po-
tomac at Funkstown, and while marching south with it into Virginia in
pursuit of Lee, was ordered to return to Massachusetts for muster out.
It reached Springfield July 21, and was mustered out on the 28th at
Hampden Park.

Forty-seventh Infantry. — Col., Lucius B. Marsh ; Lieut.-Col., Albert
Stickney; Maj., Austin S. Cushman. This organization, commonly known

Vol. 1—13

194 The Union Army

as the "Merchants' Guard," rendezvoused at Camp Edwin M. Stanton,
Boxford, and was raised through the efforts of Lucius B. Marsh, a promi-
nent Boston merchant, who became its colonel. The several companies
were gradually filled during the autumn of 1862 and were all mustered
in for nine months' service by Nov. 7. On the nth the regiment moved to
Camp Meigs, Readville. It suffered much from desertions before leaving
the state, the records showing that it lost 225 men in this way. Its total
enrolment was 897, consisting of 42 officers and 855 enlisted men. Its
losses during service were i man killed and i officer and 33 enlisted men
who died by accident or disease. On Nov. 29 it was ordered to New
York to join the Banks expedition then being organized. After some
delay at Long island, it embarked for New Orleans and reached there
on Dec. 31. It was first ordered to CarroUton, where it remained until
/an. II, 1863, when it returned to New Orleans and served until in
March at the U. S. barracks and Louisiana lower cotton press. Several
companies were detailed for special service, Co. B serving throughout
its term as guard for commissary and ordnance stores at New Orleans,
and Co. E being detailed for provost duty at Thibodeaux. The regiment
was reunited on March 12 (with the exception of Co. B), when it was
ordered to the Metaire race-course and on May 19 to Camp Parapet. Here
Col. Marsh relieved Gen. Dorr in command of the post, made up of
artillery detachments and other troops and guarding a line of defenses
extending some 30 miles. This post was occupied by the regiment until
the end of its term of service. While here. Col. Marsh recruited a com-
pany of negroes for service in the swamps. This company was the
nucleus of the 2nd La. engineers, recruited from the contraband camp
and its officers were largely furnished by the 47th Mass. The regiment
left CarroUton on Aug. 5, to return home, going by way of Cairo, 111.,
and reaching Boston on the i8th. It was mustered out at Readville,
Sept. I, 1863. It was not once in action, and had only i man killed
(June 28, by guerrillas).

Forty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Eben F. Stone; Lieut.-Col., James
O'Brien; Maj., George Wheatland. It was originally intended to recruit the
48th as a nine months' regiment from Essex county. Eight companies had
been already formed at Camp Lander, Wenham, Mass., when the plans
were modified on account of the immediate demand for troops for the
Banks expedition. Two companies were detached to complete the or-
ganization of the 4th Mass. infantry (militia) which was being formed
at Lakeville for the nine months' service, and four Irish companies which
had been recruited by James O'Brien at Lakeville to form part of an
Irish regiment, were consolidated with the six remaining companies to
form the 48th infantry. Co. A was mustered on Sept. 16, 1862, six more
by Oct. I, and Co. K was finally mustered on Dec. 9. The field and staff
were mustered Dec. 8. The regiment numbered 47 officers and 780 en-
listed men. The regiment left on Dec. 27, 1862, for New York, whence
it sailed for Fortress Monroe, Jan. 4, 1864. After a delay of a week
there it embarked again for New Orleans, arriving there Feb. i. Two daj'S
later it arrived at Baton Rouge and became a part of the ist brigade,
1st division, 19th corps. Its first active service was on March 13, when
it participated in a reconnaissance to within a short distance of the Con-
federate lines about Port Hudson. The next day it advanced with its
division for a demonstration against the land defenses of that place, and
on the 20th returned to Baton Rouge. The general advance on Port
Hudson began on May 21, and the 48th, now attached to the 3d brigade
under Col. Dudley, was engaged at Plains Store, where it lost 2 killed.

Massachusetts Regiments 195

7 wounded and ii captured. It furnished 93 men for the storming party
of 200 which led the assault on the works of Port Hudson, among the
volunteers being Lieut.-Col. O'Brien, who was killed, and 15 line officers.
It lost here 7 men killed and 41 wounded. While temporarily attached
to the 3d division under Gen. Dwight, it took part in the assault of June
14, losing 2 killed and 11 wounded. It shared in the work of the siege,
but without further loss in battle. It then moved with Augur's division,
commanded by Gen. Weitzel, on the evening of July 9, against the
enemy's works below Donaldsonville, La. ; was engaged at Bayou La
Fourche on the 13th, where it met with a loss of 3 killed, 7 wounded
and 23 captured; remained encamped near Donaldsonville until Aug. i,
when it once more returned to Baton Rouge and occupied its former
camp until Aug. 9. Its term of service having now expired, it left for
Massachusetts by way of Cairo, 111., and reached Boston on Aug. 23. It
was mustered out at Camp Lander Sept. 3, 1863.

Forty-ninth Infantry. — Col., William F. Bartlett; Lieut.-Col., Samuel
B. Sumner; Maj., Charles T. Plunkett. This regiment was entirely made
up of Berkshire county men, who had enlisted under the call of Aug. 4,
1862, for nine months. The several companies, having filled their ranks
and elected their officers according to the prevailing militia system, ren-
dezvoused at Camp Briggs, Pittsfield, where the men were mustered in
from Sept. 18 to Oct. 28. On Nov. 7 the regiment moved to Camp Wool
at Worcester, where it completed its organization by the election of field
officers. It left the state on Nov. 29 for New York, whence it sailed to
Louisiana, Jan. 23, 1863, as part of the Banks expedition. It arrived at
Baton Rouge in the middle of February, where it was attached to the
1st brigade, ist division, 19th corps, and remained here idle until March
14, suffering much meanwhile from malarial and other fevers, incident
to the sudden change of climate. It shared in the demonstration of
March 14 in favor of Farragut's fleet; then joined in the general move-
ment against Port Hudson in May, though 300 members of the regiment
were off duty at this time by reason of sickness, and only 450 went with
the colors. It was engaged at Plains Store, suffering a slight loss, and
later participated in all the trials and hardships of the siege of Port
Hudson. In the assault of May 27, it furnished a large number of officers
and men for a forlorn hope, and lost altogether on that day 16 killed
and 64 wounded out of a total in action of 233. Both Col. Bartlett and
Lieut.-Col. Sumner were wounded, so that the command of the regiment
devolved on Maj. Plunkett during the rest of its term of service. It
moved to Donaldsonville, La., after the surrender of Port Hudson, and
took part in the Bayou La Fourche expedition, during which it was nearly
surrounded by a superior force from Gen. Taylor's army, and retired in
confusion with a loss of 3 killed, 4 wounded and 16 captured. The regi-
ment remained in camp near Donaldsonville until Aug. i, when it returned
to Baton Rouge and was joined by Co. G, which had remained on provost
duty in Baton Rouge during the ten weeks of active campaigning the
regiment had undergone. Its term of service had now expired and it
reached Pittsfield on Aug. 22, returning by way of Cairo, 111., Indianapolis,
Cleveland, Buffalo and Albany. It was formally mustered out on Sept.
1, 1863.

Fiftieth Infantry. — Col., Carlos P. Messer; Lieut.-Col., John W.
Locke; Maj., John Hodges, Jr. The nucleus of this regiment was the
7th Mass. militia, composed of men from Essex and Middlesex counties.
It was rapidly recruited to the required numbers at Camp Edwin
Stanton, Boxford, between Sept. 15 and Sept. 30, 1862, was mustered into

196 The Union Army

service for nine months. It had 3Q officers and 904 enlisted men on its
rolls. During its term of service it lost but i man in action, who was
killed at Port Hudson. One officer and 87 enlisted men died by accident
or disease. The 50th left on Nov. 19 for New York under orders to
join Gen. Banks' forces in the Department of the Gulf. There was a
great lack of adequate transportation facilities, so that the regiment was
sent to Louisiana by detachments. Co. I departed on Dec. i and reached
Baton Rouge on the i6th, far in advance of the others. A, E and K
did not arrive until after Feb. 5, 1863; B, D and H arrived at New
Orleans, Jan. 27, but were delayed in quarantine by reason of smallpox
aboard their vessel and did not rejoin the regiment until April 2; C, F
and G reached New Orleans, Feb. 9, and joined the regiment at Baton
Rouge on the 14th. The 50th was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division,
19th corps, and shared in the demonstration of March 14 in the rear of
Port Hudson, to enable Adm. Farragut to run the Confederate batteries.
On April 9, four companies participated in an expedition to the Bayou
Monticeno, on the Port Hudson road, and on May 12 the regiment
moved with its brigade to White's bayou, 10 miles southeast of Port
Hudson, where it remained on guard while the fortress was being in-
vested. On the 26th it moved up within range, and shared in the assault
of the next day, losing i killed and 4 wounded. It participated in the
hardships of the siege until the surrender, when it was detailed for
garrison duty within the fortifications, and remained there until ordered
home by way of Cairo, 111., reaching Boston Aug. 11, and was mustered
out at Wenham on the 24th.

Fifty-first Infantry. — Col., Augustus B. R. Sprague; Lieut.-Col., John
M. Studley; Maj., Elijah A. Harkness. The 51st was recruited from the
southern part of Worcester county during the summer and autumn of
1862. The men rendezvoused at Camp Wool, Worcester, and from Sept.
25 to Nov. II were mustered into service for nine months. The regimen-
tal rolls show a total of 42 officers and 879 enlisted men. It lost no men
in action, but 40 died from disease, suffering especially from cerebro-
spinal meningitis. The field officers were all taken from active service
with other organizations. Col. Sprague having served previously as captain
of the 3d battalion rifles, and as lieutenant-colonel of the 25th infantry.
He had been in action at Roanoke island and New Berne. By request of
Gen. Foster the regiment was ordered to North Carolina. It left the
state on Nov. 25 and arrived at Beaufort Nov. 30, proceeding directly to
New Berne, where it was assigned to Amory's brigade, composed of Mas-
sachusetts troops. It took part in the Goldsboro expedition, in which it
lost 2 men wounded. On Dec. 30 Co. G, under Capt. T. D. Kimball, was
detailed for special service at Brice's ferry, where it continued through-
out its term of service. In Jan., 1863, seven companies shared in the
expedition to Pollocksville and Trenton, returning to New Berne on the
2ist. Throughout March and April, it was distributed along the railroad
between New Berne and Morehead City in the performance of garrison
duty, having its headquarters at Beaufort. Meanwhile the health of the
regiment had materially improved and it returned to New Berne on May
4. On June 24 it was ordered to Fortress Monroe, and arrived there on
the 27th, having left behind 183 men sick. Its term of service had now
expired, but it volunteered for further service during the emergency cre-
ated by the entrance of Lee's army into Maryland, and was first employed
on special service in Baltimore until July 5. The next day it reported to
Gen. H. S. Briggs, in command of a provisional brigade of Massachusetts
troops, and was stationed on Marye's heights until the 12th, when it was

Massachusetts Regiments 197

ordered to join the Army of the Potomac at Funkstown. The regiment
had suffered so much from disease contracted by exposure in the swamps
of North Carolina, that it was now reduced to 275 men for duty. When
Lee's army escaped into Virginia, it was ordered to return to Massa-
chusetts, and reached Worcester on July 21. It was mustered out of
service July 27, 1863, after serving almost ten months.

Fifty-second Infantry. — Col., Halbert S. Greenleaf; Lieut.-Col.,
Samuel J. Storrs; Maj., Henry Winn. This regiment was recruited from
the counties of Franklin and Hampshire, and was organized at Camp
Miller, Greenfield. Two companies were mustered into the U. S. service
on Oct. 2, 1862, for nine months, and the remaining eight on the nth,
while the field and staff officers were mustered in Nov. 19. It left the
state on Nov. 20, for New York to take part in the Banks expedition.
On Dec. 2 it embarked for Louisiana, arrived at Baton Rouge Dec. 17,
and was attached to the 2nd brigade, 4th division, 19th corps. It saw
no active service during the winter, remaining encamped at Baton Rouge
until March 13, 1863, when it joined in the reconnaissance in the rear of
Port Hudson to assist the Union fleet under Adm. Farragut in its attempt
to run the Confederate batteries. On March 27 it embarked for Donald-
sonville, La., and on the 31st, as a part of Grover's division, it shared
in the Bayou Teche expedition, forming part of the reserve at the battle
of Indian ridge on April 14. Four companies were detached at New
Iberia as provost guard, and the others proceeded to Opelousas and
Barre's landing. The six companies and Nims' battery remained at this
point engaged in various duties until May 21, when, having been joined
by the four companies left at New Iberia, the regiment started on the
long return march and finally rejoined its brigade before Port Hudson.
It formed part of Gen. Paine's column in the march toward Clinton on
June 5, returning on the 8th without having met the enemy. On June
14 it was deployed as skirmishers on the right of Gen. Weitzel's attacking
column during the assault of that day, and suffered a loss of 3 killed and
7 wounded. During the remainder of the siege of Port Hudson, it occu-
pied an advanced position in the trenches, and lost a number in killed and
wounded by the fire of the sharpshooters. Soon after the surrender of
Port Hudson, its term of service expired. It had the distinction of being
the first regiment to return home by way of the Mississippi river, reach-
ing Greenfield on Aug. 3, and on the 14th it was mustered out. During
its term of service it had lost i officer and 10 enlisted men killed in action
and 99 by accident and disease. Its loss by desertion was only 3.

Fifty-third Infantry.— (Militia.) Col., John W. Kimball; Lieut.-
Col., George H. Barrett; Maj., James A. Pratt. This regiment was re-
cruited from the towns of northern Worcester and Middlesex counties,
and rendezvoused at Camp Stevens, Groton Junction. The various com-
panies were mustered into service from Oct. 17, 1862, to Nov. 6, for nine
months, the field and staff officers being commissioned on Nov. 8, but
were not mustered until the regiment reached New York in December.
The number on the regimental rolls was 44 officers and 910 enlisted men.
It lost during service 5 officers and 23 enlisted men killed in action; 140
men by accident or disease; and 21 men deserted. It left for New York
Nov. 29, to join the Banks expedition then forming in that city, and sailed
for Louisiana, Jan. 18, 1863, reaching Carrollton on the 31st. It was
assigned to the 3d brigade (Col. Gooding), 3d division (Gen. Emory),
19th corps. After spending six weeks in camp it moved on March 6 to
Baton Rouge and on the 12th participated in a reconnaissance 5 miles up
the river along the Bayou Sara road. On the 14th it moved with its

198 The Union Army

division toward Port Hudson, returning to Baton Rouge the next day,
after Adm. Farragut had run the batteries with a portion of his fleet.
In April it took part in the Bayou Teche expedition; was actively en-
gaged at Fort Bisland, where it lost 3 killed and 11 wounded, and was
the first regiment to plant its colors over the fort. It followed in pur-
suit of the enemy to Opelousas, where it halted until May 5, and then
proceeded with the rest of the column to Alexandria, marching 100 miles
in four days. On May 15 it started on the retrogade movement, and
finally reached Port Hudson on the 23d. The following day it served
as advance guard for the engineer corps, engaged in selecting a route
through the forest. It participated in the assault on May 27, holding a
position within 200 feet of the enemy's intrenchments for more than 24
hours and meeting with some loss. On June 5-8 it was engaged in an
expedition toward Clinton, and on the 14th formed part of the storming
column of that day, making a gallant charge up to the enemy's works,
and losing 18 killed and 68 wounded, out of 300 present. Resting until
the 19th, it again went to the front and occupied an advanced position
until the surrender of Port Hudson. It then served on picket duty for
two days, moving to Baton Rouge on July 11 and to Donaldsonville on
the 15th. It encamped here until Aug. 2, when it returned to Baton
Rouge. Two companies had been on detached duty throughout the whole
campaign. Co. B, detached April 8, 1863, and Co. K, March 10, served
as division and corps pioneers during the Teche expedition and the siege
of Port Hudson. These companies rejoined the regiment at Donaldson-
ville and Baton Rouge. On Aug. 12 the command started home, going
by way of Cairo, 111., and arrived at Fitchburg, Mass., Aug. 24. It was
mustered out at Camp Stevens Sept. 2, 1863. No other short-term regi-
ment lost so many men killed in action.

Fifty-fourth Infantry. — Cols., Robert G. Shaw, Edward N. Hallowell;
Lieut.-Cols., Norwood P. Hallowell, Edward N. Hallowell, George Pope;
Majs., Edward N. Hallowell, H. Northey Hooper, John W. M. Appleton,
George Pope, James M. Walton. This was the first colored regiment
recruited in the Northern States east of the Mississippi river. On Jan.
26, 1863, Gov. Andrew was granted authority by the secretary of war to
enlist black recruits and to organize them into special corps, under the
command of white officers. The first recruits were raised at Boston on
Feb. 9, and by the end of the following month four companies had been
organized and mustered into service at Camp Meigs, Readville. Three
more were mustered on April 23, and the remaining three on May 13.
The men were obtained, not only from every part of Massachusetts, but
from many other states as well, recruiting stations having been estab-
lished through the efforts of Gov. Andrew from Boston to St. Louis. No
bounty was offered the men to enlist, though the state afterwards paid
each man $50. More than enough men to fill the regiment had been re-
cruited, and the surplus went to form the 55th. Much attention was given
the matter of the selection of proper officers, Capt. Robert B. Shaw, of
the 2nd Mass. infantry, being placed in charge of the regiment during
its formation. Capt. N. P. Hallowell, of the 20th Mass. infantry, was
commissioned lieutenant-colonel at the same time, but was later placed
in command of the 55th, and did not serve with the S4th. Some of the
other officers were also assigned to the 55th, so that the regiment left
the state with an incomplete roster of officers. The regimental rolls show
a total of 78 officers and 1,369 enlisted men. During a term of service
lasting more than two years, it lost 5 officers and 88 enlisted men killed
or died of wounds; i officer and 106 enlisted men by accident or disease;

Massachusetts Regiments 199

34 died as prisoners, and 43 were reported missing. Only 39 men deserted.
On May 28, 1863, the regiment left the state, under orders to report to
Gen. Hunter, commanding the Department of the South. Col. Shaw re-
ported his regiment at Hihon Head, S. C, on June 3, and the same day
proceeded to Beaufort. A few days later the regiment was ordered to
St. Simon's island, Ga., where it reported to Col. James Montgomery of
the 2nd S. C. While here it took part in an expedition up the Altamaha
river to Darien, in which the town was burned by order of Col. Mont-
gomery against the wishes of the officers and men of the 54th. It re-
turned to Hilton Head on June 25, and formed part of Gen. A. H. Terry's
expedition to James island in July. It went into action for the first time
at Secessionville, where it received the brunt of the enemy's attack and
performed its duty gallantly. Its loss was 45 in killed, wounded and
missing. It reached Morris island on the evening of July 18, exhausted
by the hardships endured during the last few days, loss of sleep and lack
of rations. It now numbered some 600 effective men, and was ordered
to lead that night the assault on Fort Wagner. This duty it nobly per-
formed, advancing to the outer works under a galling fire of artillery
and musketry and planting the regimental colors on the parapet. Here,
during a desperate hand-to-hand fight, Col. Shaw was slain and Lieut.-
Col. Hallowell severely wounded. The struggle was soon seen to be
hopeless and the attacking forces were withdrawn. The remnant of the
regiment, together with a few of the fugitive men from the other commands,
was rallied about 700 yards from the fort by Capt. Emilio, the only officer
left above the grade of lieutenant not killed or wounded. This position
was held throughout the night in expectation of a sortie by the enemy
and in the morning the 54th was relieved by the loth Conn. Its total
loss in killed, wounded and missing had been 261. It remained on duty
in the trenches, and in fatigue duty, throughout the siege. When the
fort was evacuated on Sept. 7, it was among the first to enter the fort.
Col. E. N. Hallowell took active command of the regiment Oct. 17, hav-
ing recovered from his wounds received during the assault of July 18.
ThQ ranks of the regiment, at this time, had been augmented by 100 re-
cruits from the North, and by the return of many of the convalescents.
It was engaged in strengthening the works until January of the follow-
ing year, when it formed part of the expedition to Florida under Gen.
Seymour, participating in the battle of Olustee. By its gallant action,
while serving as rear-guard during the withdrawal of Seymour's main
"body, it did much to prevent an utter rout. Of about 500 men engaged,
it lost 87 in killed, wounded and missing. It returned to Morris island
on April 18 and remained there throughout the succeeding summer and
autumn. Until Sept. 28, 1864, the men had steadily refused to accept the
$10 a month offered them, and in consequence had not received a dollar
of pay. At this time they were paid the full amount of $13 a month to
which they were fairly entitled, receiving in gross $160,000, of which they
are reported to have sent home two-thirds to their families. Eight com-
panies, under Lieut. -Col. Hooper, moved to Hilton Head in November.
and were assigned to Col. Hartwell's 2nd brigade, as part of the coast
division under Gen. Hatch. Moving to Boyd's neck on Broad river with
this division on the 29th, six companies were engaged at Honey hill on
the 30th and formed part of the reserve at Deveaux neck, Dec. 9. The
division then moved to Graham's neck and Pocotaligo and entered Charles-
ton, Feb. 2."], 1865, where it found Cos. B and F, which had been left at
Morris island. It is worthy of record that Sergt. Stephen A. Swails, of
Elmira, N. Y., was mustered into his position of 2nd lieutenant, Jan. 25,

200 The Union Army

by order of the war department. He had received his commission long
before from Gov. Andrew and was one of the first colored commissioned
officers in the service. Four others were commissioned before the regi-
ment was mustered out. The regiment moved to Savannah in March,
and remained there until the 27th. It arrived in Georgetown, S. C, on
the 31st, formed part of a provisional division under Gen. Potter for an
expedition into central South Carolina in April, which was absent for 20
days, constantly skirmishing and marching. On the 17th the enemy was
met in some force at Boykin's mill, the 54th losing 2 killed and 20
wounded. It returned to Georgetown on the 25th and to Charleston on
May 6, and then served by detachments on guard and garrison duty in
various parts of the state until Aug. 17. Three days later it was mustered
out of service at Mount Pleasant and reached Boston in two detach-
ments on the 26th and 28th. On Sept. i the men were paid and dis-
charged on Galloupe's island, and after marching through the streets of
Boston were finally disbanded on Boston Common.

Fifty-fifth Infantry.— Cols., Norwood P. Hallowell, Alfred S. Hart-
well; Lieut.-Cols., Alfred S. Hartwell, Charles B. Fox, WiUiam Nutt;
Majs., Charles B. Fox, Sigourney Wales, William Nutt, Wheelock Pratt.
Like the 54th, this regiment was composed of colored men with white
officers and was recruited in the spring of 1863. The same recruiting
committtee which provided most of the men for the 54th also furnished
the men for the 55th. The men rendezvoused at Camp Meigs, Readville,
and the first five companies were mustered into the U. S. service on May
31, 1863, for three years, and the last three on June 22. By the end of
June all the officers were commissioned. It carried a total of 82 officers
and 1,144 enlisted men on its rolls. During its term of service it took
part in the engagements at James island, S. C, Picket, James island.
Honey hill, Deveaux neck, and Picket St. Stephen's, all in the vicinity of
Charleston, S. C. Its losses were 3 officers, 59 enlisted men, killed and
died of wounds; 2 officers and 118 men, died by accident or disease; i miss-
ing; by desertion, 27. It left the state on July 21, 1863, embarking at
Boston for New Berne, N. C, where it arrived on the 25th. As a part
of Gen. Wild's brigade it was ordered to Charleston harbor on the 29th,
and was assigned to Vogdes' division, loth corps, and remained at Folly
island, engaged in the performance of fatigue duty and various details
connected with the operations against Charleston until February of the
following year. Like the 54th, a grave injustice was done the men of
the S5th in the matter of pay, as the Federal paymasters offered the men
but $10 a month. This, they consistently refused to accept, and serious
trouble with the men was narrowly averted in consequence. After Nov.
2, 1863, Col. Hartwell was in command of the regiment on account of
the retirement of Col. Hallowell through disability, arising from a wound
received at Antietam. On Feb. 13, 1864, the 55th was ordered to Jack-
sonville, Fla., and while Co. F was detailed to garrison Fort Fribley, near
Jacksonville, Cos. B, I, K and C, assisted by a squad of N. Y. engineers,
were detailed to fortify and garrison Yellow bluff, the remainder of the
command going up the river to Palatka. Here it built strong fortifica-
tions and remained until April 18, when the regiment was ordered back
to Charleston harbor. Here it once more engaged in arduous fatigue
duty on Folly island and in various minor movements connected with the
general operations against the city. On July 2, accompanied by the 103d
N. Y. and the 33d colored infantry, it engaged the enemy on James island.
It performed gallant service in charging a battery of the enemy under
a brisk fire, capturing two 12-pounder Napoleon guns and driving the

Massachusetts Regiments 201

battery's support in disorder:. The command lost ii killed and l8
wounded during this expedition. Col. Hartwell was now detailed to
command the post on Folly island and Lieut.-Col. Fox commanded the
regiment during the rest of its term of service. On Sept. i, the men
finally received their pay, and expressed home more than $60,000 of the
sum then paid them. Eight companies were despatched to Hilton Head,
S. C, in November and assigned to a brigade commanded by Col. Hart-
well in the coast division. On Nov. 30, this brigade was heavily engaged
at Honey hill during the entire afternoon, Col. Hartwell being wounded,
and the regiment losing 31 killed, 108 wounded and i taken prisoner.
Thirteen of the wounded afterwards died. Returning to Boyd's neck on
Dec. 7, it was engaged in fortifying and holding this position until Jan.
II, 1865, when it embarked for Savannah, Ga., and remained on duty
there until Feb. i, when it returned to Hilton Head. It took part in ex-
peditions of Feb. 2, 9 and 11, and entered the city of Charleston on the
morning of the 20th, being the first body of Union troops to enter that
city after its evacuation. It was promptly sent with a column under Gen.
Potter on an expedition into central South Carolina, to watch the move-
ments of Gen. Hardee, in command of the retreating garrison, and re-
turned to Charleston on March 10. A week later it moved to James island,
served there by detachments until April 5, when it participated in an
expedition to Eutaw springs, in support of a movement by Gen. Potter,
and reached Charleston again on the 12th. On May 7, it moved to
Summerville, and on the 19th to Orangeburg, where it served by detach-
ments until its term of service expired. It was mustered out at Mount
Pleasant Aug. 29, the men were finally paid and discharged at Galloupe's
island, Sept. 22,, and disbanded on the 25th, after a reception and march
through the streets of Boston.

Fifty-sixth Infantry.— Cols., Charles E. Griswold, Stephen M. Weld,
Jr.; Lieut. -Cols., Stephen M. Weld, Jr., Horatio D. Jarves; Majs., Ho-
ratio D. Jarves, Wallace A. Putnam, Z. Boylston Adams. This was known
as the "ist veteran volunteer infantry." The members of this and the
other three veteran regiments must already have served for at least nine
months in some other organization. The 56th, the first of the four veteran
regiments, was organized at Readville, and mustered into service during
Dec, 1863, and Jan. and Feb., 1864, for three years. Its total enrolment
was 74 officers and 1,119 men. It lost in action 6 officers, 99 enlisted men;
4 missing; 52 died by accident or disease; 48 died as prisoners. It left for
Annapolis, Md., March 20, 1864, and was attached to Carruth's brigade,
Stevenson's division, 9th corps. It left camp at Annapolis on April 23, when
the corps embarked on its spring campaign, and on the 6th of May it went
into action at the Wilderness, near the junction of the Brock and Plank
roads. During the short time it was engaged, it lost heavily, Col. Gris-
wold being killed, and the total casualties amounting to TJ. Moving to
the left with its corps in support of Gen. Hancock, it was again heavily
engaged at Spottsylvania Court House, losing 52 in killed, wounded and
missing. It again shared in the assaults on the i8th, when it lost 5 killed
and 40 wounded. With a portion of the corps, it crossed the North
Anna river on the 24th, and another severe engagement followed at Ox
ford. In this action the regiment lost 64 in killed, wounded and prisoners.
It was again engaged with its corps at Bethesda Church and Cold Har-
bor, after which it crossed the James river and went into position before
Petersburg, taking an active part in the assault on June 17, capturing
over 50 prisoners, but losing heavily itself. It shared in the general siege
work until the end of July and formed a part of the division chosen to

202 The Union Army

lead the advance in the action at the Crater. Though already fearfully
reduced in numbers, it lost in this fight lo killed, 25 wounded and 22
prisoners. After serving in the trenches for two weeks longer, it took
part in the expedition against the Weldon railroad, after which, on ac-
count of the depletion through losses of the ist division, it was discon-
tinued, and the 56th became a part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 9th
corps, taking part with it in the battle of Peebles' farm. The regiment
spent the winter in garrison at Fort Alexander Hays and on the resump-
tion of the spring campaign it joined in the assault on the Confederate
works on the Jerusalem plank road. Afterward, assisted only by the
5th Mass. battery, it tenaciously held the key position of the captured
works throughout the day. On the fall of Petersburg, it moved to Burkes-
ville and after Lee's surrender, to Alexandria, where it was stationed
until mustered out of service on July 12, when it returned to Massachu-
setts. The men were paid and discharged at Readville, July 22, 1865.

Fifty-seventh Infantry (Second Veteran). — Cols., William F. Bart-
lett. Napoleon B. McLaughlen; Lieut. -Cols., Edward P. Hollister, Charles
L. Chandler, Julius M. Tucker; Majs., William T. Harlow, James W.
Cushing, Julius M. Tucker, Albert Prescott, James Doherty, Ezra P.
Gould. This was the second of the four veteran regiments organized
in the autumn and winter of 1863-64. It was recruited through the efforts
of Col. WilHam F. Bartlett of the 49th infantry, Mass. volunteer militia,
who became its colonel and later a brevet major-general. Most of the
recruits came from the western counties and most of its officers were
veterans. It completed its organization and was mustered into service
for three years, April 6, 1864. On the i8th it left the state for Annapolis,
where it arrived on the 20th and was assigned to the ist brigade, ist
division, 9th corps. The decisive campaign of 1864 was now beginning,
and the 9th corps was ordered to the front, marching through Washing-
ton, Fairfax Court House, Centerville, Bristoe Station and Warrenton
Junction to Rappahannock Station, where it arrived May 3. It then
moved via Brandy Station and Germanna ford and took part in the
bloody battle of the Wilderness. Here, despite its recent organization,
its action was highly creditable and gained the warm commendation of
Gen. Hancock. It went into action with 545 officers and men and lost 47
killed, 161 wounded and 43 missing — a total of 251. Col. Bartlett was
wounded early in the engagement, and Lieut. -Col. Chandler assumed
command. Col. Bartlett never resumed command of the regiment, as he
was commissioned brigadier-general on his recovery. It moved to Spott-
sylvania Court House and in a reconnaissance on the loth, lost its divi-
sion commander. Gen. Stevenson. The 57th again did gallant service
on the I2th, advancing with its corps in support of Gen. Hancock's
charge, again losing heavily, but held the advanced position gained on
this day until the i8th, when it took part in a reconnaissance close to
the enemy's works. When the line at Spottsylvania Court House was
abandoned, it moved with its division to the North Anna river, where on
the 24th its brigade was advanced without proper support and, being
attacked on both flanks and raked by artillery fire, it fell back in disorder,
the 57th losing 10 killed, 13 wounded and 14 missing. Its gallant com-
mander, Lieut.-Col. Chandler, was among the killed. It was only slightly
engaged at Cold Harbor, and crossing the James river on June 15, it
shared in a desperate assault with the bayonet on the works at Peters-
burg on the evening of the 17th. Its loss was 11 killed, 30 wounded and
3 missing, its commander, Capt. Tucker, being wounded.' It did con-
stant duty in the trenches until the assault at the Crater on July 30,

Massachusetts Regiments 20ii

when, as part of the ist division, 9th corps, it led in the attack, going
into action with 7 officers and 91 men, and retiring from that fearful
engagement with only i officer and 46 enlisted men, and without its col-
ors. It was again engaged at the Weldon railroad in August, losing one-
third of the little remnant of the regiment left. At the beginning of
September, only four months after its organization, the regiment num-
bered only I officer, Lieut. Doty, and 29 men, fit for active service. Soon
after, however, it was augmented to 60 by returning convalescents and
others on detached duty. It was engaged at Peebles' farm, where it lost
I killed and 7 wounded, and in the reconnaissance to the Boydlon plank
road lost 2 killed and 12 wounded. During the remainder of the autumn
and succeeding winter, the 57th saw little severe fighting and occupied
the works before Petersburg until the resumption of the final operations
in the early spring of 1865. It took an honorable part in the action at
Fort Stedman, March 25, when Sergt. Pinkham captured the colors of
the 57th N. C. It was not again engaged except upon the skirmish line.
When Petersburg fell, it encamped in the vicinity, and later move'd to
the Southside railroad. When Gen. Lee surrendered, it moved to Wash-
ington, encamping near Tenallytown. It was consolidated with the 59th
regiment on June 20, but retained its name. The combined organization
was mustered out of service July 30, 1865, and returned to Readville,
where it was paid oflf and discharged on Aug. 9, 1865. The record of its
casualties best tells the story of the heroic service performed by the regi-
ment. Its actual membership during its term of service was 76 officers
and 1,353 enlisted men. Its total loss was 285, made up of 11 officers
and 165 enlisted men killed or died of wounds; 23 missing; 52 died of
disease or accident and 34 as prisoners.

Fifty-eighth Infantry. — Col., John C. Whiton (Silas P. Richmond was
commissioned colonel Sept. 28, 1863, but resigned without being mustered,
and the regiment served its whole term under Lieut. -Col. Whiton) ; Lieut.-
Col., John C. Whiton (Everett C. Horton was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel Aug. 31, 1864, but was discharged as major on expiration of
service) ; Majs., Barnabas Ewer, Jr., Everett C. Horton (not mustered).
The 58th was the last three years' infantry regiment mustered into the
U. S. service to leave for the front. Recruiting for the regiment began
in Sept., 1863, but only eight companies had been filled and mustered into
service at Readville when the command was called upon to leave the
state in April, 1864. Co. 1 joined the regiment in June while it was
located in front of Cold Harbor, and Co. K joined the regiment Feb. 20,
1865, while it was garrisoning Fort Meikle in front of Petersburg. Its
total enrolment was 63 officers and 953 enlisted men. Its losses while
in service were as follows : Killed and died of wounds, 10 officers and 99
enlisted men ; missing, 14 ; died by accident or disease, i officer and 76
enlisted men ; died as prisoners, i officer and 84 enlisted men ; total, 12
officers and 273 enlisted men. Leaving the state on April 28, 1864, the
regiment reached Alexandria, Va., on the 30th, and two days later arrived
at Bristoe Station, where it was assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division,
9th corps. It was engaged at the battle of the Wilderness, suffering a
loss of 34 killed, wounded and missing; shared with its corps in the as-
sault of May 12 at Spottsylvania, losing on this hotly contested field 13
killed, 90 wounded and 2 missing; was in frequent skirmishes until the
21 St, when it moved toward the North Anna river and reached the Totop-
otomoy on the 29th, skirmishing and maneuvering almost constantly and
sustaining a number of casualties. It shared in the assault at Cold Har-
bor, June 3, and held an advanced position throughout the day exposed

204 The Union Army

to a murderous fire. Its loss on this day was i8 killed and (i^ wounded.
Maj. Ewer and Capts. McFarland and Upham were among the slain.
It was continuously on duty before Cold Harbor until the 12th, when it
moved with the army to Petersburg and shared in the assault of the
17th. The following day it met with further loss in the attempt to cap-
ture the Norfolk & Petersburg railroad. It remained in the trenches
before Petersburg until the 30th, when it charged with its brigade into
the chasm formed by the explosion of the mine, meeting with hea\^ loss
when the Confederates made their counter-charge in overwhelming force.
Only a remnant of the regiment escaped, its loss being 5 killed, 30
wounded and 84 captured. The regiment, now much reduced in numbers,
suffered another heavy loss on Sept. 30, when, in the battle of Poplar
Spring Church, nearly the whole command was captured. Out of up-
wards of 100 engaged, only i officer and about a dozen men escaped. Its
numbers were soon increased by a small body of recruits from Massa-
chusetts, and by convalescents and those returning from detached service.
It Was not again engaged in active operations until the following year
and spent the winter at Hancock Station, garrisoning Fort Meikle. On
April 2, 1865, it shared in the assault on Petersburg, and after the sur-
render was engaged in guarding the railroad at Burkesville and Farm-
ville until the 20th. It returned to Alexandria on April 28, participated
in the grand review in Washington, and on July 15 it broke camp. It
reached Readville July 18, and on the 26th was finally paid and dis-
charged.

Fifty-ninth Infantry. — Col., Jacob P. Gould; Lieut.-Cols., John
Hodges, Jr., Joseph Colburn; Majs., Joseph Colburn, Horace M. War-
ren, Ezra P. Gould. This regiment, the 4th veteran, was recruited at
Readville during the winter and spring of 1863-64. Though numerically
the last of the four veteran regiments, it was organized and left the
state on April 26 — two days in advance of the 58th. It was mustered in
by companies during the months of Jan., Feb., March and April, 1864,
for three years, with a total enrollment of 56 officers and 906 enlisted
men. It reached Washington on April 28, 1864, moved by way of Alex-
andria, Bealeton, Rappahannock and Brandy Stations to Germanna ford,
where it was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, 9th corps. On
May 6, it engaged in the battle of the Wilderness, where its loss was 12
killed, Z7 wounded and 5 missing. Col. Gould was soon after placed in
command of the brigade and the regiment, commanded by Lieut.-Col.
Hodges, moved to Spottsylvania Court House, where it participated in
the general action, meeting with a loss of 11 killed, 45 wounded and 3
missing. It was again in action with its division at the North Anna
river, suffering a further loss of 38 in killed, wounded and missing. Mov-
ing to Cold Harbor it joined in the general assault on June 3, again meet-
ing with considerable loss. It arrived before Petersburg on the morning
of the 17th, and in the afternoon engaged in an assault upon the enemy's
works, where it finally effected a lodgment, after a loss of 13 killed, 49
wounded and 8 missing. It was employed in strengthening its position
and in picketing the front until July 30, when it participated in the fight
at the Crater after the explosion of the mine. In common with the other
troops engaged the 59th suffered severely, losing 8 killed, 25 wounded
and 47 missing. It lost its 2 highest officers — Col. Gould, commanding
a brigade, was wounded and died as a result on Aug. 22, and Lieut.-Col.
Hodges was killed. The command of the regiment now devolved on the
senior captain, Ezra P. Gould, who was commissioned major on Aug.
20, Major Colburn being appointed lieutenant-colonel, and the colonelcy

Massachusetts Regiments 205

Temaining vacant by reason of the depleted state of the organization. It
shared in the movement against the Weldon railroad and was again en-
gaged in the battles of Peebles' farm and Poplar Spring Church. Through-
out the autumn and winter, the regiment was in the trenches before
Petersburg, occupying a position to the right of Fort Stedman. The
position was close enough to the hostile lines to require underground
bomb-proofs, and was besides so low and marshy as to require much
effort before it could be rendered habitable. Lieut.-Col. Colburn went
home on leave in Feb., 1865, and never returned, so that Maj. Gould
was in command during the rest of the career of the regiment as a
separate organization. It left the trenches on March 15, 1865, for a posi-
tion in the rear of Fort Haskell, and bore an honorable part at Fort Sted-
man on the 2Sth, when it occupied Battery No. 11 and narrowly escaped
capture by leaping the breastworks and retreating to Fort Haskell between
the opposing lines of intrenchments. It returned to the trenches immedi-
ately after the engagement and was constantly under arms from this time
on until the fall of Petersburg. Entering the captured stronghold on
April 3, it remained encamped in the suburbs for a few days, but after
Lee's surrender it was moved to the Southside railroad about 30 miles
out, where it engaged in guard duty till the latter part of the month,
when it was ordered to Washington, D. C, and encamped at Tenally-
town during the remainder of its term of service. Both regiments being
much depleted in numbers, it was consolidated with the 57th Mass. on
June 20, to take efTect from June i, and was mustered out with that regi-
ment on July 30. Like the other three veteran regiments, it had per-
formed most gallant service throughout the closing and most bitterly
contested campaign of the war. Like the others, too, only a pitiful rem-
nant of the heroic band survived the trying ordeal.

Sixtieth Infantry. — Col., Ansel D. Wass; Lieut-Col., David M.
Woodward; Maj., Uriah McCoy. This was a volunteer militia regiment
organized at Readville in the summer of 1864, for 100 days' service. The
various companies were mustered in between July 14 and 23, 1864, It
numbered 36 officers and 894 enlisted men, and lost 10 by disease during
its short term of service. Leaving the state on Aug. i, under Lieut-Col.
Woodward, it was joined at Baltimore by its colonel and remained en-
camped at Relay house and Carroll hill for two weeks, awaiting orders.
It was then ordered to Indianapolis, Ind., to avert a possible danger from
certain disloyal elements. It was at first stationed at Camp Carrington,
but soon moved to Burnside barracks, and with one of the veteran reserve
regiments spent its term of service guarding a stockade containing a large
number of Confederate prisoners. It was mustered out of service Nov.
30, 1864. Before leaving for home, Col. Wass was complimented by
Gov. Morton on the excellent discipline of his men.

Sixty-first Infantry.— Col., Charles F. Walcott; Lieut.-Col., Ebenezer
W. Stone; Maj., James G. C. Dodge. The 6ist Mass., the last regiment
to leave the state, was recruited as a one-year regiment during the fall
and winter of 1864-65. It was recruited at large and rendezvoused at
Galloupe's island in Boston harbor. The men of Co. A were from Pitts-
field and its vicinity, and those of Co. D came from Adams county. Cos.
A, B, C, D and E were slowly filled and mustered into service between
the latter part of August and the end of September, and left the state
as a battalion on Oct. 7, 1864, the remaining companies being forwarded
as soon as they reached the maximum number. The bittalion, commanded by
Lieut.-Col. Walcott, arrived at West Point, Va., Oct 12, and was imme-
diately attached to the engineer brigade under Gen. Benham. In addition

206 The Union Army

to their work as engineers, the men performed a great deal of routine
camp and picket duty throughout the ensuing winter, and were employed
at the front at Petersburg for two days in December, near Fort Sedg-
wick. The battalion was increased during the month by the arrival of
Co. F; Co. G reported on Jan. 5, 1865; Co. H, on Feb. 15; and Cos.
I and K, on March 15. On Feb. 5 the battalion moved again to the
front, and was engaged for a week in the movement which extended
the lines beyond Hatcher's run. The regiment was transferred on
March 17 to an independent brigade, under Col. C. H. T. CoUis, engaged
in provost and guard duty at general headquarters. From March 29 until
the surrender of Lee it was constantly under arms. It served with dis-
tinction on April 2, when it charged and captured Fort Mahone in front
of Fort Sedgwick. So rapid and fierce was the charge that their loss
was comparatively small, considering the deadly fire through which they
had advanced. The loss was 6 killed and 29 wounded. Second Lieut.
Thomas B. Hart was among the slain. The regiment engaged in the
pursuit of the Confederate army and on April 12 returned to City Point
with its brigade in charge of several thousand prisoners from Evvell's
corps, captured at Sailor's creek. It then moved to Burkesville and was
assigned to the 5th corps, April 23. Moving to Washington by way of
Richmond on May 12, it encamped near Fort Barnard, and on the 23d
participated in the grand review. Cos. A, B, C, D and E left for Massa-
chusetts on June 5, and arrived on the 8th at Readville, where they were
finally discharged on the 17th. The remaining companies, as the 6ist
battalion, served in the defenses of Washington as part of the provisional
corps until July 22, when they returned to Readville and were there
mustered out, Aug. r, 1865. The total enrollment of the regiment was
41 officers and 977 enlisted men. It lost 6 killed (including i oflicer), and
17 by accident or disease. For its gallant services preceding the fall of
Richmond, it had been lionorcd with nine brevet promotions.

Sixty-second Infantry. — This r^ginK-nl, like the 61 st, was intended
for one year's service, and was bemg organized at Readvillj, Mass.,
when the information that Gen. Lee had surrendered stopped further
enlistments. Only four companies had been mustered. Ansel D. Wass,.
late colonel of the 60th infantry, would have commanded the regiment
had it been sent forward. He was commissioned, but never mustered.
The four companies organized remained in camp until May 5, when they
were mustered out to the number of 8 officers and 381 enlisted men. Two
men had died and 8 deserted.

First Company Sharpshooters. — Capts., John Saunders, William
Plumer, Isaac N. Mudgett. This organization numbered 11 officers and 257
men. Three officers and 16 men were killed or fatally wounded; 2 men
were reported missing; 16 died by accident or disease and 3 as prisoners.
The 1st company of sharpshooters, called the Andrew Sharpshooters,
recruited at Lynnfield, was mustered into the U. S. service on Sept. 2,
1861. It left the state the same day for Washington, and was there
assigned to Gen. Lander's brigade, located at Poolesville, Md. Several
skirmishes on the upper Potomac ensued, and the company remained
on duty in that region until the opening of the Peninsular campaign in
the spring of 1862, when it was attached to the 15th Mass infantry, ist
brigade, 2nd division, 2nd corps, and took part in the siege of York-
town. Its history is that of the 15th until April 17, 1863, when it was
attached to the 2nd division, 2nd corps, and was active at Chancellorsville
and Gettysburg. In August it joined the 20th Mass. infantry and was
engaged at the battle of Bristoe Station, and in the Mine Run cam-

Massachusetts Regiments 207

paign. It remained with the 20th until June, 1864, and in the latter part
of that month was transferred to the 19th Mass. infantry, with which
organization it was identified until mustered out of service.

Second Company Sharpshooters — Capts., Lewis E. Wentworth, Rob-
ert Smith. This company numbered 8 officers and 144 men. It lost dur-
ing service 12 men killed, and 9 by accident or disease. It was recruited
at Lynnfield, Mass., the members being mustered at various times during
Aug. and Sept., 1861. It left the state on Oct. 8 with the 22nd Mass.
infantry, and remained with that organization during its entire term of
service. Its original members, not reenlisted, were mustered out on Oct.
17, 1864, the veterans and recruits being transferred to the 32nd Mass.
infantry.

Third Battalion Riflemen. — Maj., Charles Devens, Jr. This battalion
carried on its rolls 25 officers and 297 enlisted men, of whom it lost 2
by disease during service. It had its headquarters at Worcester when
the war broke out, two companies being located there and the third at
Holden. On April 20, 1861, Maj. Devens was ordered to report at
Washington with his battalion. It arrived at Annapolis April 24, re-
maining there until May 2, when it was ordered to garrison Fort Mc-
Henry, near Baltimore. An additional company (D), recruited in Boston,
joined the battalion here May 19, having spent 12 days in Washington,
where it had gone from Boston by water on the steamer Cambridge, and
having been the first organization to reach the capital by way of Fortress
Monroe and the Potomac. The battalion was mustered into the U. S.
service for three months on May 19, but remained at Fort McHenry
two weeks beyond the expiration of its term of service, engaged in ar-
tillery and infantry tactics. After the promotion of Maj. Devens to
the colonelcy of the 15th Mass. infantry, the battalion was commanded
by Capt. Sprague of Co. A. Returning to Mass. it was mustered out
Aug. 3, 1861.

Unattached Companies, Infantry. — In addition to the various or-
ganizations previously described, Massachusetts furnished during the war
thirty companies of infantry, the enlistments generally being for short
terms of service. These companies served either in the coast forts of
the state or at interior points where needed, and were known as un-
attached companies unless otherwise designated. Occasionally a company
served for more than one term.

First Company. — Capt., Lewis J. Bird, numbered 3 officers and 97 men
and had no fatalities during service. This company, from Boston, was
mustered into service for 90 days, April 29, 1864, and was stationed dur-
ing service at Fort Independence, Boston harbor. It was mustered out
Aug. I, 1864.

Second Company. — Capts., Francis E. Porter (90 days and 100 days) ;
Leonard G. Dennis (one year). The 90 days' company numbered 3 offi-
cers and 88 men and had no losses ; the 100 days' company numbered 3
officers and 98 men, of whom 3 died by accident or disease ; the one-year
company numbered 3 officers and 99 men, and served without loss. The
2nd Co. from Beverly, was mustered into service for 90 days. May 3,
1864. It was stationed at Gloucester until Aug. 6, when its term expired.
It at once reenlisted and was mustered in Aug. 7, for 100 days' service,
being again stationed at Gloucester. At the expiration of the 100 days
it once more reenlisted, and was mustered in for one year, Nov. 16, 1864.
Stationed at Galloupe's island, Boston harbor, it was mustered out July
7, 1865.

Third Company. — Capt., Luther Dame, numbered 3 officers and 84

208 The Union Army

men and had no fatalities. It was from Newburyport, and was mustered
into service for 90 days, May 3, 1864. It was stationed during service
at Fort Pickering, Salem, and was mustered out Aug. S, 1864.

Fourth Company. — Capt., Alpheus J. Hilbourn, numbered 3 officers
and 98 men and had no losses. It was from Chelsea, was organized at
Readville and mustered in for 90 days' service. May 3, 1864. It was
stationed at Fort Clark's Point, New Bedford, and was mustered out
Aug. 6, 1864.

Fifth Company. — Capt., David H. Dyer, numbered 3 officers and 98
men and served without loss. It was from Fall River, was organized at
Readville, mustered into service May 4, 1864, for 90 days, and stationed
first at Camp Meigs, Readville, then at Beach Street barracks. It was
mustered out Aug. 2, 1864.

Sixth Company. — Capt., Charles P. Winslow, numbered 3 officers and
80 men and served without loss. It was from Westboro, was organized
at Readville and mustered into service for 90 days. May 4, 1864. It
served at Readville and was mustered out on Aug. 2.

Seventh Company. — Capt., Albert E. Proctor, numbered 3 officers and
98 men and lost i man by disease during service. It was from Boston,
was organized at Readville and mustered in for 90 days. Served at Gal-
loupe's island, Boston harbor, until mustered out on Aug. 5, 1864.

Eighth Company. — Capt., Augustine L. Hamilton, numbered 3 officers
and 94 men and served without loss. It was from Lawrence, but was
organized at Readville and mustered into service for 90 days May 10,
1864. It served at Galloupe's island, and was mustered out Aug. 11, 1864.

Ninth Company. — Capt., George H. Smith, numbered 3 officers and 97
men and served without loss. It was stationed at Galloupe's island dur-
ing its term of enlistment, being mustered out Aug. 11, 1864.

Tenth Company. — Capt., George A. Perry, numbered 3 officers and 99
men and served without loss. It came from Milbury and was mustered
into service for 90 days. May 10, 1864. It was stationed during service
at Fort Warren, Boston harbor, and was mustered out Aug. 8, 1864.

Eleventh Company. — Capt., Jeremiah C. Bacheler, numbered 3 officers
and 92 men and served without loss. It was from Lynn, was organized
and mustered into service at Readville for 90 days. May 16, 1864, was
stationed at Forts Sewall and Eastern Point, Gloucester, and at Marble-
head, until it was mustered out on Aug. 15, 1864.

Twelfth Company. — Capt., Charles F. Walcott, numbered 3 officers
and 98 men and served without loss. It came from Cambridge, was or-
ganized and mustered into service at Readville for 90 days. May 16, 1864,
and was stationed at Long's Point, Provincetown, during service, being
mustered out Aug. 15, 1864.

Thirteenth Company. — Capt., Robert W. Reeves, with 3 officers and
90 men, was from Salem ; was organized and mustered into service for
90 days at Readville; served its term at Fort Clark's Point, New Bed-
ford, and was mustered out Aug. 15, 1864, having suffered no loss.

Fifteenth Company. — Capt., Isaac A. Jennings, numbered 3 officers and
88 men and served without loss. It came from New Bedford, was organ-
ized and mustered into service for 100 days at Readville, July 29, 1864,
and was stationed during service at Fort Warren. It was mustered out
Nov. 15, 1864.

Sixteenth Company. — Capt., John F. Croff, numbered 3 officers and
83 enlisted men. It was from Boston, was organized and mustered into
service for 100 days at Readville on Aug. 6, 1864, and was stationed at
Galloupe's island until mustered out on Nov. 14, 1864.

Massachusetts Regiments 209

Seventeenth Company.— Capt., John G. Barnes (lOO days and one
year), numbered as a lOO-days' company 3 officers and 98 men and the
enrollment was the same number for the one-year term. It served both
terms without loss. It was organized and mustered into service for 100
days at Readville, Aug. 5, 1864, was stationed during service at Fort
Pickering, Salem, and was mustered out Nov. 12, 1864. It reenHsted at
once for a one-year term, being organized and mustered into service at
Salem, Nov. 13, 1864. It was credited to Haverhill and was mustered out
June 30, 1865.

Eighteenth Company.— Capt., Otis A. Baker (100 days and one year).
As a 100 days' organization it numbered 3 officers and 81 men, serving
without loss ; as a one-year company it numbered 3 officers and 98 men
and lost i man by disease. It was organized and mustered into service
at Readville for 100 days, Aug. 6, 1864, was stationed at Camp Meigs,
Readville, during its term and was mustered out Nov. 14, 1864. It was
reorganized for one year's service at Taunton, was mustered in Dec. 6-7,
1864, again served at Readville, and was mustered out May 12, 1865.

Nineteenth Company.— Capts., James M. Mason (100 days), Frank A.
Johnson (one year). As a 100 days' organization it numbered 3 officers
and 80 men ; as a one-year company it numbered 3 officers and 98 men.
It was organized and mustered into service at Readville for 100 days,
Aug. 9, 1864, was stationed at Fort Warren during service, and was
mustered out Nov. 16, 1864. It reenlisted at once, was organized and
mustered in at Fort Warren, Nov. 25, 1864, was stationed at Fort Win-
throp during its one year's service, and was mustered out June 27, 1865,
having served both terms without loss.

Twentieth Company. — Capt. Lewis Soule (100 days and one year).
numbered as a 100 days' company 3 officers and 87 men; as a one-year
organization 3 officers and 98 men, and served both terms without loss.
It was mustered in at Readville for the 100 days' service on Aug. li,
1864, was stationed during this period at Fort Sewall, Marblehead, and
was mustered out Nov. 18, 1864. The following day it reenlisted for a
term of one year and served at the fort at Salisbury beach, until mustered
out on June 29, 1865.

Twenty-first Company. — Capts., David H. Dyer (100 days); Royal
W. Thayer (one year). It numbered during both terms, 3 officers and 97
men, and served without loss. It was first organized and mustered in for
100 days at Readville, Aug. 11, 1864; served at Long's Point, Province-
town, and was mustered out Nov. 18, 1864. It was at once mustered in
at Fall River for one year's service, and was mustered out June 28, 1865.

Twenty-second Company. — Capt., John W. Marble, numbered 3 officers
and 85 men and served without loss. It was organized and mustered in
at Readville for 100 days, Aug. 18, 1864 ; was stationed at Camp Meigs, and
was mustered out on Nov. 25.

Twenty-third Company. — Capt., Jabez M. Lyle, consisting of 3 officers
and 98 men, was organized and mustered into service for 100 days at
Readville, Aug. 18, 1864, served its term at Camp Meigs without loss,
and was mustered out on Nov. 26.

Twenty-fourth Company. — Capt., Joshua H. Wilkie, consisting of 3
officers and 99 men, was organized at Plymouth and mustered in for one
year Dec. 16-22, 1864. It was stationed during service at Camp Meigs
and was mustered out on May 12, 1865.

Twenty-fifth Company. — This company carried on its rolls 3 officers
and 98 men ; was organized at Salem, where it was mustered into service
for one year, Dec. 9, 1864; served its term at Fort Miller, Marblehead,
without loss, and was mustered out June 29, 1865.
Vol. I— 14

210 The Union Army

Twenty-sixth Company. — Capt., Walter D. Keith, numbered 4 officers
and 98 men; was organized at New Bedford and mustered into service
for one year, Dec. 13, 1864; served its term at Camp Meigs without loss,
and was mustered out May 12, 1865.

Twenty-seventh Company.— Capt., Samuel C. Graves, consisting of 3
officers and 98 men, was organized at Salem and mustered in for one
year, Dec. 30, 1864, to Jan. 9, 1865. It was stationed during service at
Fort Warren, lost 2 men by disease, and was mustered out on June 30,
1865.

Boston Cadets. — Capt., Christopher C. Holmes, numbered 10 officers
and 106 men and served without loss. It was mustered into service May
26, 1862, served as garrison at Fort Warren, Boston harbor, and was
mustered out July 2, 1862.

Salem Cadets. — Maj., John L. Marks, consisted of 7 officers and 123
enlisted men and was mustered into the U. S. service May 26, 1862, in
order to garrison Fort Warren, Boston harbor. It served there with a
loss of I man by disease until it was mustered out Oct. 11, 1862.

Company B, 7th Mass. Infantry. — Capt., Edward H. Staten, numbered
3 officers and 100 men and served without loss. It was from Salem, was
mustered in for six months, July i, 1862, and relieved the Boston Cadets
in garrisoning Fort Warren, until mustered out on Dec. 31, 1862.

First Cavalry. — Cols., Robert Williams, Horace B. Sargent, Samuel
E. Chamberlain; Lieut.-Cols., Horace B. Sargent, Greely S. Curtis, Sam-
uel E. Chamberlain, Lucius M. Sargent, Jr., John Tewksbury; Majs.,
William F. White, John H. Edson, Greely S. Curtis, Henry Lee Higgin-
son, Atherton H. Stevens, Jr., Samuel E. Chamberlain, Lucius M. Sar-
gent, Jr., T. Lawrence Motley, Benjamin W. Crowninshield, John Tewks-
bury, Charles G. Davis, Edward A. Flint, Amos L. Hopkins, George H.
Teague. This regiment was largely composed of volunteers from exist-
ing militia organizations and embraced men from the Boston Lancers,
Waltham Dragoons, North Bridgewater Dragoons, and Springfield Horse-
guards. It was rendezvoused at Camp Brigham, Readville, where the
men began to arrive early in Sept., 1861. By Nov. i its ranks were filled,
and it was mustered into service for three years. Col. Williams was a
regular army officer and was recommended to the governor by Gen. Win-
field Scott. The 1st battalion, composed of Cos. A. B, C and D, under
Maj. Greely S. Curtis, left the state for Annapolis, Md., on Dec. 25. The
2nd and 3d battalions left on Dec. 26 and 28, proceeding to Hilton Head,
N. C, after a halt of 10 days en route in New York. They were joined
here in Feb., 1862, by the ist battalion. The first active service of the
regiment was on the Charleston expedition in May. On Aug. 19 the ist and
2nd battalions joined the Army of the Potomac in Virginia, the 3d being
left behind and never rejoined the regiment. Under command of Maj.
Stevens it was engaged for several months in the performance of picket
and patrol duty at Beaufort and Hilton Head, a detachment sharing in
the reconnaissance to Pocotaligo Oct. 22, 1862. During the siege of Fort
Sumter in April, 1863, part of the battalion was on duty on Folly and
Morris islands. On Aug. 4, 1863, it was permanently detached from the
regiment and was called the independent battalion, Mass. cavalry, under
which name it engaged in the expedition to St. John's river, Fla. It con-
tinued to serve as an independent battalion until Feb. 12, 1864, when it
became the ist battalion, 4th Mass. cavalry, and its subsequent history
will be given with that regiment. The ist and 2nd battalions, with the
Army of the Potomac, took part in the marches and skirmishes which
preceded the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, but was not actively

Massachusetts Regiments 211

engaged in either battle. Meanwhile, Col. Williams had returned to serv-
ice in the regular army, and 238 recruits had been received from Massa-
chusetts. After the battle of Fredericksburg, it went into winter quar-
ters on Potomac creek. It shared in the action at Kelly's ford in March,
1863, and was attached to the cavalry under Gen. Stoneman during the
Chancellorsville campaign. It was engaged at Rapidan Station, and War-
renton road, and Brandy Station, and served as rear-guard at the open-
ing of the Gettysburg campaign. It was heavily engaged at Aldie Court
House, losing 24 killed, 41 wounded and 89 missing, accompanied the 6th
corps on its march to Gettysburg, and after the battle returned to West-
minster with a body of Confederate prisoners. During the remainder
of the year it was almost incessantly on the move, scouting, skirmishing,
and engaging in the exacting and arduous duties demanded of this arm
of the service. In September it met with some loss at Rapidan Station,
where it was exposed to a severe artillery fire, and as a part of Gregg's
division, it was active in the Mine Run campaign, engaging the enemy's
cavalry at New Hope Church and at Parker's store. It covered the
withdrawal of the infantry on the abandonment of this campaign and
was on outpost duty at Warrenton until April 21, 1864. In March, 1864,
a new battalion of four companies joined the regiment to take the place
of the 3d battalion, which had been detached. The regiment was once
more active throughout the trying campaign of 1864 as part of the cav-
alry corps under Gen. Sheridan, being attached to the ist brigade, 2nd
division. A list of its engagements during the year includes : Todd's tav-
ern, Ashland, Salem Church, Trevilian Station, St. Mary's Church, New
Market, Lee's mills, Malvern hill. Deep Bottom, Reams' station, Jeru-
salem road, Vaughan road, and Bellefield Station. The term of enlist-
ment of the original members expired in Sept., 1864, and on Oct. 25, all
who had not reenlisted left for home to be mustered out. The veterans
and recruits, including the new battalion, were reorganized and continued
to serve with its old brigade and division. It spent the winter of 1864-65
in winter quarters at Westbrook house, being detached March 17, 1865,
for provost duty at City Point. On May 27, it reported for escort duty
to Gen. Davies in command of the cavalry corps in the defenses of Wash-
ing^ton, where it remained until mustered out on June 26, 1865. It reached
Readville June 29, where the men were finally paid and discharged on
July 24. The total enrolment of the regiment was 107 officers and 2,132
enlisted men. Its losses during service were 7 officers and 92 enlisted
men, killed or died of wounds; 2 missing; 88 died by accident or disease;
57 died as prisoners.

Second Cavalry. — Cols., Charles Russell Lowell, Caspar Crowinshield ;
Lieut.-Cols., Henry S. Russell, Caspar Crowinshield, William H. Forbes,
William H. Rumery; Majs., Caspar Crowninshield, DeWitt C. Thomp-
son, William H. Forbes, George Blagden, Archibald McKendry, William
M. Rumery, William C. Manning, John T. Richards, Henry E. Alvord.
This regiment was organized during the winter of 1862-63, and was mus-
tered into service at varying dates from Dec, 1862, to May, 1863. Co. A,
the first organized, was raised in California by Capt. J. Sewell Read and
was mustered in at San Francisco, Dec. 10. It reached Boston on Jan.
3, and was applied on the quota of that city. Four more companies were
mustered in at Readville during January and February and the five com-
panies, under the command of Maj. Crowninshield, left the state on Feb.
12, and went into camp at Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, Va. Of
the remaining seven companies, three more were recruited at Camp Meigs,
Readville, during March and April. A battalion of four companies was

212 The Union Army

furnished by California, being raised by Maj. Thompson, and reached the
general rendezvous at Readville, April i6. The last of the regiment left
for Washington on May ii, moved to Poolesville, Md., on June 23 and
went into camp. The total number on the regimental rolls was 91 offi-
cers, and 2,000 enlisted men. It lost during service by accident or dis-
ease, 2 officers, 69 enlisted men; killed and died of wounds, 8 officers and
66 enlisted men; died as prisoners, 66 — total 211. Pending the forma-
tion of the remaining companies, the detachment at Gloucester Point saw
considerable active service. Previous to the middle of May, portions of
the command were engaged in several raids and reconnoissances and on
the 15th, three companies reported to Gen. Gordon at West Point, re-
maining under his command until June i. The five companies shared
in a rapid raid on the 19th, started on the 24th on an expedition which
took them to within 13 miles of Richmond, and in which a large number
of prisoners, including Gen. W. H. F. Lee. and a large amount of sup-
plies and stores were captured. After sharing in another raid of a sim-
ilar nature during the first week in July, with the forces under Gen. Dix,
the command finally returned to the old camp at Gloucester Point. On
Aug. 6, this detachment joined the main body at Centerville, Va., and
the 2nd was united with the 13th and i6th N. Y. cavalry to form a brig-
ade under the command of Col. Lowell. On Sept. 15, the 3d battalion
was detached under command of Maj. Thompson, and moved to Muddy
brook, Md., where it remained until the following spring. During this
time, the 2nd was kept busy guarding the Federal supply trains from the
sudden attacks of the daring troopers of Mosby, the severest encounter
taking place at Coyle tavern, where the regiment lost several in killed,
wounded and prisoners. It then moved to Vienna, Va., and remained
there during the succeeding autumn and winter. On Feb. 22, 1864, a
scouting party of 125, under Capt. Read, was surprised at Dranesville
and lost 10 killed, 7 wounded, and 57 prisoners, Capt. Read being among
the slain. On July 6, it suffered another disaster at Mt. Zion Church,
near Aldie, when a detachment of 100, under Maj. Forbes, was attacked
by Mosby's forces and badly routed, 8 being killed. 9 wounded and 38
captured. Capt. Stone was mortally wounded, and Maj. Forbes was
among the prisoners. The Confederate Gen. Early was engaged at this
time in his famous raid which threatened Washington and the 2nd was
called to the defense of the capital. It was almost constantly in action
during August as part of the 3d brigade, ist cavalry division, and on Sept.
9 was transferred to the reserve brigade of the ist division, largely com-
posed of regulars, the brigade being commanded by Col. Lowell. It was
in numerous skirmishes prior to the battle of Winchester, Va., and was
heavily engaged in this action, after which it moved then to the Luray
valley, where it captured a battleflag and some prisoners. On Sept.
28 it was again heavily engaged at Waynesboro and in the action near
Round Top mountain, Oct. 8, and the following day near Woodstock it
performed brilliantly. It won high commendation for its part in the bat-
tle of Cedar creek, but met with a sad loss in the fatal wounding of Col.
Lowell, who had just been commissioned a brigadier-general. Lieut.-Col.
Crowninshield then assumed the command of the brigade, which fol-
lowed in pursuit of the enemy as far as Mount Jackson. It was engaged
in guard and scouting duty, until the close of the year, when it went into
winter quarters at Winchester, Va., with 15 officers and about 500 men
present for duty. Of the others 200 were in Southern prisons; 200 ab-
sent, wounded or sick; and more than 100 absent on detached service.
On Jan. 20, 1865, 175 recruits were added to the regiment, and on Feb.

Massachusetts Regiments 213

^, it left camp with the rest of the cavalry, under the personal lead of
Gen. Sheridan, to join the Army of the Potomac before Petersburg. This
move occupied 20 days and was full of exciting incidents for the 2nd.
Following the evacuation of Richmond, it moved in pursuit of the enemy
until the surrender at Appomattox, then returned to Petersburg and en-
camped there until April 24, when it started on a movement against Gen.
Johnston's army in North Carolina. News of Johnston's surrender was
soon received and the regiment moved toward Washington, where, after
taking part in the grand review in May, it went into camp in Fairfax
county, Va., until July 20, 1865, when it was mustered out at Fairfax
Court House. Two days later it left for home, and the men were finally
paid and discharged at Readville on Aug. 3, after a period of 30 months
spent in the most active and arduous service.

Third Cavalry. — Cols., Thomas E. Chickering, Lorenzo D. Sargent,
Burr Porter, Frederick G. Pope ; Lieut.-Cols., Ansel D. Wass, Lorenzo

D. Sargent, John F. Vinal, Frederick G. Pope, David P. Muzzey; Majs.,
Lorenzo D. Sargent, John F. Vinal, James McGee, Jonathan E. Cowen,
S. Tyler Read, David T. Bunker, Edward L. Noyes, Frederick G. Pope,
David P. Muzzey, William M. Gifford, Charles Stone, John A. Comer-
ford. This regiment was formed from four organizations already in the
field, viz.: the 41st infantry, and the ist, 2nd, and 3d companies unattached
cavalry. A sketch of the 41st infantry, prior to the period of its con-
solidation to form the 3d cavalry, having been elsewhere given, it will be
necessary to give only an outline of the previous history of the three un-
attached companies. Plans having been made to enlist two carefully se-
lected companies of "Mounted Rifle Rangers," the ist was recruited in
Boston during Sept., 1861, by Capt. S. Tyler Read, and completed its or-
ganization Nov. 15 ; the 2nd was filled before the close of the year, as
was a 3d company of the same nature, the last two being finally organized
on Dec. 27, 1861. The 2nd was commanded by Capt. James McGee of
Lowell, and the 3d, by Capt. Henry A. Durivage of Boston. On Jan. 13,

1862, the three companies sailed from Boston harbor for Ship island.
Miss., where they arrived on Feb. 12, and were organized as a battalion,
under Capt. Read, acting major. When Gen. Butler's division was formed
into brigades, one company was attached to each brigade. The 1st, as
part of the ist brigade, left Ship island, April 16, 1862, for New Orleans,
and was stationed in its defense until May i, 1864. The 2nd left Ship
island. May 21, joined the brigade at Baton Rouge, under Maj.-Gen.
Williams, shared in the engagement there and when the city was evacu-
ated, returned to New Orleans, where it remained until the spring of

1863, forming most of the time a part of Weitzel's brigade. The 3d had
the misfortune to lose its captain, who was drowned in the Mississippi,
April 23, 1862, and his place was filled by the appointment of Jonathan

E. Cowan of the ist company, but as he was on leave of absence, the or-
ganization served under Lieut. Perkins. The 3d was attached to Weitzel's
brigade in Sept., 1862, and was often in action, but met with slight loss.
It was encamped at Thibodeaux, La., during the winter of 1862-63. After
the consolidation of the four organizations, June 17, 1863, the companies
of the 41st infantry retained their original letters, while the 2nd unat-
tached company was designated L, the 3d M, the ist continued to be
known as "Read's company," and received no letter, as the regiment had
thirteen companies. The new organization remained under the command
of Col. Chickering and took part in the siege of Port Hudson, remaining
at that point until the close of the year 1863, engaged in the active duties
falling to the cavalry arm of the service. In the spring of 1864, it took

314 The Union Army

an active part in the Red River expedition, during which it did its full
duty, losing in the severe action at Sabine cross-roads, 9 men killed, 64
wounded, and 157 of the horses. On June 25 the regiment was dis-
mounted and armed as infantry and during the following rnonth was
transferred to Maryland, where it became part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd
division, 19th corps. After sharing in the various movements in the Shen-
andoah Valley it was heavily engaged at the battle of Winchester, losing
104 officers and men out of about 600 in action. It was again engaged at
Fisher's hill, and Cedar creek, losing in the latter action TJ killed and
wounded. On Dec. 28, 1864, it went into winter quarters at Pleasant Valley,
Md., where it was again equipped as cavalry in Feb., 1865, and reporting
to Gen. Chapman at Winchester on March i, engaged in scouting and
other duties until April 20. Near the close of the year 1864, the three
independent companies were mustered out of service, and their places
were taken by one year troops from Mass. The original members of the
41st infantry were mustered out on May 20. The regiment took part in
the grand review with Sheridan's cavalry corps ; proceeded in June to
Fort Leavenworth, Kan. ; served in the States of Kansas and Nebraska
during the summer, and was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, Sept.
28, 1865. It reached Boston Oct. 5, and three days later the men were
paid and discharged at Galloupe's island. The total number in the regi-
ment was 98 officers, 2,090 enlisted men. Its losses were 5 officers and
81 men killed or died of wounds; 3 missing; 2 officers, 135 men died by
accident or disease, and 32 died as prisoners. Beginning with the muster
in of the 41st regiment, it had served more than 35 months, traveled
15,000 miles, and was in more than 30 engagements.

Fourth Cavalry. — Cols.. Arnold A. Rand, Francis Washburn, Horatio
Jenkins, Jr. ; Lieut.-Cols., Francis Washburn, Horatio Jenkins, Jr., Henry
B. Scott; Majs., Atherton H. Stevens, David B Keith, Louis Cabot, Moses
F. Webster, Henry B. Scott, Joseph I. Baker, Albert E. Ray, Edwin B.
Staples. This regiment was organized on Feb. 12, 1864, The independent
battalion Mass. cavalry, then serving in South Carolina and originally a
part of the ist cavalry, constituted the ist battalion. The ist veteran bat-
talion, recruited in February under Lieut.-Col. Arnold A. Rand, became
the 2nd battalion, and was mustered in by the end of the month. Early
in April the 3d battalion had been filled and mustered. The regiment
carried on its rolls a total of 88 officers and 1,621 enlisted men. Its losses
during service were 4 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or died of
wounds; i officer and 92 enlisted men died by accident or disease; i offi-
cer and 24 enlisted men as prisoners. The 2nd battalion under Maj.
Keith, left the state on March 20, and arrived at Hilton Head, S. C,
April I. The 3d under Maj. Cabot, with 150 recruits for the ist battalion,
left the state April 23. The 2nd battalion, with headquarters at Hilton
Head, took part in an expedition up the Ashepoo river in May. On June
6, two companies under Capt. Morton moved to Jacksonville, Fla., and
encamped there. In the early part of Aug., the detachment formed part
of an expedition up the St. John's river to Palatka, engaging the enemy
at Palatka, Magnolia and Gainesville, with a loss during the expedition
of 6 killed and 50 captured, including 3 officers. On Oct. 17, Maj.
Keith having resigned, Capt. Webster was promoted to the position. A
detachment, under Capt. Staples, took part in an expedition to St. John's
island, S. C, in July, suffering a small loss in the various skirmishes from
the 2nd to the 9th. The battalion remained stationed at Hilton Head
and Jacksonville by detachments until the close of the war, but no part
of it was again heavily engaged after the battle of Gainesville. On reach-

Massachusetts Regiments 215

ing Hilton Head, the 3d battalion was ordered to Fortress Monroe, and
reported to Gen. Butler, encamping at Newport News until May 23. It
then moved to City Point, Va., and there established headquarters. The
1st battalion, under command of Capt. Richmond, arrived from the south
on May 8, and participated in the movements of the Army of the James
during the rest of May. In June the command took part in the cavalry
operations against Petersburg, being in action at Drewry's bluff and Ber-
muda Hundred. Cos. E and H were on detached duty in June at the
headquarters of the i8th corps. On Aug. 15 the ist and 3d battalions,
under command of Col. Rand, became a part of the loth corps and took
part in the operations before Petersburg. They were so engaged until
the opening of the spring campaign in 1865. Meanwhile four companies
had been detached for service with the 24th and 25th corps, remaining
on this detail until their muster out. Cos. E and H with the 25th corps
were the first troops to enter Richmond when it was evacuated on the
morning of April 3. Cos. I, L and M under Col. Washburn were at the
headquarters of the Army of the James, commanded by Gen. Ord. On
April 6, 1865, this little force of 13 officers and 67 men were almost an-
nihilated in the effort to hold High bridge over the Appomattox, where
in three desperate charges against overwhelming odds, 8 of the officers
were killed or wounded, among the mortally wounded being the gallant
Col. Washburn. After the surrender of Gen. Lee, all the detachments
of the regiment were united at Richmond and remained there on duty
during the summer and autumn. On Nov. 14, 1865, the regiment was
mustered out and the same month returned to Boston, the men being
paid and finally discharged at Galloupe's island on the 26th.

Fifth Cavalry. — Cols., Henry S. Russell, Charles F. Adams, Samuel
E. Chamberlain; Lieut.-Cols., Charles F. Adams, Horace N. Weld; Majs.,
Horace N. Weld, Zabdiel B. Adams, Henry F. Bowditch, Albert R.
Howe, Charles C. Parsons, Cyrus C. Emery. This was the only regi-
ment of colored cavalry organized in Massachusetts. It was recruited
during the autumn and winter of 1863-64, and was mustered into the U.

5. service by companies at dates ranging from Jan. to May, 1864. The
total enrolment of the regiment was 61 officers and 1,325 men. Its losses
during service were 5 killed, 121 died by accident or disease, and 2 died
as prisoners. The ist battalion, comprising Cos. A, B, C and D, having
been mustered in Jan., 1864, left the state for Washington on May 5,
under command of Maj. Horace N. Weld, and on the 13th, serving as
infantry, reported at Camp Casey, where a provisional brigade of colored
troops was being formed for purposes of instruction and discipline. The
2nd battalion, comprising Cos. E, F, G and H, was mustered during Feb-
ruary and March, and under Maj. Z. B. Adams left for Washington May

6. The 3d battalion, composed of Cos. I, K, L and M, left the state May
8, under command of Maj. Bowditch, and all three were united at Camp
Casey by the middle of May. The regiment was immediately ordered
to report to Gen. Butler at Fortress Monroe, where it was equipped as
infantry and was assigned to the 3d division, i8th corps at West Point,
Va., on the i6th. Here several weeks were spent in drill, gn^iard and
picket duty, with occasional expeditions, and the regiment took part in
its first serious engagement at Baylor's farm on the Petersburg road,
June 15, meeting with a loss of 3 killed and 19 wounded. Among the
wounded were Col. Russell and Maj. Adams, and Maj. Bowditch now
assumed command of the regiment. It served before Petersburg as part
of Wild's brigade, Hinks' division, i8th corps, until June 29, when it was
assigned to the loth corps and served at Point Lookout, Md., as garrison
for a camp of Confederate prisoners. It remained on this station until

216 The Union Army

the opening of the final campaign in Feb., 1865. Col. Russell resigned
on Feb. 14, 1865, and Lieut.-Col. Adams was promoted to the vacancy.
The regiment now had a full complement of officers for the first time and
took part in the final siege of Petersburg. After the fall of that strong-
hold it encamped near City Point until June, when it was ordered to
Clarksville, Tex., where it remained until it was mustered out, Oct. 31,
1865. Col. Adams, having resigned on Aug. i, on account of sickness,
Lieut.-Col. Chamberlain, late of the ist Mass. cavalry, was commissioned
to fill the vacancy and at once joined his new command. He did much
to improve the sanitary condition of the regiment, as the command had
suffered severely in health in the South. After its muster out, the regi-
ment returned to Massachusetts, and was finally paid and discharged from
the service in the latter part of November.

First Battalion Frontier Cavalry. — This organization was composed
of five companies which were recruited in Dec, 1864, and were mustered
into service for one year on Dec. 30, 1864, and Jan. 2, 1865. The organiza-
tion was designed to guard against raids across the Canadian frontier by
the hostile elements in Canada. The battalion, under command of Maj.
Burr Porter, left the state soon after its muster, and joined the 26th N. Y.
cavalry, with which it served on the New York frontier until the end of
the war, being mustered out on June 30, 1865. The total strength of the
battalion was 20 officers and 502 enlisted men. Two of its members died
of disease.

First Regiment, Heavy Artillery. — Cols., William B. Greene, Thomas
R. Tannatt; Lieut.-Cols., Samuel C. Oliver, Levi P. Wright, Nathaniel
Shatswell, Horace Holt; Majs., Levi P. Wright, Andrew Washburn,
Frank A. Rolfe, Seth S. Buxton, Nathaniel Shatswell, Alonzo G. Draper,
Horace Holt, Edward A. Chandler, Frank Davis, Benjamin C. Atkinson,
Charles H. Hayes. The ist Mass. heavy artillery was originally organ-
ized as the 14th Mass. infantry, (q. v.) and on Jan. i, 1862, was trans-
formed into an artillery regiment. Fifty recruits were added to each com-
pany, two additional companies were formed, and as reorganized the total
strength of the regiment was 135 officers, 2,495 enlisted men. The record
of its losses during service was 9 officers and 202 enlisted men killed and
died of wounds; 4 missing; 2 officers and 113 men died by accident or
disease, and 156 died as prisoners. After the reorganization the regiment
continued to serve in the defenses of Washington during the spring and
early summer, but was ordered to the front during Gen. Pope's Virginia
campaign. It was present but not in action at the second battle of Manas-
sas, after which it returned to Washington and continued to serve in the
various forts about the city. On Sept. 27, a battalion of two companies
was detached and served at Maryland heights until in Dec, 1863. Co. I
of this battalion met with loss at Winchester, June 14, 1863, when Capt.
Martin and 44 men were made prisoners. A few weeks later Co. H was
engaged in a sharp skirmish with the enemy across the river at Harper's
Ferry. On Nov. 30. 1863, the battalion was relieved and reported to the
regiment in front of Washington. When the Wilderness campaign opened
in 1864, the regiment acting as infantry, joined the Army of the Potomac
near Spottsylvania Court House, and was assigned to the 2nd brigade,
Tyler's division — composed for the most part of heavy artillery regiments
— 2nd corps. The regiment had its first severe engagement on the Fred-
ericksburg road, near Spottsylvania, suffering a loss of 55 killed, 312
wounded and 27 missing, but displaying good fighting qualities in its first
hard battle. It was soon after assigned to the 2nd brigade, 3d division,
2nd corps, and took part in the engagements at the North Anna river and
Cold Harbor. Crossing the James River on June 14, it shared in the as-

Massachusetts Regiments 217

saults on the works in front of Petersburg on the i6th and i8th, after-
ward moving to the Jerusalem plank road. It took part in the battle of
Weldon railroad, losing 9 killed, 48 wounded, 185 captured. Among the
killed was Capt. Jos. W. Kimball. During July, the original members of
the regiment who had not reenlisted were mustered out of service and
returned to Massachusetts. The others, maintaining the regimental or-
ganization, were actively engaged during the remainder of the siege of
Petersburg. After the fall of that stronghold it shared in the pursuit of
the Confederates and on the surrender of Gen. Lee it returned once more
to Washington, where it served as a garrison for the forts in the vicinity
until its muster out in August. It returned to Boston, Aug. 20, 1865, and
was finally paid and discharged there on the 25th.

Second Regiment, Heavy Artillery. — Col., Jones Frankle; Lieut.-Col.,
Augustus B. R. Sprague; Majs., Samuel C. Oliver, William A. Amory,
Henry T. Lawson, Nehemiah P. Fuller. The 2nd heavy artillery was or-
ganized in the summer of 1863 for service in the department of Virginia
and North Carolina. The total strength of the regiment was 102 officers,
and 2,830 enlisted men. Its losses during service were 9 killed or died
of wounds; 11 missing; 166 died by accident or disease; 172 as prisoners.
The various companies were mustered in at different dates, viz. : A on
July 28, 1863; B, July 29; C, Aug. 4; D, Aug. 22; E, Oct. S; F, Oct. 8;
and G, H, I, K, L and M from Dec. 7 to 24. Massachusetts regiments
in the field furnished all the original officers. Cos. A, B, C and D, form-
ing the 1st battalion, left the state Sept. 5 for New Berne, N. C, gar-
risoned the forts in that vicinity, until joined in November by Cos. E and
F. The remaining six companies left the state on Jan. 8, 1864, and were
stationed at first with the headquarters at Norfolk, Va., Cos. G and H,
being soon afterwards detached for service at Plymouth, N. C. When
the Confederates captured Plymouth April 20, 1864, these two companies
under captains Sampson and Fiske, suffered a most disastrous loss. Dur-
ing the three days' engagement 9 were killed or mortally wounded and
about 275 were captured. Only 35 of these survived the terrible hard-
ships of prison life, and were exchanged at the conclusion of the war.
In May, 1864, the headquarters of the regiment were transferred to New
Berne, N. C. During the months of August and September more than
375 recruits were added, the surplus men being transferred to the 17th
Mass. infantry. An epidemic of yellow fever carried off many of the
men in the autumn. No cases occurred in camp, but the men on detail
in the city were severely affected. When the year 1865 opened, two com-
panies were stationed in Virginia, four in Plymouth, N. C., and the other
six at New Berne. In March, 1865, five companies, under Lieut.-Col.
Sprague, were engaged in the vicinity of Kinston, N. C., and afterwards
served for a time as provost guard at Kinston. The regiment was united
for a time at New Berne in June and July, and then served in detach-
ments at Wilmington, N. C, Smithville and Fort Fisher until it returned
to Massachusetts and was finally paid and discharged at Galloupe's island,
Sept. 23, 1865.

Third Regiment, Heavy Artillery. — Col., William S. Abert ; Lieut.-
Col., John A. P. Allen; Majs., George S. Worcester, Lyman B. Whiton,
James M. Richardson. This regiment was organized in the autumn of
1864 and was composed of twelve companies previously known as the 3d
and 6th to i6th unattached companies of heavy artillery. Eight of these
companies had been mustered into service in 1863 ; the 3d on Jan. 10, the
6th on May 19, and the others at various dates from Aug. to Nov., 1864.
They had been used to garrison the forts on the Massachusetts coast.
In the spring of 1864, they were ordered to Washington for service in

218 The Union Army

the defenses of the capital. At the request of Gov. Andrew, they were
finally given a regimental organization, and four additional companies
were raised during the summer to complete the regiment. The 13th com-
pany was mustered in Jan., 1864, the 14th and 15th in May, and the i6th
in August. The regiment continued to garrison the various forts about
Washington (with the exception of Co. I, which was on detached duty),
throughout its term of service. Co. I never actually joined the regiment.
It was mainly composed of men from Springfield; was mustered into
service Feb. 10, 1864; sailed for Fortress Monroe, March 7; and was as-
signed to engineer duty under Capt. F. U. Farquhar, chief engineer, De-
partment of Virginia. He placed it in charge of the pontoon trains of
the Army of the James, and it was engaged throughout its term of service
in the manifold duties of this branch of the service, building bridges,
roads and wharves, having charge of the pontoon bridge across the James
river during the siege of Petersburg and of the bridges at Farmville. It
also built and maintained the pontoon bridge across the Appomattox
uniting the Armies of the James and the Potomac. It was mustered out
on Sept. 26, 1865. Part of the main regiment was mustered out on June
17, 1865, and the remainder, Sept. 18, 1865. Its total strength was 94 offi-
cers, 1,844 enlisted men. Its only losses were 2 officers and 39 enlisted
men, who died by accident or disease.

Fourth Regiment, Heavy Artillery. — Col., William S. King; Lieut.-
Col., Samuel C. Hart; Majs., Francis E. Boyd, William N. Meserve,
Joseph W. Gelray. The number on the regimental rolls of the 4th was
72 officers, 1,769 enlisted men. One officer and 20 enlisted men died by
accident or disease during its service. The regiment was recruited for
one year's service, and was composed of the 17th to 28th unattached com-
panies of heavy artillery, which were mustered into service in Aug., 1864.
They were consolidated into a regiment by Special Order of the war de-
partment, dated Nov. 12, 1864. The several companies left the state in
three detachments about the middle of Sept., 1864, and were stationed on
garrison duty in the defenses of Washington during their entire term of
service. The regiment was mustered out of service June 17, 1865.

First Battalion, Heavy Artillery. — Majs., Stephen Cabot, John W.
M. Appleton. The total strength of the battalion was 39 officers, 1,285
enlisted men, and its only loss during service was 15 men, who died by
accident or disease. The organization was originally composed of the
1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th unattached companies of heavy artillery, but two
companies of one year men were added in the summer of 1864. Co. A
(ist unattached) was formed early in 1862 and was designed for service
in the forts of Boston harbor. It was the first of the many companies
raised for this purpose, nearly all of which were subsequently organized
into regiments of heavy artillery and sent to the front. Co. B (2nd un-
attached), was organized in the autumn of 1862, and with the preceding
company served as heavy artillery organizations at Fort Warren, Boston
harbor, until the spring of 1863. Co. C (4th unattached), was mustered
into service April 22, 1863; Co. D (sth unattached), was mustered in on
June 6, 1863. These four companies were at this time united to form the
1st battalion, which was enlarged by the addition of Cos. E and F in
Aug., 1864, and which were mustered in for one year's service. The bat-
talion performed garrison duty at the forts in Boston harbor during its
entire term of service, though it furnished many detachments for service
in the other forts along the Massachusetts coast. Cos. B, E and F were
mustered out in June, 1865, and the remaining three in September and
October of the same year.

Twenty-ninth Unattached Company, Heavy Artillery. — Capt., George

Massachusetts Regiments 219

W. Kenney. This organization numbered 5 officers and 152 enlisted men
and was mustered into service in the latter part of Aug., 1864. It left
the state for Washington on Oct. 29, and served on garrison duty in the
forts of that city until it vi^as mustered out, June 16, 1865. Two men died
of disease and constituted its sole loss.

Thirtieth Unattached Company, Heavy Artillery.— Capt., Samuel
R. Bingham. This organization numbered 4 officers and 146 enlisted men
and had no losses during service. It was mustered into the U. S. service
in the early part of Sept., 1864, and left on the 26th for Washington,
where it was employed throughout its term of service, and was mustered
out at the same time as the 29th company.

First Battery, Light Artillery.— Maj., Asa M. Cook; Capts., Josiah
Porter, William H. McCartney. Its total enrolment in the three months'
service was 9 officers, 107 men ; in the three years' service, 8 officers, 261
men. Its losses during service were 7 killed or died of wounds ; 12 died
by accident or disease; i died in Confederate prison. At the outbreak
of the war the ist battery was a militia organization called the Boston
Light Artillery, or Cook's battery. It was the only artillery command
sent from Mass. under the first call for troops and left the state April
21, 1861, in company with the 5th infantry. It arrived at Annapolis on
the 24th and moved to Relay house May 4, remaining here during most
of its term. It was mustered into the U. S. service May 18, and was
mustered out Aug. 2, 1861, reaching Boston the following day. It was
almost immediately reorganized for the three years' service, with a new
list of officers in conformity to the U. S. requirements. It left the state
Oct. 3, 1861, for Washington, remained for a few weeks at Camp Dun-
can, then joined Franklin's division and crossed into Virginia, and was
stationed for the winter near Fairfax seminary. In the spring of 1862
its division formed a part of the ist corps under Gen. McDowell, was
present at the siege of Yorktown and later went into position at West
Point for its first action. It took part in all the movements of Frank-
lin's division until the organization of the 6th corps, when it entered
upon the Peninsular campaign as a part of the ist division of this corps,
and its subsequent history is identified with this command. During this
campaign it took part in the battles of Mechanicsville and Gaines' mill,
and was active at Glendale and Malvern hill. After the battle of Malvern
hill, the battery remained in camp at Harrison's landing until the Army
of the Potomac was called north to assist Gen. Pope. It was in action at
Crampton's pass and Burkittsville, Md. ; shared in the march to Fred-
ericksburg in November, and was heavily engaged in the battle there the
following month. During the winter of 1862, it was encamped at White
Oak Church, Va., and the ensuing year it was engaged in the Chancel-
lorsville, Gettysburg and Mine Run campaigns. It was then in winter
quarters — 1863-64 — at Brandy Station, where many of its members re-
enlisted for an additional term of three years. It was not engaged at
the battle of the Wilderness, but was active at the Po river, and at the
battles of Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. It moved to
Petersburg on June 17, 1864, and served in that vicinity until its corps
was called to Washington July 9. It then shared in the various move-
ments of its corps until the following September, taking an active part
in the battles of Winchester and Fisher's hill. After the latter the vet-
erans not reenlisted left the battery and the remaining men participated
in the battle of Cedar creek, then, after a short term of service with the
5th U. S. artillery, they were transferred to the 9th Mass. battery, with
which they completed their term of service. It was mustered out Oct.
19, 1864.

220 The Union Army

Second Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Ormand F. Nims, William
Marland. The total strength of the battery was 12 officers, 351 men. Its
losses during service were 2 killed, and 23 died of disease. This organi-
zation was recruited in Boston during April and May, 1861, by Maj. Cobb
and was the first battery sent forward for three years. It was mustered
into the U. S. service, July 31, 1861, left the state on Aug. 8, arrived at
Baltimore on the 12th, and remained in garrison there until Feb. 25, 1862,
save for 41 days while on an expedition under Gen. Lockwood through
the eastern counties of Maryland and Virginia. It was then ordered to
join Gen. Butler's expedition against New Orleans, moved to Fortress
Monroe Feb. 26, and left for New Orleans on April 19, 1862. On its ar-
rival in Louisiana, it was assigned to Gen. Williams's brigade and en-
camped at Baton Rouge, until it engaged in the Vicksburg expedition
of June and July. Returning to Baton Rouge July 26, it could, on Aug.
4, muster only 21 men fit for duty, out of 140 members, the others all
being sick. Securing a detail of 30 men from the 9th Conn. infanti->-,
they were hastily drilled and the battery won much praise for its efficient
service the next day in the battle at Baton Rouge. It then moved to New
Orleans and encamped there until Dec. 27. When Gen. Banks succeeded
to the command of the Department of the South in December, Nims'
battery was assigned to the 4th division, 19th corps, returned to Baton
Rouge and remained in winter quarters there until March, 1863. On
March 13 it joined the expedition to the rear of Port Hudson. On its
return it shared in the Bayou Teche expedition — April-May, 1863 — and
on May 25, was once more in position before Port Hudson. It rendered
important service during the siege and after the surrender of the fortress,
returned to Baton Rouge, July 11. It then moved to Donaldsonville,
La., for two weeks ; to Carrollton for a week, arrived in New Orleans
Aug. 6, remaining there until Sept. 17. It shared in an expedition into
the interior of Louisiana in September, being engaged at Vermilion and
Carrion Crow bayous. The battery remained encamped at Carrion Crow
bayou, New Iberia, and Franklin until March, 1864, when it participated
in the Red River campaign. It met with a serious disaster in the battle
of Sabine cross-roads, when, after an heroic resistance, all its guns were
captured, 2 men killed and 18 wounded, 5 of the wounded being captured,
together with 7 unwounded men. In addition to the loss of the guns and
caissons, 82 horses were either killed or wounded. When the routed
Union forces reached Grand Ecore on the loth, the battery was ordered
to New Orleans, as it was without equipment. At Carrollton it was sup-
plied with light guns, but the ginis were transferred to the 6th Mass.
battery, and early in July the 2nd was equipped with four 3-inch rifled
guns and quartered at the Apollo stables. On Sept. 2 it moved to Mor-
ganza, and encamped there for the winter. The original members of the
battery, with the exception of 23 who had reenlisted, were mustered out
on Aug. 16, 1864. The organization, however, was continued, being made
up of the reenlisted men and recruits received from time to time. Capt.
Nims resigned on Jan. 7, 1865, and Lieut. Marland was promoted to the
vacancy. It was sent by ship to Florida, in March, 1865, then marched
westward through the swamps to share in the operations about Mobile.
After the surrender of Fort Blakely it moved with a column of infantry
toward Claiborne, Ala. Its last serious engagement was at Daniels' plan-
tation, April II. During the ensuing seven weeks it was engaged almost
constantly in exhaustive marches and suflfered great losses in animals
and equipment. On June 4 it reached Vicksburg, having traveled over
1,600 miles since landing in Fla., and remained here until July 22, it left
for Massachusetts. It was mustered out at Boston, Aug. 11, 1865.

Massachusetts Regiments 221

Third Battery, Light Artillery.— Capts., Dexter H. Follett, Augustus
P. Martin. This battery carried on its rolls ii officers and 250 enlisted
men. Its loss during service was i officer, 11 men killed or died of
wounds, and 11 men by accident or disease. The battery was recruited
in the summer of 1861, by Dexter H. Follett, from among the friends of
Senator Henry Wilson, colonel of the 22nd infantry. It was mustered into
the U. S. service Oct. 5, 1861, and left for Washington on the 8th, in
company with the 22nd infantry. It passed the winter of 1861-62 in and
around Washington and took part in the advance of the Army of the
Potomac into Virginia in the spring of 1862. One-half of the battery was
engaged on April 5 in front of Yorktown, and again at Hanover Court
House, May 27. It was in reserve at the battle of Mechanicsville, took
part at Gaines' mill, losing i gun and 3 caissons, and its next engagement
was at Malvern hill, July i, where it suflfered no loss. During the re-
mainder of the year it was in no serious engagement and was not again
in action as a whole until the battle of Gettysburg. It accompanied the
5th corps in all its movements ; a section under Lieut. Cargill shared in
a reconnoissance to Leesburg, Va., reached Fredericksburg the day after
the battle; took part in the "Mud March" in Jan., 1863, and was in posi-
tion, but not actively engaged at Chancellorsville. After Gettysburg it
shared the marches of the 5th corps during the summer and autumn but
was not in action. It went into winter quarters at Bealeton Station, Va.,
remaining there from Dec, 1863, to May i, 1864, when it joined the 5th
corps at Culpeper. and fought with it in the battle of the Wilderness,
being one of the few batteries there engaged. On May 8 it went into
position at Laurel hill, where it remained for 5 days, frequently in action.
Its loss here was 9 wounded, including Capt. Martin. An order reduced
all the batteries to 4 gims at this time and 2 of its gvms were turned in
to the ordnance department. It was engaged at the North Anna river,
and Shady Grove Church, Va., from May 30 to June 3, having 2 men
and 13 horses killed and i man wounded. It sustained no loss at Cold
Harbor, and moved to Petersburg on June 18, being almost continuously
in action until Aug. 13, 1864, but suffering a loss of only 2 men killed.
It accompanied the 2nd division, 5th corps, in the expedition against the
Weldon railroad, and on Aug. 23, 1864, relieved the nth battery near
Globe tavern, remaining there until the expiration of its term of service.
At the end of that month the reenlisted men and recruits were trans-
ferred to the 5th Mass. battery, and the remainder of the command, 3
officers and 86 men reached Boston, Sept. 9. After a furlough of a week
they were mustered out on the i6th.

Fourth Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Charles H. Manning, George
G. Trull. The total enrolment of this battery was 11 officers, 291 men.
Its loss during service was i officer and i man killed and 46 by accident
or disease. It was composed chiefly of men from Essex and Middlesex
counties, Capt. Manning's artillery section of Salem forming the nucleus ;
it was mustered in, Nov. 18, 1861, and on the 20th embarked for Ship
island. Miss., the rendezvous of Gen. Butler's New Orleans expedition.
It was among the troops present at the surrender of Forts Jackson and
St. Philip ; debarked at New Orleans on May 2, and three days later pro-
ceeded to Carrollton, where it remained until June 16, 1862. On that
date one section under Lieut. Taylor reported to Lieut.-Col. Kimball of
the I2th Me., crossed Lake Pontchartrain and went into action at Pass
Manchac, La. The battery as a whole was not engaged until the battle
of Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 1862, where it lost i killed and 5 wounded in
addition to many of the horses. It remained at Baton Rouge until the
2 1 St, when it moved to Carrollton and occupied Camp Williams. On Oct.

222 The Union Army

5 one section reported at Algiers, and on the 28th, the rest of the com-
mand moved to Fort Pike, where the heahh of the men materially im-
proved. Oct. 20, Capt. Manning resigned, and was succeeded by Lieut.
Trull of Nims' battery. The sections remaining at Fort Pike engaged
in several expeditions by water, being engaged without loss at Bonfouca,
Nov. 26, 1862, and again on Dec. 23. While the main portion of the bat-
tery was thus engaged, the other section under Lieut Briggs accompanied
Gen. Weitzel's brigade through the La Fourche district and was sharply
engaged at Labadieville. In March, 1863, the battery, which had been re-
united during the winter at New Orleans, was attached to the 3d division,
19th corps. Gen. Emory commanding, and took part in the movement to
the rear of Port Hudson. Later it took part in the siege of that place
and after the surrender was attached to the 3d brigade, 3d division,
which returned to Baton Rouge. On Sept. 19 it was ordered to Brashear
City, and reached there on the 23d. With the 3d division, 19th corps,
it engaged in the Bayou Teche expedition, being engaged at Vermilion
bayou, Oct. 9, and again on Nov. 11. At the beginning of 1864, nearly
all the members of the battery reenlisted and were on furlough of 30
days from Feb. 11, 1864. On the return of the men to New Orleans the
battery was quartered at the tobacco warehouse, where it was equipped
as infantry and drilled until the end of June. It was then moved to the
Apollo stables, provided with a light artillery equipment, and on Sept. 5
was transferred to Morganza, where it took part in an expedition to
Bayou Fordoche on the i6th, a section, under Lieut. Manning, being en-
gaged in a skirmish all the following day as far as the Atchafalaya river.
On Nov. 28 it was transferred to Memphis, Tenn., then encamped at
Kennerville, La., and near Fort Gaines, Ala., until March 17, when it
participated in the operations against Mobile attached to the 1st division,
13th corps. Mobile was occupied by the Union forces on April 12, and
after a march to Bellrose, the battery was transported to the captured
city on the 15th, remaining there until July i, when it was ordered to
Galveston, Tex., and remained in that vicinity until its return to Boston,
where it was mustered out, Nov. 10, 1865.

Fifth Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Max Eppendorff, George D.
Allen, Charles A. Phillips. The total strength of the battalion was 14
officers and 324 enlisted men. Its casualties during service were i officer,
and IS men killed or died of wounds and 11 men died by accident or dis-
ease. It was mustered into the U. S. service at various times during the
months of Sept., Oct. and Nov., 1861, the muster being completed on Dec.
10. It left Readville Dec. 25 for Washington, and remained there until
Feb. 13, 1862, when it moved to Hall's hill, Va., where it encamped until
the middle of March, attached to Gen. Fitz John Porter's division. It
participated in the Peninsular campaign, was engaged April 4 at How-
ard's mill and remained near there until the evacuation of Yorktown.
The battles of Gaines' mill and Malvern hill followed, after which, owing
to its heavy losses, the men were temporarily assigned to the 4th R. I.,
and the 3d Mass. batteries. In October the 5th battery, reorganized, was
attached to the ist division, 5th corps, at Sharpsburg, Md. It partici-
pated in the battle of Fredericksburg and the "Mud March" of Jan., 1863,
and went into winter quarters near Stoneman's switch, where it remained
until the opening of the Chancellorsville campaign, in which it was active,
as it was also at Gettysburg. It shared in the strategic movements of
the Army of the Potomac during the summer; was in action at Rappa-
hannock Station ; moved with the army in the Mine Run campaign, and
spent the winter of 1863-64 at Rappahannock Station. It was active at
the battle of the Wilderness, but was not again engaged until May 12,

Massachusetts Regiments 223

at Spottsylvania. At Bethesda Church, it was attached to Griffin's divi-
sion and took part in the battle. At Petersburg, it was engaged on June
i8; was present at the battle of the Crater, and with the sth corps was
engaged at the Weldon railroad, Aug. 21. It continued in service as a
veteran organization going into winter quarters near the Jerusalem plank
road. It participated in the assault on Petersburg, April 1-2, 1865, after
which it moved to City Point and became a part of the 2nd brigade, artil-
lery reserve. On June 12, 1865, the battery was mustered out at Read-
ville.

Sixth Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Charles Everett, William W.
Carruth, John F. Phelps, Edward K. Russell. The total number of mem-
bers was 12 officers and 350 men, of whom 6 men were killed or died of
wounds, and i officer and 47 men met death by accident or disease. The
6th battery recruited at Lowell, was mustered into the U. S. service dur-
ing Dec, 1861, and Jan., 1862, for three years. It embarked at Boston
harbor Feb. 8 for Ship island, Miss., where it went into camp on March
8. It took part in the expedition against New Orleans; was divided for
duty near the city; reunited at Baton Rouge; and engaged in the Vicks-
burg expedition, leaving a detail to garrison Baton Rouge. The men
suffered a great deal from malarial diseases, yet they defended the city
of Baton Rouge heroically against the attack of Aug. 5, when the bat-
tery's losses were so heavy that volunteers from the infantry were re-
quired to man the g^ns. After this battle the battery moved to Carroll-
ton. It joined in the expeditions to Donaldsonville and Bayou La Fourche
under Gen. Weitzel and its winter quarters during 1862-63 were at Thibo-
deaux. On April 12, 1863, it was attached to the ist division, loth corps,
with which it was active at Fort Bisland, and in May it moved to Port
Hudson, where it participated in the operations of the siege. After the
surrender it was ordered to Donaldsonville; was engaged at Bayou La
Fourche, and moved to Thibodeaux, where it encamped until Sept. 25.
In October it was sent to Berwick bay, and in November, to New Iberia,
where it spent the winter. On Jan. 5, 1864, 56 members reenlisted, but
were not allowed their veteran furlough until April. On their return
they arrived at New Orleans on June 8, and remained there the rest of
the year. By order of the war department, Jan. 20, 1865, the original
members were sent to Boston and mustered out, but with the addition
of 46 transferred men and 75 recruits the organization was maintained,
and remained in New Orleans. Against the desire of Gen. Canby, the
war department ordered that all the volunteer Hght artillery in the de-
partment of the Gulf should be mustered out, and the 6th was discharged
at Readville, Aug. 10, 1865.

Seventh Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Phineas Alonzo Davis,
Newman W. Storer. The battery numbered 13 officers, and 349 men, of
whom 5 men were killed or died of wounds, and i officer and 30 men
died by accident or disease. It was recruited at Lowell as an infantry
company, called the Richardson Light Infantry, and was mustered into
the U. S. service for three years at Boston May 21, 1861. It embarked
for Fortress Monroe May 22, and performed provost duty there until
Dec. 25, when it engaged in artillery drill and was reorganized as the
7th Mass. battery on March 17, 1862. As infantry it joined in the expe-
dition to Norfolk May 10, returned to Fortress Monroe, and when com-
pletely equipped as a battery, left for Newport News on June 19. The
months of August and September were spent in camp at Yorktown, after
which it was at Suffolk, until Jan., 1863. During an expedition to the
Blackwater river the battery took part in a sharp engagement at Deserted
house, Jan. 30. It was engaged at Franklin; in active duty during the

224 The Union Army

siege of Suffolk; took part in the engagements at Providence Church
road, and the expedition to Carrsville ; was ordered to Washington in
July, and on Aug. 21, to New York city to prevent further draft riots.
In September it returned to Washington and remained at Camp Barry
until the end of the year. Late in Jan., 1864 it embarked for New Or-
leans, where it was assigned to the 2nd division, 19th corps, under Gen.
Grover, and started for Brashear City, but returned to New Orleans.
During April the battery was posted at Alexandria, with the exception
of one section which was located at Pineville. On May 4 it went on an
expedition to Wilson's plantation; with its division it took part in the
engagement at Mansura; then proceeded to Morganza bend and went
into camp, and no important action occurred during the remainder of
the year. In Jan., 1865, the battery embarked for Kennerville, La., and
on Feb. 9, for Dauphin island, Ala., to take part in the operations against
Mobile. On March 18 it was assigned to the ist division, 13th corps;
was engaged daily at Spanish Fort from March 27 to April 8; shared
in the assault on Fort Blakely the following day, and entered Mobile on
the 15th. After several expeditions in Alabapia, it embarked on June 30
for Galveston; moved to Houston, but returned to Galveston and soon
afterward to New Orleans. It sailed for Massachusetts on Oct. 14, and
was mustered out at Galloupe's island, Nov. 10, 1865.

Eighth Battery, Light Artillery.— Capt., Asa M. Cook. The 8th bat-
tery (militia) numbered 6 officers and 148 men, of whom 6 met death
from accident or disease, and i in action. It was recruited at Boston
and was mustered in from May 26 to June 25, 1862, for six months. It
left Boston on June 25 for Washington, where it was assigned to Cook's
brigade, Sturgis's reserve corps, and went into camp near Fairfax sem-
inary, until Aug. II, when it was attached to the ist division, 9th corps,
which it joined at Falmouth. It was with the Army of Virginia, under
Gen. Pope ; guarded Barnett's ford ; a detachment was engaged at Sul-
phur Springs; it participated in the battles of the second Bull Run and
Chantilly; was active at South mountain and Antietam, and was highly
praised for its valor by Gen. Willcox. It was then ordered to Wash-
ington, where it again joined the Army of the Potomac and remained
in service until Nov. 29, when it was mustered out at Washington.

Ninth Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Achille De Vecchi, John
Bigelow, Richard S. Milton. The 9th battery numbered 11 officers and
320 men, of whom 2 officers and 12 men were killed or died of wounds,
and 7 men died by accident or disease. It entered the U. S. service for
a three years' term, its muster being completed Aug. 10, 1862. Its mem-
bers were mainly from Boston and vicinity. On Sept. 3 it left for Wash-
ington and remained at or near that city until April 17, 1863, when it
moved to Centerville, Va. At the opening of the Gettysburg campaign,
with the 1st volunteer brigade, artillery reserve of the Army of the Po-
tomac, it arrived at Taneytown, Md., on June 30. In the battle of Get-
tysburg its loss was very severe on July 2, while protecting the rear of
the artillery on the left of the Union lines. It followed the fortunes of
the Army of the Potomac during the ensuing summer and autumn, in-
cluding the Mine Run campaign, and went into winter quarters at Brandy
Station. It was in reserve at the battle of the Wilderness ; was present
at Spottsylvania and the North Anna river, and took part in the actions
at Totopotomy creek and on the Mechanicsville road. It shared in the
operations before Petersburg ; participated in several engagements ; pur-
sued the Confederates to Nottaway Court House, and moved to Wash-
ington via Petersburg and City Point. It was mustered out at Galloupe's
island, June 6, 1865.

Massachusetts Regiments 235

Tenth Battery, Light Artillery. — Capts., Jacob Henry Sleeper, J.
Webb Adams. The loth battery numbered 9 officers and 257 men, of
whom 2 officers and 8 men were killed or died of wounds, 11 men died
from accident or disease, and 3 in prison. It was recruited at Boston and
was mustered into the U. S. service for three years, Sept. 9, 1862, at
Boxford. It left Boston Oct. 14 for Washington, and remained near the
city until the end of the year. On Dec. 27, it moved to Poolesville, Md.,
and was stationed there until June 24, 1863, when it joined the force
under Gen. French at Harper's Ferry. This force was attached to the
3d corps, Army of the Potomac, in July and was engaged at Auburn,
Kelly's ford, and in the Mine Run campaign. The winter camp was at
Brandy Station and in the spring of 1864 the battery was assigned to the
2nd corps. It took part in the engagements at the Po river, Cold Har-
bor, the siege of Petersburg and Deep Bottom. At Reams' station its
losses were severe and 4 of its guns were captured after a desperate de-
fense. On Oct. 2."], at Hatcher's run, Lieuts. Granger and Smith were
fatally wounded, and at the same place, in Feb., 1865, it was twice in
action and was highly complimented for its heroic resistance. After the
surrender of Lee's army it moved to Washington and remained there
for a fortnight, when it was ordered home. It was mustered out at Gal-
loupe's island, June 9, 1865.

Eleventh Battery, Light Artillery. — Capt., Edward Jenkins Jones.
The nth numbered 5 officers and 147 men, of whom 2 men were mor-
tally wounded, 11 died from accident or disease and i died in prison.
The battery was composed mainly of Boston men, was the only nine
months' battery from the state, and was mustered into the U. S. service
at Readville, Aug. 25, 1862. It left Boston on Oct. 3 for Washington and
was stationed at or near Centerville, Va., on picket duty, during its entire
term. On Jan. 2, 1864, it was remustered for the three years' service,
left for Washington Feb. 5, and remained there until April 9, when it
was assigned to the 2nd division, 9th corps, of the Army of the Potomac.
It was present at the Wilderness, engaged at the North Anna river with
the 2nd corps, and at the Weldon railroad with the 5th corps. It shared
in the operations before Petersburg, from June 17, 1864, to March 24,
1865 ; was active in repelling the attack upon Fort Stedman, and after
the fall of Petersburg, joined in the pursuit of the vanquished army to
Appomattox. Returning to Washington, it was ordered home and mus-
tered out at Readville, June 16, 1865.

Twelfth Battery, Light Artillery.— Capt., Jacob Miller. The 12th
numbered 7 officers and 261 men, and lost during service 24 men by acci-
dent and disease. It was recruited late in the year 1862 at Camp Meigs,
Readville, and was mustered in by detachments, the last on Dec. 26. It
embarked at Boston Jan. 3, 1863, for New Orleans, and arrived there
early in February. For about a month it was quartered at the Apollo
stables, then moved to Baton Rouge, La., where it served during the
month of March, and in April was mounted and equipped as cavalry for
a short time. On April 17, the battery was ordered to Brashear City,
where it was engaged in the defense of transports until May 23, when it
returned to New Orleans and remained on duty at various stations
throughout the remainder of the summer of 1863. A detachment which
had been on duty at Port Hudson during the siege joined the main body
at New Orleans in July. It was then stationed at Port Hudson from
Oct. 15 until the end of its term of service, the long period being marked
by no events of importance and the time chiefly occupied in foraging and
reconnoitering expeditions by detachments, the most important of which
occurred on May 6, 1864, when the battery, with a regiment of infantry
Vol. 1—15

^O/

ELISHA HUNT RHODES

Elisha Hunt Rhodes is the eldest son of Capt. Elisha H. and
Eliza A. Rhodes, and a lineal descendant in the ninth genera-
tion from Roger Williams. He was bom in Pawtuxet, town of
Cranston, R. I., March 21, 1842, and was educated in the village
schools of Pawtuxet, the Fountain street grammar school of
Providence, and Potter & Hammond's commercial college of
the same city. His father was a sea-captain and was lost at
sea on Lenyard's key, Abaco, Dec. 10, 1858, when the subject
of this sketch was sixteen years old. The son left school about
that time and went to work in the office of Frederick Miller,
a manufacturer of mill supplies, of Providence, where he re-
mained until the breaking out of the Civil war. On June 5, 1861,
he was mustered in as a private in Co. D, 2nd R. I. infantry,
with which he served throughout the war until July 28, 1865.
He participated in every campaign of the Army of the Potomac
from Bull Run to Appomattox, a period of 4 years and 52 days.
He was made corporal on the day of his muster and promotions
came to him as follows: sergeant-major, March i, 1862; second-
lieutenant, July 24, 1862; first lieutenant, March 2, 1863; adju-
tant, Nov. 7, 1863; captain,' May 5, 1864. On June 5, 1864,
he assumed the command of the regiment and retained it until
the close of the war. He was commissioned brevet-major,
U. S. volunteers for gallant conduct at the battle of Winchester,
Sept. 19, 1864; became lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 31, 1865, was
brevetted colonel for gallant conduct at the battle of Petersburg,
April 2, 1865; and on July 18 was commissioned colonel for
gallant conduct during the war. On his return to his native
state he became identified with its military affairs and rendered
valuable services in connection therewith. On June 25, 1879,
he was elected brigadier-general of the Rhode Island militia,
and remained in command for a period of thirteen years. On
relinquishing command of the brigade he was placed on the re-
tired list with the rank of brigadier-general, and the legislature
by joint resolutions of thanks further showed their appreciation
of his services. These resolutions by order of the legislature
were cast in bronze upon a tablet of original and artistic design,
embodying the insignia of the state and emblematic of the serv-
ices performed. Gen. Rhodes is a charter member of Pres-
cott Post No. I, Grand Army of the Republic, Department of
Rhode Island, having joined in the establishment of the post,

229

April 12, 1867. He was the first adjutant of the post, holding
such position during the year 1867, and was post commander
in 1868. He was assistant adjutant-general, Department of
Rhode Island, G. A. R., in 187 1, and commander of the depart-
ment during the years 1872-73. He was senior vice-commander-
in-chief. Grand Army of the Republic, in 1877 and the same year
held the office of vice-president of the Army of the Potomac
society. He is also a member of the Massachusetts Commandery,
Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He was the prime mover
in organizing the Soldier's and Sailor's Historical society of
Rhode Island; was the first president of the society, and con-
tinued to hold that office for seven years. He has also held the
position of president of the 2nd R. I. volunteer infantry and
Battery A, veteran association; has been actively identified
with other military and civil societies, and by such connection
has exercised a large measure of wholesome influence. He has
also been a working and honored member of several benevolent
and fraternal organizations; has been at the head of the Golden
Rule Lodge, Knights of Honor; and has also filled the position
of grand dictator of that order in the state. In the Masonic
fraternity he has received many honors at the hands of his breth-
ren, and after filling other positions he was advanced to the
highest office in the state — that of grand master — which he
filled for two terms. He is also a member of the Masonic Vet-
erans' association of Rhode Island. He served as a member of
the school board of Providence for a number of years; was
appointed collector of internal revenue for the district of Rhode
Island in July, 1875, and continued to hold that office until
June, 1885. In the last named year he was elected assessor of
taxes in the city of Providence, an office which he has since
held by repeated elections, and is now (1907) chairman of the
board of assessors. He is president of the incorporation called
"Home for the Aged Men" and is vice-president of the society
for the prevention of cruelty to children, devoting a great deal
of attention to these charitable institutions. He is a life-long
member of the Central Baptist church of Providence, a member
of the board of deacons and has served many years as superin-
tendent of the Sabbath School. Gen. Rhodes has done a great
deal of public speaking upon memorial occasions, and other
gatherings of his old comrades in arms, and has also been the
orator upon Masonic and other occasions. In the compilation
of this work, devoted to the glorious record of the Union army,
he revised and edited the manuscript pertaining to the military
affairs in Rhode Island. Gen. Rhodes was married June 12,
1866, to Caroline P. Hunt, daughter of Joshua Hunt of Provi-
dence and their union has been blessed by two children.

230

Military Affairs in Rhode Island

1861—65

At the opening of the decade i860- 1870 Rhode Island was, in
proportion to its population, the greatest manufacturing section
of the country. Under the stimulus of the tariff, steam, and the
power loom, the cotton and woolen industries, the manufacture
of tools and implements, and the fabrication of jewelry, had grown
to immense proportions. After 1820, when the slave trade was
declared piracy, that profitable business rapidly lost its attraction
for the men of Newport and Bristol and the sentiment for freedom
had become almost universal throughout the state. The great
industrial centers, like Providence, found a market for their
products in every part of the Union and were dependent on the
South for much of their raw material. It was with growing
solicitude that the industrial and conservative people of Rhode
Island saw the breach between the sections widen from month
to month — a breach which attacked the vital interests of the
state by threatening an interruption of all trade and the cutting
off of supplies of raw material. Nevertheless, the spirit of freedom
and sacrifice was present among the people as of old ; the martial
spirit of their ancestors, which had gained for the state the name
of a fighting commonwealth and had given her renown on land
and sea in previous wars, needed only the stimulus of the threat-
ened disruption of the Union to blaze forth again. Trade interests
were secondary when the integrity and perpetuity of the govern-
ment were at stake. The names of Hopkins, Lippitt, Angell,
Greene and Perry were enshrined in the hearts of all and when
the final crisis came with unexpected suddenness, the latent
patriotism of the people was at once aroused. In the war of the
Rebellion the state furnished many heroes worthy to rank with
those of old — men like Burnside, Slocum, Ballou, Tower, Prescott,
Pierce, Stevens, Rodman, Ives. Babbitt, Curtis, Sayles, Shaw,
Turner, Kelly, Hunt, Nicolai, Chedell, Tillinghast, Church, Ains-
worth, Gleason, Perry, Hamill, Duffie and many others. Like
the other Northern states Rhode Island made every effort to
appease the angry South and avert the impending rupture — an
attitude which the Southern States mistook for an unwillingness

231

233 The Union Army

to fight. In 1854 state officers of Rhode Island were forbidden
to lend aid in the rendition of fugitive slaves — a policy which the
slaveholding interests highly resented. In i860, when relations
between the sections were strained to the breaking point, Gov.
William Sprague took the initiative in proposing the repeal of
the obnoxious personal liberty bills. In his message he de-
clared the law should be rescinded "without hesitation, not from
fear or cowardice, but from a brave determination, in the face of
threats and sneers, to live up to the Constitution and all its
guarantees, the better to testify their love for the Union, and the
more firmly to exact allegiance to it from all others." The law
was accordingly repealed.

The sentiment to exhaust every honorable means of adjust-
ment of the difficulties continued strong in the North, even after
the failure of the Peace Conference called by Virginia. Rhode
Island had given Lincoln a majority of 4,537 in i860, but it
had also given the conservative Gov. Sprague a majority of 1,460,
and the legislature was strongly conservative. The South was
fully determined to secede unless its extreme demands were met,
though this was doubted by a majority of the Northern people.
It had long been arming and preparing for the great struggle
and by Feb., 1861, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana and Texas had passed ordinances of seces-
sion. The Star of the West, flying the Stars and Stripes and
conveying provisions and reinforcements to Fort Sumter, was
fired upon Jan. 9, 1861, yet despite these ominous conditions, the
North still temporized, being careful to make no move which
might be construed as coercion, still hoping that actual war could
in some way be averted, and that wiser counsels would yet
prevail. In Jan., 1861, Gov. Sprague patriotically tendered
President Buchanan the use of the Rhode Island militia for the
defense of Washington and the maintenance of the Federal laws,
but the offer was not accepted. The same offer was to be soon
repeated after Lincoln's inauguration, when it was accepted with
gratitude. Such had been the trend of affairs when, on April
12, 1861, open treason boldly reared its head and assailed the
sacred flag of the Union at Fort Sumter. The news was received
in Rhode Island with profound indignation and the whole state
was at once ablaze with loyalty. On April 15 came the first
call for 75,000 militia to serve for three months, and the next day
Gov. Sprague issued an order for the immediate organization of
the 1st regiment and a battery of light artillery, and immediately
convened the legislature in special session. From this time on
the military efforts of the state never ceased until the final res-
toration of peace in 1865. It was a remarkable sight to see a

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 233

happy, peaceful and productive people, like those of Rhode
Island, voluntarily forsake their customary avocations and with
the utmost enthusiasm gird themselves for a great war. The
patriotism of the people is attested by the fact that, with perhaps
one exception, Rhode Island sent more troops into the field in
proportion to population than any other of the loyal states ; also
by the fact that the number furnished was in excess of all calls
upon the state for troops. Scant resort was ever made to the
draft, to which the loyalty of the people was unalterably opposed,
and to escape which Gov. Smith in the later period of the war
devoted his best efforts to secure the necessary enlistments.
Such was the eagerness of the authorities and people of the state
to defend the government in its first hour of peril, that within
five days after the first call for troops, one detachment of the ist
regiment, under Col. Ambrose E. Bumside, was on its way to
protect the national capital, then in imminent danger of capture ;
the second detachment, under Lieut. -Col. Joseph S. Pitman, went
forward on the 24th. When the special session of the legislature
convened on the 17th, the senate passed a resolution of thanks
to the governor for his prompt action in support of the general
government. The house at once reported a bill to provide the
.state's quota, and another appropriating $500,000 for military
purposes. The banks of Providence immediately came forward
with offers of money ; the Bank of Commerce offering $30,000,
the State Bank $50,000, the Providence Bank $15,000. The
governor also received many generous offers from private indi-
viduals. Early in May came the call for 42,000 troops to serve
for three years or during the war, and the 2nd regiment was
promptly organized and went forward on June 19. The work
of raising more troops went on vigorously and on the departure
of the 2nd for the front the organization of the 3d regiment
began. With the ist regiment, the ist light battery had also
been organized and sent to the defense of VVashington ; and with
the 2nd regiment had gone another battery of light artillery,
afterwards known as Battery A, ist R. I. light artillery. The
first two regiments, together with the two batteries, took a con-
spicuous part in the first battle of Bull Run, where Col. Burnside
earned his brigadier-general's commission.

The intelligence of the disaster to the Union arms at Bull
Run served to stimulate further the patriotic enthusiasm of the
people. The following incident is related as taking place at Prov-
idence : Lieut. -Gov. Arnold, in the absence of Gov. Sprague,
appealed to the citizens for reinforcements for the front. Find-
ing Hugh Hamill working on the engine of a steamer in the
harbor, Arnold inquired if he could raise a company, and being

234 The Union Army

promptly answered in the affirmative promised Mr. Hamill the
endorsement of the state. Hamill was so full of the spirit of
the hour and of such true military fiber, that in an instant he
slipped off his overalls, tossed both them and his dinner pail into
the harbor, and started for the military depot. He was, of
course, successful in raising a company. Lieut.-Gov. Arnold on
July 23 issued a stirring proclamation, reciting the result of the
battle of Bull Run, appealing for renewed efforts on the part of
all loyal citizens to maintain the Federal government and to come
forward and volunteer their services for three years or during
the war, in defense of the constitution and the laws. Gov.
Sprague convened the legislature and in his message declared:
"When the action of this body was first taken, the state and the
country felt that the war would, from the necessities of the case,
be of short duration. Since that time events have transpired
which have opened the eyes of the whole country to the magni-
tude of the rebellion which they are called upon to crush. * *
* * The war will, of necessity, be a long one. We have been
in error as to the strength of the enemy, and as to the long and
persistent course which has been pursued by the South, tending
towards this point. While we have been occupied in our busi-
ness they have been creating revolution. We were under the
impression that they were lacking in all the resources which go
to raise and maintain armies ; whereas, in almost every particular,
Ave have found them superior to ourselves.* * * The prob-
abilities are that in no case on the record of the world's history
has an army been called into the field possessing so little knowl-
edge of the strength and position of the enemy ; and, such being
the case, it was impossible for any troops in the position ours
found themselves, to have sustained themselves for any consider-
able length of time. It has opened the eyes of the country to the
immensity of this struggle, and in that view of the subject the re-
sult may be bearable." The special session of the legislature lasted
three days, yet in that short time acts were passed authorizing a $15
bounty for each recruit enlisted ; authorizing the payment of
bounties to the families of killed, wounded and disabled soldiers ;
giving towns the power to pay bounties to soldiers and their
families, and confirming their past action in this respect ; author-
izing the treasurer to issue the bonds of the state to an amount
not exceeding $500,000, payable in 10 years, with the privilege
of redemption after 5 years ; also to hire $500,000 or less, at not
over 6 per cent, and to renew the loans from time to time — the
money to be expended in raising and equipping troops under the
provisions of the general military act passed the previous April.
The legislature also pledged the best exertions and the entire

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 235

resources of the state for the preservation of the Union ; thanked
the governor for his vigorous services in camp and field; (He
had accompanied the ist regiment to Washington as commander-
in-chief of the state mihtia), by resolution, also thanked Col.
Burnside for his gallant services ; expressed satisfaction that the
government had rewarded those services by his promotion to
brigadier-general, and signified its wish that he might be placed
in command of the state's regiments.

Under the first call for three months' troops, and under the
succeeding calls of May and July, for 500,000 three years' troops,
the total quotas of Rhode Island were 5,735, and the state fur-
nished by the close of the year a total of 9,433 men. In addition
to about 1,000 men enlisted in the regiments of other states and
the navy, Rhode Island had organized and sent to the front five
regiments of infantry and eight batteries. This very creditable
showing was largely due to the untiring efforts of Gov. Sprague,
vigorously aided by Adjt.-Gen. Mauran and Q. M. Gen. Stead.
Such was the general satisfaction with the course of Gov.
Sprague that he was renominated and reelected in 1862 without
opposition. Under the various calls for troops in 1862, the quota
of Rhode Island was 5,424, and she furnished a total of 4,801
men. The whole number of troops furnished, however, since the
beginning of the war, was still considerably in excess of all
demands, there being a large surplus under the calls of 186 r.
An efficient National Guard for home defense had been organ-
ized, composed of 2,339 active militia, and 17,944 enrolled militia,
This militia furnished an ample reserve from which to draw in
May, 1862, when Stonewall Jackson made his sudden raid into
the Shenandoah Valley and endangered the national capital. In
obedience to a telegram from the secretary of war, received by
the governor on May 25, calling for all the available troops in
the state to serve in the defenses of Washington for three months,
the 9th and loth regiments of infantry were promptly organized
and sent to Washington. Meanwhile, the ist regiment cavalry,
whose organization was begun in the fall of 1861, v/as fully
recruited, and left the state for Washington in March, 1862.
Two of the original battalions were from Rhode Island and one
from New Hampshire. Another cavalry organization, desig-
nated the 7th squadron R. I. cavalry, composed of two companies,
Co. A, enlisted chiefly in Providence, and Co. B, composed of
students from Dartmouth college, N. H., and from Norwich
university, Vt. — was enlisted for three months' service and de-
parted for Washington at the end of June, 1862. The 7th
infantry (3 years), whose organization was begun the previous
May, left for the front Sept. 10, 1862, with ranks filled nearly to

236 The Union Army

the maximum. The nth and 12th infantry were both organized
in response to the call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia for
nine months' service. Their ranks were rapidly filled despite
the series of disasters which had overtaken the Union arms.
The loth light battery, for three months' service, was raised
simultaneously with the 9th and loth infantry. This completes
the formation of short term organizations from Rhode Island.
In addition to the above organizations formed in 1862, the ist
battalion, 2nd cavalry, was fully recruited before the close of
the year.

In the war of the Revolution, the state had raised a regiment
of colored troops, and in Aug., 1862, Gov. Sprague made an
unsuccessful attempt to enlist such a regiment. In 1863, during
the admmistration of Gov. Smith, a second attempt was made,
which resulted in the formation of the 14th regiment heavy
artillery, afterward known as the nth U. S. The wisdom dis-
played in raising this regiment is questionable. It cost an enor-
mous sum of money in bounties, something like $1,000,000, showed
marked inferiority to the white troops in point of physical en-
durance, and was the object of systematic frauds.

At the second session of the legislature in 1862, Gov. Sprague
was elected U. S. senator and resigned the executive chair on
March 3, 1863, to take his seat. Hon. William C. Cozzens, of
Newport, was elected by the general assembly, then in session,
to fill the unexpired term. At the election for state officers held
on the first Wednesday of April, 1863, Hon. James Y. Smith,
Republican, was elected governor by a majority of 2,989, over
his Democratic and Union opponent. Gov. Cozzens. Gov. Smith
brought to the duties of his responsible ofifice the same energy
and practical talent that had rendered him eminently successful
in business life. As a private citizen he had been a loyal sup-
porter of the government from the beginning of the war. The
spirit with which he entered upon his duties is shown in the
following extract from his first message : "This period in our
history is full of interest. The eyes of the nations are upon us.
Our national government has been attacked. The responsi-
bility is great upon our people. Let us be firm although danger
surrounds. Let us stand united before the world. The obliga-
tion of the solemn oath I have taken, demands of me to be watch-
ful and convey unimpaired to posterity all the blessings we are
enjoying. We are admonished by the events surrounding us
that united action should govern. Let every loyal man step for-
ward to the rescue, lay aside all partisan feelings, and join in one
grand cr}', 'Our country, the Union — it must be preserved.' Our
country is the great object to which our efforts should be di-

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 237

reeled. Let us unite our strength, relying- upon the Supreme Ruler
to direct our steps, and we shall prevail. We have but one
alternative — war — as has been said by an able jurist — 'war
without remission waged in all lawful modes and by all classes
of citizens without prejudice to caste or color. A frightful pros-
pect, indeed. But let him who shudders at it remember that the
God of love is also the God of battles, and that blood is the price
of progress.' My experience in public life confirms the opinion,
long since advanced, that the destruction of our national gov-
ernment would fasten upon us everlasting revolution. Impressed
with these opinions, I shall ever be ready to advance such
measures as will secure to us our fixed position under the national
Union, jealously watching every vent, as without union our liberty
can never be preserved."

In the legislature elected at the same time as Gov. Smith, the
Republicans had a majority of lo in the senate, and 36 in the
house. In 1863 an amendment to the state constitution, so as to
permit soldiers to vote, was submitted to the • people and was
adopted by the requisite three-fifths vote. An effort was also
made at this time to secure an extension of the suffrage to certain
of the foreign born residents of the state, the following amend-
ment to the constitution being submitted : "Alien residents of this
state who have enlisted or volunteered, or who may enlist or vol-
unteer in any of the regiments of this state, and shall be honor-
ably discharged therefrom, and who are now or may become
naturalized citizens of the United States, shall be admitted to vote
at all the elections in this state on the same terms as native bom
citizens of this state." The effort met with failure and was not
finally successful imtil 1886. The principal draft of the war was
undertaken in Rhode Island in July, 1863, in compliance with a
law enacted by Congress, approved March 3, 1863. The draft
was completed in August, and the final returns show that of the
4,320 drafted, only 788 conscripts and substitutes were held to
serve ; 463 commuted by paying $300 ; the others were discharged
as aliens, or physically disqualified. The bounty system was now
in full operation, and the state was paying a bounty of $300 to
recruits for regiments in the field, in addition to the liberal
bounties offered by the various towns and cities for volunteers.
Under the calls of Oct. 17, 1863, and Feb. i, 1864, for an aggre-
gate of 500,000 three years' men, the state's quota was 3469,
and it furnished a total of 3,686, including the 463 who paid
corpmutation. Under the subsequent calls for troops by the
general government, Rhode Island furnished men as follows :
March 14, 1864, quota 1,388, furnished 1,906; July 18, 1864, the
.state was credited with a surplus under previous calls, and its

238 The Union Army

quota was only 1,423, to fill which it furnished 1,223 "^en for
one year, 196 for two years, and 891 for three years, a total of
2,310; Dec. 19, 1864, quota 1,469, furnished 739 men for one
year, 92 for two years, and 732 for three years, a total of 1,563.
Early in 1863 the 2nd cavalry regiment completed its organiza-
tion, and left the state to join the Banks' expedition in Louisiana,
under command of Lieut.-Col. Augustus W. Corliss. The
organization of a third cavalry regiment was begun late in the
summer of 1863, and the ist battalion with full ranks, under com-
mand of Maj. Davis embarked for New Orleans, Dec. 31, 1863,
for service in the Department of the Gulf under Gen. Banks.

During the winter of 1863-64 every effort was made to induce
the soldiers in the field to reenlist as veterans. Among Rhode
Island organizations, 1,118 men so reenlisted, and were credited
on the state's quota.

The exposed coast of Rhode Island, particularly Narragansett
bay, which left open the approaches to Newport and Providence,
caused much anxiety to the people of the state from the beginning
of the war. Gov. Sprague had brought the matter to the atten-
tion of the legislature, but nothing was done. On June 27, 1863,
in response to a telegram to the president, authority was granted
Gov. Smith to at once proceed with the work of erecting suitable
fortifications for the protection of the bay. Under the super-
vision of a government engineer strong batteries were established
on Dutch island, which commanded all the approaches. While
the colored companies composing the 14th heavy artillery were
being organized into a regiment, details of the men at "Camp
Bailey," on the island, were employed in the work of fortification.

Gov, Smith was reelected in March, 1864, by a majority of
199 over his opponents, Geo. H. Brown, Democrat, and Amos C.
Barstow, Conservative. The legislature chosen at the same time
contained a Republican majority on joint ballot of 51. At the
presidential election in the fall of this year the vote of Rhode
Island stood as follows: Lincoln, 13,692; McClellan, 8,470, giving
Lincoln a majority of 5,222. In the course of the year 1864, the
organization of the 3d cavalry was completed, Cos. E, F, and L
joining the regiment on April 25, G and H reporting for duty
May 28, and Co. M, together with the staff and the regimental
band, arriving at Camp Parapet Aug. i ; Cos. I and K of the ist
La. cavalry, formerly the 2nd R. I., had been transferred to this
regiment Jan. 14, 1864. The organization of the 14th heavy
artillery was completed in 1864, which completes the list of
separate organizations furnished by the state during the war.

No change took place in the administration of the state in
1865. By reason of the withdrawal of the Democratic candi-

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 239

dates, the election on April 5 resulted in the choice of Gov. Smith
by a nearly unanimous vote. The legislature elected at the same
time was largely Republican, scarcely a dozen Democrats having
been chosen to both houses. The second session of the legisla-
ture chosen in 1864 met in Providence in Jan., 1865, and ad-
journed sine die on March 18. Among the measures passed
was a joint resolution, nearly unanimous, ratifying the anti-slavery
amendment to the Federal constitution ; and an act authorizing
a loan of $1,000,000, payable in 30 years. At its session in May,
1865, the legislature passed by an overwhelming vote the follow-
ing resolution : "That it is the sense of the general assembly and
people of this state, that in the reconstruction of the government
of the states lately in rebellion against the government and
authority of the United States, the usual power and legal
authority vested in the Federal government should be executed
to secure equal rights, without respect to color, to all citizens
residing in those states, including herein the right of the elective
franchise."

Before the close of the year 1865, the various regiments and
batteries were mustered out of the U. S. service and returned
home. Each organization as it returned was accorded a be-
coming welcome, salutes being fired, escorts detailed, and bounti-
ful refreshments provided. The enthusiasm aroused by the ap-
pearance of the war-worn veterans was a reminder that the
people of the state had a warm appreciation of the services ren-
dered throughout the war by her gallant sons. The men at
once returned to their homes and, with few exceptions, resumed
the ordinary duties of citizens. Says the report of the adjutant-
general for 1865 : "That so many men as Rhode Island furnished
for the war, surrounded for four years by unfavorable circum-
stances, should return to civil life, and at once engage in their
former occupations or in other business pursuits, is in the
highest degree creditable to them, and happily illustrates the
power of early formed habits." According to the report of Adj.-
Gen. Le Favour, Rhode Island furnished a total of 24,042 men
out of a population of 184,965 at the beginning of the war. Of
this number 10,382 were infantry; 4.394, cavalry; 5,644, heavy
artillery ; 2,977, light artillery ; and 645 in the navy. This force
consisted of eight regiments of infantry, of whom three were for
three months and two for nine months ; three regiments of
cavalry for three years, and one squadron for three months ;
three regiments of heavy artillery; one regiment of light artil-
lery, composed of eight light batteries, and two light batteries
for three months' service. In addition to the above, one com-
pany of infantry was stationed at Portsmouth Grove as Hospital

240 The Union Army

Guards for the U. S. Lovell general hospital. This last named
organization was recruited from those disabled in the field, yet
fit for garrison duty. The above total of men furnished is, of
course, in excess of the actual number of troops enlisted by the
state, as many names appear several times on the record under
the head of promotions or reenlistments after their discharge
from their three months,' nine months,' or three years' terms of
service. On the other hand the state was never credited with a
very considerable number of men furnished to the organizations
of other states. A statement of the troops furnished by Rhode
Island as given in Fox's Regimental Losses, and identical with
the summary given by the equally able statistician, Capt. Phis-
terer, credits it with a total of 23,236 men. If we add 463 who
paid commutation, the state's total was 23,699. These were di-
vided into 19,521 whites; 1,878 sailors and marines; 1,837 colored
troops. The same authority shows that during the war 18 offi-
cers and 278 men were killed in action; 10 officers and 154 men
died of wounds ; 16 officers and 716 men died of disease ; and 116
men died from all other causes — total deaths, 1,321. According
to the report of the adjutant-general for 1865, 66 officers and
1,183 nien were wounded in action.

The aggregate amount of money officially expended for war
purposes by the state and thirty-three towns and cities of Rhode
Island was $6,500,772.15. Of this amount the cities and towns
expended $820,768 for bounties, $41,531.26 for enlisting volun-
teers, and $757,357-93 for the support of soldiers' families — a
total of $1,622,288.96. However, $465,690 of the above total was
assumed and repaid by the state. The aggregate expenditure
of the state was $5,344,173.19, inclusive of the $465,690 repaid
the cities and towns, and $1,268,482 of claims against the United
States. The general government reimbursed the state nearly
the whole of the last named amount. In the figures above given
no allowance is made for interest on loans subsequent to 1865 ;
for assistance rendered to the families of soldiers after the close
of the war ; nor for the thousands of dollars expended by the
generous people of the state in the shape of provisions, clothing,
hospital and sanitary supplies.

The labor devolving on the office of the adjutant-general
after the close of the war continued to be large for many months.
Constant demands were made on the department for information
and data which would enable the state's volunteers to obtain their
back pay, bounties, pensions, etc. Says the report of 1866: "In
addition to personal calls made to this office during the past year,
for information (which have been from fifteen to twenty a day),
743 letters have been written, 283 commissions filled out and for-
warded, 736 certificates and 24 orders issued."

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 341

The generous solicitude of the state for the welfare of its
soldier sons did not cease on their departure for the front. In
passing through the cities of New York and Philadelphia to
join the army, and in returning home on furlough, or to be
mustered out of service, Rhode Island soldiers were the recipients
of much care and attention on the part of Col. J. H. Almy, state
military agent for Rhode Island in New York, and of Col. Rob-
ert R. Corson, state military agent for Rhode Island in Phila-
delphia. The names of both these men are held in grateful
remembrance by all Rhode Island soldiers for the innumerable
services rendered them in those cities. Both were indefatigable
in their labors. Col. Almy was particularly successful in secur-
ing the transfers of Rhode Island soldiers from the hospitals of
New York and vicinity to Lovell general hospital, Portsmouth
Grove, where their relatives could visit them and extend conso-
laton and encouragement; also in the work of adjusting the
claims of soldiers with the general government. In Philadelphia
Col. Corson or his assistants visited each Rhode Island soldier
scattered through the many hospitals, provided them with many
small comforts, reported their condition to their friends and
relatives at home, provided them with meal and car tickets, and
aided them in the collection of their back pay, pensions, bounties,
etc. Space forbids the mention of all the services rendered by
these efficient agents.

Of the many soldiers' relief associations, and aid societies,
maintained by the patriotic and generous people of the state,
and of the other official agencies, only brief mention can be made
of a few. After the Seven Days' battles before Richmond, the
capacities of the U. S. medical department, and of the U. S.
sanitary commission were taxed to the utmost to care for the in-
creased number of sick and wounded soldiers in the various
hospitals in and around Washington. An association was then
formed to assist the sick and wounded soldiers of Rhode Island,
of which Hon. James F. Simmons was president; Prof. William
E. Jillson, secretary and treasurer; and W. E. Jillson, A. T.
Britton, and J. H. Brown, executive committee. A committee
was also organized in Providence to cooperate with this association,
of which Gen. Amos D. Smith was chairman ; Hon. Seth Padel-
ford, treasurer ; and William P. Blodgett, secretary. Through
this committee nearly lOO boxes of valuable supplies, which had
been donated by private individuals, the Relief associations of the
5th ward in Providence, Bristol, Pawtucket, and Pawtuxet, were
received and forwarded. Over $800 in money was also for-
warded. After the battle of Antietam, Lieut. Walker and Prof.
Jillson, in behalf of the Washington association, visited the field

Vol. 1—16

242 The Union Army

hospitals and gave valuable assistance. Weekly meetings were
held by the association, and lists of the sick and wounded soldiers
were sent to the state committee. Hon. Henry B. Anthony suc-
ceeded Mr. Simmons as president of the association. The fre-
quent appeals of the association to the citizens of Rhode Island
always met with a generous response and the soldiers of the
state were supplied with many comforts, especially those in the
convalescent camp near Alexandria. Among those prominent in
the work of the association were Maj. Potter, Lieut. Walker,
W. E. Gardner, Capt. Bucklin and Messrs. Britton, Coleman,
Tilley, Arnold, Sprague, Bowen, Sheffield, Battey and Benedict ;
also Mrs. Arnold, Mrs. Jillson, Mrs. Chittenden and a number
of other women, who devoted much of their time to visiting
sick and wounded soldiers. During the year 1863 Mr. Battey
of Providence, Asa Arnold and J. T. Benedict were successively
agents of the association, and spent much time visiting the sol-
diers in the field. Mr. Benedict was subsequently appointed state
agent by Gov. Smith. In 1863 about 1,165 Rhode Island soldiers
in the hospitals around Washington received the aid of the asso-
ciation. As the U. S. sanitary and christian commissions became
perfected the work of the association decreased in volume.

In Dec, 1862, a commission consisting of Dr. Lloyd Morton
of Pawtucket, and Mrs. Charlotte Dailey of Providence, were
appointed to go to Washington and visit the various hospitals
and convalescent camps. Dr. Morton visited the 2nd, 4th, 7th,
nth and 12th R. I. infantry, the ist cavalry, some of the light
batteries, 21 hospitals, and the convalescent camps about Alexan-
dria. Mrs. Dailey visited 61 hospitals. As a result, complete
and accurate reports of the condition of Rhode Island soldiers
were made to the general assembly. Prior to the establishment
of the Lovell general hospital at Portsmouth Grove by the United
States, the state granted the use of the Marine hospital in Provi-
dence as a soldiers' home. The sum of $2,000 was promptly
raised for its maintenance, and its operations were conducted
by a board of managers of which Mrs. Edward Carrington was
president. Drs. Collins, Miller, Baker, Okie and McKnight
gave their services gratuitously to the institution and during its
year of operation the home cared for 750 persons, for periods
varying from a single meal to several weeks. The state also
cooperated generously in the work of the sanitary and Christian
commissions. The agency of the sanitary commission was
established in Providence in Oct., 1861, and many hundreds of
cases of hospital supplies were forwarded to needed points.
Russell M. Larned, Esq., donated his services to the agency
almost from the beginning of its operations. In Nov., 1863, the

Military Affairs in Rhode Island 243

sum of $6,347 was contributed in Providence to the Christian
commission.

To the loyal women of the state, the mothers, wives, sisters
and sweethearts of the boys in the field, is due a large share of
the credit for the successful prosecution of the war. In num-
berless ways they were the soldiers' mainstay ; they cheered and
comforted him on his bed of pain ; his children became their
wards ; his last moments were soothed by their tender ministra-
tions and numberless comforts were sent him in tent and hos-
pital through their untiring efforts. Their sacrifice was
complete, not only in giving as they did their best beloved to the
service of their country, but also in bestowing every possible
comfort by word and deed. All honor to the heroic and patri-
otic women of Rhode Island for their humane and self-sacrificing
labors throughout the great struggle. From the very beginning
of the war, ladies' relief associations, beginning with the "Flor-
ence Nightingale" association in Providence, which took form
on the day after the attack on Fort Sumter, were maintained in
Providence, Newport, Bristol, Warren, Pawtucket, Woonsocket,
and in every other town in the state. In the later years of the
war they were helpful and efficient auxiliaries in the work of the
sanitary and Christian commissions.

As early as 1862 an allotment commission was established by
the state, as a method of enabling Rhode Island volunteers safely
to remit their pay to their famiHes. The first state commissioner
was George B. Holmes, who served until July, 1863, when he
was succeeded by Col. Amos D. Smith, III. The work of the
commission was admirably done, nearly $1,000,000 being remitted
through the visiting commissioners, by the Rhode Island troops,
in the period from April, 1862, to the end of 1863. The state
also made prompt arrangements to obtain pensions for wounded
soldiers and for the widows and orphans of those who fell in
the service. This work was done gratuitously, the state's com-
missioner for this purpose being Col. Joseph S. Pitman.

In the foregoing brief summary of the part taken by Rhode
Island in the work of suppressing the greatest rebellion in his-
tory, it is hoped that enough facts have been presented to show
that the little commonwealth performed its full share, and met
its due proportion of the terrible cost of the war of the Rebellion.

RECORD OF RHODE ISLAND
REGIMENTS

First Infantry. — Col., Ambrose E. Burnside; Lieut.-CoL, Joseph S.
Pitman; Majs., John S. Slocum, Joseph P. Balch, William Goddard. This
regiment was organized at Providence early in April, 1861, from the state
militia, whose services were accepted by Gen. Scott in Jan., 1861, having
been previously rejected by Pres. Buchanan. In April Gov. Sprague was
authorized to send to the front one regiment of infantry and a battery
of light artillery. From the large number of volunteers 1,200 men were
chosen, and the organization was completed as follows : Co. A, Provi-
dence National Cadets ; B, Providence "Artillery" ; C and D, Providence
1st Light Infantry; E, Pawtucket Light Guard; F, Newport Artillery;
G and H, Providence Mechanics Rifles; I, Westerly Rifles and K, Woon-
socket Guards. With Col. Burnside, already a man of broad military
knowledge and experience, in command, the regiment left Providence
in two detachments, embarking on transports for New York, amid scenes
of the wildest enthusiasm. From New York it was ordered to Annapo-
lis, Md., where it was quartered at the Naval academy for a few days
and then marched to Washington, arriving there during the last week
of April. It was quartered at the Patent Office until May 2, when it was
mustered into the U. S. service for three months and ordered into camp
near the Bladensburg road. The sanitary condition of the camp was
excellent and the men were little affected by sickness. After a month of
drill the ist was assigned to the forces gathering under Gen. Patterson
to attack Harper's Ferry and joined his command at Chambersburg,
leaving camp Sprague on June 8. Camp Duncan at Greencastle was oc-
cupied on the I2th, and here it was learned that the enemy had with-
drawn from Harper's Ferry. At Falling Waters orders were received
for the return of the regiment to Washington and Camp Sprague was re-
occupied on June 19. On July 8, the regiment was brigaded with the 2nd
R. I., Reynolds' Battery, 2nd N. H. and 71st N. Y., under command of
Col. Burnside and became a part of Hunter's division. The Bull Run
movement commenced on July 16 and on the 21st the regiment was closely
engaged. The 2nd R. I. was first thrown into action and other regiments
of the brigade soon hurried to its support. The approach of a Confed-
erate force under the Union flag gave the enemy opportunity to fire at
close range with resulting heavy loss of life, when the brigade was re-
lieved by Sherman's division. When the retreat was ordered, the ist
returned to Washington and a few days later to Providence, where it
was mustered out on Aug. 2, 1861. During the three months that the
command was at the front, 12 members were killed, 33 wounded, 22 cap-
tured, of whom 12 were wounded and i man was reported missing.

Second Infantry. — Cols., John S. Slocum, Frank Wheaton, Nelson
Viall, Horatio Rogers, Jr., Samuel B. M. Read, Elisha H. Rhodes; Lieut-
Cols., Frank Wheaton, William H. P. Steere, Nelson Viall. Nathan Goff,
Jr., Samuel B. M. Read, Henry C. Jenckes, Elisha H. Rhodes; Majs.,
Sullivan Ballou, Nelson Viall, Nathan Goff, Jr. Thorndike C. Jameson,

244

Rhode Island Regiments 245

Henry C. Jenckes, Stephen H. Brown, Henry H. Young. The 2nd in-
fantry was organized at Providence and was composed of one company
from Bristol, one from East Greenwich, one from South Kingston, three
from Providence and a battery of Hght artillery from Providence. It
was mustered into the U. S. service at Providence June 5 and 6, 1861,
for three years. The command, over 800 strong, went into camp at the
Dexter training grounds until June 19, when it embarked for the front.
Landing at Elizabeth, N. J., the troops proceeded by rail to Baltimore and
on the 22nd arrived at Camp Sprague, Washington, where they were
warmly greeted by their comrades of the ist. The 2nd was assigned to
the 2nd brigade (Col. Burnside), 2nd division (Col. Hunter), and moved
toward Manassas on July 16. In the battle which followed on the 21st
the 2nd fired the opening volley and early showed its fighting qualities.
Its loss in this engagement was 98 killed, wounded and missing, among
the mortally wounded being Col. Slocum and Maj. Ballou. On the re-
turn to Washington Camp Spragiie was occupied until Aug. 6, when the
regiment moved to Brightwood and in the general reorganization of the
army was brigaded with the 7th and loth Mass. and 36th N. Y., under
Gen. Couch in Buell's division, whose command was later taken by Gen.
Keyes. Camp' Brightwood was left on March 26, 1862, at which time the
brigade, commanded by Col. Charles Devens, Jr., moved into Virginia
for the Peninsular campaign. The regiment shared in the wearisome
marches on the Peninsula, a number of sharp skirmishes, and was closely
engaged at Malvern hill, after which it encamped at Harrison's Landing
until the middle of August, when it moved to Yorktown. The troops
suffered much from sickness during this campaign. On Aug. 31 the 2nd
moved to Alexandria and the next day to Chantilly, where it was assigned
to Robinson's brigade, Birney's division, 3d corps. During the Maryland
campaign it was ordered from place to place in support of the army and
finally was attached to the 6th corps, which became its permanent assig^n-
ment. At Fredericksburg the regiment was in action and occupied winter
quarters at Falmouth until late in April, 1863, when it participated in
the Chancellorsville campaign. At Marye's heights, in the victorious dash
of May 3, the regiment distinguished itself under Col. Rogers and lost 7
killed, 68 wounded and 5 missing, receiving complimentary notice for
gallantry in action. On June 6, it left camp at Falmouth and was present
at Gettysburg, but was held in reserve. In the pursuit which followed
and the movements of the Army of the Potomac during the autumn, the
regiment participated and went into winter quarters at Brandy Station,
Dec. 3, 1863, where it remained until May 4, 1864, when it broke camp
for the Wilderness campaign, in which the entire regiment was active
until June 11, when the original members not reenlisted were mustered
out, the recruits and veterans making up the reorganized regiment, which,
under command of Col. Rhodes, remained with the 6th corps. In the
fall and winter five new companies were added to the regiment, which
shared in the operations before Petersburg; was active at Winchester,
Sept. 19, remaining there until Dec. i ; was engaged at Hatcher's run, in
Dec, 1864, and Feb., 1865 ; was in action at Forts Fisher and Stedman,
and in the final assault on April 2. The regiment joined in the pursuit
of Lee's army and was engaged at Sailor's creek, where it lost 49 men in
killed and wounded. Guard duty followed at Burkesville, Danville and
Wells' station until May 16, when faces were turned homeward. After
participation in the grand review at Washington, the 2nd was stationed
at Hall's hill, Va., and there mustered out on July 13, 1865, having earned
by long and effective service the warm welcome awaiting it at Providence.
The total loss of the regiment was 9 officers and iii men killed or died

246 The Union Army

of wounds, and 76 deaths from accident or disease, in all 196. The regi-
ment is mentioned by Col. Fox as one of the "three hundred fighting
regiments."

Third Heavy Artillery. — Cols., Nathaniel W. Brown, Edwin Metcalf,
Charles R. Brayton ; Lieut.-Cols., Stephen R. Bucklin, John Frieze, Will-
iam Ames; Majs., Christopher Blanding, Henry T. Sisson, Horatio Rog-
ers, Jr., Charles W. H. Day, James E. Bailey, George Metcalf. The 3d
regiment gathered at Camp .A.mes, Warwick, in Aug., 1861, and was com-
posed of ten companies, though the number was later increased to twelve.
It was mustered into the U. S. service in August for three years, embarked
for New York on Sept. 7, and reached Camp Sprague, Washington, on
the i6th, but returned to Fort Hamilton, L. I., on the 22nd, the urgent
need for its presence in Washington having passed. On Oct. 12, the regi-
ment sailed for Fortress Monroe and camped near Hampton, Va., where
it remained imtil Oct. 29, when, with the 3d brigade of Gen. Sherman's
forces, the expedition to Port Royal, S. C, was commenced. After the
capture of Fort Walker, Nov. 7, headquarters were established there and
the regiment shared in the work of fortifying the islands captured. Late
in Jan., 1862, Cos. F and H were ordered to join an expedition against
Fort Pulaski, Ga., and were joined on Tybee island by Co. B, Cos. E and
G being stationed on Jones and Bird islands. April, 1862, found the
various companies located as follows: A, at Fort Wells (old Fort
Walker); B, F and H, on Tybee island; C, at Hilton Head and Edisto
island ; D, at Bay Point ; E and G, on the Savannah river ; I, on Otter
island; K, L and M, at Hilton Head. In the attack on Fort Pulaski in
April, 1862, Cos. B, F and H were active, and after the fall of the fortress
Co. B was there detailed for a month on garrison duty. In May seven
companies were stationed on Edisto island and on June 16 were active
at the battle of Secessionville with considerable loss. Embarking for
Hilton Head on July i, the regiment was there reunited on the 4th, and was
engaged in garrison duty with a few expeditions of minor importance
until the battle of Pocotaligo on Oct. 22, in which it took an active part.
At this time Cos. D, E and F were stationed at Bay Point, G, at Fort
Pulaski, and the remainder of the regiment at Hilton Head. Early in
April, 1863, a detachment of the 3d joined in the bombardment of Stone
inlet. In June an expedition up the Combahee was undertaken and an-
other to Darien, Ga., which place was captured and burned. In July the
regiment was stationed at Hilton Head and Folly island in two main
battalions and took a prominent part in the assault upon Fort Wagner,
which was evacuated on Sept. 7, and immediately occupied by the Union
forces. The 3d was prominent in the further operations against Charles-
ton during the autumn and winter and in Feb., 1864, Co. C, which had been
mounted as light artillery, was ordered to join the expedition into
Florida, where it participated in the battle of Olustee. It remained in
Florida, penetrated as far south as Palatka, and in April was ordered tp
the support of Gen. Grant in Virginia. Moving by way of Hilton Head,
it left there April 30 for Fortress Monroe, where Co. A was detailed to
supply the necessary artillery detachment in Florida, equipped as a light
battery and stationed at Jacksonville, whence it returned after a short
time to Beaufort, S. C, after taking an active part in the battle of Gaines-
ville, Fla. In April, 1864, the companies of the regiment were posted as
follows : A at Jacksonville ; B at Hilton Head ; C in Virginia ; D, K
and L at Fort Pulaski; E, F, H, I and M on Morris island, and G on
Tybee island. Co. C remained with the Army of the Potomac until the
close of the war. It participated in the operations before Petersburg
and rendered important service in reducing the fortifications at various

Rhode Island Regiments 247

points. On June 12, 1865, the companj^ arrived in Providence where it
was mustered out. During the winter of 1864-65 over 300 members of
the command reenlisted and received their veteran furlough in April,
returning to the regiment on April 26. The troops stationed on Morris
island received their share of the Gillmore medals presented on June
26, 1864, when 10 men were thus honored. On July i, 1864, the regi-
ment was active in the attack on the south end of James island and on
Fort Johnson at the north end of the island on the 2nd. In September
the original members not reenlisted left for home and arrived in Provi-
dence, where they were mustered out on the last day of the month.
The veterans and recruits were consolidated into a battalion of five com-
panies, viz.: A at Beaufort; B at Morris island; C in Virginia, and
L and M at Morris island. Until the fall of Charleston in Feb., 1865,
the guns of the 3d played an important part unceasingly, and in March
Co. B occupied Sullivan island, D, Morris and Folly islands, and A and
C remained at their former posts of duty. During the summer, details
were occupied at several points in routine duties, and in August all were
mustered out at Providence. The regiment numbered in all 2,374 mem-
bers, and was in constant and glorious service for four years, in which
time it lost 127 members by death in action and suffered a much larger
loss of members wounded.

Fourth Infantry. — Cols., Justus I. McCarty, Isaac P. Rodman, Will-
iam H. P. Steere; Lieut. -Cols., George W. Tew, Isaac P. Rodman, Mar-
tin P. Buflfum, Joseph B. Curtis; Majs., Levi E. Kent, George W. Tew,
John A. Allen, Martin P. Buffum, James T. P. Bucklin. The 4th regi-
ment was organized at Camp Greene near Providence by Col. J. I. Mc-
Carty of the regular army in Sept., 1861, and left Providence for Wash-
ingfton on the Commodore, Oct. 5. At Elizabeth, N. J., the troops landed
and continued their journey by rail to Baltimore. Camp was established
near Bladensburg and on Oct. 30, the 4th was mustered into the U. S.
service for a three years' term. On Nov. 28, it was ordered into Vir-
ginia and was stationed at Edsall's hill for about a month. It was
selected to take part in a movement to North Carolina and was brigaded
at Annapolis with the 5th R. I., 8th and nth Conn, to form the 3d bri-
gade of the coast division, which embarked on Jan. 7, 1862, for Roan-
oke. It was closely engaged in the battle of Roanoke island, and was
active at the battle of New Berne in March. Cos. A and E were then
posted at Morehead City, one company at Carolina City and the remain-
ing seven companies in the trenches before Fort Macon, which fell on
April 26. Camp was established at Beaufort, which became the head-
quarters of the command until July i, when the regiment embarked for
Newport News, where it arrived on July 8. It participated in the Mary-
land campaign, fought at South mountain and Antietam, meeting heavy
losses ; spent Oct., 1862, in camp at Pleasant Valley, Md., and early in
November moved into Virginia. It was active at Fredericksburg as
part of the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 9th corps, and was assigned soon
after to the 3d brigade, with which it went into winter quarters. On
Feb. 8, 1863, it was ordered to Fortress Monroe, encamped at New-
port News until March 13, when it moved to Suffolk, was engaged at
Hill's point, and participated in an expedition to King William Court
House in June. In July the regiment was assigned to the 3d brigade,
2nd division, 7th corps, and posted at Portsmouth, Va., where it re-
mained until March i, 1864. It was then ordered to Norfolk, thence to
Point Lookout, Md., and on July 3. rejoined the 9th corps before Peters-
burg. Arduous duty in the trenches followed, and in the assault fol-
lowing the mine explosion, July 30, its loss was 83 killed, wounded and

248 The Union Army

missing. The 4th was active at the Weldon railroad, and on Oct. 3
left Petersburg for Providence, where it was mustered out Oct. IS, 1864.
The reenhsted men and recruits were consolidated about a week later
with the 7th R. I. infantry. The 4th lost T^ members killed or died of
wounds, and suffered 67 deaths from other causes.

Fifth Heavy Artillery, — Cols., Henry T. Sisson, George W. Tew;
Lieut.-Cols., Job Arnold, George W. Tew; Majs., John Wright, George
W. Tew, Thorndike C. Jameson. The 5th regiment rendezvoused at
Camp Greene in Oct., 1861, was transferred to Camp Slocum at Provi-
dence and mustered into the U. S. service for three years as a battalion
of five companies on Dec. 27. The battalion left Providence for Annap-
olis to join Burnside's expedition to North Carolina. At AnnapoHs it
was assigned to the 3d brigade under Gen. Parke, embarked for Roanoke
island, where it participated in the battle on Feb. 8, 1862, and was also
in the battle of New Berne on March 14. It was then posted at New-
port City until the siege of and assault on Fort Macon, in which it was
active, after which it went into camp at Bogue banks and later at Beaufort,
where many new recruits were received and regimental organization ef-
fected. In April, 1863, the Sth went to the relief of Little Washington until
April 14, when the enemy gave up the siege as hopeless and withdrew. Re-
turning to New Berne the regiment reoccupied Camp Anthony and gar-
risoned Forts Totten and Rowan. In the meantime, Co. A, which had
been stationed at Croatan, N. C, was overpowered by the enemy and
captured. Cos. C and E, which had remained at Little Washington, re-
joined the regiment on May I, 1864, when the command was assigned
in detachments to garrison duty at Forts Spinola, Gaston, Amory, An-
derson and Chase. The remainder of the term of service was spent in
the vicinity of New Berne, where the regiment was mustered out on
June 26, 1865. The journey home was immediately undertaken, and the
men were greeted by the citizens of Providence with enthusiastic demon-
strations on July 4.

Seventh Infantry, — Col., Zenas R. Bliss; Lieut.-Cols., Welcome B.
Sayles, George E. Church, Percy Daniels; Majs., Jacob Babbitt, Thomas
F. Tobey. The 7th was organized at Camp Bliss, South Providence,
during the summer of 1862, was mustered into the U. S. service for
three years and left Providence on Sept. 10 for Washington, where it
was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Paul's), Casey's division, and ordered
to Harper's Ferry. The first action in which it was engaged was the
battle of Fredericksburg, in which it lost 11 men killed, 132 wounded
and 15 missing. The regiment went into camp at Falmouth, but was
ordered with the gth corps to Newport News on Feb. 9, 1863. and thence
to Kentucky. During April and May it was quartered at different times
at Winchester, Richmond, Paint Lick, Lancaster and Crab Orchard, and
was then ordered to the support of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg. It joined
in the pursuit of Johnston at the end of the siege, returned from Jackson
to Vicksburg, July 24, and embarked on Aug. 8 for Cairo. So much
sickness prevailed in the regiment that it was ordered to winter at Lex-
ington, Ky., and escaped the hardships of the winter in Tennessee suf-
fered by Gen. Burnside's forces. On April 2, 1864, the 7th again crossed
the mountains, joined the Army of the Potomac, participated in the hard
fighting at Spottsylvania, the North Anna river and Cold Harbor, the
hardships of trench duty before Petersburg, and engagements at the Wel-
don railroad and Poplar Spring Church. On Oct. 21, the veterans of the
4th R. I., 17s in number, were consolidated with the 7th and the reor-
ganized regiment garrisoned Fort Sedgwick until the fall of Peters-
burg, when it joined in the pursuit of Lee's army. After a short en-

Rhode Island Regiments 249

campment at Farmville the troops were ordered to Alexandria, where
on June 9 they were mustered out and reached Providence four days
later. Cos. B, D and G of the 4th regiment and the recruits of the 7th
whose term had not expired were consolidated into a battalion of three
companies, which was mustered out at Alexandria July 13, 1865. The
total loss of the regiment was 90 members killed or wounded, and 109
deaths from other causes.

Ninth Infantry.— Col., John T. Pitman; Lieut-Cols., John T. Pit-
man, John H. Powell; Majs., John T. Pitman, John H. Powell, George
Lewis Cooke. The 9th was organized at Providence in May, 1862, by
Col. Charles T. Robbins, and was mustered into the U. S. service for a
term of three months. It left Providence in two detachments: the ist,
composed of four companies — the Lonsdale, Natic and Westerly National
Guards and the Pawtucket BattaHon— on May 27, and the 2nd on May
29 for Washington. The month of June was spent at Camp Frieze,
Tenallytown, and the first two days of July at Fairfax seminary, Va.
On July 4 it relieved the 99th Pa. at Washington and garrisoned forts
there until the expiration of its term of service. Fort Baker, which was
regimental headquarters, was occupied by Cos. E and K, Co. A was
posted at Fort Greble, B at Fort Meigs, C at Fort Ricketts, D at Fort
Snyder, F at Fort Carroll, G at Fort Dupont, H at Fort Wagner, I at
Fort Stanton, and L at Fort Davis. On Aug. 31 the regiment was ordered
to return to Providence, where it was mustered out, having lost 4 men
by disease.

Tenth Infantry. — Cols., Zenas R. Bliss, James Shaw, Jr.; Lieut.-
Cols., James Shaw, Jr., William M. Hale; Maj., Jacob T. Babbitt. This
regiment was organized at Providence, May 26-29, 1862, and was sent
to Washington in two detachments, where it was mustered into the
U. S. service on May 29, for a term of three months. It was composed
of companies from the Providence National Guard, viz. : First Ward
Light Guards, First Ward Drill Corps, What Cheer Guards, the Na-
tional Guards from the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th wards, and the Burn-
side Zouaves. The regiment camped at Tenallytown, where it was as-
signed to Sturgis' brigade and ordered to Virginia, but upon arriving
at Fairfax seminary it was ordered back to Washington and assigned to
garrison duty in the forts along the Potomac and in guarding the roads
to Rockville and Harper's Ferry. Co. A was stationed at Fort Frank-
lin, B and K at Fort Pennsylvania, C at Fort Cameron, D at Fort De
Russy, E and I at Fort Alexander, G at Fort Gaines, and H at Batteries
Vermont and Martin Scott. Heavy artillery drill occupied the troops
and considerable sickness prevailed. At the close of its term of service
the regiment was relieved by the 113th N. Y. infantry and returned to
Providence on Aug. 25, where it was mustered out of the service Sept.
I, having lost by death 3 men.

Eleventh Infantry.— Cols., Edwin Metcalf, Horatio Rogers, Jr.,
George E. Church; Lieut.-Col., J. Talbot Pitman; Maj., Nathan F.
Moss. The nth infantry was organized at Camp Stevens, Providence,
in Aug. and Sept., 1862, mustered into service for nine months on Oct. I,
and left for Washington on the 6th. A week was spent in camp near
Fort Ethan Allen, and the regiment was then ordered to Miner's hill,
where it was assigned to Cowdin's brigade. Here it remained until Jan.
14, 1863, when it was detailed to guard the convalescent camp between
Washington and Alexandria. Cos. C and K were posted at Fairfax
seminary from Feb. 3 to March 18, and on April 15 the entire command
embarked for Norfolk, whence it proceeded to Suffolk, Va., where it was
attached to Gen. Terry's brigade. On May 16, it moved to Deserted

350 The Union Army

House, where it was assigned to the 3d brigade under Gen. Farrar. It
took part in the skirmishes on the Blackwater river, after which the brigade
returned to Windsor. On June 12 another expedition to the Blackwater
was undertaken and a week later the regiment started for Williamsburg,
where it was left for garrison duty until June 30, when it returned to
camp at Yorktown. On July 2 it embarked for Providence, where it ar-
rived on the 6th and was there mustered out, having lost by death 8 men.

Twelfth Infantry. — Col., George H. Browne; Lieut.-Col., James
Shaw, Jr.; Maj., Cyrus G. Dyer. This regiment was organized at Provi-
dence in Sept., 1862, and was mustered into the U. S. service for a term
of nine months at Camp Stevens on Oct. 13. It left for Washington on
the 2ist, and upon arriving there was assigned to Gen. Casey's command
and went into camp near Fairfax seminary. Picket duty and drill occu-
pied the men until Dec. i, when camp was broken and orders received
to march towards Fredericksburg, where the regiment was warmly en-
gaged in the battle on Dec. 13. Following the battle the 12th was again
on picket duty near Falmouth until Feb. 8, 1863, when it was ordered to
Newport News and encamped there until March 26. It was then sent west
and on March 21 arrived in Lexington, Ky, where it was attached to the
brigade under Gen. Naglee and joined the march through Paint Lick
springs. Crab Orchard, Pleasant Valley and Lancaster, arriving at Gen.
Burnside's headquarters at Hickman's bridge July 11. Here orders were
received to proceed to Cincinnati, and on July 19 the regiment started
for Providence, where it was mustered out on the 29th. The total loss
of the I2th was 12 members killed or died of wounds, and 45 deaths
from accident, imprisonment or disease.

Fourteenth Heavy Artillery (Colored). — Col., Nelson Viall; Lieut.-
Col., Richard Shaw; Majs., Joseph J. Comstock. Jr., Richard G. Shaw,
Andrew J. Fitzwater. This regiment was organized at Providence, was
mustered into the U. S. service at different times during Aug. and Sept.,

1863, for a term of three years. The ist battalion left Providence on
Dec. 19, 1863, for New Orleans, the 2nd detachment followed on Jan. 8,

1864, and the 3d on April 3. The ist battalion was posted at Fort Espe-
ranza, the 2nd at Plaquemine. In May, the ist and 3d battalions were
consolidated at New Orleans and moved to Fort Jackson, with the ex-
ception of Co. I, which remained on duty on the Jackson & New Or-
leans railroad throughout its term of service. In April, 1865, the ist
battalion was transferred to Brashear City, where it completed its term
of service. Oct. 2, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at New Orleans.

Hospital Guards, Infantry. — Capt., Christopher Blanding. This
company was mustered into the U. S. service on Dec. 6, 1862, at Provi-
dence to serve as a guard for the Lovell general hospital at Portsmouth
grove and perform such sentinel and police duty as was necessary to
preserve military discipline in the hospital and surroundings. It was
recruited from veterans who had been disabled in the field, but were
still able to perform garrison duties efficiently, and continued in service
until Aug 25, 1865.

First Battery, Light Artillery.— Capt., Charles H. Tompkins. The
1st light battery, composed of the Providence marine corps recruited to
its full strength, was organized with the ist infantry — sometimes called
the 1st R. I. detached militia — and left Providence on April 18, 1861, for
Washington, where it was mustered into the U. S. service on May 7 for
three months. Camp Sprague was established near Washington and oc-
cupied until June 9, when the battery was ordered to join Gen. Patter-
son's movement upon Harper's Ferry, but on arriving at Falling Waters
orders were received to return to Washington and its former camp.

Rhode Island Regiments 251

Another month followed at Camp Sprague, and on July i, the battery
advanced to Hagerstown and Martinsburg and thence to Harper's Ferry.
The term of service having expired, the battery left for Providence,
where it was mustered out Aug. 6, 1861.

First Regiment, Light Artillery. — Col., Charles H. Tompkins ; Lieut.-
Cols., William H. Reynolds, John A. Monroe; Majs., John A. Monroe,
John A. Tompkins, John G. Hazard. The organization of this regiment
was begun early in 1861, but was not completed until the fall of 1862.

Battery A. — Capts., William H. Reynolds, John A. Tompkins, Will-
iam A. Arnold, was organized in connection with the 2nd R. I. infantry.
It was mustered into the U. S. service for three years on June 6, 1861,
at Providence, and left for Washington on the 19th. It went into camp
at Camp Sprague, and was attached to Burnside's brigade, Hunter's divi-
sion, McDowell's corps. In the first battle of Bull Run it lost several
men in killed and wounded, and had a number of its gims and horses
captured by the enemy. The battery returned to Camp Sprague and on
July 28, was ordered to Sandy Hook, Md., where it received the guns
and equipment from the ist light battery, then about to be mustered out.
Upon the organization of a battalion of light artillery in August and of
an entire regiment in September this command became battery A of the
1st R. I. light artillery, its captain being appointed lieutenant-colonel of
the regiment. Winter quarters were established at Poolesville, Md., but
camp was broken in March, 1862, for the Peninsular campaign, in which
the battery took an active part. It was held in reserve at Chantilly;
was active at Antietam, where 4 men were killed and 15 wounded ; par-
ticipated in the battle of Fredericksburg; wintered at Falmouth; was
active at Marye's heights and at Gettysburg, losing in the last battle 5
killed and 23 wounded, besides .^o horses ; then moved southward with the
Army of the Potomac; fought at Bristoe Station and in the Mine Run
campaign, and went into winter quarters at Mountain run. On Feb. 6,
1864, it was engaged at Morton's ford and on May 3, broke camp for
the Wilderness campaign, during which it was active at the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania, the North Anna river, Cold Harbor, etc., and became noted
as a reliable command. On June 18, 1864, its term of service having
expired, the battery was mustered out, but Lieut. Dwight immediately
reorganized it and it continued in the field with the Army of the Po-
tomac. On Sept. 30, 1864, it was consolidated with Battery B. During
the entire term of service of the battery its casualty list numbered 1
officer and 17 men killed in action, 90 wounded and 4 captured. Four
years' hard fighting was the portion of its members and its history is
that of arduous duties faithfully and efficiently performed.

Battery B. — Capts., Thomas E. Vaughn, Walter O. Bartlett, John G.
Hazard, T. F. Brown, was organized at Providence in Aug., 1861, and
mustered into the U. S. service for three years. It left Providence Aug.
13 for Washington, and was there assigned to Gen. Stone's command,
afterwards Gen. Sedgwick's corps. It participated in the battle of Ball's
bluff and in Feb., 1862, joined the Army of the Potomac and participated
in the campriign of the spring and summer on the Peninsula. It was
engaged at Yorktown; was present at Hanover Court House; active
at Fair Oaks, and was also at Peach Orchard, Savage Station and Mal-
vern hill. At the battle of Fredericksburg, 16 men were killed and
wounded and 12 horses shot. After wintering at Falmouth it joined
the Chancellorsville movement in the spring of 1863, and then proceeded
to Gettysburg, where the losses were 4 men killed and 23 wounded. It
engaged at Bristoe Station and Mine run ; wintered near Stevensburg,
Va. ; broke camp May 4, 1864; joined the ist division, 2nd corps, with

253 The Union Army

which it fought at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the North Anna, To-
topotomy, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. After its consolidation with
Battery A it was engaged in a desperate encounter at Reams' station,
where the combined batteries lost 52 men killed, wounded and missing,
all the guns and 50 horses. It resisted three attacks, but finally with-
drew its remnant of 72 men. New equipment was soon received and it
continued in service before Petersburg until the end of the siege. On
June 3, 1865, it left Washington for Providence, where it was mustered
out of the service on the 13th.

Battery C. — Capts., William B. Weeden, Richard Waterman. Battery
C was recruited at Providence and mustered into the U. S. service on
Aug. 25, 1861, for a three years' term. It left Providence Aug. 31 for
Washington; was stationed at Camp Sprague until October; then suc-
cessively at Fort Corcoran, Hall's hill and Miner's hill, where it was
assigned to Morell's brigade. Porter's division, and participated in the
Peninsular campaign. It was active at Yorktown; present at Hanover
Court House; and took part in the Seven Days' battles, where its losses
were 5 killed, 21 wounded and 5 missing, besides 3 guns, 2 caissons and
so horses. It then participated in the second battle of Bull Run; was
held in reserve at Antietam ; was active at Fredericksburg, and went
into winter quarters with the Army of the Potomac. In April, 1863, it
broke camp and joined in the Chancellorsville movement; was attached
to the 6th corps in June and participated in the battle of Gettysburg;
was then in the engagement at Rappahannock Station and the Mine Run
campaign. The winter of 1863-64 was spent in camp at Hazel run, Va.,
and in the spring and summer of 1864 was active in the constant fight-
ing which brought the Army of the Potomac to Petersburg. On July
II, the command was ordered to Washington with the 6th corps to aid
in repelling Gen. Early, and afterwards joined in the pursuit of Early
in the Shenandoah Valley, taking part in the battles of Winchester,
Fisher's hill and Cedar creek, where its losses were heavy. On Aug. 25,
1864, the original members not reenlisted were mustered out at Harper's
Ferry and returned to Providence. On Dec. 23, 1864, Battery C was
consolidated with Battery G, with which it served until the close of the
war. In total losses of killed and wounded, Battery C is ranked 4th
of all the volunteer batteries in the war by Col. Fox in his "Regimental
Losses," and its conduct was distinguished for bravery. It lost 19 men
killed or died of wounds and 8 from other causes.

Battery D. — Capts., John A. Monroe, William W. Buckley, Elmer L.
Corthell. This battery was recruited at Providence, where it was mus-
tered into the U. S. service for three years on Sept. 4, 1861, and left
immediately for Washington. It was ordered to Hall's hill, Va., and
there assigrned to Porter's division. In October it went into camp at
Upton's hill until March 9, 1862, when it moved to Fairfax Court House
and assigned to King's division, McDowell's corps, with which it
moved to Bristoe, Catlett's station and Falmouth. In June it joined in
the pursuit of Gen. Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; spent July in
camp at Falmouth ; in August it engaged at Rappahannock Station,
Sulphur Springs, Groveton, and the second Bull Run, where it suffered
a loss of 18 killed and wounded. At Antietam it had 39 men killed,
wounded and missing; was active at Fredericksburg; was assigned to
the 9th corps early in 1863 and on March 19 left Newport News for
Lexington, Ky. It shared in the marches of the corps in Kentucky and
Tennessee, being engaged at Campbell's station, and in the siege of
Knoxville. Early in 1864 it returned to the Army of the Potomac and
in April was stationed at Kernstown, Middletown and Winchester. In

Rhode Island Regiments 253

May it moved to Petersburg and was ordered to Washington, where its
equipment was temporarily left at the arsenal, owing to a surplus of
artillery in the field. When Gen. Early threatened the city in July, 1864,
the battery was again equipped and with the 19th corps was engaged at
Winchester, Fisher's hill and Cedar creek. It remained in the Shenan-
doah Valley until July 10, 1865, when it left for Providence and was
mustered out there on the 17th, having lost 10 men from wounds and
17 from other causes.

Battery E. — Capts., George E. Randolph, William B. Rhodes, Jacob
H. Lamb. Battery E, recruited and organized at Providence, was there
mustered into the U. S. service on Sept. 30, 1861, for a three years' term,
and left a few days later for Washington, where the first month was
passed at Camp Sprague and the remainder of the winter in camp near
Alexandria. In April, 1862, it was assigned to Hamilton's division
(afterward Kearny's), with which it participated in the Peninsular cam-
paign, being active at Yorktown and in the Seven Days' battles. Kearny
then joined Gen. Pope; was engaged at Bristoe Station, the second Bull
Run and Chantilly, after which Battery E returned to Washington for
refitting and was attached to Birney's division, with which it fought at
Fredericksburg. Winter quarters were occupied at Falmouth, and in the
Chancellorsville movement the battery was again active, losing heavily,
and four members receiving the "Kearny Cross" for bravery. At Gettys-
burg the battery lost 29 men killed or wounded. It shared in the actions
at Kelly's ford and Mine Run, and then went into winter quarters at
Brandy Station. In the Wilderness campaign the battery performed
heroic service and its guns were then trained on one point after another
of the Petersburg fortifications until their fall in April, 1865. After a
few weeks spent at City Point, Va., Battery E left for Providence, where
it was mustered out on June 14, 1865. The battery saw much hard
service and met with heavy loss, being ranked by Col. Fox loth in the
list of batteries, according to total number killed or died of wounds, viz. :
17 men. It also suffered 12 deaths from other causes.

Battery F. — Capts., James Belger, Thomas Simpson, organized at
Providence, was there mustered into the U. S. service for three years on
Oct. 29, 1861, and left for Washington early in November. It joined
the North Carolina expedition under Gen. Burnside; camped at Hatteras
inlet from Dec, 1861, to Feb. 26, 1862; then moved to Roanoke island;
thence to New Berne, where it performed picket duty as cavalry. Sev-
eral expeditions into the surrounding country were undertaken during
the following summer and winter, with actions at Whitehall Ferry,
Goldsboro railroad bridge, and near Little Washington when the relief
of that place was accomplished in April, 1863. New Berne continued
to be the headquarters of the command during the summer of 1863; it
embarked on Oct. 30 for Norfolk, Va. ; was stationed at Yorktown during
the winter, and left there on May 4, 1864, for Bermuda Hundred ; engaged
the enemy on the Richmond and Petersburg pike, at Drewry's bluff on May
12 and 16, the last time with the loss of 3 men killed, 14 wounded and 4
missing. It then proceeded to Petersburg, where it was engaged in the
early assaults on the works ; was engaged in several skirmishes ; as-
sisted in the capture of Fort Harrison ; and occupied batteries Nos. 3
and 4 at Chaffin's farm during the winter of 1864-65. On April 7 it left
camp for Richmond, and there remained until mustered out of the service,
June 27, 1865, immediately after which the men returned to Providence.
The total number of deaths in the battery was 27, of whom 10 men
were killed in action or died of wounds and 17 from other causes. The
record of the organization was always such as reflects credit on the state
and upon its members.

254 The Union Army

Battery G. — Capts., Charles D. Owen, Horace S. Bloodgood, George
W. Adams. Battery G. was organized at Providence, there mustered
into the U. S. service for three years on Dec. 21, 1861, and sent to
Camp Sprague, Washington, Dec. 7. It was stationed there for several
weeks, then at Poolesville, Edwards' ferry and Bolivar heights, near
Harper's Ferry. In April it joined Gen. McClellan's forces at York-
town; was attached to Sedgwick's division; participated in the siege of
Yorktown ; the Seven Days' battles, and all the movements of the Penin-
sular campaign. It fought bravely at Antietam and Fredericksburg;
went into winter quarters at Falmouth; joined in the Chancellorsville
campaign, where the position of the battery was much exposed and
bravely held with the loss of 5 men killed and 18 wounded. At Gettys-
burg it was prominent during all three days, and it continued with the
Army of the Potomac during the southward march, the Mine Run cam-
paign and in winter quarters at Brandy Station. In Dec, 1863, 28 mem-
bers reenlisted. It participated in the battles of the Army of the Po-
tomac early in the summer of 1864 leading up to Petersburg; was ordered
with the 6th corps to Washington at the time of Early's raid; fought
at Winchester, Fisher's hill and Cedar creek, rendering effective service
in the last named and losing 4 men killed and 23 wounded. It then re-
turned to Washington, was refitted and moved to Petersburg, where on
April 2, 1865, Capt. Adams with 17 picked men joined with the 6th corps
in a daring assault on the enemy's works, in which the members of the
battery captured the enemy's guns. In honor of this service the 17 men
received special bronze medals issued by the war department to com-
memorate the occasion, and Capt. Adams was brevetted Maj., Lieut.-Col.
and Col. Sailor's creek, April 6, was the final engagement of the bat-
tery and on June 16 it arrived in Providence, where it was mustered out
on the 24th. The total loss was 2 officers and 8 men killed or died of
wounds and 18 deaths from other causes.

Battery H. — Capts., Jeffrey Hazard, Crawford Allen, Jr. Battery H
was organized at Providence in the summer of 1862, and there mustered
into the U. S. service on Oct. 14 for three years. On the 23d it left for
Washington and was stationed at Camp Barry until Jan. 23, 1863, when
it was assigned to Casey's division. On May i a section was ordered to
Rappahannock Station and a week later the entire command was ordered
to Chantilly. Returning to Washington, it occupied Camp Barry, Fort
Ward, Fort Richardson and other posts in the immediate vicinity of the
capital until May 6, 1864. It was then attached to the artillery reserve
of the Army of the Potomac at Spottsylvania Court House, but on May
31 returned to Washington. On Oct 25, it was again assigned to the
artillery reserve of the Army of the Potomac and on Jan. 3, 1865, was
attached to the 6th corps, with which it shared in the final assault upon
Petersburg. It was again in action at Sailor's creek and was stationed
at Danville until June 16, when it left for Providence and was there
mustered out on the 28th. The battery lost 2 members by death from
wounds and 10 from accident or disease. While not called upon to ren-
der such difficult service as the other batteries of the regiment, the orders
received by Battery H were always cheerfully and intelligently executed.

Tenth Light Battery. — Capt., Edwin C. Gallup. The loth l-ght battery,
organized at Providence with the 9th and loth infantry regiments, left
for Washington in May, 1862, in three detachments and was mustered into
the U. S. service for three months at Washington on the 26th. It was
posted at Camp Frieze, Tennallytown, until June 23, when it moved to
Cloud's mills, but received orders to return to Washington and spent the
remainder of its term of service in camp near Fort Pennsylvania. On

Rhode Island Regiments 255

Aug. 30, 1862, it was mustered out at Providence, having lost i member
by death from accident.

First Cavalry.— Cols., Robert B. Lawton, Alfred N. Duffie; Lieut.-
Cols., Willard Sayles, John L. Thompson; Majs., Willard Sayles, Will-
iam Sanford, John L. Thompson, Robert C. Anthony, John Whipple, Jr.,
D. B. Nelson, Edmund C. Burt, Preston M. Farrington, Stephen R.
Swett, William H. Turner, Jr., John Rogers. The ist cavalary was or-
ganized as the New England cavalry, mentioned under the New Hamp-
shire regiments, containing two battalions from Rhode Island and one
battalion of four companies from New Hampshire. It rendezvoused at
Cranston in the autumn of 1861 ; passed the winter at Camp Arnold,
Pawtucket, where it was mustered in on Dec. 14, for three years; and
left for Washington in two detachments, March 12 and 14, 1862. It
numbered 1,000 members, and upon its arrival at Washington was assigned
to the cavalry brigade under Gen. Hatch of the 5th corps, with which it
camped at Warrenton Junction during the month of April. On May 5
it moved to Catlett's station, and soon afterward joined the ist corps
under Gen. McDowell on the way to Front Royal, where the 3d battalion,
which was in the lead, had a sharp brush with the enemy, losing 10 men
killed and wounded and recapturing a number of Union prisoners. On
June 2 the regiment, with the exception of Cos. E and G, was attached
to Ricketts' division and moved to Manassas. Cos. E and G, as the ad-
vance guard of the force under Gen. Shields in pursuit of Jackson, ac-
companied the column to Columbia bridge and returned to the regiment,
on June 11. At Culpeper, the ist was united with Gen. Pope's army and
participated in the fight at Cedar mountain, receiving complimentary
mention for gallantry in action from Gen. Banks. The regiment was ac-
tive at Groveton, the second Bull Run and Chantilly, after which it was
assigned to Gen. Stoneman's corps of observation and took part in many
scouting and reconnoitering expeditions, skirmishing with the enemy from
time to time. The command bivouacked at Poolesville, Md., until Oct.
27, when it moved to Falmouth, Va., and was then constantly in per-
formance of picket duty, engaging at Montville with some loss. On
Dec. I, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd cavalry brigade, under Gen.
Averell, center grand division, Army of the Potomac, and during the
battle of Fredericksburg was engaged in protecting supply and ammu-
nition trains. The winter of 1862-63 was passed in camp at Falmouth,
where the regiment became a part of the ist brigade, commanded by Col.
Duffie. The women of Providence presented to the regiment by Gov.
Sprague a handsome stand of colors, which was greatly appreciated. In
Feb., 1863, the cavalry repulsed an attack from the rear and at Kelly's
ford in March a general cavalry engagement occurred, in which the con-
duct of the 1st was brilliant and the loss severe, 26 men being killed or
wounded. In April the command participated in Gen. Stoneman's noted
raid toward Richmond. It fought at Chancellorsville, and at Middle-
burg the regiment was surrounded and had great difficulty making its
escape, with the loss of 5 killed, 14 wounded and 200 captured. It was
badly scattered and disorganized, but under command of Lieut.-Col.
Thompson was refitted and rejoined the Army of the Potomac at Gettys-
burg in time to participate in the many cavalry skirmishes and engage-
ments of the autumn of 1863. The regiment formed a part of the ist
brigade, 2nd cavalry division, and participated in the battles of Culpeper
Court House, Rapidan Station, Pony mountain, Sulphur springs. Auburn,
Bristoe Station, Wolf run and Rappahannock Station. On Nov. 20, it
was ordered to report for duty to Gen. Kenly and ordered to guard the
railroad communications with the ist corps, after which the ist battalion

256 The Union Army

was posted at Warrenton Junction, the 2nd at Bealeton and the 3d at
Catlett's station. On Jan. 5, 1864, the New Hampshire battalion was
detached from the regiment, 260 members of which reenlisted and upon
their return from Providence April 14, the remainder was reorganized
and assigned to the defenses of Washington. Here it was dismounted
and attached to Lowell's cavalry brigade. On May 14, it was again
equipped and mounted, when it was assigned to Abercrombie's brigade
at Belle Plain and engaged in scouting and reconnoitering along the
Rappahannock and Pamunkey rivers with occasional skirmishes with the
enemy. In August, when the defenses of Washington were reinforced
by the arrival of the 6th corps from Petersburg, the ist became part of
Gen. Sheridan's army and shared in all the movements of the Shenan-
doah Valley campaign. It was active at Charlestown, Kearneysville,
Smithville, Berryville, Summit Point, Winchester, Fisher's hill, Milford
creek. New Market, Waynesboro, Kernstown, Woodstock, Cedar creek
and Rude's hill. Late in December the regiment was attached to the
cavalry reserves and upon the expiration of the term of the original
members not reenlisted it became necessary to consolidate the veterans
into a battalion of four companies. This was done on Jan. i, 1865, and
the battalion went into winter quarters with Sheridan's army near Win-
chester. In Feb., 1865, it left camp to take part in the movement which
led up to the battle of Five Forks, in which it was active as also at the
second battle of Waynesboro, after which it returned to Winchester as
escort for prisoners. It was present at the paroling of the Confederates
at Mount Jackson and on June 22, was ordered to Baltimore, where it
was mustered out on Aug. 3, 1865. The total strength of the regiment
was 1,551 members, of whom i officer and 16 men were killed or died
of wounds and 2 officers and "jy men from accident, imprisonment or dis-
ease. The regiment participated in the grand review at Washington and
arrived at Providence Aug. 5.

Seventh Squadron, Cavalry. — Maj., Augustus W. Corliss. The 7th
squadron was composed of two companies, one from Providence and
one from Dartmouth university, N. H., and Norwich university, Vt. It
rendezvoused at the Dexter training grounds, Providence, and was mus-
tered into the U. S. service June 24, 1862, at Providence, for three
months. It left for Washington on the 28th ; camped at Gales' wood and
Camp Sprague; was ordered to Alexandria on July 25 under Gen. Stur-
gis ; moved to Winchester and was there stationed until the expiration
of its term of service early in September. The members volunteered,
however, to remain during the campaign in Maryland ; camped at Mary-
land heights, opposite Harper's Ferry, and then moved to Greencastle,
returning to Providence Sept. 26, where they were mustered out.

Second Cavalry. — Lieut.-Col, Augustus W. Corliss; Majs., Augustus
W. Corliss, Robert C. Anthony, C. N. Manchester. This regiment, or-
ganized at Providence during the autumn and early winter of 1862, was
mustered into the U. S. service in two battalions, Nov. 21 and Dec. i,
1862, for three years. The regiment was ordered to join the forces of
Gen. Banks at New Orleans ; participated in the Port Hudson move-
ment, the Bayou Teche expedition, the siege of Port Hudson, and in an
expedition near Jackson, La., in which it was twice engaged, and was
attacked at Brashear City, where it lost many prisoners. Sickness had
also aided in reducing the number of effective men and on Aug. 24, 1863,
the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of four companies and
joined to the ist La. cavalry. This transfer roused great opposition
among the Rhode Island men, who refused to obey the order until forced
to do so. Their resistance was so determined that in order to enforce

Rhode Island Regiments 257

discipline 2 of their number were shot in the presence of their comrades.
Protests from Gov. Smith of Rhode Island caused the final transfer of
the battalion to the 3d R. I. cavalry, which was effected on Jan. 14, 1864.
The 2nd lost 4 men by death from wounds and 31 by death from other

CdUSCS

Third Cavalry.— Col., Willard Sayles; Lieut.-Col., Charles H. Park-
hurst; Majs., George R. Davis, Edmund C. Burt, Raymond H. Perry.
The 3d cavalry, recruited at Mashapaug, Providence and Jamestown dur-
ing the summer and autmn of 1863, was mustered into the U. S. service
for a three years' term, the ist battalion in Sept., 1863, and the others
during the winter of 1863-64. On Dec. 31, 1863, the regiment embarked
for New Orleans, where it received in February two companies from the
2nd R. I. cavalry and was assigned to the 5th cavalry brigade under
Col. Gooding. It participated in the Red River expedition, being en-
gaged at Pleasant Hill, Cane river and a number of minor affairs. Re-
turning to Alexandria on April 25, it performed picket duty for a while
and was engaged at Gov. Moore's plantation, Marksville and Yellow
bayou. Owing to a scarcity of horses the regiment turned in its equip-
ments on June 23 and served as infantry until Sept. 20. In the meantime
other detachments had arrived from Rhode Island until the regiment
numbered twelve companies, six of which were mounted on Sept. 27 and
sent to Bayou La Fourche, followed soon after by the remainder of the
regiment. Picket duty and reconnoitering expeditions engaged the regi-
ment until it was mustered out at New Orleans, Nov. 29, 1865. The
3d cavalry lost 8 men killed or died from wounds, and suffered 139
deaths from other causes, chief among which were the diseases incident
to the climate, to which the men from the northern states were particu-
larly susceptible.

Vol. 1—17

Military Affairs in Connecticut

1861—65

The little State of Connecticut displayed in a striking manner
the many sturdy qualities of her people throughout the period of
the Civil war. Seldom, if ever, has any group of people found
themselves more unprepared for the stern call of war than were
the citizens of Connecticut when the final summons came. Prac-
tically all her sons had been trained to the peaceful walks of life
and were practiced only in the ways of commerce and agricul-
ture. Yet in the four long years of bloody strife, they developed
a readiness and aptitude for warfare which gave the regiments
of the state an individuality all their own, and gained for them
a reputation for discipline, cleanly behavior and splendid cour-
age, kindly remembered by the veterans of all the states. Her
people, as was generally true throughout the North, were slow
to believe that the Southern States were about to take the bold
and decisive steps that spelled disunion. They felt that in some
way, by some means, the demands of the South would be satis-
fied and war averted. But once the flag of the nation had been
assailed by traitor hands and "Old Glory" trailed in the dust, the
latent fires of patriotism leaped forth and no state gave a readier
or more generous response to the call to arms. Without dispar-
agement to the glorious services rendered by all the loyal states,
it is proper to say that the record of her volunteer soldiery dur-
ing the war will stand favorable comparison with that of any
during the struggle.

In the words of Croffut, the military historian of the state :
"The first great martyrs of the war — Ellsworth, Winthrop,
Ward, and Lyon — were of Connecticut stock. A Connecticut
general, with Connecticut regiments, opened the battle of Bull
Run, and closed it; and a Connecticut regiment was marshaled
in front of the farmhouse at Appomattox, when Lee surrendered
to a soldier of Connecticut blood. A Connecticut flag first dis-
placed the palmetto upon the soil of South Carolina; a Connecti-
cut flag was first planted in Mississippi ; a Connecticut flag was
first unfurled before New Orleans. Upon the reclaimed walls
of Pulaski, Donelson, Macon, Jackson, St. Philip, Morgan, Wag-

258

Military Affairs in Connecticut 259

ner, Sumter, Fisher, our state left its ineffaceable mark. The sons
of Connecticut followed the illustrious grandson of Connecticut,
as he swung his army with amazing momentum, from the fast-
nesses of Tennessee to the Confederacy's vital center. At An-
tietam, Gettysburg, and in all the fierce campaigns of Virginia,
our soldiers won crimson glories ; and at Port Hudson, they were
the very first and readiest m that valiant little band — every man
a Winicelreid, resolved to gather the shafts of flame into their
bosoms to make a path for Liberty to tread. On the banks of
every river of the South, and in the battle smoke of every con-
tested ridge and mountain-peak, the sons of Connecticut have
stood and patiently struggled. In every ransomed state we
have a holy acre on which the storm has left its emerald waves."
The state was most fortunate in keeping at the helm through-
out the struggle her great "war-governor," William A. Buck-
ingham, the friend of Lincoln. The best evidence of the disinter-
ested nature of his services, is the fact that during his eight
years' tenure of office, he never drew a dollar of salary — an ex-
ample emulated by others. Gov. Buckingham's majority in the
hotly contested election of i860 was 541, and placed the stamp of
disapproval on the secession movement ; in the succeeding au-
tumn, Lincoln's majority in the state was 10,292. Connecticut
is a state where party majorities have long been small, and the
result in both the state and national elections was significant as
showing the trend of popular sentiment on the great issues of the
hour. Sympathy for the South ruled strong, and many of the
conservative and intelligent citizens of the state were willing to
go to almost any length to avert the impending crisis and ap-
pease the angry South. Among the prominent papers of the state
which had opposed the election of Lincoln were the Hartford
Times, the New Haven Register and the Bridgeport Farmer.
The two former afterwards modified their views and the latter,
which continued to serve as the organ of the "peace party" for
some months after the beginning of hostilities, was silenced, its
office being attacked and sacked by an indignant body of citizens
and soldiers on Aug. 26, 186 1. Connecticut sent an able dele-
gation to the 36th Congress, to wit, Senators, Lafayette S. Fos-
ter and James B. Dixon; Representatives, Dwight Loomis, John
Woodruff, Alfred A. Burnham, and Orrin S. Ferry. The con-
servative sentiment of the state spoke through Senator Dixon
when he declared, "My constituents are ready to make any sac-
rifice which a reasonable man can ask or an honorable man can
grant." But events were hurrying on to precipitate the crisis,
and it is doubtful if any degree of forbearance, or any conces-
sions, short of absolute surrender of all the North had contended

260 The Union Army

for and won in the elections of i860, would have satisfied the
South. As early as Jan. 9, 1861, the Star of the West, carrying
supplies to Maj. Anderson at Fort Sumter, was fired upon.
Though active military preparations had been going on for some
time in nearly all the Southern States, the North remained
strangely apathetic. To the Peace Conference, the last great
effort to adjust the strained relations between the sections, Con-
necticut sent a distinguished delegation, including ex-Gov.
Roger Sherman Baldwin, Hon. Charles J. McCurdy, and Hon.
Robbins Battell. The story of that futile convention, called
through the influence of Virginia, is now history, and the work
it attempted is now seen to have been impossible. Throughout
the war, Gideon Welles, a worthy son of Connecticut, served as
Lincoln's secretary of the navy. His efficient services and wise
counsel helped to efface the memory of his predecessor under
Buchanan, Isaac Toucey, also a son of Connecticut, who was
suspected of scattering the nation's warships in distant seas and
of allowing officers and naval stores to slip from under his con-
trol.

In the spring election of 186 1, Gov. Buckingham received a
majority of more than 2,000, and Washington could count on the
loyal support of the state administration. But all else was now
forgotten amid the excitement of greater events. Actual war
was precipitated with unexpected suddenness. The news that
Sumter had been fired upon reached Connecticut on Sunday
morning, April 14, and the innate patriotism of her citizens was
at once exhibited. All hesitation was put aside and a wave of
spontaneous loyalty to the Union swept the state from border to
border. Disapproval of coercive measures was silenced amid
the excitement of great Union meetings and the active prepara-
tions for war which at once begun. A volunteer company was
started in New Britain and in West Winsted 100 men offered
their services, $700 being promptly subscribed toward
their proper equipment. Frank Stanley of New Britain,
afterward killed at Irish bend, was the first man to volunteer his
services. On the 15th was issued President Lincoln's call for
75,000 militia for three months, of which Connecticut's quota
was one regiment of 780 men. The governor found that the
laws of the state were such that a militia regiment could not be
ordered to leave the state and he assumed the responsibility of
enlisting a regiment of volunteers. Such was the enthusiasm
that three regiments were quickly recruited and within four days
the 1st regiment was encamped at New Haven. It was followed
by the 2nd within six days ; the 3d going into camp at Hartford
two weeks later, and at the end of three weeks a total of fifty-

Military Affairs in Connecticut 261

four companies were formed, all eager to go to the front. New
Britain and Danbury were the first to offer companies to the
state, while the West Meriden company was the first to be ac-
cepted by the governor. The first complete volunteer company
was that of Capt. Burnham from Hartford. The first volunteer
in Norwich, the governor's home, was James B. Coit, who organ-
ized the "Buckingham Rifles" as soon as the news of the attack
on Sumter was received, the company finally becoming a part of
the 2nd regiment. The Wooster Guards of Danbury proffered
their services two days before the governor issued his call and
were the initial company to arrive at New Haven. Illustrations
of the tremendous enthusiasm which everywhere prevailed and
of the feverish bustle of war preparations might be multiplied
almost indefinitely. Brooklyn, Windham county, raised 60 men
within 30 minutes, and the record was almost equalled in numer-
ous other towns. Five brothers, sons of Jared Dennis, enlisted
in Norwich, and Capt. Dickerson, of the Mansfield company, had
his men armed and equipped with full ranks over night. Much
of this haste was inspired by news from Washington, which
reported the town to be closely invested by the enemy and in
imminent danger of capture. All rail and wire communication
with the nation's capital was cut off, and the reception of the
6th Mass. in Baltimore augured ill for its quick relief. The gov-
ernor despatched William A. Aiken, quartermaster-general of
the state, on April 22, to see if communication with the capital
could be had, and to assure the president that help from Con-
necticut was on the way. Gen. Aiken returned after a trip full
of dangerous incident and afterward declared, "I believe there
has been no hour since, when messages of sympathy, encourage-
ment, and aid from the loyal government of a loyal state were
more truly needed, or more effective in the mind of the late presi-
dent, that these I had the honor to deliver." On the i8th the
few companies of unarmed Pennsylvanians had reached Wash-
ington, followed on the 19th by the 6th Mass., and on the 26th
by the 8th Mass., and the 7th N. Y. Word came on the 25th
that Washington was safe, and the next day the railroads adver-
tised that they would run a few trains.

During these trying days the state administration was con-
fronted by a condition of almost complete military unprepared-
ness. Through the wise foresight of Gov. Buckingham partial
equipment for 5,000 men had been provided during the winter
of 1860-61, but much was lacking. The state had only about
1,000 muskets of the latest pattern, and the necessary money to
properly arm and equip the men must be found. This was freely
proffered by the banks of the state. The Elm City bank of New

362 The Union Army

Haven offered a loan of $50,000; the Thames bank, $100,000;
each of the following- banks, Pahquioque bank of Danbury, the
Danbury bank, and the Mechanics' bank of New Haven, tendered
$50,000; the Fairfield County bank of Norwalk $25,000, and the
banks of Hartford, $500,000, or one-tenth of their combined
capital Nor was money alone needed ; all aided in the work of
preparation. Everywhere the women were busy making uni-
forms and other needed garments ; tailors gave their services
without thought of compensation ; caterers served lunches ; out-
fitters supplied underclothing, and in this way the work was done
in an incredibly short space of time. It is recorded that the
women of New Haven finished and distributed more than 500
uniforms in ten days. Substantial encouragement was also of-
fered by many towns in making provision for the families of
those who enlisted, thus anticipating the later work of the state.
Employers continued the pay of their employes and brother work-
men did the work of absent comrades.

By April 20 the ist regiment was assembled in New Haven,
commanded by Col. Daniel Tyler, of Norwich, a graduate of
West Point. The 2nd, under Col. Alfred H. Terry, rendezvoused
at Brewster's park. Such was the scarcity of experienced offi-
cers, that the cadets from Gen. Russell's military school at New
Haven were employed in drilling the new recruits. The 3d regi-
ment encamped on Albany avenue, Hartford, May 9th, and left
for Washington a few days after the first two regiments. Noth-
ing was too good for "the boys in blue," and equipment of all
kinds was pressed upon them by an admiring and sympathetic
public. Even after the process of elimination had taken place,
the necessary accouterments, extra supplies of clothing, the Bible,
the photograph album, etc., gave each raw recruit a pack of
from 125 to 150 pounds. These early volunteers had little con-
ception of the terrible hardships before them, or of the stem
realities of war. Like the great majority of the people of the
North they believed that the war would be of short duration — a
campaign of a few months at most. Both North and South were
soon to be cruelly undeceived on this score. The sight of men
proudly marching forth full of buoyant health and enthusiasm,
was ere long displaced by the spectacle of the returning regfi-
ments, often mere shattered remnants, made up of haggard,
weary and footsore men. On May loth the ist marched to the
wharf and embarked for Washington on the "Bienville" by way
of the Potomac, which was then open. It arrived on the 13th
and is said to have been the first regiment to reach the capital
fully equipped to take the field. Through the personal solicita-
tion of Gov. Buckingham, who journeyed to Washington and

Military Affairs in Connecticut 263

saw the president, two more regiments were ordered to the front.
The 2nd sailed on the steamer Cahawba on the nth, and arrived
at Washington on the 14th. This regiment was fortunate in its
officers, most of whom were experienced soldiers of the state
militia, while three of its companies were old and popular militia
organizations. The 3d embarked on the Cahawba for Wash-
ington on the 23d, and all three regiments were brigaded under
Gen. Tyler, who had been made a brigadier-general of volunteers
on the day the ist left the state. (See Records of the Regi-
ments.)

The state legislature met on May i, and at once took up the
work of providing for the public defense, by voting the needed
supplies for the steady stream of troops which were to leave the
state from this time forward. The message of Gov. Bucking-
ham announced that forty-one volunteer companies had already
been accepted, and that the 5th regiment would be ready in a
few days. None would leave the state until it was fully equipped
with camp and baggage trains, prepared to take the field. He
also recommended the organization of an efficient state militia
not to exceed 10,000 men. The legislature gave a prompt and
cordial response to these recommendations. On May 3 an act
to provide for the organization and equipment of a volunteer
militia and for the public defense passed both houses. This
volunteer force of not more than 10,000 men was to be in addition
to the present military organization, and was to be liable at all
times to be turned over by the governor to the service of the
nation. An appropriation of $2,000,000 was made to defray the
expenditures under the act, the treasurer being empowered to
issue six per cent, coupon bonds to that amount. Provision was
also made for the extra pay of the soldiers already departed, and
for the payment of a bounty of $6 a month for the wife, and $2
for each child, not exceeding two, under the age of 14 years, of
all volunteers. This was paid quarterly, even after the death of
the soldier, during his term of enlistment. The work of the
legislature was admirably done and only an extension of the
acts was needed during the rest of the war.

Of the three months' troops is should be said, that practically
all volunteered from motives of pure patriotism, and without
hope of bounty or reward. It fell to their lot to do the cruel,
pioneer work of the war, and to point the way for future im-
provements in the service. They served also as a training school
for the citizen soldiers, and provided many of the future officers
of the war as well as many of the veterans. In order to secure
the addition of two regiments to the quota of the state under the
first call, the state had promised that the other volunteers organ-

364 The Union Army

ized should enHst for three years, and the president's call of May
3 for 42,000 troops was for that length of time. Hence the men
who had enthusiastically responded to the first call and had
gathered at Hartford with the hope of being mustered in with
the other three months' troops as the 4th infantry, were reorgan-
ized as a three years' regiment and mustered in for that period
on May 22-23. The men composing the 5th infantry had also
enlisted for three years and were mustered in on July 23, 1861.
The first great reverse of the war at Bull Run, in which the
state's three months' troops had displayed conspicuous gallantry,
brought renewed confidence to the advocates of the peace policy
in the state. Peace meetings were numerous and many attempts
made to raise white flags. However, the great body of the people
were still enthusiastic for the war and the white flags were gen-
erally lowered in response to the indignant protest of the
majority. Frequent collisions took place between the two ele-
ments, which finally caused Gov. Buckingham on Aug. 31 to issue
a stirring proclamation, appealing to the patriotism of all and call-
ing upon the officers of the law to arrest and punish those guilty
of disturbing the public peace, sedition and treason, or of ob-
structing the due execution of the laws. His opening words
declared : "Eleven states of the Union are now armed and in open
rebellion against Federal authority ; they have paralyzed the
business of the nation, have involved us in civil war, and are now
exerting their combined energies to rob us of the blessings of a
free government. The greatness of their crime has no parallel
In the history of human governments. At this critical juncture,
our liberties are still further imperilled by the utterance of sedi-
tious language ; by a traitorous press, which excuses or justifies
the rebellion ; by secret organizations, which propose to resist
the laws of this state by force ; by the public exhibition of 'peace
flags' — falsely so called ; and by an effort to redress grievances
regardless of the forms and officers of the law. The very exist-
ence of our government, the future prosperity of this entire
nation, and the hopes of universal freedom demand that these
outrages be suppressed." Despite this sporadic opposition, the
v/ork of enlistment in obedience to the call of the governor in
August for four regiments of infantry for three years, or the
war, went on briskly. The ranks of these organizations, desig-
nated the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th infantr>', were filled during the
summer and all had been mustered into the U. S. service and left
the state by the end of October. Under the call of April 15, the
state had furnished a total of 2,402 men ; under the call of May
3, and the acts of Congress approved July 22 and 25, 1861, the
quota of the state was 13,057 men, so that there was urgent

Military Affairs in Connecticut 265

need to provide more soldiers. Consequently the legislature met
in extra session on Oct. 9, 1861, to make liberal provision for
more troops, to rectify errors in the militia laws recently passed,
and to decide whether the state would assume its share of the
direct national tax, or leave the Federal government to collect
it. The governor stated in his message that the expense of
raising and equipping volunteers to Oct. i was $943,939, which
had been met by the sale of $800,000 worth of bonds and the
money in the treasury. He said : "The calls made upon volun-
teers for the national defense have met with a hearty response,
and but for a hesitancy on the part of the general government
to accept more troops, we might have had 12,000 or 15,000 men
in the field today. We have, however, organized, equipped, sent
into the field, and have now ready nine regiments of infantry.
Their camp equipage was complete, and their appointments
were highly respectable. About 5,000 Sharp's and Enfield rifles
have been purchased, and contracts made for an equal number of
the latter arms, which have not yet been delivered. Arrange-
ments have also been made to arm, uniform, and furnish complete
equipments for two other regiments now rendezvousing, and for
one not yet organized." After a session of one week, the legis-
lature gave the governor unlimited power to raise volunteers ;
authorized another loan of $2,000,000 ; and assumed the collection
of the national tax, thereby saving 15 per cent, to the state.

The loth infantry was mustered in for three years on Sept.
30, 1861 ; the nth was recruited in the fall and mustered in for
three years on Oct. 24. The 12th, known as the "Charter Oak
regiment," was recruited in the late autumn, as part of the "New
England division;" and the 13th was also recruited in the late
fall and early winter of 1861. In addition to the above organiza-
tions, the 1st squadron of cavalry was recruited and mustered in
in Aug., 1861. A battalion of cavalry composed of four com-
panies, one from each Congressional district, was recruited in
the fall, under a call issued on Oct. i, 1861, and was eventually
recruited to a full regiment, designated the ist regiment Conn,
volunteer cavalry. It will thus be seen that by the end of the
year the state had raised and equipped thirteen full regiments,
besides a considerable body of men organized as cavalry ; and in
addition one battery of light artillery was recruited in the autumn.

The year 1862 brought many reverses and disappointments
to the Union arms. The authorities were vacillating in their
plans, the South was full of confidence, and the friends of seces-
sion in the North once mo^e raised their voices. Gov. Bucking-
ham continued to exert himself to the utmost during this dark
period and was one of the loyal governors who advised the presi-

266 The Union Army

dent to issue his call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 more troops for
three years. The quota assigned to Connecticut was 7,145.
Meanwhile, the people had reelected Gov. Buckingham by a
handsome majority in April, and chosen a legislature of which
the senate was unanimously Republican, and the house was
made up of 195 Republicans and 56 Democrats. During 1862
the state expended for war purposes $1,866,097. By Nov. i,
1862 it had furnished 28,551 men for the volunteer army, con-
sisting of twenty-seven regiments of infantry, one regiment of
heavy artillery, two batteries of light artillery, one squadron and
one battalion of cavalry. At its regular session in May, 1862,
the legislature revised and modified the militia law of the previous
year, which now divided the able-bodied males of the state be-
tween the ages of 18 and 45 years, save for the usual exemptions,
into two classes — the active and the inactive militia — the former
to consist of all the volunteer companies then organized, or to be
organized, armed and equipped by the state and paid a per diem
of $2 together with mileage ; the latter to be composed of all
other able-bodied persons not exempt, to be enrolled and (except
minors) to pay a commutation tax of $1 per annum, but to be
called into service only in case of rebellion or invasion of the state,
when they were liable to be drafted by the commander-in-chief
(the governor) to fill up the ranks of the active militia. The
law was by no means perfect and considerable complaint arose
in regard to it.

When the above mentioned call of July was issued, enthusias-
tic war-meetings were again the order of the day. Each town
was now called upon for its proper quota and under the liberal
bounties oflFered recruiting went on very rapidly. The small
towns exerted themselves to equal the liberality of the larger
ones, Bloomfield and Watertown going so far as to offer $250
per man. In the intense rivalry between the towns to fill their
quotas under this call and the succeeding one in August, and
thereby escape resort to the dreaded draft, the smaller and poorer
towns were outmatched by the large, wealthy ones. In many
particulars the whole bounty system resulted in great wrong and
injustice, though it was deemed necessary under the imperious
demands of the period. Connecticut was the first to fill its quota
under the July call, furnishing 9,195 men. It thus had a large
surplus to spare, which materially aided in the work of filling
the quota under the call of August. While the state was strain-
ing every nerve to promptly fill its July quota, came the call of
Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia for nine months' service. Con-
necticut's quota was again 7,145 and the men were to be drafted.
From the beginning to the end of the war, both the state and local

Military Affairs in Connecticut 367

authorities labored strenuously to avoid the draft, and were in
the main successful. Under these two calls of July and August,
the state raised and equipped in less than five months, 14,797
men. The 14th, 15th, i6th, 17th, i8th, 20th, 21st infantry, and
the 2nd cavalry (originally recruited as the 19th infantry) were
three years' regiments and all had left the state by the middle of
September. The 22nd, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th were nine
months' regiments, all of which had been mustered into the U. S.
service and left for the scene of war by Nov. 20, 1862. In addi-
tion, a large number of recruits had been enlisted and gone
forward to fill the depleted ranks of the regiments in the field.
There had also been organized under the three years' call of
July the 2nd light battery, which left the state for Washington on
Oct. 15, 1862. The July regiments were of unusually fine mate-
rial, and had on their rolls many of the finest names in the state.
Did space permit it would be a pleasure to enumerate the names
of many of those distinguished for their heroism and patriotic
and disinterested services. The fame of one man — a private in
the 17th — spread throughout the state. This was Elias Howe,
Jr., of Fairfield county. One of the richest and most patriotic
men in the state, prevented by chronic lameness from the per-
formance of ordinary duties, he nevertheless served as the regi-
mental postmaster and expressman throughout its term of service.
When the regimental pay was in arrears for four months, he gave
his personal check for $31,000 to the government, or for half
the sum then due the regiment. This is but one of many noble
instances of private generosity. With the exception of the State
of Iowa, Connecticut was the first state to fill her full quota under
the two calls of July and Aug., 1862. Some resort to the draft
was made to fill the quota of nine months' men, but in most
places it was escaped. Hartford drafted 421 men; but in New
Haven, the deficiency was made up by volunteers, just before the
dreaded moment arrived when the draft was to begin, $1,200
having been collected from the patriotic citizens to aid in raising
the full quota. Slight opposition was offered to the draft in
Fairfield and Newtown, but the disorders were soon quelled.
Altogether, 1,212 men were drafted, but of these only 218, of
whom 142 were substitutes, were mustered into the U. S. service,
81 deserted after reaching camp, 623 were exempted by the exam-
iners, 10 had previously volunteered, 34 were not subject to
military duty, and 166 were unaccounted for. Volunteers
eventually made up the number needed, which, on the whole, was
fortunate, as many of the conscripts made poor soldiers and were
not popular in the ranks of the volunteers. Many of them be-
longed to the despised class of "bounty- jumpers," enlisting only
to secure the reward and then desert.

268 The Union Army

The cost of raising and equipping this large body of troops
had drained the treasury and the governor called a special ses-
sion of the legislature, which met in Hartford on Dec. 9, 1862.
The governor's message stated the inefficiency of the draft;
again called attention to the defects of the militia law ; advocated
the extension of the suffrage to the soldiers in the field ; recom-
mended that the state bonds be issued for a definite number of
years; and that the towns be authorized to issue bonds. There
was a total state indebtedness of $1,338,553 to be provided for
and the legislature authorized a loan of $2,000,000, taken in
Feb., 1863, at a premium of 12 per cent. The militia law
was again modified and an act was passed authorizing the soldiers
in the field to vote, a law which the state supreme court subse-
quently declared to be unconstitutional.

The vote for governor in the spring of 1863 gave Bucking-
ham a majority of over 2,500 over his Democratic opponent,
Thomas H. Seymour. The strength of the opposition to the
war policy had been much increased by the disasters to the Union
arms in 1862, and party lines, nearly obliterated at the beginning
of the war, were again closely drawn. Many soldiers home on
furlough at the time of the election strengthened the majority
of the war party. The disastrous battle of Chancellorsville in-
creased the outcry against the continuance of the war, and the
spring of 1863 was the darkest period of the struggle. The
gloom was soon to be dispelled, however, by the great victories
achieved at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, both decisive events, and
marking the turning point of the war.

During the summer of 1863 occurred the principal draft of
the war in Connecticut, in conformity to a law passed by Con-
gress the previous winter. The final returns of this draft show
that 2,276 conscripts and substitutes were held to serve, and
1,252 paid commutation of $300 each — amounting in all to $375,-
600. Every inducement was made to secure volunteers. The
national government offered in July a bounty of $402 ; the state
a bounty of $30 per annum, and if the volunteer was married,
$6 a month to the wife, and $2 to each child under 14 years old;
while liberal bounties were also paid by the several towns and
cities. Under the calls of Oct. 17, 1863, and Feb. i, 1864, for
500,000 men for three years, the quota of the state was 7,919,
and she was credited with a total of 11,839 men, 1,513 of whom
paid commutation. Under the liberal inducements offered the
soldiers in the field to reenlist for another term of three years,
both by bounty and furlough, 2,850 Connecticut men reenlisted.

The legislature, which convened in extra session in Nov.,
1863, enacted that each colored volunteer should be paid out of

Military Affairs in Connecticut 269

lhe state treasury such sum as should make his monthly pay
equal to the amount received from the United States by other
volunteers from Connecticut, and gave him an allowance of $3.50
per month in addition, for clothing. Every man securing a vol-
unteer was to receive $10, and $200,000 was appropriated for
this purpose. Another act provided for the payment of $300
bounty to each volunteer, in addition to all previous sums ordered,
and appropriated $1,800,000 for the purpose.

Recruiting for the 29th (colored) infantry began in Aug.,
1863, but most of the men enlisted during the last three months
of the year and the regiment was finally mustered in on March
8; 1864. Recruiting for the 30th (colored) infantry began in
Jan., 1864, but such was the need for men at the front, that when
only four companies were organized, it was sent to the front on
June 4, and consolidated with other companies to form the 31st
regiment U. S. (colored) infantry. The last organization formed
in the state was the 3d light battery, an independent body of
artillerymen which embraced many veterans, and which was
recruited during the summer and early fall of 1864. The state
provided additional bounties for troops required in any future
requisitions and an amendment to the constitution was adopted
permitting soldiers in the field and absent from the state to vote.

Connecticut was never called upon to furnish her assignment
under the call of Dec. 19, 1864, for 300,000 men, as she then had
a large surplus to her credit. According to the statistician, Phis-
terer, the total quotas of the state during the war amounted to
44,797, while she sent to the army a total of 54,349, and 1,515
paid commutation. She thus furnished a surplus of 11,067 men.
As there were only 80,000 voters in the state at this period, she
contributed nearly seven-tenths of her voting strength. These
54,000 men were distributed among twenty-eight regiments of
infantry, two regiments and three batteries of artillery, and one
regiment and one squadron of cavalry. As already noted, she
also furnished one squadron of cavalry which was included,
despite promises to the contrary, in the N. Y. Harris light cavalry
and credited to that state. The above enumeration likewise fails
to include over 2,000 men from Connecticut who enlisted in the
U. S. navy, as well as large numbers who served in the regular
army and in the regiments of other states. The total expenses
of the war to the state, exclusive of private contributions and
indirect losses, both very large, was $6,623,580. The largest
expenditures among the cities were made by New Haven, and
Hartford was second. The ist regiment heavy artillery was
longest in service, 4 years and 4 months; the 13th infantry was
second, 4 years and 3 months; and the 8th and nth next, with

270 The Union Army

4 years and 2 months, and 4 years and i month, respectively.
Fifty-two of the generals in the several armies of the Union were
actual residents of the state, and many others were Connecticut
born.

A revised list of the casualties of Connecticut troops during
the war shows that the losses in killed, wounded, missing, cap-
tured, and died of disease and in prison, amounted to 20,573,
of whom 209 were officers. This was more than one-fourth of the
voters of the state. The 14th infantry suffered the greatest loss,
with a casualty list of 1,467, of whom 188 were killed or mortally
wounded and 552 wounded. The total number of men killed or
mortally wounded in battle in the volunteer organizations was
1,981. The total number who died of disease was 2,801. The
9th infantry, which was sent south as a part of Butler's expedi-
tion for the capture of New Orleans, and was wretchedly equip-
ped, suffered the greatest loss from disease — 218 men ; the 5th
and 1 8th infantry show the smallest losses from this source,
losing 63 and 48 men respectively. (See also Records of the
Regiments.)

As the war dragged its weary length along the ranks of the
regiments in the field became sadly depleted and the labor of
satisfying the constant demands of the government for more men
became ever more and more difficult. Fortunately the state
eventually secured credit, under the amendment to the enrollment
act, approved July 4, 1864, for all men who had enlisted, or who
should thereafter enlist in the navy, the men to be credited to the
locality from which they enlisted. At the end of July a commis-
sion was appointed, consisting of Col. F. D. Sewall, on behalf
of the United States, and Robert Coit, Jr., of New London, on
behalf of the state, to pass upon the claim of the state for credit
for naval enlistments. After an exhaustive investigation Col.
Sewall passed to the credit of the state 1,804 enlistments prior
to the passage of the act by Congress, and 339 enlistments in the
navy were subsequently credited. Some slight benefit was also
derived from the act of Congress, approved July 4, 1864, pro-
viding that the governors of the loyal states might send agents
into the rebellious states to recruit troops. Six principal points
of rendezvous for recruiting purposes were accordingly estab-
lished by the war department: Camp Casey, Washington, D. C.,
"Fortress Monroe, Va., New Berne N. C, Hilton Head, S. C,
Vicksburg, Miss., and Nashville, Tenn. Almost no results were
secured at Washington, Vicksburg and Nashville, but a total of
1,144 recruits were secured at the other stations. The act grant-
ing authority to recruit in the South was repealed in Feb., 1865.

Before the war had lasted many months it began to be

Military Affairs in Connecticut 271

realized that it would not be soon ended. The casualties from
death and disease among the soldiers at the front grew in volume
and the patriotic citizens of Connecticut exerted themselves
to afford every aid and comfort possible to the soldier boys.
To this end various relief associations and agencies were estab-
lished and before long the habit of the people exerted itself in
systematized effort to provide relief in every possible way. At
the very outset, the sons of Connecticut residing in New York
provided rooms where the soldiers could secure subsiantial
meals and other needed comforts. Robert H. McCurdy was the
president of the New York relief agency ; W. H. Oilman, treas-
urer; and Charles Gould, secretary. This agency continued to
exert itself throughout the war. From the very outset the patri-
otic people at home, old and young, the women and the incapaci-
tated, exerted themselves to supply necessaries and comforts for
those who had gone to the front. Everything that could be trans-
ported to the field was sent and there was scarcely a household
that failed to do its share. Especially were efforts made to cheer
the soldiers with bountiful supplies at Thanksgiving and Christ-
mas time. During the early months, while the regiments were
still stationed near Washington, supplies were forwarded semi-
weekly by Craw & Martin, and later by J. M. Crofut, under the
name of the Connecticut Troops Express. Afterward, when the
U. S. sanitary and Christian commissions were organized, the
State cooperated fully and gladly in their famous work of relief.
Everything, from sheets, shirts and needle-books, to arm-slings,
bandages, medicines, jellies, pickles and pies was contributed and
a constant stream of gifts flowed out from the state. Great
sanitary fairs were held, and money was thus raised to secure
.stores of sanitary supplies, on which the many army hospitals
might draw in times of need.

One of the most noteworthy relief agencies was started in a
small way, in Oct., 1861, by Alfred Walker of New Haven.
Having announced through the newspapers that he would re-
ceive, pack and forward any contributions for the sanitary
commission, the work soon grew to such proportions that in a
year the value of the boxes forwarded was estimated at $25,000.
He had forwarded 371 boxes to the commission and 44 to Con-
necticut regiments, the supplies having been secured from all
parts of the state. Mr. Walker not only devoted his own time
to the work, but also made use of his own store as an office,
and donated the services of his clerks, assisted by a number of
noble-minded ladies in keeping the accounts and packing the
boxes. In order to minimize expenses in every possible way,
he secured free transportation by boat to New York, where the

272 The Union Army

government took charge of the freight and sent it on to Wash-
ington. This benevolent and well systematized agency, once
started, was continued in perfect running order, and in all the
large towns and cities the women organized soldiers' aid societies,
which played an important part in supplying the soldiers with
necessities and even luxuries. Individuals, churches and socie-
ties obligated themselves for stated sums of money, in order that
the good work might go on. The aid societies in the larger
cities thoroughly systematized their work by means of committees
and the relief work was carried on with the method of regular
business. As an illustration of the volume of work done by the
women of the state in aid of the sanitary commission, it is re-
corded that "One lady in New Haven, Mrs. James D. Dana,
during two years, superintended in her house the cutting out of
7,000 shirts and pairs of drawers ; while Mrs. William A. Norton,
the wife of Prof. Norton of the Sheffield scientific school, with
his full consent, devoted all her time to the work of corresponding
secretary, and was in communication with 100 places, including
New Haven." Nor were the wants of the soldiers neglected in
regard to reading matter, numerous regimental libraries being
supplied. When the Rev. Edward Ashley Walker, chaplain of
the 4th regiment wrote home for a chapel tent, he was provided
with a fine, large one, used as a gathering place for the men to
hold religious services until finally appropriated to the uses of an
army hospital. Moreover, in the work of caring for the soldiers
of the state, the unflagging zeal and interest of Gov. Buckingham
and of Adjt.-Gen. Morse and their able staflf of assistants must
not be forgotten. The judgment with which the officers of the
various organizations of the state were selected and the knowl-
edge displayed in sending forth the regiments equipped to take
care of themselves in the field, is especially to be commended.
The general records of the Connecticut volunteer force in the
office of the adjutant-general was kept in admirable shape. Full
records of the services of each man, as far as possible, were
kept, including enlistment papers, muster-in and descriptive rolls,
muster-out rolls, etc. Opposite each name was entered all in-
formation to be obtained regarding him from regimental rolls
and returns, from hospital and prison reports, or from any other
official source. This office further rendered great assistance to
discharged volunteers and the relatives of those deceased in ob-
taining from the general government the arrears of bounty, back
pay and pensions due them, and after the close of the war con-
tinued the work to good advantage, thereby sawing them the
fees of agents.

After April 13, 1865, it was ordered that no more men be

Military Affairs in Connecticut 273

enlisted, and by proclamation of the governor on April 17, state
bounties were ordered no longer paid. Immediately after the
order stopping further enlistments, the work of disbanding the
troops began. The men were mustered out of service, sent to
their respective states, paid ofT and discharged with an ease,
rapidity and facility second only to the promptness and zeal with
which the volunteers first sprang to arms in behalf of their
country. The torn and battle-stained flags borne by the brave
sons of Connecticut are now in the cherished custody of the
state, and the memory of the glorious deeds of the men will
live forever.

With many of her sons inured to a seafaring life and with
her miles of exposed sea coast, it is but natural to expect a large
degree of interest in the U. S. navy on the part of Connecticut.
As she is justly proud of the record of her soldier sons, so may
she point with pride to the honorable achievements of her
sailors during the War of the Rebellion. Mention has already
been made of the fact that one of her sturdiest and most honest
citizens, Gideon Welles of Hartford, held the portfolio of the
navy throughout the period of the war and was ever the trusted
and able adviser of President Lincoln. So, too, it fell to the
lot of Connecticut to furnish many naval officers of high rank,
distinguished for their valor and services. Among others, the
state gave to the navy Rear-Adm. Francis H. Gregory; Commo-
dores John and C. R. P. Rodgers, R. B. Hitchcock and Andrew
Hull Foote, the last named afterward an admiral ; Lieut.-
Comdrs. Henry C. White, Edward Terry and Francis M. Bunce,
the last named also to achieve the rank of admiral. The gallant
and intrepid Foote, a native of New Haven and for a time com-
mander of the famous Cumberland, was one of the lamented
martyrs of the war. His honored name is indelibly associated
with the first great Union success on inland waters — the capture
of Forts Henry and Donelson — and his second great work,
undertaken in conjunction with the army — the reduction of the
strong works of Island No. 10 — was a highly important one in
the great problem of opening the Mississippi. Promoted to
admiral for his notable services, he was preparing to take com-
mand of the South Atlantic squadron, when he died in New
York, June 26, 1863, worn out by his labors and much enfeebled
by a severe wound. Nor should the unique service rendered by
another son of Connecticut, Cornelius S. Bushnell, be forgotten.
It was largely due to his splendid enthusiasm and untiring efforts,
to his ability to grasp the significance of a work of genius, to
his fine zeal in enlisting the halting cooperation of the authorities
at Washington, and finally to his patriotic assistance in the work

Vol. 1—18

274 The Union Army

of private individuals, that gave to the inventor Ericsson his
opportunity and secured for the government the Monitor. Only
those who lived through that period of crisis when the great
iron-clad Merrimac was performing its work of devastation, can
adequately conceive the relief felt when the "little cheese-box on
a raft" met and conquered the hope of the Confederacy. All
honor to Ericsson, the man of genius, but all honor also to the
man who devoted his best efforts to the work, and finally induced
a reluctant naval board to give Ericsson a hearing. In the light
of after events, the world speedily forgot that the wonder-working
craft was built and launched in the face of the utmost discourage-
ment and even under constant official protest.

RECORD OF CONNECTICUT
REGIMENTS

First Infantry. — Cols., Daniel Tyler, George S. Burnham; Lieut. -
Cols., John L. Chatfield, John Speidel; Maj., Theodore Byxbee. On
April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued his first call for 75,000 militia
to serve for three months and the day following Gov. Buckingham
issued his call in conformity therewith. Such was the prevailing
enthusiasm that the call of the governor had been anticipated and on
the i6th many companies were ready to report with ranks nearly full.
One — Rifle Company A of Hartford, Capt. George S. Burnham — had
its ranks full and was fully officered. This was the first volunteer
company from Connecticut to complete its organization. The various
companies rendezvoused at New Haven on April 20, and were at first
quartered in the college buildings, then unoccupied on account of
vacation. They later encamped in an open field in the western part of
the town. The regiment was mustered into the U. S. service on
April 22 and 23, and at once began the work of perfecting itself in
company and regimental drill. It left for Washington on the steamer
Bienville, May 10, arrived at its destination on the 13th, and went into
camp at "Glenwood," 2 miles north of the capitol. As Col. Tyler,
who was a West Point graduate and an experienced soldier, was
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Lieut.-Col. Burnham suc-
ceeded to the command of the regiment. On May 31, Lieut.-Col.
Chatfield was made colonel of the 3d regiment, Maj. Speidel became
lieutenant-colonel, and Capt. Byxbee of Co. B became major. Dur-
ing the first half of June the regiment was stationed at Roach's mills
on the Hampshire & Loudoun railroad. During a short reconnois-
sance up the railroad at this time George H. Bugbee, of Co. A, was
severely wounded at Vienna, the first Connecticut blood shed in the
war, save that of the much lamented Theodore Winthrop, who was
killed at Big Bethel on the loth. After being reviewed by the secre-
tary of war, it moved to Falls Church, Va., and was brigaded with

Connecticut Regiments 375

the 2nd and 3d Conn., and 2nd Maine infantry, under command of
Gen. E. D. Keyes. Gen. McDowell's movement on Manassas began
on July 16, the Connecticut brigade, designated the ist brigade, 1st
division, leading the advance. The command was active during the
disastrous battle of Bull Run on the 21st, retiring from the field in
good order, and Gen. Tyler reported: "At seven o'clock on Tuesday
evening, I saw the three Connecticut regiments, with 2,000 bayonets,
march under the guns of Fort Corcoran in good order, after having
saved us not only a large amount of public property, but the morti-
fication of seeing our standing camps fall into the hands of the
enemy." The ist remained encamped at Washington until July 27,
when its term of service having expired, it returned to New Haven
and was mustered out on July 31. The command went out well
armed and equipped. Eight companies had Springfield rifles and two
Sharp's rifles. It performed its part well and is entitled to great
credit for the motives of pure patriotism with which the members
responded to their country's call to arms. Many of its members
afterwards reenlisted in other Connecticut organizations and saw
much arduous service. The ist carried on its rolls 780 men, and though
it lost none killed, its casualty list shows 6 wounded, 6 captured and
25 discharged for disability.

Second Infantry. — Col., Alfred H. Terry; Lieut. -Col, David
Young; Maj., Ledyard Colburn. This was the second of the three
months' regiments which responded to the first call for troops. Co.
A, "Buckingham Rifles," Capt. Chester, was recruited at Norwich,
the governor's home, by James B. Coit, the first man in the town to
volunteer, as soon as the news came that Sumter had fallen. Three
other companies were well known militia organizations viz.: the
Mansfield Guards, of Middletown, Capt. Dickinson; the New Haven
Grays, Capt. Osborn; and the National Guard of Birmingham, Capt.
Russell. The other companies were new organizations. All its field
officers and many of the line officers were experienced militia men.
The various companies assembled at New Haven by April 26, and
were mustered into the U. S. service for three months on May 7,
1861, at Brewster's park. The men were armed with Springfield
and Sharp's rifles. The regiment, 798 strong, embarked on the
steamer Cahawba on May 10 and arrived at Washington on the 14th,
going into camp at Meridian hill. On June 16 it crossed the long
bridge into Virginia and went into camp at Falls Church, where it
was brigaded with the other Connecticut three months' regiments,
under Gen. E. D. Keyes, and formed part of the ist brigade, ist divi-
sion. Camp of instruction, picket and outpost duties occupied its
time until Gen. McDowell began his advance to Bull Run, July 16.
During the advance, the ist brigade was in the lead and throughout
the battle of Bull Run it maintained its regimental formation, the men
conducting themselves with great coolness under fire. Late in the
afternoon it retreated in good order under orders, and halted for two
days at Oak Hill, where it was engaged in striking the tents, loading
and packing the arms, ammunition, equipage, miscellaneous stores
and property of the standing camp at this point, thus preventing the
capture of valuable property by the enemy, and with the other Con-
necticut troops it escorted these supplies across the Potomac. The
2nd remained at Washington until the expiration of its term of serv-
ice, when it returned to New Haven and was mustered out there on
Aug. 7. Many of its members afterwards reenlisted in the three years'
regiments, and were exceedingly useful by reason of their previous

276 The Union Army

military experience and traininer. During its short term of service,
the 2nd lost i killed, i wounded, and i6 captured; 3 died of disease,
and 31 were discharged for disability, making a total casualty list of
52.

Third Infantry. — Cols., John Arnold, John Chatfield; Lieut.-Col.,
Allen G. Brady; Maj., Alexander Warner. Recruiting for the 3d
regiment began simultaneously with that of the other two three
months' regiments, its ranks being soon filled under the enthusiasm
of the first few weeks of the war, and the men rendezvoused at the
fair grounds, Hartford, May 9. Here they were mustered into the
U. S. service on the 14th, and after receiving its colors from the
hands of Gov. Buckingham, the regiment left for New Haven on the
23d, whence it sailed for Washington on the steamer Cahawba. On
its arrival it went into camp at Glenwood and was temporarily
brigaded with the other two Connecticut regiments under the com-
mand of Brig.-Gen. Tyler. Col. Arnold having resigned, Lieut.-Col.
Chatfield of the ist regiment was appointed colonel. He was an
experienced militia oflficer and a fine disciplinarian. Lieut.-Col. Brady,
angered at the appointment of Col. Chatfield over his head, was de-
prived of his sword, for insubordination, but was honorably mus-
tered out with the regiment and afterwards achieved distinction in
the 17th Conn, infantry and veteran reserve corps. On June 24 the
3d crossed the long bridge into Virginia and moved to Falls Church,
where it became a part of the ist brigade, ist division. Gen. Mc-
Dowell's Army of the Potomac. It was brought to a high state of
discipline and efficiency under Col. Chatfield and with its brigade
led the advance of the army on Manassas, July 16. Meanwhile, Gen.
Tyler was appointed to command the ist division and Col. E. D.
Keyes, an experienced West Point graduate, was commissioned to
command the brigade. The report of Col. Keyes on the battle of
Bull Run says "The gallantry with which the 2nd regiment of
Maine and the 3d regiment of Connecticut volunteers charged up the
hill upon the enemy's artillery and infantry was never in my judg-
ment surpassed." The command retired from the field in obedience
to orders late in the afternoon, retreating in good order and main-
taining its regimental formation. During the night it bivouacked on
the ground it had left on the morning of the battle, then continued
to Falls Church, where it, together with the other Connecticut troops,
was kept busy for two days in packing, loading and saving the
camp and garrison stores abandoned there by other troops. On the
expiration of its term of service, it returned to Hartford, where it
was mustered out on Aug. 12, 1861. A large proportion of its officers
and men reenlisted in the three years' organizations, where their
previous military experience proved especially valuable. The total
casualty list of the 3d was 46, made up of 4 killed, i missing, 10
wounded, 17 captured, and 14 discharged for disability.

Fourth Infantry. — (See ist Heavy Artillery.)

Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Orris S. Ferry, George D. Chapman, War-
ren S. Packer, Henry W. Daboll; Lieut.-Cols., T. H. C. Kingsbury,
George D. Chapman, Henry B. Stone, James A. Betts, Henry W.
Daboll, William S. Coggswell; Majs., George D. Chapman, Henry
B. Stone, Edward F. Blake, Warren W. Packer, David F. Lane,
Henry W Daboll, William S. Coggswell. The 5th was originally
recruited with the intention of forming part of the three months'
troops under the first call. When the second call of May 3 was made
for three years' troops the men reenlisted for the longer term, and

Connecticut Regiments 277

rendezvoused at Hartford. The regiment was at first organized as the
1st regiment Colt's Revolving Rifles, with the inventor, Samuel Colt
of Hartford, as colonel; was reorganized on June 20, 1861, as the 5th
infantry, with O. S. Ferry of Norwalk as colonel; was mustered into
the U. S. service for three years, July 22-23, and on the 29th pro-
ceeded to Sandy Hook, Md., having on its rolls 1,102 officers and men.
It was employed until March, 1862, in picket and out-post duty along
the line of the Potomac from Sir John's run to Muddy branch, suffer-
ing much from cold and exposure. A portion of the command par-
ticipated in skirmishes with Jackson's forces at Dam No. 5, and
Falling Waters, and the entire regiment entered Winchester, Va., as
a part of Banks' forces, after a bloodless battle. Details from Cos. E
and F participated in the surprise and capture of a company of
Ashby's cavalry at Hudson's corners, Va.; H and I drove the enemy
in a skirmish at Peaked mountain, having several men wounded, and
on the Front Royal road in front of Winchester the regiment was
sharply engaged with the enemy under Ewell, repulsing him with
heavy loss. Jackson, however, had driven back the forces opposed
to him and the 5th was forced to beat a rapid retreat and after
56 hours of hard marching and fighting, crossed the Potomac at
Sharpsburg into Maryland. It recrossed the Potomac into Vir-
ginia on June 3; skirmished at Luray, where it drove the enemy;
was soon afterward moved from the Department of the Shenandoah,
and became a part of the Army of Virginia under Pope near Warren-
ton. It was heavily engaged at Cedar mountain, where, assisted by
the 28th N. Y. and 46th Penn., it drove and routed the enemy, but
was not supported and withdrew before superior numbers. I,ts
loss here was 38 killed, 10 mortally and 67 slightly wounded, and 64
captured, out of 380 men in action, the severest loss of the regiment
during service in any one day. It remained with Pope's army during
the disheartening weeks that followed, being often under artillery
fire, but suffering only slight loss. It was next assigned to provost
duty at Fredericksburg, Md., and on Dec. 10, 1862, joined the Army
of the Potomac going into winter quarters at Stafford Court House,
Va. As a part of the ist brigade, ist division, 12th corps, it was
active at Chancellorsville; reached the field of Gettysburg on the
evening of July i, and though not heavily engaged during this battle,
it suffered some loss. After sharing in the pursuit of Lee, the nth
and I2th corps were consolidated as the 20th, under Gen. Hooker, and
joined the Army of the Cumberland in Tenn., the Sth being employed
for some time in railroad guard duty at Cowan. In Dec, 1863, 280
members of the regiment reenlisted for another term of three years
and received the usual veteran furlough. On their return in the
spring of 1864, the regiment, as part of Knipe's brigade, Williams'
division, 20th corps, shared in Sherman's Atlanta campaign, being
engaged at Resaca, Cassville, Dallas, Lost mountain. Marietta, Kenne-
saw mountain, Kolb's farm, Peachtree creek and the siege of Atlanta.
It marched with Sherman to the sea; shared in the siege of Savannah;
and then moved with the army up through the Carolinas; being
engaged at Chesterfield Court House, S. C, Silver Run, Averasboro
and Bentonville. After Gen. Johnston's surrender, it proceeded to
Washington, where it participated in the grand review and was mus-
tered out at Alexandria, July 19, 1865. It had seen four years of
active service, fought in 23 battles, besides numerous skirmishes, and
was never driven from its position in the battle line except at Cedar
mountain, where it was unsupported. The regiment had a total en-

278 The Union Army

rollment of 1,781; its losses were Tz killed, 32 fatally wounded, 219
wounded, 217 captured, 72 died of disease and in prison, 11 died from
accident, and 248 were discharged for disability.

Sixth Infantry. — Cols., John L. Chatfield, Redfield Duryee, Alfred
P. Rockwell; Lieut. -Cols., William G. Ely, John Speidel, Lorenzo
Meeker, Daniel Klein; Majs., John Speidel, Lorenzo Meeker, Daniel
Klein, Hiram L. Grant. This regiment, composed of companies
from Putnam, Hartford, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, New
Britain, and Bridgeport, was the third of the three years' regiments
organized in the summer of 1861. The men assembled at Oyster point,
New Haven, and were mustered into the U. S. service during the first
two weeks of Sept., 1861. The regiment left on the 17th for Wash-
ington, having a total enrollment of 1,008 officers and men. It re-
mained encamped at Meridian hill for 20 days and was brigaded with
the 3d and 4th N. H., and 7th Conn., under the command of Brig.-
Gen. H. G. Wright. The 6th was then assigned to the Department
of the South and formed part of the land and naval expedition under
Gen. T. W. Sherman and Adm. Dupont, for operations on the
southern coast. Together with the 7th Conn, it landed and occupied
Forts Walker and Beauregard, after the bombardment of Nov. 7, after
which it was engaged for some months in fatigue duty, and forag-
ing expeditions. In Jan., 1862, it shared in the abortive attempt to
capture Savannah, Ga., and in the succeeding March was part of the
force which finally forced the surrender of Fort Pulaski, at the mouth
of the Savannah river. In June it moved with the expedition for
the capture of Charleston, skirmishing at James island on the loth,
and being active at the battle of Secessionville on the i6th. It was
occupied with guard and picket duty at Beaufort until Oct. 22, 1862,
when it was active at Pocotaligo, S. C, where it suffered its first
severe loss in battle, losing 38 killed and wounded, among the latter
being Col. Chatfield and Lieut. -Col. Speidel. After the battle the regi-
ment returned to Beaufort and remained there until March 18, 1863,
when it was ordered to Jacksonville, Fla. It returned to the neigh-
borhood of Beaufort about April i, and in May was part of the
force landed on Folly island, S. C, to assist in the second attempt to
capture Charleston. In the engagement at Morris island it was hotly
engaged in the work of carrying the fortifications, though its loss
was small. It captured here 125 prisoners and 2 stands of colors.
Its last engagement in 1863 was at Fort Wagner, S. C, where it suf-
fered severely, going into action with 400 men and losing 140 in
killed, wounded and captured. Among the fatally wounded was Col.
Chatfield. The command behaved in this action with distinguished
gallantry, and did much to earn its name of the "fighting 6th." By
reason of its heavy losses it was sent to Hilton Head to recuperate.
In Dec, 1863, 205 members reenlisted as veterans and it also received
a considerable number of recruits. In the spring of 1864 it was trans-
ferred to Virginia and on its arrival at Gloucester point, was assigned
to the 2nd brigade, ist division, loth corps, with which it at once
advanced to Bermuda Hundred. It skirmished at Chester Station
and Proctor's creek; was active at the battle of Drewry's bluff; was
engaged near Bermuda Hundred; was part of Gen. Gillmore's force
in the attack on Petersburg June 9, and was again in action near
Bermuda Hundred on the 17th, its casualties during this period num-
bering 184 officers and men. From June 25 to Aug. 13 it was in the
intrenchments at Bermuda Hundred. The Sixth was active at Deep
Bottom, where it carried two lines of earthworks on Aug. 14, and in

Connecticut Regiments 279

the engagement two days later captured 200 prisoners and 2 stands
of colors, its own losses being 5 killed, 69 wounded, 11 missing. It
then shared in the siege of Petersburg until the following month when
the members, except veterans and recruits, their term of enlistment
having expired, were discharged before Petersburg on Sept. 11, 1864.
The regiment was again active in the movement against Fort Harri-
son on the 29th, and advanced to within 3 miles of Richmond on the
Darbytown road. It was engaged in this vicinity on Oct. i, 7th, 13th,
and 27th, when, during the fall elections of Nov., 1864, it was sent to
New York to prevent rioting, but rejoined the army on the 14th. In
December it was ordered to Wilmington N. C.; shared in the assault
and capture of Fort Fisher and in the operations against Wilmington;
was occupied in garrison and guard duty at Wilmington and at
Goldsboro until it was ordered home, and was finally mustered out
at New Haven, Aug. 21, 1865. The 6th was engaged in 25 battles and
minor engagements and saw service in the States of Maryland, Vir-
ginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Counting
recruits and reenlisted men, its total enrollment was 1,813. Its losses
were 103 killed and fatally wounded, no captured, 310 wounded, 118
died of disease, accident and in prison, 14 missing, 164 discharged for
disability and 30 unaccounted for at muster out.

Seventh Infantry. — Cols., Alfred H. Terry, Joseph R. Hawley,
Seager S. Atwell; Lieut. -Cols., Joseph R. Hawley, George F. Gardiner,
Daniel C. Rodman, Oliver S. Sanford, Seager S. Atwell, Jerome Tour-
telotte; Majs, George F. Gardiner, Daniel C. Rodman, .Oliver S. San-
ford, Benjamin T. Skinner, Jerome Tourtelotte. The 7th was re-
cruited from the state at large under the first call for three years'
men, and had among its members a large number of the discharged
three months' men. The companies rendezvoused at New Haven and
'vere mustered into the U. S. service on Sept. 17, 1861. The follow-
ing day, 1,018 strong, it left for Washington, where it was assigned to
Gen. Horatio G. Wright's brigade with the 6th Conn, and 3d and 7th'
N. H. Col. Terry had been in command of the 2nd Conn., and Lieut. -
Col. Hawley had been captain of Co. A in the ist. In October the
7th formed part of the Sherman-Dupont expedition to Port Royal,
S. C, and after the reduction of Forts Walker and Beauregard it
was the first regiment to land and plant its colors on the soil of South
Carolina. It was engaged in arduous fatigue duty at Hilton Head
for 6 weeks, then moved to Tybee island, Ga., where it spent the
winter in preparations for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, and during
the bombardment of this fort in April, 1862, it manned nine of the
eleven batteries engaged, being under fire for more than 30 hours.
The 7th continued in active service in the Department of the South
until April, 1864, participating in the engagements at James island,
Pocotaligo, Fort Wagner and Morris island S. C. and Olustee, Fla.
During this period it won its name as a fighting regiment and suffered
a total loss in killed, wounded and missing of 292 officers and men.
In the bloody assault on Fort Wagner it lost 104 out of 191 engaged,
and Gen. Strong declared that "The 7th Conn, has covered itself
with glory." Only four companies — A, B, I and K — participated in
this assault, but the regiment was soon strengthened by the return of
the other six companies from Florida, and during the siege of Fort
Wagner which followed it was in the trenches, constantly under fire
for 98 days. Early in December its sadly thinned ranks were once more
filled to the maximum by recruits and during the same month 333 of the
original members reenlisted as veterans, going home on their 30 days'

280 The Union Army

furlough in Jan., 1864. On April 13, 1864, the regiment was ordered
to Fortress Monroe, thence to Gloucester point, Va., and on May 5,
started up the James river as part of the loth corps, Army of the
James, under Gen. Butler. From this time the 7th saw almost con-
stant service on the firing line until the^end of October. It was active
at Chester Station, losing 9 men; on the Bermuda Hundred fronts
meeting with a total loss in killed, wounded and captured of 320;
was at Deep Bottom, where it lost 45 men ; was in the five engagements
before Richmond in the operations against Fort Harrison; and fought
at Fair Oaks, losing 79 men out of 200 engaged. On Nov. 2, 1864^
it was embarked on transports and sent to New York to assist in main-
taining order during the presidential election, returning to the front
on the 14th without having found it necessary to land. The succeed-
ing two months were spent in the comparative quiet of camp and out-
post duty. Early in Jan., 1865, as a part of Abbott's brigade, it
formed part of Gen. Terry's force during the second Fort Fisher
expedition, and led its brigade in the final and victorious charge which
effected the capture of that formidable work, after which it partici-
pated in the operations which resulted in the capture of Wilmington.
With the surrender of Gen. Johnston, the war was virtually ended and
on July 20, 1865, the 7th was mustered out of service at Goldsboro,
N. C. It then returned home and the men were paid and discharged
on Aug. II, after a service of nearly four years. A total of 2,090
men had served in its ranks, including the 333 reenlisted veterans and
739 recruits. The casualties of the regiment were 140 killed or fatally
wounded, ^^^ wounded, 260 captured, 202 died of disease, accident and
in prison, 3 missing (probably killed), 160 were discharged for dis-
ability, and 16 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Eighth Infantry. — Cols., Edward Harland, John E. Ward; Lieut-
Cols., Peter L. Cunningham, Andrew Terry, Hiram Appelman, John
E. Ward, Charles L. Upham, Martin B. Smith, William M. Pratt,
Thomas D. Sheffield; Majs., Andrew Terry, Hiram Appelman, John
E. Ward, Charles L. Upham, Charles M. Coit (declined com'n.),
William M. Pratt, Andrew M. Morgan. This regiment, from the state
at large, was recruited in the early fall of 1861, many of its officers
and men having seen service with the three months' regiments. Col.
Harland, whose subsequent record as brigadier-general of volunteers
was a brilliant one, had served as captain in the 3d infantry. The
members of the 8th rendezvoused at Camp Buckingham, Hartford,
and were mustered into the U. S. service for three years, Oct. 5, 1861.
Armed with the rifle musket and numbering 1,027 men, it left for
Annapolis, Md., Oct. 17, stopping en route at the camp of instruction,
Jamaica, L. I., for two weeks. Early in Jan. 1862, it sailed with the
Burnside expedition; was in reserve at the battle of Roanoke island;
and was first in action at New Berne, where Col. Harland distinguished
himself for bravery and gained the implicit confidence of his men.
Its loss here was 2 killed and 4 wounded. It was again engaged at
the siege of Fort Macon, N. C, in April. After two months of rest
at New Berne the 8th moved to Newport News, Va., in July, encamped
there for a month and then, with the nth Conn., was ordered to Fred-
ericksburg, where it encamped in front of the Lacey house during
August. It next proceeded to Washington, remaining there until the
Army of the Potomac moved against Gen. Lee in Maryland. It was
heavily engaged at the battle of Antietam, where it lost 194 killed,
wounded and missing, among the wounded being Lieut. -Col. Appel-
man. November found the 8th again at its old camp in front of

Connecticut Regiments 281

Fredericksburg as part of the Army of the Potomac. During the
disastrous battle of Fredericksburg the following month, it was not
heavily engaged and its losses were slight. In Feb., 1863, it was
transferred to southeast Virginia and excepting a skirmish at Battery
Huger in April, was not again active during the year. In Dec, 1863,
310 men reenlisted for three years and received the usual veteran
furlough. It also received large additions to its ranks during the
winter from new recruits. From March 13 to April 14, 1864, it was
stationed at Deep creek, Va., on outpost and picket duty; was heavily
engaged at Port Walthall Junction on the Petersburg railroad, losing
74 men killed, wounded and missing. Col. Ward being among the
wounded. It was complimented for its bravery by Gen. Burnham,
brigade commander. It was now assigned to the ist division, i8th
corps, which moved up the south side of the James; suffered a heavy
loss in the battle of Fort Darling or Drewry's bluff, its casualties
being 64 killed, wounded and missing; was with the corps at Cold
Harbor, losing 38 killed and wounded; was again engaged before
Petersburg with loss, June 15-17, and endured the hardships and casual-
ties incident to life in the trenches until Aug. 27. It was then sta-
tioned on the Bermuda Hundred front on picket duty until Sept. 26,
when it moved with the i8th corps toward Richmond; shared in the
successful charge on Fort Harrison, losing 8 killed and 65 wounded,
this being the last general engagement of the regiment, whose ranks
were now sadly decimated. It moved with the final advance on
Richmond in April, 1865, and on the cessation of hostilities was sta-
tioned for several months on provost duty at Lynchburg. It was
finally mustered out Dec. 12, 1865, after 4 years and 2 months of
service, having gloriously sustained the reputation of Connecticut
soldiers for bravery and efficiency. Its total casualties were 99 killed
and fatally wounded, 387 wounded, 81 captured. 153 died of disease,
accident and in prison, 363 discharged for disability, 38 unaccounted
for at muster out.

Ninth Infantry. — Col., Thomas W. Cahill; Lieut.-Cols., Richard
Fitzgibbons, John G. Healy; Maj., Frederick Frye. This regiment,
mainly composed of men of Irish birth, was recruited during the fall
of 1861 at Camp English, New Haven. Col. Cahill had been a
popular militia officer, and both Lieut.-Col. Fitzgibbons and Maj.
Frye had been captains in the three months' service. From the
first the regiment was designed to form part of Butler's New England
expedition, and was destined to see most of its service in the Depart-
ment of the Gulf. It was mustered into the U. S. service Nov. i,
1861, for three years, and three days later left for Lowell, Mass.,
without arms and poorly clothed. On Nov. 26, with the 26th Mass.,
it sailed on the Constitution for Ship island. Miss., where it arrived on
Dec. 3. Here it received arms and tents and remained encamped until
April 3, 1862, when it engaged in an expedition, with a section of the 6th
Mass. battery, to Biloxi and Pass Christian. After the capture of New
Orleans, it proceeded to that city, where it was the first Union
regiment to make a public parade through the streets. It was then
employed on provost duty in the city. Col. Cahill being assigned to
command of the defenses, until June, when it was ordered to a point
opposite Vicksburg, Miss., and employed for some days in cutting
a canal to divert the Mississippi river from Vicksburg, but the work
was finally abandoned. The first important engagement of the 9th
was at Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 1862, where its casualties numbered 14.
Early in September it participated in an expedition to the vicinity

282 The Union Army

of St. Charles Court House, and then proceeded to New Orleans,
which remained its headquarters during the whole of 1863, though
the various companies were stationed at widely separated points.
During the month of June, 1863, part of the regiment was engaged
at La Fourche crossing and Chacahoula Station. Over 300 of the
original members reenlisted in the winter of 1863-64 for a term of
three years, and returned home on veteran furlough in April, 1864.
On July 16 they rejoined the regiment, which arrived at Bermuda
Hundred, Va., on the 24th and participated in a demonstration
against the enemy at Deep Bottom on the 28th. It then embarked
for Washington, whence it moved to Tenallytown, and on Aug. 14
it crossed the Potomac and moved to Berryville. It shared from
this time in Gen. Sheridan's campaign up the Shenandoah Valley,
being actively engaged at Winchester and at Fisher's hill. At Cedar
hill in October the officers and men who had not reenlisted were
mustered out, the veterans and recruits were organized as a battalion
of four companies, under command of Capt. Healy, and bore an
honorable part in the desperate battle of Cedar creek, losing 30
men killed and wounded. The battalion remained in Virginia until
Jan. 7, 1865, when it was ordered to Baltimore, whence it sailed for
Fortress Monroe and then for Savannah, Ga. While at Savannah
it dispersed a force of guerrillas on Dawfuski island, after which it
was ordered to Hilton Head, S. C, and there served under Gen.
Gillmore until Aug. 3, 1865, when it embarked for New Haven, where
it was finally mustered out and discharged. Including the service
of the battalion, the regiment was in active service for 3 years and
9 months. The original muster-in rolls of the regiment bore the
names of 845 officers and men; it received about 440 recruits and 321
veterans reenlisted, making a total enrolment of 1,606 names. Its
casualties were 8 killed and mortally wounded; 18 wounded; 17
captured; 240 died of disease, accident or in prison; 116 were dis-
charged for disability and 73 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Tenth Infantry Cols., Charles L. Russell, Albert W. Drake, Ira W.

Pettibone, John L. Otis, Edwin S. Greeley; Lieut.-Cols., Albert W.
Drake, Ira W. Pettibone, Benjamin S. Pardee, Robert Leggett, Edwin S.
Greeley, E. D. S. Goodyear; Majs., Ira W. Pettibone, Benjamin S.
Pardee, Daniel M. Mead, Robert Leggett, John L. Otis, Edwin S.
Greeley, Henry W. Camp, E. D. S. Goodyear, Francis G. Hickerson.
The loth was recruited in the late summer of 1861, rendezvoused at
Camp Buckingham, Hartford, and was there mustered into the U. S.
service for three years on Oct. 26, 1861. Five days later, under com-
mand of Col. Russell, formerly adjutant of the 2nd Conn, infantry,
and numbering 996 officers and men, it left the state for Annapolis,
Md., where it was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. J. G. Foster),
Burnside's division. Early in Jan., 1862, it sailed as part of Burn-
side's expedition for North Carolina and fought its first battle at
Roanoke island, exhibiting great coolness and bravery, its loss
being the heaviest of any regiment engaged, 56 ofiicers and men,
killed and wounded. Col. Russell was killed while leading his regi-
ment and was succeeded by Lieut. -Col. Drake. The loth was des-
tined to remain in the Department of the South until the spring of
1864. Its second engagement was at New Berne, where it main-
tained its reputation for steadiness under fire, losing here 27 killed
and wounded. Col. Drake died from exhaustion on June 5, 1862, and
was succeeded by Col. Pettibone. During the summer it shared in
all the movements of the 9th corps under Burnside, including the

Connecticut Regiments 283

Trenton and Tarboro expeditions; was sharply engaged at Kinston,
N. C, during the Goldsboro expedition, where it charged and drove
the enemy with great gallantry, capturing over 500 prisoners and
II pieces of artillery, and losing 106 in killed and wounded. Under
the brigade command of Col. Stevenson it was in action at White-
hall and Goldsboro. On Dec. 24, 1862, the troops in North Carolina
were organized into the i8th corps, Maj.-Gen. J. G. Foster command-
ing. In Jan., 1863, the loth was ordered to South Carolina, and in
February Maj. John L. Otis was commissioned colonel. The regi-
ment was engaged at Seabrook island in April, and from the middle
of July to the latter part of October, as part of Terry's division,
loth corps, shared in the siege operations about Charleston. During
its long service on Morris island, though the command suffered little
in battle, its duties were arduous and trying and on its departure for
St. Augustine, after the capture of Fort Wagner, 60 per cent, of the
men were on the sick list. While stationed at St. Augustine, a
small detail of 35 men from the regiment was ambushed by the
enemy's cavalry, 21 being captured and 3 killed. On April 18, 1864,
the loth, with Terry's division, was ordered to Virginia and on its
arrival at Gloucester Point on the 25th, was assigned' to the Army
of the James, commanded by Gen. Butler. During the previous
winter nearly 300 of the original men reenlisted for three years and
went home on the usual veteran furlough. The regiment was con-
spicuous in the work of destruction on the Richmond & Petersburg
railroad, which resulted in the affair at Port Walthall Junction, and
won the warm commendation of its brigade commander and other
officers for steadiness and fine behavior at Drewry's bluff, where it
lost 36 killed and wounded. From this time on almost constant
fighting was the lot of the loth. as it shared in all the engagements of
the Army of the James throughout the summer. Space forbids more
than a bare mention of the more important of these engagements.
In the action near Ware Bottom Church it captured without loss the
famous Howlett house battery; was active at Deep Bottom and
Strawberry Plains; was ordered into the trenches at Petersburg,
where, during the latter part of August and most of September, it
suffered considerable loss from sharpshooters ; then returned to the
north bank of the James ; was active at Chaffin's farm, and Laurel
Hill Church, where it held in check for two liours a force of the
enemy outnumbering it ten to one; was next in action on the New-
market road, where Gen. Plaisted accorded it credit for saving the
Army of the James from disaster; was twice engaged on the Darby-
town road, where in the first fight it went into action with but 90
men, charging well manned intrenchments, and meeting with its first
repulse, losing 46 killed and wounded. It next skirmished with the
enemy at Johnson's plantation, and early in November was one of
the regiments selected to go to New York to preserve order during
the elections. In Nov. and Dec, 1864, its ranks were recruited up
to about 800 men. In the final campaign of 1865, the loth, com-
manded by Lieut. -Col. Goodyear, Col. Greeley being absent on leave,
was engaged at Hatcher's run, and the next day six companies
shared in the bloody and desperate assault on Fort Gregg, being the
first to plant their colors on the parapet. Out of 13 officers and 180
men in action, 8 officers and 118 men were killed or wounded. Gen.
Gibbon, corps commander, presented the regiment with a bronze
eagle in recognition of its service in this action. Lieut. -Col. Good-
year being among the severely wounded, Capt. Hickerson assumed

284 The Union Army

command, and the loth now joined in the pursuit of Lee's army,
cooperating with Sheridan's cavalry to cut off the further retreat of
the Confederates. The regiment saw its last active service at Appo-
mattox April 9, 1865, but remained at Richmond until Aug. 26, when
it was ordered home and was mustered out at Hartford, Sept. S»
1865. The total enrollment of the regiment, including 996 original
members, 848 recruits and 280 reenlisted men, was 2,124. Its casual-
ties were 119 killed and mortally wounded; 382 wounded; 41 captured;
147 died of disease, accident or in prison; 283 were discharged for
disability, and 14 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Eleventh Infantry. — Cols., Thomas H. C. Kingsbury, Henry W.
Kingsbury, Griffin A. Stedman, Jr., Randall H. Rice; Lieut.-Cols.,
Charles Mathewson, Griffin A. Stedman, Jr., William Moegling, Ran-
dall H. Rice, Charles Warren; Majs., Griffin A. Stedman, Jr., William
Moegling, Joseph H. Converse, John Kies, Randall H. Rice, Charles
Warren, Henry J. McDonald. This regiment was recruited in the
fall of 1861 at Camp Lincoln, Hartford, and was mustered into the
U. S. service for three years on Nov. 27, 1861. On Dec. 16 it left
the state for Annapolis, Md., with a numerical strength of 927 officers
and men. At New York, while en route, it was presented with a
handsome set of regimental colors. It was assigned to Gen. Burn-
side's expedition on its arrival at Annapolis; sailed from Fortress
Monroe on Jan. 6, 1862; participated in its first action at New Berne,
N. C, meeting with some losses and then encamped on the Trent
river until July, when it was ordered to join the Army of the Poto-
mac at Fredericksburg, Va. Col. Kingsbury having resigned on March
26, Henry W. Kingsbury of the U. S. Army was commissioned
colonel on April 25. On the evacuation of Fredericksburg in Aug-
ust, the nth returned to Washington, where it was assigned to Har-
land's brigade, 9th corps, and moved with McClellan in the Maryland
campaign. It was under fire at South mountain and was heavily
engaged at Antietam, suffering a loss of 181 killed, wounded and
missing, including every field officer. The gallant Col. Kingsbury
was among the mortally wounded, and Lieut. -Col. Stedman succeeded
to the command. The regiment was encamped most of the time until
the battle of Fredericksburg at Pleasant valley, Md., and at Stafford
hills, Va. It was not heavily engaged at Fredericksburg, being on
the picket line, and lost only 11 men. After the battle it returned to
its old camp and on Feb. 6, 1863, moved to Newport News, where it
remained until March 13, when it was ordered to Suffolk. It was
there employed in fatigue duty for a month and took part in the
defense when Longstreet invested the town, engaging in reconnois-
sances in the latter part of April and early days of May. When the
siege was raised the regiment moved to Portsmouth, where, with
the exception of the advance on Richmond at the end of June and
early in July, it remained until October, when it was ordered to
Gloucester Point, Va., and performed garrison duty at Fort Keyes.
During the winter 268 men reenlisted for three years and received
the usual veteran furlough of 30 days. The nth moved to Williams-
burg, Va., in March, 1864, and here was recruited up to 882 enlisted
men. It was assigned to the i8th corps, and, embarking on trans-
ports proceeded up the James river, landing at Bermuda Hundred on
May 4. It was in action at Swift creek, where it lost 12 men, and at
Drewry's bluff its loss was nearly 200. Joining Grant at Cold Har-
bor, it was in the front of the grand bayonet charge of June 3, losing
91 killed, wounded and missing. Among the killed was Maj. Con-

Connecticut Regiments 385

verse. It remained at Cold Harbor until the I2th, when it returned
with the corps to Bermuda Hundred. It shared in the siege of
Petersburg from June 15 to Aug. 27, being engaged on Aug. 5,
when Col. Stedman was killed and Lieut. -Col. Moeglin wounded.
While in front of Petersburg the regiment reported a total loss of
85 officers and men, and since the beginning of the spring campaign,
May I, it had lost one-half its officers and over 400 men in action.
Maj. Rice now assumed command of the regiment, which moved
north of the James, where it was assigned to the ist brigade, 3d
division, 24th corps. It was part of the forces which entered Rich-
mond April 3, 1865, and assisted in subduing the conflagration which
threatened the Confederate capital with destruction. It served here
for a time on provost duty and was then detailed for similar duty
in Southwestern Virginia until November, when it was ordered home.
It was mustered out at Hartford, Dec. 21, 1865. Inclusive of about
1,200 recruits, and 268 veterans, the total enrollment of the regiment
was nearly 2,400 men. Its casualties during service were 141 killed
and mortally wounded; 319 wounded; 155 captured; 169 died of
disease, accident or in prison; 307 were discharged for disability, and
30 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Twelfth Infantry. — Cols., Henry C. Deming, Ledyard Colburn,
Frank H. Peck; Lieut. -Cols., Ledyard Colburn, Frank H. Peck,
George N. Lewis; Majs., Frank H. Peck, George N. Lewis, Sidney
E. Clark. Recruiting for the 12th, known at the "Charter Oak regi-
ment," began at Camp Lyon, Hartford, in Nov., 1861, and it was mus-
tered into the U. S. service on Dec. 31, 1861, for three years. It
was organized under the authority given Gen. Butler by the war
department in September to recruit "The New England division" for
special service. Its colonel. Mayor Deming of Hartford, was chosen
by Gen. Butler, as was Ledyard Colburn, formerly major in the 3d
Conn, (three months' troops). It was a finely drilled and disciplined
regiment, numbering 1,008 men, and left the state for New York on
Feb. 24, 1862. On the 27th it sailed for Ship island. Miss., arriv-
ing there on March 8 when it was assigned to Gen. John W. Phelps'
brigade. After the capture of New Orleans, it was stationed there
and in the immediate vicinity throughout the rest of the year and
the spring of 1863. In July, 1862, it shared in an expedition into
the interior of Mississippi. On Sept. 29, 1862, it became a part of
Gen. Weitzel's reserve brigade and was stationed at Camp Kearney,
Carrollton, La. Its first engagement was at Georgia landing. La.,
where its loss was 19 in killed, wounded and missing, and it was
complimented by Gen. Weitzel for steadiness under fire. Col. Deming
having been detached to act as mayor of New Orleans, and Lieut. -Col.
Colburn being detached on special duty, Maj. Peck was in command
of the regiment. Col. Deming resigned Jan. 31, 1863. The 12th was
part of the force which destroyed the Confederate gunboat "Cotton."
Co. A, under Lieut. Bulkley, with other troops, while engaged in a
reconnoissance on board the gunboat Diana, were captured after a
gallant resistance, near Pattersonville, La. The regiment formed
part of the Banks Red River expedition in April, 1863, and was
actively engaged at Fort Bisland, losing 15 killed and wounded. On
its return from this expedition it shared in the siege of Port Hudson,
taking part in the two general assaults and losing during the siege
108 officers and men. It continued to serve in the Department of
the Gulf, attached to the army under Gen. Banks in Louisiana, occupy-
ing Brashear City in July and sharing in an expedition to Opelousas

286 The Union Army

in October. It went into winter quarters late in the fall at New
Iberia, where 436 of the men reenlisted in Jan. and Feb., 1864, for
another three years, and left for home in March on veteran furlough.
They returned to New Orleans on May 8, and the 12th remained in
that vicinity until July 6, when it embarked for Fortress Monroe.
It then joined the army under Gen. Sheridan in the Shenandoah
Valley, and had its full share in Sheridan's brilliant campaign, espe-
cially distinguishing itself at Winchester and Cedar creek. Its losses
at Winchester were 71 killed and wounded. Among the killed was
the gallant Col. Peck. It occupied an important position at Fisher's
hill, but sustained no loss, though in the bloody battle of Cedar
creek its losses were 170 killed, wounded and missing. The severe
losses of the regiment, together with the near expiration of the term
of service of those who had not reenlisted, made it necessary to
consolidate the regiment into a battalion of six companies, which was
accordingly done Dec. 2, 1864. The battalion was known as the 12th
battalion Conn, veteran volunteer infantry, and continued to serve in
Virginia, under the command of Lieut. -Col. Lewis. It went into
winter quarters at Summit Point and on April 30, 1865, proceeded to
Washington, where it participated in the grand review on May 23.
On June i it proceeded by transport to Savannah, Ga., where it
remained until it was mustered out on Aug. 12, 1865. It was then
sent home and the men were finally paid and discharged at Hartford,
Aug. 22, having been in service for 3 years and 9 months. It had
received about 400 recruits, and its casualties during service were
73 killed and mortally wounded; 229 wounded; 144 captured; 180
died of disease, accident or in prison; 188 were discharged for disa-
bility, and 2 were unaccounted for at muster out. The large per-
centage of loss from disease and disability is largely due to the long
service of the regiment in the extreme South.

Thirteenth Infantry. — Cols., Henry W. Birge, Charles D. Blinn;
Lieut.-Cols., Alexander Warner, Charles D. Blinn, Homer B. Sprague;
Majs., Richard E. Holcomb, Homer B. Sprague, Apollos Comstock.
This regiment was organized at New Haven during the fall and winter
of 1861, headquarters being established in Durham & Booth's ware-
bouse on Chapel street, Nov. 25, where the men remained in barracks
throughout the winter. The regiment was mustered into the U. S.
service on Feb. 18, 1862, for three years, and was composed of excellent
material. All the field officers had seen previous service — Col. Birge
as major of the ist heavy artillery, Lieut.-Col. Warner as major, and
Maj. Holcomb as quartermaster of the 3d infantry. It left March
17, 1862, for Ship island. Miss., numbering 1,017 officers and men,
and arrived at its destination on April 13. Entering New Orleans on
May 12, it was stationed at the custom house and assigned to provost
duty, while Col. Birge was placed in command of the defenses of
the city. While here a number of recruits, principally Germans, were
secured. In the fall it was assigned to the reserve brigade, con-
sisting of the i2th and 13th Conn., ist La., 75th N. Y., 8th N. H.,
four companies of cavalry and two batteries, under command of Gen.
Weitzel. With this brigade the 13th participated in its first battle
at Georgia landing. La., losing i killed, 13 wounded, and i captured.
It remained encamped at Camp Stevens, Thibodeaux, from Oct. 30
to Dec. 27, and moved thence to Baton Rouge, where it went into
camp for the remainder of the winter on the arsenal grounds. On
March 13, 1863, it shared in the movement of Banks' army to the
rear of Port Hudson, a diversion in favor of Farragut's fleet, which

Connecticut Regiments 287

was engaged in an efifort to run the batteries. On March 28 it
started for the Red River country, Col. Birge in command of the
brigade, and Lieut. -Col. Warner commanding the regiment. It
skirmished at Sand beach; was heavily engaged at the battle of Irish
bend, losing 53 killed and wounded ; fought at Vermilion bayou, and
by May 11 had advanced within 13 miles of Alexandria. Return-
ing by way of the Atchafalaya river and Bayou Sara, it shared in the
long siege of Port Hudson, participating in the assaults of May
27 and June 14, with an aggregate loss of 22 men. When, after the
unsuccessful assault of June 14, Gen. Banks called for volunteers to
form a storming column of 1,000 men, 16 officers and 225 men of the
13th responded, but the fall of Vicksburg rendered the movement
unnecessary, as Port Hudson surrendered on July 9. The regiment
then moved to Donaldsonville, where it skirmished with Gen. Taylor's
forces, after which it was ordered to Brashear City and remained on
outpost duty there until Aug. 19, when it returned to Carrollton.
On Aug. 30 it moved to Thibodeaux, on Bayou La Fourche, where it
remained in permanent camp for six months. During the winter
1863-64 about 300 of the original members reenlisted for an additional
term of three years. The 13th, under the command of Col. Blinn,
participated in the second Red River expedition in the spring of 1864;
was engaged at Cane river, with a loss of 24 killed and wounded, and was
constantly skirmishing during the retreat, but participated in no other
pitched battles. From May 21 to July 2, 1864, it was stationed at
Morganza, when it proceeded to New Orleans; on the 14th it em-
barked under sealed orders on the steamer Columbia, and, when
opened, the orders directed it to proceed to Fortress Monroe, from
which point the veterans went home on 30 days furlough. In Sep-
tember the regiment joined Molineux's brigade, 19th corps, which
formed part of Gen. Sheridan's army operating in the Shenandoah
Valley, and participated in the brilliant campaign which followed.
It was engaged at Winchester, with an aggregate loss of 79. Among
the captured was Lieut. -Col. Sprague, in command of the regiment.
It was again engaged with the enemy at Fisher's hill, but with
only slight loss; took part in the battle of Winchester, losing 28
officers and men, Maj. Comstock being among the wounded; then
went into winter quarters at Camp Russell near Winchester until
Dec. I, when it moved to Martinsburg. Later in the month, the
term of service of the regiment having expired, the non-veterans left
for New Haven to be mustered out and the veterans and recruits
were consolidated into a battalion of five companies. In Jan., 1865,
this battalion was ordered to Savannah, Ga. ; arrived there on the
19th, and remained there until March 12, when it moved to New
Berne, N. C, remaining there until the war ended. In May it was
ordered to proceed to Augusta, Ga., where it performed provost duty
until Aug. 25, when it moved to Gainesville to operate against bush-
whackers; moved to Athens, Ga., on Oct. 17, and performed provost
duty in that vicinity during the balance of the year. From Jan. 3,
1866, to the following April, it performed similar service in the dis-
trict of Allatoona, with headquarters at Atlanta. On April 13, 1866,
it proceeded to Fort Pulaski, Ga., where it was mustered out on the
25th, but the men were finally paid and discharged at Hart island,
N. Y., May 5-7, 1866, after a service of 4 years, 5 months and 8 days.
Besides its reputation as a hard fighting regiment, it was especially
commended for its fine appearance and high state of discipline —
qualities which kept it in service on provost and guard duty long

288 The Union Army

after the war closed. During its term of service, 298 of the members
reenlisted and it received about 475 recruits. Its list of casualties
include 41 killed and mortally wounded; 139 wounded; 59 captured;
143 died in prison, by accident or disease; 121 discharged for disabil-
ity, and 6 unaccounted for at muster out. The 13th battalion had 3
wounded; 13 died of disease, and 32 discharged for disability.

Fourteenth Infantry. — Cols., Dwight Morris, Theodore G. Ellis;
Lieut. -Cols., Sanford H. Perkins, Theodore G. Ellis, Samuel A. Moore;
Majs., Cyrus C. Clark, Theodore G. Ellis, Samuel A. Moore, James B.
Coit, John C. Broatch, William B. Hincks. This regiment, recruited
from the state at large, was organized in the summer of 1862. Re-
cruiting began in the latter part of May, but the ranks filled slowly
until after McClellan's reverses on the Peninsula, and the president's
call for 300,000 men on July 2, when the regiment filled up rapidly.
The men rendezvoused at Camp Foote, Hartford, and were here mus-
tered into the U. S. service for three years, Aug. 23, 1862. On the
2Sth, with 1,015 officers and men, the 14th left the state for Wash-
ington, and with almost no opportunity ifor drill, it was hurried into
the Maryland campaign. It was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 3d
division, 2nd corps, Army of the Potomac, and suffered severely in
its first engagement, the bloody battle of Antietam, losing 137
killed, wounded and missing, but "behaving like veterans." During
the succeeding two months it was occupied in picket and guard duty
at Bolivar heights and Belle Plain. It again suffered heavily at Fred-
ericksburg, forming part of the first division that charged the stone
wall at the foot of Marye's heights, its losses aggregating 122 killed,
wounded and missing. Lieut. -Col. Perkins and Maj. Clark were
among the severely wounded. The regiment was already terribly
reduced in numbers, after less than four months' service, having less
than 400 effective men. It remained throughout the winter of 1862-63
near Falmouth, doing picket duty along the Rappahannock opposite
Fredericksburg, and on April 28, 1863, it moved with the army on the
Chancellorsville campaign. It was again actively engaged at Chan-
cellorsville, losing 56 killed, wounded and missing; then returned once
more to its camp near Falmouth until it moved on the Gettysburg
campaign. It reached the field of Gettysburg on July i, and again
demonstrated its splendid qualities as a fighting regiment on that
sanguinary field. On the afternoon of the 3d, it ca2tured 5 battle-
flags and over 200 prisoners. Though reduced to the size of a bat-
talion, its losses aggregated 66. After the battle it joined with the
army in the pursuit of Lee, skirmishing at Falling Waters. It then
moved to Catlett's station, Va., and did picket duty along Elk run.
Cedar run and near Bristoe Station until Sept. 12. It received its
first instalment of recruits on Aug. 6, and during the next few months
its ranks were swelled once more to the proportions of a full regi-
ment. It participated in all the marching and countermarching of
the fall campaign ; was engaged in a skirmish at Auburn and Bristoe
Station, losing 26 men in the latter action; skirmished with the enemy
at Blackburn's ford; took part in the Mine Run campaign, in which
it lost 14 men; then returned to Stevensburg, and finally went into
winter quarters at Stony mountain, near the Rapidan river. It lost
heavily in the engagement at Morton's ford in Feb., 1864, which was
partly a hand-to-hand fight in the dark, where the regiment displayed
its usual splendid bravery, its losses amounting to 115 killed, wounded
and missing, one-half that of the whole division engaged. When the
army was reorganized for the campaign of 1864, the 14th was assigned

Connecticut Regiments 289

to the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 2nd corps, with which it fought at
the Wilderness, Laurel hill, Spottsylvania, North Anna river Toto-
potomy and Cold Harbor. Its losses were very heavy during this
period, amounting to a total of 185 killed, wounded and missing. From
June 15 to July 6 it was engaged in the siege operations before Peters-
burg, losing 14 more men; was active at Deep Bottom, losing 7, and
at Reams' station during the movement for the destruction of the
Weldon railroad; was heavily engaged in the last named action and
lost 50 officers and enlisted men, being under fire from three direc-
tions at one time and fought part of the time from the reverse side
of its own breastworks. After this battle it returned to the trenches
before Petersburg, where it was exposed daily to the fire of the Con-
federate sharpshooters and batteries. It was in the battle at Hatcher's
run late in October, 1864, losing 29 men, and during the winter had
only a few weeks of comparative rest while encamped near Fort
Clark. On Feb. S, 1865, the 14th was ordered from its snug quarters
to participate in the action at Hatcher's run, losing 6 men, and on
March 25 it shared in a movement on the farther side of the run,
intended as a diversion at the time the enemy attacked Fort Sted-
man. Three days later it moved on the final campaign, which ended
with Lee's surrender at Appomattox, the regiment being constantly
marching and skirmishing. It fought at High bridge and Farmville;
■was present at the final surrender, after which it moved to Alexandria,
Va. It participated in the grand review at Washington on May 23,
and on the 30th the recruits were transferred to the 2nd Conn, heavy
artillery, and the original members were mustered out near Alexan-
dria. On June 3 the regiment reached Hartford, where it was given
a grand ovation. In proportion to its numbers and the length of
service it had the largest percentage of losses in killed, wounded and
died in the service of any Connecticut regiment. It also participated
in more battles — 34 battles and skirmishes in all — and many of them
among the greatest and bloodiest of the war. It has the record of
never losing a color, but captured several from the enemy. Its list
of casualties shows 188 killed and fatally wounded; 11 missing in
action, probably killed; 552 wounded; 191 captured; 189 died of disease,
in prison or by accident; 319 were discharged for disability and 15
■were unaccounted for at muster out.

Fifteenth Infantry.— Cols., Dexter R. Wright, Charles L. Upham;
Lieut.-Col., Samuel Tolles; Maj., Eli W. Osborn. The 15th was
recruited from New Haven county during July and Aug., 1862, and
■was mustered into the U. S. service for three years, at Oyster point,
New Haven, the place of rendezvous, Aug. 26, 1862. Mai. Osborn
had been a captain in the three months' service, and Lieut.-Col. Tolles
had some previous experience as a militia officer. On Aug. 28, 1862,
with 1,022 officers and men, it left for Washington, where it received
its arms and camp equipage and remained there on guard duty until
Dec. I, when it was ordered to Falmouth, Va., and assigned to the
3d brigade, ist division, 9th corps. The brigade (Harland's) was
made up of the 8th, nth, 15th, i6th and 21st Conn, regiments, and as it
was held in reserve at Fredericksburg, the 15th sustained a loss of
only 10 killed and wounded. After the battle it remained encamped
at Falmouth for two months, then moved to Newport News and a
month later to Suffolk, Va., where Charles L. Upham took command
after the resignation of Col. Wright. Fatigue, guard and picket duties
■occupied the regiment during the siege of Suffolk, varied by two
reconnoissances (April 24 and May 3) attended by slight loss. It
Vo!. 1—19

290 The Union Army

shared in the expedition of Gen. Dix up the Peninsula in July, in
the eflfort to draw Lee from his position, and returned to camp at
Portsmouth much exhausted after its forced march of 120 miles in
hot weather to the vicinity of Richmond. It remained encamped at
Portsmouth and South mills until Jan. 21, 1864, when it was ordered
to Plymouth, N. C, remaining on provost duty most of the time
until the following March at New Berne, N. C. It suffered a heavy
visitation of yellow fever during the summer and fall of 1864, losing
over 70 men by death from the scourge and as many more disabled.
During the winter it received a large number of recruits. On March
2, 1865, it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, District of
Beaufort, Col. Upham being in command of the brigade, and ordered
to join the expedition against Goldsboro. While h,otly engaged at
Kinston, it was suddenly enveloped by a division of the enemy under
Gen. Hoke and a large part of the brigade was captured. Its loss in
killed, wounded and missing was 475, most of whom were taken
prisoners, but were soon paroled and exchanged and rejoined the
regiment, which was assigned to provost duty at Kinston, remaining
there until June 6, when it moved to New Berne for muster out. By
order of Gen. Schofield, commanding the department, all members
whose term of service did not expire before Sept. 30, 1865, were
transferred to the 7th Conn, infantry on June 24. The regiment, to
the number of 815 officers and men, was mustered out on June 27 and
on the 30th left for New Haven, where the men were finally paid and
discharged on July 12, 1865. It had been in service 2 years and 10
months and its total enrolment, including 595 recruits, was 1,617.
Its losses during service were 40 killed, 68 wounded, 468 captured,
150 died of disease, accident or in prison, 160 discharged for disability,
and 9 unaccounted for at muster out.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Col., Frank Beach; Lieut.-Cols., Frank W.
Cheney, John M. Burnham; Majs., George A. Washburn, Henry L.
Pasco. This was a Hartford county regiment, organized in Aug.,
1862, and mustered into the U. S. service for three years at Hartford on
Aug. 24. Under command of Col. Beach of the regular army, it left
for Washington on the 29th; was encamped for a few days at Arling-
ton heights; was then hurried forward, with no opportunity to learn
even the rudiments of military science, to join the Army of the Poto-
mac, on the eve of the battle of Antietam. On the evening before
the battle it was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Harland's), 3d division,
9th corps, and despite its rawness, displayed creditable heroism on
the field of Antietam, losing as many men as any other Connecticut
regiment engaged, its loss in killed, wounded and missing, aggregating
185, including 5 commissioned officers killed and 8 wounded. Among
the severely wounded were Lieut. -Col. Cheney and Maj. Washburn,
who were both compelled to resign their commissions. The i6th was
not heavily engaged at Fredericksburg, being in reserve with the
rest of its brigade. After two months in camp before Fredericksburg,
it was ordered to Newport News and about five weeks later, moved,
with its brigade, to Suflfolk, where it remained throughout the siege
being twice engaged in skirmishes on the Edenton and Providence
Church roads, with some loss. About the middle of June it moved
to Portsmouth, where it joined the expedition of Gen. Dix up the
Peninsula, known as the "Blackberry Raid," to the vicinity of Rich-
mond, involving forced marches in hot weather of over 120 miles.
Then followed some quiet months of camp life at Portsmouth, during
which the regiment gained an enviable name for discipline, good order.

Connecticut Regiments 291

and fine soldierly behavior. On Jan. 21, 1864, it was ordered to
Plymouth, N. C, from which point several raids were made into the
interior, capturing a large amount of stores, burning cotton and to-
bacco, and taking a number of prisoners. On March 3 it was ordered
to New Berne, where it performed garrison duty until the 20th, when
it returned to Plymouth. The garrison at Plymouth was attacked by
the enemy in force on April 17, and after a desperate resistance, was
forced to surrender on the 20th. The losses in the i6th, including
the captured, were 436. Co. H, which was on detached service at
Roanoke island, was not included in the surrender. During the long
months of imprisonment which followed, at Andersonville, Charles-
ton and Florence, the men endured untold hardships and privations
and nearly one-half of them died in prison. The paroling of prisoners
of war began in Nov., 1864, and continued throughout the winter.
The wretched survivors, after being paroled and exchanged, rejoined
their regiment at New Berne in April and May, 1865. A few had
escaped from prison, a few were exchanged earlier, and these, with
Co. H and some on detached service or sick leave, composed the
regiment in actual service. The story of how the brave men of the
i6th who were captured saved their colors, by tearing them in strips
and concealing them about their persons all through the dreary days
of their confinement, is one eloquent of devotion and patriotism.
Such remnants as survived the ordeal are now sacredly preserved in
the form of a shield sewn on a white silk banner, which was deposited
with the other flags of the state at the capitol on "Battle Flag Day,"
Sept. 17, 1879. The sadly depleted regiment was stationed at Roanoke
island, N. C., until March 4, 1865, engaging meanwhile in expeditions
to Foster's mills, Hertford and up the Alligator river, and in several
raids to Columbia, Edenton, etc. At New Berne the regiment re-
mained in the performance of provost duty until the date of its mus-
ter out, June 24, 1865. It had been in service for 2 years and 10
months, and 83 recruits had been forwarded from Connecticut. Its
losses during service were y6 killed and mortally wounded, 167
wounded, 459 captured, 160 died in prison, 85 died of disease or from
accident, 255 were discharged for disability, and 11 were unaccounted
for at muster out.

Seventeenth Infantry, — Col., William H. Noble; Lieut.-Cols.,
Charles Walter, Douglas Fowler, Albert W. Wilcoxson, Henry Allen;
Majs., Allen G. Brady, Henry Allen. This regiment, recruited almost
entirely from Fairfield county, was organized in Aug., 1862. It ren-
dezvoused at Bridgeport, was mustered into the U. S. service for
three years, Aug. 28, 1862, and left for Washington, 1,000 strong, on
Sept. 3. It was stationed in the defenses of Baltimore and Wasli-
ington until Nov. S, when it was ordered to report to Gen. Sigel at
Gainesville, Va., where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist division,
Sigel's corps, the brigade being made up of the 25th, 5Sth, 7Sth and
107th Ohio and 17th Conn. Later on the 157th N. Y. was added, and
these regiments continued to serve together during the rest of the
war. The nth corps (Sigel's) was held as a reserve to Gen. Burn-
side's advance and after the battle of Fredericksburg spent the winter
in camps at Stafford Court House, Belle Plain, and Brooke's station,
Va. The first battle of the 17th was the disastrous one of Chancel-
lorsville, where the nth corps, now commanded by Gen. Howard,
was surprised and routed by Stonewall Jackson. In the midst of
the confusion all about them, the 17th did all that brave men
could do, but Col. Noble found it a hopeless task to rally the regi-

292 The Union Army

ment amid the prevailing rout. Its loss in the battle was 120 killed,
wounded and missing. Lieut.-Col. Walter was among the killed.
Col. Noble was severely wounded and had his horse shot under him.
It then rested with its corps near Brooke's station until the movement
began which resulted in the battle of Gettysburg. It arrived on that
field during the midst of the first day's fighting and was posted on
the extreme right at Oak hill. It was at this point that it suffered
its greatest loss, when struck by an overwhelming force of the enemy
under Gen. Gordon. Lieut.-Col. Fowler was killed and Maj. Brady
was severely wounded by a piece of shell. The regiment's total loss
was 198 killed, wounded and missing. During the last two days of
the battle it was posted at the northern foot of Cemetery hill. With
the army it followed Lee's retreating forces until they crossed the
Potomac into Virginia, and in August, with its division, was ordered
to Alexandria, there to take transports for Folly island, S. C. With
its brigade, under Gen. Ames, it was soon ordered to Morris island,
where it was often in the siege works approaching Fort Wagner and
sustained some losses. After the fall of Fort Wagner it encamped
on Folly island until the latter part of Feb., 1864, the monotony of
camp life being broken only by a brief expedition to St. John's island.
At the above date it embarked for Jacksonville, Fla., and after a month
there, relieved the loth Conn, at St. Augustine, which remained its
headquarters until the end of the war. On May 19, 1864, 39 men and
2 officers, holding the picket posts at Welaka and Saunders, on the
St. John's river, were captured by the enemy and sent to Anderson-
ville. The regiment was engaged during the year in several success-
ful raids, though none were of great military importance. On Dec.
24, 1864, while returning from Jacksonville to St. Augustine, Col.
Noble was captured by guerrillas and taken to Macon and Anderson-
ville. While engaged in an expedition to Braddock's farm, south of
Dunn's lake, early in Feb., 1865, the regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Wil-
coxson was attacked on its return by Dixon's cavalry and in the
light Adjt. Chatfield was killed and 32 rnen and 2 officers were captured.
The prisoners were taken to Andersonville. On June 9, 1865, the
regiment was ordered to rendezvous at Jacksonville, whence it pro-
ceeded to Hilton Head and was there mustered out on July 19, having
been in service for 2 years, 11 months. Its total enrollment, including
175 recruits, was 1,175. Its losses were 47 killed and mortally
wounded, 145 wounded, 253 captured, "jd died of disease, in prison or
by accident, 209 were discharged for disability, and 9 were un-
accounted for at muster out.

Eighteenth Infantry. — Col., William G. Ely; Lieut.-Cols., Monroe
Nichols, Henry Peale; Majs., Ephraim Keech, Jr., Henry Peale,
Joseph Mathewson. The i8th was composed of men from New London
and Windham counties and was rapidly recruited during Aug., 1862,
under the supervision of Gen. Daniel Tyler. The men rendezvoused
at Camp Aiken, Norwich. William G. Ely, promoted from the
lieutenant-colonelcy of the 6th Conn., was commissioned colonel. It
was mustered into the U. S. service on Aug. 22, 1862, for three years,
and left for Washington the same day, with a numerical strength of
998 officers and men. It was the first regiment to leave the state under
the president's call of July 2 for 300,000 volunteers and was stationed
at Baltimore in the performance of guard and garrison duty until
May 22, 1863, when it was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley. Its
first fighting was at the battle of_ Winchester, when Gen. Milroy's
command of 7,000 men was overwhelmed by Gen. Early with a much

Connecticut Regiments 293

superior force. The regiment won praise from Milroy for the desperate
valor it displayed. During its third and last charge, it disabled a
battery of the enemy, but, charging into the center of Gen. Johnson's
division, over 500 of its officers and men were captured. Its total
loss in the engagement was 567. The regimental colors were saved
by Color-Sergt. George Torrey. Most of the prisoners were soon
paroled and exchanged. Co. D had escaped intact, as it was detailed
for provost duty at Winchester. Nothing of moment occurred until
April 26, 1864, when the i8th was ordered to Martinsburg, W. Va.,
to join the forces gathered there under Gen. Sigel. It shared in
Sigel's defeat at Newmarket, where its casualties were 56; was again
heavily engaged at Piedmont, with a loss of 122; had 12 men wounded
in the engagement at Lynchburg; went into the engagement at
Snicker's ford with only about 150 men and lost 32 in killed, wounded
and missing; was again engaged at Winchester in July, but with small
loss; arrived at Berryville after a long series of marches, and partici-
pated in its last fight there Sept. 3, 1864. It continued to serve in
the District of West Virginia until its final muster out on June 27,
1865, at Harper's Ferry. The regiment had received about 200 re-
cruits, so that its total enrollment was nearly 1,200. It served for
2 years and 10 months, during which it participated in 20 general
engagements and skirmishes. Its losses were 61 killed and fatally
wounded, 235 wounded, 656 captured, 94 died of disease, accident or
in prison, 102 were discharged for disability, and i was unaccounted
for at muster out.

Nineteenth Infantry. — (See 2nd Heavy Artillery.)
Twentieth Infantry. — Col., Samuel Ross; Lieut. -Cols., William B.
Wooster, Philo B. Buckingham; Majs., P. B. Buckingham, Henry
C. Pardee. The 20th was one of the eight regiments furnished by the
state in response to the president's call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000
volunteers to serve for three years. It was recruited during Aug.,

1862, from the counties of New Haven and Hartford, rendezvoused at
New Haven, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three years
on Sept. 8, 1862. It left for Washington on the nth, with 981 officers
and men, and on Oct. 2 reported to Gen. Williams at Harper's Ferry,
where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist division, 12th corps.
Army of the Potomac. It reported at Stafford Court House, Va.,
April I, 1863, and on the 27th moved with the army, under Gen.
Hooker, on the Chancellorsville campaign. In the battle there it was
commanded by Lieut.-Col. Wooster, Col. Ross being in command of
the 2nd brigade. The regiment was highly commended for its bravery
during the engagement and was among the last to retreat. Its losses
were 197 killed, wounded and prisoners. It participated in the battle
of Gettysburg as part of the ist brigade, ist division, 12th corps.
Gen. Williams commanding the corps, which on the 3d day of the
battle was stationed on Gulp's hill, on the extreme right of the line,
where the 20th distinguished itself. For 7 long hours the corps held
Ewell's command at bay, and finally drove it back with heavy loss,
the regiment losing during the engagement 5 men killed, and 23
wounded. The 20th then joined in the pursuit of Lee and on July
16, was once more at their old camp at Pleasant valley. In Sept.,

1863. it was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland and arrived
at Bridgeport, Ala., on Oct. 3. The autumn months were taken up
with fatigue and picket duties and some slight skirmishing. While
a part of the regiment was on garrison duty at Tracy City, Tenn., it
was attacked by the enemy's cavalry, but the attack was repulsed,

294 The Union Army

Capt. Upson being mortally wounded during the engagement. In
April, 1864, the nth and 12th corps were united to form the 20th,
with which the regiment remained until the close of the war. Early
in May it moved with Sherman's army on the Atlanta campaign; was
engaged at Boyd's trail, Resaca, and Cassville, which place it and the
19th Mich, captured. It lost 17 men at Resaca, and at Peachtree creek,
July 20, it lost 55 killed, wounded and missing, among the wounded
being 6 commissioned officers. It participated in the siege of Atlanta
in July and was among the first troops to enter the city, when it finally
fell on Sept. 2. It remained at Atlanta doing fatigue duty and fur-
nishing large details for work on the fortifications about the city
until Nov. 15, when it moved with Sherman on the march to the sea,
arriving at Savannah on Dec. 10. It was occupied in the siege opera-
tions there until the 21st, when it entered the city with the 20th corps.
Early in Jan., 1865, it started on the march through the Carolinas,
being engaged with the enemy at Silver run, with a loss of 19 officers
and men; at Bentonville, where it lost 36 men killed, wounded and
missing; arrived at Raleigh, N. C, April 16, whence it proceeded
north through Richmond to Washington, reaching there on May 20.
It marched in the grand review and then encamped near Fort Lincoln
until it was finally mustered out June 13, 1865, numbering 506 present
and absent. During its 2 years and 9 months of arduous service it
always maintained its reputation for valor, discipline and soldierly
bearing, a credit to itself and an honor to its state. It received about
300 recruits during service, giving it a total enrollment of nearly
1,300 officers and men. Its list of casualties include 82 killed and
mortally wounded, 209 wounded, 113 captured, 82 died of disease,
accident or in prison, 203 were discharged for disability, and 5 were
unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-first Infantry. — Cols., Arthur H. Dutton, Thomas F.
Burpee, Hiram B. Crosby; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas F. Burpee, Hiram
B. Crosby, James F. Brown; Majs., Hiram B. Crosby, William Spittle,
Charles T. Stanton, James F. Brown. This regiment, recruited from
Hartford, New London and Windham counties during Aug., 1862,
rendezvoused at Norwich, and was there mustered into the U. S.
service for three years, Sept. 5, 1862. Col. Dutton was appointed to
the command from the regular army and brought the regiment to a
high state of efficiency before being appointed to the command of a
brigade on Dec. 11, 1862. The 21st, numbering 966 officers and men,
left for Washington on Sept. 11 and was assigned to the Army of
the Potomac. Its long march of 175 miles — from Pleasant valley,
Md., to Falmouth, Va., — in 12 days, and the hardships and exposure
of that first winter on the plains of Falmouth will never be forgotten.
It was brigaded with the 25th N. J.. 13th N. H., and 4th R. I., to
form the 3d brigade, 3d division, 9th corps. Col. Dutton being in
command of the brigade. Its first engagement was at Fredericks-
burg, where it lost i commissioned officer, and 5 men wounded. It
was one of the eighteen regiments from the 9th corps, selected by
Gen. Burnside to lead the "forlorn hope" on the morning of the 14th,
but fortunately the attack was abandoned at the last moment. In
Feb., 1863, it joined the Army of the James at Fortress Monroe; was
encamped at Newport News until March 13, when it was ordered to
Suflfolk; shared in the defense of that place during the siege; sup-
ported the Irish Legion on the Edenton road; was active at Reed's
ferry on the Nansemond river, being commended for its services
during that skirmish ; served as provost guard for Gen. Dix's com-

Connecticut Regiments 295

mand on the "Blackberry Raid" to Whitehouse Landing, and on the
return of the expedition was on provost duty at Portsmouth and Nor-
folk for about five months. It then returned to Newport News for
about six weeks, a detachment of the regiment sharing in the raid
on the Brandon farm. On Feb. 3, 1864, it embarked under sealed
orders for Morehead City, N. C, a little later moved to Newport
barracks and Little Washington, N. C. ; thence to New Berne, where
it remained until April; then returned to Portsmouth, Va., whence it
was ordered to proceed to Bermuda Hundred. It was heavily engaged
at Drewry's bluff, where the members of the regiment displayed
great individual coolness and judgment in action. Its loss was 107
killed, wounded and missing. During a reconnoissance May 26, the
gallant Col. Dutton was mortally wounded and Lieut.-Col. Burpee
assumed command. Returning on May 29 to White House landing,
it moved thence to Cold Harbor and was hotly engaged there June 3,
losing 43 killed and wounded. On June 9 Col. Burpee was mortally
wounded by a sharpshooter, while going his rounds as brigade officer
of the day. The regiment remained in front of Petersburg until
Sept. 3, and shared in the first assaults of the army on that city.
At the explosion of "the mine," July 30, it was posted well forward
among the supports, where it was exposed to a severe enfilading
fire and lost 15 killed and wounded. While in the trenches before
Petersburg its entire loss was 49 officers and men. It shared in the
capture of Fort Harrison, losing 30 men, which was its last general
engagement, and then went into winter quarters, performing the usual
routine of camp and picket duty. On March 4, 1865, it shared in an
expedition to Fredericksburg to prevent the smuggling of tobacco
across the river in exchange for supplies, which movement resulted
in the destruction of 28 car-loads of tobacco, valued at $1,300,000, and
the capture of 30 prisoners. As a result of this raid it was chosen
to occupy the intrenchments around Richmond, and it was among the
first to enter that city on the occasion of its evacuation, April 3,
1865. Nothing of importance occurred afterwards and the regiment
was mustered out of the service, June 16, 1865, leaving an excellent
record for bravery and good soldierly conduct. It had served for 2
years and 9 months and had received during that time 80 recruits.
Its losses were 59 killed and mortally wounded, 187 wounded, 41
captured, 115 died of disease, accident or in prison, 206 were dis-
charged for disability, and 3 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-second Infantry. — Col., George S. Burnham; Lieut.-Col.,
Ellsworth N. Phelps; Maj., Herman Glafcke. This regiment was
the first to respond to the call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia to
serve for nine months. With the exception of Co. K, from Tolland
county, the men were recruited from Hartford county and attracted
by the short term of service, for which they felt they could absent
themselves from their usual avocations, were of a high order of
intelligence. The regiment was rapidly recruited and by Sept. 3,
1862, had assembled, nearly 1,000 strong at the rendezvous, Camp
Halleck, Hartford. Col. Burnham had previously served as colonel
of the 1st Conn, infantry and was a skillful and experienced officer.
The 22nd was mustered into the U. S. service on Sept. 20, 1862, and
embarked for New York on Oct. 2, proceeding thence by rail to
Washington, where it was assigned to the Army of the Potomac,
and stationed during the winter at Miner's hill, about 8 miles from
the city. It was brigaded with the 40th Mass., nth R. I., and 141st
N. Y., under the command of Gen. Robert Cowdin, and later Col.

296 The Union Army

Burr Porter of the 40th Mass. Gen. Abercrombie commanded the
division, and Gen. Heintzelman was at this time in general command
of the defenses of Washington. On April 15, 1863, it embarked for
Norfolk; proceeded thence to Suffolk, sharing in the siege of that
place until May 3; then moved to West Point, where it encamped for
three weeks, and moved thence by transport to Yorktown Plains.
After participating in the "Blackberry Raid," it returned to Yorktown
and on June 26, its term of service having expired, it returned to
Hartford, where it was mustered out July 7, 1863. The regiment was
given no opportunity to show its mettle on the field of battle. Its
casualties during service were, 18 died of disease, 2 by accident, 31 dis-
charged for disability, and 1 unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-third Infantry. — Col.. Charles E. L. Holmes; Lieut.-Col.,
Charles W. Woddin; Maj., David H. Miller. This regiment was re-
cruited from the counties of Fairfield and New Haven during Aug.
and Sept., 1862, rendezvoused at Camp Terry, New Haven, and was
mustered into the U. S. service for nine months on Nov. 14. Cos.
A, D, E, and G volunteered from the active state militia. The regiment
was assigned to Gen. Banks' expedition, and with 848 officers and men
left for Camp Buckingham, L. I., Nov. 17, 1862. Seven companies
sailed for Ship island. Miss., on the 20th and proceeded thence to
New Orleans, where they were assigned to Weitzel's brigade, 19th
corps. On Jan. 11, 1863, they moved to Brashear City, and were
detailed for railroad guard duty on the New Orleans & Opelousas
railroad, Cos. B and E being stationed at headquarters. Camp Weitzel,
La Fourche crossing. The remaining three companies sailed from
New York on Dec. 30, 1862. They were wrecked en route on
Stranger's key, Bahama islands, and finally arrived at New Orleans
on March 4, 1863. The regiment was engaged in railroad guard duty
along the above mentioned line until June 23, when it was ordered
to fall back to New Orleans. On June i, four companies under Capt.
Crofut drove off a force of the enemy who had attacked the hospital
across the bay at Brashear and then covered the working parties
while they removed the sick and the government property. A part
of the regiment was engaged with the enemy under Gen. Dick Taylor
at La Fourche crossing in June, other detachments being engaged
with the same enemy at Brashear City, and Bayou Boeuf. During
this raid of Taylor, the 23d had 7 captains and 7 lieutenants cap-
tured, who were sent to Tyler, Tex., and held as prisoners for 14
months. A number of privates were also captured, but were paroled
and returned to the Union lines. After this the 23d was encamped in
and near New Orleans until Aug. 7, when it left for New Haven, via
Cairo, 111., arriving on Aug. 28. It was mustered out on Sept. i,
1863, having lost during service 10 killed and mortally wounded, 17
wounded, 17 captured, 43 who died of disease, 2 by accident, 3 dis-
charged for disability, and 2 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-fourth Infantry. — Col., Samuel B. Mansfield; Lieut.-Col.,
John D. Allison; Maj., Patrick Maher. The 24th was organized in
Sept., 1862. Six companies were recruited from Middlesex county
and the other four — three of them Irish — from Hartford, New Haven
and Fairfield counties. It rendezvoused at Middletown and was there
mustered into the U. S. service for nine months on Nov. 18, 1862.
Col. Mansfield was a regular army officer and a son of Maj. -Gen.
J. K. F. Mansfield. On the day of its muster in, the regiment with
698 officers and men left for Camp Buckingham, Centerville, L. I.,
having been assigned to Gen. Banks' expedition. It sailed for Ship

Connecticut Regiments 297

island, Miss., Dec. 2, arriving there on the 12th. Thence it proceeded
to New Orleans and then to Baton Rouge, where it was brigaded
with the 9th Conn., 41st and 52nd Mass., to form the 2nd brigade (Col.
Cahill), 4th division, 19th corps. A little later the 91st N. Y. was
substituted for the 9th Conn., and Col. Van Zandt of that regiment
was appointed to command the brigade. On March i, 1863, it was
consolidated into a battalion of eight companies. It shared in the
movement to the rear of Port Hudson in March, while Com. Farra-
gut was running the batteries in front. On March 26, the 12th Me.
was substituted in the brigade for the 91st N. Y., and Col. Kimball
of the I2th Me. became commander of the brigade, which was in
reserve at the battle of Irish bend, after which it moved with its
division in pursuit of Taylor's forces toward the Red river, proceeding
within 15 miles of Alexandria. It then returned by way of the
Atchafalaya river and Bayou Sara, marching to the rear of Port
Hudson, where, from May 2;^ to July 9, it was engaged in the siege
operations, taking a conspicuous part in the assault of June 14, from
which time it held an advanced position, one-half of the regiment
being on duty each 24 hours, until the final surrender of Port Hudson.
Its casualties during the siege were 66 killed and wounded. On July
II, it embarked for Donaldsonville and on the 29th for Carrollton-
On Aug. 6, it sailed for Ship island, where it remained until Sept.
9, when it returned to New Orleans, and on the 15th it sailed for
home. It was mustered out at Middletown, Conn., Sept. 30, 1863,
having been in service nearly 13 months. Its casualties were 21
killed and mortally wounded, 51 wounded, 53 died of disease or acci-
dent, 19 discharged for disability, and 3 unaccounted for at muster out

Twenty-fifth Infantry.— Col., George P. Bissell; Lieut.-Cols., Dan-
iel H. Stevens, Mason C. Weld; Majs., Moses E. St. John, Thomas
McManus. This regiment, from Hartford and Tolland counties, was
recruited during the early fall of 1862. It was composed of excellent
material and early gained a reputation for efficiency and good dis-
cipline. It rendezvoused at Camp Halleck, Hartford, where on Nov.
II, it was mustered into the U. S. service for nine months, with 811
officers and men, and left on the 14th for Centerville, L. I., to join
the Banks expedition. It sailed for Ship island, Miss., Nov. 29;
arrived at New Orleans, Dec. 14; five companies under Col. Bissell
proceeded thence to Baton Rouge; the other five companies under
Lieut. -Col. Stevens were landed at Camp Parapet, above New Or-
leans, and did not join the command at Baton Rouge for several
weeks. The 2Sth was first assigned to Gen. Paine's brigade, and
later to a brigade composed of the 13th Conn., 26th Maine, 159th N.
Y., and 25th Conn., commanded by Col. Birge of the 13th Conn.,
with which it continued during the rest of its term of service. It
shared in the movement to the rear of Port Hudson in March, 1863,
while Farragut was trying to run the batteries with his fleet, and
was a witness to the grand bombardment on the night of March 14.
It then returned to Baton Rouge, whence it advanced up the west
bank of the Mississippi and engaged in its first battle at Irish bend,
with a loss of 95 killed and wounded, and i missing, out of about
350 in action. It then marched nearly to the Red river, and returned
— a distance of about 300 miles in 20 days. It was next engaged in
the siege of Port Hudson, being almost constantly under fire in
the trenches and sharing in the assaults on the works. Its losses
during these assaults aggregated 46 killed, wounded and missing.
Such had been the arduous nature of its services that on June 26 it

298 The Union Army

reported only 140 men fit for duty. After the fall of Port Hudson
the regiment returned to Donaldsonville, La., and offered to remain
longer, if needed, in the Department, but was ordered home on the
expiration of its term. It was mustered out at Hartford Aug. 26,
1863, after a service of over 9 months. Throughout its term of serv-
ice the men had cheerfully submitted to the most rigorous discipline;
had borne all hardships uncomplainingly, and were never known to
falter in time of danger. The 25th was in every way a reliable and
efficient regiment. Its total losses were 31 killed and fatally wounded,
104 wounded, 17 captured, 55 died of disease, 20 discharged for dis-
ability, and 3 unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-sixth Infantry. — Col., Thomas G. Kingsley; Lieut.-Col.,
Joseph Selden; Maj., Henry Stoll. This regiment, from New London
and Windham counties, was recruited between Aug. 20 and Sept. 10,
1862, rendezvoused at Camp Russell, Norwich, where it was mustered
into the U. S. service for nine months, Nov. 10 and 12, 1862, and on
the 13th left for Camp Buckingham, Centerville, L. I., to join the
Banks expedition. It sailed for Ship island. Miss., and New
Orleans, Dec. 4, 1862, arriving at the latter place on the i6th. It
encamped at Camp Parapet above the city, where it received its
arms, and was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Neal Dow), 2nd
division (Gen. T. W. Sherman), 19th corps (Maj. -Gen. N. P. Banks).
On May 20, 1863, it started for Port Hudson and on the 24th joined the
left wing of the corps investing that fortification. It took an active
part in the bloody assault of May. 27, losing 107 in killed and
wounded, among the latter being Col. Kingsley. The night after
the assault, the regiment held the picket line in front of Dow's brigade
and from this date until June 14, it was constantly exposed to fire.
It was again engaged on June 13 and 14 during the second general
assault, going into action with 235 men and fighting with great gallantry.
Its losses on this date were 67 killed and wounded. The 26th was one
of the ten regiments chosen to receive the capitulation of the garrison
and performed provost and guard duty at Port Hudson until July
25, when it was ordered home via Cairo, Chicago and New York.
It was mustered out of service at Norwich on Aug. 17, the men
being paid and finally discharged two days later, after a term of
service of over nine months. Its casualties were 51 killed and mor-
tally wounded, 142 wounded, 84 died of disease, 21 discharged for
disability, and 2 unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-seventh Infantry. — Col., Richard S. Bostwick; Lieut-Col.,
Henry C. Merwin; Majs., Theodore Byxbee, James H. Coburn. The
27th came from New Haven county, was recruited in the early fall
of 1862, and rendezvoused at New Haven, where it was mustered into
the U. S. service on Oct. 22 for nine months. All its field officers
had seen previous military service with the three months' troops. On
the day of its muster in the regiment left the state for Washington,
with 829 officers and men, and after a month spent in the defenses of
Washington was ordered to Falmouth to join the Army of the
Potomac. There it was assigned to the 3d brigade (Zook's), ist
division (Hancock's), 2nd corps (Gen. Couch). The regiment, with
the exception of the flank companies were wretchedly armed with
the inferior Austrian rifle. On Dec. 13, all but 264 men on detached
picket duty along the river, participated in the disastrous and bloody
assault on Marye's heights at Fredericksburg, losing out of 37s
men in action, 16 killed, 89 wounded and 3 missing, nearly one-third
of its strength. On the night of Dec. 14, it withdrew with the army

Connecticut Regiments 299

across the river and went into winter quarters, where it was trans-
ferred to the 4th brigade, commanded by Col. John R. Brooke. On
April 15, 1863, it moved on the Chancellorsville campaign and was
actively engaged during the battle, suffering its greatest loss on May
3, when the regiment, except Cos. D and F, was surrounded and captured
by a superior force of the enemy, while attempting to hold an advanced
picket line, after the rest of the army had retired to the rear of the
Chancellor house. The loss of the regiment during the battle was
292, all but 9 of whom were captured. The prisoners were soon after
paroled and exchanged, but were still subject to their parole at the
time of the battle of Gettysburg. Cos. D and F, augmented to
three companies by the addition of some 75 men of the other com-
panies, returned from special service and sick leave, under the com-
mand of Lieut. -Col. Merwin, were actively engaged at Gettysburg on
July 2-3, and lost 39 killed, wounded and missing, among the killed
being Lieut.-Col. Merwin. The little band of the 27th was highly
commended by Gen. Hancock for its services in the "wheat field" on
the 2nd. After the battle the remnant of the regiment moved with
the army in pursuit of Lee and then moved with the 2nd corps to
Harper's Ferry. On July 18, 1863, it severed its connection with
the Army of the Potomac and was joined at Baltimore by the paroled
prisoners of war. Four days later it arrived at New Haven, where
it was mustered out on July 27. The following closing words of the
order issued by Col. Brooke, commanding the 4th brigade, in parting
with the men of the 27th, well attest the character of the regiment:
"Side by side with the veterans of the Army of the Potomac it has
fought, and by the gallantry of its conduct won for itself an enviable
name and reputation, which may well in future years cause all who
belong to it to feel a pardonable pride in having to say that they
served with the Twenty-seventh Connecticut." The losses of the 27th
during service were 47 killed and mortally wounded, 116 wounded,
285 captured, 20 died of disease, i in prison, 54 were discharged for
disability, and 5 were unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Samuel P. Ferris ; Lieut.-Col., W.
T. Batcheller; Maj., William B. Wescome. This was the last regi-
ment organized in the state under the call for nine months' volun-
teers. It was recruited from the counties of Fairfield and Litchfield
and rendezvoused at Camp Terry, New Haven, about the middle of
Sept., 1862, where it was mustered into the U. S. service on Nov. 15.
It was composed of only eight companies and was ably commanded by
Col. Ferris, a graduate of West Point, and a regular army officer. It
left the state for Centerville, L. I., on Nov. 16; was the fifth Connecti-
cut regiment to be assigned to Banks' expedition; arrived at Camp
Parapet, near Carrollton, La., Dec. 19, and was at once ordered to
Pensacola, Fla. It remained here, pleasantly quartered, until March
20, when it moved to Fort Barrancas, the routine of camp and guard
duties being only varied by an occasional expedition until in May,
when it joined the army before Port Hudson, and shared in all the
siege operations until July 9. It was almost constantly under fire and
had its full share in the assault on June 14, when it furnished 250
men for the storming party. Its loss on this occasion was 2 commis-
sioned ofificers and 7 enlisted men killed, 40 men wounded and 10
missing. After the fall of Port Hudson it garrisoned the place until
relieved and ordered home on Aug. 7, 1863, via Cairo, and was mus-
tered out at New Haven, Aug. 28, 1863, after a service of nine months.
Its total losses were 19 killed and mortally wounded, 39 wounded, 7

300 The Union Army

captured, 86 died of disease, i from accident, g were discharged for
disability, and i was unaccounted for at muster out.

Twenty-ninth Infantry (Colored). — Col., William B. Wooster;
Lieut.-Cols., Henry C. Ward, David Torrance; Majs., Henry C. Ward,.
David Torrance, Frederick E. Camp, William J. Ross. Authority to
recruit a regiment of colored volunteers was obtained from the war
department late in the summer of 1863, to be credited to the quota of
the state. It was filled to the maximum by the middle of Jan., 1864,
but was not mustered into the U. S. service until March 8, for lack
of officers. Col. Wooster was formerly lieutenant-colonel of the 20th
Conn. During organization and before muster-in, the regiment ren-
dezvoused at Fair Haven, and on March 19, 1864, it embarked on
transport for Annapolis, Md., where the men were armed with the
best Springfield rifle. It was assigned to the 9th corps, then assem-
bling at Annapolis; sailed for Hilton Head, S. C, where it arrived
on April 13; proceeded thence to Beaufort, S. C, where it was occu-
pied in drill and guard duty for about four months; and was then
ordered to Bermuda Hundred, Va., arriving there on Aug. 14. A part
of the regiment at once engaged in a reconnoissance with a detach-
ment of the loth corps, and exhibited coolness and bravery under
fire. It was assigned to Gen. William G. Birney's brigade, of Gen.
Turner's division (3d), loth corps. After engaging in an advance at
Deep Bottom, it returjied and encamped at Point of Rocks until Aug.
24, when it relieved the i8th Conn, in front of Petersburg. It was
ordered to the rear for rest on Sept 24; a few days later was engaged
at New Market heights, and in October assisted in repelling an
attempt of the enemy to turn the right of the loth corps on the Darby-
town road. It next engaged in the reconnoissance up the Darbj'town
road with some loss; met with a loss of 80 killed and wounded in the
affair at the Kell house; soon after was assigned to the ist brigade
and performed garrison duty in certain detached redoubts along the
Newmarket road. Early in Dec, 1864, it moved to the left of Fort
Harrison, where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist division, 2Sth
corps, and remained in this position during the rest of the winter,
engaged in picketing, drilling and building roads and earthworks.
Up to March, 1865, the regiment had met with losses amounting to
143 killed, wounded and missing. Late in March it was assigned the
duty of garrisoning Fort Harrison, one of the most important points
on the whole line and the most probable point of attack by the enemy.
From the magazine of this fort the men witnessed the last Confederate
dress parade on April 2, 1865. On the following day, when the enemy
were in full retreat, the 29th hurried on the exciting race to reach
the burning Confederate capital, and it is believed that Cos. C and G,
which were ordered forward as skirmishers, were the first infantry
to enter the city. With its brigade it was stationed in Batteries No.
S, 6, 7, and 8 of the interior line of defenses of Richmond until the
13th, when it moved to Petersburg, thence to Point Lookout, Md.,
where it was employed in guarding prisoners until May 28, when
it moved to City Point, and on June 10 it embarked with the
loth corps for Texas. It remained at Brownsville, on the Rio Grande,
until ordered home on Oct. 14, 1865. It arrived at Hartford Nov. 24,
and the following day the men were paid and finally discharged from
the service. It had been in service for i year and 8 months, and
during this period had received 8 officers and 210 enlisted men as
recruits. Its casualties were 42 killed and mortally wounded, 135
wounded, 178 died of disease, 6 from accident, i was captured, 103

Connecticut Regiments 301

•were discharged for disability, and i was unaccounted for at muster
out. The colored soldiers of the 29th had amply demonstrated that
they could fight both willingly and bravely, and it is a fact to be
remembered that both officers and men knew little quarter would be
shown them if captured.

Thirtieth Infantry, (Colored) — Col., Henry C. Ward. After the
29th was completed it was discovered that more colored troops could
be raised in the state and on Jan. 12, 1864, Gov. Buckingham author-
ized the organization of the 30th infantry. So urgent was the dernand
for men at the front, that as soon as four companies were recruited,
they were sent to Virginia, where they were assigned to the 3d brigade,
Ferrero's division, 9th corps. The ranks of the regiment were never
filled to the maximum, and during its early service was commanded
by Lieut. -Col. W. E. E. Ross. Subsequently it became the 31st U.
S. Colored infantry, with three Connecticut men among the field and
staff officers, viz.: Col. Ward, Adjt. George Freeman and Q. M. Dee
Laroo Wilson. It was posted in the rear until June 14 to prevent
attack by the enemy's cavalry, and then joined the army in front of
Petersburg, holding different positions of the line until July 30. when
it shared in the sanguinary charge after the mine explosion, losing 136
killed, wounded and missing. Among the severely wounded were Lieut-
Col. Ross and Maj. Wright. Said Maj. Wright in his official report of this
engagement: "I cannot speak too highly of both officers and men in
this engagement. More bravery and enthusiasm I never witnessed.
Besides their patriotic ardor, they went into that action with a de-
termination to command the respect of white troops, which they knew
could only be obtained by hard fighting." The regiment next followed
the movements of the army along the South Side railroad and partici-
pated in a severe skirmish during the reconnoissance of the 5th and
9th corps to the Boydtown plank road. It was again engaged at
Hatcher's run in October and on Nov. 6, 1864, Col. Ward assumed
command of the regiment, which was soon after increased from a
battalion to a regiment of ten companies from new recruits received.
On Nov. 18, it moved to the Bermuda Hundred front, and held the
right of the line there until the end of December, constantly exposed
to the fire of the enemy. On Christmas day, with the other colored
troops, it joined the 25th corps and was assigned to the 3d brigade,
2nd division, stationed near Fort Harrison. In March, 1865, a detach-
ment was sent for duty at Dutch gap, but rejoined the regiment
before it moved on the spring campaign. On March 2T, it crossed
the James river, going into position on the left of the Army of the
Potomac, and was then constantly under fire until April 3, sharing
in the operations southwest of Petersburg, leading to the evacuation
of that city and Richmond. It then joined in the pursuit of Lee's
army for six days, averaging 16 hours marching in every 24; during
the 30 hours ending 11 P. M., April 8, it covered 60 miles. On the
9th, the day of the surrender, it was in position on the extreme left
of the Union army and advanced in line of battle. It now rested until
June 10, when it was ordered to Texas with the 25th corps, and per-
formed garrison duty at Brownsville until Oct. 11, 1865. It was then
ordered home for muster-out and was paid and finally discharged the
service at Hartford, Dec. i, 1865, after a service of about i year and
5 months. The casualties of the Connecticut men in the regiment
were 24 killed and fatally wounded, 14 missing, probably killed, 44
vvounded, 7 captured, 3 died in prison, 51 died of disease, 26 were
•discharged for disability, and 10 were unaccounted for at muster out.

302 The Union Army

First Cavalry. — Cols., William S. Fish, Erastus Blakeslee, Brayton
Ives; Lieut. -Cols., William S. Fish, Charles Farnsworth, Erastus
Blakeslee, Brayton Ives, Edward W. Whitaker; Majs., Judson M.
Lyon. William S. Fish, Charles Farnsworth, Erastus Blakeslee, Bray-
ton Ives, George O. Marcy, Edward W. Whitaker, Leonard P. Good-
win, John B. Morehouse. The ist cavalry began its service as a bat-
talion of four companies, one from each Congressional district, in the
fall of 1861. The men rendezvoused at Camp Tyler, West Meriden,
Oct. 23, and were mustered into the U. S. service for three years on
the 26th. On Feb. 20, 1862, with 346 officers and men, commanded by
Maj. Lyon, it proceeded to Wheeling, W. Va., whence it moved to
Moorefield and engaged in scouting up and down the South Potomac
valley. As a part of Gen. Schenck's brigade it took part in the bat-
tle at McDowell; repulsed Ashby's cavalry at Franklin; was again
engaged at Wardensville and as part of the army under Gen. Fre-
mont, made the forced march over the mountains into the Shenandoah
Valley, to the relief of Gen. Banks. It was active during the pursuit
at Strasburg; fought valiantly at Harrisonburg, Cross Keys and Port
Republic, after which it retired with the army across the mountains
to Sperryville. As part of Stahel's brigade, Sigel's corps, it fought at
Cedar mountain, and then joined in the pursuit of Jackson to the
Rapidan. It next fought through Pope's disastrous campaign, skir-
mishing at Rappahannock Station, Waterloo Bridge, and Sulphur
Springs. It was also active at Thoroughfare gap, Groveton, the sec-
ond Bull Run and Chantilly, and covered the army on its retreat.
It remained at Washington for about 3 months, receiving there about
100 recruits and being entirely refitted and remounted. In December
it moved to Stafford Court House, scouting and picketing, and was
then assigned to duty as provost guard in Baltimore. While on
duty there it was recruited to a full regiment of twelve companies,
detachments were engaged in numerous scouting expeditions, and
during the year the regiment took part in the engagements at Fred-
erick City, Bolivar heights. Tunnel Hill, Waterford, Leesburg, Win-
chester, Berryville Snickersville and Harrisonburg. In the early part
of March 1864, under command of Col. Blakeslee and numbering 675
men, it proceeded to Stevensburg, where it joined the Army of the
Potomac and was assigned to the ist brigade, 3d division, Sheridan's
cavalry corps, with which it served until the end of the war On
May 4, 1864, it moved with the army on the Wilderness campaign,
being active at Craig's Church, Todd's tavern, the Wilderness, Spottsyl-
vania, and in Sheridan's daring raid toward Richmond. Rejoining the
army on the 25th it was in the engagements that followed in rapid
succession at Hanover Court House, Ashland, Haw's shop, Studley,
and Ruffin's house, after which its division acted as rear-guard to the
army during the movement across the James river. The regiment
crossed the river on June 17 and on the 22nd moved on Wilson's raid
against the South-Side railroad, engaging the enemy in rapid succes-
sion at Ford's station, Nottoway Court House, Roanoke Station, Stony
creek, and Reams' station, finally returning to Petersburg on July 2, com-
pletely exhausted, having suffered almost incredible hardships. For
its gallant services in covering the rear during the retreat, it received
the special thanks of Gen. Wilson. After a month's rest in camp and
on picket duty, it was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley, being re-
mounted and entirely refitted en route at Washington. It had its
full share in Sheridan's brilliant campaign in the valley; was active
at Winchester, Summit Point, Charleston, and Kearneysville, where a

Connecticut Regiments 303

squadron under Capt. Rogers aided in the capture of the 8th S. C.
infantry; opened the battle of Winchester on Sept. 19, and was in the
skirmishes that followed at Front Royal, Spring Valley, New Market,
Waynesboro, Bridgewater, Harrisonburg and Strasburg. While on
picket duty at Cedar Run Church, Oct. 17, Maj. Marcy and 30 men
were captured during a night raid of the enemy under Rosser. The
regiment led the splendid charge of Gen. Custer around the left flank
of the enemy after the battle of Cedar creek and was then engaged in
the arduous duties incident to the cavalry service for several weeks,
being constantly on the move. In a sharp skirmish with Rosser at
Cedar creek in November, it met with a loss of 30 men, including
Capt. Rogers, who was wounded. The winter of 1864-65 was a
severe one, but the ist was not idle, marching with its division 120
miles in 4 days — Dec. 19-22 — and engaging the enemy at Lacey's
springs. In Feb., 1865, a detachment marched 140 miles in 48 hours
and assisted in the capture of the noted Harry Gilmore while he was
in bed. In the latter part of that month it moved with Sheridan on
his great raid from Winchester to Petersburg, especially distinguish-
ing itself at Waynesboro and Ashland. After its arrival before
Petersburg it fought dismounted at Five Forks, where the regiment
captured 2 guns, and during the next few days, while Sheridan was
moving rapidly to cut off Lee's only avenue of escape, it was engaged
at Sweat House creek, Harper's farm, and Sailor's creek. When Gen.
Lee displayed the white flag at Appomattox, Lieut. -Col. Whitaker of
the 1st Conn., Gen. Custer's chief of staff, began the negotiations
which stopped the fighting, and a little later the regiment was detailed
to escort Gen. Grant when he went to receive Lee's surrender. After
the surrender it moved with Sheridan to Danville, and after Gen.
Johnston's surrender on the 26th it moved back to Washington, where
it participated in the grand review. It remained in Washington on
provost duty until mustered out on Aug. 2, 1865, and was allowed to
return home mounted. On Aug. 17-18 the men were paid and finally
discharged, after a term of 3 years and nearly 10 months. The record
of the I St regiment was a notable one; it had engaged the enemy over
90 times ; had met with some loss in over 80 engagements ; had fought as
cavalry, infantry and artillery; had captured many guns, wagons,
colors and prisoners ; three of its oflficers became brevet brigadier-
generals, and of the 12 medals of honor awarded Connecticut soldiers
by Congress, three went to members of the ist cavalry. Its total
enrolment includes 2,611 officers and men, and its casualties during
service were 39 killed and mortally wounded, 10 missing, probably
killed, 91 wounded, 304 captured, 89 died in prison, 74 died of disease,
190 discharged for disability, and 4 unaccounted for at muster out.

First Squadron Cavalry. — Capts., William H. Mallory, Co. A (Co.
C, 2nd N. Y. cavalry) ; T. Bradlee Thornett and Marcus Coon, Co.
B (Co. D, 2nd N. Y. cavalrjO- This squadron consisted of two com-
panies recruited during Aug., 1861, under authority granted to Maj.
William H. Mallory of Bridgeport, as part of a plan to raise a regi-
ment of twelve companies — one squadron from each of six different
states. The understanding was that this was to be a distinctly Con-
necticut organization; to be officered by the governor of Connecticut;
each of the volunteers to receive the usual state bounty; and the state
to be credited on its quota for all enlistments made under this plan.
Connecticut faithfully fulfilled her part of the agreement, but the war
department ignored the right of the governor to appoint any officers
after the acceptance of the squadron, which was soon consolidated

304 The Union Army

with the 2nd N. Y., otherwise known as the "Harris Light Cavalry."
Besides this both officers and men were assigned to the quota of New
York, the adjutant-general of Connecticut never receiving the muster
rolls or reports of the two companies, and the records of the state
are in consequence very meager. Co. A was mustered into the U. S.
service on Aug. 13, 1861, for three years and Co. B on the 29th. As
soon as the regiment reached Washington it went into camp of instruc-
tion on Arlington heights, where it received the training which later
n.ade it more than a match for the hard riding soldiers of the Con-
federacy. The squadron remained in active service throughout the
war and was finally mustered out on June 23, 1865. Forty-one of the
original members of the squadron reenlisted as veterans on Dec. 23,
1863, and were assigned to various companies without reference to
the original squadron. A partial list of its engagements includes
Falmouth, Rappahannock Station, Gainesville, Martinsburg, South
mountain, Catlett's station, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville Aldie,
New Baltimore, Gettysburg, Rapidan Station, Liberty Mills, White's
ford. Brandy Station, Todd's tavern and Reams' station. A list of its
casualties include 11 killed and fatally wounded, 4 wounded, 27 cap-
tured, 32 died in prison, from disease or by accident, 24 discharged for
disability, and 2 unaccounted for at muster out.

First Heavy Artillery. — Cols., Levi Woodhouse, Robert O. Tyler,
Henry L. Abbott; Lieut. -Cols., Nelson L. White, Thomas S Trumbull,
George Ager; Majs., P. L. Cunningham, Henry W. Birge, L. G. Hem-
ingway, Thos. S. Trumbull, Elisha S. Kellogg, George B. Cook, Al-
bert F. Brooker, George Ager, Charles O. Brigham, Henry H. Pierce,
Samuel P. Hatfield. This regiment was organized as the 4th infantry,
in response to the first call for 75,000 men to serve for three months.
Its companies rendezvoused at Hartford, expecting to be included
among those accepted under that call, but the state's quota was already
more than full. Three regiments instead of one had been accepted
from the state under the first call, on condition that subsequent en-
listments should be for three years. Consequently the 4th was re-
organized for this period and was mustered into the U. S. service on
May 23, 1861. It is believed to have been the first three years* regfi-
ment of any state ready for service. It had been recruited from the
state at large and left for Chambersburg on June 10, to join the com-
mand of Gen. Patterson. It was brigaded with the ist Wis. and nth
Pa., and stationed at Hagerstown, Frederick City, and Darnestown
until Oct. 2, 1861, when it was ordered to Washington and there en-
camped throughout the winter. On Jan. 2, 1862, its organization was
changed to heavy artillery and was soon recruited to the artillery
maximum by the addition of Cos. L and M. Col. Woodhouse having
resigned in September, Col. Tyler was assigned the command on
Sept. 26, 1862, and enforced the most rigid discipline throughout the
winter. On April 3, 1862, it moved upon the Peninsular campaign;
took an active part in the siege of Yorktown and the engagements at
Hanover Court House, Chickahominy, Gaines' mill, and Malvern
hill; was highly commended for its services during the campaign by
Gen. McClellan in his official report. Out of 26 heavy guns brought
up from Yorktown, 25 were safely brought to Harrison's landing, and
at the close of the campaign it was ranked by competent military
judges as the best volunteer regiment of heavy artillery in the field.
On Aug. 12, 1862, the regiment was ordered into the defenses of Wash-
ington, where it remained (except Cos. B and M) until the spring cam-
paign of 1864. The above two companies were active at Fredericks-

Connecticut Regiments 305

burg, firing 357 rounds. Equipped as light batteries, they served with
the Army of the Potomac during all its movements in 1863, finally
rejoining the regiment in April, 1864. Col. Tyler was promoted to be
brigadier general in Nov., 1862, and Capt. Henry L. Abbot of the U. S.
topographical engineers was appointed to the command of the regi-
ment. It reported to Gen. Butler near Bermuda Hundred on May
13, 1864, with about 1,700 men; served as infantry until the arrival of
its siege train in June; then continued to serve as siege artillery with
the Armies of the Potomac and James until the final evacuation of
Petersburg and Richmond. During this period the siege train was
organized as a separate brigade under Col. Abbot, companies from
other organizations being attached to it as needed. It sometimes ex-
ceeded 3,500 men and embraced 127 guns and 73 mortars. It manned
a line of batteries 17 miles long and fired 1,200 tons of ammunition
or 63,940 rounds during the siege. Brig.-Gen. Abbot, in the concise
and accurate history of the regiment prepared by him, states : "The
depot, under command of Maj. Hatfield, was at Broadway landing
on the Appomattox river, where the needful wharves and some strong
earthworks for defense were built. The guns not in use were kept
afloat and he was supplied with about 20 schooners and barges, a
steam tug, and a permanent train of 50 government wagons, often
largely increased. The guns were moved by 4 light artillery teams
of Co. M, 1st Pa. artillery, attached to the depot. Ammunition was for-
warded daily as needed, the amount being regulated by telegraph.
For batteries serving on the lines of the Army of the Potomac, Col.
Abbot reported to the chief of artillery. Gen. Hunt; and for those on
the lines of the Army of the James, direct to its commanding general.
Orders at times were received from Gen. Grant in person. The bat-
teries, in groups, were commanded by the field officers of the regi-
ment ; rations were supplied by the regimental commissary ; and the
sick were cared for in a special field hospital at Broadway landing. This
system worked admirably, and gave to the ist Conn, artillery an
independent and responsible position." At the time of the mine ex-
plosion, July 30, 1864, Cos. A, B, C, D, F, G, I, and M, of the ist
Conn., and Cos. C, H, and K, 4th N. Y. served 81 guns and mortars
and fired 16,062 rounds — about 300 tons of ammunition. From this
time on, says Gen. Abbot: "The siege took the form of bombardment.
The average weight of metal thrown daily was: 5.2 tons; Sept., 7.8
tons; Oct., 4.5 tons; Nov., 2.7 tons; Dec, 2.1 tons; Jan., 1.6 tons; and
Feb., I.I tons — aggregating 793 tons (37,264 rounds). Near Peters-
burg sudden artillery battles occurred at all hours of the day and
night, often involving the entire line. To check an annoying enfilade
fire from the left bank of the Appomattox, a 13-inch sea-coast mortar
was mounted on a reinforced platform car and served on a curve of the
railroad track by Co. G. This novelty was widely known as the
'Petersburg Express.' " Important services were also rendered by
detachments of the regiment at Dutch gap and much damage was done
the Confederate fleet lying in Graveyard bend. Another important
service was rendered by the ist Conn., on the night of Jan. 23, 1865,
when it drove back the enemy's fleet, attempting to pass down the
river and destroy the Union base at City Point, for which it was highly
commended by Gen. Grant. Three companies, B, G, and L, under
Gen. Abbot went with Terry's expedition to Fort Fisher in Jan., 1865,
carrying a siege train of sixteen 30-pounder Parrotts and 20 Coehorn
mortars, but before their arrival the fort had been reduced and the
detachment returned to the lines before Richmond. The regiment
Vol.-^l— 20

306 The Union Army

was heavily engaged during the attack of the enemy on Fort Stedman,
where Cos. K and L lost 65 men. Private G. E. McDonald of the
latter company was awarded a medal of honor for capturing the flag
of the 26th Ga. When the final assault was delivered upon the enemy's
works, April 2, 1865, the ist Conn, occupied eleven forts and bat-
teries, served 49 guns and fired 4,257 rounds, performing most effective
service. A detachment of 100 men from Cos. E, I, K, L and M was
in the assaulting column near Battery No. 20 and entered the works
among the very first, immediately turning the enemy's guns upon
their retreating masses. This ended the active participation of the
1st in the war. It was occupied in the removal of the trains and the
heaviest of the captured ordnance until July 13, when it again entered
the defenses of Washington. It was mustered out on Sept. 25, 1865,
after a service of 4 years and 4 months, and was finally discharged'
on Oct. I. The high character and efficiency of the regiment was in
a very great measure due to the policy of Gov. Buckingham in making
all promotions as rewards of merit and not as personal favors. The
regiment was thus characterized by Maj.-Gen. Barry in a letter to
Col. Abbot : "As chief of artillery successively of the two principal
armies of the United States during the four years of war now happily
ended, I have enjoyed unusual opportunities for observation. You
will on this account value my opinion when I assure you that the
ist Conn, artillery, in intelligence and the acquirements and services
of its special arm, stands unrivaled in the armies of the United States."
On the muster out rolls of the regiment are the names of 3,367 officers
and men, add to these 435 reenlistments and the total enrolment is
3,802. Its casualties during service were 54 killed and fatally wounded,
68 wounded, 34 captured, 160 died of disease, 4 in prison, 3 by drown-
ing, 311 were discharged for disability, and 13 were unaccounted for at
muster out; total casualties, 647.

Second Heavy Artillery. — Cols., Leverett Wessels, Elisha S. Kel-
logg, Ranald S. Mackenzie, James Hubbard; Lieut. -Cols., Elisha S.
Kellogg, Nathaniel Smith, James Hubbard, Jeffrey Skinner; Majs.,
Nathaniel Smith, James Hubbard, William B. Ells, James Q. Rice,
Jeffrey Skinner, Edward W. Jones, Augustus H. Fenn, Chester D.
Cleveland. The 2nd heavy artillery was originally recruited from
Litchfield county and designated as the 19th infantry in response to
the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 volunteers to serve for three years.
The several companies rendezvoused in August at Camp Button,
Litchfield, where they w^ere mustered into the U. S. service Sept. 11,
1862. Mrs. William Curtis Noyes presented the organization with a
beautiful stand of colors and it left for Washington on the iSth,
proceeding thence to Alexandria, Va., where it was equipped with
tents and Enfield rifles and assigned to the Army of the Potomac.
It performed provost duty in the city until Jan. 12, 1863; was then
stationed at Fort Worth, near Fairfax Seminary, for four months,
when it was assigned to garrison duty by detachments in Fort Ells-
worth, redoubts A, B, C, and D, and the water battery on the Potomac
below Alexandria. On Nov. 23, 1863, by order of the war department,
the regiment was changed to an artillery organization and during
the next three months was rapidly recruited to the maximum of an
artillery regiment, numbering 1,800 men. In May, 1864, it joined the
Army of the Potomac near Fredericksburg and was assigned to the
2nd brigade, ist division, 6th corps. Hard marching and skirmishing,
attended with some losses, brought it to Cold Harbor, where in the
fierce fighting it attacked the earthworks defended by Longstreet's

Connecticut Regiments 307

veterans and lost 323 men, 129 of whom were killed or mortally-
wounded — one of the heaviest losses sustained by any regiment dur-
ing the war. Col. Kellogg was killed while leading the advance and
Maj. Ells was severely wounded. The regiment was constantly under
fire at Cold Harbor until June 12, and on the 19th it occupied the rifle pits
in front of Petersburg, relieving the nth Conn, infantry. On the
22nd it was actively engaged with Hill's division, losing 19 killed and
wounded. In July, at the time Early's raid threatened Washington,
it was ordered to that city and on its arrival engaged in the pursuit
of the Confederates, crossing the Shenandoah on the 20th and going
into camp near Berryville. It returned to Tenallytown on the 23d;
rejoined the 6th corps on the 27th; was engaged in skirmishing with
Early's army in the valley until Sept. 11; lost at Winchester on Sept.
19, 14 officers and 122 enlisted men in killed and wounded, Maj. Rice
being among the killed, and Col. Mackenzie and Maj. Skinner slightly
wounded. In his report Gen. Sheridan says: "At Winchester for a
moment the contest was uncertain, but the gallant attack of Gen.
Upton's brigade (2nd Conn, artillery, 65th and 121st N. Y. and 95th
Pa.) restored the line of battle until the turning column of Crook,
Merritt and Averell's divisions of cavalry sent the enemy whirling
through Winchester." It was again active at Fisher's hill, but its
loss was small, and was again engaged with Early's forces at Cedar
creek, losing 38 killed and 96 wounded, while Lieut. Henry Skinner
and about 40 men of Cos. E and L, on picket duty at the time, were
captured and were not released until the close of the war. During
Nov., 1864, it was encamped at Kernstown and early in December
rejoined Grant's army before Petersburg, going into winter quarters
at Parke Station. Col. Mackenzie having been promoted brigadier-
general, Lieut. -Col. Hubbard was advanced to the colonelcy. It
participated in the movement to Hatcher's run in Feb., 1865, losing
9 men wounded. In the engagement in front of Fort Fisher in March
it lost 7 killed and 13 wounded. On April 2, it joined in the general
and final assault on Petersburg, meeting with some loss. It then
reported to Maj. -Gen. Parke, commanding the 9th corps and entered
Petersburg on the 3d. Rejoining the 6th corps the next day it fol-
lowed in pursuit of the fleeing enemy and fought its last engagement
at Sailor's creek, losing 3 killed and 7 wounded, but capturing a
battleflag, the headquarters train of Mahone's division and a number
of prisoners. It was encamped near Clover hill when Lee surren-
dered, and later in the month moved with its corps to Danville.
Learning of Johnston's surrender, the force at Danville returned to
Burkesville, thence to Manchester, Fredericksburg, Bailey's cross-
roads, where the 2nd Conn, was augmented by the recruits of
the 14th Conn., the original members of that regiment having been
mustered out. It took part in a grand review at Washington on June
8 and garrisoned forts near Washington until its final muster out at
Fort Ethan Allen. Aug. 18, 1865. The men were paid and finally dis-
charged at New Haven on Sept. 5. The whole number of men who
had served with the organization, both as infantry and as artillery,
was 2,719 and the regiment had been in service for 2 years and 11
months. Its casualties while in service were 242 killed and mortally
wounded, 476 wounded, 175 died of disease, in prison or by accident,
II reported as missing, probably killed, 10 accidentally wounded, 285
discharged for disability, and 14 were unaccounted for at muster out,
a total of 1.306. Its loss in killed and fatally wounded exceeded that
of any Connecticut regiment in the war and its loss in wounded was
only exceeded by that of the 14th infantry.

308 The Union Army

First Light Battery. — Capts., Alfred P. Rockwell, James B. Clin-
ton. This battery was organized in Oct., 1861, and was recruited
from the state at large. The members rendezvoused at Meriden
(Hanover village) and were mustered into the U. S. service on Oct.
26, 1861, for three years. The battery, numbering 156 men, embarked
for New York Jan. 13, 1862, and on the 21st left there for Port Royal,
S. C, landing at Beaufort on Feb. 6. Here, during the next three
months, it was thoroughly drilled in artillery tactics, and saw its first
actual service at Pocotaligo. During Gen. Hunter's movement in
June against Charleston, by way of James island, it took an active
part and received honorable mention in General Orders for good
conduct and well served guns. The left section of the battery shared
in an expedition to Florida, in Sept. and Oct., 1862, and was active at
Fort Finnegan. The battery was present, but not active, during the
second movement against Charleston in April, 1863, and soon after
returned to Beaufort. During an expedition to destroy the railroad
bridge above Willstown, S. C, in June, a section commanded by Lieut.
Clinton lost 2 of its guns through the grounding of the steamer, the
guns being sunk in the river to prevent their capture. The battery
was engaged in July on James island, during the third movement
against Charleston, and was complimented by Gen. Terry. Soon
after this it was ordered to Folly island, where for 9 months it
formed part of the reserve under Gen. Gillmore. In Dec, 1863, while
stationed here, 46 of the men reenlisted for another term of three
years. On April 18, 1864, it embarked for Fortress Monroe, whence it
proceeded to Gloucester Point, and on May 4 was ordered to join
Gen. Butler's forces at Bermuda Hundred. It was actively engaged
at Chester Station on the Richmond & Petersburg turnpike and at
Proctor's creek, losing 2 killed and 10 wounded, among the former
being Lieut. George Metcalf. It then returned to the intrenchments
at Bermuda Hundred until June 27, taking an active part in the actions
at Grovert's house and at Ware Bottom Church. After the affair at
Deep Bottom in August it was in the intrenchments before Peters-
burg to Sept. 23, almost constantly engaged. It then moved across
the James river to a point near Fort Harrison and was assigned to
the light artillery brigade, 25th corps, under Gen. Weitzel. It was
active at Chaffin's bluff and Johnson's farm in October; was then
ordered to City Point, where it exchanged its 6-pounder James rifles
for i2-pounder Napoleons; was comparatively inactive during the winter
1864-65, being located near the James river, in the rear of Fort Burn-
ham, but on April 3, 1865, after the enemy had abandoned their
defenses, it entered Richmond with the 25th corps, where the news
of Lee's surrender was received. It continued to serve in the vicinity
of Richmond until June 11, when it was mustered out at Manchester,
starting for home the following day, and reaching New Haven on the
14th, the first of the veteran troops to return to the state. It had
been in service 3 years and 8 months, and participated in about 20
engagements. It started out with 156 men, 46 of whom had reenlisted,
and it received altogether about 140 recruits. Its casualties were 2
killed, 18 wounded, 2 accidentally wounded, 20 died of disease, and 4
discharged for disability.

Second Light Battery.— Capts., John W. Sterling, Walter S. Hotch-
kiss. The 2nd light battery was organized in Aug., 1862, in Bridge-
port, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three years or the
war, on Sept. 10. On Oct. 15, it left for Washington, via New York
city, where it remained encamped until Dec. 12. It then moved to

Connecticut Regiments 309

Fairfax Court House, Va., and was assigned to the 2nd brigade,
Casey's division, under command of Gen. Stoughton. Near the end
of Jan., 1863, it moved to Wolf Run shoals, forming part of the
defenses of Washington until June 25, when it reported to Gen. Tyler,
commanding the artillery reserve, Army of the Potomac. At the
battle of Gettysburg the battery was in position to the left of the
center for 56 hours, but was fortunate in having only 3 men slightly
wounded. After the battle it moved to Frederick City, and thence
to Washington, where it arrived on Aug. 20. Two days later it
embarked for New York and served in that state while the draft was
taking place. It then returned to Washington and on Jan. 24, 1864,
proceeded to Baltimore, where it embarked for New Orleans for
service in the Department of the Gulf. It was stationed for a time
at Brashear City, with one section at Thibodeaux; then proceeded to
Algiers and on July 30 embarked on transport for Dauphin island.
Mobile harbor. Here it was engaged in assisting the fleet under
Farragut during the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, after
which it returned to Algiers, and soon after went into winter quar-
ters in New Orleans. During the winter it was stationed at the mouth
of the White river, Kennerville and Greenville, La., at Fort Morgan,
Ala., and from March 11 to 20 at Barrancas and Pensacola, Fla. It
then began its march through the Black swamp to Fort Blakely, Ala.,
and witnessed the fall of that stronghold on April 9, 1865. It con-
tinued to serve in the Department of the Gulf until its return home
in July, and was mustered out at New Haven, Aug., 9, 1865, after
nearly 3 years of service, during which it had marched and traveled
about 6,000 miles, and had used up 205 horses. Its losses were i
killed, 3 wounded, 18 died of disease and accident, and 8 were dis-
charged for disability — total 30.

Third Light Battery.— Capt., Thomas S. Gilbert. The 3d light
battery was organized at Fair Haven during the early fall of 1864,
some of its members enlisting for one and some for two years'
service. Many of the men had served in other organizations, particu-
larly in the ist heavy artillery. The members were gradually mus-
tered in from Sept. i to Oct. 27, and left for the front on Nov. 16,
arriving at Broadway landing, on the James river, on the 19th, where
Capt. Gilbert reported his command to Brig.-Gen. Abbot, commanding
the 1st Conn, heavy artillery. The battery was assigned by detach-
ments to garrison redoubts Nos. 2, 5, 7, and 8, defenses of City Point.
As many of the men were previously inured to the service and the
battery drilled constantly, the command was soon in an excellent
state of discipline.. On Jan. 23, 1865, when the Confederate fleet
tried to pass down the James river to destroy the Union base at
City Point, one section of the battery, with four 4.5-inch siege guns,
was posted in front of Gen. Grant's headquarters, where it could
cover the wharves and storehouses, until the gunboats were driven
back, when it returned to the redoubts. In the final advance on the
works of Petersburg, the 3d battery was left to defend the entire line,
the infantry and engineers having gone forward and while the grand
assault was in progress they stood by their guns with the roar of
battle in their ears, ready for action if the necessity presented. After
Lee's surrender the battery was employed is dismantling the enemy's
fortifications and removing the heavy ordnance near Chaffin's bluflf
on the north side of the James. On June 23, 1865, 93 members of
the battery whose terms expired prior to Oct. i, were mustered out
of service, and returned to New Haven, where they were paid and

310 The Union Army

finally dischaged on July 3, — the 27 men, whose terms did not expire,
were transferred by order of the war department to the ist Conn,
heavy artillery. The battery had been in service about 9 months,
though several of its members witnessed not only the inception of the
war, but the final scenes which closed the great drama. Its total
casualties while in service were only 7. Of these, 3 died of disease,
2 were accidentally wounded, and 2 were discharged for disability.

A"^

\ >l.

^^-J?!^:^?^

DAVID McMURTRIE GREGG

David McMurtrie Gregg was bom in Huntingdor- , Pa.,
April lo, 1833, the son of Matthew Duncan and Ellen (McMur-
trie) Gregg. The Gregg, Potter, McMurtrie and Elliott fam-
ilies, from whom Gen. Gregg is directly descended, all settled
in the colony of Pennsylvania at a very early date, and had much
to do with the development and improvement of the Keystone
State. Gen. Gregg spent his earlier boyhood with his father's
family in Bellefonte, Harrisburg and Hollidaysburg. In April,
1845, the family removed to Potomac Furnace, Loudoun county,
Va., where the father died in the following July, and the widowed
mother with her nine children returned to Hollidaysburg, where
her death occurred in Aug., 1847. The future general then
became a member of the family of his uncle, David McMurtrie,
living in Huntingdon, and for two years attended the school
of that excellent teacher, John A. Hall. From that school he
went to Milnwood academy, in the lower end of Huntingdon
county, and a year later joined his elder brother, Andrew, at
the university at Lewisburg. While at the university he re-
ceived an appointment as cadet at the United States military
academy at West Point, which he entered July i, 185 1. He
was graduated in June, 1855, standing eighth in a class of thirty-
four members. Among his class-mates were Gens. Averell,
Webb, Ruggles and Comstock, all prominent officers in the
Union army in the Civil war, and Gen. Nichols of the Confed-
erate army. He was promoted in the army to brevet second
lieutenant of dragoons, July i, 1855, ^-^^ served in garrison at
Jefferson barracks. Mo., in 1855-56, being commissioned second
lieutenant of first dragoons, Sept. 4, 1855. In 1856 he was
assigned to frontier duty in the west and on the Pacific coast,
and remained there until the outbreak of the Civil war recalled
him to the east. He was stationed at Fort Main, N. M., in 1856;
took part in the march to California in the same year; was at
Fort Tejon, Cal., in 1856-57 ; Fort Vancouver, Wash., in 1857-58;
and at Fort Walla Walla, Wash., in 1858. He took part in the
Spokane expedition of 1858, being engaged in a desperate com-
bat with the Indians at To-hots-nimme, Wash., May 17; was
present at the combat of Four Lakes, Wash., Sept. i ; the com-
bat on Spokane plain Sept. 5, and the skirmish on Spokane river

311

Sept. 8. He was on frontier duty at Fort Walla Walla in 1859;
at Fort Dallas, Ore., in 1859-60; was scouting against the Snake
Indians in i860, and was engaged in a skirmish near Hamoy
lake, Ore., May 24. The winter of 1860-61 was spent in duty
on the Warm Spring reservation. He became first lieutenant
of the first dragoons on March 21, 1861, and was made captain
in the 6th cavalry on May 14, 1861. During the first months
of the war he saw duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C,
and throughout the remainder of the war was connected with
the Army of the Potomac. From Oct. 12, 1861, to Jan., 1862,
he was on sick leave. He became colonel of the 8th Pa. cavalry
on Jan. 24, 1862, and took part in the Peninsular campaign of
that year. He was engaged in the battles of Seven Pines, or
Fair Oaks, New Kent Court House, Savage Station, Bottom's
bridge. White Oak swamp, Glendale and Malvern hill, and
covered the movement from Harrison's landing to Yorktown in
August. He was in the Maryland campaign of the Army of the
Potomac, which extended from Sept. to Nov., 1862, being en-
gaged in several skirmishes on the march to Falmouth, Va., in
October and November. On Nov. 29, 1862, he was commis-
sioned brigadier-general of volunteers. From Dec, 1862, to
June, 1863, Gen. Gregg commanded a division of cavalry, being
engaged in the skirmish at Rappahannock bridge and in "Stone-
man's Raid" towards Richmond in April and May, 1863. He
was in the Pennsylvania campaign of the Army of the Potomac
in 1863 as a cavalry commander; was engaged in the combat
at Brandy Station; the skirmishes at Aldie, Middleburg and
Upperville in June; the battle of Gettysburg, a skirmish at Shep-
herdstown and the pursuit of the Confederate army to Warren-
ton, Va., in July; and participated in the actions at Rapidan
Station, Beverly ford. Auburn and New Hope Church later in
the year. He distinguished himself especially at Gettysburg,
where, on the third day of the battle, he repulsed Stuart's cavalry
charge. From March 26 to April 6, 1864, Gen. Gregg was in
command of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac,
and in the Richmond campaign from April 6 to Aug. 1864, was
in command of the second cavalry division of the Army of the
Potomac. During this time he was engaged in the actions at
Todd's tavern, where he was in command, Ground Squirrel
Church, Meadow bridge, Haw's shop, Gaines' house, Trevilian
Station, Tunstall's station, St. Mary's Church, where he was in
command, Warwick swamp, Darby town and Lee's mills. On
Aug. I, 1864, Gen. Gregg came into command of the cavalry
of the Army of the Potomac, being bre vetted on that date
major-general U. S. volunteers "for highly meritorious and dis-
tinguished conduct throughout the campaign, particularly in

312

the reconnoissance on the Charles City road." From that time
to the close of the war he fought at Deep Bottom, Reams' station,
Peebles' farm, Vaughan road, where he was in command, Boyd-
ton plank road, destruction of Stony creek Station and Belle-
field, the last terminating Gen. Gregg's active work in the army.
He resigned from the service Feb. 3, 1865. In Feb., 1874, Pres-
ident Grant appointed Gen. Gregg United States consul at
Prague, Bohemia, which position he resigned and returned to
Reading, Pa., in the following August, at which place he has
since made his home. In 1891 he was nominated by the Repub-
lican party as its candidate for auditor-general of Pennsylvania,
was elected, and made a splendid record in his three years of
service. He was elected commander of the Pennsylvania Com-
mandery. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United
States, in 1886, and was continued in office by successive elec-
tions every year until 1894, when he resigned to accept the
position of national commander, serving in the latter position
two years and then declining reelection. He is president of
the board of directors of the Charles Evans Cemetery Company
of Reading, and is a member of the board of trustees of the state
lunatic hospital at Harrisburg. He takes a deep interest in all
matters pertaining to the veterans of 1861-65, and as the editor
for Pennsylvania has carefully revised the Keystone State's
department in this publication. On Oct. 6, 1862, Gen. Gregg
married Ellen F. Sheaff of Reading, a great-granddaughter
of Frederick A. Muhlenberg, as also of Gov. Joseph Hiester.
They have two sons: George Sheaff, David McMurtrie, Jr.

313

Military Affairs in^Pennsylvania i

1861—65

At the outbreak of the Civil war the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania ranked second among the thirty-three states in
population, and was surpassed by none in material resources.
The 3,000,000 of people within her borders were sedulously de-
voted to the arts of peace, and were animated by no sentiments
of hostility towards the people of other sections. A great, con-
tented and prosperous commonwealth had developed under the
protection of the government as instituted by the fathers, and
her people were slow to believe that the angry mutterings of the
Southern States would eventuate in armed rebellion. That her
peace loving people were quite unprepared when hostilities sud-
denly commenced will be forcibly brought out later in this sketch.
Nevertheless, when the flag of the nation was actually assailed,
no state gave a readier and more hearty response to the sudden
call to arms. Divided from the slave holding states only by an
imaginary line, her territory was readily accessible and invited
armed invasion. Her populous cities, her rich farms, and her
great industrial establishments held out a tempting prize to her
enemies in the South, and three times during the great conflict
was her soil invaded by hostile armies.

Perhaps none of the loyal states had incurred such bitter en-
mity on the part of the South as Pennsylvania. She was re-
peatedly charged with conniving at the escape of fugitive slaves.
She had long before abolished slavery within her own borders,
and during the years which had elapsed since the formation of
the Union a strong anti-slavery sentiment had growm up among
her citizens, which made it hard to enforce the harsh provisions
of the fugitive slave laws. Her peculiar geographical position
rendered it easy to "railroad" slaves across the state, and the
historic "underground railroad" led from the slave States through
her territory and that of New York to Gerrit Smith's well known
colony, and thence across the Canadian border. Private persons,
interested in the work of freeing the slaves from bondage and in
evading the provisions of the fugitive slave laws, gave temporary

314

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 315

shelter and sustenance to the blacks and then quietly sent them on
north. It is doubtless true that many thousands of escaping
slaves found protection within the borders of the state, but there
is no evidence that the state, or any of its officials, did aught
to defy the provision of the Federal constitution or the fugitive
law enactments of Congress. Indeed, Gov. Packer, a radical
Democrat and a strong opponent of the extreme abolition senti-
ment, in his retiring message to the legislature, Jan. 2, 1861,
warmly denied the imputation that in the enforcement of these
laws the state had been lax or wanting. And when the attempt
was made to arraign the state and her people at the bar of pub-
lic opinion for her so-called offenses, he declared : "Every attempt
upon the part of individuals or of organized societies, to lead
the people away from their government, to induce them to violate
any of the provisions of the constitution, or to incite insurrec-
tions in any of the states of this Union, ought to be prohibited
by law as crimes of a treasonable nature. It is of the first im-
portance to the perpetuity of this great Union that the hearts
of the people and the action of their constituted authorities
should be in unison in giving a faithful support to the constitu-
tion of the United States. The people of Pennsylvania are de-
voted to the Union. They will follow its stars and stripes through
every peril. But, before assuming the high responsibilities now
dimly foreshadowed, it is their solemn duty to remove every
just cause of complaint against themselves, so that they may
stand before High Heaven and the civilized world, without
fear and without reproach, ready to devote their lives and their
fortunes to the support of the best form of government that has
ever been devised by the wisdom of man." It was Gov. Packer's
suggestion that the differences between the North and the South
be harmonized by constitutional amendment, or in a convention
of the people called for that purpose. His retirement from office
at this time, however, gave the stage to Andrew Gregg Curtin,
Pennsylvania's great "War Governor," who was inaugurated on
Jan. 15, 1861. He had been elected in Oct., i860, by a combina-
tion of the various elements which then made up the Republican
party, receiving a majority of 32,000 votes. This Republican
victory was followed in November by the election of Abraham
Lincoln, who received in the state 90,000 more votes than John
C. Breckenridge, and 60,000 more votes than all the opposition
candidates. The campaign, both state and national, had been
feverish and excited, and the issues momentous. The decisive
nature of the vote was felt to be most unusual in a state as con-
servative and consistently Democratic as Pennsylvania and placed
the state squarely in line with the policies of the new Federal

316 The Union Army

administration. Moreover, Gov. Curtin was the personal friend
and adviser of Mr. Lincoln, and proved to be the right man in
the right place during the troublous period which followed.
Throughout the long struggle, the relations between the state's
chief executive and the president were entirely cordial, and their
views and actions on the many grave questions confronting the
nation were quite harmonious. When Senator Cameron was
appointed secretary of war, the cordial relationship of the two men
was accentuated and the state was in a position to know and even
anticipate the demands of the National Government.

When Gov. Curtin was inaugurated, he was in his forty-sixth
year, having been born at Belief onte, Penn., April 2.2^, 1815.
He was a man of liberal education, a leader at the bar, and an
effective public speaker. Of strong Whig antecedents, he had
already demonstrated his fine executive talents in the office of
the secretary of the commonwealth, during the administration
of Gov. Pollock. His duties at that time embraced those of su-
perintendent of common schools, and it was due to his efforts that
the splendid common school system of the state, then in its forma-
tive period, was placed on a strong and enduring basis. His
was indeed a strong and vigorous personality, and the state
was most fortunate at this critical period in having at the
helm a statesman of lofty genius, inspired by motives of the
purest patriotism.

The impending struggle was at hand when Gov. Curtin as-
sumed the reins of government. The state had a total popula-
tion of 2,906,215, according to the census of i860. The treasury
department reported a total state indebtedness in i860 of $37,-
969,847.50. This large sum was not regarded with alarm by the
state's officials, as the revenues were large and the resources of
the state were almost boundless, and Gov. Curtin congratulated
the legislature in his inaugural address upon the prosperity which
prevailed everywhere in the state. Only the shadows of the
approaching conflict darkened the bright outlook.

Immediately after the popular will had been expressed in such
unmistakable terms in the elections of i860 a wave of reaction
swept over the state and the people seemed to be alarmed at
the strong stand they had taken. The ordinance of secession was
passed by South Carolina, only a few weeks after the presidential
election and its action was soon followed by other Southern
States. A strong disposition was now shown by the national
government, which was reflected in Pennsylvania, and the other
Northern States to apply the balm of compromise to the wounded
feelings of the defeated South. Resolutions introduced into the
Pennsylvania legislature declared it the duty of the state to give

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 317

every possible aid in the restoration to their owners of fugitive
slaves. A great mass meeting was held in Independence Square,
Philadelphia, Dec. 13, i860, and the immense concourse of people
seemed willing to go to almost any length in satisfying the de-
mands of the South. It was even declared in the resolutions
passed that "all denunciations of slavery as existing in the United
States * * * are inconsistent with the spirit of brotherhood
and kindness." This meeting in the Quaker City represented the
extreme reactionary sentiment of the hour. It was the action of a
peace-loving community averse to the very idea of war, and not
yet aroused by any overt act of rebellion. Said Gov. Packer in
his retiring message, "Let moderate counsels prevail ; let a spirit
of harmony and good will, and a niuional and fraternal senti-
ment be cultivated among the people, everywhere — North and
South — and the disturbing elements which temporarily threaten
the Union, will now, as they have always heretofore, assuredly
pass away. Pennsylvania, in the past, has performed her part
with unfaltering firmness. Let her now and in the future be
ever ready to discharge her confederate duties with unflinching
integrity." Said Gov. Curtin in his first address to the legisla-
ture: "In the present unhappy condition of the country, it will
be our duty to unite with the people of the states which remain
loyal to the Union, in any just and honorable measures of con-
ciliation and fraternal kindness. Let us invite them to join us in
the fulfillment of all our obligations under the Federal constitu-
tion and laws. Then we can cordially unite with them in
claiming like obedience from those states which have renounced
their allegiance. If the loyal states are just and moderate, with-
out any sacrifice of right or self respect, the threatened danger
may be averted." Such was the prevailing feeling of compromise,
not only in Pennsylvania, but also in the other Northern States.
Had the South heeded this burst of fraternal feeling and couched
its demands in reasonable terms, the war would have been averted
and its "peculiar institution" saved for many years to come.

While Gov. Curtin, in common with many other enlightened
men, was thus willing to extend the hand of good fellowship to
the South, his first message, nevertheless, breathed a spirit of
deep devotion to the Union and was imbued with the loftiest
patriotism. He pledged himself to stand between the constitu-
tion and all encroachments instigated by hatred, ambition, fa-
naticism or folly. He declared that the last election had been
used as a pretext for disturbing the peace of the country, and
that it was sought to wrest from the Federal government its
proper constitutional functions. There had been nothing in the
life or acts of Mr. Lincoln to warrant the excitement caused by his

318 The Union Army

election, and that part of the people who were precipitating them-
selves into a revolution were blinded in judgment. He advo-
cated the repeal of the personal liberty bill, if it contravened any
Federal law, and said: "It is the first duty of the Federal gov-
ernment to stay the progress of anarchy and enforce the laws,
and Pennsylvania will give it a united, honest and faithful sup-
port. The people mean to preserve the Union at every hazard."
Referring to the particular concern felt by Pennsylvania in the
questions of the hour, both by reason of her location and because
of the dominant position she occupied in the sisterhood of states
in population and material resources, he said: "Occupying a
geographical position between the North and the South, the East
and the West, with the great avenues of travel and trade passing
through her borders, carrying on an extensive commerce with her
neighbors, in the vast and varied productions of her soil, her
mines and her manufacturing industry, and bound to them by ties
of kindred and social intercourse, the question of disunion in-
volves momentous consequences to her people. The second of the
thirty-three states in population, and the first in material re-
sources, it is due both to ourselves and to the other states, that
the position and sentiments of Pennsylvania on the question
should be distinctly understood."

In all he said and did during the early part of his adminis-
tration, he spoke for the people of the state as a whole, and
throughout the period of the war he worked in complete harmony
with the legislative branch of the government. The legislature
never called in question his motives, and recognizing that he was
in close touch with the national government, gave prompt sup-
port to all his suggestions pertaining to national affairs.

On Jan. 17, 1861, the house of representatives passed a series
of resolutions commending the course of Maj. Anderson, and
Gov. Hicks of Maryland, and pledging to that state the fellow-
ship and support of Pennsylvania.

Two days later the legislature of Virginia passed resolutions
calling upon the several states to appoint commissioners to meet
in Washington on Feb. 4, in the effort to adjust "the present
unhappy controversies in the spirit in which the constitution
was originally formed and consistently with its principles, so as
to afford to the people of the slaveholding states adequate guar-
antees for the security of their rights." The resolutions further
endorsed, with slight modifications, the propositions embraced
in the resolutions presented to the U. S. senate by Senator Crit-
tenden, and provided for the appointment of ex-President John
Tyler as special commissioner to President Lincoln, and Judge
John Robertson as a commissioner to the State of South Caro-

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 319

lina and the other states that "have seceded or shall secede," with
instructions to request the president and the authorities of such
states to agree to abstain from any acts tending to bring about
armed collision pending the action of the peace conference at
Washington. President Buchanan hailed this movement on the
part of Virginia with satisfaction, declaring that the convention,
when assembled, "will constitute a body entitled, in an eminent
degree, to the confidence of the country." Gov. Curtin was
heartily in accord with the spirit of the proposition, and appointed
as the representatives of Pennsylvania, James Pollock, William
M. Meredith, David Wilmot, A. W. Loomis, Thomas E. Frank-
lin, William McKennan and Thomas White. The delegates as-
sembled as was proposed, men eminent for wisdom and justice,
but their deliberations only resulted in recommending certain
amendments to the constitution, which were promptly rejected
by both branches of Congress, as were all other compromises
offered. The North was unwilling to yield everything for which
it had contended in the last election, and the South remained un-
yielding in certain of its demands.

The legislature, on June 24, 186 1, passed the following reso-
lutions pertaining to the maintenance of the constitution and the
Union, and the right of a State to secede : "Whereas, a conven-
tion of delegates assembled in the city of Charleston, in the State
of South Carolina, did, on the 20th day of December, in the year
of our Lord i860, adopt an ordinance entitled, 'An ordinance to
dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other
states united with her under the compact entitled The Constitu-
tion of the United States of America.'

"Resolved, That if the rights of the people of South Carolina
under this constitution are disregarded, their tranquillity dis-
turbed, their prosperity retarded, or their liberties imperilled, by
the people of any other state, full and adequate redress can, and
ought to be, provided for such grievances through the action
of Congress, and other proper departments of the national gov-
ernment.

"That the people of Pennsylvania entertain and desire to
cherish the most cordial sentiments for their brethren of other
states, and are ready now, as they have ever been, to cooperate
in all measures needful for their welfare, security and happiness,
under the constitution which makes us one people. That while
they cannot surrender their love of liberty inherited from the
founders of their state, sealed with the blood of the Revolution
and witnessed in the history of their legislation ; and while they
claim the observance of all their rights under the constitution,
they nevertheless maintain now, as they have ever done, the con-

320 The Union Army

stitutional rights of the people of the slaveholding states to the
uninterrupted enjoyment of their own domestic institutions.

"That we adopt the sentiment and language of President An-
drew Jackson, expressed in his message to Congress, on the i6th
day of Jan., 1833 : 'That the right of a people of a single
state to absolve themselves at will, and without the consent of the
other states, from their most solemn obligations and hazard the
liberties and happiness of the millions composing this Union can-
not be acknowledged ; and that such authority is utterly repug-
nant both to the principles upon which the general govern-
ment is constituted, and the objects which it was expressly formed
to attain.'

"That the constitution of the United States of America contains
all the powers necessary to the maintenance of its authority,
and it is the solemn and most imperative duty of the government
to adopt and carry into effect whatever measures may be neces-
sary to that end; and the faith and the power of Pennsylvania
are hereby pledged to the support of such measures, in any man-
ner and to any extent that may be required of her by the con-
stituted authorities of the United States.

"That all plots, conspiracies and warlike demonstrations against
the United States, in any section of the country, are treasonable
in their character; and whatever power of the government is
necessary to their suppression should be applied to that purpose
without hestitation or delay."

The above resolutions voiced the sentiments of the people in
no uncertain way. Regardless of previous party affiliations, all
were at this time united in support of the Union, the laws and the
constitution. The South had many sympathizing friends in the
state who were now shocked at the action of the Southern States
in seizing Federal property and boldly proclaiming their right
to secede. The progress of events was closely watched, and the
sentiments conveyed in the above resolutions were frequently
proclaimed. While it was now believed that war was almost
inevitable, few practical steps were being taken looking to that
event, as it was hoped that some means might yet be found to
avoid an actual resort to arms.

Reference has already been made to the fact that Pennsylvania
was in a condition of almost complete military unpreparedness at
the outbreak of the Civil war. Military feeling in the state had
been at low ebb since the first quarter of the 19th century. Many
of the citizens had come to regard the state's militia laws, as
generally enforced and observed, as tending to subvert true
military science and discipline, rather than to promote the same.
The military displays of the state were regarded by many as little

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 321

better than a burlesque — its army a mere caricature — serving as
a school for vice to the youth of the state who entered its ranks.
Able officers, sincerely desirous of improving the character of
the citizen soldiery, received scant courtesy at the hands of suc-
cessive legislatures. Public indifference prevailed. There was
some attempt to improve the militia system in 1858, under the
spur of threats to dissolve the Union in certain contingencies,
after the narrow defeat of the Republican candidate, John C.
Fremont, in 1856. The legislature adopted a revised code, drawn
up with much detail, and a real effort was then made to organize
new companies as provided by law. Encampments were ordered
and held at different points in the state, but that little good re-
sulted is evidenced by the fact that at the close of that year,
according to the report of the adjutant-general, the volunteer
militia numbered only 13,000, out of 350.000 subject to military
duty. Encampments were not ordered in 1859, and little in-
crease in numbers was shown. The same report shows that while
there had been issued to Pennsylvania by the Ordnance Depart-
ment at Washington, from 1812 to 1857, "45,901 muskets, 10,202
rifles, 12,602 pistols, 9,767 swords, 27,271 infantry accouterments,
1,829 cavalry accouterments, ^j bronze 6-pound cannon, harness
and carriages, 45 iron sixes, harness and carriages, 6 iron 12-
pounders, harness and carriages, 4 iron howitzers, 14 caissons,
two 6-pounders, two 12-pounders and two 24-pounders, with har-
ness and carriages for each," there only remained in the hands
of the militia, 8,477 rnuskets and 32 pieces, and in arsenal, 519
muskets and 15 brass cannon. Said Adjt.-Gen. Edwin C. Wil-
son : "It is a useless inquiry to ask now what has become of so
large an amount of arms and accouterments. I am aware that
many have been sold, but the bulk remains unaccounted for and
no books nor papers remain in this office to tell of their existence."
It is, moreover, matter of common knowledge that in the last
year of Sec. Floyd's administration, there took place an extraor-
dinary movement of arms from Northern to Southern arsenals.

After the inauguration of President Lincoln, it became in-
creasingly evident that war could not be averted. On April 9,
the governor sent a special message to the legislature, recommend-
ing that steps be at once taken to remedy the defects of the
military system of the state, and suggesting the establishment
of a military bureau.

Only the spirit of the occasion, a natural desire to flatter state
pride, and the ability to look beneath the clothes to the man
within, could have prompted the "Great Emancipator" to say at
Harrisburg on Feb, 23, 1861, in the presence of a great concourse
of people, including the military' from all parts of the state as-
Voi. 1—21

322 The Union Army

sembled to do him honor : "While I have been proud to see
today the finest military array I think that I have ever seen, etc."
Arms, equipment, organization and discipline were lacking in
the state's militia system, though the state was rich in men and
resources. The adjutant-general's report for i860 showed 355,-
000 men subject to military service, of whom only 19,000 were
members of organized companies. There were 476 companies with
an average enrollment of about 40 men. Such arms and equip-
ment as the state owned were in the hands of the companies, and
comprised 12,080 muskets, 4,706 rifles, 2,809 cavalry swords and
sabers, 3,149 pistols, 69 pieces of ordnance and 579 tents. About
2,500 muskets and half as many rifles were of modern pattern,
and these, together with the ordnance, constituted the only really
serviceable equipment. Of the organized militia, fully three-
fourths were without effective small arms and entered the serv-
ice of the United States in the spring of 186 1 with arms of
obsolete type, which were practically worthless.

This wretched condition of the state's militia system and the
critical condition of the nation's affairs in April impelled the
governor to say in the special message to the legislature above
referred to: "The militia system of the state, during a long
period distinguished by the pursuits of peaceful industry ex-
clusively, has become wholly inefficient, and the interference of
the legislature is required to remove its defects and to render it
available to the public service. * * * The most exalted public pol-
icy and the clearest obligations of true patriotism admonish us in
the existing deplorable and dangerous crisis of affairs, that our
militia system should receive from the legislature that prompt
attention which public exigencies, either of the state or of the
nation, may appear to demand, and which may seem in your
wisdom best adapted to preserve and secure to the people of
Pennsylvania and the Union the blessings of peace and the in-
tegrity of our unrivalled constitutional government." He sug-
gested that a military bureau be established at Harrisburg, and
that suitable arms be distributed to all volunteer militiamen.

A bill embodying these recommendations of the governor was
at once reported in the legislature, passed both houses without
amendment and became a law on April 12, 1861. The legislature
also appropriated $500,000 in order to properly arm and equip
the militia.

Prompt and patriotic as was this response of the legislature
to the suggestions of the governor, there was no time to carry
its provisions into effect before the thunder of Confederate guns
trained on Fort Sumter proclaimed the opening of the rebellion
April 12, 186 1.

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 323

On the 13th, a bill which defined and punished treason was
introduced and promptly passed the legislature. It forbade any
citizen of the state to take any military commission from the
enemies of the United States; to enter into any plot, conspiracy
or traitorous correspondence ; to furnish arms, under a heavy
penalty; anyone convicted of selling vessels to the enemy or fit-
ting out privateers should be punished by five years' imprison-
ment and a fine of $5,000; and in addition, every officer in the
state's militia service was required to subscribe within 30 days
to an oath of allegiance to the United States, or be deprived of his
commission. After the passage of this bill the legislature ad-
journed.

When the news of the assault on Fort Sumter was received in-
tense excitment prevailed throughout the state. All hesitation
was now at an end and it was felt that the Nation had but
one recourse consistent with the National honor. Men no longer
talked of satisfying Southern demands and the few southern
sympathizers kept well in the background. In Philadelphia, the
principal city in the state, the excitement was particularly great
and a riot was almost precipitated on the 15th by a mob assembled
to hunt down secession sympathizers. Only the efforts of Mayor
Henry and the liberal display of American flags prevented a se-
rious breach of the peace. President Lincoln issued his proclama-
tion calling out the militia of the several states to the number of
75,000 men, for three months, or the emergency, and assigned
fourteen regiments to Pennsylvania as her share. The response
of the state to this call was prompt and patriotic. Not only were
the fourteen regiments raised, but many additional ones were
recruited and the Government was finally induced to accept
eleven more. Said Adjt.-Gen. Russell : "Such was the patriotic
ardor of the people that the services of about thirty regiments
had to be refused, making in all more than one-half the requisi-
tion of the president." At 7:30 p. m. of the i8th, only three
days after the call for troops, five companies of Pennsylvanians,
comprising 530 men, reached Washington and were quartered in
the hall of the house of representatives. These troops were
the first to arrive in Washington and for twenty-four hours con-
stituted the sole defense of the nation's capital against an attack
of the enemy, momentarily expected. True, the men, with the
exception of 34 members of the Logan Guards, were totally un-
armed, but their numbers were exaggerated and their presence
caused great rejoicing. On the evening of the 19th, the 6th
Mass. infantry, fully armed and equipped, reached Washington
and was quartered in the senate chamber of the capitol. The
five Pennsylvania companies deserve a further word of mention.

324 The Union Army

As soon as the president's call was received at Harrisburg, Gov.
Curtin made haste to disseminate the infonnation throughout the
state. There was an immediate tide of messages coming in from
officers of companies tendering the services of their commands.
By reason of their advanced state of organization and discipline,
the first companies to respond were the Ringgold light artillery,
of Reading, Capt. James McKnight; the Logan Guards of
Lewistown, Capt. John B. Selheimer; the Washington artillery,
Capt. James Wren, and the National light infantry. Capt. Edmund
McDonald, both of Pottsville; and the Allen Rifles, of Allen-
town, Capt. James Yeager. The Ringgold artillery arrived in
Harrisburg at 8 p. m., on the i6th, 152 strong, and reported to
Col. Slifer, secretary of state, in the absence of Gov. Curtin in
Washington. On the morning of the 17th the other four com-
panies arrived and on the morning of the i8th the five companies
were joined by Co. H, 4th artillery, U. S. regulars, which had
come in from the West under command of Lieut. Pemberton,
later Gen. Pemberton of the Confederate army, with orders to
garrison Fort McHenry, Baltimore. The six companies arrived
in Baltimore at 3 130 on the afternoon of the 18th. By order of
the secretary of war, the guns, caissons and equipments of the
Ringgold light artillery, were left at Harrisburg; the regulars
and a portion of the Logan Guards had their muskets, and the
Ringgolds had their sabers ; otherwise none of the men were
equipped to resist any act of aggression. At Baltimore it was
necessary for the men to march a distance of nearly 2 miles in
order to reach the Washington depot, and the troops had re-
ceived no intimation that they would be molested at this point.
In fact, the enthusiasm with which they had been received along
the route of their journey, even at the wayside stations in Mary-
land and in the very suburbs of Baltimore, led them to expect an
equally cordial reception in the city itself. A large body of police
met them on their arrival and escorted them in their march to
the Washington railroad terminus. Hardly had the march be-
gun when they were greeted by a mob, made up of all classes,
whose loud cheers for Jeff. Davis and secession, and whose
epithets of derision indicated trouble. The officers instructed the
men to disregard the volume of abuse poured upon them, and
the fine discipline and stoicism of the company of regulars
served as an example to the raw Pennsylvania troops. It was in-
deed a trying ordeal for the men, but they finally reached the
Washington depot, where they were hurried into the cattle cars
awaiting them and started for Washington amid the execra-
tions of the hooting mob.

On the day after these companies encountered their hostile

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 325

reception in Baltimore, a body of troops which had been recruited
early in the year at Philadelphia by Gen. William F. Small,
known as the Washington brigade, endeavored to pass through
the city, but was forced to turn back. The commander had been
instructed by the war department to pass through Baltimore in
the night in order to avoid any hostile demonstration, but through
the treachery or negligence of the railroad officials, he was de-
layed and did not arrive in the city until noon of the 19th. The
6th Mass. reached Baltimore just ahead of the Pennsylvania bri-
gade over the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore railroad.
The track of the road extended through the city, but for more
than a mile it was necessary to move the cars by means of horses.
The 6th had been warned of threatened trouble and their muskets
were loaded for any emergency which might arise. The first
seven companies entered the cars and were drawn to the Wash-
ington depot without being seriously molested. The remaining
companies, which had been detained on the road, found a menac-
ing crown awaiting them on their arrival, and the track torn up
or obstructed. Forced to march the whole distance through the
threatening mob which hemmed them in, they were repeatedly
assailed by the crowd and had several members killed and a large
number wounded. Ordered by their officers to fire into their
assailants, they forced back the crowd of rioters, killing and
wounding a number of them, and finally reached their destination.
When the brigade of Gen. Small arrived soon after this episode,
he saw that he, too, must march his men through the city. As
the men were totally unarmed, this was no light task. The
mob had tasted blood and showed an apparent determination to
wreck its vengeance on the Pennsylvanians. Nevertheless, Gen.
Small started his command over the dangerous route. As he ad-
vanced, the disposition of the crowd became uglier and he decided
to return with his unarmed force to Philadelphia. During the
struggle one of his men was killed and several wounded, the
rioters pursuing them with stones and other missiles until their
train was out of reach.

Within ten days after the president issued his first call for
volunteers, more than enough men for twenty-five regiments had
presented themselves. On April 18, Camp Curtin was established
on the edge of Harrisburg, and it was made the principal point
of rendezvous for troops from the northern, central and western
counties of the state. Afterwards taken in charge by the author-
ities at Washington, it was made an important distributing and
convalescent center for soldiers, as well as a depot for military
supplies. The above regiments were numbered i to 25 inclusive,
and comprised a total of 20,175 men. All were enlisted and served

336 The Union Army

for three months, being mustered out at the end of that period,
with the exception of a considerable number who reenHsted for
three years. At the request of the war department all these
troops were clothed, armed, equipped, subsisted and transported
by the state, as the Federal government was not yet prepared to
do this work.

On April 20, the governor issued a proclamation convening a
special session of the legislature. His reasons for this action
were that "An armed rebellion exists in a portion of the states
of the Union, threatening the destruction of the national govern-
ment, periling public and private property, endangering the peace
and security of this commonwealth, and inviting systematic
piracy. * * * Adequate provision does not exist by law to enable
the executive to make the military power of the state as available
and efficient as it should be for the common defense of the state
and the general government." The situation was already highly
critical and military operatons had commenced in earnest. On
the night of the 19th succeeding the assaults on the troops in the
city of Baltimore, the bridges on the Philadelphia, Wilmington
& Baltimore, and those on the Northern Central railroads were
burned ; the telegraph wires leading north from Washington
were cut and all communication with the North was severed.
Until these bridges could be repaired and guarded the authorities
were forced to make vise of the Perryville & Annapolis route, in
order to send troops to the aid of Washington. Gov. Curtin had
appointed on April 16, Maj.-Gens. Robert Patterson and William
H. Keim to the command of the troops called out by the procla-
mation of the president on the 15th. Gen. Patterson was soon
after appointed by Lieut.-Gen. Scott to command the Department
of Washington, including the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware
and Maryland, and the District of Columbia, with headquarters
at Philadelphia. Patterson at once took steps to secure the
Annapolis route and then proceeded to open that by way of
Baltimore, using for this purpose the 17th Pa., T. W. Sherman's
light battery, and five companies of the 3d regulars, all com-
manded by Col. Francis E. Patterson, the general's son. Union
sentiment soon reasserted itself in Baltimore ; Col. Patterson's
force entered the city without opposition and the movement of
troops toward the capital was not again interrupted.

The legislature convened in special session on April 30, and in
his message at the opening of the session the governor said :
"The insurrection must now be met by force of arms ; and to re-
establish the government upon an enduring basis by asserting
its entire supremacy, to repossess the forts and other govern-
ment property so unlawfully seized and held, to ensure personal

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 337

freedom and safety to the people and commerce of the Union,
in every section, the people of the loyal states demand, as with
one voice, and will contend for, as with one heart, and a quarter
of a million of Pennsylvania's sons will answer the call to arms,
if need be, to wrest us from a reign of anarchy and plunder and
secure for themselves and their children, for ages to come, the
perpetuity of this government and its beneficent institutions.
* * * It is impossible to predict the lengths to which the
madness that rules the hour in the rebellious states shall lead
us, or when the calamities which threaten our hitherto happy
country shall terminate. * * * To furnish ready support
to those who have gone out and to protect our borders, we should
have a well regulated military force. I, therefore, recommend
the immediate organization, disciplining and arming of at least
fifteen regiments of cavalry and infantry, exclusive of those
called into the service of the United States. As we already have
ample warning of the necessity of being prepared for any sudden
exigency that may arise, I cannot too much impress this upon
you." The wise and patriotic views of the executive met with a
prompt response from the legislature. On May 15 it passed an
act authorizing the organization of the "Reserve Volunteer
Corps of the Commonwealth," to embrace thirteen regiments
of infantry, one of cavalry and one of artillery. This reserve
corps was to be armed, equipped, clothed, subsisted and paid by
the state. It was placed under the command of Maj.-Gen.
George A. McCall, and its proper drill and discipline were pro-
vided for by placing its members in camps of instruction at
Easton, West Chester, Pittsburg and Harrisburg. To defray the
expense of this and other military organizations a loan of
$3,000,000 was authorized. The commander-in-chief and the mem-
bers of the grand staff were entrusted with the work of recruiting
the corps. The members were to be enlisted for three years un-
less sooner discharged ; were liable to be called into the service
of the state to suppress insurrection or to repel invasion ; and
were also subject to United States service upon the call of the
president. When not in camp nor in the field, the members
were to hold themselves in readiness to respond at once to any
sudden call. The primary object of the bill was to give the
state the services, in any emergency, of a trained, disciplined
and picked body of 15,000 troops, both for the defense of its
exposed southern border or to go at once to the aid of the
general government if needed. Thus was organized what came
to be familiarly known as the Pennsylvania reserves, an organiza-
tion which later saw much hard service in the war and won for
itself an imperishable name on many battlefields. Its whole

328 The Union Army

record was one of bravery and efficiency and no troops added
more to the military prestige of the state. Other provisions
of the bill provided for the appointment of one major-general,
two brigadier-generals, and a grand staff whose members were
to serve for a term of three years ; soldiers were
not allowed to volunteer in other states and no troops
were to leave the state without their arms and full
equipment; a board of associate judges and county com-
missioners was to meet monthly and provide county relief for any
destitute members of the families of soldiers who had entered
the military service of the state, the commissioners being em-
powered to make loans for this purpose if necessary ; pensions
were provided for the widow and minor children of any soldier
who died in the service, and provision was made for military in-
struction in the universities, colleges and academies of the
state. The bill was both wise and humane, and illustrated the
seriousness with which the people's representatives viewed the
situation even at this early period. On May i6, the legislature
passed the following resolution : "Whereas, the States of South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and
Texas are in armed and treasonable rebellion against the sover-
eign authority and government of the United States, and have
constituted, and are endeavoring to maintain, a treasonable and
rebellious government, intended to subvert the constitution and
laws of the United States, and to dissolve their allegiance thereto,
and have seized the revenues, forts, arsenals, navy yards, and
such other exclusive property of the national government as were
within their power of seizure, and have coerced loyal citizens
within their borders to unwilling submission to their authority,
and have raised officers, equipped and assembled large armies
and ships of war, with the avowed purpose to wage aggressive
warfare against the constitution and lawful authorities of the
Union and against the liberties of the people, and have besieged,
attacked and captured a fort in the actual and peaceable posses-
sion of the United States troops, and have made the garrison
prisoners of war, whilst under the protection of the national
flag and the Federal laws,

Resolved, That the faith, credit and resources of the state, in
both men and money, are hereby pledged to any amount and to
every extent which the federal government may demand to sub-
due the rebellion ; to punish the treason ; to enforce the laws ;
to protect the lives, the liberties and the property of the people;
and to maintain inviolate the constitution and the sovereignty
of the nation."

When all communication was severed with Washington for

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 339

several days in April, Gen. Patterson, in command of the depart-
ment, was left without orders for several days. Believing that
the three-months' troops authorized would be unable to end the
war, and that more would be needed when their term of service
expired, he assumed the responsibility of directing the governor
to raise an additional force of twenty-five regiments of infantry
and one of cavalry. Some progress had been made in this
work by the state authorities, when word was received from
Washington revoking the order of Gen. Patterson and stating
"that it was more important to reduce than enlarge the number'
of troops already ordered. It is a curious fact that many of the
state authorities at this time had a far clearer conception of the
probable duration of the war than had the authorities at Wash-
ington. The state was prepared and anxious to furnish ten
regiments for three years' service under the second call for
volunteers, but the government refused to accept their services
at this time, when informed by Sec. of War Cameron that the
state already had twenty-five regiments in the field. Neverthe-
less, the state wisely went ahead with the organization of its
famous reserve corps and was in a position to promptly furnish
troops when subsequently called upon.

As soon as a heavy force of Union troops had been stationed
so as to guard the approaches to the national capital, steps were
taken to close the Shenandoah and Cumberland valleys, which
were the natural routes of invasion from the South, Accordingly
Gen. Patterson was sent into the Cumberland valley, where he
organized a strong force at Chambersburg, just north of Hagers-
town, for the protection of the southern frontier of the state
and to drive back the enemy if necessary. In Patterson's column
were all of the state's three months' troops, with the exception of
the 4th and 5th regiments in Washington, the 12th guarding
the line of the Northern Central railroad, and the i8th, 19th
and 22nd, which were in and around Baltimore. It is not the
purpose of this short history to follow the movements of the
various regiments in the field, or to analyze the campaign of
Gen. Patterson prior to the first battle of Bull Run. Much
criticism has been leveled at Patterson because he neither held
nor engaged Gen. Johnston at Winchester, and some military
writers have been wont to attribute the first serious reverse
to the Union arms at Bull Run, to Patterson's alleged indecision
and lack of courage.

Under the call of May 3, 186 1, and before the reserve corps
was mustered into the service of the United States, four inde-
pendent regiments were authorized by the war department.
These regiments, comprising an aggregate of 4,711 officers and

330 The Union Army

men, were promptly recruited, organized and mustered into the
U. S. service for three years. They were numbered 26 to 29
inclusive. After the battle of Bull Run, much consternation
was felt lest the victorious foe should at once press upon Wash-
ington and in this period of alarm the president called for the
reserve corps of Pennsylvania. The entire fifteen regiments,
comprising 15,856 men, were in position to march at once and
eagerly responded to the nation's call in this hour of peril. They
were mustered into the U. S. service at this time and did
not again return to the exclusive service of Pennsylvania. From
this time on there was a steady demand for more troops
and every encouragement was given to the raising of
fresh levies. The duplicate numbering of regiments led to some
confusion and was the cause of frequent errors in official docu-
ments and regimental records. The ist regiment of the re-
serves was the 30th of the line; the 13th of the reserves was a
rifle regiment known also as the "Bucktails," and was numbered
the 42nd of the line; the 14th reserve was the artillery regiment
and the 43d of the line, while the cavalry regiment, or the
15th of the reserve, became the zJ4th of the line. This confusion
was increased when two of the first three months' regiments,
the nth and the 23d, were recruited and organized for three
years' service, retaining their old designations. Thus the nth
regiment might refer to the nth three months', the nth three
years', the nth reserve, or even the nth cavalry, or nth militia.

The splendid zeal and patriotism of the people of Pennsyl-
vania is shown in the number of troops enlisted for the national
service during the first eight months of the war. At the end of
the year 1861, the state had a total of 87,177 men in the field, or-
ganized into sixty-six regiments of infantry (including six rifle
regiments), 71,279 men; eleven regiments of cavalry, 12,600
men; one regiment of artillery, 1,077 ii^en ; seven companies
of infantry, six of cavalry, and six of artillery, 2,221 men. It
was estimated that 6,400 men were enlisted in other than Penn-
sylvania organizations, giving a grand total in service of 93,577.
In addition, twelve regiments of infantry, one regiment and one
company of cavalry, and one regiment and four companies of
artillery, comprising a total of 16,038 men, were in process of
organization; while 20,175 three months' troops had been fur-
nished and were now mustered out. The state's total contribution
of men is seen to be 129,794.

During the year 1862 large additional demands for troops
were made on the state by the Federal government, but Pennsyl-
vania was a rich and populous state and was able to meet the
continuous drain in men and money caused by the war without

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 331

serious inconvenience. The regiments which were in process
of organization at the close of 1861, were promptly sent forward
during the early months of 1862. The various military camps at
Harrisburg, Pittsburg and around Philadelphia were constantly
crowded with recruits being organized and equipped for active
service. When, at the close of the disastrous Peninsular cam-
paign, the president called for 300,000 more three years' troops,
45,321 men were assigned to Pennsylvania as her quota. The
call was issued on July 2, 1862, and on the 4th Gov. Curtin issued
a stirring proclamation calling upon the state to respond promptly
to this new demand on her patriotism. He said, among other
things : "Pennsylvania has hitherto done her duty to the country.
Her freemen are again called on to volunteer in her defense
that the blood of her sons who have already fallen may not
have been shed in vain and that we may hand down to our
posterity the blessings of union and civil and political liberty,
which we derived from our fathers. * * * Our noble com-
monwealth has never yet faltered and must stand firm now
when her honor and everything that is dear to her is at stake."
Many of the militia regiments of the state were in a position to
respond at once to this call. On May 25, 1862, the small Union
force under Gen. Banks had suffered a serious reverse at the
hands of Gens. Ewell, Edward Johnson and Stonewall Jackson
at Winchester. It was believed that the concentrated movement
of the Confederate generals meant the invasion of Pennsylvania
and the citizen soldiery of the state was at once called out to
meet the threatened danger. Before the militia had been as-
sembled at the appointed place of rendezvous, Gens. Fremont
and McDowell checked the advance of the Confederate column
by well directed flank movements and the order assembling
the militia was countermanded. Nevertheless, many of the
militia companies maintained their organization and tendered their
services under the call of July 2. The various cities and towns
of the state were each assigned their quotas under the call and
recruiting went forward rapidly. Owing to the demands made
upon them at this time and under the later call of Aug. 4, 1862,
a strong competition arose between the cities and towns in the
matter of obtaining recruits and to avoid the draft. Large
bounties were offered by the richer towns to stimulate enlist-
ments, rendering it difficult for the smaller and poorer towns to
fill their quotas. Moreover, exorbitant bounties were being of-
fered for recruits in adjacent counties in other states, and the
evils of the whole local bounty system called loudly for regula-
tion. A class of persons known as professional "bounty jumpers"
came into existence. These men would enlist and receive the

332 The Union Army

bounty offered at one place, then promptly desert and reenlist
at another. While this class of men was a distinct evil, it
was never numerous enough to seriously derange the military
system. Under the stimulus of the liberal bounties offered
throughout the state, the work of filling the quota went gradually
forward. Before the requisite number of men had been obtained,
the president issued, on Aug. 4, a call for 300,000 militia for nine
months' service. The proportion assigned to Pennsylvania was
45,321 and the men were to be drafted. Throughout the war
every effort was made, both by the state and municipal author-
ities, to prevent resort to the draft and to a large extent these
efforts were successful. The enrollment and draft under the
call of Aug. 4 were conducted in Pennsylvania in accordance
with the Federal laws, as the state's enrollment under its militia
system was too defective. The new enrollment, which was made
at this time, showed the proper credits to be allowed to the various
municipalities for men furnished under previous calls, as well
as the number required under the present call, and served as a
basis for future apportionments. The draft took place on Oct.
16, and while it met with some resistance in a few counties, it
was on the whole very successful.

The state furnished under the two calls of July 2 and Aug.
4, 1862, a total of fifty-nine regiments, comprising 63,106 men.
Of these, the 152nd was an artillery regiment, known as the
3d Penn. artillery; the 159th to 163d, inclusive, were cavalry or-
ganizations, known as the 14th, 15th, i6th, 17th and i8th Penn.
Cav. ; the 114th to ii6th, iiSth, 119th, 121st, 138th to 150th, and
the 155th and 157th were three years' infantry regiments; the
122nd to 137th, inclusive, 151st, 153d, 154th, 158th, and 165th to
179th, inclusive, were nine months' troops. In addition to the
above, the volunteer recruiting service at Harrisburg and Phila-
delphia under the direction of Capts. Dodge and Lane and Lieut-
Col. Ruff, furnished to regiments already in the field 9,259 re-
cruits, while it is estimated that fully 5,000 men enlisted in or-
ganizations without the borders of the state. As was true of
all the states, it was found much easier to raise and equip en-
tirely new regiments than to induce men to enlist in old organiza-
tions, though every effort was made to recruit the depleted ranks
of regiments in the field. All told the state had furnished
the United States by the close of 1862, or during a period of a
little more than 20 months, upwards of 200,000 troops, exclusive
of the services of about 50,000 militia, called out in Sept., 1862,
to repel a threatened invasion of the state.

In the early part of Sept., 1862, Lee crossed the Potomac
into Maryland, with the supposed intention of invading Penn-

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 333

sylvania. To meet the emergency the governor, on Sept. 4,
issued a proclamation calling upon the citizens to organize
companies and be prepared to come to the defense of the state
at any moment. On the nth, orders were issued for 50,000
volunteers to rendezvous at the state capital. The response was
prompt and patriotic and the capitol grounds at Harrisburg were
transfonned into a great military camp to accommodate the thous-
ands of volunteers who assembled in obedience to the call.
An organization of the troops was rapidly effected, and 15,000
volunteers were despatched to Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Md. ;
10,000 more were stationed near Greencastle and Chambersburg ;
ajid about 25,000 were at or en route to Harrisburg. On the
withdrawal of the enemy from Marsland, the emergency calling
them into being having passed, the men were disbanded on the
24th. The patriotic services of the governor and militia at this
time were duly acknowledged in the following letter to the
governor from Gen. McClellan, dated Sept. 2"], 1862: "I beg
to avail myself of almost the first moment of leisure I have had
since the recent battles to tender to you my thanks for your
wise and energetic action in calling out the militia of Pennsylvania
for its defense when threatened by a numerous and victorious
army of the enemy. Fortunately circumstances rendered it im-
possible for the enemy to set foot upon the soil of Pennsylvania ;
but the moral support rendered to my army by your action was
none the less mighty. In the name of my army, and for my-
self, I again tender to you our acknowledgment for your patriotic
course. The manner in which the people of Pennsylvania re-
sponded to your call and hastened to the defense of their frontier,
no doubt exercised a great influence upon the enemy."

In the following month the soil of Pennsylvania was actually
invaded by the enemy for the first time. About 2,000 cavalry
and artillery under Gens. Stuart and Hampton suddenly crossed
the Potomac and penetrated to Chambersburg, plundering as
they went. At Chambersburg the military storehouse was
stripped of its contents and the building burned. So rapid were
the movements of the daring raiders, they had recrossed the
Potomac below Harper's Ferry, before troops could be collected
to repel them.

The only state officers to be chosen in 1862 were an auditor-
general and a surveyor-general. The Democratic convention
assembled at Harrisburg on July 4, nominated candidates for
these offices, and expressed the views of the party on national
issues in a series of resolutions of which the following is a brief
abstract: "The true object of the war, with its tremendous
sacrifices of life and property is the restoration of the Union as

334 The Union Army

it was, and for no other purpose ; it arraigned the Administration
for extravagance and corruption ; condemned the doctrine of
emancipation ; declared the suppression of the freedom of speech
and of the press, the unlawful arrest of citizens, and the suspen-
sion of the writ of habeas corpus where the civil authorities are
unhampered to be a plain violation of the constitution; the negro
race is an inferior and dependent people and should not be ad-
mitted to political and social equality with the white race, and
declared that recent acts of Congress were in derogation of those
provisions of the Federal constitution embodied in the bill of
rights."

The Republican, or "Union" convention, which met at Harris-
burg on July 17, also nominated candidates for the two state
ofhces and adopted resolutions which strongly upheld the course
of both the national and state administrations ; declared that any
attempt on the part of the nations of Europe to intervene in the
struggle between the states "will meet a resistance unparalleled
in its force, unconquerable in its persistence, and fatal to those
whom it is intended to aid ;" urged a vigorous prosecution of the
war, lauded the army and navy, and endorsed "the manly, con-
sistent and eminently patriotic" course of Senator Wilmot. At
the election in October, the Democratic candidates were elected
by a small majority, and the legislature had a Democratic majority
of one on joint ballot.

The financial condition of the state continued to be strong,
despite the enormous expenses entailed by the war. The balance
in the treasury Nov. 30, 1862, was $2,172,844.10 as compared with
$1,551,605.72 in 1861. The receipts for 1862 from ordinary
sources of revenue exceeded those of 1861 by $1,030,176.82, and
the ordinary expenditures for 1862 were $95,317.16 less than in
1861. The public debt had been reduced during the year over
$500,000; its gradual amortizement was amply provided for in
a sinking fund containing nearly $11,000,000 in securities, and
from the swelling revenues and the large balance on hand it
was estimated that $1,500,000 could be used to reduce it in 1863.
The state paid its quota of the direct tax of the United States,
amounting to $1,946,719, in June, 1862, partly by offset and
partly in cash, 15 per cent, being deducted for prompt payment.
About $300,000 were still due the state from the general govern-
ment for expenses incurred in raising and equipping troops.

The question of permitting the soldiers in the field to exercise
the right of suffrage, in accordance with the old election law of
1839, was decided adversely by the supreme court of the state
this year. The right was held unconstitutional by reason of a
clause in the amendments to the constitution adopted in 1838.

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 335

With the opening of the year 1863 the general outlook was
not particularly favorable to the Union cause. Since Oct., 1862,
the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia
had confronted one another from opposite banks of the Rappahan-
nock. The former under Gen. Burnside had suflfered a serious
reverse at Fredericksburg in December and was destined to suf-
fer another disastrous defeat a few months later at Chancellors-
ville under Hooker. While the period that now ensued, until
the battle of Gettysburg, was the darkest period of the great
conflict, it only resulted in a more vigorous determination on the
part of the North to prosecute the war to a successful finish,
and the great Keystone state continued to offer of her men and
resources. Her large contributions to the Federal government
produced no appreciable diminution of her military or financial
strength. Said Gov. Curtin in his annual message in Jan., 1863 :
"Nothwithstanding the pressure of public calamity which has
weighed heavily on the country during the past year, it has
pleased Divine Providence not only to enable the people of
Pennsylvania to perform in full all their duties to our common
government, but to give to this commonwealth domestic peace,
plenty and prosperity."

For many months the military authorities at Washington and
also in Pennsylvania had been apprehensive that Gen. Lee in-
tended a systematic invasion of the North and the transfer of the
theater of war to the soil of Pennsylvania, providing he could
obtain a permanent lodgment. Both political and economic con-
ditions impelled him to take this course. The people in the se-
ceded states and the nations of Europe, at whose doors the
South was knocking for recognition, would alike be inspired by
this tremendous show of vitality ; the supply of anthracite coal
on which the North depended could be seriously curtailed and
the manufacture of heavy ordnance at Pittsburg could be thereby
checked. The political leaders in the South saw in this move-
ment an opportunity to offset the impending fall of Vicksburg,
and on June 3, just a month after the battle of Chancellorsville,
Lee put his victorious army in motion for its northern campaign.
When the invading forces crossed the Potomac on June 15 and
soon after entered Pennsylvania territority, the general govern-
ment seemed to first awaken to the seriousness of the situation.
Some precautionary measures had been previously taken, im-
portant among which were the creation of two new military
departments, one comprising all that part of Pennsylvania east
of Johnstown and the Laurel Hill range, with headquarters at
Harrisburg, Maj.-Gen. Darius N. Couch commanding, and the
other embracing the part of the state west of that line, together

336 The Union Army

with portions of West Virginia and Ohio adjoining, with head-
quarters at Pittsburg, Gen. W. T. H. Brooks commanding.
The commanders were materially assisted in the work of organiz-
ing troops by the governor, who issued a proclamation on the
I2th explaining the danger threatening and urging the people
to enlist. Two days later he called on the negroes especially to
rally to the defense of the state. It was not yet realized, even by
those high in authority, that the whole of Lee's army was en-
gaged in this invasion, as the governor declared in his proclama-
tion at this time, "Information has been obtained by the war de-
partment, that a large rebel force, composed of cavalry, artillery,
and mounted infantr>% has been prepared for the purpose of
making a raid into Pennsylvania," and Gen, Couch, when he
issued an order announcing the formation of his corps, said:
"To prevent serious raids of the enemy, it is deemed necessary
to call upon the citizens of Pennsylvania to furnish promptly
all the men necessary to organize an army corps of volunteer
infantry, cavalry, and artillery, to be designated the Army Corps
of the Susquehanna." Rumors of an invasion by the enemy in
force had been frequent for the past two years, but no serious
harm had yet resulted to the state; hence the people could not
yet credit the statement that the whole Confederate army under
Lee was advancing upon Pennsylvania soil. They were destined
to receive a rude awakening almost immediately. News of the
defeat of Milroy at Winchester by the vanguard of Lee's army
under Ewing and Jenkins was soon brought to the border towns
of Greencastle and Chambersburg by the fleeing contrabands
from the Shenandoah Valley. "On Monday morning" (June
15), says an article in the Chambersburg Repository, "the flood
of rumors from the Potomac fully confirmed the advance of the
rebels, and the citizens of Chambersburg and vicinity, feeling
unable to resist the rebel columns, commenced to make prompt
preparation for the movement of the stealable property. Nearly
every horse, good, bad and indiflferent, was started for the moun-
tains as early on Monday as possible, and the negroes darkened
the different roads northward for hours, loaded with household
effects, sable babies, etc., and horses, wagons and cattle crowded
every avenue to places of safety." This exodus was later
hastened by the arrival of the head of Milroy's wagon train,
hurrying to put as many miles as possible between itself and the
enemy. It is stated that the covered toll bridge over the Susque-
hanna at Harrisburg was crowded as never before. "Milroy's
train reached it first, while in its rear came an endless stream of
human beings of every age and size and beasts and four-footed
things innumerable. By night the steady tramp and rumble of

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 337

the heavy teams lulled the senses of the weary and through the
long hours of the sultry June day a cloud of dust arose con-
stantly far down the valley, reaching forward and across the
stream as far in the opposite direction as the eye could pene-
trate. With the fine impalpable particles settling down cease-
lessly, rider and horse, vehicle and occupants, flocks, herds, all
were enveloped, until thick folds wrapped them like a garment."
(Martial Deeds of Penn., S. P. Bates, p. 170). On June 15,
the president issued his call for 100,000 militia from the states
immediately threatened to serve for six months. Pennsylvania
was asked to furnished 50,000 of these volunteers. Gov. Curtin
also issued another stirring appeal to the people, in which he
said: "That it is the purpose of the enemy to invade our bor-
ders with all the strength that he can command is now apparent.
Our only defense rests upon the determined action of the citizens
of our commonwealth. I therefore call on the people of Penn-
sylvania, capable of bearing arms, to enroll themselves in military
organizations and to encourage all others to give aid and assist-
ance to the efforts which will be put forth for the protection of
the state and the salvation of our common country." The
danger now appeared so threatening that the state archives at
Harrisburg, and even the state library and the valuable old por-
traits of the governors were moved to Philadelphia for safety. In
Pittsburg excitement ran almost equally high, as it was feared
that a portion of the invading forces might turn westward and
move on that city. Strong defensive measures were taken ; the
population busied itself for a time in the work of planning and
building forts; military companies were organized to defend the
city ; the dram shops were closed, and practically all business
was suspended.

The excitement was less in Philadelphia, where many still re-
fused to believe that Lee's whole army would invade the state. The
fact that thus far the invading forces had been chiefly employed
in gathering supplies lent color to this view. As late as the 17th,
the Philadelphia Press said: "As we understand the situation,
as it appears at midnight, there is less ground for alarm than
prevailed during the day. The rebels have occupied Chambers-
burg; but beyond that point no force is known to be advancing.
* * * This suggests to us that the rebels have too great a
dread of Hooker to divide themselves in his front, and that,
while they might rejoice in the opportunity of occupying and
holding Pennsylvania, they would not dare to do so with a
powerful army on their line of communications." Only three
days before the battle of Gettysburg the same paper declared :
"Our intelligence as to what force of rebels has entered Penn-
Voi. 1—22

338 The Union Army

sylvania is still unsatisfactory and unreliable. Probably Ewell's
corps, which is estimated to number about 34,000 men, is alone
in this aggressive movement; although it would not greatly sur-
prise us to learn that Gen. Lee's entire force, having crossed the
Potomac, is within supporting distance." A much less op-
timistic view prevailed at Harrisburg, where great consternation
prevailed. Strong earthworks were hurriedly constructed for
the defense of the city and preparations were made to destroy
the bridges leading to it if they could not be protected. Especially
vigorous measures were taken by the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company officials to save the valuable property of the road from
destruction. Locomotives and rolling stock were moved to
Philadelphia and block houses, strong enough to resist infantry
attacks, were built to cover the bridges.

Troops assembled slowly at first at the camps at Harrisburg,
Pittsburg and Philadelphia. It had been announced that the
troops called for "would be mustered into the service of the
United States to serve during the pleasure of the president,
or the continuance of the war." The reasonable inference drawn
from the words of both Gen. Couch and Gov. Curtin calling on the
people for volunteers was that no invasion in force was anticipated
and men were deterred by the conditions attached to the service
from freely volunteering. Many believed that the threat of an
invasion was being used to procure volunteers from the state
for service in the Federal armies beyond the borders of the
commonwealth. But as the Confederates continued to advance,
with the evident purpose of seizing the bridges over the Sus-
quehanna at Columbia and Harrisburg, preparations to resist
the advance were hastened and troops assembled rapidly in the
camps. The government had refused to accept the services
of the first volunteers at this time for less than six months,
but now the president authorized the governor to summon men
for 90 days' service to meet the emergency and there was an
immediate and patriotic response. In his stirring proclamation
of June 26 the governor said : "Pennsylvanians : The enemy is
advancing in force into Pennsylvania. He has a strong column
within 23 miles of Harrisburg, other columns are moving by
Fulton and Adams counties, and it can no longer be doubted that
a formidable invasion of our state is in actual progress. The
calls already made for volunteer militia in the exigency have not
been met as fully as the crisis requires. I therefore now issue
this my proclamation, calling for 60,000 men to come promptly
forward to defend the state. * * * The time has now come
when we must all stand or fall together in defense of our state,
and in support of our government." While only about 4,000

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 339

Pennsylvania troops had entered the U. S. service under the
earlier calls for six months' men, more than 25,000 volunteers
now promptly entered the ranks for 90 days' service.

Up through the Cumberland Valley the advance of Lee's
army, Ewell's corps and Jenkins' cavalry, continued their march.
The main body, under Ewell's immediate command, proceeded
towards Harrisburg, destroying the Cumberland Valley railroad
as it went. They occupied Carlisle and the head of the column
even penetrated to within 4 or 5 miles of the capital. This was
their nearest approach to Harrisburg. At Oyster Point Gen.
Knipe opposed their farther advance with a force of militia and
the guns of Miller's battery. The strong works which had been
erected for the defense of the city, and the large number of
troops assembled at Harrisburg operated as a check on any
farther advance by the enemy. Meanwhile the force under Early,
detached to take possession of the bridge over the Susquehanna
at Columbia, tear up the tracks of the Pennsylvania railroad and
march up the eastern bank of the river, was able to carry out only
part of its programme. York was seized and laid under contribu-
tion for a large amount of supplies and $28,000 in money — all the
more welcome to the Confederates as they had previously found
Gettysburg entirely bare of supplies. When Early threw for-
ward Gordon's brigade to seize the magnificent bridge over the
Susquehanna at Columbia, he found he was too late. A small
force under Col. Frick, consisting of the 27th and a portion of the
20th emergency regiments, the famous Philadelphia city troop,
and three or four other companies, in all about 1.500 men, were
guarding the bridge, under orders from Gen. Couch. Frick made
a spirited resistance, but was without artillery and could not
hope to long oppose the veteran troops of Gordon. Though forced
to retire, he succeeded in firing the great bridge before turning
back and it was entirely consumed.

Ewell's forces now rejoined the main body of the army under
Lee, which had crossed the Potomac on the 24th and 25th and
advanced to Chambersburg on the 27th. Halting here for a few
days, Lee drew in his scattered detachments. He had been
balked in his apparent design of finding a safe and convenient
passage over the Susquehanna, either at Harrisburg or Columbia.
Whatever his further plans may have been with reference to the
invasion of Pennsylvania and the North, as soon as he learned of
the position of the Army of the Potomac he at once initiated
movements to checkmate it. The Union army had crossed the
Potomac only a day behind Lee. Hooker had been succeeded
by Meade, and on the last day of June the Union forces having
turned northward reached the Pennsylvania line, making their

340 The Union Army

headquarters at Taneytown, Md., 13 miles south of Gettysburg.
On July I the advance guards of the two great opposing armies
met north and west of Gettysburg, and here was fought the
great decisive battle of the war. This little town of 2,500 inhab-
itants is the capital of Adams county, Pa., and lies in a beautiful
and fertile valley. It is not the purpose of this sketch to give
a detailed account of the sanguinary three days' fight, which
will be found elsewhere under its appropriate head. Being, how-
ever, the only great battle which took place on Pennsylvania
soil, the following brief account of the fight by a well known
historian of the state may be properly inserted : "On the western
side this valley (the valley of Gettysburg) is bounded by a low
wooded ridge running north and south, and at its nearest point
about half a mile from the town. Here stand the buildings of the
Lutheran seminary, and these give the name to Seminary ridge.
The valley is about a mile wide. On the eastern side 3 miles
south of Gettysburg is Round Top, a wooded conical hill, and
just north is Little Round Top, mostly bare of trees and covered
with huge boulders. From this northward the eastern ridge,
which bears the name of Cemetery ridge, is of less elevation, but
at its northern end, where the cemetery is, it again rises and
turns abruptly to the eastward. The Union army occupied at
the beginning of the second day of the battle Cemetery ridge,
presenting a convex front to the enemy. The Confederates
lined Seminary ridge from opposite Round Top to the
town, thence through the streets and extending southeast-
wardly faced their opponents in a concave line nearly 8
miles long. The Northern troops had thus the advantage
for purposes of defense of an inside position, where
troops could be easily thrown from one place to another,
to strengthen weak points or resist sudden attacks. The Southern
army in the valley back of Seminary ridge could carry on their
maneuvers perfectly screened from Union eyes and guns."
During the first day's fighting, Reynolds, the Union general
commanding, was killed. His troops were overwhelmed by
superior numbers and were compelled to fall back through
the town and take position on Cemetery ridge, a high hill to the
south, which had been used for a cemetery, and on which tempo-
rary defenses had been erected. Gen. Hancock having been
sent forward to take command and to report as to the suitability
of the field at Gettysburg for engaging in battle, made a favor-
able report, which was followed by a rapid concentration of the
entire army at that place. Lee had also brought in his army ex-
cept the cavalry under Stuart, who were to the east of the
Union army, and Pickett's corps, which had not come from

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 341

Maryland. When all gathered together, the two armies were
nearly equal in size, about 90,ocx) men each. * * * The
morning of July 2 was spent in strenghtening defenses and ar-
ranging battle lines. At about 4 o'clock an artillery duel began,
and under cover of the fire brigade after brigade of Southern
troops were thrown at one point after another of the Northern
defenses. Around Little Round Top bloody work was done.
Almost taken again and again, it was saved at the last moment
by timely reinforcements. Sickles' corps, after strong and de-
termined defense of its position, was forced back upon a new
line. Around on the extreme east, ground occupied by the
Northern troops was taken and held by the Confederates, and
in the evening the soldiers of both armies slaked their thirst
at the same spring. The first day's fight resulted in partial
success for the Southern arms. The fighting of the second
day ended without any decided advantage to either army. The
morning of July 3 dawned upon troubled generals and tired
soldiers, feeling that the decisive day had come. Pickett's and
Stuart's men had arrived the night before, and upon these the
brunt of the third day's work was to fall. The Union line in
the morning recovered the lost ground of the night at their right
and then followed an ominous stillness. After noon the artillery
duel from over 200 guns opened the greatest display of its kind
ever witnessed on the American continent. For two hours across
the plain which separated the two armies every known form of
missile passed like a hurricane. The Union fire slackened, and
the Southern generals, supposing their guns were silenced, pre-
pared for the final act. From Little Round Top Gen. Warren
signalled the news to Meade that a great charge was forming
in front of the Southern line. From out the smoke emerged
Pickett's Confederates. Across a mile of plain, their ranks mowed
down by the Federal fire which now was concentrated upon them,
straight towards a cluster of trees where Hancock's men were
grouped ready to receive them, they marched with the steadiness
of veteran troops. They rushed up the slope into the bloody
angle of the stone wall which fronted the Union line. They
drove the infantry from the defenses, the gunners from the
guns, and planted their banners within the lines of their opponents.
But they were now too few to follow up their advantage, and
raked on both sides by opposing fires, all that was left of them
slowly retreated. As the broken infantry columns fell back
day was already turning into night, the battle was ended and the
Union forces had won the most important conflict of the war.
From this time on the fortunes of the South steadily waned.
Lee led his shattered army back and across the Potomac, Meade's

342 The Union Army

army too exhausted by the three days' fighting to offer more than
a slow and ineffective pursuit.

Some fair degree of credit for the result of this momentous battle
should properly be accorded to the loyal citizen soldiery of Penn-
sylvania, New York and New Jersey, who turned out in such
numbers to meet the emergency created by Lee's great invasion ;
though the principal praise is justly given to the splendid Army
of the Potomac. Of the many distinguished commanders of that
battle Pennsylvania contributed her full share, and among her
many heroes are proudly numbered the names of Meade, Rey-
nolds, Hancock and Geary. In the soldiers" national cemetery at
Gettysburg more than 500 of her soldier dead lie buried, while
many others who there met heroic death have been borne away
by friends and kin. Before the year 1863 had closed steps were
taken to establish on the battle-field a national cemetery ; the
general government has assumed the care of the site ; opened
avenues along the lines once held by the opposing forces ; and
numerous veteran organizations have erected over 400 monuments
to mark the positions of the different commands and the sites
where officers or comrades met death. This great battle-field on
the soil of Pennsylvania, the turning point in the Civil war, is
thus preserved and protected now in all its details.

The fortunate outcome of the battle of Gettysburg allayed
the great excitement that had prevailed throughout the state ;
Pennsylvania was not destined to become the theater of future
war operations, and her people were to be saved from the ruth-
less hand of the invading army.

During the year 1863 the only fully organized three years'
regiment raised in the state was the 19th cavalry, the 180th of
the line. Recruits for regiments in the field were sent forward
during the year to the number of 4,458. All other organizations
this year were enlisted for short terms of service during which
they were occupied in the two new departments of the Mo-
nongahela and the Susquehanna. In the department of the Mo-
nongahela five regiments of 90 days' militia — numbered 54 to
58, inclusive — one unattached company of cavalry and one of
artillery, were organized, comprising a total of 3,750 officers and
men. For six months' service there were organized in this de-
partment one battalion and one company of infantry, a battalion
of cavalry and a company of artillery, containing 1,416 officers
and men.

In the department of the Susquehanna the following three
months' organizations were formed : Twenty-three regiments of
infantry, one independent battalion of militia, a battalion of caval-
ry, four independent batteries of artillery, and five unattached

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 343

companies of infantry and two of cavalry, a total of 21,202 officers
and men. During the summer of 1863 there were also organized
the following six months' commands: The 20th (i8ist), 21st
(182nd) and 22nd (185th) regiments of cavalry, together with two
battalions of infantry and three independent batteries of artillery,
comprising 3,068 officers and men. In addition to the above
enumerated troops a number of "emergency" organizations were
formed, consisting of regiments numbered 20 to 33 and one in-
dependent battalion of infantry, recruited to serve during the
"existing emergency," the total force amounting to 7,062 officers
and men. The total number of troops furnished by the state
this year amounted to 43,046. Some resistance was met
with and a few disturbances took place in the latter part of this
year, when the officers were making the enrollment preparatory
to the draft ordered under the call of Oct. 17, 1863, for 300,000
troops to serve for three years.

Gov. Curtin was renominated and reelected for a second time
this year. The Republican or Union convention which placed
him in nomination declared in the resolutions adopted their fixed
purpose to maintain the Union by all necessary effort and sacra-
fice ; that the rebellion was inexcusable and was stained with every
crime ; that only two parties could exist, one which supported
and the other which opposed the constituted authorities ; that
President Lincoln had won for himself the affection and regard
of the whole American people ; that an amendment should be
passed to the state constitution so that soldiers could vote ; thanks
were tendered to the sons of the state in the army and navy,
and Gov. Curtin was praised for his "eminent services." The
Democratic convention declared in its resolutions that the "Con-
stitution as it is" provided the only guarantee for public liberty;
that they had heard with alarm and indignation of the power
claimed for the president giving him the right to arrest citizens
for the expression of honest opinions, a power which he dele-
gated to others; that the Democracy of Pennsylvania had been
true to the cause of the Union, and would exercise the right to
consider, discuss, ascertain and urge such measures as would
be most likely to keep the whole Union together under a single
government ; that the administration, in departing from the resolu-
tion of Congress, had entirely changed the grounds of the war,
and greatly delayed a just and honorable peace. The Democratic
nominee, George W. Woodward, received 254,171 votes, Gov.
Curtin received 269,496, and the legislature elected at the same
time was Republican on joint ballot by 5 votes.

The public debt of the state which stood at $40,448,213.82 on
Dec. I, 1862. was reduced during the fiscal year ending Nov.

344 The Union Army

30, 1863, by $951,617.04. The military expenses for the year
were $208,074.44, and the total expenses were $4,314,964.05. The
state continued to pay the interest on the public debt in specie,
as required by the act of June 12, 1840, which declared "that
hereafter the interest falling due on Pennsylvania stocks shall
always be paid in specie or its equivalent."

At the beginning of the year 1864 conditions seemed much
brighter for the Union cause. The Mississippi river had been
opened by the capture of Port Hudson and Vicksburg, and the
important victories of Lookout mountain, Missionary ridge and
Gettysburg had been won. While the South continued to be
everywhere defiant and made a vigorous effort to fill the depleted
ranks of its armies, it was evident that the war was approaching
its end. Said Gov. Curtin in his inaugural address in January,
after giving a review of the past efforts put forth by the state
and urging the people to continued efforts in support of the
government : "Three years of bloody, wasting war and the horrible
sacrifice of a quarter of a million lives attest the desperation of
their purpose to overthrow our liberties. Mourning and sorrow
spread over the entire nation, and defeat and desolation are the
terrible trophies won by the traitors' hand. Our people have
been sorely tried by disasters, but in the midst of the deepest
gloom they have stood with unfaltering devotion to the great
cause of our common country. Relying upon the ultimate tri-
umph of the right, they have proved themselves equal to the stern
duty, and worthy of their rich inheritance of freedom. Their
fidelity has been well rewarded. In God's own good time. He
has asserted His avenging power; and as this war is now per-
sisted in by the leaders of the rebellion, it has become evident that
slavery and treason, the fountain and stream of discord and
death, must soon share a common grave. In this struggle for
our honored nationality Pennsylvania has won immortal fame.
Despite the teachings of the faithless and the hesitation of the
timid, she has promptly and generously met every demand made
upon her, whether to repel invasion or to fight the battles of the
Union, wherever and whenever her people were demanded.
Upon every field made historic and sacred by the valor of our
troops, some of the martial youth of Pennsylvania have fallen.
There is scarce a hospital that has not been visited by our kind
ofifices to the sick and wounded ; there is not a department in
which brave men do not answer with pride to the name of our
noble state, and while history endures loyal hearts will turn with
feelings of national pride to Gettysburg, when the common de-
liverance of Pennsylvania and the Union will stand recorded in
the unsurpassed glory of that bloody field."

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 345

The early months of the year 1864 were made memorable be-
cause of the return of veteran three years' troops to the state.
These men had been granted a furlough on condition of reen-
listment, and many took advantage of the opportunity to come
home at this period. Many veteran regiments were thus formed
and at the same time the depleted ranks of the old regiments
were filled by new recruits. The total number of reenlistments
of volunteers this year amounted to 17,876. The total contribu-
tion of the state to the military service of the United States
during the year was very large, and may be^ summarized as
follows: Regiments numbered 181 to 191, inclusive, were or-
ganized for three years' service during the first five months of the
year, and contained 9,867 men ; the i8ist, 182nd and 185th, known
as the 20th, 2ist and 22nd cavalry, were formed from reenlisted
six months' organizations ; the 189th, known as the 4th artillery,
was formed from the surplus men of the 2nd Pa. artillery and
all the other three years' regiments were infantry organizations.
In July there were mustered into service for 100 days' term
regiments numbered 192 to 197, inclusive, one battalion of in-
fantry and one of artillery, containing 7,675 men. These or-
ganizations were raised by the state with her usual promptness
and were designed for garrison duty, being used to release the
veteran regiments from garrison duty at a time when every
available man was needed at the front. During the months
of August and September fifteen regiments, numbered 198 to
212, were organized for one year's service and sent to the front.
All these were infantry organizations except the 204th (5th Art.),
and 2i2th (6th Art.), and contained a total of 16,094 men. Vol-
unteer recruits to the number of 26,567; drafted men and sub-
stitutes numbering 10,651, and 2,974 recruits for the regular army
were sent to the front to supply the deficiencies of regiments in
the field. The total number of men furnished by the state in
1864 was 91,704. On April 6, 1864, the department of the Mo-
nongahela was annexed to that of the Susquehanna, and Gen.
D. N. Couch was placed in command of the new department.

In the latter part of July occurred the third and last invasion
of the state by the Confederates. Early in the summer rumors
of another invasion reached the ears of the authorities. When,
on July 3, Gen. Early's forces moved up the valley of the Shen-
andoah, advancing into Maryland and the District of Columbia,
up to the very defenses of Washington, and severed communica-
tion with the North for a time, Pennsylvania was called upon for
volunteers to be mustered into the Federal service for 100 days.
On July 5 Gov. Curtin issued a proclamation calling for 12,000
volunteers to go to the aid of the national capital and to repel

346 The Union Army

the threatened invasion of Pennsylvania and Maryland. As al-
ready seen, six regiments and a battalion of six companies of in-
fantry were promptly raised to meet the emergency. Every effort
was made to permit these troops to remain for the emergency
within the borders of Pennsylvania and Maryland, but this was
refused. As fast as the regiments were organized and ready for
the field they were called away, the last regiment leaving the
state on July 29. and only the battahon remained. Gen. Couch
requested that the Federal government should at least provide
uniforms for a force of minute men to be raised in the six ex-
posed border counties, but this was also refused. As a result,
when the actual invasion took place at the end of the month,
Gen. Couch found himself with a totally inadequate force to
meet the situation. Either in retaliation (as claimed by the Con-
federates) for the losses inflicted on them in the Shenandoah
Valley, or as others thought, for alleged sympathy with the
raid of John Brown, the town of Chambersburg, in Franklin
county, was marked out for destruction. Detachments to the
number of about 10,000 men crossed the Potomac at three dif-
ferent points and started north on their errand of pillage. Gov.
Curtin has thus described the raid in his message to the legisla-
ture soon after convened in special session : "On Friday, July
29, the rebel brigades of Johnston and McCausland, consisting
of 2,500 to 3,000 mounted men. with 6 guns, crossed the Potomac
at Clear Spring ford and marched direct upon Mercersburg.
There were but 45 men picketed in that direction and as the enemy
succeeded in cutting off communication, no information could
be sent to Gen. Couch, who then was at Chambersburg. The
head of this column reached Chambersburg at 3 o'clock Satur-
day morning, July 30.

"The rebel brigades of Vaughn and Jackson, numbering about
3,000 men, crossed the Potomac about the same time, at or near
Williamsport, Md., and part of the command advanced on Ha-
gerstown, the main body moving on the road from Williamsport
to Greencastle. Another rebel column of infantry and artillery
crossed the Potomac simultaneously at Shepherdstown and moved
towards Leitersburg. Gen. Averell, who then commanded about
2,600 men, was at Hagerstown, being threatened in front by
Vaughn and Jackson on his right, and by McCausland and
Johnston in the rear, and on the left by the columns which had
crossed at Shepherdstown, he fell back upon Greencastle."

Gen. Averell was under the orders of Gen. Hunter, but was
kept as fully advised by Gen. Couch as it was possible of the
enemy's movements on his right and in his rear. Gen. Couch was
in Chambersburg with 60 infantr\'. 45 cavalry and a section of

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 347

artillery, in all less than 150 men. The town was held by the
small force until daylight, during which time the government
stores and train were saved. Two batteries were then planted
by the enemy to command the town, and it was invested by the
whole force of Johnston and McCausland. At 7 o'clock, six
companies of dismounted men, commanded by Sweeney, entered
the town, followed by mounted men under Gilmore. The main
force was in line of battle and a demand was made upon the
town for $100,000 in gold or $500,000 in government currency
as ransom, and a number of citizens were arrested and tempo-
rarily held as hostages for its payment. No offer of money had
been made by the citizens, and even if they had any intention of
paying a ransom, no time was allowed to do so, as the Confeder-
ates began immediately to burn and pillage the town, disregard-
ing the appeals of women and children, the aged and infirm, and
even the bodies of the dead were not protected from their
brutality. Gen. Couch's force was too small to successfully
defend the town, but he held on and made every possible at-
tempt to retard the work of the enemy until the latter had actually
entered. Gen. Averell's command being within 9 miles of Cham-
bersburg, it was hoped he would arrive in time to save the town,
and efforts were made to communicate with him, Couch in the
meantime holding the enemy in check as much as possible. At
length Averell's force came, but too late for the best results,
as the town had then been sacked and burned and the enemy had
retired. Averell pursued and overtook them at McConnells-
burg in time to save that place, and he at once gave battle and
drove them to Hancock, across the Potomac. In the destruction
of Chambersburg, $3,000,000 worth of property was ruthlessly
destroyed, 3,000 people were made homeless, and hundreds were
left penniless.

A commission appointed by the state estimated the damage
done in the border counties as a result of the three Southern
raids at several millions of dollars, and claims of individuals
amounting to about $3,500,000 were allowed and paid by the
Commonwealth. This amount the state always claimed to be
due from the general government.

On Aug. I the governor issued a proclamation convening the
legislature in special session to concert measures for the state
defense. After reciting in his message the history of previous
invasions of the state and the measures taken for its defense,
he recommended that a special corps be raised to defend the bor-
der, saying: "I also recommend that the governor be authorized
to form, either by the acceptance of volunteers or by draft, in
such parts of the state as he may deem expedient, a special corps

348 The Union Army

of militia, to consist in due proportions of cavalry, artillery and
infantry, to be kept up to the full number of fifteen regiments,
to be styled Minute Men, who shall be sworn and mustered into
the service of the state for three years ; who shall assemble for
drill at such times and places as he may direct; who shall be
clothed, armed and equipped by the state, and paid when assem-
bled for drill or called into service; and who shall at all times be
liable to be called into immediate service for the defense of the
state, independently of the remainder of the term enlisted for.
As this force will be subjected to sudden calls, the larger part
of it should be organized in the counties adjoining our exposed
border, and as the people of those counties have more personal
interest in their protection, the recommendation is made to
authorize the governor to designate the parts of the state in
which it shall be raised, and save the time and expense of trans-
porting troops from remote parts of the state, and the subsistence
and pay in going to and from the border. A body of men so
organized will, it is believed, be effective to prevent raids and
incursions." The special session of the legislature convened on
the 9th, and on the 22nd and 25th acts were passed, authorizing
the formation of a military force to be known as the State Guard,
and to comprise fifteen regiments. Brig.-Gen. Lemuel Todd, of
Cumberland county, was commissioned by the governor on Aug.
29, 1864, as state inspector-general, and charged with the execu-
tion of an order issued on the 30th calling for volunteers for
three regiments of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and four
batteries of field artillery as the first part of such a force. Says
Gen. Todd, in his annual report : "Although strenuous efforts
were made to recruit the force in nearly every county of the com-
monwealth, the attempt proved a total failure attributable to-
inherent defects in the law, and the then pending United States
draft." Moreover, Gen. Sheridan was now engaged in con-
ducting his brilliant campaign in the Valley, which made the
region untenable even for a defensive army, and all further at-
tempts to recruit the corps were abandoned.

An act was also passed at the above special session which
finally enabled the soldiers in the field to vote at elections. In
order to exercise this right each soldier voter must have been
assessed and paid a tax of ten cents in his home township, said
tax to be in lieu of other personal taxes. Meanwhile, the work
of furnishing the state's quota for the Federal army went steadily
forward. Each locality strove as best it could to furnish its share
without resort to the draft. Many towns and villages, however,
were nearly exhausted by reason of their volunteers being cred-
ited to the richer towns, which paid higher bounties.

While the bloody campaign of 1864 was in full progress and

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 349

the whole country was watching with bated breath its outcome the
presidential election took place, which resulted in the triumphant
re-election of President Lincoln. Pennsylvania polled a total
vote of 572,702, which was divided as follows : Home vote, Lincoln,
269,679; McClellan, 263,967; soldiers' vote, Lincoln, 26,712;
McClellan, 12,349, which gave Lincoln a majority of 5,712 on
the home vote and 14,363 on the soldiers' vote.

During the fiscal year ending Nov. 30, 1864, the public debt of
the state, amounting to $39,379,603.94 was reduced $116,992.84.
The balance in the treasury continued large, despite payments of
$4,938,441, and amounted to $1,942,203. All the industries of
the state continued to be in a prosperous condition.

With the opening of the year 1865 it was evident that the war
was rapidly drawing to a close, though the work of organizing
and despatching troops to the front went forward ceaselessly.
In his message to the legislature in January, the governor showed
conclusively that general prosperity had prevailed throughout the
state despite the enormous drain produced by the war. The
quota of Pennsylvania under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. for 300,000
men, was 46,437. While the work of raising and equipping these
troops was still in progress, news of the fall of the Confederate
capital was received and all further recruiting was suspended.
On the following day Gov. Curtin issued a proclamation wherein
he stated : "The last center of treason has fallen. Richmond is
ours; our armies entered it amid the cheers and general joy
of its rescued inhabitants so long ground under the heel of usurp-
ing oppressors. The beaten rebel host is fleeing, pursued by our
victorious cohorts, to be soon captured or dispersed." From this
time on all was excitement and general rejoicing, and when Lee
surrendered it was realized that the war was practically ended.
The surrender of Lee's army was quickly followed by that of
the other armies of the Confederacy and then the work of dis-
banding the Federal forces was taken up by the government.
By the end of August nearly all the survivors among the troops
of Pennsylvania reached home, only a few organizations remain-
ing in the service on detached duty until the following year.

During the early months of 1865 the state furnished a total
of 25,840 men for the national service, the last regiments sent
to the front being the three infantry regiments numbered 213,
214 and 215. which were mustered into the U. S. service in the
months of March and April, 1865.

While the rejoicing over the close of the long struggle was still
in progress, Lincoln was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth, and
Gov. Curtin was called upon to issue another proclamation, April
19, asking the people to suspend all business pursuits as a mark
of respect to the martyred president, while the funeral train was

350 The Union Army

passing through the state. On receiving advices from Wash-
ington that the funeral cortege would stop at the state capital for
i6 hours, the governor answered : "I propose to take charge of
the remains at the line of the state, and to accompany them until
they leave it. I will meet them at the border. At Harrisburg
they will be placed in the capitol. All military and civil honors
will be shown." Every possible token of respect for the dead
was shown during the passage of the funeral party through the
state and it is impossible to exaggerate the universal evidences
of mourning. Another proclamation set apart the 26th of April
as a special day of mourning for the death of the President.

The total number of troops furnished by Pennsylvania to the
Federal government during the war, exclusive of militia and men
enlisted in the naval service, was, in 1861, 130,594; in 1862,
71,100; in 1863, 43,046; in 1864, 91,704; in 1865, 25,100; or
a grand total of 362,284. According to the statistician Phisterer,
as found in the tabulated data of his "Statistical Record of the
Armies of the United States," Pennsylvania furnished a total of
366,107 troops. These were comprised in the following organi-
zations : Cavalry, 23 regiments, 28 companies ; artillery, 4 regi-
ments, 5 companies, 19 batteries; infantr}-, 227 regiments, 62
companies ; total, 254 regiments, 95 companies, 19 batteries.

Frequent allusion has been made to the wonderful financial
strength maintained by the commonwealth throughout the war.
Gov. Curtin declared in his last annual message to the legislature
"that notwithstanding the large expenditures of the state for
military purposes since the breaking out of the rebellion, the
condition of the treasurj' is now $2,555,579.13 better than it was
then, and I am proud to be able to state that on the ist of last
December (1865) the state debt was less than on Jan. i, 1861."
The total state debt on Dec. i, 1865, stood at $37,476,258.06, a
reduction of $402,939, since Jan. i, 1861, notwithstanding the
enormous expenditures incident to the war. It was estimated
that at the close of the fiscal year Nov. 30, 1865, the extraor-
dinary state expenditures growing out of the war, and not re-
funded by the general government, aggregated $4,028,627. This
sum included the direct tax, not reimbursable, as well as the
sum of $671,476.43 which the state expended for the militia
called out June 27, 1863.

No estimate of the state's contribution to the Union cause
would be complete without some reference to the heavy ordnance
turned out at Pittsburg. The great Fort Pitt works were located
here and were in constant operation during the war. The fol-
lowing is taken from a description of the works to be found in
American Manufactures : "The establishment is one of the largest
and most complete cannon foundries in the United States or in

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 351

Europe, as no other is known having the capability of manufac-
turing guns of such enormous size, or of producing any other
kinds with equal despatch. It is the oldest cannon foundry in
the United States, having survived for more than twenty years
all others which existed when it was first established in 1814. * * *
There is probably no single establishment in the United States
which attracted so much public attention during the war as the
Fort Pitt foundry. It was thronged daily with visitors. Many
traveling strangers in passing would delay their journey a day
or two in order to visit the works. Distinguished military and
naval officers from England, France, Spain, Russia, Sweden,
Denmark, Prussia, Sardinia and Austria, who had come from
Europe to observe the operations of our armies in the field, or
to note the progress of the war and the manner of conducting
it, came from Washington City, for the special purpose of exam-
ining the works and of witnessing the casting of the monster
cannon." To meet the increased demand for cannon and ord-
nance stores the works were greatly enlarged soon after the war
began and proved of inestimable service to the general govern-
ment.

The military department of the state government was organ-
ized early in the war by the appointment of Edward M. Biddle
of Carlisle as adjutant-general ; Reuben C. Hale of Philadelphia,
quartermaster-general, and W. W. Irwin of Beaver county, com-
missary-general. John A. Wright of Mifflin county, Thomas
A. Scott of Philadelphia, R. Biddle Roberts of Pittsburg, Gideon
J. Ball of Erie. John B. Parker of Carlisle, and William
McMichael of Philadelphia were appointed aides-de-camp. A
number of vacancies occurring by the appointment of Col. Scott
as assistant secretary of war. Col. Ball as paymaster of the U. S.
army. Col. Roberts as colonel of the ist regiment of reserves.
Joseph D. Potts and Alexander L. Russell of Pittsburg, and
Craig Biddle of Philadelphia were appointed to fill the same.
Alexander L. Russell was appointed to the office of adju-
tant-general of the state in Sept., 1861, on the resigna-
tion of Gen. Biddle. and much credit is due him for
his efficient administration of the arduous office through-
out the remainder of the war. Gen. Hale died on July
2, 1863, and James Reynolds of Lancaster served as quar-
termaster-general from that time on. The office of chief of
transportation and telegraph department was successively filled
by Maj. Oliver W. Sees, Col. M. S. Quay, Lieut.-Col. James C.
Biddle, and Maj. Henry H. Gregg. The position of paymaster-
general was admirably filled by Col. Henry D. Maxwell of Easton,
with Majs. James Veech of Uniontown, John W. Ryan of Tioga,
and David McCormick of Harrisburg as assistant paymasters.

352 The Union Army

No position in the military organization of the state during the
war was more ably filled than that of surgeon-general. Henry
H. Smith, an eminent surgeon of Philadelphia, served in that
capacity with the rank of colonel until Oct., 1862. Dr. James
King, a physician of note in Pittsburg, was appointed division
surgeon, with the rank of major. Dr. King, having entered the
service as brigade surgeon on the staflF of Gen. Reynolds, re-
signed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Surgeon-
Gen. Smith. When Dr. King in turn resigned after nearly two
years' service, he was succeeded by Dr. Joseph A. Phillips, of
Pittsburg, who served until the close of the war. All these
gentlemen served indefatigably in the discharge of the trying
duties of their office. Says Adjt.-Gen. Russell in his report for
the year 1866: "In organizing the hospital department, visiting
battle fields and providing for the care of the sick and wounded,
in the selection of competent and efficient medical officers for the
regiments in the field, and in the discharge of every duty of his
office, Surgeon-Gen. Smith was indefatigable and eminently suc-
cessful." That branch of the department relating to furloughs,
transfers and discharges brought it into close relations to the
military agency at Washington, and assistant Surgeons-General
Alfred W. Green of Philadelphia, and Samuel G. Lane of Cham-
bersburg, successively discharged their difficult duties with un-
tiring zeal and intelligence.

The war had not continued very long before the serious and
protracted nature of the struggle came to be realized. Most of
the volunteers were now enlisted for long terms of service and
the casualties from disease and battle swelled rapidly in volume.
The state authorities were anxious to supply the needs of the
patriotic soldiers at the front and to aflFord every relief to the
sick and wounded. To this end a state military agency was
established at Washington by Gov. Curtin during the first year
of the war. The business of this agency was to provide for the
comfort and efficiency of Pennsylvania volunteers, care for the
sick and wounded, send home the dead bodies of those who
perished in the service, and in general minister to the wants of
the soldiers of the state. The highly important and arduous
work of this agency was well performed by Col. J. H. Puleston
of Washington, as the military agent of Pennsylvania, by appoint-
ment of Gov. Curtin, until Dec, I862. On Jan. I, 1863, Col. M. S.
Quay of Reaver county was appointed military agent, serving
until April 27, when he was succeeded by Col. R. Biddle Roberts.
The latter discharged the duties of the agency until Dec, 1863,
and was succeeded by Col. Francis Jordan of Bedford county.
Lieut. -Col. James Gilliland of Centre county served efficiently
throughout as assistant military agent, at this post. On May 4,

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 353

1864, the agency was enlarg-ed so as to include the collection of
pay, pensions and bounties due to Pennsylvania volunteers with-
out expense to the soldier, and a similar agency was authorized
by the legislature in the same act, to be established at some point
in the Southwest. Such an agency was accordingly established
at Nashville, Tenn., with Col. James Chamberlin of Union county
in charge. Both Col. Chamberlin and his energetic assistant,
Capt. Samuel H. Slifer of Union county, had been in active service
in the field and were well acquainted with the wants of the sol-
diers. They were conspicuously successful in bringing relief to
Pennsylvania soldiers in the various hospitals and barracks of
the Southwest, wherever one in need could be found. The work
of this agency was marked by both economy and diligence. The
agency was closed on April i, 1866, when all the Pennsylvania
troops had returned to the North. Gov. Curtin made the follow-
ing allusions to these agencies in his annual messages of 1864-
66 : "A reference to the reports of Col. Jordan of Washington,
and Col. Chamberlain, agent for the Southwest, will show the
magnitude and usefulness of this branch of the service. * * *
The report of the state agent at Washington shows that under his
management the claims of our soldiers are promptly examined
and paid. * * * This agency has proved very useful in all
respects, and especially to our volunteers and their families.
There have passed through the agency during the past year
(1865) 4,690 claims, and $311,703 have been collected from the
government free of charge." In all more than $500,000 were
collected by the agency and paid to the soldiers or their families.

Space is wanting in a work of this character to describe, or,
even to mention, more than a few of the many noble charities
which the war of the rebellion brought forth in Pennsylvania.
Numberless men and women, all over the broad commonwealth,
labored unceasingly to mitigate some of the horrors of war, and
gave unstintedly of their strength and means to minister to the
wants of the soldiers. With no thought of disparaging the work
of others, mention will be made of a few of these charitable
enterprises, and of some of the more prominent laborers in the
cause of mercy.

George H. Stuart of Philadelphia served throughout the war
in the onerous position of chairman of the U. S. Christian com-
mission, and was signally successful and efficient in effecting the
aims of this splendid organization, which sought not only to
minister to the spiritual needs of the soldier in camp, hospital or
on the battle-field, but also dispensed an immense amount of
practical charity. Mr. Stuart was made chairman at the first
meeting of the commission, Nov. 14, 1861, and was ever a mov-
ing spirit in this work, thoroughly efficient and possessed of

Vol. 1—23

364 The Union Army

sound judgment. We are told that this commission alone
distributed 1,466,748 copies of the Bible, in whole or in part,
8,000,000 copies of knapsack books of a religious nature, and
that through it 18,000,000 copies of the best religious news-
papers, fresh from the press, were issued to the army. It em-
ployed about 5,000 unpaid agents to carry on its work and
expended the enormous sum of $6,250,000. Says Mr. Stuart:
"After the battle of Gettysburg, when tens of thousands of
wounded and dying men were thrown upon our hands, I tele-
graphed in all directions. To Boston I telegraphed : 'Can I draw
on you for $10,000 at sight?' It was stuck up in the exchange.
The merchants at once formed in line to put down their sub-
scriptions, and the answer came: 'Draw for $60,000.' x\nd the
little children helped us too. They made tens of thousands of
little housewives, comfort-bags as the soldiers called them, with
buttons, needles and thread, comb, cake of soap, and, above all,
a little tract or Testament, and sent them on through the com-
mission to the needy soldiers, and they did them a world of good."
Another devoted friend of the soldiers was Mrs. John Harris
of Philadelphia. Almost from the beginning, she labored at the
front engaged in ministering to the wants of the sick, wounded
and dying. Through her earnest pen she aroused the charitable
instincts of the whole North. Her great deserts are thus set
forth in Moore's Women of the War: "If there were any such
vain decorations of human approbation as a crown, or a wreath,
or a star, for her who in the late war has done the most and
labored the longest, who visited the greatest number of hos-
pitals, prayed with the greatest number of suffering and
dying soldiers, penetrated nearest to the front and underwent
the greatest amount of fatigue and exposure — that crown, or that
star, would be rightfully given to Mrs. John Harris, of Phila-
delphia." After the first battle of Bull Run she hurried to
Washington and labored zealously in the militar}^ hospitals of
that city, Georgetown and Alexandria. From this time on she
was constantly at the front, and at Williamsburg, Fair Oaks,
Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout mountain, Chat-
tanooga, and many another stricken field, she was the soldiers'
ministering angel. Writing from Gettysburg, July 4, she says:
"Am full of work and sorrow. The appearance of things here
beggars all description. Our dead lie unburied and our wounded
neglected. Numbers have been drowned by the sudden rise in
the waters of the creek bottoms and thousands of them are still
naked and starving. God pity us — pity us." The various Ladies'
aid societies of the state had in her a most efficient agent in dis-
tributing their supplies to the points most needed. It is no ex-
aggeration to say that through her hundreds of lives were saved

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 355

and many hundreds more were tenderly cared for during their
last moments.

One of the noteworthy relief agencies of the war was the
Meadville relief association. Credit for much of the beneficent
work of this organization is due to the untiring zeal of its first
president, Mrs. Hannah Moore. Until her untimely death before
the end of the war, she devoted her days to the work of the
relief rooms, and after hours, when worn and tired from the
day's work, she was engaged in a voluminous correspondence
with other relief societies and individuals in the interest of her
chosen work. The books of the association show that in 1863
there were shipped from its rooms 86 boxes, 21 barrels and 16
firkins to Fortress Monroe, Frederick, Baltimore, Washington,
Philadelphia, Gettysburg and Cleveland. All this material
needed to be carefully sorted and packed for shipment. More
than 3,503 yards of cotton and 600 yards of flannel were here
made into needed garments. Two great relief agencies which
attained a national reputation, took their rise in Philadelphia —
the Union volunteer refreshment saloon, and the Cooper Shop
volunteer refreshment saloon. Both institutions worked in har-
monious cooperation ; each had its origin in humble beginnings ;
each grew into a noble charity of splendid proportions quite early
in the war. As the first troops began to move toward Wash-
ington in the spring of 186 1, coming from the New England
States, New York, and the western states, the generous people
of Philadelphia provided them with nutritious food, warm drink,
and otherwise cared for the tired and hungry soldiers during
their temporary sojourn in the city. At first the men were fed
upon the streets in the neighborhood of the Baltimore depot, or
were quartered in the hospitable homes in the vicinity. Soon,
however, the work was systematized and no troops, whether
going to the front, or returning from ser\ace, were permitted to
pass through the city without being generously cared for.

The Union volunteer refreshment saloon took its rise when
Bazilla S. Brown gave public notice that he would receive con-
tributions of food supplies for the purpose of feeding the troops
passing through the city. He started with 11 pounds of coflfee,
serving the warming drink from a rude improvised table. On
June I, a vacant boat-house on Washington avenue was leased
in the name of Mr. Brown, appropriately fitted and served its
purpose until the necessities of the association demanded more
space, when additions were made to the original building, cov-
ering 95 by 150 feet. Soon after the saloon was established, a
hospital room was opened in connection with it to accommodate
the sick and Dr. Eliab Ward presided over it gratuitously
throughout the war. All its furnishings and supplies were do-

356 The Union Army

nated and many devoted and tender-hearted women freely gave
their services in ministering to the war-worn soldiers. Over
11,000 sick and wounded soldiers received attention here, such
as nursing and medical attendance ; more than 20,000 had their
wounds dressed, and over 40,000 received a night's lodging.
When enlarged the saloon could supply 1,200 men at one time,
and it cared for as many as 15,000 in a single day. Its records
show that more than 800,000 soldiers were received and 1,025,-
000 meals were supplied. Not a penny of its cost, which was
very moderate by reason of its careful management, came from
the public treasury, but all was the result of the free-will offer-
ings of the people. The average cost of a soldier's meal varied
from 9 to 10 cents at first, but nearly doubled later in the war.
The food was as good or better than that of the average city
hotel. Advanced information of the arrival of troops was re-
ceived by wire and all was ready when they came in. The insti-
tution extended a helping hand not only to Union soldiers, but
aided more than 15,000 Southern refugees, Confederate de-
serters and freedmen, and shipped vast quantities of stores to
St. Louis, Kentucky and other points maintaining similar insti-
tutions. After the battle of Bull Run, 290 sick and wounded
soldiers from that field were cared for temporarily, and some
260 for a long period of time. After the battle of Gettysburg,
more than 700 patients were received and cared for by the insti-
tution. Many thousands of grateful veterans can attest to the
great good done by this association. State officials were especially
warm in their praise. Gov. Andrew of Massachusetts wrote :
"Gratefully acknowledging the comfort, encouragement and con-
solation afforded to many thousands of our New England sol-
diers, to whom, in their hunger, thirst, weariness and sickness,
our devoted friends in Philadelphia have administered with un-
failing generosity, kindness and solicitude." Gov. Buckingham
of Connecticut: "Such disinterested and self-sacrificing benev-
olence will be gratefully remembered, not only by the soldiers,
but by their many friends in this state." Gov. Holbrook of
Vermont: "Over 6,000 of the volunteer soldiers of Vermont,
on their way to the seat of war, have been refreshed and com-
forted at your saloon, and 'Our Green Mountain Boys' remember
the kind attention of the citizens of Philadelphia with lively
gratitude. On behalf of the state of Vermont, I return hearty
thanks for the kindness shown to our soldiers on their passage
through your city," Sec. Seward added this word of praise:
"The disinterested patriotism and benevolence of those who man-
age that institution have for some time past attracted my atten-
tion and admiration." And said the great Everett : "No one cir-
cumstance, I am sure, has contributed more to the comfort and

Military Affairs in Pennsylvania 357

health of our patriotic fellow-citizens who have obeyed their
country's call. It has given your city a new and most command-
ing title to her beautiful name," The officers of the association
were as follows : chairman, Arad Barrows ; recording secretary,
J. B. Wade ; treasurer, B. S. Brown ; steward, J. T. Williams ;
physician, E. Ward ; corresponding secretary and general finan-
cial agent, Samuel B. Fales, while on its committees were about
fifty prominent ladies and gentlemen. Only one of its officers or
agents received pay — the steward — whose duties were constant
and arduous.

Oi similar reputation and character was the great Cooper
Shop volunteer refreshment saloon. It stood upon Otsego street,
just south of Washington avenue, convenient to the line of march
taken by the soldiers in passing through the city. Its dimensions
were 50 by 150 feet. William M. Cooper and H. W. Pearce
had been using the building for the manufacture of shooks
for the West India trade, which gave it the name, and these gen-
tlemen first suggested that it be used for refreshment purposes.
The first extemporized arrangements soon gave way to a well
equipped institution, provided with appliances for making hun-
dreds of gallons of coffee daily, and for preparing and serving
an abundance of the best and most nutritious food. The hospital
which was established in connection with it was presided over by
Dr. Andrew Nebinger gratuitously and a committee of prominent
women freely gave their services to the sick and wounded. A
joint committee from the Union and Cooper Shop saloons secured
the friendly cooperation of the two great charities. During the
first five months in which the hospital was in operation, it re-
ceived 130 patients. In the early part of 1862 it was placed in
charge of Mrs. R. P. King, Mrs. William Struthers and Mrs.
Hatch, in addition to the principal, Miss Anna M. Ross. On
Feb. 15, 1862, so great were the demands upon the association
for hospital treatment, that a soldiers' home was projected and
chartered by the Philadelphia court. Suitable rooms were se-
cured for the purpose, and after raising a fund of $2,400, these
rooms were equipped and formally dedicated to those uses. On
the very day of the dedication, Miss Ross was called to her final
rest, worn out by her ceaseless labors. She was succeeded by
Mrs. Abigail Horner as lady principal of the hospital, with whom
were associated Mrs. J. Floyd, Mrs. J. Perry, Mrs. R. P. King,
Mrs. E. E. Roberts, Mrs. William M. Cooper and Mrs. P. Fitz-
patrick. After the legislature had incorporated the home in
1864, it was merged in the soldiers' home of Philadelphia. Orig-
inally located at Race and Crown streets, it was subsequently
transferred to the state arsenal at i6th and Filbert streets, the
arsenal having been granted by the legislature for the purpose.

358 The Union Army

Besides the thousands of soldiers who received dispensary treat-
ment, the hospital received within its doors to May 25, 1862,
159; to May 25, 1863, 305; to May 25, 1864, 85 were admitted,
two died and 79 were discharged; to May 25, 1865, 12 died,
and 291 were discharged. At the close of the war 160 were
under treatment and it secured an endowment fund of $100,000.
Says the historian S. P. Bates : "On the occasion of the flag pre-
sentation in July, 1866, when the banners of Pennsylvania regi-
ments were delivered back to the hands of the governor to be
deposited in the archives of the state, the orphan children of the
soldiers were received at the home. Seven hundred of them were
hospitably entertained during their stay in the city." All classes
of citizens were interested in the work of the Cooper Shop vol-
unteer refreshment saloon, and all vied with each other in their
support of the institution. During a period of a little more than
four years, this great charity received and ministered to 600,000
soldiers. Hundreds of letters were received from all over the
land, from soldiers themselves and from their relatives and
friends, testifying to the enduring regard in which the beneficent
institution was held. The original committee of the saloon con-
sisted of William M. Cooper, H. W. Pearce, A. M. Simpson,
W. R. S. Cooper, Jacob Plant, Walter R. Mellon, A. S. Simpson,
C. V. Fort, William Morrison, Samuel W. Nickels, Philip Fitz-
patrick, T. H. Rice, William M. Maull, R. H. Ransley, L. B. M.
Dolby, A. H. Cain, William H. Dennis, R. H. Hoffner, L. W.
Thornton, Joseph E. Sass. T. L. Coward, E. J. Herrity, C. L.
Wilson, Joseph Perry, R. G. Simpson, Isaac Plant, James
Toomey, H. H. Webb, William Sprowle, Henry Dubosq, G. R.
Birch, Christopher Jacoby. James Tosing, E. S. Cooper, Joseph
Coward, J. T. Packer, A. Nebinger, and R. Nebinger.

The honor of the commonwealth was pledged to care for sol-
diers' orphans, and as early as 1863 a plan was put in operation
for the maintenance and support of these orphaned charges upon
the state's charity. The report of Hon. T. H. Burrowes, under
whose management was placed the system adopted by the state,
shows that in 1865, 1,242 orphans had been actually admitted to
the schools, and that 1,846 applications had been received and
allowed. Gov. Curtin referred to these schools thus in his an-
nual message for 1866 : "I have heretofore commended this char-
ity to you and I deem it unnecessary to add another word in
asking a continuance of an appropriation which is to provide for
and educate the best blood of the state." In addition to the
three soldiers' orphan schools now maintained by the state at
Scotland, Franklin county, Chester Springs, Chester county, and
Uniontown, Fayette county, it supports the Pennsylvania sol-
diers' and sailors' home at Erie, where nearly 500 dependents are

Pennsylvania Regiments 359

cared for. In the movement which made the orphans of the
soldiers a public charge, Pennsylvania led the way for all the
states, and her munificence has been equalled by none. The
last important military event, which bore an immediate relation
to the war, took place in Philadelphia on the anniversary of the
nation's independence, July 4, 1866. It was a very unusual and
highly dramatic ceremony, and the scene presented to the eyes of
the great concourse assembled was one of exceeding brilliancy
and patriotic import. On this occasion the war worn and battle
stained state flags carried through the war by Pennsylvania regi-
ments were borne in an immense military procession of seven
divisions, commanded by Maj.-Gen. Winfield S. Hancock,
through tthe streets of the city to Independence square. Thou-
sands of people lined the route of the procession and among the
great throng gathered to witness the ceremonies in the square
were 1,200 orphans, "the children of the commonwealth." When
the procession reached Independence square, Maj.-Gen. George
G. Meade delivered an eloquent presentation address and for-
mally returned the flags into the hands of Gov. Curtin, who re-
ceived them with an appropriate response, and they were then
securely deposited among the archives of the state, there to
remain as a lasting memento of the patriotism and valor of those
who bore them.

RECORD OF PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENTS

First Infantry. — Col., Samuel Yohe; Lieut. -Col, Tilghman H. Good;
Maj., Thomas W. Lynn. This regiment, composed of men from
Northampton, Dauphin, Lancaster, Berks and Lehigh counties, was mus-
tered into the U. S. service for a three months' term, at Harrisburg,
April 18 to 21, 1861. The regiment left Harrisburg on April 20 for
Cockeysville, but fearful of bringing about a premature encounter and
thereby causing the secession of Maryland, it withdrew to the vicinity of
York. The first part of the month of May was spent in guard duty along
the Northern Central railroad, and the latter part in guarding the roads
from Catonsville, Md., to Harper's Ferry and Frederick, Md. On June
3, the regiment was ordered to Chambersburg and assigfned to Gen.
Patterson's army, then encamped at Funkstown. A fortnight was spent
at Frederick, Md., and a week of garrison duty followed at Martinsburg.
It was next ordered to Charlestown, and from there to Harper's Ferry,
and on July 24 returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out.

Second Infantry.— Col, Frederick S. Stumbaugh; Lieut-Col, Thomas
Welsh; Maj., James Given. The 2nd regiment, recruited in Frank-
lin, Perry, Adams, Lancaster, Chester, Center, Dauphin and York coun-
ties, was mustered into the U. S. service for a three months' term on
April 20, 1861, at Harrisburg. Like the ist regiment, it was ordered to
proceed to Cockeysville, then to York and Chambersburg. It formed

360 The Union Army

with the 1st and 3d, the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, Department of Wash-
ington, and was chiefly employed about Funkstown and Martinsburg.
On July 15, Gen. Pattersons army marched to Bunker Hill, but re-
turned to Charlestown on the 17th, where the 2nd remained till its return
to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out of the service July 26.

Third Infantry. — Col., Francis P. Minier; Lieut.-Col, John M. Power;
Maj. Oliver M. Irvine. The 3d regiment, recruited in Blair, Cambria
and Allegheny counties, was mustered in for three months' service, April
20, 1861, at Harrisburg, and left the same day for Cockeysville. It then
returned to York and was next ordered to Chambersburg, where it was
assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division. After a short time in camp at
Funkstown it moved with Gen. Patterson's army to Martinsburg. It
was assigned to guard duty at the supply depot at Williamsport, and
remained there until July 26. It was mustered out on July 29.

Fourth Infantry. — Col., John F. Hartranft; Lieut.-Col., Edward
Schall; Maj., Edwin Schall. The 4th regiment, recruited in Montgomery,
Delaware, Union and Center counties, was a militia regiment and was
mustered in for three months' service on April 20, 1861, at Harrisburg.
Its origin was the ist regiment, 2nd brigade, 2nd division, of the state
militia. After the presentation of flags by the ladies of Norristown,
the regiment reported at Harrisburg and left there on April 21, for Phila-
delphia under command of Col. Dare. It occupied Perryville, Md., and was
then ordered to Washington, where it was obliged to remain for lack of
camp equipage. These first regiments were hurried to Gen. Patterson's
support so rapidly in response to the call for troops that they were very
insufficiently equipped in every way. The first camp was at Bladensburg,
the next at Shuter's hill and on the old Fairfax road the pickets were
attacked by the enemy and the first blood shed. In July, the 4th was
assigned to McDowell's army, moved to Centerville and was there
appealed to by Gen. McDowell to remain in his command for a longer
time as he expected and desired an encounter with the opposing forces.
The men were, however, mustered out at Harrisburg at the expiration
of the time of enlistment, most of them reenlisting later in three years'
regiments. Their colonel remained with Gen. McDowell.

Fifth Infantry.— Col., R. P. McDowell; Lieut.-Col, Benjamin C.
Christ; Maj., R. Bruce Petriken. The 5th regiment, recruited at Alle-
ghany City, Pittsburg, Lebanon, Reading, Huntingdon and in Schuyl-
kill county, was mustered in at Harrisburg, April 20 and 21, 1861, for
three months' service. It started for Baltimore, but returned to Harris-
burg; proceeded to Philadelphia, then to Annapolis and finally to Wash-
ington. The first camp was Camp Washington, just outside the city;
the next at Shuter's hill. Assigned to Gen. McDowell's brigade, the regi-
ment performed guard duty at Alexandria till the return to Harrisburg
for muster out, which took place on July 25.

Sixth Infantry. — Col., James Nagle; Lieut.-Col., James J. Seibert;
Maj., John E. Wynkoop. The 6th regiment was recruited in Schuylkill
and Carbon counties and was mustered in for three months' service, at
Harrisburg, April 21 to 23, 1861. It reached Philadelphia on April 22,
and remained there until May 7, being provided with many comforts by
the citizens of the city. Guard duty followed at Newark, Chesapeake
City, North East, Charlestown, Elkton and Perryville. On May 28, the
command was ordered to Chambersburg and, in Col. Thomas' brigade,
proceeded to Greencastle and Williamsport, Md. Gen. Patterson, com-
manding the Department of Pennsylvania, proposed a movement .-^gainst
Harper's Ferry, but, so many of his troops were ordered to the defense
of Washington that he was obliged to forego his plans and the 6th went
into camp near Williamsport. At Falling Waters, early in July, the 6th
had a sharp brush with the enemy. It then entered Martinsburg; was sent

Pennsylvania Regiments 361

after a body of Confederate cavalry to Bunker Hill; then proceeded to
Charlestown and back to Harrisburg for muster out, which took place the
last week of July.

Seventh Infantry.— Col, William H. Irwin; Lieut.-Col., Oliver H.
Rippey; Maj., F. P. Robinson. This regiment was recruited at Pittsburg,
Alleghany, Fredonia, Pleasantville, Reading, Boalsburg and Lewistown,
and was mustered in at Harrisburg, April 22 and 23, 1861, for three
months' service. It was ordered to Chambersburg, arriving there on.
April 23 and remained until June 8. It was treated with marked courtesy
by the citizens of Chambersburg, presented with a beautiful flag, and left
its kind hosts with regret. It was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist divi-
sion, under Gen. Patterson and encamped near Greencastle. On June 14,
the regiment moved to Williamsport, on July 2 to Martinsburg, W. Va.,
then to Bunker Hill and Charlestown, the enemy retiring toward Win-
chester. On July 22, the regiment started for Harrisburg, where the men
were mustered out.

Eighth Infantry. — Col., A. H. Emley; Lieut.-Col, Samuel Bowman;
Maj., Joseph Phillips. The 8th was composed of Luzerne county men,
with the addition of a company from Northumberland county and two from
Jefferson county. It contained several militia companies, a number of new
recruits, and was mustered in for three months, at Harrisburg, April

21 to 24, 1861. It reported at Chambersburg, where it was at once
assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, and moved on June 7, to Green-
castle. A few days later it was ordered to Williamsport, then marched
to Martinsburg, Bunker Hill and Charlestown with Gen. Patterson's army,
took part in some skirmishes, and returned to Harrisburg, where the men
were mustered out on July 29.

Ninth Infantry. — Col, H. C. Longnecker; Lieut.-Col, William H. H.
Hangen; Maj., Charles Glantz. This regiment was recruited in Chester,
Armstrong, Cumberland, Lehigh, Northampton, Schuylkill, and Delaware
counties and was mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, April

22 to 24, 1861, to serve for three months. May 4, it arrived at West
Chester, encamped there until the 26th and then proceeded to Wilmington,
Del. On June 6 it joined Gen. Patterson at Chambersburg and was
assigned to the 4th brigade, ist division, under Gen. Dixon S. Miles.
Ten days later it crossed the Potomac, camping near the river, and on the
departure of Gen. Miles for Washington reported at Williamsport. It
remained near the river until July i, when it advanced to Martinsburg,
and after participation in the movements to Bunker Hill and Charlestown
returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out on July 29.

Tenth Infantry. — Col, Sullivan A. Meredith ; Lieut.-Col, Oliver J.
Dickey; Maj., Richard White. The loth was recruited in the counties of
Lancaster, Center, Schuylkill, Dauphin, Cambria and Huntingdon and was
mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, April 22 to 29, 1861, to
serve for three months. Ordered to Chambersburg on May i, it en-
camped there until June 8, when it moved to Greencastle as part of the
3d brigade, ist division. Gen. Patterson's army, which proceeded through
Middleburg to St. James college and on July i entered Virginia. It
reached Martinsburg on the 3d, after a slight skirmish with the enemy
on the road. The regiment participated in the marches to Bunker Hill
and Charlestown and was formed in battle line at the latter place, when
the news of Bull Run was received, which closed the campaign in Vir-
ginia. On July 31, the regiment was mustered out at Harrisburg.

Eleventh Infantry. — Col, Phaon Jarrett; Lieut.-Col, Richard Coul-
ter; Maj., William D. Earnest. The nth regiment was recruited in the
counties of Lycoming, Clinton, Luzerne, Northumberland, Montour and
Westmoreland, and was mustered in at Harrisburg, April 23 to 26, 1861,
for three months' service. On May 4 it was ordered to West Chester

362 The Union Army

and remained in camp near that place until the 27th. Its first duty was
to keep open various approaches to Washington, and to that end details
were posted at Newark, Chesapeake City, Charlestown, Perryville and
Havre-de-Grace. It was next ordered to Chambersburg ; then to Will-
iamsport; and took part in the engagement at Falling Waters, where it
lost I man killed and 10 wounded. The nth was then posted at Martins-
burg until July 15, when it moved to Bunker Hill, and to Charlestown
two days later. It was mustered out at Harrisburg on Aug. i. The
entire regiment was remustered for three years, retaining its number,
and was the first three years' regiment from the state. During its three
years' service the officers were as follows : Col., Richard Coulter ; Lieut.-
Cols., Thomas S. Martin, Henry A. Frink, Benjamin F. Haines; Majs.,
Henry A. Frink, John B. Keenan, Benjamin F. Haines, John B. Over-
meyer. The men reassembled at Harrisburg and were mustered in up to
Nov. 27, when the regiment was ordered to Annapolis. There were nine
companies, numbering 813 men. Another company was assigned to the
regiment but never joined it. The winter was spent in guard duty at
Annapolis and on April 9, 1862, the nth left for Washington. From
there it moved to Manassas Junction, where it was posted along the
Manassas Gap railroad. In the Army of Virginia, the regiment took part
in the battle of Cedar mountain. In August a detachm'ent of men for the
loth company joined the regiment and the next day the troops made a
gallant defense of Thoroughfare gap. At Bull Run the losses were
heavy, and the nth was also active at Chantilly, Antietam and Fred-
ericksburg. This closed the year 1862 and in Jan., 1863, the regiment
joined in the famous "Mud March," after which it remained in camp at
Fletcher's Chapel until April 29, the opening of the Chancellorsville cam-
paign. At Gettysburg a successful movement on the part of the brigade
to which the nth was attached, resulted in the capture of 500 prisoners.
The regiment followed the fortunes of the Army of the Potomac through
the Mine Run campaign and in Jan., 1864, over three-fourths of the men
reenlisted, which assured the return of the nth after furlough as a
veteran regiment. On March 28 the nth left Harrisburg for Washington,
having added enough recruits to make a total of 590 men. In the activi-
ties of the Army of the Potomac during the year, at the Wilderness,
Bethesda Church, the North Anna river, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and
the Weldon railroad the nth had its full share. Its final campaign was
with the same army in the early part of 1865 and after the surrender of
Lee at Appomattox Court House the regiment returned to Harrisburg,
where it was mustered out early in July.

Twelfth Infantry. — Col., David Campbell; Lieut. -Col., Norton
McGiffin ; Maj., Alexander Hayes. This regiment, of which six com-
panies were recruited at Pittsburg, two at New Castle and two in Wash-
ington county, was mustered into the U. S. service, April 25, 1861, at
Harrisburg, to serve for three months. Several weeks were spent at
York and on May 25 the regiment was ordered to guard the Northern
Central railroad between the state line and Baltimore. Headquarters were
made at Cockeysville and this laborious but important duty was faithfully
performed by the troops until mustered out at Harrisburg on Au^. 5, 1861.

Thirteenth Infantry. — Col, Thomas A. Rowley; Lieut.-Col, John
N. Purviance; Maj., W. S. Mellinger. The 13th, of whose companies
seven were recruited at Pittsburg, one at Butler, one at Birmingham and
one at Bedford, was mustered in at Harrisburg, April 24 to 26, 1861, for
three months' service. It was stationed first at York, but moved to
Chambersburg on June 4 and reported to Col. Dixon S. Miles. Marching
to Williamsport, the 13th entered Virginia on June 16, but a return was
soon ordered to Williamsport, where the 13th formed part of the garrison.
The movements to Bunker Hill, Charlestown and Harper's Ferry followed

Pennsylvania Regiments 363

and then the return to Harrisburg for muster out which took place on
Aug. 6. Five companies under Col. Rowley left in a fortnight for Wash-
ington, where they were soon joined by others, a total of 1,200 men,
desirous of enlisting for three years but not for some time were they
recognized, when they became the I02d Pa. infantry.

Fourteenth Infantry.— Col., John W. Johnston; Lieut.-Col., Richard
McMichael; Maj., Charles N. Watts. The 14th regiment came from dif-
ferent parts of the state and was mustered in from April 22 to May 2,
at Harrisburg, for three months' service. On May 9 it was ordered to
Lancaster, where it was treated with marked hospitality and remained
until June 3. The next two weeks were spent at Chambersburg and the
remainder of the month at Sharpsburg. On July 3 the force under Gen.
Patterson arrived at Martinsburg, W. Va., and while here the 14th was
presented by the ladies of the city with a beautiful flag. With the pre-
ceding regiments the 14th joined in the marches to Bunker Hill, Charles-
town and Harper's Ferry and then returned to Carlisle for muster out.
One company was captured at Falling Waters in July.

Fifteenth Infantry. — Col., Richard A. Oakford; Lieut.-Col, Thomas
Biddle; Maj., Stephen N. Bradford. The 15th, of which five companies
came from Luzerne county, two from Lancaster, one each from Center
and Cambria, and one from Harrisburg, was mustered in for three
months' service, April 23 to May i, 1861, at Harrisburg. On May 9 it
was ordered to Lancaster; on June 3 to Chambersburg; then to Hagers-
town on the i6th and on the i8th to Williamsport. Near Falling Waters
a body of the enemy, disguised as Union soldiers, captured Co. I, which
had been sent forward as skirmishers. Of these first captives after Sum-
ter, 6 died in prison and the others were exchanged in 1862, after suffer-
ing great hardships. July 4 found the regiment at Martinsburg, the
movements to Bunker Hill, Charlestown and Hagerstown following, and
on Aug. 7, the men were mustered out at Carlisle.

Sixteenth Infantry. — Col., Thomas A. Ziegle; Lieut.-Col., George J.
Higgins ; Maj., Frank T. Bennett. The i6th was composed of five militia
companies from Schuylkill county, four companies recruited in York
county and one from Cumberland county, and was mustered in at Harris-
burg from April 20 to 30, 1861. The company from Cumberland county vol-
unteered for three years or during the war, being the first company from
Pennsylvania to do so, and was mustered in for that term. The remainder
of the regiment was mustered in for three months' service. The regiment
was sent to York, then to Chambersburg and assigned to the 4th brigade,
1st division. It crossed the Potomac with the advance of the army;
returned to the vicinity of Williamsport ; crossed again early in July ;
moved to Martinsburg, Bunker Hill, Smithfield and Charlestown, and then
returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out on July 30.

Seventeenth Infantry. — Col., Francis E. Patterson ; Lieut.-Col., Robert
O. Tyler; Maj., William A. Lerch. This regiment, from Philadelphia,
was a militia regiment (the ist artillery), afterward called the Quaker
regiment because of the hats presented by patriotic citizens of the city.
The regiment was mustered into the U. S. service April 25, i86t, and
ordered to Perryville on May 8, where it embarked for Baltimore and
occupied the city on the 13th. No troops had passed through since the
attack on the 6th Mass., but the 17th met with no resistance and opened
the city to the passage of regiments from the north. The regiment took
part in the Rockville expedition and details guarded the Potomac at
Edwards' and Conrad's ferries. On July 8 it joined Gen. Patterson's
army at Martinsburg and was assigned to the 7th brigade, 3d division,
under Col. Stone. The marches to Bunker Hill, Charlestown and Har-
per's Ferry followed and on Aug. 2 the men were mustered out at Phila-
delphia, although they offered to remain longer in service if needed.

364 The Union Army

Eighteenth Infantry. — Col., William D. Lewis, Jr. ; Lieut.-Col, Charles
Wilhelm; Maj., Alexander E. Newbold. This regiment was organized
by the addition of recruits to the ist regiment, ist brigade, ist division,,
of the state militia. It was recruited and mustered in at Philadelphia on
April 24 and 25 for three months. On May 14 the regiment
moved to Perrj^ville, where it immediately embarked for Locust Point.
It was posted at Fort McHenry until May 22, when it proceeded to Balti-
more and there performed guard and police duty until the end of the
term of enlistment, with the exception of a detail sent to Pikesville to
garrison the national arsenal. Owing to the necessity for their presence
at Baltimore, Cos. B, C, D, E, G, H, K, and part of Co. I were remustered
into the U. S. service July 24 for ten days, and on Aug. 7, the regiment
was mustered out at Philadelphia.

Nineteenth Infantry. — Col., Peter Lyle; Lieut.-Col, D. W. C. Baxter;
Maj., J. W. Fritz. The 19th, a Philadelphia militia regiment — the National
Guards — was mustered in at Philadelphia on May 18, 1861. It was deemed
so great an honor to be a member of this regiment that its ranks were
soon filled and many applicants refused. Orders to proceed to Baltimore
were received on May 10 and the regiment was posted there during its
term of service, its quarters being at Camp Pennsylvania, just outside
Fort McHenry. The duty of arresting Marshal Kane was assigned to
the 19th and was accomplished successfully. In response to the urgent
request of Gen. Dix, every member of the command remained with him
until other troops could be supplied, which was, however, but a few days,
and the 19th was mustered out at Philadelphia on Aug. 29.

Twentieth Infantry. — Col., William H. Gray; Lieut.-Col, George
Moore; Maj., Andrew H. Tippin. The 20th regiment was the outgrowth
of the Scott Legion of Philadelphia, veterans of the Mexican war, and
was mustered into the national service at Philadelphia on April 30, i86r,
for three months. Early in June the regiment was ordered to Cham-
bersburg and assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division of Gen. Patterson's
force. It moved to Williamsport and shared in the marches to Martins-
burg, Bunker Hill and Charlestown. On July 24 it left for Philadelphia
and was there mustered out.

Twenty-first Infantry. — Col, John F. Ballier; LieuL-Col, Charles
Ernenwein ; Maj., Adolph Mehler. This regiment was a Philadelphia
organization and it was there mustered in for three months' service on
April 29, 1861. It was the outgrowth of a rifle battalion attached to the
1st brigade, ist division of the state militia. On May 20 it was ordered
to Suffolk Park; on the 28th to Chambersburg, where it became part of
the 1st brigade, ist division of Gen. Patterson's army. It crossed the
Potomac on June 17 but the force soon returned to the Maryland side
and encamped. On July 2 the army moved to Martinsburg and thence
after a fortnight, to Bunker Hill Charlestown and Harper's Ferry.
While in Martinsburg the 21st was presented with a beautiful flag by the
loyal Union Germans of that city. On Aug. 8 the regiment was mustered
out at Philadelphia.

Twenty-second Infantry. — Col, Turner G. Morehead ; Lieut.-Col,
William L. Curry; Maj., George P. McLean. The 22nd was also a Phila-
delphia militia regiment, mustered into the U. S. service in that city,
April 23, 1861, for a three months' term. It was known as the Phila-
delphia Light Guard. In May it was ordered to Baltimore; encamped
at Locust Point; later at Patterson's park and at Mount Clare; and per-
formed guard and police duty in Baltimore until mustered out on Aug.
7, at Philadelphia.

Twenty-third Infantry. — Col. Charles P. Dare; Lieut.-Col, David
B. Birney; Maj., George C. Spear. The 23d was a Philadelphia militia
regiment and was mustered into the national service in that city, April 21,

Pennsylvania Regiments 365

t86i, for a three months' term. The same day it was ordered to Perry-
ville and was posted along the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore
railroad on guard duty until May 28, when it was relieved and proceeded
to Chambersburg, where it was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division
of Gen. Patterson's army. It followed the already described route of this
force; engaged the enemy at Falling Waters, and was mustered out at
Philadelphia on July 31.

Twenty-third Infantry (Three Years). — Cols., David B. Birney,
Thomas H. Neill, John Ely, John F. Glenn; Lieut.-Col., Charles Wilhelm;
Majs., George C. Spear, William J. Wallace. The 23d regiment was
immediately reorganized for three years' service and on Aug. 14, 1861,
the ranks were filled. It was ordered to Washington, there recruited to
fifteen companies and assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, 4th corps,
with which it remained in the vicinity of Washington during the winter.
On Feb. 17, 1862, Col. Birney was appointed a brigadier-general and soon
after four companies were transferred to the 6ist Pa., and Co. M was
distributed among the remaining ten companies. The regiment partici-
pated in the campaign on the Peninsula, engaged in the siege of York-
town and the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, White Oak swamp and
the movement to Malvern hill. Still with the Army of the Potomac it
was active at Chantilly, present at South mountain and Antietam and
engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg. Winter quarters were made
near Falmouth and the "Mud March" was the only movement until the
Chancellorsville campaign in the spring of 1863, when the 23d shared
without orders in the charge on Marye's heights, filling the place of a
regiment, which broke at a critical moment. Engagements followed at
Salem Church and Deep run and in the battle of Gettysburg the 23d
was active, though it was fortunate in escaping with fewer losses than
the other regiments of the brigade. On July 10, the enemy was overtaken
at Funkstown and a sharp battle ensued. Moving southward with the
army, the 23d engaged in the fight at Rappahannock Station; took part in
the Mine Run expedition ; and then returned to Brandy Station. On Dec.
30, 1863, some 200 members of the 23d reenlisted, were furloughed and
joinedtheir regiment again at Johnson's island in Lake Erie, where the balance
of the command had preceded them. Here 4,200 Confederates were im-
prisoned and the troops were posted on guard until May 9, 1864, when
they were again ordered to the front and assigned to guard prisoners
taken in the Wilderness campaign. Joining the brigade late in May the
regiment was engaged at Hanover Court House. At Cold Harbor, in
an assault preceded by a charge across an open field, the losses were
very heavy, but the position was gained and held. On June 19 the 23d
arrived at Petersburg and was active here and at the Weldon railroad,
until ordered to the defense of Washington in July, under Gen. Wright.
This force followed Gen. Early into Virginia and then started to return
to Petersburg, but was obliged to turn again to check Early. On July 29
it arrived at Harper's Ferry and formed a junction with the forces under
Crook and Hunter. After crossing and recrossing the river, the army
moved to Cedar creek and then back to Charlestown. At this time the
23d returned to Philadelphia, where it was mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864,
the veterans and recruits being transferred to the 82nd Pa. infantry.

Twenty-fourth Infantry. — Col., Joshua T. Owen; Lieut.-Col, Dennis
Heenan; Maj., Dennis O'Kane. This regiment, composed mainly of men
of Irish descent, was the outgrowth of a Philadelphia militia regiment
and was recruited in that city, with the exception of one company from
Wilmington, Del. It was mustered in at Philadelphia, May I, 1861, for
three months' service, and went into camp near the city, the men being
treated with much kindness by the people. The regiment then proceeded
to Hagerstown, via Chambersburg, and arrived at Camp Porter on June

366 The Union Army

22, where it was assigned to the 5th brigade, 2nd division. It took part
in the maneuvers near Martinsburg, Bunker Hill and Charlestown, and
was mustered out at Philadelphia, Aug. 9, having remained in the service
two weeks longer than the term of enlistment.

Twenty-fifth Infantry. — Col., Henry L. Cake; Lieut. -Col., John B.
Selheimer ; Maj., Edward B. Pearson, Jr. The 25th infantry was com-
posed of the first five companies, who volunteered in Pennsylvania, three
new companies and two companies formed from the surplus of the five
original ones. At the outbreak of hostihties, the need for the immediate
presence of troops in Washington was so urgent that the first five com-
panies who responded were sent to the national capital without waiting
to perfect their regimental organization. They were the Logan Guards
of Lewistown ; the Allen Guard of Allentown ; the Washington Artillery
and the National Light Infantry of Pottsville ; and the Ringgold Light
Artillery of Reading. They were mustered into the U. S. service on
April 18, 1861, at Harrisburg for a three months' term, and the same
day left for Washington. Upon arriving in Baltimore hostile demon-
strations were made by the citizens and unchecked by the large body of
police present, but the detachment passed through the city in safety, al-
though almost entirely unarmed, the loaded revolvers of the Logan
Guards and their muskets which were capped and carried half-cocked,
though powder was lacking, being the only arms. This show of force
and the calm demeanor of the men held the furious mob at bay and the
troops arrived that evening in Washington, the first to reach the threat-
ened city. Cos. E, H and B garrisoned Fort Washington during the
whole term of service; Cos. A and C were assigned to guard duty at the
Washington arsenal and the remaining five companies joined the Rock-
ville expedition at Poolesville, marched to Williamsport and Martinsburg
and were assigned to the 7th brigade, 3d division. They shared in the
marches to Bunker Hill and Charlestown and were mustered out with the
remainder of the regiment at Harrisburg on July 26.

Twenty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., William F. Small, Benjamin C. Tilgh-
man, Robert L. Bodine; Lieut.-Cols., Rush Van Dyke, Robert L. Bodine,
John B. Adams; Majs., Casper M. Berry, Samuel G. Moffitt. The 26th
regiment, from Philadelphia, offered its services to the national govern-
ment and was ordered to WasTiington. It left Philadelphia on April
18, expecting to pass through Baltimore before daylight. Through delay
on the part of the railroad company it reached Baltimore at noon of the
following day. The unarmed men were attacked by the mob and obliged
to return to Philadelphia after losing one of their number in the encounter.
The regiment then offered its services to Gov. Curtin and was accepted,
but not mustered in. On May 25 it was mustered in for three years,
by direct order of the war department, its muster dating back to May 5.
During the interim the personnel of the regiment was considerably changed,
but all of its members were from the vicinity of Philadelphia except
those of Co. K, who came from Chester. The command was stationed at
Washington until August, then at Bladensburg, Md., and on Oct. 20, as
a part of Hooker's brigade, marched to Budd's ferry, Md., where it
remained until April i, 1862. It was active at the siege of Yorktown,
the battles of Williamsburg, Savage Station, Malvern hill and the second
Bull Run. It was then ordered to Washington and did not take part in
the battle of Antietam, but joined the army before Fredericksburg in Dec,

1862. After sharing in the Chancellorsville movement in the spring of

1863, the regiment marched to Gettysburg and was closely engaged in that
battle, losing heavilJ^ After the southward movement of the Army of
the Potomac the regiment took part in the Mine Run campaign and went
into winter quarters at Brandy Station. In May, 1864, the regiment was

Pennsylvania Regiments 367

active in the Wilderness campaign and on June i8 it was mustered out
at Philadelphia.

Twenty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Max Einstein, Adolph Bushbeck;
Lieut.-Cols., Charles Angeroth, Adolph Bushbeck, Lorenz Cantador, Peter
A. McAloon, August Riedt; Majs., William Schoenleber, Lorenz Canta-
dor, John N. Lang, Peter A. McAloon, August Riedt, Hugo Von Seidlitz.
This regiment, recruited in Philadelphia, left the city for Washington on
April i8, 1861, and reached Baltimore in company with the 6th Mass. the
next day, where a mob prevented the passage of the troops through the
city. As they were unarmed they were unable to force a passage and
returned to Philadelphia. The services of the regiment were offered with
the three months' troops but were not accepted and it was not until late
in May that the 27th was finally mustered into the U. S. service for a three
years' term. The total strength of the regiment was 1,346; the loss from
disease and wounds 250, and 150 were killed in battle. Early in June the
regiment was ordered to Washington and in July was attached to Gen.
McDowell's army. It was held in reserve at Bull Run ; was then ordered to
Roach's mills, Va., and remained there until Oct. 8, when it moved to
Hunter's Chapel and went into winter quarters. The regiment was next
assigned to Gen. Fremont's army which it joined at Franklin. At the
battle of Cross Keys, its first engagement, the men displayed great cour-
age and coolness and were praised by the general. Next assigned to the
Army of Virginia it engaged at the battle of the second Bull Run. With
the Army of the Potomac the regiment lost heavily at Chancellorsville
and Gettysburg. In the autumn it was ordered to Nashville and was
stationed for a time at Bridgeport, Ala. With the 33d Mass. and the 73d
Ohio it took part in the brilliant night assault by which the Confederates
were driven from a strong position on a high hill near Chattanooga. On
Nov. 22 the command arrived at Chattanooga ; took part in the battle
of Missionary ridge; then moved to Knoxville; returned to Chattanooga
and spent the winter in camp near Lookout mountain. On May 4, 1864,
the march to Atlanta began and the 27th remained with the army until
it reached Dallas in May, when it was ordered home. It returned to
Philadelphia, where it was mustered out on June 11, 1864. Co. F was
detached for special duty at Washington at the beginning of its service
and never rejoined the regiment.

Twenty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., John W. Geary, Gabriel De Korponay,
Thomas J. Ahl. John Flynn ; Lieut.-Cols., Gabriel De Korponay, Hector
Tyndale, John Flynn, James Fitzpatrick; Majs., Hector Tyndale, Ario
Pardee, Jr., William Raphael, Robert Warden. L. F. Chapman, James
Fitzpatrick, Charles W. Borbridge, Jacob D. Arner. This regiment, from
different parts of the state, was mustered in at Philadelphia, June 28,
1861, to serve for three years. It contained fifteen companies and from
the surplus a battery was formed, called Knap's battery of the 28th Pa.
The command left Philadelphia on July 1^ for Harper's Ferry and was
assigned to Col. Thomas' brigade of Gen. Banks' army. On Aug. 13 it
moved to Point of Rocks and guarded the frontier, endeavoring to prevent
communication between the Confederates and their sympathizers. Skir-
mishes ensued at Pritchard's mill. Point of Rocks, Berlin and Knoxville.
In October the battle was fought at Bolivar heights with success to our
troops, and as this action was the first victory after Bull Run it was an
inspiration and received enthusiastic commendation. The regiment held
back a force of the enemy at Noland's ferry, who were on their way to
Frederick to encourage the Maryland legislature to secede. During the
winter of 1861-62 there were a number of sharp brushes with the opposing
forces and in March the troops were able to gain and occupy Leesburg
and Upperville, moving from there to Front Royal over disputed ground.
In April, 1862, Col. Geary was made a brigadier-general, but the regiment

368 The Union Army

remained under his command. It was attached in May to Gen. Banks'
division and took part in the battle of Front Royal. Soon, however, it
was again assigned to Gen. Geary's command and became part of the
and brigade, ist division, 2nd corps. Under Gen. Pope, in the Army of
Virginia, the regiment fought bravely at Cedar mountain and the second
Bull Run. It was engaged at Antietam and in various strategic move-
ments that followed to Harper's Ferry, Leesburg, Winchester, etc. From
Jan. to April, 1863, the 28th was stationed at Acquia creek. Then fol-
lowed the Chancellorsville campaign, in which it lost a third of its num-
ber in the three days' battle. On May 5, it returned to Acquia creek,
remaining there until June 13, when it marched to Gettysburg and par-
ticipated in the battle. The regiment remained with the Army of the
Potomac until September, when it was ordered to join the Army of the
Cumberland. At Murfreesboro it engaged the enemy; remained guard-
ing the road from Murfreesboro to Tullahoma for two weeks ; arrived
at Bridgeport, Ala., late in October; took part in the battle of Lookout
mountain ; and in the next few days participated in the battles of Missionary
ridge and Ringgold. On Nov. 29. Gen. Grant reviewed the troops who
fought at Lookout mountain and praised them highly for their courage
and discipline. Winter quarters were established at Bridgeport, where the
men reenlisted as a veteran regiment and were furloughed. After their
return to the front the regiment fought at Guntersville, Triana, Rocky
Face ridge, Resaca, Pumpkin Vine creek, New Hope Church, Pine knob,
Lost mountain, Muddy creek. Nose's creek, Kolb's farm, Kennesaw moun-
tain and Marietta. Almost daily engaged, the army won its way to
Atlanta. The 28th followed Sherman's army through the Atlanta cam-
paign, the march to the sea, and all its varied service until mustered out
on July 18, 1865, near Alexandria, Va.

Twenty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., John K. Murphy, William Rickards,
Jr., Samuel M. Zulick, George E. Johnson; Majs., Michael Scott, Samuel
M. Zulick, Jesse R. Millison, George E. Johnson, Robert P. Dechert. The
29th, recruited at Philadelphia, was mustered in at Philadelphia in July,
1861, for three years, and reenlisted as a veteran regiment. Its total
strength was 2,517, of whom 147 were killed or died of wounds. It
moved to Harper's Ferry on Aug. 3; was assigned to the 3d brigade, 1st
division of Gen. Banks' army; encamped in Pleasant Valley; went into
winter quarters at Frederick, but remained there only one night, when it
was again ordered on the march, and on Feb 26, 1862, reached Winchester,
where a skirmish ensued in which Col. Murphy was captured. It was
present at the battles of Cedar mountain and Antietam ; was ordered to
Fredericksburg in Jan., 1863, but was obliged to halt at Stafford Court
House, where it remained until the end of April. It was then assigned to
the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 12th corps, with which it participated in the
Chancellorsville campaign and the battle of Gettysburg, On Sept. 23,
1863, the regiment was ordered west and reached Murfreesboro, Tenn.,
Oct 5. The troops conducted themselves heroically at the battles of
Wauhatchie, Lookout mountain and Ringgold and through all the hard
service of the army on its way to Atlanta, remaining with the army of
Gen. Sherman until the end, and were mustered out near Alexandria,
Va., July 17, 1865.

Thirtieth Infantry,— Cols., R. Biddle Roberts, W. Cooper Talley;
Lieut.-Cols., H. M. Mclntyre, W. Warren Stewart; Majs., Lemuel Todd,
Tobias Kaufman. The 30th was the first regiment of the reserve corps
and was organized at West Chester from June i to July 20, 1861. It was
ordered to Harrisburg, then to Baltimore, where it arrived on July 22,
and went into camp on Carroll hill. It was mustered into the U. S.
service for a three years' term on the 26th. The total number of members
was 1,084, of whom 139 were killed in action, 233 were wounded and 148

Pennsylvania Regiments 369

reenlisted. At Tennallytown, Md., the reserve corps was organized in
three brigades and the 30th became the ist regiment of the ist brigade.
After many hard marches and some skirmishing during the first winter,
the regiment participated in the battle of Mechanicsville in June, 1862,
showing great courage and coolness. It was also at the battle of Glen-
dale ; was in reserve at Malvern hill ; active at South mountain and Antie-
tam; and at the battle of Fredericksburg it formed part of the ist corps
of the left division under Gen. Reynolds. In Feb., 1863, the regiment was
assigned to the Sth corps under Gen. Meade, and at Gettysburg under
Gen. Crawford. In Co. K were many Gettysburg men, some even fight-
ing on their own fields and within sight of their homes. After the
action at Bristoe Station and the Mine Run campaign, the 30th went into
winter quarters at Bristoe Station in Jan., 1864, and remained there until
the beginning of the Wilderness campaign. It participated in the actions
of the Army of the Potomac until June i, 1864, when it returned to Phila-
delphia, where it was mustered out on the 13th, the veterans and recruits
being transferred to the 190th Pa. infantry.

Thirty-first Infantry. — Cols., William B. Mann, William McCandless;
Lieut.-Cols., Albert L. Magilton, William McCandless, George A. Wood-
ward, Patrick McDonough ; Majs., George A. Woodward, Horace Neide,
Patrick McDonough, Richard Ellis. This regiment, recruited mostly in
Philadelphia, was the 2nd regiment of the Pa. reserves. On July 24,
1861, it moved to Harrisburg, but left at once for Baltimore and then
proceeded to Harper's Ferry. So much delay and misunderstanding oc-
curred that when the regiment was finally mustered in on Aug. i, a large
number of the men had returned home. The remainder were mustered
in on Aug. 16, at Hyattstown, for three years. Cos. B, F, G and I were
disbanded because their numbers did not come up to the requirements,
though Capt. McDonough of Co. B afterward raised a new company and
joined the regiment. At Tennallytown on Sept. 25, the regiment was
assigned to the ist brigade of the reserve corps, becoming the 2nd regiment
of the brigade. At the battle of Mechanicsville the regiment received the .
brunt of the attack without flinching and was highly praised by the
commanding officer. It was active at Gaines' mill and Glendale, but was in
reserve at Malvern hill. The reserves were under fire at the second Bull
Run and Chantilly, the 2nd subsequently participating in a sharp engage-
ment on the Old Hagerstown road, near Frederick. It fought with the
1st brigade of the reserves at South mountain, Antietam and Fredericks-
burg, after which a short period of rest followed at Washington. In
March, 1863, a detail of Co. F, which had been on duty with the artillery,
rejoined the regiment. Inaction during the campaign on their own soil
was unendurable to the men, and in response to their urgent appeal the
regiment was ordered to Gettysburg, attached to the ist brigade, 3d
division, 5th corps. In the battle the Bucktails, ist, 2nd and nth, made
a brilliant charge into the enemy's lines, capturing many prisoners and
the flag of the 15th Ga. The 2nd was active at Bristoe Station and in the
Mine Run campaign. In the Wilderness movement, Cos. A, D, E and H
were detailed on guard duty from May 4 to 11. The regiment partici-
pated in the battles of the campaign till June i, its last battle being
fought at Shady Grove Church after the expiration of its term of enlist-
ment, the men having elected to remain with the army until the rest of
the division was relieved. At Philadelphia on June 16, 1864, the men
were mustered out, the veterans and recruits being transferred to the
191st Pa. infantry.

Thirty-second Infantry.— Col., Horatio G. Sickel; Lieut.-Cols., Will-
iam S. Thompson, John Clark; Majs., R. H. Woolworth, William Briner.
The 31st, the 3d of the Pa. reserves, was recruited mainly in Philadelphia
and Bucks county and was mustered in for three years, at Harrisburg,

Vol. 1—24

370 The Union Army

July 2.y, 1861. It became at once the 3d regiment of the 2nd brigade,
under Brig.-Gen. George G. Meade, posted at Tennallytown. It partici-
pated in the reconnoissance to Dranesville, in Oct., 1861 ; the operations
of the Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula in the spring of 1862,
including the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' mill, Glendale and Mal-
vern hill. In August it joined the Army of Virginia, with which it was
active at the second Bull Run and in reserve at Chantilly. Returning to
the Army of the Potomac, it was engaged at South mountain, Antietam
and Fredericksburg. In Feb., 1863, the regiment was ordered to Wash-
ington and assigned to the 22nd army corps, with the rest of the 2nd
brigade, remaining there until Jan., 1864, when it was ordered to West
Virginia and reached Martinsburg on the 7th, where it remained on
picket duty until the 28th. It then moved west to New creek ; marched
in futile pursuit of the enemy until Feb. 6; returned to Martinsburg;
performed picket duty at Vanclevesville until Mar. 27; moved to Harper's
Ferry, and then to Webster. On April 22, it started for Parkersburg,
continued from there to Brownstown on the Great Kanawha river, and
on up the river to Fayette, the object of the expedition being to destroy
the communication furnished Lee by the Virginia & Tennessee railroad.
On May 9, 1864, the command engaged the enemy at Cloyd's mountain
successfully, but with heavy loss. Driving the enemy before them the
Union troops reached the railroad and accomplished the object of the
campaign. The return was commenced and after days of arduous marching
and skirmishing the command reached Meadow Bluff on May 19. Three
days later it was ordered to Millville, and on the 30th started for home.
The regiment was mustered out at Philadelphia June 17, 1864, when
the veterans and recruits were consolidated into a battalion, which par-
ticipated in the engagements of the remainder of the campaign and was
finally transferred to the S4th Pa. infantry.

Thirty-third Infantry.— Cols., Robert G. March, Albert L. Magilton,
R. H. Woolworth, Thomas F. B. Tapper; Lieut.-Cols., John F. Gaul,
Thomas B. F. Tapper, Frederick A. Conrad; Majs., Robert M. McClure,
John Nyce, Enos L. Christman, Frederick A. Conrad, J. W. Shoemaker.
This regiment, the 4th of the reserves, was mustered in at Harrisburg in
June, 1861, to serve for three years. It left for Baltimore on July 21 and
remained there until the end of August, when it was ordered to Tennally-
town. As part of the 2nd brigade, the regiment was present at Mechanics-
ville ; closely engaged at Gaines' mill ; participated in a fierce bayonet
fight at Glendale, in which it was able to withstand the opposing force,
though it suffered severe losses was in reserve at Malvern hill ; was
active at the second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericks-
burg, after which it was ordered to the defenses of Washington, to
recuperate. Here it remained until Jan., 1864, when it participated in the
West Virginia campaign. From this time its fortunes were those of the
32nd regiment already described. On June 17, 1864, it was mustered out
at Philadelphia, its veterans and recruits being transferred to the 54th
Pa. infantry.

Thirty-fourth Infantry. — Cols., Seneca G. Simmons, Joseph W. Fisher;
Lieut.-Cols., Joseph W. Fisher, George Dare, Alfred M. Smith; Majs,
George Dare, Frank Zentmeyer, James H. Larrimer, Alfred M. Smith,
James A. McPherran. This regiment was the 5th of the reserve corps,
and was mustered into the U. S. service June 20, 1861, at Harrisburg,
for a three years' term. With the Bucktail rifles it left Harrisburg the
same day for Cumberland, Md. After the battle of Bull Run the regiment
joined the reserves at Tennallytown, Md., and was assigned to the ist
brigade. It arrived at Dranesville too late to participate in the victory.
Early in March, 1862, it moved to Hunter's mills, Alexandria, Manassas,
Falmouth and Fredericksburg. In June, it participated in the battles of

Pennsylvania Regiments 371

Mechanicsville, Gaines' mills and Glendale, where Col. Simmons was
killed. At the second Bull Run, South Mountain and Antietam the regi-
ment did brave work, and then with the 3d brigade took part in the battle
of Fredericksburg, losing heavily. Ordered to Washington in Feb., 1863,
the regiment remained there until the Gettysburg campaign, when it
showed great bravery in the battle and took part in the pursuit which
followed. The winter was spent at Alexandria and in May, 1864, with
the Army of the Potomac it took part in the Wilderness campaign. The
34th participated in the battles of that month and returned early in June,
to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out on the nth, the veterans
and recruits being transferred to the 191st Pa. infantry.

Thirty-fifth Infantry.— Cols., W. W. Ricketts, William Sinclair, Well-
ington H. Ent ; Lieut. -Cols., William Penrose, Henry B. McKean, Well-
ington H. Ent, William D. Dickson; Majs., Henry J. Madill, Wellington
H. Ent, William H. H. Gore. The 3Sth, the 6th of the reserves, com-
posed of men from all parts of the state, was ordered with the Kane rifles
to Maryland, then to Greencastle, Pa., Washington and Tennallytown.
It was mustered it at Washington for three years on July 27, and at
Tennallytown was assigned to the 3d brigade of the reserve corps. This
brigade won the brilliant victory at Dranesville in December and passed
an uneventful winter in camp near Langley. It took part in the strategic
movements on the Peninsula in the spring of 1862 and was actively
engaged at the second Bull Run, South mountain, Antietam and Fred-
ericksburg, where the losses of the 35th were severe. It then went into
camp near Belle Plain ; took part in the "Mud March ;"' was ordered to
Alexandria in Feb., 1863, and to Fairfax Station in March, where it
remained until the Gettysburg campaign. It was closely engaged in that
battle, joined in the pursuit of the enemy and the various marches of the
army during the autumn, and went into winter quarters at Kettle Run
early in December. In the spring of 1864 it participated in the engage-
ments of the Wilderness campaign in May and fought its final battle at
Bethesda Church. After that engagement the regiment started for Har-
risburg, where it was mustered out on June 11, 1864, the veterans and
recruits being transferred to the 191st Pa. infantry.

Thirty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., Elisha B. Harvey, H. C. BoHnger ;
Lieut.-Cols., Joseph Totten, H. C. Bolinger, R. M. Henderson, Chauncey
A. Lyman; Majs., Chauncey A. Lyman, LeGrand B. Speece. This
regiment was the 7th of the reserves. It was organized at West
Chester, ordered to Washington on July 21, 1861, and there mus-
tered into the U. S. service on the 27th for a three years'
term. At Tennallytown, in August, it was assigned to the 2nd
brigade of the reserves under Brig.-Gen. George G. Meade. Stationed at
Great Falls and later at Tennallytown, the troops constantly expected an
engagement with the forces in the vicinity, but none occurred until the
affair at Dranesville, Va., in December, in which the 3d brigade won a
victory, but the 2nd arrived too late to participate. At Mechanicsville the
part of the regiment was not important, but at Gaines' mill it was in the
thick of the fight and its losses were heavy. It was active at Glendale;
in reserve at Malvern hill; met with heavy losses at Antietam, and made
a gallant dash at Fredericksburg, where the flag of the 19th Ga. was cap-
tured by Corp. Jacob Cart, the only trophy gained in the battle. Cart
received a medal of honor for his bravery. On Dec. 17. 1862, the regiment
went into winter quarters at Belle Plain, but left them to join in the
"Mud March." and in Feb., 1863, was ordered to Washington for rest
and to recruit. It remained at or near Alexandria throughout that year
and the first months of the following year, and then joined the Army
of the Potomac in the Wilderness campaign. The 36th was then attached
to the 1st brigade, 3d division, 5th corps, and at the Wilderness a large

372 The Union Army

detachment of the regiment was cut off and made prisoners. Of the 272
captured many never returned from their prisons. The remaining bat-
talion was with the army until June, participating in the hard fighting of
the month. The veterans and recruits were then transferred to the 190th
Pa. infantry, and the regiment was mustered out at Philadelphia on June
16, 1864. Out of the fine body of men who had made up the 36th but few
returned for muster out. Those few, however, were greeted with the
appreciation so well earned by their heroism.

Thirty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., George S. Hays, Silas M. Bailey;
Lieut.-Cols., S. Duncan Oliphant, William Lemon; Majs., J. B. Gardner,
J. W. Duncan, S. M. Bailey, Robert E. Johnston, George S. Gallupe.
The 37th, the 8th reserve regiment, was organized at Pittsburg and there mus-
tered into the U. S. service for a three years' term on June 28, 1861.
It rendezvoused at Camp Wright, near Pittsburg, until ordered to Wash-
ington on July 20, and there encamped until Aug. 2, when it reported to
Gen. McCall at Tennallytown and was assigned to the ist brigade, Pa.
reserve corps, under Brig.-Gen. John F. Reynolds. Winter quarters were
established at Langley, Va., and the brigade encamped there from Oct.
9, 1861, to the spring of 1862, when it was attached to the ist corps
and held at Washington until the other troops had embarked for the
Peninsula. Late in May the regiment joined the army and took part
in the battle of Mechanicsville, with great loss, and also in the battle
of Gaines' mill, but was in reserve at Malvern hill. In August it joined
Gen. Pope's army and shared in the battle of the second Bull Run. Then,
under McClellan, it fought at South mountain and Antietam, and was at
Fredericksburg under Gen. Burnside. In all these fierce engagements
the 37th fought nobly and became tried and reliable veterans. In the
advance at Fredericksburg the conduct of the command was heroic, but
after the day was over only half of the regiment was able to report for
duty. On Feb. 8, 1863, the 37th was ordered with the rest of the reserves
to the defenses of Washington for a needed rest, and here it was sta-
tioned until April 19, 1864, when it left for the front. After a week in
camp at Bristoe Station it shared in the battle of the Wilderness, and in
the subsequent actions of that campaign until Alay 17, when it was
relieved, the veterans and recruits were transferred to the 191st Pa.
infantry, and the remainder ordered home. The regiment was mustered
out at Pittsburg, May 24, 1864.

Thirty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., Conrad F. Jackson, Robert Anderson;
Lieut.-Cols., Robert Anderson, J. McK. Snodgrass; Majs., J. McK.
Snodgrass, Charles Barnes. The 38th, or the 9th reserve, was composed
of eight companies from Allegheny county, one from Crawford and one
from Beaver. It was organized at Camp Wright, near Pittsburg, and
left there on July 22 for Washington, where it was mustered into the
U. S. service for a three years' term on the 28th. On Aug. 5, it was sent
to Tennallytown ; was assigned to picket duty at Great Falls for a week
in September; went into winter quarters at Langley, and was attached to
the 3d brigade of the reserve corps under Col. John S. McCalmont.
This brigade, under Gen. Ord, won its first battle at Dranesville, where
Ord recommended 71 officers and men of the 38th "For reward for their
gallant conduct." On Mar. 15, 1862, the regiment left Langley, joined
the army on the Peninsula, took part in the battles of Mechanicsville,
Gaines' mill and Glendale, losing heavily. After a most fatiguing march
the division joined Gen. Pope's army and participated in the second
battle of Bull Run. It was then with Gen. McClellan at Antietam, where
Samuel Johnson of Co. G captured the flag of the Texan Rangers, for
which he was awarded a medal of honor. At Fredericksburg, Gen. Jack-
son, the first colonel of the regiment, commanding the brigade, was
mortally wounded. Soon after this battle the reserves were ordered to

Pennsylvania Regiments 373

Washington to rest and recruit and in June, 1863, the ist and 3d brigades
were assigned to the 5th corps. Gen. Sykes took command and the
division fought vahantly at Gettysburg, many of the men near their own
homes. The regiment joined in the pursuit of the enemy and the move-
ments of the Army' of the Potomac during the summer and the Mine
Run campaign. At the beginning of the battle of the Wilderness, May
4, 1864, it was relieved and returned to Washington. It left at once for
home and was mustered out at Pittsburg, May 13, 1864, when the veterans
and recruits were transferred to the 190th Pa. infantry.

Thirty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., John S. McCalmont, James T. Kirk,
Adoniram J. Warner; Lieut.-Cols., James T. Kirk, Adoniram J. Warner,
James B. Knox, Ira Ayer, Jr.; Majs., Harrison Allen, Sion B. Smith,
Ira Ayer, Jr., C. Miller Over. This was the loth reserve regiment and
was composed of men from the western part of the state, who rendez-
voused at Camp Wilkins, Pittsburg. It left camp on July 18, 1861, for
Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service on the 21st for
a three years' term, and then moved to Washington. On Aug. i it was
sent to Tennallytown, and after a short service at Great Falls was
assigned to the 3d brigade. This brigade made its winter quarters at
Langley; fought at Dranesville in December; was ordered to the Penin-
sula in the spring of 1862; took part in the battles of Mechanicsville,
Gaines' mill, Glendale, the second Bull Run, South mountain, Antietam
and Fredericksburg and won many laurels. After Fredericksburg the
reserves were ordered to Washington to recuperate, and in June, 1863,
side by side with its old comrades of the 3d brigade, the 39th fought
at Gettysburg, afterward joining in the pursuit of the enemy. The regi-
ment remained with the Army of the Potomac through the winter; took
part in the Mine Run campaign ; engaged at the Wilderness in May, 1864,
and then fought at Spottsylvania, Totopotomoy, and Bethesda Church.
Soon after the last named action the veterans and recruits were transferred
to the 190th and 191st Pa. infantry and the regiment returned to Pitts-
burg, where it was mustered out on June 11, 1864.

Fortieth Infantry. — Cols., T. F. Gallagher, Samuel M. Jackson ; Lieut.-
Cols., James R. Porter, Samuel M. Jackson, Daniel S. Porter, Robert A.
McCoy; Majs., S. M. Jackson, Robert Litzinger, Peter A. Johns, James
P. Speer, Robert A. McCoy, James C. Burke. The 40th, the nth reserve
regiment, was composed of men from the western part of the state, who
rendezvoused at Camp Wright, near Pittsburg. On June 24, i86r, the
regiment left camp and proceeded to Harrisburg, thence to Washington,
where it was mustered into the U. S. service on the 29th and 30th for a
three years' term. In July it was ordered to the camp of the reserves
at Tennallytown, assigned to the 2nd brigade of the reserve corps and
stationed at Great Falls, where it had a skirmish with the enemy posted
on the other side of the Potomac. Winter quarters were established near
Langley, Va., and much enthusiasm was aroused by the victory at Dranes-
ville, though the 2nd brigade arrived too late to participate. The regi-
ment served on the Peninsula in the corps under Gen. Fitz John Porter;
was present at the battles of Mechanicsville, and Gaines' mill, where
the regiment met with disaster, though it held its ground in the face of
the enemy's fire until the troops on both sides were driven back. The
smoke and the density of the wood in which the battle raged prevented
the troops from observing that they were being cut off, and when sur-
rounded they endeavored to fight their way back. This became impossible
and the regiment was captured after losing 46 men killed and 109 wounded.
One company of the regiment under Capt. Porter, escaped capture, having
been detailed on special duty. This company, representing the regiment,
fought at Glendale and shared in the second battle of Bull Run, attached
to the 3d brigade. At South mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg,

374 The Union Army

the depleted ranks of the 40th conducted themselves gallantly. In Feb.,
1863, the regiment was ordered to Washington to rest and recruit. With
the 5th corps it shared in the Gettysburg campaign, the pursuit of the Con-
federate army, the skirmishes at Bristoe and Rappahannock Stations and
the Mine Run campaign. The reserves were posted on guard duty along
the Orange & Alexandria railroad during the winter of 1863-64, the 40th
being encamped at Warrenton Junction and Bristoe Station. Beginning
with the Wilderness, the regiment engaged in the battles of the Army of
the Potomac during May, 1864, its last engagement being at Bethesda
Church, after which the veterans and recruits were transferred to the 190th
Pa. infantry and the regiment returned to Pittsburg, where it was mus-
tered out on June 14, 1864.

Forty-first Infantry. — Cols., John H. Taggart, Martin D. Hardin;
Lieut.-Cols., Samuel N. Bailey, Martin D. Hardin, Peter Baldy, Richard
Gustin; Majs., Peter Baldy, Andrew J. Bolar, Charles W. Diven. This
regiment, the 12th reserve, was organized at Harrisburg, mustered into
the U. S. service at Camp Curtin. for three years on Aug. 10, 1861, and
performed its first active duty guarding the state arsenal, which was
endangered by the disaffected three months' troops, who had recently
been discharged. In August, it reported at the camp of the reserves,
Tennallytown, Md., and was attached to the 3d brigade. It encamped at
Langley ; shared in the success at Dranesville in December ; was detached
for guard duty at Catlett's station, in April, 1862, and then joined in the
battles on the Peninsula. At Mechanicsville, Gaines' mill and Glendale
it won a reputation for steadiness and bravery. The regiment remained
in the 3d brigade in the campaigns which followed, engaging at the second
Bull Run, South mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg and returned
with the reserves to Washington for the winter of 1862-63. It fought at
Gettysburg, Bristoe and Rappahannock Stations and Mine Run, and spent
the winter near Catlett's station. It participated in the battles of the
Wilderness campaign in May, 1864, the battle of Bethesda Church being
its final engagement, after which the veterans and recruits were trans-
ferred to the 190th Pa. infantry and the regiment returned to Harrisburg,
where it was mustered out on June il, 1864.

Forty-second Infantry. — Cols., Charles J. Biddle, Thomas L. Kane,
Hugh W. McNeil, Charles F. Taylor ; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas L. Kane,
Edward A. Irvin, Alanson E. Niles; Majs.. Roy Stone, A\anson E.
Niles, William R. Hartshorn. The 42nd, also known as the ist rifles and
the 13th reserves, was composed of woodsmen and hunters from differ-
ent parts of the state, the nucleus being a company from the "Wildcat"
district known as the "Bucktails." In honor of Col. Kane, who resigned
his office in favor of Lieut.-Col. Biddle, an experienced officer, the regi-
ment was named by special order of the war department, "The Kane
rifle regiment of the Pa. reserve corps." The command was known, how-
ever, throughout its term of service as the "Bucktails," on account of
the bucktails worn by the men in their hats. In June, 1861, the regiment
was mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, for a three years'
term. On June 21, it was ordered to Cumberland and took part in the
ensuing campaign, engaging the enemy at New creek. Returning to
Harrisburg on July 'Z'j, the regiment was next ordered to Harper's Ferry
and brigaded with the 28th N. Y., the 2nd and 12th Mass. and 2nd U. S. cav-
alry. It remained with this command until Oct. i, when it joined the reserves
at Tennallytown, where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, and with
Ord's brigade shared in the success at Dranesville. In March, with the
1st corps, the Bucktails took part in the marches and countermarches of
the reserves; in May a detachment of four companies under Lieut-Col.
Kane joined Col. Bayard's cavali"y in an expedition to Hanover Court
House; it was next sent to aid Gen. Fremont's force in the Shenandoah

Pennsylvania Regiments 375

valley, where from May 25 to June 6, the Bucktails led the pursuit of
the enemy and were almost constantly engaged. On June 6, near Har-
risonburg, the Bucktails charged a large force of Confederates and held
their ground noblj' in expectation of reinforcements, but as none appeared
the gallant command lost half its number, including the heroic Martin
Kelly, who sacrificed his life by exposing himself for a target to draw the
fire of the Confederate troops. The detachment took part in the battle
of Cross Keys and was highly praised by its leader. After the battle of
Cedar mountain the four companies fought at the second Bull Run and
joined the regiment on Sept. 7, 1862. In the meantime the remaining six
companies shared in the campaign on the Peninsula, participating in the
actions at Mechanicsville, Gaines' mill and Glendale. The reunited regi-
ment was active at South mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, losing
heavily. When the reserves were ordered to Washington in Feb., 1863, the
Bucktails with the ist brigade, encamped at Fairfax Court House. They
remained with this brigade through the Gettysburg campaign, fighting
as usual in the advance. Their most brilliant success at the battle was the
capture of a large number of the 15th Ga., with their colors. The Buck-
tails joined in the pursuit which followed, engaging in numerous skir-
mishes, and went into winter quarters at Bristoe Station. In the spring
campaign of 1864 they performed their usual valiant service in the con-
stant engagements during May, and after the transfer of the veterans and
recruits to the 190th Pa. infantry returned to Harrisburg, where they were
mustered out, June 11, 1864.

First Light Artillery.— Cols., Charles T. Campbell, R. M. West, R.
Bruce Ricketts; Licut.-Cols., H. T. Danforth, Edward H. Flood, James
Brady; Majs., A. E. Lewis, James Brady, R. M. West, E. W. Matthews,
James H. Cooper, Robert B. Ricketts, Theodore Miller. The ist artillery,
the 43d regiment of the line and the 14th reserve, was composed of four
companies, who volunteered under the first call for troops, and four that
were added later when the reserve corps was organized. The first eight
companies were organized at Philadelphia in June, 1861, and mustered
in for three years' service. Battery I was attached to the regiment on
March 2, 1865. Battery E, with the 5th and the Bucktails, was sent to
West Virginia on June 21, 1861, but returned to Harrisburg after a month
with that expedition. The regiment was ordered to Washington in Aug-
ust, equipped and quartered at Camp Barry, from which camp the bat-
teries were assigned to different points and never served as a united body.

Battery A was ordered to the camp of the reserves at Tennallytown ;
was engaged at Dranesville in December; wintered at Langley; continued
with the reserves, and took part in the battles of Gaines' mill, the second
Bull Run, South mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. When the
reserves were relieved and ordered to Washington, the battery was tem-
porarily attached to the 3d division, ist corps, but was soon assigned to a
new command, the Army of Virginia, which it supported for a consid-
erable period. When Richmond was evacuated it was on duty in the city
until July, 1865, when it was mustered out at Harrisburg on the 25th.
The original members who did not reenlist, were mustered out. May 29,
1864.

Battery B was orderd to Tennallytown on Aug. 14, 1861, and attached
to the 1st brigade. It was with the reserves at Mechanicsville, Gaines'
mill and Glendale, and was also in action at the second Bull Run, South
mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. It shared the difficulties of the
"Mud March," remained near Fredericksburg during the winter of 1862-
63 and the next summer its guns boomed at Gettysburg. It then moved
south with the Army of the Potomac; was with it in the Mine Run cam-
paign; and finally went into winter quarters at Paoli's mills, where a
number of the men reenlisted. The remainder were mustered out on

376 The Union Army

June 28, 1864. The battery remained with the Army of the Potomac in tlie
Wilderness campaign, taking part in numerous engagments, and then
proceeded to Petersburg, where it arrived on June 17. Here it remained
during the siege, participating in the attack on the Weldon railroad,
and being often in active service during the winter of 1864-65. In the
final assault in April, 1865, the guns of Battery B did good execution. After
the fall of Petersburg the battery was ordered to City Point and remained
there until May 3, when it left for Washington. On June 9, 1865, the
men were mustered out at Harrisburg.

Battery C took part in the skirmish at Chain bridge on the Potomac
in the early autumn of 1861 ; was attached to the artillery brigade of
Buell's division, defenses of Washington, and on March 10, 18162, was
assigned to Couch's division, 4th corps. It participated in the campaign
on the Peninsula, including the operations before Yorktown, the battle
of Seven Pines and an engagement with cavalry at Glendale. With the
6th corps it was in action at Antietam and was posted on Stafford
heights during the battle of Fredericksburg. Early in 1863 Battery C
was united with Battery D.

Battery D was first assigned to Buell's division ; took part m the cam-
paign on the Peninsula with Couch's division, 4th corps, being engaged in
the siege of Yorktown, the battle of Seven Pines and the short action
at Glendale. On July 4 it was selected to fire a national salute. During
the remainder of the year it continued in company with Battery C and
after they were consolidated, it shelled the works on Marye's heights
during the battle of Chancellorsville. After Gettysburg, Battery D was
ordered to join the Army of the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry and was
engaged at Cedar creek. It was posted on Maryland heights during the
rest of its term of service with a detachment of new recruits who com-
posed a new Battery C. On June 29 and 30, 1865, at Harrisburg, these
two batteries were mustered out of service.

Battery E was assigned to duty at Chain bridge with Battery C; then
to Buell's division ; next to Couch's division, with which it took part in
the same movements on the Peninsula as Battery D. With Battery H
it covered the rear after the battle of Gaines' mill, but was not engaged
with Batteries C and D at Glendale. After the Peninsular campaign Bat-
teries E and H garrisoned Yorktown and Gloucester. In 1863, Battery
E was in action at Drewry's bluff with the Army of the James. It was
present at the siege of Petersburg and was assigned to duty in Richmond
after the evacuation of the city. On July 4, 1865, it was ordered home and
was mustered out at Philadelphia on the 20th.

Battery F was ordered to Tennallytown in August, 1861, but in Sep-
tember joined Gen. Banks' army at Darnestown, Md., which ended its
connection with the reserves. On Dec. 20 a detachment under Lieut.
Ricketts was engaged at Dam No. 5 on the Upper Potomac and again
in Jan., 1862, at Hancock. On Feb. 20, 1862, the battery was united at
Hagerstown ; in March it moved up the Shenandoah valley with Gen.
Banks and was engaged at Bunker Hill and Newtown. On March 21
it was assigned to Abercrombie's brigade and part of the battery joined
in a reconnoissance to Rappahannock Station, where it engaged the
enemy. Gen. Hartsuff succeeded Abercrombie on May I and took the
brigade to Front Royal, hoping to connect with Gen. Fremont and cut off
Stonewall Jackson. Failing in this the force returned to Warrenton.
The battery was engaged at Cedar mountain, the crossing of the Rappa-
hannock the next day, and a section fought at Thoroughfare gap. It
then moved to Bull Run, in which battle it met with disaster, as after
that day only one gun in possession of a handful of men remained. In
reserve at Chantilly and South mountain, the battery opened the battle
at Antietam, after which, in spite of some additions, it was in sad condition

Pennsylvania Regiments 377

from its continued hard service. It was in action at Falmouth for several
days after its arrival there in December, and went into winter quarters
at Belle Plain, where, in Jan., 1863, it was assigned to the 3d division,
1st corps. After taking part in the battle of Chancellorsville, the battery
was attached to Gen. Tyler's reserve artillery and started for Gettys-
burg. Battery G was attached to Battery F on June i, and together they
were engaged at Gettysburg, in a heroic resistance of the Louisiana
Tigers in their historic charge. The losses were terrible but the guns
were saved. On July 12 the battery was transferred to the 2nd corps,
with which it joined in the pursuit of the enemy, the Mine Run campaign,
the Wilderness campaign, and the siege of Petersburg. It was mustered
out at Harrisburg, June 9, 1865.

Battery G was ordered to join the reserves at Tennallytown ; partici-
pated with the reserves in the battles on the Peninsula, the second Bull
Run and Fredericksburg. The loss at Bull Run was 3 men killed and
21 wounded, besides 4 guns, 2 caissons, 2 limbers and 27 horses captured.
The battery returned to Washington for a new equipment and was in
condition for effective service at Fredericksburg. It shared in the battle
of Chancellorsville in the spring of 1863 and then became a section of
Battery F until April 3, 1864, when it was ordered to Washington, newly
equipped and posted at Arlington. On July 3, it was ordered to Point
of Rocks, where it was stationed, the men armed with muskets, until
Dec. 12. The muskets were then exchanged for 6 guns and the battery
was stationed on Maryland heights until April 16, 1865, when it turned
in its gims and joined the defenses of Washington. Again armed with
muskets the men were stationed at Fort Foote during the remainder of
their service. They were mustered out at Philadelphia June 29, 1865.

Battery H was associated with Batteries D and E during the Peninsular
campaign. In July it was made a reserve battery of the 4th corps. In
June, 1863, it was ordered to Washington and posted at Camp Barry as
a reserve battery. In May, 1864, it was dismounted and posted at Fort
Whipple. In the winter of 1864 it was sent to Fort Marcy near Chain
bridge on the Potomac, and later to Edwards' ferry. It was mustered
out of the service at Philadelphia, June 27, 1865.

Battery I, added to the regiment on March 2, 1865, was ordered to the
defenses of Washington and remained there until mustered out at Phila-
delphia on July I.

First Cavalry. — Cols., George D. Bayard, Owen Jones, J. P. Taylor,
H. S. Thomas; Lieut-Cols., Jacob Higgins, Owen Jones, S. D. Barrows,
J. P. Taylor. David Gardner, Richard J. Falls; Majs., Owen Jones, Richard
Byrnes, S. D. Barrows, Richard J. Falls, Thomas S. Richards, J. H. Ray,
David Gardner, William T. McEwen, James M. Gaston, H. S. Thomas.
The 44th regiment, the 15th reserve, was a cavalry regiment, of which
seven companies rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, and three at
Camp Wilkins, near Pittsburg. Cos. L and M were mustered in as sep-
arate companies. Ten companies proceeded to Washington in July and
Aug., 1861, and their organization was completed in September, when they
were mustered into the U. S. service for three years. Co. L was mustered
in on July 30, and Co. M, on Aug. 5, 1861. The regiment was stationed at
Tennallytown until Oct. 10, when it moved to Camp Pierpont, Va. In
November it made a raid on Dranesville and five companies participated
in the battle there in December. On Jan. 7, 1862, the independent com-
panies, L and M, which had been at Baltimore, joined the regiment. In
the spring of 1862, after some skirmishing near Falmouth, the regiment joined
in the pursuit of Jackson's army up the Shenandoah Valley, constantly
annoying the Confederate rear-guard and participating in the battles of
Harrisonburg and Cross Keys. Returning to Manassas, the regiment,
after a short rest, joined Gen. Pope's army, guarded the fords of the

378 The Union Army

Rapidan during the crossing of the army, fought at Cedar mountain,
Gainesville, the second Bull Run and Fredericksburg, and went into
winter quarters at Belle Plain. It shared in the dismal "Mud March,''
broke camp on April 12, 1863, and was engaged at Brandy Station, Beverly
Ford and Aldie. At Gettysburg the ist was assigned to Gen. Meade's
headquarters and guarded the reserve artillery in the movements following
the battle. Co. H, which was attached to the 6th corps from Feb. 22,
1863, fought at Marye's heights and Gettysburg and was united with the
regiment on Aug. 15. The ist was active in the engagements at Shep-
herdstown, Culpeper, Auburn, and in the Mine Run movement. On
May 5, 1864, it was engaged at Todd's tavern and then joined in Gen.
Sheridan's raid upon Richmond, fighting at Childsburg, Ashland, Hungary
Station, Yellow tavern and Richmond heights. The enemy was also
encountered at Haw's shop and Barker's mills. The next movement of
Gen. Sheridan was the Trevilian raid, in which some miles of the Vir-
ginia Central railroad were destroyed and the enemy encountered at
White House and St. Mary's church. During the siege of Petersburg
the regiment was active at Ream's station, Malvern hill, Lee's mill,
Gravel hill and again at Reams' station, which was its final battle. On
Sept. 9, 1864, the 44th was mustered out at Philadelphia, the veterans
and recruits were made a battalion of four companies and finally organ-
ized with the veterans of the 6th and 17th cavalry into the 2nd provisional
cavalry. This organization was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., Aug.
17. 1865.

Forty-fifth Infantry. — Cols., Thomas Welsh, John L. Curtin ; Lieut.-
Cols., James A. Beaver, John L Curtin, Francis M. Hills, Theodore
Gregg; Majs., J. M. Kilbourne, John L Curtin, Edward A. Kelsey, Theo-
dore Gregg, John F. Trout. The 45th regiment, recruited in the counties
of Center, Lancaster, Mifflin, Tioga and Wayne, was mustered into the
U. S. service for a three years' term, Oct. 21, 1861, at Camp Curtin,
Harrisburg. Arriving in Washington on Oct. 23, it was assigned to How-
ard's brigade, Casey's division, and went into camp on the Bladensburg
road. On Nov. 19, it embarked for Fortress Monroe, where it remained
at Camp Hamilton until Dec. 6. It then sailed for Port Royal, S. C,
where it occupied Bay Point, Otter and Fenwick Islands. Six companies
were stationed on North Edisto island in May, 1862, and on June i. three
companies were sent to John's island. The remainder of the regiment,
with the exception of the companies stationed at Bay Point, followed to
John's island and on the 9th, the command sailed for James island near
Charlestown, where it shared in the engagements and then returned to
Hilton Head. Here the regiment was reunited and embarked for Fortress
Monroe on July 21, encamping on its arrival near Newport News. Early
in August, with the ist brigade, ist division, 9th corps, nine companies
moved to Brooks' station and returned to Acquia creek, destroying
railroad property and commissary stores. On Sept. 6, it embarked for
Washington; joined the Army of the Potomac and participated in the
battle of South mountain, but was held in reserve at Fredericksburg.
The 4Sth was in camp at Falmouth until Feb. 12, 1863, then at Newport
News until May 22, when it was ordered west. It arrived at Jamestown,
Ky., on June i, but was at once obliged to continue its journey to Vicks-
burg. It was posted at Haines' bluff, and from there joined in the pur-
suit of the foe to Jackson. Returning to Vicksburg on July 21, the regi-
ment embarked for Cairo, then proceeded to East Tennessee and was
engaged at Blue Springs. It participated in the siege of Knoxville
and the arduous pursuit which followed. In Jan., 1864, 426 members of
the 45th reenlisted and were granted a veteran furlough, but took the field
again in May. In the Wilderness campaign, with the ist brigade, 2nd
division, 9th corps, the 45th engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania,

Pennsylvania Regiments 379

the North Anna river and Cold Harbor. It joined in the siege of Peters-
burg and in the assault of June i8, the ist brigade was in the advance.
Gen. Burnside's official report says : "No better fighting was done in the
war than by the divisions of Potter and Willcox in this attack." At
the attack on the Weldon railroad, the explosion of the mine and the
battle at Poplar Spring Church, the conduct of the 4Sth was heroic.
Corp. Frank Hogan of Co. A won a medal of honor for the capture of
the flag of the 6th Va. in the action at the mine. In the many engagements
of the summer the losses of the regiment were severe. At Poplar Spring
Church the remnant of the troops were surrounded and after a desperate
attempt to fight their way out were captured. With the addition of re-
cruits the regiment participated in the action at Hatcher's run in Oct.,
1864, and in the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. It joined in
the pursuit, took part in the grand review of the Union army at Wash-
ington, and was mustered out at Alexandria, Va., July 17, 1865.

Forty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., Joseph F. Knipe, James L. Selfridge ;
Lieut.-Cols., James L. Selfridge, William L. Foulke; Majs., Arnold C.
Lewis, J. A. Matthews, Cyrus Strouse, Patrick Griffith. The 46th was
composed of the Logan Guards of Mifflin county, Co. A of the ist militia,
Co. E of the 15th, two companies from Allegheny county, one from
Berks, two from Potter, one from Luzerne and one from Northumber-
land. It was mustered in for three years at Harrisburg, Oct. 31, 1861,
and was ordered to Harper's Ferry, where it was assigned to the ist
brigade, 2nd division of Gen. Banks' force. Three companies partici-
pated in the engagement at Kernstown in Feb., 1862, and the entire regi-
ment in the battle at Winchester. Banks' army then joined the Army of
Virginia and the 46th participated in the battles of Cedar mountain and
Antietam, losing heavily. The regiment was at Fairfax during the battle
of Fredericksburg and wintered at Falmouth. With the 2nd brigade, ist
division, 12th corps, the regiment fought at Chancellorsville and Gettys-
burg and remained with the Army of the Potomac until it reached the
Rapidan, when the nth and 12th corps were ordered to join Gen. Rose-
crans in Tennessee. The 46th was posted on guard duty along the Nash-
ville & Chattanooga railroad between Bridgeport and Chattanooga. In
Jan., 1864, many of the men reenlisted and the regiment continued in
the field as a veteran organization. With Gen. Sherman on the march
to Atlanta, it shared in the many battles of that historic movement and
continued with the army through the march to the sea and to Wash-
ington. The regiment was mustered out at Alexandria, July 16, 1865.

Forty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Tilghman H. Good, J. P. S. Gobin;
Lieut.-Cols., G. W. Alexander, J. P. S. Gobin, Charles W. Abbott; Majs..
William H. Gansler, J. P. S. Gobin, John J. Goebel, George Stroop, Levi
Stuber. The 47th, three companies of which had served in the ist regi-
ment, one in the 2nd, one in the 9th, one in the nth and one in the 25th,
was mustered in at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, from Aug. 19 to Sept. 20,
1861, for three years. It was ordered to Washington and encamped at
Kalorama heights until Sept. 28, when it was ordered to Fort Ethan Allen
and attached to the 3d brigade of Gen. W. F. Smith's division. Under
Gen. Brannan the brigade embarked for Key West on Jan. 27, 1862, and
remained there until June, when it moved to Hilton Head, S. C, where
it performed picket duty until ordered to join Gen. Brannan's expedition
to open up the St. John's river. When this was accomplished, it returned
to Hilton Head and engaged the enemy at Pocotaligo, where the troops
were highly praised for their efficient service. Ordered again to Key
West on Nov. 15, the regiment garrisoned Forts Taylor and Jefferson
until sent to Franklin, La., in Feb., 1864. Here it was assig^ned to the
2nd brigade, ist division, 19th corps, and joined the Red River expedition,
engaging at Sabine cross-roads, Pleasant Hill, and Cane Hill, after which

380 The Union Army

it returned to Alexandria and spent some time aiding in the construction
of a dam across the channel of the Red River. On June 20, it moved to
New Orleans and there embarked for Washington. With the ist division,
19th corps, it took part in the battles of the Opequan and Cedar creek.
Winter quarters were constructed near Winchester, but on Dec. 20, the
regiment proceeded to Charlestown and again went into winter quarters,
this time at Camp Fairview. In April, 1865, it was ordered to Fort
Stevens near Washington and participated in the grand review of the
Union army. On June i it was ordered to Savannah, Ga., to Charleston
in July, and finally home in Jan., 1866.

Forty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., James Nagle, Joshua K. Siegfried,
Henry Pleasants, George W. Gowen, Isaac F. Brannon ; Lieut.-Cols.,
David A. Smith, Joshua K. Siegfried, Henry Pleasants, George W. Gowen,
Isaac F. Brannon, Richard M. Jones; Majs., Joshua K. Siegfried, Daniel
Nagle, James Wren, Joseph A. Gilmore, O. C. Bosbyshell, Isaac F. Bran-
non, William J. Hinkle, Richard M. Jones, Jacob Wagner. The 48th
regiment, composed of Schuylkill county men, was mustered into the
U. S. service for a three years' term, in Sept., 1861. at Camp Curtin,
Harrisburg. It embarked at Baltimore on Sept. 25 for Fortress Monroe
and arrived there the next day. Remaining here until Nov. 11, it was or-
dered to Hatteras island, N. C, and made its winter quarters in that
vicinity. It shared in the victory at Roanoke island in Feb., 1862, after
which four companies were detailed to garrison the fort at Hatteras
island and the remainder of the regiment sailed for New Berne. This
detachment rendered valuable service during the battle of New Berne
in transporting ammunition for the troops engaged. With the ist brigade
of Gen. Reno's division, the entire regiment was ordered to Fortress
Monroe, where it arrived on July 8, 1862. In August it joined Gen.
Pope's army at Culpeper; participated in the battles of the second Bull
Run, Chantilly, South mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, fighting
valiantly in every engagement and winning many compliments for gal-
lantry. On Feb. 11, 1863, the 48th was ordered to Newport News, re-
maining there until late in March, when it proceeded to Lexington, Ky.,
where it was posted on guard duty from April i to Sept. 10. It was then
ordered to East Tennessee and assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division,
9th corps, with which it engaged at Blue Springs, Campbell's station and
Knoxville. In December many of the regiment reenlisted and the 48th
continued in the field as a veteran organization after the usual veteran
furlough. In the same brigade as heretofore it shared in the arduous
Wilderness campaign, repeatedly in action and suffering heavy losses.
It proceeded to Petersburg and joined in a successful assault on an out-
post the 17th of June, in which Sergt. Patrick Monahan of Co. F and Pri-
vate Robert Reid of Co. G received medals of honor for gallanty. The
month of July was spent in excavating the mine that was exploded
July 30, with such terrible effect. The men were without adequate tools
for such labor and it was only accomplished by the utmost endurance and
persistence. For this work they were complimented in orders by Gen.
Meade. On Aug. 2, the regiment was attached to the ist brigade, 2nd
division, 9th corps, with which it engaged the enemy at Poplar Spring
Church. In December the regiment was stationed at Fort Sedgwick,
where it remained until April 2, 1865, when it joined the assault on Fort
Mahone, after which it occupied Petersburg and was detailed to guard
prisoners, etc., until the middle of July, when it returned to Alexandria
and was mustered out on July 17, 1865.

Forty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., William H. Irwin, Thomas M. Hulings,
B. J. Hickman, A. W. Wakefield; Lieut.-Cols., William Brisbane. Thomas
M. Hulings, John B. Miles, B. J. Hickman, A. W. Wakefield, James T.
Stuart; Majs., Thomas M. Hulings, John B. Miles, B. J. Hickman, A-

Pennsylvania Regiments 381

W. Wakefield, James T. Stuart, F. W. Wombacker. The 49tli was re-
cruited in the counties of Center, Chester, Huntingdon, Mifflin and Juniata,
and was mustered into the U. S. service at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg,
Sept. 14, 1861, for a three years' term. It was ordered to Washington
on Sept. 22, assigned to the ist brigade of Gen. W. F. Smith's division,
4th corps, and camped during the winter near Lewinsville. It joined in
the campaign on the Peninsula early in 1862, performing various siege
duties at Yorktown, and fighting at Williamsburg, Garnett's and Golding's
farms. White Oak swamp and Malvern hill. On Aug. 16, the regiment
was sent to Alexandria, where it was attached to Franklin's corps, which
joined the Army of the Potomac at Centerville and proceeded to Antietam,
engaging the enemy on the way at Crampton's gap. During this battle
the 49th was held in reserve, as it was also at Fredericksburg in Decem-
ber. Winter quarters were established at White Oak Church and on
Jan. 9, 1864, the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of four com-
panies, which participated in the "Mud March." Col. Irwin added enough
new recruits to the regiment in April to restore it to its old organization
and it was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, 6th corps, with which
it remained until the end of its service. It was active at Salem Church,
present at Deep run, active at Gettysburg, and then joined in the south-
ward movement of the army. It was engaged at Rappahannock Station,
and was mentioned in orders for gallantry. It joined in the Mine Run
movement, after which it went into winter quarters at Hazel Run, where
260 of its members reenlistcd and with the addition of recruits and
drafted men the regiment was continued as a veteran organization. On
May 4, 1864, it broke camp and the next day the command was in the
heat of the action at the Wilderness. At Laurel hill the regiment made a
most daring assault, but at fearful cost. Col. Hulings, Lieut-Col. Miles,
2 other officers and 61 men being killed and 5 officers and 195 men wounded
or missing. The next engagement was the assault on the angle at Spottsyl-
vania. The loss up to the 14th of the month when only 130 men were
able to report for duty, was 392 killed, wounded or missing. At Cold
Harbor the loss was 8 killed and 20 wounded. The regiment proceeded
with the army to Petersburg and on July 11, was ordered to Washing-
ton, which was threatened by Gen. Early. It followed Early to the Shen-
andoah river and then returned to Washington, but had scarcely arrived
when news of Early's advance upon Crook caused it to return to Harper's
Ferry. It was active at the battle of Winchester; was posted on guard
in the city for a time; then ordered again to Petersburg; shared in the
action at Hatcher's run, and made its winter quarters at Fort Wadsworth.
It took part in the final assault on Petersburg; was in the cavalry fight
at Sailor's creek; was then detailed to guard prisoners to Appomattox;
next ordered to Danville, where it remained for a month, and then
returned to Washington, where it arrived June 2 and remained until
mustered out at Hall's hill, July 15, 1865.

Fiftieth Infantry.— Cols., Benjamin C. Christ, William H. Telford;
Lieut.-Cols., Thomas S. Brenholtz, Edward Overton, Jr., William H.
Telford, Samuel K. Schwenk; Majs., Edward Overton, Jr., Samuel K
Schwenk, George W. Brumm. The 50th regiment, recruited in the coun-
ties of Berks, Schuylkill, Bradford, Susquehanna, Lancaster and Luzerne,
was mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, Oct. i, 1861, for
three years. It left Camp Curtin the next day for Washington, after
which it moved to Annapolis and joined the expedition to South Caro-
lina, being assigned to Stevens' brigade. The command camped near Hil-
ton Head until Dec. 6, when it occupied Beaufort and had a slight skir-
mish with the enemy the following day. On Jan. i, 1862, the brigade
crossed the Coosaw river and captured a fort. In May an attempt was
made to destroy the railroad bridge at old Pocotaligo, which was unsuc-

382 The Union Army

cessful in spite of the gallantry of the regiment. On July 12 it embarked
for Fortress Monroe and on its arrival was attached to the 9th corps and
ordered to join Gen. Pope on the Rapidan. Several skirmishes ensued
at the fords of the Rapidan and Rappahannock. At the second Bull Run,
Chantilly, South mountain and Antietam it fought gallantly and sustained
heavy losses. It was present at Fredericksburg but not in the battle.
It was then ordered to join the Army of the Ohio, advanced to Vicks-
burg, where it was posted on Haines Bluff, and after the siege followed
Gen. Sherman to Jackson, where it was engaged and lost its brave Lieut.-
Col. Brenholtz. In the southern campaign the men suffered much from
malaria and on Aug. 10, such as were able returned to Kentucky. They
were active at the battle of Blue Springs, Tenn., in October and in
November at Lenoir Station and Campbell's station, near Knoxville, and
the attack on Fort Sanders. The regiment shared in the pursuit of Long-
street as far as Blaine's cross-roads, when it was ordered to Nicholas-
ville and the reenlisted men were sent home on veteran furlough. In spite
of the hardships of the winter nearly the entire regiment reenlisted and
on March 20, 1864, reported at Annapolis, the rendezvous of the 9th
corps. The 50th was attached to the 2nd brigade, ist division, of this
corps, which joined the Army of the Potomac at the Rapidan on May 5,
and engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the North Anna river and
Cold Harbor. At Petersburg it was in support of the troops that made the
assault after the mine explosion; joined in the engagement at the Weldon
railroad, and in the final assault on the city, April 2. 1865. About the
middle of April it proceeded to Washington and remained there until
June 30, when it was ordered to Gettysburg to represent the infantry of
the Union army at the corner stone ceremonies of the National Monu-
ment, July 4, and returned to camp at Georgetown, where it was mus-
tered out on July 31, 1865.

Fifty-first Infantry. — Cols., John F. Hartranft, Edwin Schall, William
J. Bolton; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas S. Bell, Edwin Schall, William Alle-
baugh; Majs., Edwin Schall, William J. Bolton. Lane S. Hart, Joseph K.
Bolton. This regiment was recruited during the summer and fall of
1861 by Col. Hartranft for three years' service, most of the officers and
men having served for the three months' term. Cos. A, C, D, F and I
were recruited in Montgomery county ; E, H and K in Union and Snyder ;
G in Center and B in Northampton. The place of rendezvous was Camp
Curtin, Harrisburg, and the regimental organization was completed on
Nov. 16, 1861. Two days later it left for Annapolis, Md., where it
remained, perfecting itself in drill and discipHne, until Jan. 6, 1862,
when it was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Gen. Reno), Burnside's corps,
embarked as a part of Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, and landed
at Roanoke island on Feb. 7. It shared in the capture of the enemy's
works here on the 8th and was active at the battle of New Berne, N. C,
in March, where it executed a gallant charge. It was again active in
the battle of Camden, losing 3 killed and 21 wounded. It returned to
Fortress Monroe in July and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd
division, 9th corps. Gen. Ferrero commanding the brigade. It was
active at the second Bull Run and Chantilly, and in Sept., 1862, moved
with the 9th corps on the Maryland campaign. It skirmished with the
enemy's cavalry at Frederick, Md. ; was hotty engaged at South moun-
tain and again at Antietam, where its losses were 125, including Lieut-
Col. Bell, and Lieuts. Beaver and Hunsicker killed ; Capts. Bolton and
Hart, Adjt. Shorkly, Quartermaster Freedly and Lieut. Lynch wounded.
Maj. Schall was now promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and Capt. Bolton
to major. The command «uft'ered severely in the fierce fighting at
Fredericksburg in December, its losses being 12 killed and 74 wounded.
It was ordered to Fortress Monroe in March, 1863, brigaded with the

Pennsylvania Regiments 383

Sist N. Y., 2ist Mass., and nth N. H., and moved thence, with two
divisions of the pth corps, to Kentucky, being posted successively at
Winchester, Lancaster, Crab Orchard and Stanford. In June it moved
with its corps under command of Gen. Parke to the support of Grant
at Vicksburg, arriving on the 14th and going into camp at Mill Dale. It
was employed here and at Oak ridge for several weeks in building forti-
fications, and joined Sherman in his campaign to Jackson in July. The
command then returned to Kentucky, encamping at Camp Nelson, where
it rested and refitted after its arduous service in Mississippi. The regi-
ment moved from Camp Nelson to Crab Orchard, where a number of
recruits were received, and thence to Knoxville, Tenn. It was active at
the battle of Campbell's station, and suffered all the hardships endured
by Burnside's army, when besieged in Knoxville by the enemy under
Longstreet. After the siege was raised it joined in the pursuit of the
enemj-, skirmishing with his rear-guard at Rutledge, and later went into
winter quarters at Blaine's cross-roads, where the men suffered much
from the meager supplies of food and clothing received. On Jan. 5, 1864,
the regiment reenlisted for a term of three years and returned to Pennsyl-
vania on 30 days' veteran furlough. While at home the command was
rapidly recruited to the maximum strength, as it was a very popular
organization, and on the expiration of its furlough it proceeded to Annap-
olis, where it was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, gth corps.
Col. Hartranft commanding the brigade and Lieut.-Col. Schall the regi-
ment. The 51st participated in all the sanguinary engagements leading
up to the siege of Petersburg, losing heavily. Dating from the battle at
the Ny river, May 12, Col. Hartranft was promoted to brigadier-general,
Lieut.-Col. Schall became colonel, Maj. Bolton lieutenant-colonel, and Capt.
Hart major. In the fierce fighting at Cold Harbor Col. Schall was killed
while leading a charge and was succeeded in command by Lieut.-Col.
Bolton. Tlie command arrived in front of Petersburg on the 17th and at
once engaged the enemy. It was in action again the next day, capturing
and holding a position close to the enemy's works. This position was so
exposed that a constant fire was kept up, night and day, for more than
two weeks, one-third of the men being constantly employed to hold the
position. It formed part of the assaulting column at the explosion of
the mine, but was ordered back before it entered the crater. In this
advance. Col. Bolton was severely wounded and Maj. Hart succeeded
to the command. The regiment remained on duty in front of the crater
for a few days, when it was relieved, and remained encamped in the
rear until Aug. 19. It shared in the movement for the capture of the
Weldon railroad, and participated in all the subsequent operations of the
brigade, including the engagements at Poplar Spring Church, Ream's
station. Hatcher's run, and the final assault on Petersburg, April 2,
1865. It was mustered out at Alexandria, Va., July 21, 1865, after four
years of most trying service.

Fifty-second Infantry. — Cols., John C. Dodge. Jr., Henry M. Hoyt,
J. B. Conyngham; Lieut.-Cols., Henry M. Hoyt, J. B. Conyngham, John
A. Hennessy; Majs., J. B. Conyngham, Thomas B. Jayne, John A. Hen-
nessy, George R. Lennard. On Aug. i, 1861, John C. Dodge, Jr., formerly
captain in the nth infantry, three months' service, was authorized by
Gov. Curtin to recruit this regiment. The men rendezvoused at Camp
Curtin, Harrisburg, coming principally from the counties of Luzerne,
Clinton, Wyoming, Union, Bradford, and Columbia, and were mostly
well formed, hardy, young men, familiar with the use of the rifle. The
Wyoming cornet band of Wilkes Barre of 16 pieces, accompanied the
regiment, which completed its organization on Nov. 5, 1861. On the
8th it left for Washington, where it went into camp on Kalorama heights,
and in January went into winter quarters on Meridian hill, being tern-

384 The Union Army

porarily brigaded with the 104th Pa., 56th N. Y., and nth Me. Later the
52nd was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Naglee), 3d division (Gen.
Casey), 4th corps (Gen. Keyes). It left for the front on March 28,
1862, sailing to Newport News ; moved thence to Lee's mill ; shared in the
siege of Yorktown ; was engaged at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks, losing
in the last named battle one-half of the 240 officers and men who went
into action. A company of sharpshooters of 100 men from the 52nd,
commanded by Capt. G. P. Davis, achieved distinction in this campaign.
During the famous Seven Days' battles Gen. Naglee's brigade rendered
highly important service in holding the railroad and Bottom's bridges
over the Chickahominy, and the White Oak swamp bridge. Says Gen.
Naglee in his report: "Thus for seven days were the men of my brigade
constantly on duty. On the 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th of June the safety
of the army depended on our holding the railroad and Bottom's bridges,
and on the 30th upon holding the bridge at White Oak swamp. Many,
day and night for four days, stood to their middle in water of the Chick-
ahominy swamp, and all impressed with the responsible duty required of
them, served their country in this hour of trial, enduring the most exces-
sive labor, fatigue and exhaustion with extraordinary endurance and
cheerfulness." On Aug. 20 it arrived at Yorktown with its brigade and
while here the men were trained as heavy artillerists. In December it
reported to 'Gen. Foster, in North Carolina, and in the latter part of
Jan., 1863, sailed to Port Royal, S. C. Early in April the 52nd moved
up the North Edisto river to within 12 miles of Charleston, but the
naval attack on the city having failed, it returned to Beaufort, then moved
to Folly island and later to James island, where it engaged the enemy at
Secessionville during the siege of Fort Wagner. From this time on it
shared in the siege of Fort Wagner. In December a large portion of the
men reenlisted and went home on veteran furlough. On their return the
regiment, recruited to 1,000 strong, remained at Hilton Head, making an
occasional raid into the interior. On July 3, 1864, in an assault on Fort
Johnson, it lost 7 killed, 16 wounded and more than 100 captured. It
remained on Morris island during the summer and fall of 1864, and per-
formed picket duty as boat infantry in the harbor through the winter.
After the evacuation of Charleston, the 52nd joined Sherman's army in
its march through the Carolinas and after Johnston's surrender it served
for a few weeks at Salisbury', N. C. It was finally mustered out at
Harrisburg, Pa., July 12, 1865.

Fifty-third Infantry.— Cols.. John R. Brooke, S. Octavius Bull, Will-
iam M. Mintzer; Lieut. -Cols., Richards McMichael, S. Octavius Bull, Will-
iam M. Mintzer, George C. Anderson; Majs., Thomas Yeager, S. Octavius
Bull, Henry S. Dimm, William M. Mintzer, Philip H. Schreyer, George C.
Anderson, George D. Pifer. This regiment was organized at Camp Cur-
tin, Harrisburg, Nov. 7, 1861. It was recruited from the counties of
Chester, Montgomery, Blair, Huntingdon, Northumberland, Juniata and
Westmoreland. Col. Brooke had served as captain in the 4th Pa. infan-
try in the three months' troops. The regiment left for Washington
immediately upon its organization and was employed in drill and routine
duties until the opening of the spring campaign in March, 1862. It was
then assigned to the 3d brigade comprising the 2nd Del., 53d Pa., 52nd, S7th
and 66th N. Y. infantry and Battery B, ist N. Y. artillery, commanded
by Brig.-Gen. William H. French, ist division, Maj.-Gen. Israel B. Richard-
son, 2nd corps, Maj.-Gen. E. V. Sumner. It participated in the Penin-
sular campaign with McClellan's army; was in the reserve division during
the siege of Yorktown ; active at Fair Oaks, losing 96 killed, wounded and
missing, and winning commendation for its conduct; was under fire at
Gaines' mill; suffered slight loss at the Peach Orchard, where it was com-
plimented by Gen. Sumner; present, but not active at Savage Station and

Pennsylvania Regiments 385

White Oak swamp; and was under fire at Malvern hill, though not
active. Returning to Harrison's landing, it encamped until late in Aug-
ust, moving on the 30th toward Centerville, where it arrived after Pope
had fought the second Bull Run battle, and acted as rear-guard during the
retreat of the Union army to Tennallytown. On Sept. 11, Gen. French
was assigned to command a division and was succeeded by Col. Brooke.
The regiment engaged in the Maryland campaign, being in reserve at
South mountain and in the hottest of the fight at Antietam, where its
loss was 28. After the battle it was engaged for two days in the work
of interring the dead. It encamped at Bolivar heights until Oct. 30;
skirmished at Snicker's gap; moved with the army to Warrenton; and
finally arrived at Falmouth, where it served as provost guard until
Dec. II. It went into battle at Fredericksburg 283 strong and lost in
killed and wounded 158, among whom were 9 commissioned officers. The
53d now returned to Falmouth, where it remained until Feb. i, 1863,
Maj. Bull being here assigned to staff duty at headquarters and serving
successively with Gens. Couch, Hancock, Hays, Warren and Hancock
until May 18, 1864. Late in April, 1863, it moved on the Chancellorsville
campaign and afterwards returned to Falmouth. Attached to the 4th
brigade, ist division, 2nd corps, it was active on the second day of the
battle of Gettysburg. Three companies were absent on detached service
and the command entered the battle with only 124 men, of whom 6 were
killed, 67 wounded and 6 missing. The remnant of the regiment engaged
in the pursuit, marching to Jones' cross-roads, and after the enemy re-
tired into Virginia, returned to Morrisville. It engaged in the subse-
quent arduous campaigns of the year, ending with that of Mine Run, being
engaged at Rappahannock and Bristoe Stations. It went into winter quar-
ters at Stevensburg, reenlisted there in December for another three
years, and on the 27th proceeded to Harrisburg on veteran furlough.
Returning to its old quarters at Stevensburg, on the expiration of the
furlough, it started on the Wilderness campaign. It was engaged without
serious loss at the Battle of the Wilderness; met with loss at the Po
river engagement ; and suffered severely in the charge of the veteran 2nd
corps at Spottsylvania. Soon after this Col. Brooke was promoted to
brigadier-general, Maj. Bull to lieutenant-colonel, and Capt. Dimm to
major. When Lieut.-Col. Bull was mustered out on the expiration of his
term, Nov. i, 1864, Capt. Mintzer was made major. The S3d crossed the
Pamunkey on May 25, proceeded thence to Totopotomoy creek, and ar-
rived at Cold Harbor on June 2. It was active here the next day, making
several gallant charges and suffering severely. Gen. Brooke, commanding
the brigade, and Capt. Dimm and Lieut. Pifer were among the wounded.
It arrived in front of Petersburg on June 16 and assaulted the enemy's
works, losing about 70 men in a gallant charge. For several weeks the
command was engaged in constructing defensive works and in promis-
cuous skirmishing in the neighborhood of Petersburg. It was active at
Reams' station and afterwards participated in the work of the siege of
Petersburg, being employed on the front lines. On March 28, 1865, the
regiment began its last campaign, being active at the Boydton plank road,
and at Five Forks. For his services at this time Col. Mintzer was pro-
moted brevet brigadier-general. The S3d assisted in the capture of the
enemy's wagon trains at Deep creek, and was at the front on the day of
Lee's surrender. It marched in the grand review at Washington and was
mustered out near Alexandria on June 30, 1865.

Fifty-fourth Infantry.— Cols., Jacob M. Campbell, Albert P. Moulton;
Lieut.-Cols., Barnabas McDermit, John P. Linton, Albert P. Moulton,
William A. McDermit; Majs., John P. Linton, Enoch D. Yutzy, Nathan
Davis, John L. Decker. The 54th regiment was recruited from the
counties of Cambria, Somerset, Dauphin, Northampton and Lehigh, during

Vol. 1—25

386 The Union Army

the autumn of 1861 and was mustered into the U. S. service for three
years, at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, Feb. 7, 1862. Col. Campbell and
many of the other officers and men had already served in the three
months' campaign. The regiment left for Washington on Feb. 27;
encamped near Bladensburg cemetery, where it spent about four weeks
in drill and other routine duties; reported on March 29 to Col. Miles at
Harper's Ferry, and was assigned to guard duty along the line of the
Baltimore & Ohio railroad, having under its charge some 56 miles of road
west of Martinsburg. Its headquarters were first at Great Cacapon and
afterwards at Sir John's run. From June i to Sept. 10, Col. Campbell
reported the capture of 213 guerrillas and 273 horses. After the sur-
render of the forces under Col. Miles at Harper's Ferry, the 54th was
attached to Gen. Franklin's command. On Oct. 4 all but 35 members
of Co. K at Little Cacapon, and all of Co. B at Paw Paw, were surprised
and captured by a force under Gen. Imboden. A little later, on the
organization of the 8th corps, it was assigned to the 3d brigade, 2nd
division. In December Cos. B and K were exchanged and returned to
the regiment and in this month the command was relieved of its long
service on the railroad. On Jan. 6, 1863, the regiment moved to Romney,
where it remained until the opening of the spring campaign. LieuL-CoL
McDermit resigned on Jan. 29 and was succeeded by Maj. Linton,
Capt. Yutzy being promoted major. The regiment was now attached to
the 4th brigade, ist division. Department of West Virginia; was engaged
in scouting and patrol duty in the neighborhood of Purgitsville until
June 30, when it moved to New Creek; joined in the pursuit of the
enemy after the battle of Gettysburg; skirmished with his pickets on
July 10, and was heavily engaged on the 19th; then returned to Romney;
advanced in August to near Petersburg to reHeve the 23d III, and was
engaged in fortifying for three weeks. It moved to Springfield with its
brigade early in November and was assigned to ist brigade, 2nd division,
Col. Campbell in command. In Jan., 1864, Col. Campbell with a part of
his command was ordered to Cumberland, and in February, Co. K was
surprised and captured at Patterson's creek by the enemy under the
notorious Harry Gilmore. In the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley in
May under Gen. Sigel, the 54th was active at the battle of New Market,
losing 174 killed, wounded and missing. Maj. -Gen. Hunter now assumed
command of the army which was designated the Army of the Shenandoah.
The 54th was active at Piedmont, losing 30 killed and wounded, and as a
part of the 3d brigade, 2nd division was engaged at Lexington with little
loss. Its loss at Lynchburg was severe, numbering 54 killed. In the
subsequent retreat across the mountains into the Kanawha Valley, the
command suffered severely. It arrived at Camp Pyatt on June 29 and
moved by rail to Martinsburg on July 14. It joined in the pursuit of
Early's forces, engaging him at Snicker's ferry and Island ford of the
Shenandoah with a loss of 7 men; skirmished at Kernstown on the 23d,
and was heavily engaged there on the 24th ; then withdrew across the
Potomac, where it engaged in the various maneuvres of the army; after
a number of heavy skirmishes fell back to Halltown, remaining there
until Aug. 28; then moved to Charlestown and thence to Berrj'ville, where
it was active in September. While here its depleted ranks were filled
by recruits, returning convalescents and veterans. It was active at the
battle of Winchester, making a gallant charge with its corps under Gen.
Crook; shared in the splendid charge at Fisher's hill; and suffered heavily
in the celebrated battle of Cedar creek, where it was posted in advance.
On the close of Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah, the S4th moved
to Washington and thence to City Point, arriving on Dec. 23, and being
assigned to the Army of the James. In May, 1864, the veterans and
recruits of the 3d and 4th reserve regiments were first organized as an

Pennsylvania Regiments 387

independent battalion, but were united with the 54th on Feb. 7, 1865. The
consolidated organization, still known as the S4th, Col. Albert P. Moul-
ton, Lieut.-Col. WilHam A. McDermit, Maj. Nathan Davis, was assigned
to 2nd brigade, independent division. Army of the James, commanded
by Gen. Ord. In the attack on Fort Gregg at Petersburg, April 2, 1865,
it lost 20 killed and wounded. In the desperate engagement at High
bridge over the Appomattox, the S4th was forced to surrender, after
losing 21 killed and wounded. Retreating for four days with the enemy's
columns, the men were released on the surrender of Lee. From Appo-
mattox the 54th was sent to Annapolis, and on July 15, 1865, was mus-
tered out at Harrisburg.

Fifty-fifth Infantry.— Cols., Richard White, John H. Filler; Lieut-
Cols., Frank T. Bennett, John H. Filler, James Metzger; Majs., John H.
Filler, James Metzger, John Gotshall, George H. Hill. The 55th regiment
was recruited during the summer and autumn of 1861 from the counties
of Cambria, Berks, Schuylkill, Indiana, Dauphin, Blair and Bedford. It ren-
dezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, three companies, B, E and G
being stationed for a time at Camp Cameron. It was mustered into the
U. S. service for three years, and on Nov. 22, 1861, with 38 officers and
757 men, left the state for Fortress Monroe, where drill was continued
until Dec. 8, when it embarked for Port Royal, S. C, arriving on the
12th. It guarded the approaches to the west of Hilton Head until Feb.
25, 1862, and garrisoned Edisto island by detachments until the following
October, the various companies being often subjected to attacks of the
enemy and losing about 20 killed and wounded in the engagement of March
29. It shared in an expedition up the Broad river in October to destroy
the Charleston & Savannah railroad, being engaged with the enemy at
Caston's and Frampton's plantations, and at Pocotaligo river, where the
55th lost 29 killed and wounded. The regiment was then stationed for
more than a year at Beaufort, S. C, doing picket duty at Port Royal ferry
and garrisoning the fortifications. On Jan. i, 1864, most of the men
reenlisted for another three years and departed for Harrisburg on the
22nd for 30 days' veteran furlough. While at home the regiment was
recruited to 1,250 effective men. It returned to South Carolina on March
23 and in April embarked for Virginia, where it was assigned to the 3d
brigade (Col. White), 3d division (Gen. Ames), loth corps (Gen. Gill-
more), Army of the James. It moved with the corps to Bermuda Hun-
dred and was engaged for a time in the work of fortifying the head of the
peninsula between the James and Appomattox rivers. It shared in the
engagements at Swift creek and Proctor's creek, with a loss of 15 com-
missioned officers and 300 enlisted men. Col. White, Lieut.-Col. Bennett
and Adj. Metzger being among the prisoners. It was soon afterward
sent with a heavy force under Gen. W. F. Smith to the support of the
Army of the Potomac, and was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Stan-
nard), 2nd division (Gen. Martindale), i8th corps. It engaged the enemy
at Cold Harbor with a loss of 4 officers and 134 enlisted men. On June
12 it marched back to White House, whence it proceeded by transport to
Point of Rocks on the Appomattox, and on the 15th shared in the assault
on the works in front of Petersburg. The 55th was again active on the
16th and in a desperate charge on the i8th lost 3 officers and 80 enlisted
men in less than 10 minutes. It was in reserve when the mine was exploded
and then shared for two months in the work of the siege, meeting daily
with some loss. It met with heavy loss at New Market heights in Septem-
ber— 3 officers and 78 men out of 5 officers and 150 men engaged. In
November, the tattered colors of the regiment were exchanged for a new
stand, the old one being deposited in the capitol. In December, the 5Sth
was assigned to the 4th brigade, ist division, 24th corps, with which it was
engaged at Signal hill, and the following March proceeded to Hatcher's

388 The Union Army-

run, skirmishing and sharing in the charge on Forts Gregg and Baldwin
on April 2. After the evacuation of Petersburg it went by forced march
to Burkesville Junction and Rice's station to cut off the enemy's retreat
and reached Appomattox Court House on the 9th, in advance of Lee's
columns. After the surrender the 55th did guard duty at Richmond
until the end of July, when it reported to Gen. Hartsuff at Petersburg.
It served by detachments in Virginia, under orders from the Freedman's
Bureau, until Aug, 30, 1865, when it was mustered out of service at
Petersburg, the men being finally paid and discharged at Harrisburg, Pa.
Fifty-sixth Infantry. — Cols., Sullivan A. Meredith, J. William Hofmann,
Henry A. Laycock; Lieut-Cols., J. William Hofmann, George B. Osborn,
John T. Jack, Henry A. Laycock, John A. Black; Majs., John B. Smith,
John T. Jack, H. A. Laycock, J. A. Black, George T. Michaels. The 56th
regiment was recruited principally from Philadelphia, and the counties
of Indiana, Center, Luzerne, Schuylkill, Susquehanna and Wayne in the
autumn of 1861,, and rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. All the
field officers had served in the three months' campaign. The ranks of the
regiment filled very slowly, and it finally left for Washington on March
8, 1862, with only eight and one-half companies. Remaining encamped
there until the following April, it did guard duty at Budd's ferry for a
short time, moving to Acquia landing on the 24th. On May 10 five com-
panies moved to Belle Plain; on the 21st the regiment moved to Potomac
creek ; thence to Fredericksburg on the 27th ; served there on patrol and
picket duty until Aug. 9, when it was assigned to Doubleday's brigade.
King's division, McDowell's corps. Crossing the Rappahannock, it first
came under fire at Rappahannock Station and first engaged the enemy at
Gainesville, where Col. Meredith was severely wounded. It was active
in the second Bull Run fight, being unfortunate enough to lose its colors
to the enemy here. After the battle it retreated with the army to Center-
ville and thence to Fairfax Court House. On Sept. 6, it was ordered to
Leesburg and soon after moved with McClellan on the Maryland cam-
paign, being active at South Mountain, where it suffered severely, but it
escaped with slight loss at Antietam, being on the extreme right of Hook-
er's corps. On Nov. 2, having moved forward to Union in support of
Pleasonton's .cavalry, the brigade, under Lieut.-Col. Hofmann, drove
the enemy from the town, the 56th losing 5 killed and 10 wounded in the
action, being complimented by its division commander for gallantry. It
participated in the Fredericksburg campaign without loss ; encamped for
the winter at Pratt's landing, Potomac creek; shared in the "Mud March"
in Jan., 1863 ; and on April 28, with 21 officers and 289 men, embarked
on the Chancellorsville campaign, meeting with small loss during the
early part of the battle. It encamped near the Fitz Hugh house until
June 7, when it moved to Kelly's and Beverly fords as a cavalry support,
two companies under Capt. Runkle repelling a furious charge at the latter
on the 9th. Assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Cutler), ist division (Gen.
Wadsworth), ist corps (Gen. Reynolds), it commenced its march to-
wards Gettysburg on June 25, 1863. The ist brigade had the advance
on the arrival of the corps at the front, and the s6th was the first to get
into position. As the enemy was at that moment advancing and within
range, it was promptly ordered to fire, which opened the great battle.
Brig.-Gen. Cutler, in a letter to Gov. Curtin, dated Nov. 5, 1863, stated
among other things : "I hope that you will cause proper measures to be
taken to give that regiment (the 56th) the credit, which is its due, of
having opened that memorable battle." In the first day's fighting the
56th lost 4 officers and 146 men killed, wounded and missing, but its loss
was small the following two days. It shared in the pursuit of Lee's
army which ensued. In November of this year it participated in the
Mine Run movement with small loss, and shared in the demonstration

Pennsylvania Regiments 389

at Raccoon ford in Feb., 1864. On March 10 a large part of the regiment
reenhsted for an additional three years and returned to Pennsylvania on
veteran furlough, rejoining the army at the front on April 20. Shortly
afterward the 56th entered on the Wilderness campaign. It met with
heavy losses at the Wilderness, where it displayed conspicuous valor;
drove the enemy from an orchard and farm house on the hill in the
battle of Laurel hill ; was continuously occupied in the vicinity of Spottsyl-
vania Court House until the 21st; crossed the North Anna river at
Jericho ford, where it checked the enemy's advance and captured several
hundred prisoners ; was active without loss at Bethesda Church ; shared
the general fortunes of the army until it arrived in front of Petersburg
on June 17; took part in a desperate assault on the works on the i8th;
and from that time on was employed in the general work of the siege.
In August it was engaged with its corps on the Weldon railroad and again
on the following day, when the regiment captured the battle flag of the
55th N. C, thus avenging the loss of its own colors at the second Bull
Run. James T. Jennings of Co. H was awarded a medal of honor by
the secretary of war for his gallantry in securing this stand of colors.
The 56th occupied the works until Sept. 13, when its corps was con-
solidated into one division, which became the 3d division of the 5th corps,
the 56th being assigned to the 3d brigade. Col. Hoffmann commanding
the brigade. It shared in the advance to Hatcher's run in October and
the raid to Hicksford in December, when it destroyed a part of the
Weldon railroad, and then encamped between Lee's mill and the Jerusa-
lem plank road until Feb. 4, 1865. The regiment was again active at
Hatcher's run in February and had its full share in all the subsequent
operations culminating in Lee's surrender. It was mustered out of
service at Philadelphia, July i, 1865.

Fifty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., William Maxwell, Charles T. Campbell,
Peter Sides, George Zinn ; Licut.-Cols., Elhannan W. Woods, Peter Sides,
T. S. Strohecker, William B. Neeper, L. D. Bumpus, George W. Perkins;
Majs., Jeremiah Culp, S. C. Simonton, William B. Neeper, Samuel Bryan.
The 57th regiment was recruited in the autumn of 1861, principally in
the counties of Mercer, Crawford and Venango, though some came from
Tioga, Bradford, Susquehanna and Wyoming counties. Co. K was orig-
inally recruited at Titusville as an independent company of sharpshooters,
but was not accepted by the government. The regiment rendezvoused by
companies and squads at Camp Curtin and was slowly mustered into
service during September, October and November for three years. It
left the state for Washington on Dec. 14, 1861 ; went into camp on the
Bladensburg pike until Feb., 1862; then moved to Fort Lyon below Alex-
andria, where it was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Jameson), ist
division (Gen. Kearny), 3d corps (Gen. Heintzelman), and moved with
the army in April upon the Peninsular campaign. From the beginning
at Camp Curtin, the 57th had suffered much from sickness ; its camp at
Washington was on low, wet ground ; at the siege of Yorktown it labored
for a month in trenches and on picket amid the malaria of the swamps
and marshes ; and in a very debilitated condition took part in the battle
of Williamsburg. The long, hard campaign which followed greatly re-
duced the regiment, so that when it reached Harrison's landing on July
2, it was without a field officer, had only a few line officers, and only 56
effective men, out of upwards of 1,000 who had started three months
before. It had been active at Fair Oaks, where it lost 11 killed and 49
wounded, Maj. Culp being killed, Capt. Chase mortally and Col. Camp-
bell severely wounded. It was in reserve at Savage Station, but was
active at Charles City cross-roads, losing 7 killed and 56 wounded, Maj.
Simonton and Lieut. Morse being among the wounded. Its conduct in
this fight elicited high praise from Gen. Kearny, and on the following day

390 The Union Army

it was again heavily engaged for a short time at Malvern hill, losing 2
killed and 8 wounded. Lieut.-Col. Woods left the regiment here on
account of sickness and was shortly afterwards honorably discharged.
Soon after the close of this campaign the ranks of the 57th were again
filled by returning convalescents and recruits. It shared in the ensuing
campaign under Pope, attached to Gen. Birney's brigade; suffered a small
loss at the second Bull Run ; was present, but not active at Chantilly,
where four companies from the 57th were detailed to bring into the Union
lines the body of the gallant Kearny, who fell in the fight. The regiment
was posted at Conrad's ferry for a month and on Oct. 10 Col. Campbell
resumed command. On Nov. 25 it went into winter quarters at Falmouth ;
was active at the battle of Fredericksburg, losing 21 killed, 76 wounded
and 78 missing out of 316 men in action. Col. Campbell was again
wounded in this action. The command now returned to its old quarters,
and in March was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Graham), ist division
(Gen. Birney), 3d corps (Gen. Sickles), and on April 28 moved on the
Chancellorsville campaign. Its loss at Chancellorsville was 13 killed,
48 wounded and 23 missing. On June 11, it started on the Gettysburg
campaign, where it was heavily engaged, with a loss of 12 killed, 45
wounded and 47 missing, Col. Sides being among the wovmded and Maj.
Neeper among the captured. During the balance of the year it was
active at Auburn creek, Kelly's ford, and Locust Grove and went into
winter quarters near Culpeper. More than two-thirds of the regiment
reenlisted about this time and went home on veteran furlough on Jan.
8, 1864, returning after 49 days with a large number of recruits. Assigned
to the 2nd brigade (Gen. Hays), 3d division (Gen. Birney), 2nd corps
(Gen. Hancock), it started on the Wilderness campaign and participated
in all the fierce fighting up to Petersburg, losing heavily at the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania, the North Anna river and Cold Harbor. It shared in
the first assault on the enemy's works at Petersburg, and in the general
work of the siege during the summer and early autumn. It was posted
on the Jerusalem plank road in October ; skirmished at Hatcher's run ;
later shared with its corps in driving back Mahone's division ; and shared
without loss in the raid on the Weldon railroad in December. By reason
of its losses, it was consolidated into a battalion of six companies on
Jan. II, 1865, and united with the 84th Pa. infantry a few days later,
Lieut.-Col. Zinn of the 84th, becoming colonel. It engaged without loss in
the movement to Hatcher's run in February; was conspicuous for its
gallantry in the assault on the enemy's works near Watkins' house in
March, capturing over 100 prisoners ; shared in the subsequent operations
leading up to the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond and the sur-
render of Lee; was active at Sailor's creek and was within a mile of
Appomattox Court House when the news of the surrender was received.
Moving thence to Burkesville, it encamped there until May and was mus-
tered out at Alexandria on June 29. Its record proves it to have been
essentially a fighting regiment.

Fifty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., J. Richter Jones, Carlton B. Curtis, Cecil
Clay; Lieut.-Cols., Carlton B. Curtis, Montgomery Martin, Charles A.
Winn, Cecil Clay, Robert C. Redmond; Majs., Montgomery Martin, Henry
Metcalf, Charles A. Winn, Cecil Clay, Robert C. Redmond, Joseph E.
Johnson. The 58th regiment was organized at Philadelphia from Sept.
21, 1861, to March i, 1862. Companies A, B, C, D and K were recruited
from Philadelphia and vicinity by J. Richter Jones and consolidated with
companies E, F, G, H and I recruited in Warren, McKean, Cameron,
Clinton, Northumberland, Luzerne and Potter counties by Carlton B.
Curtis. Each had been authorized by the governor to raise a regiment and
they combined their forces to form the s8th, which left the state for
Fortress Monroe in two detachments on March 8, 1862, arriving on the

Pennsylvania Regiments 391

day of the contest between the Merrimac and Monitor and going into
camp at Camp Hamilton. On May lo the regiment embarked for an
expedition to Norfolk, under command of Gen. Wool, and after perform-
ing provost guard duty in Norfolk for a few days moved to Portsmouth,
where it remained on guard duty until Oct. ii. Ordered then to Suffolk
it encamped there until Jan., 1863, sharing meanwhile in two expeditions
to the Blackwater river. On Jan. 5, 1863, it moved with the force under
Gen. Foster to Beaufort, N. C., and went into camp at Batchelder's Creek
Station, 8 miles west of New Berne. On Feb. 12 it surprised a Confed-
erate camp at Sandy ridge, capturing 143 prisoners. It was engaged with
the enemy on the Neuse road in April, at Cone creek on the Dover road
a few days later, and took part in the Dover road action on April 28. In
the action at Gum swamp in May it shared in the capture of the enemy's
works, 125 prisoners, i gun, many small arms, and valuable stores being
taken. In a skirmish at Batchelder's creek the following day, Col. Jones
was killed and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Curtis. Said Gen. Foster :
"Col. Jones won the admiration of all in this department by the inde-
fatigable, able and gallant manner with which he filled the arduous duties
of commander of the outposts." On May 24 the 58th moved to New
Berne and on June 27 to Washington, N. C, where it remained on garrison
and provost duty until the evacuation of the place in April, 1864, sharing
meanwhile in a number of expeditions into the interior. On May i it
joined Gen. Butler's army, then being organized at Yorktown to operate
against Richmond. It was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, i8th
corps, and participated in the campaign south of the James, being sharply
engaged with the enemy on the Qth, with a loss of 20 killed and wounded,
and aiding in the destruction of the Petersburg & Richmond railroad.
With its corps it joined Grant's army at Cold Harbor and in the action
there suffered a loss of 35 killed and wounded. It was again heavily
engaged on the 3d in the grand assault and suffered considerable loss.
Remaining at the front until June 13, it returned by transport to Ber-
muda Hundred, crossed the Appomattox and shared in the first assaults
in front of Petersburg. It was then relieved and returned to Point of
Rocks. The reenlisted men had never received their veteran furlough
and on June 24 went to Pennsylvania to enjoy their long delayed respite,
being given 20 days additional. The recruits and members who had not
reenlisted, remained on picket and fatigue duty, under command of
Capts. Leiper and Jackson, until the veterans, together with new re-
cruits, returned to the front on Aug. 25. With the i88th Pa., it was
selected to lead the desperate assault on Fort Harrison, where in the
fierce onset, the regimental colors repeatedly fell, but were finally planted
upon the parapet by Capt. Cecil Clay. Its loss here was 6 officers and 128
men out of 9 officers and 228 men engaged. On the afternoon of the
same day, with the i88th Pa., it attacked the "Star Fort," scaled the
ramparts and spiked the guns, but was forced to retire, its supports
failing it. It was now employed in guard, picket and fatigue duty;
shared without loss in the action at Fair Oaks in October and at Spring
Hill in December; bore an honorable part in the final campaign which
resulted in the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond and the sur-
render of Lee; and on the close of hostilities served by detachments in
southern Virginia until the end of 1865. It was mustered out at City
Point, Va., Jan. 24, 1866.

Second Cavalry. — Cols., Richard B. Price, William W. Sanders ;
Lieut. -Cols., Joseph P. Brinton, Joseph Steele; Majs., Joseph P. Brinton,
Charles F. Taggart, P. Benner Wilson, Joseph Steele, Robert M. Brin-
ton. This regiment, the 59th of the line, was raised from the state at
large in the fall of 1861, many of the members coming from the city of
Philadelphia, and from the counties of Crawford and Tioga. It ren-

392 The Union Army

dezvoused at Camp Patterson, near Philadelphia, where it was mustered
in during the fall and winter for three years, many of its officers having
seen service in the three months' campaign in the Philadelphia City troop,
and Col. Price had served in Mexico. Seven companies left for Balti-
more on April 5, 1862, followed by the remaining companies on the 14th.
On the 25th it moved to Washington and encamped on Capitol hilL
Here it was mounted and drilled, and on June 27 moved to Cloud's mills,
where it was assigned to Cooke's brigade, ist reserve corps, under Gen.
Sturgis. On Aug. 5 it marched to the Rapidan near Wolftown where it
joined Gen. Pope's army and was assigned to Buford's brigade. It had a
brisk skirmish with the enemy on the 7th, and soon after retired across the
mountains to Woodville, rejoining the army at Centerville, one squadron
being engaged at the second battle of Bull Run, attached to Gen. Kear-
ny's command. On the night of the 30th it held the stone bridge on the
Centerville road. At the close of the Bull Run campaign it was greatly
weakened by losses and sickness. It moved to Fort Blenker on Sept.
loth, and on the 17th a large detachment made a daring reconnoissance to
Aldie in search of Gen. Ewell and his body-guard. A few days later
it shared in an expedition to Ashby's gap, and on Oct. 6, as part of Gen.
Bayard's command, ist brigade, it participated in a reconnoissance to
Rappahannock Station. From Centerville it moved in pursuit of Stuart's
cavalry as far as Warrenton, losing 2 killed and 10 wounded on the
expedition. It next advanced with the entire corps, encountering the
enemy at New Baltimore and Warrenton and was constantly engaged in
scouting until Dec. 28, when it suffered a severe loss at the Occoquan,
being surprised by a superior force under Wade Hampton. Its camp was
captured and the regiment lost more than 100 killed, wounded and miss-
ing. It then went into winter quarters at Accotink, holding the line of
the Occoquan. April 4, 1863, it marched to Fairfax Court House, where
it was assigned to the 2nd brigade of Gen. Stahel's division and moved
on the Gettysburg campaign. At Frederick Gen. Pleasonton assumed
command of the division and on June 29 it reported at headquarters of
Gen. Meade, companies A, K, and H being detached to gather in strag-
glers. It was actively engaged at Gettysburg in checking the great tide
of stragglers to the rear, and after the battle conducted 2,500 prisoners to
Westminster. It moved in pursuit of Lee, reaching Warrenton July
25, and in August and September was employed in frequent reconnois-
sances and as guard at Meade's headquarters. It was engaged at White
Sulphur springs in October and on the 19th moved to Fairfax Station,
where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division. Cavalry corps.
On Oct. 21 it moved towards the Rappahannock and Mine Run ; was active
at Beverly ford and Rappahannock crossing and again at Bealeton. From
this time on during the campaign it was constantly engaged in skirmish-
ing and scouting, and on Nov. 29, at Parker's store, fought with great
gallantry, losing 35 men. In December it shared in the raid on Luray,
and then went into winter quarters at Warrenton. During the winter
its ranks were swelled by many recruits and many of the men reenlisted
and received a veteran furlough. On the opening of the spring campaign
it moved with the army of the Potomac; was active at the Wilderness
and at Todd's tavern ; shared in Gen. Sheridan's raid to sever Lee's
communications with Richmond. It participated in Sheridan's second raid
and was active at Haw's shop and on June 7 shared in the destruction of
the Virginia Central railroad. It then crossed the Pamunkey, destroyed
the Fredericksburg road at Chesterfield, and was heavily engaged at
Trevilian. It assisted in the effort to cut the enemy's lines at Gordons-
ville, was active at St. Mary's Church, where it was commended for its
gallantry, and after the raid it rejoined the army in front of Petersburg.
It was active at the engagements of Deep Bottom, Charles City cross-

Pennsylvania Regiments 393

roads, and Malvern hill, suffering considerable loss ; and was heavily
engaged at Reams' station. Since the beginning of the campaign in May,
the 59th participated in 16 general engagements, and its strength was
reduced to about 200. It shared in the subsequent fortunes of the cav-
alry of the Army of the Potomac, being engaged at Wyatt's farm, Boydton
plank road, McDowell's hill and Five Forks, and was present at Lee's
surrender. It took part in the grand review at Washington in May,
1865, and on June 17, was consolidated with the 20th Pa. cavalry to form
the 1st Pa. provisional cavalry, commanded by Col. William W. Sanders of
the regular army. Members whose term of service had expired were
sent to Philadelphia to be mustered out, and the provisional regiment was
finally mustered out of service at Cloud's mills, Va., July 13, 1865. Dur-
ing its long period of service the regiment enjoyed an excellent reputation
for discipline and courage in battle.

Third Cavalry.— Cols., William H. Young, W. W. Averell, John B
Mcintosh, Edward S. Jones ; Lieut. -Cols., Samuel W. Owen, Edward S.
Jones, James W. Walsh; Majs., E. W. Bennett, O. O. G. Robinson, J.
Claude While, Jnmes W. Walsh, Frank W. Hess, Charles Treichel. This
regiment, the 6oth of the line, known at first as Young's Light Kentucky
Cavalry, was organized at Philadelphia in July and Aug., 1861. Com-
panies A, C, F, K, and M were recruited in Philadelphia, B in Philadel-
phia and Chester county, E in Clinton, D in Washington, D. C, and G in
Allegheny. I in Philadelphia and Delaware county and L in Schuylkill.
On account of its name it lost precedence in number, though many of its
companies were the first to enlist in the three years' service. The regi-
ment assembled in Washington in AugiTSt, William W. Averell, a grad-
uate of West Point then serving in the 5th U. S. cavalry, being appointed
colonel by Gov. Curtin on Aug. 31. Under the severe discipline instilled
by its new commander it became one of the most efficient regiments in the
service. It spent the winter of 1861-62 at Camp Marcy, engaged in drill
and picket duty, and in March embarked on the Peninsular campaign.
It was frequently engaged during the siege of Yorktown and was con-
stantly skirmishing and scouting throughout the campaign. It was active
at Williamsburg, but was not engaged at Fair Oaks. In the trying
Seven D-iys' battles, the men were almost constantly in the saddle and
were repent^dly under a severe fi'-e. The regiment was engaged in a
hard skirmish at Jordan's ford, and at Charles City cross-roads partici-
pated in a brilliant hand to hand engagement with a North Carolina
regiment. It spent the summer of 1862 at Harrison's landing and was
actively employed throughout the Maryland campaign in September.
Late in October it moved with the army into Virginia, covering the right
flank of 'he advance and often came in collision with the enemy under
Stuart nnd Hampton, notably at Union, Upperville, Manassas gap and
Hartwnod Church. Col. Averell having been promoted brigadier-general
for galbn'r ', wts s'icceeded by Jo'^n B. Mcintosh, a subaltern of the
Sth U. S. cavalry. The regiment went into winter quarters near Potomac
creek and was not engaged at Fredericksburg. It was employed during
the winter in scouting and picketirg along the Rappahannock, haying
frequent encounters with the enemy. It participated in the brilliant
cavalry pneneement at Kelly's Ford, in March, 1863, where Capt. Treichel
was am'^nT 'he wounded. Returning to camp, it remained there until
April -''o pnd then took part in Gen. Stoneman's raid. In the reorgani-
zation of ''^ - --my ^t this time. Col. Mcintosh was placed in command of
the Tst hr''^-<^p. ?rd cavalry division, and Lieut.-Col. Jones succeeded to
the command nf the regiment. The cavalry, now commanded by Gen.
Pleasort^-. rr-ssed the Rappahannock on June 9, and kept the enemy's
cavalrv «o frlly employed prior to the battle of Gettysburg, that Stuart
was nn-h''- 'o rejoin Lee until after that fight. The 60th was in the saddle

394 The Union Army

in this campaign 20 hours out of the 24, for a period of 8 days,
and arrived on the field of Gettysburg on July 2, going into action im-
mediately. On the following day it assisted in meeting the fierce charge
of Hampton's division, losing 24 men killed and wounded. Among the
wounded were Capts. Newhall, Treichel, Rogers and Wetherill, and Lieut.
Edmonds. In the pursuit which followed the battle of Gettysburg, it
engaged the enemy's cavalry at Old Antietam forge, and was again engaged
with its division at Shepherdstown. It spent the balance of the summer
in scouting and picket duty along the upper Rappahannock and around
Warrenton. In the September campaign it was engaged in a running
fight from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan, making a gallant charge
and driving the enemy at Culpeper Court House. Later in the month
it was detached and posted along the hne of the Orange & Alexandria
railroad, encamping near Bristoe Station, where it was assigned to
Eustis' brigade, Terry's division, 6th corps. In October it reported to
Gen. Buford and was engaged with the 2nd cavalry division under that
commander, at Bristoe Station. The following day it was engaged for
more than 2 hours in a rear-guard action, losing 19 killed and wounded,
and was highly commended by Gen. Buford for its gallantry in holding
in check a superior force of the enemy. The regiment now resumed its
old position along the upper Rappahannock and on Nov. 26 moved on the
Mine Run campaign, being engaged with heavy loss on the 27th and 28th.
The following month it went into winter-quarters at Warrenton, where
the men suffered severely from a lack of camp supplies and clothing lost
during the Mine Run campaign. Largely because of their wretched
plight at this time, only about 75 members of the command reenlisted
for another three years' term. Near the close of the year, Capt. Newhall,
an excellent and much beloved officer, was accidentally drowned. On
Jan. 26, 1864, the 60th, now much reduced in numbers by its severe
service, was ordered to report at the headquarters of the Army of the
Potomac at Brandy Station for duty with the provost-marshal-general.
In the succeeding campaign it did service as an emergency command,
serving frequently as escort to generals Grant and Meade. Taking the
advance of the army, it made the first connection with Gen. Butler's
command south of the James, and finally went into camp at Gen. Meade's
■headquarters on the Military railroad. As their terms were now about
to expire, the original members to the number of about 300, constituting
about one-half the command, were ordered to Washington to report to
Gen. Halleck, and the veterans and recruits were organized into an inde-
pendent battalion of three companies, known as the veteran battalion, of the
3d Pa. cavalry, commanded by Maj. J. W. Walsh. The portion of the
command ordered to Washington, remained on duty there for a time to
assist in repelling the Confederate raid under Gen. Early, but finally arrived
in Philadelphia on Aug. 20, and was mustered out on the 24th. The
veteran battalion remained with Gen. Meade's headquarters at Meade
Station until October, when it moved to a point near the center of the
lines. During the fall and winter many recruits were received, and the
battalion was increased to eight companies. It was engaged at Boydton
plank road. Hatcher's run, along the Weldon railroad and in the assaults
on Petersburg. Early in the winter, three companies were detached for
service at the headquarters of Gen. Grant, remaining there until the
opening of the final campaign in 1865. It was active in the last assault
on Petersburg and in the pursuit which followed. In May it performed
provost guard duty in Richmond, where the members slowly left the
service, several being mustered out in the first week of June, and on the
9th the remaining members were consolidated in four companies, which
were transferred to the 5th Pa. cavalry and mustered out with that
regiment at Richmond, Va., Aug. 7, 1865.

Pennsylvania Regiments 395

Sixty-first Infantry. — Cols., Oliver H. Rippey, George C. Spear, George
F. Smith, Robert L. Orr; Lieut.-Cols., George C. Spear, George F. Smith,
George W. Dawson, John W. Crosby, Robert L. Orr, Charles S. Greene;
Majs., George F. Smith, George W. Dawson, John W. Crosby, Robert
L. Orr, Charles S. Greene, Oliver A. Parsons. The 6ist regiment was
recruited at Pittsburg in Aug., 1861, and was mustered in at Camp Cope-
land on Sept. 7 for three years, numbering about 600 men. Its colonel
had served in the Mexican war and as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Pa.
infantry in the three months' service. Such was the demand for troops
at this time that it proceeded to Washington before its ranks were filled.
Consolidated into six companies, it reported to Gen. Buell at Bladens-
burg, in Feb., 1862, and while here four companies under Maj. Spear were
transferred to it from the 23d regiment, which had fifteen companies,
thus raising it to the maximum strength. It was assigned to the 1st
brigade, 1st division, 4th corps, and participated in much of the severe
fighting of the Peninsular campaign. It was present throughout the
siege of Yorktown, but arrived too late to see much of the fighting at
Williamsburg. It suffered heavily at the battle of Seven Pines, losing
II ofiicers and 261 enlisted men and fighting with great gallantry. Col.
Rippey, Capt. Gerard, Lieuts. Moylan, Scott, Pollock and Rhodes were
among the killed, and Lieut.-Col. Spear and Maj. Smith were wounded
and captured, leaving the regiment without a field officer. It was again
active at Charles City cross-roads, Turkey bend and Malvern hill, losing
2 officers and ^2 men in the last named battle. It encamped at Harrison's
landing from July 2 to Aug. 16, when it moved to Yorktown and thence
by transport to Alexandria. On Sept. 2 it marched to Chantilly, but was
too late for the engagement. Soon afterward it moved on the Maryland
campaign and met with some loss at Antietam. It was encamped at
Downsville from Sept. 23 to Oct. 31, being there assigned to the 6th corps,
with which it remained until the close of its term of service. It shared
in the Fredericksburg campaign under Burnside, but met with only slight
loss'. During the winter 1862-63 it was encamped on the left bank of
the Rappahannock, participating in the "Mud March" in Jan., 1863.
The following month, with four other regiments and Harn's light bat-
tery, it was organized into the light division of the 6th corps, intended
for special service, to move quickly in emergencies. With the corps,
under Gen. Sedgwick, it shared in the severe fighting at Fredericksburg,
Marye's heights and Salem Church in the Chancellorsville campaign.
In the desperate and successful assault on Marye's heights, the 6ist led
the storming column. Col. Spear being killed, and the total loss of the
regiments during the brief struggle was 3 officers and 74 men. As the
light division had been greatly crippled during the severe fighting, it was
now broken up and the 6ist was assigned to the 3d brigade, 2nd division,
6th corps, with which it moved on the Gettysburg campaign and arrived
on that bloody field on the second day, after a trying march, and im-
mediately went into action. By reason of the position assigned it, the
6ist was not heavily engaged and met with small loss. After the battle
it shared in the pursuit of Lee and then went into camp for a month at
White Sulphur springs. During September it was engaged with its
corps in watching the movements of the enemy and in October moTed
through Fairfax, Gainesville and New Baltimore to Warrenton, where it
encamped. In November it shared in the action at Rappahannock Sta-
tion and then went into winter quarters at Brandy Station, where its
ranks were filled by returning convalescents and recruits. On May 5,
1864, it started on the Wilderness campaign, 500 strong, but in the almost
constant fighting which ensued at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the North
Anna river and Cold Harbor the regiment lost in killed, wounded and
missing about 30 officers and 400 enlisted men. On June 16 it crossed

396 The Union Army

the James river and shared in the work of the siege of Petersburg until
July 9, when it moved with its corps by transport from City Point to the
defense of Washington, then menaced by Gen. Early. It fought at Fort
Stevens, losing 6 killed and 26 wounded, including Lieut.-Col. Crosby,
after which it engaged in the pursuit of the enemy, encamping at Charles-
town on Aug. 18. Three days later it was engaged with loss at Flowing
Spring, and soon after again encamped at Charlestown. On Sept. 3, the
original term of service having expired, all the members except veterans
and recruits, proceeded to Philadelphia and were mustered out, the re-
maining members being organized as a battalion of five companies, which
lost heavily at the battle of Winchester. Of 128 men in action, 22 were
killed and wounded. It was also engaged with loss at Fisher's hill and
Cedar creek, where the battalion was highly complimented for gallantry.
Soon after this its ranks were increased to 350 men by the accession of
180 drafted men and the return of many of its wounded. On Dec. 3 it
rejoined the army in front of Petersburg and held a position on the
Squirrel Level road until the close of the siege. On March 2, 1865, two
new companies were received from Harrisburg, increasing the number of
companies to nine, and in January it received a beautiful flag presented
by the citizens of Philadelphia. On March 25. 1865, it participated with
its division in the assault on the outer lines of the enemy's fortifications,
losing 18 in killed and wounded. It participated in the final assault on
Petersburg, April 2, losing in the short but sanguinary engagement a
number of men, among whom were Col. Crosby killed, and Lieut.-Col.
Orr wounded. The next day it started in pursuit of Lee's fleeing columns
and engaged the enemy under Longstreet at Sailor's creek for the last
time. Returning to Burkesville after the surrender, it escorted the cap-
tured flags of the division to army headquarters. It reached Danville,
Va., on April 27, where it was detailed for provost duty until May 21 and
then returned to Washington by way of Richmond. On June 28, it was
mustered out at Washington, and then proceeded to Pittsburg, where the
men were paid and finally discharged from the service. It was essentially one
of the famous fighting regiments of Pennsylvania.

Sixty-second Infantry. — Cols., Samuel W. Black, J. Bowman Sweitzer;
Lient.-Cols., J. B. Sweitzer. James C. Hull; Majs., J. W. Patterson
William G. Lowry. The 62nd regiment was recruited under authority of
the secretary of war in July, 1861, from the counties of Allegheny, Clarion,
Jeflferson and Blair. Pending the settlement of the controversy between
the state and the national government as to the right to commission all
officers of troops raised within the state limits, the organization was desig-
nated the 33d independent regiment. On Nov. 19 an order from the war
department placed all independent regiments on the same footing as other
state troops and the officers of this regiment were thereupon commissioned
by the governor, dating from July 4. The regiment was completely offi-
cered and organized by the 24th and on that date moved from Pittsburg
to Camp Cameron. A few weeks later it left for Washington, being
quartered at Camp Rapp. On Sept. 11, it crossed the Potomac, encamped
near Fort Corcoran, and was assigned to the 2nd brigade of Porter's
division. It spent the winter of 1861-62 at Camp Bettie Black on Minor's
hill, perfecting itself meanwhile in drill and discipline and suffering more
or less from a malignant form of camp fever. In the spring it moved
with the army on the Peninsular campaign, first coming under fire and
meeting its first loss in action at Yorktown. Its first serious engagement
was at Hanover Court House in May, where it met with some loss, but
behaved most gallantly, capturing 81 prisoners, including 7 officers. The
regiment was actively engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' mill and Malvern
hill, its entire loss during the campaign being 298 in killed, wounded and
missing. In the fighting at Gaines' mill, its gallant colonel was slain.

Pennsylvania Regiments 397

while Lieut.-Col. Sweitzer was captured. At Malvern hill it was led by
Capt. James C. Hull, in the absence of all its field officers, and after the
campaign it remained at Harrison's landing until Aug. 14, when it moved
with Porter's corps to Fredericksburg and the Rappahannock. Porter's
corps was in reserve at the second Bull Run battle, and soon after the
62nd returned to its old camp at Minor's hill, sadly reduced in numbers
by its long campaign. At Antietam it was active, supporting a battery
of 20 pieces ; at Fredericksburg it formed part of the Center Grand Divi-
sion, commanded by Gen. Hooker, and suffered severely, its loss being
2 officers and 5 men killed and 7 officers and 56 men wounded. Speak-
ing of the advance of Griffin's ist division, to which it belonged, on the
stone wall in front of Marye's heights, Gen. Burnside said : "No troops
ever behaved better in the world." With the exception of a march to
the Rappahannock late in December, in support of Gen. Averell, and the
"Mud March" of Jan., 1863, nothing of moment occurred during the winter.
In April as part of the 5th corps, commanded by Gen. Meade, it moved
upon the Chancellorsville campaign and was engaged with considerable
loss in the battle which ensued, being the last regiment of its corps to
cross the river on its withdrawal from the front. It was encamped at
Fredericksburg until June i and was then on picket duty at Kelly's ford
until the middle of the month, when it moved on the Gettysburg campaign,
arriving on the scene of battle on July 2nd. Its loss at Gettysburg was
very heavy, and the command could only muster 90 men at the close of the
fighting. Col. Sweitzer was wounded and Maj. Lowry and 5 other officers
were among the killed. Returning to Virginia, the regiment engaged in
the campaign of maneuvres which followed and was engaged at Rappa-
hannock Station, Locust Grove and Mine run. Its winter quarters for
1863-64 were at Licking run. With ranks much recruited, it entered on
the Wilderness campaign in May, 1864, the 5th corps being now com-
manded by Gen, Warren. From now on the fighting was almost con-
tinuous, the 62nd being heavily engaged at the Wilderness, Laurel hill,
Spottsylvania, the North Anna river, Totopotomoy creek, Bethesda Church,
in the first assaults on Petersburg near the Norfolk & Petersburg railroad,
and on June 21 was again engaged, but without much loss, on the Jerusa-
lem plank road. It was employed on fatigue and picket duties until
July 3, when the term of the original members, except veterans, having
expired, it was ordered to the rear. Companies L and M, whose term was
not yet expired, were transferred to the 91st Pa. (q. v.), and the recruits
and veterans to the 105th Pa. On July 4 the regiment started for Pitts-
burg, where it was mustered out, having lost during its final campaign
out of a total of 557 men, i officer and 28 men killed, 11 officers and 227
men wounded, and i officer and 30 men missing. Six officers died soon
after from their wounds. In August companies L and M were withdrawn
from the front and mustered out at Pittsburg.

Sixty-third Infantry. — Cols., Alexander Hays, A. S. M. Morgan,
William S. Kirkwood, John A. Danks; Lieut.-Cols., A. S. M. Morgan,
William S. Kirkwood, John A. Danks; Majs., Maurice Wallace, William
S. Kirkwood, John A. Danks, James F. Ryan, G. W. McCullough. The
63d regiment was mustered in at Pittsburg in Aug. and Sept., 1861, for
three years. It was recruited from the counties of Allegheny, Beaver,
Clarion, Venango and Mercer and was mustered into the U. S. service at
intervals during the above named months, four companies leaving for
Washington on Aug. 26, and the others near the close of September.
Many of the officers and men had served in the 12th infantry, Col. Hays
having been major of that organization, as well as a graduate of West
Point and a veteran of the Mexican war. It was assigned to the 3d
brigade (Col. Jameson), composed of Pennsylvania troops, Heintzelman's
■division, and spent the entire winter near Fort Lyon engaged in drill

398 The Union Army

and picket duty. On March 5, 1862, Capt. Chapman of Co. K, and Quar-
termaster Lysle were killed in a skirmish on the picket line — the first men
to fall in action. It had its full share of fighting throughout the Penin-
sular campaign; shared in the siege of Yorktown; arrived too late to be
engaged at Williamstown ; was engaged with heavy loss at Fair Oaks,
holding the Williamsburg Road on the left in this action; was again
heavily engaged at Charles City cross-roads, where it was highly com-
mended for its gallantry by Gens. Kearny and Berry, and was present
but not active at Malvern hill. It remained with the army at Harrison's
landing until it moved to the support of Pope on the Rappahannock, when
it participated with its divison under Kearny in the second Bull Run action,
suffering heavily. Said Kearny in his report: "The 63d Pa. and the 40th
N. Y. under the brave Col. Egan, suffered the most. The gallant Hays
is badly wounded." It was engaged at Chantilly and then was posted in the
defenses of Washington until after the battle of Antietam, when it moved
to Poolesville, Md., performing scouting duty, rejoined the army at Lees-
burg, and moved with it to Warrenton. At Fredericksburg the 63d was
upon the front line for 48 hours before it was relieved. It then returned
to its old camp at Falmouth; shared in the "Mud March" of Jan., 1863;
was heavily engaged at the battle of Chancellorsville, where out of 330
men in action, 120 were reported killed, wounded or missing. Col. Kirk-
wood being mortally wounded and Maj. Danks captured. As a part
of Sickles' (3d) corps, it participated in the battle of Gettysburg, arriving
on the battlefield of the evening of the first day. Though occupying an
exposed position for two days, its loss was comparatively small. During
the ensuing movement into Virginia, it was engaged at Wapping heights.
At Culpeper it received 300 drafted recruits, and in the fall campaign of
this year was active at Auburn mills, Kelly's ford and Locust Grove. The
winter of 1863-64 was spent at Brandy Station and on May 3 it embarked
on the Wilderness campaign, assigned to the 2nd brigade (Gen. Hays),
3d division (Gen. Birney), 2nd corps. At the battle of the Wilderness
the regiment lost in two days 186 killed and wounded, Col. Danks being
wounded, and Maj. McCullough and the gallant Gen. Hays killed. From
now on the fighting was almost continuous, the regiment being engaged at
Spottsylvania, the North Anna, Totopotomoy and Cold Harbor. Crossing
the James on June 14 near Windmill point, it was engaged in the early
assaults on Petersburg and lost heavily in prisoners. On Sept. 9, 1864,
the original members, except veterans reenlisted, were mustered out of
service, the veterans and recruits being transferred to the 99th and thence
to the 105th Pa.

Fourth Cavalry. — Cols., David Campbell, James H. Childs, James K.
Kerr, George H. Covode, S. B. M. Young; Lieut-Cols., James H. Childs,
James K. Kerr, William E. Doster, S. B. M. Young, George H. Covode,
Alexander P. Duncan; Majs., James K. Kerr, William E. Doster, James
H. Trimble, George H. Covode, William M. Biddle, S. B. M. Young,
Alexander P. Duncan, James T. Peale, R. A. Robison. William B. Mays,
D. C. PhilHps, Robert J. Phipps, N. J. Horrell, John C. Paul. The 64th
regiment of the line, known as the 4th cavalry, was recruited in Sept. and
Oct., 1861, and rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, but was soon after trans-
ferred to camp in the vicinity of the soldier's home, Washington, D. C,
where the men were mustered into the U. S. service for three years.
Co. A was raised in Northampton county, B, E and G in Allegheny, _C
and D in Westmoreland and Indiana, H, I, K and L in Venango, F in
Lebanon and M in Luzerne. Col. Campbell had previously commanded the
I2th infantry and was an experienced militia officer. The winter at Wash-
ington was spent in perfecting the command in drill and discipline. On
March 12, Col. Campbell resigned to take command of the 5th cavalry,
and Lieut.-Col. Childs succeeded him. It was with difficulty the command

Pennsylvania Regiments 399

was maintained intact as the cavalry arm of the service was not then in
favor. In May, 1862, it joined McDowell's column on the Rappahannock
and was assigned to McCall's division, Pa. reserves. Soon after it
moved with its division by transport to the support of McClellan on the
Peninsula, arriving at White House on June 24, where one battalion under
Lieut.-Col. Kerr was detached and ordered to Yorktown, remaining there
until the close of the Peninsular campaign. The balance of the regiment
proceeded to the front, arriving in time to participate in the famous
Seven Days' battles of McClellan's army. The 4th suffered a loss of a
few men during the night attack by the enemy on July 31, at Harrison's
landing. Moving via Williamsburg to Yorktown it was joined by Kerr's
battalion and proceeded thence to Washington, but was too late to share
in the second Bull Run fight. It was active at Antietam, where the
regiment lost its colonel, temporarily in command of the brigade on that
day. Col. Childs was succeeded in command by Lieut.-Col. Kerr. While
encamped on the Potomac, near Hancock, in the early fall a battalion under
Capt. Duncan, crossed the river and made a sudden descent on the head-
quarters of the enemy's picket reserve at Hedgesville, capturing 3 officers
and 20 men and winning praise from high quarters for its dashing ex-
ploit. The regiment rode with Gen. Pleasonton in his pursuit of Stuart;
was engaged in numerous skirmishes while the army moved from Harper's
Ferry to Warrenton; and was part of the rear-guard when Burnside
moved to Falmouth. During the battle of Fredericksburg it guarded the
fords above the town on the north bank of the river. It shared in the
"Mud March" in Jan., 1863, and then went into winter quarters at Potomac
Creek Station. It had two squadrons engaged at the battle of Kelly's
ford, the first real cavalry victory of the war. It then skirmished at
Rapidan Station and Ely's ford ; was in reserve with its division at
Chancellorsville ; was only lightly engaged at Brandy Station ; sci'.l as a
part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd cavalry division, it embarked on the Gettys-
burg campaign, being engaged at Middleburg and Upperville, and arriv-
ing on the field of Gettysburg on the morning of July 2. On the 5th it
engaged in the pursuit of Lee, frequently skirmishing with his rear-guard.
In the campaign of maneuvres which followed the march into Virginia,
it was briskly engaged at Shepherdstown and suffered a heavy loss at
Jeffersonton, losing in killed, wounded and prisoners about 200 men out
of 375 in action. Many of the men captured here subsequently died in
Andersonville prison. It was again sharply engaged at Bristoe Station
in October and had its final skirmish of the campaign at Beverly Ford.
It did not share in the Mine Run campaign, being posted for 4 months
along the line of the Orange & Alexandria railroad. During the winter
more than two-thirds of the men reenlisted for three years, but the vet-
eran furlough was long delayed. Detachment after detachment of raw
recruits were received and when the regiment entered on the Wilderness
campaign in May the 4th was a veteran regiment only in name, less than
20 of the original enlisted men being present for duty. It participated in
Sheridan's raid on Richmond, in which it was active at Yellow tavern
and supported King's battery in the battle inside the outer line of intrench-
ments before Richmond. On rejoining the army at the North Anna river
its ranks were swelled by returning veterans and recruits, making it the
largest regiment in the corps. It was active at Haw's shop, and was
present at Cold Harbor. It saw much hard service during Sheridan's
second raid, being heavily engaged at Trevilian Station and again at
St. Mary's Church, where the 4th lost 87 men, and Col. Covode was mor-
tally wounded, dying in the enemy's hands, though his body was after-
ward recovered by a party under Capt. Parke. Crossing the James, the
4th was almost constantly employed during the rest of the summer in skir-
mishing, marching and picket duty. It was engaged with Fitz Hugh

400 The Union Army

Lee's cavalry at Second swamp in July, and was again engaged in August
on the Jerusalem plank road. Subsequently it was in the advance upon
the Boydton plank road in October, and in December at Hatcher's run it
assisted in capturing a fort and 200 prisoners, 3 cannon and numerous
stores. It shared in the raid on the Weldon railroad in December and
went into winter quarters on its return. It took part in the engagement
at Hatcher's run in Feb., 1865. In the final campaign of that year, under
Lieut.-Col. Duncan, it had its full share, marching and fighting almost
constantly. It suffered some loss at Dinwiddie Court House and in the.
action at Farmville. On the morning of Lee's surrender, Gregg's division
had cut off a body of the enemy's cavalry, but further operations were
stopped by the news of Lee's capitulation. The regiment returned after
the surrender to Petersburg, proceeding thence to North Carolina, but
soon returned to Virginia and was permanently stationed at Lynchburg,
Lieut.-Col. Duncan being made provost-marshal of a district embracing
nine counties. On July i it was mustered out at Lynchburg and soon
returned to Pittsburg, where it was finally discharged.

Fifth Cavalry. — Cols., Max Friedman, David Campbell, William E.
Doster, R. M. West; Lieut.-Cols., Stephen E. Smith, William Lewis,
Christopher Kleinz; Majs., E. M. Boteler, William E. Henser, Jacob P.
Wilson, Joseph C. Hess, Christopher Kleinz, W. G. McCandless, Timothy
Hennessey, D. Hagermeister, Justinian Alman, H. W. Paul. The 65th
regiment, or the 5th cavalry, known originally as the Cameron Dragoons,
was among the first of the three years' regiments. Ten of its companies
were recruited in Philadelphia, and two in Pittsburg. As fast as recruited
the companies went into camp near Girard avenue, Philadelphia, and on
Aug. 22 the Philadelphia companies left for Washington, being joined
there a few days later by L and M from Pittsburg. During the month of
September the regiment served by detachments on scouting duty, and in
October was posted at Camp Griffin, near Lewinsville. Heretofore re-
garded as an independent organization, it was now assigned to the quota
of the state and numbered the 65th, its officers being commissioned by the
governor. In the Peninsular campaign in the spring of 1862, the regiment,
with the exceptions of Cos. I and K at the front, were employed in scout-
ing in the rear of the army. While at Fort Magruder, near Williamsburg,
it was attacked on Sept. 9, 1862, by a superior force and suffered a loss
of 6 killed, 15 wounded and 33 captured, Col. Campbell being among the
latter. Much reduced in numbers by sickness and casualties, it received
300 recruits in October and November and now numbered 1,200 men.
Detachments of the regiment were employed at intervals during the winter
1862-63 on scout duty, and on Jan. 19, 1863, part of the command had a
sharp engagement at Burnt Ordinary. A battalion under Maj. Kleinz
was again in action there on Feb. 6. In a sharp engagement on the Will-
iamsburg state road the following day, Cos. L and M suffered a loss of
35 killed, wounded and prisoners and barely escaped capture. Samuel
M. Williamson, a volunteer with the squadron from Co. H, died a hero's
death in this action, boldly refusing to surrender after he was surrounded
and wounded. On March 29, the enemy under Gen. Wise attempted to
capture the post at Williamsburg, but was repulsed with great loss. In
April the command was attacked by the enemy under Col. Tatum, but
the attack was repulsed. Little of interest occurred during the summer
months, Co. D, under Maj. Hall, being on detached service part of the
time with a force under Gens. Keyes and Gordon. Sickness and casual-
ties again greatly reduced the command in strength, four-fifths of the
men being afflicted with fever and ague. On Sept. 8 the 65th reported at
Norfolk, when one battalion composed of Cos. C, D, F, H and I pro-
ceeded to South Mills, N. C, the terminus of the Dismal Swamp canal,
the other companies under Lieut.-Col. Lewis, being assigned to scout and

Pennsylvania Regiments 401

picket duty by detachments on the Albemarle & Chesapeake canal. On
Oct. 20 the regiment was reunited at Great Bridge and went into winter
quarters, 250 members reenlisting for three years and being given a veteran
furlough. On Nov. 11, ten companies reported to Gen. Getty, at Getty's
station near Portsmouth, and were assigned to Col. S. P. Spear's cavalry
brigade, Cos. D and K remaining at Great Bridge. A little later these
two companies rejoined the regiment, which joined Gen. Wistar's expedi-
tion to release the Union prisoners confined in Richmond, but Wistar was
checked at Bottom's bridge and forced to return. In February and March,
1864, recruits to the number of 231 were received by the 65th, and
in May it shared in an expedition under Gen. Kautz for the destruction of
the Weldon railroad, after which it proceeded with its division to Ber-
muda Hundred. It then engaged in a raid on the Richmond & Danville
railroad ; skirmished at various points ; drove the enemy at Fort Powhatan ;
returned to City Point and joined Gen. Butler's forces across the
Appomattox, where it was dismounted and went into the trenches with
the rest of the cavalry. On May 22 Col. West of the ist Pa. artillery was
assigned to command the 65th, relieving Lieut.-Col. Kleinz. It retired
from the trenches June 9, when with the cavalry division under Gen.
Kautz and a portion of the loth corps, Army of the James, it participated
in a gallant assault on the works of Petersburg. It shared in another
assault on the 15th with considerable loss and on June 22 started on the
cavalry movement known as Wilson's raid on the South Side and Dan-
ville railroads, engaging the enemy at Roanoke, Stony Creek and Reams'
stations, losing heavily in men and horses in the last named battle. Its
total loss during the expedition was about 300 men and as many horses.
From the middle of July to the end of September, the regiment was
very active, skirmishing and scouting on both sides of the James and
along the lines. In September it joined Gen. Butler's army, engaged the
enemy with a loss of about 20, and later participated in a reconnoissance
on Charles City cross-roads. In the engagement at New Market in Octo-
ber the regiment lost nearly half its effective strength, having 14 killed,
27 wounded and 72 captured. It was later engaged with slight loss
on the Charles City road, and in the engagement near the same place
in December it met with a loss of 7 killed and 14 wounded and was
highly commended for its gallantry on this occasion by Gen. Ord, com-
manding the department. In the latter part of March, 1865, it joined
Gen. Sheridan's command and on April i started on its last campaign.
The enemy was met and routed at Five Forks, where the 5th cavalry
made a gallant dash, capturing 300 prisoners. During the succeeding
week the command was active in the pursuit, skirmishing at Gravelly
run, Amelia Court House and Burkesville. On the 7th its picket line
was established near Prince Edward Court House and on the evening
of the same day it reached Appomattox Court House, where it shared
in the fighting up to the time of the surrender. It moved to Lynchburg
on the I2th and thence returned through Appomattox, Farmville, Burkes-
ville, Five Forks and Richmond to the Mechanicsville pike, where it
encamped. On May 19, 331 officers and men were mustered out of
service, and on June 9 the remnant of the regiment was consolidated with
the 3d Pa. It was finally mustered out at Richmond on Aug. 7.

Sixty-sixth Infantry. — Col., John Patrick ; Lieut.-Col., James B. Free-
man; Maj., Algernon S. Patrick. The 66th was never completely organ-
ized and after a nominal existence of about 8 months ceased to exist as
a separate organization. Toward the end of May, 1861, Alfred W. Chan-
try, of Philadelphia, was given verbal authority by the secretary of war
to recruit a regiment for three years' service. Vexatious delays ensued
before the men could be mustered in and many of them joined other
commands. Moreover, the government had no clothing to issue to the

Vol. 1—26

402 The Union Army

men and it was only through the generosity of a private citizen of Phila>
delphia, Benjamin L. Berry, that complete outfits of grey cloth were sup-
plied to the officers and men. Finally, the first company was mustered
in on July i, and by the end of the month four more were mustered in.
John Patrick was chosen lieutenant-colonel on July 26, and James B.
Freeman, major. On Aug. 24, at the earnest solicitation of Col. Slifer,
secretary of state, the five companies mustered in proceeded to Wash-
ington under the command of Col. Chantry, and were there assigned to
Fitz John Porter's provisional division. Additional companies recruited
in Philadelphia joined the regiment and on Sept. 20 it was attached to
Gen. Banks' army at Darnestown, Md., where it was assigned to Aber-
crombie's brigade. With its division, it moved to Frederick, Md., in No-
vember and went into winter quarters. In October its maximum strength
was only 620 officers and men and the following January Col. Chantry
was relieved of his command as he had not succeeded in recruiting the
regiment to the maximum standard. Meantime, by order of the war
department, it was made a part of the state's quota, and was numbered
the 66th of the line, having been previously known as the 30th. Col.
Patrick and a number of the other officers resigned their commissions
in Feb., 1862. Such was the disorganized condition of the regiment, in
addition to its lack of numbers, that on March i Gov. Curtin ordered
that it be disbanded and the enHsted men transferred to the 73d and 99th
Pa. infantry. This was done despite the mutinous opposition of the
men. Cos. B, D and C were transferred to the 73d; A and G to the 99th;
E, F and K were disbanded and the men divided among the companies
of the 73d.

Sixty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., John F. Staunton, Harry White, John
C. Carpenter ; Lieut.-Cols., Horace B. Burnham, Harry White, John C.
Carpenter, Peter Marsh; Majs., Harry White, John F. Young, John C.
Carpenter, Samuel McHenry. The 67th was raised from the state at
large, rendezvoused at Philadelphia and was slowly mustered into the
U. S. service from Aug. 28, 1861, to March 31, 1862, for three years.
On April 3, 1862, it left the state for Baltimore and proceeded thence to
Annapolis, Md., where it remained until in Feb., 1863, engaged in provost
guard duty, and various special duties connected with the post. It then
moved to Harper's Ferry, where it performed garrison and guard duty for
a few weeks ; was then transferred to Berryville and assigned to the 3d
brigade of Gen. Milroy's command, under Col. McReynolds. The brigade
was especially charged with the duty of keeping open communications with
Harper's Ferry, guarding the passes of the Blue ridge and the fords of
the Shenandoah river. In the engagement at Winchester in June, 1863,
in attempting to cut its way through the overwhelming forces of the
enemy under Ewell and Longstreet, all except about 75 men of the
command were captured. After an imprisonment of two months, they
were paroled and returned to Annapolis. The portion of the regiment
which escaped capture was assigned to Gen. Elliott's brigade, 3d division,
3d corps, and was occupied in fortifying Maryland heights until June 30,
when the works were dismantled, the 67th moved to Washington, and a
little later with its division joined the Army of the Potomac at Fred-
erick. The paroled members were exchanged and returned to the regi-
ment on Oct. II. It shared the fortunes of the 3d corps in the campaigns
of the fall and early winter of 1863 and went into winter quarters at
Brandy Station. Many of the men reenlisted for another three years'
term, but so many members had joined the command at a late date, it
was not entitled to a veteran furlough under the regulations established.
Nevertheless, 350 veterans were allowed a furlough in a body by Gen.
Meade and the balance of the command, numbering about 200 men, was
temporarily attached to the 135th Pa. At the expiration of the furlough.

Pennsylvania Regiments 403

the regiment reported to Gen. Abercrombie at Belle Plain and early in
June was posted at White House, where it was engaged in a skirmish
with the enemy's cavalry, and a few days later fought at Charles City
Court House. Soon after this the 67th rejoined its brigade near the
Yellow house before Petersburg and the men with the 135th returned to
their own regiment. With the 6th corps it shared in the descent on the
Weldon railroad ; next proceeded with the 3d division to Baltimore on
the occasion of Gen. Early's movement against Washington ; arrived too
late to share in the battle of Monacacy, but served as rear guard to
Ricketts' retiring column ; and during the rest of the summer it shared in
the operations of the army under Gen. Wright. It v/as with Sheridan
at the Opequan, Fisher's hill and Cedar creek, losing in the last named
action 48 killed and wounded out of about 150 men engaged. It remained
in the valley until near the close of the year; then rejoined the army
before Petersburg; had its full share in all the subsequent operations of
the 6th corps up to the surrender of Lee at Appomattox ; then marched
with a portion of the army to Danville; after the surrender of Gen John-
ston it returned to Washington and was there mustered out on July
14, 1865.

Sixty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Andrew H. Tippin; Lieut.-Cols., A. H.
Reynolds, Robert E. Winslow ; Majs., Thomas Hawksworth, Robert E.
Winslow, John C. Gallaher, Alichael Fulmer. The 68th regiment was
raised in the summer of 1862 in the city of Philadelphia and the counties
of Montgomery and Chester, and was mustered into the U. S. service in
August for three years. It was peremptorily summoned from its camp
at Frankford before its ranks were filled to the maximum and on Sept.
I, proceeded to Washington. Many of its officers and men had seen
service in Mexico and in the three months' campaign. On its arrival
it was assigned to Robinson's brigade, Stoneman's division. Early in
October it moved to Poolesville and while marching south with the army,
lost 40 men, who were captured while acting as guard to the baggage
train. When Gen. Burnside assumed command of the army, the 68th
was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Robinson), ist division (Gen.
Birney), 3d corps (Gen. Sickles). At the battle of Fredericksburg, it
lost 40 men in killed and wounded, Maj. Hawksworth being mortally
wounded and Lieut. J. E. Davis killed. The regiment was heavily en-
gaged at Chancellorsville as a part of the 3d corps and lost severely.
It reached the field of Gettysburg on the evening of the first day ; was posted
at the Peach Orchard on the second day, and suffered fearful losses in
its exposed position. Of the 17 officers present only Col. Tippin and four
others escaped injury. It was not actively engaged on the third day.
All told the losses of the regiment reached 60 per cent, of the whole
number in action. It then moved with the army into Virginia and shared
in the fall campaign, being active at Wapping heights and Auburn, where
Col. Tippin was captured and confined in Libby prison for 9 months.
When the army again advanced it was active at Kelly's ford. Locust
Grove, where its losses were heavy, and at Mine run. It wintered at
Brandy Station and in Jan., 1864, the veterans who had reenlisted were
given the usual furlough. With their return and a large number of
recruits its ranks were again filled to respectable proportions. It was now
assigned to Hancock's 2nd corps, and commanded by Lieut. -Col. Winslow
was employed in provost guard duty at the headquarters of Gen. Meade.
It held this position to the close of the war, being subjected to active
duty wherever an emergency arose, sometimes raiding with the cavalry
and at others toiling in the intrenchments. On June 25, Col. Tippin was
exchanged and resumed command. It was in the storming party in
the final assault on Peter.sburg, losing a number of men. including Maj.
Gallaher, mortally wounded. After the battle of Sailor's creek, it

404 The Union Army

was detailed to guard Lieut.-Gen. Ewell and the captured men of his
forces, marching them to City Point. Returning again to headquarters,
it had charge of some 6,oco recruits. Soon after it was ordered to Hart's
island, near New York city, to guard the prisoners there confined. It was
finally mustered out there on June 9, 1865.

Sixty-ninth Infjintry. — Cols., Joshua T. Owen, Dennis O'Kane, William
Davis; Lieut-Cols., Dennis O'Kane, John Devereux, Martin Tschudy,
James Duffy, William Davis, James O'Reilly; Majs., John Devereux, Mar-
tin Tschudy, James Duffy, William Davis, Patrick S. Tinen, James O'Reil-
ly, John M'Hugh. The 69th regiment, mostly composed of men from Phila-
delphia, with a few from Schuylkill county, was mustered into the U. S.
service on Aug. 19, 1861, for three years. Its colonel had commanded the
24th regiment in the three months' service, and most of the members were
Irishmen, robust and of fine physique. On Sept. 17, 1861, it left the state
for Washington, and remained in the vicinity of the capital engaged in
the work of fortification and routine duties until Feb. 22, 1862. In Oct.,
1861, it was assigned to the famous Philadelphia brigade, Col. E. D.
Baker, Stone's division. Banks' army. Col. Baker was killed at Ball's
bluff, and Gen. W. W. Burns assumed command of the brigade. Gen.
Sedgwick at the same time superseding Gen. Stone. In Feb., 1862, it
was presented with a green flag by the citizens of Philadelphia. When it
moved on the Peninsular campaign its brigade was designated the 2nd
of the 2nd division, 2nd corps under Gen. Sumner. In this campaign it
shared in the siege of Yorktown ; was engaged with small loss at Fair
Oaks ; was hotly engaged at the Peach Orchard and Savage Station,
losing 2 killed, 6 wounded, and 9 prisoners ; behaved with great gallantry
at Charles City cross-roads ; and was complimented by Gen. Hooker for
making "the first successful bayonet charge of the war." Its loss here
was 7 killed, 22 wounded and 5 captured. It was again in action at Mal-
vern hill, then moved to Centerville, Gen. Howard taking command of the
brigade. It suffered a small loss at Chantilly, but was heavily engaged
at Antietam, losing 3 officers and 18 men killed, 3 officers and 54 men
wounded, and i officer and 9 men prisoners. It skirmished at Snicker's
gap in October, and on Nov. 15, went into camp at Falmouth, where
Col. Owen was promoted to brigadier-general and Lieut. -Col. O'Kane
became colonel. It lost heavily at Fredericksburg, where it behaved with
its usual gallantry. It was not actively engaged at Chancellorsville, but
skirmished lightly at Thoroughfare gap and at Haymarket in June, 1863,
and arrived at Gettysburg at the close of the first day. Its losses during
the next two days were enormous. Of 258 officers and men who went
into action, it lost 6 officers and 32 men killed, 7 officers and 76 men
wounded, and 2 officers and 16 men prisoners, a total of 143. Both Col.
O'Kane and Lieut.-Col. Tschudy were among the killed. After joining
in the pursuit of Lee's army into Virginia, it was variously employed in
the ensuing fall operations in reconnoissances, guard and picket duties,
and shared in the Mine Run campaign with some loss. Winter quarters
were established at Stevensburg, where the veterans who had reenlisted
were given the usual furlough in March, 1864, and were presented with a
new green flag in Philadelphia, the old one being deposited in Independence
Hall. In May, 1864, it moved on the spring campaign ; was heavily engaged
at the Wilderness, Po river, Spottsylvania, where Lieut. M'Anally of Co.
D captured a stand of colors in a hand-to-hand encounter, the North
Anna, Totopotomy and Cold Harbor, where the return of the veterans,
together with the recruits, brought the regimental strength up to 300.
It crossed the James river on June 14 and was immediately brought
under fire ; lost heavily a week later on the Jerusalem plank road ; was
in reserve at the explosion of the mine on July 30; supported the cavalry
at Reams' station in August; was heavily engaged there on the 2Sth,

Pennsylvania Regiments 405

Col. Davis being among the wounded; suffered severely at Hatcher's
run in October ; fought at Dabney's mills on Feb. 5, 1865 ; and led the
assault on the Petersburg works on March 25, carrying and holding a
portion of the intrenchments. On the 29th it started on the final cam-
paign, being engaged at Jetersville and High bridge, and was at Clover
hill when the surrender was announced. It was finally mustered out
at Ball's cross-roads, opposite Washington.

Sixth Cavalry. — Cols., Richard H. Rush, Charles R. Smith, Charles L.
Leiper; Lieut.-Cols., John H. McArthur, Henry C. Whelan, Charles L.
Leiper, Albert P. Morrow; Majs., Charles R. Smith, Robert Morris, Jr.,
John H. Gardiner, J. Henry Hazleton, Henry C. Whelan, W. P. C.
Treichel, Benoni Lockwood, James Starr, Charles L. Leiper, Albert
P. Morrow, Abram D. Price, Charles B. Coxe, B. H. Harkness. This
regiment, the 70th of the line, was raised in the city of Philadelphia, with
the exception of Co. G from Berks county, and was mustered into the
U. S. service at Philadelphia from Aug. to Oct., 1861, for three years.
The war department gave Richard H. Rush authority on July 27 to
recruit the regiment. Col. Rush was a graduate of West Point and late
captain in the U. S. artillery service. On Oct. 30 a stand of colors and
a set of guidons were presented by the ladies of Germantown, and on
Dec. 4, the state colors were presented by Gov. Curtin. In addition to
the pistol and saber, the regiment was armed with a 9-foot lance. It
left for Washington about the middle of Dec, 1861, and was quartered
at Camp Barclay on Meridian hill. Early in May, 1862, it proceeded to
New Market bridge, where it was brigaded with the reserve brigade,
composed of the 5th and 6th U. S., and 6th Pa., being the 2nd brigade
(Gen. Emory), of Cooke's cavalry division, and entered on the Penin-
sular campaign. After being employed for some days in picketing and
scouting in the direction of Hanover Court House, it was under fire in
the battle there and captured 80 men and 2 officers. Two squadrons
under Lieut.-Col. Smith were detached in the latter part of June to escort
the wagon train to Yorktown, rejoining the regiment at Harrison's landing.
Two squadrons under Capt. Clymer were under fire with McCall's division
at Mechanicsville, and the following day the other squadrons supported
Robinson's battery at Gaines' mill. Cos. C and H reported for duty at
Gen. Kearny's headquarters on June 28, and Co. F was engaged with
Gen. Sumner at White Oak swamp and Malvern hill. The remaining
companies served by detachments during the retreat with Porter, Keyes
and McCall, and were repeatedly under fire. In addition to casualties
in action, malarial fever struck down many of the command at this time.
After the evacuation of the Peninsula the regiment returned to Washing-
ton until the opening of the Maryland campaign, when it moved with
the army and was engaged with slight loss at Antietam. It encamped
after the battle near Frederick, three companies being on detached service
with Gen. Franklin. In October Cos. L and M were recruited in Phila-
delphia and added to the command. It was exposed to fire, but was not
active at Fredericksburg. After serving by detachments in various capaci-
ties during the remainder of Dec, 1862, and participating in the "Mud
March" of Jan., 1863, it went into winter quarters first at White Oak
Church and then at Belle Plain landing. On April 6, it was reviewed by
President Lincoln, drawing attention and praise on account of its novel
arms and equipments. It ne.xt participated in Stoneman's raid into Vir-
ginia, and was engaged in scout and picket duty until June 8. As a part of
Buford's division the 6th rendered gallant service at Beverly ford, losing
nearly half its effective strength, Maj. Morris being captured and con-
fined in Libby prison, where he died on Aug. 13, 1863. It was engaged at
Aldie, Middleburg and Upperville, and arrived at Gettysburg during the
night of July 2. In the battle on the 3d it was posted on the extreme left

406 The Union Army

of the lines, near Round Top. In the pursuit which followed it was
heavily engaged on the heights overlooking Williamsport and again at
Boonsboro and Funkstown. On July 2, while the reserve brigade was
still at Emmitsburg, a detachment of lOO men under Capt. Treichel was
sent on special duty in the rear of Lee's army, rejoining the regiment near
Boonsboro on the 7th, having captured a large number of prisoners and
destroyed several of the enemy's wagons, with a loss of 40 men. In the
maneuvres which followed in Virginia, the 6th was twice engaged at
Brandy Station. With the reserve brigade it was ordered to Washing-
ton to refit, but from Oct. 11, it again shared actively in the fall cam-
paigns, being joined on the 13th by Cos. I and E, which had been on de-
tached service at headquarters since March. The twelve companies now
served together until the close of the war. The regiment was slightly
engaged at the Rapidan, Buckland mills and Sulphur springs ; scouted
to James City in November ; and covered the army trains during the Mine
Run movement. It spent the winter of 1863-64 at Culpeper, picketing
the Rapidan. While here, 140 men reenlisted and received the usual
veteran furlough. In February a detachment shared in Custer's raid upon
the Virginia Central railroad and in May it entered on the arduous
spring campaign of 1864, forming a part of the reserve brigade (Gen.
Merritt), i division (Gen. Torbert), Maj. Starr commanding the regi-
ment. It was heavily engaged at the Wilderness, Maj. Starr being
wounded ; shared in Sheridan's first raid to Richmond ; fought at Old
Church and at Cold Harbor on the next day. Before starting on Sher-
idan's second raid in June it was joined by a number of recruits. The
6th lost 41 men in the action at Trevilian Station, and 326 strong was
sharply engaged at Charles City cross-roads in July. It then joined the
army in the Shenandoah Valley and was hotly engaged at the Opequan.
Co. A was mustered out on Aug. 24, and Co. B on the 28th. At Smith-
field the regiment lost 2 killed and 16 wounded, after which it was ordered
to Remount camp. Pleasant Valley, Md., where the men whose term of
service had expired were mustered out on Sept. 8. About the middle of
November it went into winter quarters at Hagerstown, where it received
100 recruits and after rejoining its brigade at Winchester near the end
of Jan., 1865, 800 more were received. It shared in Sheridan's destruc-
tive raid to Lynchburg, and it moved with that general on his final ride.
It lost heavily at Five Forks and fought its last battle on the White Oak
road, dismounted, and with only 48 men bearing carbines. The remnant
of the regiment was now ordered to Gen. Merritt's headquarters for
escort and guard duty, and after Lee's surrender returned to Petersburg,
thence to Danville and returned to Washington on the surrender of Gen.
Johnston. After marching in the grand review it was consolidated with
the 2nd and 17th regiments under the name of the 2nd provisional cav-
alry and ordered to Lousiville, Ky., where it was mustered out on Aug.
7, 1865.

Seventy-first Infantry. — Cols.. E. D. Baker, Isaac J. Wistar, Rich-
ard Penn Smith ; Lieut.-Cols., William H. Penrose, John Markoe, Will-
iam G. Jones, C. Kochersperger ; Majs., R. A. Parrish, Charles W.
Smith, George L. Ritman, Richard P. Smith, Enoch E. Lewis. The
71st, originally known as the California regiment, was recruited in Phil-
adelphia in April and May, 1861, by Edward D. Baker, U. S. senator
from Oregon, under special authority from President Lincoln. Eleven hun-
dred men were enlisted within a month's time and rendezvoused by squads
and companies at Fort Schuyler, near New York city, where they were
mustered into service for three years. Until after the battle of Ball's
bluff the regiment was treated as belonging to the regular army, but was
then claimed by Pennsylvania and applied on the state's quota, its officers
being commissioned by the governor. On July i, 1861, it proceeded to

Pennsylvania Regiments 407

Fortress Monroe, via Philadelphia, and was immediately assigned to
picket and scout duty. After the battle of Bull Run it moved to Wash-
ington and on Sept. ii it first came under any considerable fire, when it
displayed a spirit which proved its excellent material. Early in October
it moved to Poolesville, Md., where with other regiments it formed the
Philadelphia brigade, commanded by Col. Baker, Gen. Stone's division,
Gen. Banks' army. In the engagement at Ball's blufif. Col. Baker fell at
the head of his command while cheering his men. The regiment lost
here 312 men out of 520 in action. The colors were lost in mid-stream
by the color-sergeant and never recovered. It then went into winter
quarters, its decimated ranks were recruited, and Lieut.-Col. Wistar was
promoted colonel. In the spring it engaged in McClellan's Peninsular
campaign as part of Sedgwick's division, Sumner's corps. It was engaged
with some loss at Fair Oaks ; lost 96 in the action at the Chickahominy ;
68 in the action at Savage Station on the afternoon of the same day;
was heavily engaged at Charles City cross-roads on the following day;
and acted as artillery support at Malvern hill. At Harrison's landing
the regiment was reorganized. Five of its fifteen companies, L, M, N,
P and R were disbanded and the men transferred to the other ten com-
panies. It made a forced march with Sumner's corps, reaching the
battlefield of the second Bull Run toward the close of the action, and
served as rear-guard to Pope's retreat, constantly skirmishing as far as
Chain bridge. Sumner's corps was in reserve at the battle of South
mountain, but was heavily engaged at Antietam, where the 7rst performed
most gallantly, losing over one-third of its number engaged. On Sept.
18, only 4 officers were able to report for duty. Col. Wistar was severely
wounded here while leading a charge and was soon after promoted to
brigadier-general, Lieut.-Col. Markoe succeeding to the command. The
71st entered on the Fredericksburg campaign as part of the 2nd brigade
(Col. Owen), 2nd division (Gen. Howard), 2nd corps (Gen. Couch),
and was in the Right Grand Division composed of the 2nd and 9th corps,
commanded by Gen. Sumner. In the battle of Fredericksburg the com-
mand lost nearly a third of its effective strength. It was in reserve with
the 2nd division at Chancellorsville and after the campaign returned to
its old camp at Falmouth. At Gettysburg, where the regiment arrived
on the evening of July i. Gen. Hancock commanded the corps, Gen.
Gibbon the division, and Gen. Webb the brigade. The 71st was posted
during the battle, upon the crest of the ridge to the left and front of
Gen. Meade's headquarters and a little to the left of the angle in the
low stone wall. In this exposed position it suffered severe casualties in
the two days' fighting, losing over 40 in the second day's contest, being
subjected to a fierce artillery fire for more than 2 hours on the third day.
and receiving the full force of the enemy's gallant charge which followed
the artillery duel. Altogether it lost over half its effective strength, in-
cluding 9 out of 15 officers engaged, though it captured 4 stands of colors.
In the campaign which followed Lee's retreat into Virginia, it was engaged
at Auburn and Bristoe Station; skirmished at Bull Run; fought at Robert-
son's tavern ; and on the close of the Mine Run campaign went into winter
quarters at Stevensburg. On May 3, 1864, it moved with the corps,
still commanded by Gen. Hancock, on the spring campaign ; was heavily
engaged at the Wilderness and during the advance to Spottsylvania ;
shared in the fierce assault at the latter place ; participated in much of
the subsequent fighting in the advance on Richmond ; was in the assault
of the 2nd corps at Cold Harbor and lost heavily in that engagement.
This was its last battle, as the term of service of the regiment had now
expired. The veterans and recruits were transferred to the 69th Pa. on
June 12, and the others returned to Philadelphia, where they were mus-

408 The Union Army

tered out on July 2, 1864. Out of a total enrolment of 2,200 men only
153 returned to be mustered out.

Seventy-second Infantry. — Col., DeWitt Clinton Baxter; Lieut.-Cols.,
Theodore Hcsser, Henry A. Cook; Majs., J. Madison DeWitt, Samuel
Roberts, A. C. Supplee, John Lockhart. The 72nd, known as the Fire
Zouave regiment, was raised in the city of Philadelphia during the week,
Aug. 3 to 10, 1861, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three
years on the loth. Col. Baxter had been second in command of the 19th
regiment, and many of the members of the 72nd had served with him.
On reaching Washington it was ordered across the river to the Virginia
shore and on Sept. 18 was assigned to the Philadelphia brigade under Col.
E. D. Baker. The regiment was at this time made up of fifteen companies
and numbered 1,487 men. On Sept. 30 it recrossed the river, moved to
Poolesville, Md., and engaged in guard duty as a part of Gen. Stone's
division. The following spring it shared in the Peninsular campaign, the
Philadelphia brigade now commanded by Gen. Burns, forming a part of
Sedgwick's division, Sumner's corps. It suffered much from sickness at
the siege of Yorktown, as its camp was in an unhealthful location and the
constant rains and exposure in the trenches bore heavily on the command.
It suffered some loss in the battle of Fair Oaks, and with Sumner's corps
was the last to withdraw from the trenches on the Chickahominy at the
beginning of the Seven Days' battles. It was heavily engaged at Savage
Station, where it lost 15 killed, and was under fire but not active at
Charles City cross-roads and Malvern hill. Leaving the Peninsula, it
moved with Sumner to the support of Gen. Pope, and then after a few
days' rest entered on the Maryland campaign. Gen. Howard now com-
manding the brigade. It lost 31 killed on the bloody field of Antietam,
and at Fredericksburg, where the brigade was under Gen. Owen, the 72nd
again suffered considerable loss. In the Chancellorsville campaign it
was sent with a detachment of engineers to build and hold bridges at
Banks' ford, and was not present at the battle. It then remained in camp
at Falmouth until the middle of June, engaged in guard and picket duty.
While here it was visited by Gov. Curtin, who presented the regiments of
the brigade with stands of colors. While moving on the Gettysburg
campaign the 72nd was engaged at Thoroughfare gap and Haymarket. At
Gettysburg, where it arrived on the evening of the first day, Gen. Hancock
commanded the corps. Gibbon the division, and Webb the brigade. It
went into position on the left center, immediately behind the 69th and
71st, just below the crest of the hill. It was not heavily engaged the
second day, but suffered grievously on the third, both during the great
artillery duel, and in Pickett's historic charge. It lost 46 killed and a
proportionate number in wounded. It was frequently engaged during the
ensuing fall campaigns in Virginia; it suffered some loss at Bristoe Sta-
tion, and also at Robertson's tavern. The Philadelphia brigade was to
have headed the storming part at Mine Run, but the order to attack was
countermanded and the army retired behind the Rappahannock. It went
into winter quarters near Stoneboro and performed guard duty along the
line of the Orange & Alexandria railroad. On the opening of the spring
campaign of 1864 it was active at the Wilderness and Po river ; shared in
the charge upon the enemy's works at Spottsylvania ; was heavily engaged
at Cold Harbor; crossed the James river on June 15 at Wilcox landing;
shared in the first assaults on the works of Petersburg; and then moved
with the corps in the advance on the Weldon railroad. In August it was
withdrawn from the trenches in front of Petersburg, as the term of service
of the original members had expired, the veterans and recruits having
been transferred to the 183d Pa. on July 19, and the rest of the regim.ent
was mustered out at Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1864.

Seventy-third Infantry. — Cols., John A. Koltes, G. A. Muehleck. Will-

Pennsylvania Regiments 409

iam Moore, Charles C. Cresson ; Lieut.-Cols., G. A. Muehleck, William
Moore, Michael A. Strong, Charles C. Cresson; Majs., Leopold Schott,
Michael A. Strong, David A. Schultz, Charles C. Cresson, Christian H.
Goebel. The 73d regiment, known as the Pennsylvania Legion, was
recruited in Philadelphia during the summer of 1861 and in July, August
and September was mustered into the U. S. service for three years.
It rendezvoused on Engle's and Wolf's farms at Lemon hill and left
the state on Sept. 24, proceeding via Washington to Roach's mills, Va.,
where it was assigned to Gen. Blenker's division. It moved thence to
Hunter's Chapel and Rose hill, where it received a set of colors at the
hands of Ex-Gov. Pollock in behalf of the ladies of Philadelphia, and in
November marched to Anandale. Its total enrolment in Jan., 1862,
was 855, which was increased to 1,205 on March 3, by the addition of
Cos. E and K and a number of men transferred from the 66th regiment,
then being disbanded, (q. v.). On March 10, it moved with the army
on the Manassas campaign and in May joined the Army of the Mountain
Department, commanded by Gen. Fremont, at Petersburg. It was in
reserve at the battle of Cross Keys ; was engaged in picket and guard
duty until July 20, at Luray, Thornton's gap and Sperryville; formed part
of the rear-guard of Pope's army in his retreat from the Rapidan; skir-
mished at Freeman's ford ; lost heavily at the battles of Groveton and
second Bull Run, 216 being killed and wounded, the killed including
Col. Koltes and Capt. Brueckner; and remained thereafter in the forti-
fications of Washington until the Fredericksburg campaign, arriving
at Falmouth just after the battle. It was inactive in winter quarters at
Falmouth, with the exception of the "Mud March" in Jan., 1S63, until the
opening of the Chancellorsville campaign in April, when it was assigned
to the 1st brigade (Col. Bushbeck), 2nd division (Gen. Von Steinwehr),
nth corps (Gen. Howard). Bushbeck's brigade, holding the extreme left
of the nth corps at Chancellorsville, was heavily engaged and the 73d
lost 13 killed, 54 wounded and 39 missing. Among the killed was Capt.
Giltinan, and among the wounded were Col. Moore, Lieut.-Col. Strong,
Maj. Schultz and Capt. Leibfried, the latter mortally wounded. It then
encamped at Falmouth until June 12, when it started on the Gettysburg
campaign. It arrived on the field of Gettysburg on the afternoon of the
first day and immediately went into action, checking the pursuit of the
enemy when the ist and nth corps retired through the town from
Seminary ridge. On the two succeeding days it was posted on Cemetery hill,
Capt. Kelly being in command of the regiment in this battle in the absence
of all the field officers. Its loss was 8 killed and 26 wounded. It next
moved with the army into Virginia ; was for a time posted at Alexandria,
guarding and conducting drafted men to the front; rejoined its corps
on Sept. 26, at Bridgeport, Ala. ; remained there a month on guard and
picket duty and a number of successful foraging expeditions ; skirmished at
Wauhatchie on Oct. 27, and soon after moved to Chattanooga. CoL
Moore, still suffering from his wounds, was again obliged to relinquish
the command of the regiment, which was assumed by Lieut.-Col. Taft,
of the 143d N. Y., in the absence of any other field officers in the 73d.
In the battle of Missionary ridge the regiment suffered its greatest dis-
aster. It gallantly charged and drove the enemy on its front from his
rifle-pits, but its supports were repulsed and the 73d was in turn charged
and out-flanked by the enemy, who captured the entire command with the
exception of about 25 men. In addition to the killed, wounded and miss-
ing, 8 officers and 89 men were taken prisoners. Capt. Kennedy, who was
among the captured, concealed the flag about his person and on his return
from his long imprisonment carried it safely home. It is now carefully
preserved with the other battle emblems of the state. The few members
who escaped capture, together with the wounded and detached men who

410 The Union Army

returned to the ranks, marched with Sherman to Burnside's relief and
later went into winter quarters near Chattanooga. In Jan., 1864, most
of them reenlisted and received the usual veteran furlough and on their
return, with a number of recruits, they were assigned to Bushbeck's
brigade, Geary's division, 20th corps under Gen. Hooker, and shared all
the fortunes of the White Star division in Sherman's Atlanta campaign,
his subsequent march to the sea, and the march northward through the
Carolinas. After Gen. Johnston's surrender it proceeded to Alexandria,
Va., and was there mustered out on July 14, 1865.

Seventy-fourth Infantry. — Cols., A. Schimmelfennig, John Hamm,
A. Von Hartung, Gottlieb Hoburg; Lieut.-Cols., Edward Freyhold, John
Hamm, A. Von Hartung, Alexander Von Mitzel, Carl Veitenheimer ;
Majs., John Hamm, Franz Blessing, A. Von Hartung, Alexander Von
Mitzel, Gustav Schleiter, Frederick Klenker, E. P. Rohbach. The 74th
regiment, composed of German citizens from the cities of Pittsburg and
Philadelphia and the counties of Allegheny, Westmoreland, Indiana, Col-
umbia, Wyoming, Northumberland, Snyder, Union, Adams and I3erks,
was recruited during the summer of 1861, by a committee of Pittsburg
citizens duly authorized by the war department for that purpose. The
recruits were largely trained soldiers, and rendezvoused at Camp Wilkins,
near Pittsburg, where on Sept. 14, 1861, they were mustered into the U.
S. service for three years, as the 35th Pa. infantry. Col. Schimmelfennig
had been a Prussian staff officer and was a military man of fine attain-
ments. On Sept. 19, the regiment proceeded to Philadelphia, where it
was joined by a large body of recruits under Capt. Von Mitzel. Soon
after it was ordered to Washington and a week later to Roach's mills,
Va., thence to Hunter's Chapel, where it went into winter quarters.
While here Capt. Von Hartung's Philadelphia company, which had been
on duty at Fort Delaware, was added to the regiment. The winter was
spent in drill, fatigue duty and work on the fortifications. In the
spring of 1862 it was ordered with its division to Franklin, W. Va., to
reinforce Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Mountain Department,
and joined in the pursuit of Stonewall Jackson, being engaged with the
enemy for the first time at the battle of Cross Keys, where it lost 6
killed and 14 wounded. After the battle it moved to Mount Jackson and
thence to Middletown; was posted at Sperryville, from July 7 to Aug. 8;
then moved by forced marches the 40 miles to Cedar mountain, but
arrived too late for the battle at that point. Falling back with Pope's
army, it narrowly escaped being surrounded and captured at Freeman's
ford on the Rappahannock by the adroit tactics of its commander. Col.
Schimmelfennig. Its loss here was 12 killed, 2 officers and 35 men
wounded, 3 drowned and 16 missing. Col. Schimmelfennig now assumed
command of the brigade. Gen. Bohlen having been killed, and the regiment
participated with its division under Gen. Carl Schurz in the disastrous
battles at Groveton and the second Bull Run. In the Antietam cam-
paign it was at Washington and it later went into winter quarters near
Stafford Court House, Va., receiving there a large number of recruits.
On the promotion of Col. Schimmelfennig to brigadier-general, Maj.
Von Hartung succeeded to the command of the regiment. The 74th
arrived too late to share in the fighting at Fredericksburg, although
ordered to the front at that time. As a part of Schimmelfennig's brigade,
Schurz's division, Howard's corps, it was heavily engaged at Chancel-
lorsville, fighting on the second day of the battle with the most de-
termined bravery. When the regiments belonging to the ist division
on the right broke and came rushing through its ranks, causing consid-
erable disorder for a time, the most perfect order was soon restored by
Col. Von Hartung. With the other regiments of its brigade it quickly
executed a change of front, checked the impetuous advance of the enemy,

Pennsylvania Regiments 411

and held him at bay for over an hour. Its total loss in this battle was
52 killed, wounded and missing. It remained encamped at Stafford
Court House until June 12, when it started with its corps for Gettysburg,
where it arrived about noon on July i, and immediately went into action,
taking position on the left of the corps, to the right of the Mummasburg
road, in front of Dilger's Ohio battery. Its thin line was forced back
to Cemetery hill by the overwhelming forces of the enemy. Lieut-Col.
Von Mitzel was again a prisoner ; and out of 14 officers and 120 men
brought into action, i officer and 6 men were killed, 4 officers and 40 men
were wounded, and 52 men were reported missing. For the next two
days it held its position in front of the batteries stationed in the ceme-
tery, where it was joined by the men who had been detached on picket
duty. Its loss here was i officer and 8 men killed and i officer and 15
men wounded, a total in the battle of 136. On Aug. 7, with the division,
it was ordered to Folly island, S. C, arriving there on the 14th. It
remained in that vicinity for about a year, making frequent expeditions
to other islands and taking part in the engagement on James island in
July, 1864, where it was under fire for several days at the time of the
grand assault on the works of Charleston. In Aug., 1864, it returned to
Washington and garrisoned Forts Marcy and Ethan Allen for a time.
In September 130 members whose term of enlistment had expired were
mustered out, after which the regiment went to West Virginia, where
Cos. G and K and part of the field and staff were mustered out. At
Grafton many of the men reenlisted and a large number of recruits joined
the regiment, which was from that time employed in guarding the line
of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, with headquarters successively at
Green Spring, Beverly, Clarksburg and Parkersburg. It was finally
mustered out at Clarksburg on Aug. 29, 1865. The men proceeded to
Pittsburg, where they were finally paid and discharged.

Seventy-fifth Infantry. — Cols., Henry Bohlen, Philip Schapp, Francis
Mahler; Lieut.-Cols., Francis Mahler, Alvin Von Matzdorff; Majs., Alvin
Von Matzdorff, August Ledig. The 75th regiment originally known as the
4Gth, composed principally of German citizens from Philadelphia, was
mustered into the U. S. service at Camp Worth, Philadelphia, in Aug.
and Sept., 1861, for three years. Many of the members had seen service
in European armies ; Col. Bohlen was a veteran of the Mexican war, and
Lieut. -Col. Mahler had been an officer in the Baden revolution. On
Sept. 26, 1861, the regiment, about 800 strong, left for Washington, and
there its ranks were soon recruited to the maximum number. It was
assigned to Blenker's division and encamped at Roach's mills until
Oct. 12, when it went into winter quarters at Hunter's Chapel. A regi-
mental band, led by Rudolph Wittig, which joined the command on the
31st, was discharged by general order on Aug. 16, 1862. In March,
1862, it moved with the army on the general advance, reaching Warren-
ton Junction on the 26th, when it was ordered to report with its division
to Gen. Fremont, commanding the Mountain Department. In an attempt
to cross the Shenandoah river in an old ferry boat on April 15, Capt.
Wyck and Sergt. Tiedemann of Co. K, Lieut. Winter of Co. I, and about
50 enlisted men of the two companies were drowned. The regiment was
encamped at Winchester from April 18 to May 6, recruiting from its
severe marches and exposures. While here Col. Bohlen was promoted to
brigadier-general. On May 14 the command reached Franklin and the
latter part of the month hastened by forced marches in pursuit of Stone-
wall Jackson. It was in reserve at the battle of Cross Keys, and after
the battle moved to Mount Jackson, where it was assigned to the 2nd
brigade (Col. Kryzanowski), 3d division (Gen. Schurz), ist corps
(Gen. Sigel), Army of Virginia. Sigel's corps arrived too late to share
in the battle of Cedar Mountain, but a few days later it was engaged

412 The Union Army

in a brisk skirmish at Freeman's ford, where Gen. Bohlen was killed.
It was in action at Groveton and the second Bull Run, losing in the two
days' fighting, 2 officers and 28 men killed, and 5 officers and 98 men
wounded, among whom was Lieut.-Col. Mahler. Color-sergeant Robert
Jordan of Co. A, formerly an officer in the army of Schleswig-Holstein,
displayed conspicuous courage and died while bearing aloft the colors.
The following were officially reported for gallantry shown : Sergts.
Haserodt of Co. A, Weigand and Maurer of Co. B, John Emleben of
the same Co., who took the flag from the hands of Sergt. Jordan as he
fell, though he was himself wounded, Louis Mahler and Jacob Pauley
of Co. D, George Brueckmame of Co. F, Henry SchmuU of Co. H, and
Andrew Schmidt of Co. I ; also Corps. Schweigert, Hanner, Abraham and
Rosenthal, and private Jacob Ullman. The 75th was not again engaged
until the battle of Chancellorsville the following year. It reached the
Rappahannock too late to participate in the battle of Fredericksburg
and had wintered at Stafford Court House and Hartwood Church.
Meanwhile its strength was much increased by recruits and returning
convalescents. At Chancellorsville it formed part of the 2nd brigade,
3d division, nth corps, the brigade being commanded by Col. Kryzanow-
ski. Its loss here was i killed, i officer and 6 men wounded, and 3 officers and
48 men captured, Lieut.-Col. Matzdorff being among the prisoners. Re-
turning to its old camp on the Rappahannock, it remained there until it
embarked on the Gettysburg campaign in June. It arrived at Gettys-
burg on the morning of July i and lost during the battle, 31 officers and
men killed, 100 wounded, and 6 taken prisoners. Its heaviest loss was
sustained on the first day, when it was severely engaged north of the
village and to the right of the Carlisle road. During the next two days
it was posted on the Cemetery hill and suffered somewhat from the
enemy's shells. It shared in the pursuit of Lee and in the various
maneuvres of the army until Sept 24, when it moved to Bridgeport,
Ala., the nth and 12th corps having been ordered to Tennessee. Upon
arriving there it was ordered to join the 3d brigade (Col. Hecker),
3d division, nth corps, which shared in the operations for the relief of
the army of the Cumberland. Crossing the Tennessee river at Chatta-
nooga on Nov. 22, it participated in the fighting around that city, in-
cluding the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge. On Jan.
2, 1864, it reenlisted as a veteran organization and was given the usual
furlough of 30 days. Seventy-five men, who failed to reenlist, were tem-
porarily transferred to the 82nd 111. The veteran regiment, reinforced
by many recruits, was back in camp at Nashville by the end of July,
1864. While here, details guarded the Northwestern railroad, and a
reconnoissance against guerrillas was made in October. A part of the
75th was under fire at the battle of Franklin, but was not especially active.
Co. E, stationed several miles below Nashville on the Tennessee & Ala-
bama railroad, was captured. During the balance of its service it was
chiefly engaged in guarding trains, scouting and provost duty. It was
mustered out of service at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Sept. i, 1865, and on the
9th left for Harrisburg, where it arrived on the 12th, 236 strong.

Seventy-sixth Infantry. — Cols., John M. Power, D. W. C. Straw-
bridge, J. C. Campbell, John S. Littell; Lieut.-Cols., D. H. Wallace, J.
C. Campbell, John W. Hicks, John S. Littell, Charles Knerr; Majs.,
Oliver M. Irvine, Cyrus Diller, John W. Hicks, William S. Diller,
Charles Knerr, W. S. Moorhead. The 76th regiment, known as the Key-
stone Zouaves, was recruited in the counties of Lawrence, Mercer, Blair,
York, Bedford, Westmoreland, Luzerne and Beaver. It rendezvoused
at Camp Cameron, Harrisburg, where the members were gradually mus-
tered into the U. S. service during the months of Sept, Oct. and Nov.,.
1861, for three years. On Nov. 18 the regiment received its colors from-

Pennsylvania Regiments 413

the governor and the next day it left for Fortress Monroe. It arrived
at Hilton Head, S. C, early in December and was engaged in the work
of fortification here until April, 1862, being assigned to Gen. Wright's
brigade. On April 8 it was ordered to Tybee island, at the mouth of
the Savannah river, and assisted in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, return-
ing to Hilton Head on the 19th. It participated in the attack on Fort
Johnson, near Secessionville in June, and in October it took a conspic-
uous part in the Pocotaligo expedition, losing 75 officers and men. It
was then engaged in picket duty on Botany Bay, St. Helena and Folly
islands until July, 1863. With four companies of the 7th Conn., it made
a gallant assault on Fort Wagner on Morris island, in July, losing 187
men in the bloody engagement. It was also engaged in the second des-
perate assault a few days later, losing 17 killed and wounded. Scout,
picket and guard duties, and the work of repulsing numerous night at-
tacks from the mainland, occupied the regiment until May, 1864, when,
with the loth corps, it was ordered to Virginia, and attached to the Army
of the James as part of Barton's brigade, 2nd division, loth corps. It
was shortly afterward engaged on the Richmond & Petersburg railroad,
losing 65 men; was active at Swift creek and Drewry's bluff, suffering
some loss ; was heavily engaged in the fighting at Cold Harbor in June ;
participated in the first assaults on Petersburg, and shared actively in the
work of the siege, casualties occurring almost daily. It fought at Deep
Bottom and Bermuda Hundred in August; suffered a heavy loss in the
sanguinary engagement at New Market heights when Fort Harrison was
captured ; was engaged on the Darbytown road on the skirmish line from
dawn until ten at night, with a loss of i killed and 12 wounded ; and in
Dec, 1864, participated in the expedition for the capture of Fort Fisher,
N. C. It also shared in the second and successful expedition against the
fort in Jan., 1865, being attached to Pennypacker's brigade, which lost
heavily in the desperate fighting that resulted in the capture of the fort.
Later it moved with the army against Wilmington, N. C, and thence to
Raleigh, where the 76th was detached for provost duty. It was mustered
out at this place on July 18, 1865, the original members (except vets,
and recruits) having been mustered out at Harrisburg, Nov. 28, 1864.
During the homeward passage, several men were lost by the sinking of
one of the transports. It reached Harrisburg, July 23, and here the men
were paid and finally discharged.

Seventy-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Frederick S. Stumbaugh, Thomas
E. Rose; Lieut.-Cols., Peter B. Housum, Frederick S. Pyfer, Alexander
Phillips, William A. Robinson; Majs., Stephen N. Bradford, Alexander
PhilHps, William A. Robinson, Joseph J. Lawson. The 77th regiment,
principally composed of men from the counties of Franklin, Cumberland,
Allegheny, Lancaster, Huntingdon, Blair, Fulton and Luzerne, rendez-
voused first at Chambersburg and later at Camp Wilkins, near Pittsburg,
where it was mustered into the U. S. service in Sept. and Oct., 1861, for
three years. Co. H was never fully organized on account of lack of
numbers and was finally disbanded after being with the regiment for some
time. A company of artillery under Capt. Muehler was recruited to form
part of the regiment, but was detached at the beginning of 1862 and
never rejoined the command. On Oct. 18, 1861, the regiment left the
state and proceeded by transport to Louisville, Ky., and moved thence
to Nolin creek, where it encamped for some time, and was assigned to
the 5th brigade (Gen. Wood), 2nd division (Gen. McCook), Army of
the Ohio (Gen. Buell). On March 2, 1862, the regiment arrived at Nash-
ville and on April 7 it participated with its division in the second day's
struggle at the battle of Shiloh, with a loss of 3 killed and 7 wounded.
On May 28 the command was in front of the works at Corinth, Miss., and
after the evacuation on the 30th it slowly returned to Nashville, arriv-

414 The Union Army

ing there early in September. Later in the month it hastened with
Buell's army to the protection of Louisville; was engaged with the
enemy at Floyd's fork, Ky., and skirmished at Fern creek and Clays-
ville. The regiment was not engaged at Perryville and soon after that
battle returned to Nashville, where it rested until the opening of the
winter campaign. Late in November it had a sharp skirmish near La
Vergne, and about a month later moved with the army of the Cumberland
under Rosecrans on the Murfreesboro campaign. The regiment was
heavily engaged in the battle of Stone's river, and was warmly com-
mended for its gallantry by Gen. Rosecrans, who said: "It was the ban-
ner regiment at Stone river. They never broke their ranks." It was ,
employed in guard, picket and foraging duties after the battle until
Feb., 1863, and was then occupied on the fortifications at Murfreesboro
until the latter part of June, when it broke camp and moved against
the enemy at Liberty gap, Tenn., where it lost one-third of its effective
strength. At the battle of Chickamauga the 77th fought with great cour-
age and coolness. On the evening of the first day's battle, while attempt-
ing to hold an advanced position against great odds, it was outflanked
and overpowered by a superior force, and despite the utmost bravery
displayed, was forced to yield — all of its field officers, 7 line officers and
70 men being captured by the enemj'. After the battle the rest of the
command retired with the army to Chattanooga, whence it moved to
Walden's ridge, and then to Whiteside, where it remained until the close
of the year. In Jan., 1864, most of the men reenlisted and were given
their veteran furlough, and on their return in April, the regiment moved
with Gen. Sherman on his Atlanta campaign, being successively engaged
at Tunnel Hill, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Kennesaw mountain,
Smyrna, the Chattahoochee river, Peachtree creek, and in the siege opera-
tions about Atlanta, destroying railroads, etc. At the close of August
it was engaged at the battle of Jonesboro; was in the action at Love joy's
Station; and after the fall of Atlanta it moved back toward Nash-
ville with the 4th and 23d corps. In the Nashville campaign the enemy
was met at various places, including Columbia, Duck river. Spring Hill,
Thompson's station, Franklin and Nashville. The 77th was sharply
engaged at Franklin on Nov. 30, losing a large number killed and wounded,
and it lost heavily at the battle of Nashville. After the battle it took
part in the pursuit of Hood's forces as far as Huntsville, Ala. In March,

1865, it moved to Strawberry plains, Tenn., where it was joined by three
new companies, and two weeks later received two more companies at
Bull's gap. On its return to Nashville in April it was assigned to the ist
brigade, ist division, 4th corps. Col. Rose commanding the brigade, and
Lieut.-Col. Robinson the regiment, and was ordered to Texas,
arriving at Indianola on July 27. It moved thence to Green Lake,
marched to Camp Stanley, near Victoria, on the Guadaloupe river, and
on Dec. 5 was ordered home. It arrived at Philadelphia Jan. 16,

1866, where it was finally mustered out.

Seventy-eighth Infantry. — Cols., William Sirwell, Augustus B. Bon-
naffon; Lieut.-Cols., Archibald Blakeley, A. B. Bonnaffon, Henry W.
Torbett; Majs., A. B. Bonnaffon, James N. Hosey, Robert M. Smith.
The 78th regiment was recruited in the late summer and early fall of
1861 and was mustered into the U. S. service from the middle of Septem-
ber to the middle of October at Camp Orr on the Allegheny river, for
three years. Cos. B, F, G, I and K were raised in Armstrong county,
C and E in Clarion, A in Indiana, D in Indiana and Cambria, and H in
Butler. On Oct. 18, 1861, it left the state and proceeded by transport
to Louisville, Ky., and thence by rail to Nolin creek, where it was
assigned to Gen. McCook's division. Army of the Ohio, and was brigaded
with the 79th Pa., ist Wis., and 38th Ind., commanded by Brig.-Gen.

Pennsylvania Regiments 415

James S. Negley. In December it moved with the brigade to Munford-
ville, Ky., and in March, 1862, it arrived with the division at Camp Andy
Johnson, Nashville, Tenn. Throughout the remainder of the spring and
summer it performed guard duty on the railroad from Nashville to
Columbia, garrison duty at Pulaski and Rogersville, guard duty on the
railroad from Columbia to Elk river, and was engaged in numerous
skirmishes with the enemy's cavalry. While Buell's army was marching
north into Kentucky, in the race with Gen. Bragg for Louisville, the
78th was ordered into the defenses of Nashville, where the garrison was
often attacked. It was engaged at La Vergne, Neely's bend. White
creek, Charlottsville and Franklin Pike, remaining in Nashville until
Dec. 12, when it moved to Camp Hamilton, where it was assigned to
Miller's brigade, of Negley's eighth division. It was heavily engaged
at the sanguinary battle of Stone's River, or Murfreesboro, where it
behaved with great gallantry, losing 190 men killed and wounded. In Jan.,
1863, the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Rosecrans, was divided
into three corps, the 14th, 20th and 21st, and the 78th was assigned to
the 3d brigade (Col. Miller), 2nd division (Gen. Negley), 14th corps
(Gen. Thomas). It was engaged in provost duty at Murfreesboro until
April, and in June shared in Rosecrans' campaign from Murfreesboro
to Tullahoma. It then encamped at Decherd until Aug. 15, when it
moved with the army in pursuit of Bragg. On Sept. 11, a part of the
regiment was engaged at Dug gap, Ga., the whole regiment shared in
the desperate fighting at Chickamauga and then retired with the army
to Chattanooga. While here it was assigned to the 3d brigade (Gen.
Starkweather), ist division (Gen. R. M. Johnson), 14th corps (Gen.
John M. Palmer). In the decisive engagements at Orchard Knob, Look-
out mountain and Missionary ridge, the 78th was engaged with small
loss, and it participated in a reconnoissance to the summit of Look-
out mountain. In company with the 21st Wis., the regiment was as-
signed to duty on Lookout mountain until May, 1864, when it rejoined
its brigade at Graysville and moved with Sherman's army on the Atlanta
campaign. It saw much hard fighting at Tunnel Hill, Buzzard Roost
gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church and in the long struggle before
Kennesaw mountain. While in front of Kennesaw mountain it was ordered
to Chattanooga to guard wagon trains to the front and was thus employed
for three months, when it was ordered to report to Gen. Rousseau at Nash-
ville. It was active at Pulaski, Tenn., and a little later was mounted
and moved with Rousseau against the enemy's cavalry in Southern Tenn.,
returning to Nashville on Oct. 17. Its term of service having expired,
all the original members, except the veterans and recruits, returned to
Pennsylvania and were mustered out at Kittanning, Nov. 4, 1864. The
veteran? and recruits remained at Nashville and in March, 1865, the regi-
ment was recruited to the minimum strength by the assignment of eight
new companies, commanded by Col. Bonnaffon. The regiment as thus
organized was finally mustered out at Nashville on Sept. 11, 1865.

Seventy-ninth Infantry. — Col., Henry A. Hambright; Lieut.-Cols.,
John H. Duchman, William S. Mellinger; Majs., William S. Mellinger,
Michael H. Locher, John S. McBride. The 79th was raised in the late
summer and early fall of 1861. It rendezvoused by companies at Camp
Wilkins. Pittsburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service in
September and the early part of October for three years. It was recruited
from Lancaster county, with the exception of Co. D, which came from
Washington county, most of the officers and men having been in the
three months' service. On Oct. 17 it received its colors from the hands
of Gov. Curtin at Allegheny City, and the following day embarked at
Pittsburg for Louisville, Ky. From Louisville it moved to Camp Nevin,
on Nolin creek, and three weeks later crossed that stream to Camp

416 The Union Army

Negley, where it was assigned to Negley's brigade, McCook's division.
Army of the Ohio, under Gen. Buell. Upon the opening of the spring
campaign in 1862, it moved with the division to Nashville, thence to
Columbia at the end of March, where a detachment of Co. A, under
Capt. Kendrick, was captured by Morgan's cavalry on the Pulaski road,
but was soon paroled. About the middle of May it shared in an expedi-
tion to Rogersville, Tenn., and Florence, Ala., and on the 29th moved
towards Chattanooga with Gen. Negley's column, sharing in the engage-
ments at Jasper, Sweden's cove, and Chattanooga, after which it returned
to Shelbyville, having marched 284 miles in 14 days. The records of the
regiment show that on July 4, out of 998 members, 50 were in hospital,
S3 dead, 51 discharged, and 7 had deserted. The regiment next proceeded
to Tullahoma, where it was assigned to a brigade made up of the 15th,
i6th and 19th regulars, under command of Gen. William S. Smith. It
next moved to Manchester and on Aug. 8 to Nashville, where it was
variously employed until September. Meanwhile, the regimental band
was mustered out by order of the war department, and the regiment was
assigned to the 3d brigade (Gen. Starkweather), ist division (Gen.
Rousseau), 14th corps (Gen. McCook). It moved north in September
with Buell's army, in the exciting race with Gen. Bragg, and was heavily
engaged at the battle of Perryville, losing 37 killed, 149 wounded and 3
missing. After the pursuit of the enemy for several days it moved to
Mitchellville, Tenn., and guarded the Louisville & Nashville railroad
there for a month. In December, having rejoined the main army at
Nashville, it moved on the Stone's river campaign and was engaged at
Murfreesboro with a loss of 2 killed and 10 wounded. The 79th num-
bered at this time 35 officers and 688 enlisted men, of whom 25 officers
and 484 men were present for duty. It remained at Murfreesboro after
the battle until the following June, being engaged in numerous foraging
expeditions. Assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist division, 14th corps, it
moved with Rosecrans' army on the summer campaign, and suffered
severely in the bloody two days' battle of Chickamauga, where of the 17
officers and 350 men in action, it lost 16 killed, 66 wounded and 47 miss-
ing. During the battles of Orchard Knob, Lookout mountain and Mission-
ary ridge, the 79th was employed in garrisoning the forts of Chattanooga
and was not engaged. On Feb. 9, 1864, 265 men reenlisted and were mus-
tered in on the 12th. After sharing with its division in the engagements at
Buzzard Roost and Tunnel Hill, Ga., the veterans were given their fur-
lough and on their return rejoined their brigade at Buzzard Roost on
May 9, 1864. From this time on it actively participated in the almost
constant fighting leading up to the fall of Atlanta. Its losses during the
Atlanta campaign were 6 killed, 86 wounded (12 mortally) and 2 cap-
tured. It marched with Sherman to the sea, rested at Savannah for a
month, and in Jan., 1865, moved with the army in the march through the
Carolinas. It was heavily engaged at the battle of Bentonville, losing
13 killed and 46 wounded. At Goldsboro, N. C, March 22, it received
200 recruits, then marched to Raleigh and thence to Martha's Vineyard,
where it encamped. After Johnston's surrender it moved via Richmond
to the vicinity of Washington and was mustered out near Alexandria,
Va., July 12, 1865.

Seventh Cavalry. — Cols., George C. Wynkoop, William B. Sipes, C.
C. McCormick ; Lieut.-Cols., William B. Sipes, James J. Seibert, James
F. Andress; Majs., John E. Wynkoop, James J. Seibert, Tames Given,
Charles C. Davis, William H. Jennings, James F. Andress, Cyrus NewHn,
Benjamin S. Dartt, Charles L. Greeno, Uriah C. Hartranft. The 7th
cavalry, the 8oth regiment of the line, was composed of men from the
counties of Schuylkill, Lycoming, Tioga, Bradford, Northumberland,
Montour, Clinton, Center, Chester, Luzerne, Dauphin, Cumberland, Berks

Pennsylvania Regiments 417

and Allegheny. It rendezvoused by companies at Camp Cameron, Harris-
burg, and was mustered into the U. S. service in Sept., Oct., and Nov.,
1861, for three years. Col. Wynkoop was an experienced cavalry officer
in the militia and had served as brigadier-general in the three months'
service, in which many of the officers and men had also served. The regi-
ment received its colors from Gov. Curtin on Dec. 18 and the following
day left the state for Louisville, Ky., where it reported to Gen. Buell,
commanding the Department of the Ohio. It remained in camp of in-
struction at Jeffersonville, Ind., until the end of Jan., 1862, when it
moved to Nashville, Tenn., where the ist battalion under Maj. Wynkoop
was assigned to Gen. Negley's brigade ; the 2nd, under Col. Wynkoop, to
Gen. Dumont at Nashville; the 3d, under Maj. Given, to Col. Duffield's
command, two companies being posted at Murfreesboro and two at Leb-
anon. The detachments were now employed in scouting in western and
middle Tenn., the 2nd and 3d battalions, with the ist, 4th and 5th Ky.
cavalry being hotly engaged with Morgan's cavalry at Lebanon in May,
when the enemy was defeated and 170 prisoners taken. The loss of the
7th was 3 killed, 13 wounded and 3 captured, Maj. Given being among the
prisoners. In the early part of June the ist battalion accompanied Gen.
Negley to Chattanooga, skirmishing at Sweden's cove and in front of
Chattanooga. The 3d battalion, now under Maj. Seibert, was engaged
in June with Forrest's cavalry at McMinnville and Readyville, and on
July 13, it was surprised and captured by Forrest at Murfreesboro, to-
gether with the rest of the garrison. The 7th lost 5 killed and 20 wounded
in the engagement and the men captured were paroled. Early in July
the 1st battalion, as a part of Gen. Smith's brigade, occupied Manchester.
The 2nd and 3d battalions shared in Gen. Dumont's expedition across the
Cumberland mountains, beating and routing the enemy at Pikeville. They
were again engaged a little later with Forrest's cavalry at Calf Killer
creek, where they lost some prisoners. In an engagement at Gallatin
in August with Morgan's cavalry, a detachment of the 7th, under Col.
Wynkoop, forming part of Gen. Richard Johnson's provisional brigade,
suffered a loss of 11 killed and wounded and 43 taken prisoners. The ist
battalion was active with some loss at the battle of Perryville, Ky., but
the other two battalions, atached to Negley's brigade, remained in gar-
rison at Nashville. When Gen. Rosecrans assumed command of the Army
of the Cumberland in Nov., 1862, it was completely reorganized, the 7th
Pa. being assigned to the ist brigade (Col. Minty), 2nd division, of the
cavalry commanded by Gen. D. S. Stanley. The regiment was constantly
skirmishing in the advance of the army on Murfreesboro and was active
in the battle there, losing 2 killed, 9 wounded and 50 missing. It was
again engaged at Rover, in Jan., 1863, executing a gallant charge and
driving the enemy. It was once more active at Rover and Unionville
in March, with a loss of 2 killed and 7 wounded. The ist brigade now
joined Sheridan's division, which marched to Franklin; skirmished with
Van Dorn and Forrest at Spring Hill and Rutherford creek, and returned
to Murfreesboro. From that time until the following June the command
was variously engaged, being active at Snow hill, McMinnville, and Mur-
freesboro. On June 24 it moved on Gen. Rosecrans' campaign to Tulla-
homa, being active at Guy's gap, Shelbyville, Elk river and Sparta. In
September it took part in the Chickamauga campaign and after the battle
pursued Wheeler's cavalry for 18 days into Alabama. In the early part
of the year 1864, most of the members reenlisted at Huntsville, Ala., and
were given the usual veteran furlough. On their return the cornmand was
recruited to about 1,800 men and engaged in drill and preparation at Col-
umbia for the spring campaign. On April 30, under command of Col.
Sipes, it joined Gen. Sherman for the Atlanta campaign, being attached
to Garrard's division, and saw much active service from this time on. It

Vol. 1—27

418 The Union Army

was in actions at Rome, Dallas and Villa Rica road, Big Shanty, M'Afee
cross-roads, Noonday creek and Kennesaw mountain ; raided the Augusta
& Atlanta railroad in July ; shared in the raid on Covington ; was engaged
at Flatrock bridge, and on Aug. i entered the trenches in front of Atlanta.
It joined in Gen. Kilpatrick's raid in August; skirrnished at Fairburn,
Jonesboro and Lovejoy's Station, losing 43 men during the expedition.
In October it was active at Rome, and the following day made a gallant
charge on infantry and captured 2 pieces of artillery. It had suffered
much in men, horses and equipment during the strenuous campaign and
was now ordered to Louisville to refit. Here many of the officers whose
original term of service had expired were mustered out. After the battle
of Nashville and the defeat of Hood, the command was stationed at Grav-
elly Springs, Ala., on the Tennessee river, drilling and making prepara-
tion for the spring campaign. In the latter part of March, 1865, it joined
Gen. Wilson in his raid through Alabama and Georgia, skirmished at
Plantersville on April i, led the assault upon the enemy's works the fol-
lowing day at Selma, losing heavily in killed and wounded, and was again
active at Columbus. The war was now practically ended. The regi-
ment remained at Macon until Aug. 23, 1865, when it was mustered out.

Eighty-first Infantry. — Cols., James Miller, Charles F. Johnson, H.
Boyd McKeen, William Wilson; Lieut.-Cols., Charles F. Johnson, Eli
T. Conner, H. Boyd McKeen, Robert M. Lee, Jr., Amos Stroh, Thomas C.
Harkness, William Wilson, Lawrence Mercer; Majs., Eli T. Conner,
Robert M. Lee, Jr., Thomas C. Harkness, William Wilson, Lawrence
Mercer, James H. Mitchell. The 8ist regiment, composed of men from
the city of Philadelphia, and the counties of Carbon and Luzerne, was
mustered into the U. S. service in August, Sept., and Oct., 1861, at Phila-
delphia, for three years. Col. Miller was a soldier of the Mexican war
and many of the officers and men had served in the state rnilitia or during
the three months' campaign. It left the state for Washington on Oct.
10, and was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, 2nd corps, commanded
by Gens. Howard, Richardson and Sumner respectively. It remained in-
active during the succeeding winter, except for numerous details sent
out on scout duty. In March, 1862, active operations against the enemy
commenced and a month later, having been transferred to the Peninsula,
it engaged in McClellan's campaign to Richmond. Upon reaching the
Chickahominy it was employed in building the Sumner bridge over which
it marched to Golding's farm, where it engaged in a sharp skirmish with
the enemy. The regiment saw much fighting and suffered severely dur-
ing the rest of the campaign. Col. Miller was killed at Fair Oaks, and
on the retreat to the James river, the 81 st was engaged at Peach Orchard,
Savage Station, Charles City cross-roads, where Col. Johnson and Capts.
Conner and Harkness were wounded, and at Malvern hill, where Lieut-
Col. Conner was killed while gallantly leading his men. It arrived too
late to share in the 2nd battle of Bull Run and was in reserve at South
mountain, but was heavily engaged with loss at Antietam, where Capt.
Schuyler and Lieut. Vandyke were among the killed. It fought at the
battle of Fredericksburg and then returned to winter quarters near Fal-
mouth, where it remained until April 26, 1863. It suffered considerable
loss at the battle of Chancellorsville, Col. M'Keen and Maj. Harkness
being among the severely wounded, and after the battle returned to Fal-
mouth until the end of May. It then moved to Stoneman's switch and
on June 18 to Stafford Court House, where it skirmished with the enemy.
After a series of exhausting marches it arrived on the field of Gettys-
burg on the evening of July i and immediately threw up breast-works.
On the following day it was heavily engaged until 9 p. m. in the wheat
field beyond the peach orchard, losing one-half its effective strength. On
the 3d day it was posted near the cemetery. It joined in the pursuit of

Pennsylvania Regiments 419

Lee and subsequently participated with the 2nd corps in the "campaign of
maneuvres" in the Valley of Virginia, and in the operations at Mine run.
The winter of 1863-64 was spent about Brandy Station and Stevensburg.
A portion of the command reenlisted in Jan., 1864, and the men were
given the usual veteran furlough, though the veterans, with a large num-
ber of recruits, returned before the opening of the spring campaign of
1864. Col. M'Keen commanded the brigade and Lieut.-Col. Wilson the
regiment. In the desperate righting which now ensued, the 8ist had its
full share, being engaged at the Wilderness, Po river, Spottsylvania,
North Anna river, Totopotomy and Cold Harbor. Lieut.-Col. Wilson
was severely wounded in the desperate assault by the 2nd corps at Spottsyl-
vania, and Col. M'Keen was killed in the last assault at Cold Harbor. It
was actively engaged with its corps in the first assaults on Petersburg,
suffering considerable loss, and fully maintained its reputation as a fight-
ing regiment in the engagements at Strawberry Plains, Reams' station
and Deep Bottom. The winter of 1864-65 was spent in the trenches in
front of Petersburg and at the end of March it participated with its
corps in the final campaign. It did not again suffer serious loss, though
frequently engaged, and was almost constantly on the march until the
desperate assault on Lee's lines at Farmville, where the 81 st suffered
severely, Capts. Wilson and Bond being among the killed. After Lee's
surrender it returned to Washington and was mustered out at Alexandria,
Va., June 29, 1865. Its total losses during the four years of service were 14
officers killed, 45 wounded, 3 prisoners, 2 died of disease, 201 enlisted men
killed, 516 wounded and 79 died of disease.

Eighty-second Infantry. — Cols., David H. Williams, Isaac C. Bassett;
Lieut.-Cols., Frank Vallee, John M. Wetherill, James R. Neiler; Majs.,
John M. Wetherill, Isaac C. Bassett, Lyon L. Emanuel, William Clark.
The 82nd regiment, numbered the 31st until after the battle of Fair Oaks,
was recruited from Philadelphia, with the exception of Co. B, which was
recruited in Pittsburg, in the late summer of 1861. The men rendezvoused
at Suffolk Park, and in July, August and September were slowly mus-
tered into the U. S. service for three years. On account of the threatened
danger to the national capital the first four companies assembled were
ordered to Washington and the other companies joined them there as fast
as they were organized. The regimental organization was effected in
Washington. It was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Graham), ist
division (Gen. Buell and later Gen. Couch), 4th corps (Gen. Keyes).
It occupied the defenses of Washington for a period of 6 months, engaged
in drill, guard and fatigue duty, but March 9 it advanced with the army
to Manassas. It returned again after a few days to its old quarters and
two weeks later proceeded to Fortress Monroe, whence it moved upon
McClellan's Peninsular campaign. The first month was passed at York-
town, where it crossed the Chickahominy on May 22 and on the 31st
engaged the enemy at Fair Oaks, its first serious battle, displaying com-
mendable coolness and bravery. Its loss here was 8 killed and 24 wounded.
On the retreat to Harrison's landing it was engaged at Charles City cross-
roads and Malvern hill, suffering severely in the latter battle. It was
in line, but not active, at Chantilly and was only slightly engaged at
Antietam. Shortly after this battle it encamped at Downsville, where it
was attached to the 6th corps, with which it continued throughout the
remainder of its service. It was active at Fredericksburg, but was pro-
tected by a deep ditch from the heavy fire of the enemy and suffered only
small loss. The winter was without especial incident, except Burnside's
Mud March in Jan., 1863. In the Chancellorsville campaign the corps
was commanded by Gen. Sedgwick and the division by Gen. Newton. It
was heavily engaged at the battle of Chancellorsville, where it formed
part of the column which stormed Marye's heights, and it also shared in

420 The Union Army

the desperate fighting at Salem Church. Moving in June on the Gettys-
burg campaign, it arrived on the field of battle after a hard forced march,
on the afternoon of July 2, and went into position on the left of the line
near Little Round Top. The fighting had nearly ceased at this point and
it was not engaged, but on the third day of the battle it was shifted to the
extreme right of the line in support of Gen. Geary and was exposed to a
severe artillery fire. It was then moved to the left and finally to the
center, where it was in reserve until the close of the battle. In the pursuit
of Lee which followed it had a sharp skirmish with the enemy at Funks-
town, Md. When the army returned to Virginia it shared in the ensuing
campaign of maneuvres ; acted as support to a battery at Rappahannock
Station ; participated in the abortive movement upon Mine run ; and
went into winter quarters at Brandy Station upon the abandonment of the
campaign. While here, about one-half the regiment reenlisted and was
given a veteran furlough. It was ordered with its brigade at this time to
Johnson's island, opposite Sandusky, Ohio, as it was thought best to
strengthen the guard over the Confederate officers there confined until
the ice on Lake Erie should break up. On May 6 it proceded to Wash-
ington and thence to Belle Plain landing, where it was engaged in guard-
ing prisoners for a time. It rejoined the brigade at the North Anna river,
but was not heavily engaged uptil the army reached Cold Harbor, where
it lost 173 in killed, wounded and missing, more than half its eflFective
strength. Among the wounded was Col. Bassett. It crossed the James
river on June 16; was engaged in a brisk skirmish with the enemy's
cavalry on June 29, and on July 6 hastened with the 6th corps to the
defense of Washington, then threatened by Gen. Early. It was active
at Fort Stevens in July and again at Summit Point in August. While at
Berrjrville, Va., the original term of enlistment expired and the regiment,
except veterans and recruits, was ordered to Philadelphia, where it was
mustered out on Sept. i'6, 1864. The veterans and recruits were organized
into a battalion of five companies, which were subsequently joined by the
veterans of the 23d Pa. and the regimental organization was maintained
under the command of Col. Bassett. It now shared in the successful
campaign of Gen. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, after which it
returned with the 6th corps to the trenches in front of Petersburg. In
the final campaign of 1865 it was engaged with loss at Sailor's creek and
was at the extreme front when Lee surrendered. The regiment was finally
mustered out on July 13, 1865, at Hall's hill, Va.

Eighty-third Infantry. — Cols., John W. McLane, Strong Vincent, O. S.
Woodward, C. P. Rogers ; Lieut.-Cols., Strong Vincent, Hugh S. Camp-
bell, DeWitt C. McCoy, C. P. Rogers, William O. Colt; Majs., Louis H.
Naghel, Wiliam H. Lamont, William O. Colt, W. H. Dunbar, Amos M.
Judson. The 83d regiment, composed principally of men from the counties
of Erie, Crawford, Warren, Venango and Mercer, rendezvoused at Camp
McLane, near the city of Erie, and was mustered into the U. S. service
between July 29 and Sept. 8, 1861, for three years. The regiment was re-
cruited by Col. McLane, who formerly commanded the Erie regiment in
the three months' service, and embraced nearly 300 of his old command.
It left the state for Washington on Sept. 18, about 1,000 strong, was there
assigned to the 3d brigade of Porter's division — later the ist division of
the 5th corps — and remained in the vicinity of Washington until the fol-
lowing spring, being subjected meanwhile to a rigid course of instruction
and discipline. By the opening of the spring campaign it had become one
of the most proficient regiments in the army. After engaging in the pre-
liminary march of the army to Fairfax Court House early in March,
1862, it was moved to the Peninsula and there embarked on Gen. McClel-
lan's Peninsular campaign. After engaging actively in the siege of York-
town it advanced to Hanover Court House, where it engaged and drove

Pennsylvania Regiments 421

the enemy, and was again engaged for half an hour on the Ashland road,
8 men being wounded. It then remained encamped for a month along the
Chickahominy river and was hotly engaged at Gaines' mill, where it fought
with great bravery and sustained severe losses. It went into this action
550 strong and lost 265 in killed, wounded and prisoners, both Col. McLane
and Maj. Naghel being among the killed. On the retreat to the James
Porter's corps led the advance. In the action at Glendale the 83d sup-
ported Griffin's battery and was hotly engaged the following day at Mal-
vern hill, losing about 150 in killed, wounded and missing, Capt. Campbell,
commanding the regiment, being among the wounded. On the arrival of
the command at Harrison's landing it could muster only 80 muskets.
It now joined the forces under Gen. Pope, having been reinforced at
Newport News by about 50 recruits, and fought with its usual gallantry
at the second Bull Run battle, losing 20 killed and about 50 wounded,
among the latter being Lieut.-Col. Campbell, commanding the regiment.
Maj. Lamont was among the captured. The 83d was present but only
slightly engaged at Antietam, but at the battle of Fredericksburg its loss
was 6 killed and 30 wounded. It was encamped for the winter of 1862-3
near Stoneman's station, participated in the Mud March in Jan., 1863, and on
April 29 started on the Chancellorsville campaign. Its loss at Chancellors-
ville was very small and after the battle it returned to its old quarters. Two
weeks later it was ordered to the Rappahannock to guard the fords and
about July 15 started towards Pennsylvania. It arrived on the field of
Gettysburg on the morning of July 2 and went into position in support of
the artillery at the center. Col. Vincent commanded the brigade, Gen.
Barnes the division, and Gen. Sykes the corps. About 4 o'clock in the
afternoon of the 2nd it was ordered to the extreme left and took position
on Little Round Top, where it fought with great gallantry until evening.
On the third day of the battle it was posted to the rear of the left center
and suffered but little. Its loss in the battle was 6 killed and 38 wounded,
6 of whom subsequently died. Col. Vincent was among the mortally
wounded. After the battle it joined in the pursuit of the enemy. About
this time the regiment received about 400 drafted men and substitutes,
a majority of whom proved to be worthless and were constantly desert-
ing. It now shared in the marches and countermarches of the fall cam-
paign, being engaged at Rappahannock Station and Mine run, and finally
went into winter quarters behind the Rappahannock. While here 169
men reenlisted. It moved on the spring campaign of 1864, being assigned
to Bartlett's brigade, Griffin's division, 5th corps, under Gen. Warren. In
the first two engagements, at the Wilderness and at Laurel hill, it fought
with desperate gallantry and lost over 300 men. It was subsequently
engaged at the North Anna river and Totopotomy, but was in reserve at
Bethesda Church. It crossed the James on June 16 and joined with the
army in the siege of Petersburg, occupying an intrenched position close
up to the enemy's works, where it was subjected to an almost ceaseless
fire until relieved on the night of the 20th. It was then moved to a posi-
tion on the Jerusalem plank road, and on Aug. 16 to the Weldon railroad.
On Sept. 18 the original term of service expired, when, of its 350 effective
men, about 100 were mustered out and the others were organized as a
battalion of six companies, which was active at Poplar Grove church, and
lost heavily at Peeble's farm on the evening of the same day. It was
inactive during October and November, but shared in the raid on the
Weldon railroad in December, after which it went into winter quarters on
the Jerusalem plank road. It fought at Hatcher's run in Feb., 1865, and
then encamped at Hampton Station until the opening of the final campaign.
Meanwhile Cos. G, H, I and K were assigned it in March, 1865, which,
with a number of recruits, brought it up to the maximum strength of a
regiment. In the Appomattox campaign it was actively engaged at Jones'

422 The Union Army

farm, White Oak road, Gravelly run, Five Forks, Sutherland's station and
Jetersville, and joined in the pursuit to Appomattox Court House. It was
mustered out at Washington on June 28, 1865, and returning to Harrisburg,
the men were finally paid and discharged there on July 4. The 83d was
engaged in 25 battles during service, two more than any other infantry
regiment from the state.

Eighty-fourth Infantry. — Cols., William G. Murray, Samuel M. Bow-
man; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas C. MacDowell, Walter Barrett, Thomas H.
Craig, Milton Opp, George Zinn; Majs., Walter Barrett, Thomas H. Craig,
Milton Opp, George Zinn, Samuel Bryan. The 84th regiment, composed of
men from the counties of Blair, Lycoming, Clearfield, Dauphin, Columbia,
Cameron and Westmoreland, was recruited in the late summer and early
fall of 1861. It rendezvoused first at Camp Grossman, Huntingdon, and
afterwards at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where it was organized towards
the close of October, and before the end of the year all the men were
mustered into the U. S. service for three years. On Dec. 31, 1861, it left
for Hancock, Md., and on its arrival there on Jan. 2, 1862, crossed the
Potomac and moved to Bath. Here it was confronted by the enemy under
Stonewall Jackson and fell back to Hancock, moving thence to Cumber-
land. During the remainder of the winter the command was posted along
the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, but in March it moved to Winchester,
where it was heavily engaged as a part of the forces commanded by Gen.
Shields. Its loss in the battle was 23 killed and 67 wounded out of 260
engaged. Col. Murray, Capt. Gallagher and Lieut. Reem were among the
killed. It served on provost duty at Berryville until May 2 ; skirmished on
the 31st at Front Royal; was again engaged at Port Republic in June;
then remained encamped at Alexandria until July, when under the com-
mand of Col. Bowman it joined Pope's army, and was assigned to Carroll's
brigade, Ricketts' division, McDowell's corps. It was only slightly engaged
at Cedar mountain, but fought bravely throughout the day at the second
battle of Bull Run. Only a fragment of the regiment was fit for duty
when it reached Washington, and on account of its reduced condition it
remained at Arlington Heights during the Antietam campaign. While
here its ranks were filled by about 400 recruits and returning convalescents.
At Fredericksburg it formed part of Gen. Whipple's independent division
and with its brigade rendered conspicuous service during the battle. When
Gen. Hooker took command of the army, the 84th was assigned to the 2nd
brigade (Col. Bowman), 3d division (Gen. Whipple), 3d corps ((jen.
Sickles). Its losses were very heavy at the battle of Chancellorsville,
being 219 out of 391 engaged. Despite its own heavy losses it succeeded
in bringing off 33 prisoners. The 84th now became a part of Gen. Carr's
brigade of the 2nd corps. In the Gettysburg campaign it was detailed to
guard the corps train and did not share in the great battle. In the Vir-
ginia campaign which ensued it was active at Wapping heights. Thorough-
fare gap. Freeman's ford, Bristoe Station, Kelly's ford, Jacob's ford. Locust
Grove and Mine run, and then went into winter quarters at Brandy Station.
Many of the command reenlisted in Jan., 1864, and were given a veteran
furlough. It assisted in driving the enemy at Morton's ford, Va., in
February, and shared with the 2nd corps in the almost constant fighting
from the Wilderness to the James. Lieut-Col. Opp was mortally wounded
at the Wilderness whilebravely leading a charge, and in a skirmish at Pleasant
hill the gallant Lieut. Nixon, who saved the command from capture at
Bull Run, was severely wounded. It shared in the siege of Petersburg
until June 27, when it recrossed the James and took part in the action
at Deep Bottom. It then reengaged in the work of the siege until Aug.
14, when it was again in action at Deep Bottom and Strawberry Plains.
Once more it returned to the work of the siege; was engaged at Yellow
tavern, where Lieut. -Col. Zinn was severely wounded, and in October the

Pennsylvania Regiments 423

original members, except veterans and recruits, were mustered out of service.
The others were organized as a battalion of four companies, which were
consolidated on Jan. 13, 1865, with the 57th Pa. and served with that regi-
ment until the end of the war. The battalion shared in the engagement
of the 2nd corps at Hatcher's run in October, and was again engaged on
the Weldon railroad in December. The history of the battalion after its
consolidation is the same as that of the 57th (q. v.). It was finally mus-
tered out of service with that organization on June 29, 1865.

Eighy-fifth Infantry. — Col., Joshua B. Howell; Lieut.-Cols., Norton
McGiffin, H. A. Purviance, Edward Campbell; Majs., Absalom Guiler,
James B. Tredwell, Edward Campbell, Isaac M. Abraham. The 85th
was recruited from the counties of Fayette, Washington, Somerset and
Greene, and was mustered into the U. S. sen^ice at Camp La Fayette
near Uniontown, Nov. 12, 1861, for a three years' term. It was ordered
to Washington at the end of November, went into camp at Camp Good
Hope and was employed with a brigade under Col. Tidball, in strengthen-
ing the defenses of Washington. On March 29, 1862, attached to the 2nd
brigade, 3d division, 4th corps, it left Washington for Fortress Monroe,
where it joined the Army of the Potomac, and participated in the opera-
tions on the Peninsula, being engaged at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks,
but was not active in the battles following. From Suffolk, where it was
stationed after the close of the campaign, the 85th was ordered to New
Berne, N. C, and joined the Goldsboro expedition, engaging the enemy
several times en route. Jan., 1863, was spent in camp near New Berne,
and at the close of the month the regiment was ordered to Hilton Head,
S. C, where it remained until April i, when it moved to Folly island. It
shared in the siege of Fort Wagner, though its ranks were sadly depleted
by sickness and exposure to the trying southern summer, and occupied
Morris island with the rest of the troops after the fall of the fort. In
December it was ordered back to Hilton Head and encamped near Port
Royal, a much more healthful locality. It joined in the unsuccessful
expedition to Whitemarsh island, near Savannah, in Feb., 1864; was trans-
ferred in April to the Army of the James, and posted at Bermuda Hundred,
Va., where it performed picket duty until June. It then proceeded to
Petersburg and was active in that vicinity in a number of engagements
from June to October. On Oct. 14, the veterans and recruits were trans-
ferred to the i88th Pa. infantry and the remainder of the men, after
spending a month in camp at Portsmouth, were mustered out at Pittsburg
on Nov. 22.

Eighty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., George Hay, John W. Schall, William
S. Franklin, James Tearney; Lieut.-Cols., John W. Schall, James A.
Stable, Noah G. Ruhl, Samuel S. Bulford; Majs., Charles H. Buehler,
James A. Stable, Noah G. Ruhl, F. J. Thomas. The 87th, eight companies
of which were recruited in York county and two in Adams, was mustered
into the U. S. service at York in Sept., 1861, for a three years' term. The
winter was spent on guard duty along the Northern Central railroad from
the Pennsylvania state line to Baltimore and on May 26, 1862, the regiment
moved to Baltimore, where it remained until June 23, when it left for
Martinsburg. Shortly afterward it moved to New creek and was stationed
there until late in August, when it joined an expedition to Elk Water
under Gen. Kelley in pursuit of the enemy. This was followed by a march
to Beverly, Franklin and Webster under Gen. Milroy in October and
November. On Dec. 6, it moved to Petersburg and on the i8th to Win-
chester, where it went into winter quarters. In May, 1863, the regiment
undertook an expedition to Webster, leaving two companies at Bunker
Hill on its return. In June these two companies were attacked and obliged
to fall back to Winchester. The other section of the regiment was engaged
at Middletown and Winchester, after which the entire regiment withdrew

424 The Union Army

to Harper's Ferry, and went into camp on Maryland heights. Early in
July it moved to Tennallytown, where it joined the Army of the Potomac,
being assigned to the 3d brigade, 3d division, 3d corps, with which it
took part in the battles of Manassas gap, Bealeton, Kelly's ford, Brandy
Station and the Mine Run campaign. The regiment spent the winter of
1863-64 in camp at Brandy Station, where 180 men reenlisted. With the
1st brigade, 3d division, 6th corps, it participated in the Wilderness cam-
paign and the movement to Petersburg. At Cold Harbor its loss in killed
and wounded was almost one-third of its strength. On July 6, it was
ordered to the defense of Washington, which was threatened by Gen.
Early, and met him at the Monocacy, losing more heavily than in any
other battle of its service. It also participated in the engagements of the
Opequan and Fisher's hill. On Sept. 23, 1864, the original members not
reenlisted left the regiment and the veterans and recruits were formed
into a battalion of five companies, which was closely engaged at Cedar
creek. In March, 1865, the addition of five new companies perfected the
regimental organization. It then participated in the final assault on
Petersburg and the engagement at Sailor's creek. It was mustered out
at Alexandria, Va., June 29, 1865.

Eighty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., George P. McLean, George W. Gile,
Louis Wagner; Lieut.-Cols., Joseph A. McLean, George W. Gile, Louis
Wagner, Edmund A. Moss; Majs., George W. Gile, D. A. Griffith, Benezet
F. Foust, John S. Steeple, Aaron Bright, Jr. The 88th regiment, three
companies of which were recruited in Berks county and the remainder in
Philadelphia, was known as the Cameron Light Guards and was mustered
into the U. S. service at Philadelphia in Sept., 1861, for a three years'
term. It was ordered to Washington on Oct. i and assigned to guard
duty at Alexandria, where it received its arms and equipment. On Feb.
18, 1862, five companies were detailed for garrison duty in forts on the
Potomac, and on April 17, the regiment, reunited, moved to Cloud's
mills, to guard the line of the Orange & Alexandria railroad from Bull
Run to Fairfax Court House. May 7, the command was ordered to report
to Gen. McDowell and assigned to Gen. Ricketts' division, with which it
fought at Cedar mountain. Thoroughfare gap, the second Bull Run,
Chantilly, Antietam and Fredericksburg, its heaviest loss being at Bull
Run, where 15 were killed, 102 wounded and 48 missing. It went into
winter quarters at Fletcher's Chapel and, with the exception of the "Mud
March," remained there until April 28, 1863, when it started on the Chan-
cellorsville movement. Its part in this was not important, but its service
at Gettysburg was brilliant and resulted in the capture of the colors of
the i6th Ala. and 23d N. C. The regiment shared in the movements of
the army during the remainder of the year, ending with the Mine Run
campaign, after which it went into winter quarters at Culpeper. Enough
men reenlisted to insure the continuance of the 88th as a veteran organiza-
tion and on May 3, 1864, it broke camp and spent the next three days in
guarding wagon trains on their way to the Wilderness. Engagements
followed in rapid succession at Spottsylvania, the North Anna river,
Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor and White Oak swamp and on June 16
the command arrived at Petersburg. Here it was engaged on June 18 and
at the Weldon railroad in August, besides performing arduous siege duties.
In Feb., 1865, it joined in the Hatcher's run movement, being engaged at
Dabney's mills and afterward encamping on Hatcher's run. It participated
in the final assault on Petersburg and in the pursuit after the evacuation
of the city and returned to Washington, where it was mustered out of
the service on June 30, 1865.

Eighth Cavalry. — Cols., David McM. Gregg, Pennock Huey, E. G.
Chorman, William A. Corrie ; Lieut.-Cols., A. E. Griffiths, Samuel Wilson,
William A. Corrie, Robert Oldham; Majs., Albert J. Enos, Pennock Huey,

Pennsylvania Regiments 425

William H. Forrest, Peter Keenan, William A. Corrie, Joseph W. Wistar,
Robert McCool, Robert Oldham, Benjamin A. Phifer. It was at first
intended to equip this regiment — the 89th of the line — as a rifle regiment,
but it was afterwards changed to a cavalry organization. It was recruited
in Philadelphia and in Lycoming, Bucks and Schuylkill counties, and was
mustered into the U. S. service from July 23 to Sept. 17, 1861, at Phila-
delphia, for a three years' term. It left the state for Washington on Oct.
4, where ft was brigaded with the 3d Pa. cavalry and spent the winter in
the vicinity of the capital in the performance of various routine duties.
On Jan. 17, 1862, the vacancy caused by the retirement of Col. Chorman
was filled by the appointment of Capt. David M'M. Gregg, of the 6th
U. S. cavalry, an experienced officer and a graduate of West Point. In
the Peninsular campaign the brigade was enlarged by the addition of the
1st regular cavalry and was attached to the 4th corps. It shared in a
light skirmish at New Kent Court House and soon after participated in a
severe skirmish near Garnett's house, where it suffered its first losses.
It was present at the battle of Fair Oaks and active at Malvern hill.
During this campaign companies D, A and B were detached from the
regiment on special duties. Upon its arrival at Harrison's landing, Col.
Gregg assumed the command of a cavalry brigade which included the 8th,
which was employed in heavy picket duties. It moved with Pleasonton's
brigade to Yorktown, serving as rear-guard, but returned to Alexandria
just after the second Bull Run battle. On Sept. 4, it was sent to Freedom
hill, encountering the enemy there, at Sugar Loaf Mountain and Darnes-
town. On the 12th it entered Frederick and drove out the rear-guard of
the enemy's cavalry, securing a number of prisoners. It then moved on
a reconnoissance to Gettysburg, captured about 50 more prisoners, and
thence marched to the battle-field of Antietam, skirmishing on the Sharps-
burg pike on the day after the general engagement. It remained encamped
at Sharpsburg for a time ; had a sharp engagement with the enemy at
Charlestown ; and on Oct. 26, as a part of Pleasonton's cavalry, led the
advance of the army into Virginia, being engaged in rapid succession with
heavy losses at Philomont, Upperville, Aldie, Barbour's cross-roads, Ashby's
gap, Chester gap, Orleans, Amissville and Hazel river. It was next
assigned to picket duty at the fords of the Rapidan and Rappahannock,
and while in the vicinity of Leeds, a squadron under Capt. Wilson, was
captured after a spirited resistance. It moved to Fredericksburg on the
night before the battle and had one squadron engaged on the following da3\
When Gen. Bayard fell. Col. Gregg was ordered to assume command of
the division and was officially notified on the field of his promotion to
brigadier-general. Maj. Huey succeeded to the command of the regiment
on June 17, 1862. The regiment now returned to Falmouth and was
employed in scout and picket duty along the Rappahannock, going into
winter quarters at Acquia creek about the middle of Feb., 1863. While
here it was assigned to Col. Devin's brigade of Pleasonton's division,
comprising the 8th and 17th Pa. and 6th N. Y. cavalry. On April 21 it
embarked upon the Chancellorsville campaign and in the first day's fight-
ing at Chancellorsville suffered heavily in killed, wounded and horses.
On May 2nd, it made one of the most gallant charges in the war, winning
for itself the following commendation from Gen. Pleasonton : "The dis-
tinguished gallantry of the 8th Pa. regiment, in charging the head of the
enemy's column, advancing on the nth corps, on the evening of the 2nd
inst., has excited the highest admiration. * * * The gallant McVikar, the
generous chivalric Keenan, with 150 killed and wounded from your small
numbers, attest the terrible earnestness that animated the midnight con-
flict of the second of May." After the battle, it moved to Potomac creek,
and on the 14th to Acquia creek and Falmouth, being engaged in picket
duties until the Gettysburg campaign. It was in action at New Market,.

426 The Union Army

losing 15 killed and wounded, and as part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd cavalry
division, it moved on the 30th to Westminster, thence to Hanover Junction
and on July 4, to Emmitsburg, where it joined the command of Gen.
Kilpatrick, crossed South mountain and assisted in the capture of 250
wagons and 600 prisoners of the enemy's wagon train. During the next
few days it was engaged in constant skirmishing in the vicinity of Boones-
boro and Jones' cross-roads. Returning to Virginia, it was engaged in
guard and picket duty on the Manassas railroad and at Thoroughfare
gap, and in August it became a part of the ist brigade commanded by
Gen. J. Irvin Gregg. In the campaign which followed, the regiment was
heavily engaged at Sulphur springs, and was again in action two days
later at Bristoe Station. In the advance to Mine Run it was sharply
engaged at New Hope Church and on its return went into winter quarters
at Bealeton Station. During the winter it engaged in the raids into the
Luray valley and through Chester gap. Most of the men reenlisted at
this time and were given veteran furloughs by battalions. Upon the open-
ing of the Wilderness campaign the 8th participated in the various move-
ments and battles of Sheridan's corps, losing about 100 men on the Rich-
mond raid, 25 at Haw's shop, and 35 at Trevilian Station. At St. Mary's
Church, Gregg's division was attacked by superior numbers, and the 8th
again lost heavily, Col. Huey and Capt. Piggott being captured and some
40 men being killed, wounded or missing. On July i it crossed the James
with its division, moved to Blackwater, and was engaged on picket duty
until the 26th on the Jerusalem plank road. It then crossed the Appo-
mattox and the James ; was in action at Malvern hill, and again on the
Charles City road. About two weeks later it was again engaged at Charles
City road and in August was in action the whole day at Yellow tavern,
where Lieut.-Col. Wilson was among the wounded, and the command
devolved on Maj. Wistar. The regiment was now reduced to about 200
men fit for duty. At Reams' station, on Aug. 23, Maj. Wistar was among
the wounded and the command devolved on Capt. Alex. M'Callum, all
its field officers having been killed, wounded or captured. It participated
in the cavalry operations during the siege of Petersburg and in the spring
of 1865, moved with Sheridan to Five Forks, participating in a brilliant
campaign which resulted in the surrender of Lee, after which the 8th was
ordered to Lynchburg and consolidated with the i6th Pa. cavalry on July
24. It was finally mustered out with that organization on Aug. 11, 1865,
at Richmond.

Ninetieth Infantry. — Col., Peter Lyle; Lieut.-Col., William A. Leech;
Majs., Alfred J. Sellers, Jacob M. Davis. This regiment was organized
at Philadelphia from Oct. i, 1861, to March 10, 1862. Its colonel and line
officers, as well as many of the men, had already served in the three
months' campaign in the 19th infantry; William A. Leech had been major
of the 17th, and nearly all had had experience in the militia. Recruited
to 900 men, it left for Baltimore on March 31, 1862, and then proceeded to
Washington and Acquia creek landing, where it reported to Gen. McDowell,
commanding the 3d corps, and was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Gen. Rick-
etts), 2nd division (Gen. Ord). It was brigaded with the 26th and 94th
N. Y. and 88th Pa., and with its division moved into the Shenandoah
Valley in May against the enemy under Stonewall Jackson. Returning
to Waterloo on July 22, it moved with Pope to the relief of Banks' army
at Cedar mountain, then to Mitchell's station and after destroying the
railroad bridge served as rear-guard to the army retreating across the
Rappahannock. With its brigade it checked the enemy for three days at
Rappahannock Station, and on Aug. 28 assisted its division in holding back
Longstreet for 8 hours at Thoroughfare gap, retiring in good order to
Gainesville. The next day it was heavily engaged at Groveton, losing
about 200 men in killed, wounded and prisoners. On Sept. 6, it embarked

Pennsylvania Regiments 42?

on the Maryland campaign, attached to Gen. Hooker's command, with
which it fought at South mountain and Antietam, its loss at the latter
place being 98. On the close of this campaign the division was trans-
ferred to the 1st corps, under Gen. Reynolds, and the brigade was made to
include the 88th, 90th and 136th Penn., and 26th and 94th N. Y., Col.
Lyle in comand. On the return of the army into Virginia, Gen. Gibbon
became division commander and the 12th Mass. took the place of the two
New York regiments. It was actively engaged at Fredericksburg as a
part of Franklin's Grand Division on the left of the line, losing about 90
men in the battle. On Dec. 19 it moved to Belle Plain, but was detached
for fatigue duty at Pratt's point and remained here without incident, with
the exception of the "Mud March" in Jan., 1863, until April 28, following,
when it embarked with its division on the Chancellorsville campaign. It
was active in all the operations at Chancellorsville, as a part of the ist
corps, and withdrew with the army across the river on the morning of
May 6 to its old camps. With the departure at this time of the nine
months' regiments, their terms having expired, the brigade was reorganized
to include the nth, 88th and 90th Penn., 12th Mass., and 97th N. Y.
Toward the middle of June the 90th moved on the Gettysburg campaign
and crossed the southern border of Pennsylvania on the 30th. It entered
the battle of Gettysburg with 191 men and lost in killed, wounded and
missing, 100. After joining in the pursuit of the enemy, it returned to
Bealeton Station, Va., and later moved to Stevensburg, where it performed
guard duty and drilled the new recruits received there. It remained upon
the Rappahannock with the army until the middle of October, when it
retreated to Centerville and was later employed in repairing the railroad
near Bristoe Station until it took part in the Mine Run campaign, after
which it went into winter quarters at Cedar mountain. In Jan., 1864,
the 90th was quartered in the Baptist church at Culpeper, and then went
into camp with its brigade on the Sperryville pike. It became a part of
the 1st brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps, during the winter and on May 4,
1864, moved with the army for the Wilderness. In a fierce charge on
the 5th, in which the regiment was unfortunately unsupported by the rest
of its brigade, it lost 124 men out of 251 who went into action. In all
the fierce fighting which now ensued the 90th had its full share, being
successively engaged at Spottsylvania, the North Anna river, Totopotomy,
and Bethesda Church, suffering severely. Early in June the division
was reorganized, becoming the 3d of the 5th corps, Gen. Crawford
commanding. On the i6th it crossed the James river and shared in the
operations before Petersburg. From June 24 to July 6 it was engaged
in picket duty on the Jerusalem plank road; assisted in building Fort
Davis, which it later garrisoned; and shared in the movement on the
Weldon railroad, where Col. Leech, Maj. Davis and about 90 men were
captured, and some 20 men were killed and wounded. Capt. William P.
Davis now assumed command and the regiment was variously employed
in destroying the Weldon railroad, building roads, etc., and in a recon-
noissance to Poplar Spring Church in September, after which it served
as garrison at Fort Dushane. On Nov. 26, their original term of service
having expired, the members who had not reenlisted were mustered out
and the veterans and recruits were consolidated with the nth Pa. On
their arrival at Washington the men were paid; at Philadelphia the regi-
ment was welcomed by an escort of military and firemen, and proceeded
to the armory, where it was finally disbanded.

Ninety-first Infantry.— Col., Edgar M. Gregory; Lieut-Cols., Edward
C. Wallace, Joseph H. Sinex, John D. Lcntz, Eli G. Sellers; Majs.,
George W. Todd, John D. Lentz, Eli G. Sellers, John F. Casner. This
organization was recruited in the fall of 1861, and rendezvoused at Camp
Chase, on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, where it was mustered into

428 The Union Army

the U. S. service on Dec. 4, 1861, for three years. It left for Washing-
ton on Jan. 21, 1862, and did guard and patrol duty at the national capital
until April 27, when it moved to Alexandria, where it served as provost
guard until Aug. 21. It was assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division,
5th corps and entered on the Maryland campaign on Sept. 15, arriving
at Antietam on the i8th. In October it shared in a reconnoissance across
the Potomac to Shepherdstown ; on the 30th moved with the army under
Gen. Burnside to Warrenton; was encamped near Falmouth at Stoneman's
switch until Dec. 11, and then proceeded to the Phillips house, where the
men lay on their arms until the opening of the battle of Fredericksburg.
At that battle the regiment charged gallantly with its brigade and did
all that brave men could in this, its maiden battle. Its loss in the charge
was 2 officers and 87 men. It was among the last troops to recross the
Rappahannock, and was engaged until Jan. 28, 1863, in picketing the rear
line of Burnside's army. It shared in the "Mud March" and was engaged
in various fatigue and picket duties until the beginning of the Chan-
cellorsville campaign. At Chancellorsville, where the command was
actively engaged, Capt. Theodore H. Parsons and Lieut. George Black
received mortal wounds and Col. Gregory was wounded in the leg. The
regiment was at this time a part of the ist brigade (Tj'ler's), 3d division
(Humphreys'), Sth corps, commanded by Gen. Meade. It was engaged
in railroad guard duty at Stoneman's switch from May 28 to June 4, when
it moved to United States ford, and thence to Mount Holly Church and
Catlett's station. Gen. Weed now assumed command of the brigade which
began its march towards Gettysburg, where it arrived on the morning of
July 2. Its loss in this engagement was 2 officers and 19 men. The
command was heavily engaged on the afternoon of the 2nd on Little
Round Top, where it met with its chief loss. After the battle it partici-
pated in the pursuit of Lee's army and during the fall campaign of 1863,
was constantly marching and maneuvering, but saw little hard fighting.
It shared in the Mine Run campaign and was then assigned to duty along
the Rappahannock river and the Orange & Alexandria railroad. On Dec.
26, most of the command reenlisted, those who did not reenlist were trans-
ferred to the 155th Pa., and the veterans left for home on furlough in
Jan., 1864. The regiment returned to the front on March 2, and went
into quarters at Warrenton Junction. On May 4 it started on the Wil-
derness campaign, being active at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the North
Anna, Totopotomy and Bethesda Church, finally crossing the James on
June 16, and moving up in front of Petersburg. At Cold Harbor the 91st
was transferred to the ist brigade (Col. Seitzer), ist division. In the
first assaults on the Petersburg works the regiment lost 82 men killed and
wounded, and a few days later was in action on the Jerusalem plank road.
On July 3, the veterans and recruits of the 62nd Pa. were transferred to
the 91st, whose ranks had been sadly depleted during the trying cam-
paign of the year. The regiment was then engaged in the work of forti-
fication until the 21st, Col. Gregory commanding the brigade. It was in
reserve on the 30th when the mine was exploded and served on garrison
duty in the forts until Aug. 18. It shared in the movement against the
Weldon railroad; was in action at Peeble's farm, where it charged the
enemy's works with the division and captured a fort and a number of
prisoners. It remained there strengthening the position until Oct. 8, when
it charged and captured the Davis house. On Oct. 14, its depleted ranks
were partially filled with 100 drafted recruits, and in the latter part of
the month it shared in the advance to Hatcher's run. In Jan., 1865, it
participated in the movement to destroy the Weldon railroad, losing
several men captured, and in February it again lost heavily at Hatcher's
run. It was active in the final campaign, being engaged at Dabney's
mill. Gravelly run. Five Forks and Sailor's creek, and was near Appo-

Pennsylvania Regiments 429

mattox Court House with the 5th corps when the truce was proclaimed.
The 5th corps was ordered to receive the enemy's surrender, a ceremony
which lasted throughout the entire day of the 9th. From Appomattox
the regiment returned to Petersburg, thence to Sutherland station, Rich-
mond and Bailey's cross-roads, where it encamped. It shared in the
grand review at Washington and on July 10 was mustered out, returning
thence to Philadelphia, where it was finally disbanded after nearly four
years of service.

Ninth Cavalry. — Cols., E. C. Williams, Thomas C. James, Thomas J.
Jordan ; Lieut.-Cols., Thomas C. James, George B. Brown, R. M. Russell,
Edward G. Savage, David H. Kimmel; Majs., R. M. Russell, Griffith
Jones, Edward G. Savage, John S. Detweiler, David H. Kimmel, Charles
A. Apple, W. H. Longsdorf, John M. Porter, John F. Miller, Elisha Han-
cock, George A. Shuman. The 9th cavalry, or the 92nd regiment of the
line, originally known as the Lochiel Cavalry, was recruited principally
in the counties of Dauphin, Luzerne, Lancaster, Huntingdon, Perry, Cum-
berland, Mifflin, Blair, Wayne, Chester, Lehigh, Susquehanna, and in the
city and county of Philadelphia. It rendezvoused at Camp Cameron, near
Harrisburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service during the fall of
1861 for three years. The field and most of the line officers, as well as
many of the privates, had already served for the three months' term. Col.
Williams was an experienced veteran, having served in the militia as
early as 1832; was under Gen. Scott, m the Mexican war; and had been in
command of the Scott Legion of Philadelphia in the three months' service.
On Nov. 20, 1861, the regiment left for Pittsburg, then proceeded by boat
to Louisville, Ky., where it reported to Gen. Buell, commanding the Army
of the Ohio, and went into camp at Jeffersonville, Ind., opposite Louis-
ville. It spent the time until Jan. 10, 1862, in perfecting itself in drill
and discipline, and was then ordered to the front. By the urgent request
of the citizens and legislature of Kentucky it was ordered to remain for
the protection of the state, when the advance under Gens. Buell and
Mitchell was begun in the early part of February. The ist battalion,
under Col. Williams, was posted at Grayson springs, the 2nd, under Lieut.-
Col. James, at Calhoun, and the 3d, under Maj. Jordan, on the lijie of the
Louisville & Nashville railroad. On March 5 the regiment was ordered
into Tennessee, the ist battalion moving to Springfield, the 2nd to Nash-
ville and the 3d to Gallatin. The 3d saw considerable active service at
this period, first meeting the enemy under Morgan at Lebanon, where,
with the 7th Pa. and the 3d Ky. cavalry, it defeated that gallant leader,
capturing 293 prisoners, including Lieut.-Col. Wood, Morgan's second
in command. It was engaged in a skirmish with Morgan's rear-guard
near Livingston in May, capturing the guard and scattering Morgan's
forces. On June 3 it moved from Lebanon to Tompkinsville, Ky., and
a detachment was engaged on the 6th at Moore's hill, losing 5 killed and
10 wounded, Capt. McCullough being among the killed. It was again in
action at Tompkinsville in July against the same enemy, and was forced
by superior numbers to retire to Burkesville. In this action the enemy
lost 57 killed and 140 wounded, while Maj. Jordan's force escaped with a
loss of only 10 killed, 14 wounded and 19 prisoners — Jordan himself being
among the latter. In August the regiment was reunited at Lebanon, Ky.,
and was employed in watching Morgan and Kirby Smith. It covered
Gen. Nelson's retreat after the battle of Richmond, having a sharp en-
counter with the enemy's cavalry at Shelbyville. At Louisville it guarded
the roads leading to Tennessee, while Gen. Buell was marching to the
relief of the state. It was heavily engaged at Perryville, losing 10 killed
and 27 wounded, and won the following words of praise from Gen. Buell :
"The 9th Pa. cavalry behaved most bravely, being at one time compelled
to stand for three-quarters of an hour under the concentrated fire of three

430 The Union Army

batteries of the enemy's artillery, and only retiring when ordered to do so."
It was now ordered to Louisville to recruit, and on Dec. 22 it shared in
a daring and successful raid across the mountains of eastern Tennessee,
returning to Nicholasville in Jan., 1863. Col. Williams resigned in Oct,
1862, Lieut-Col. James died on Jan. 13, 1863, and Maj. Jordan was pro-
moted to the colonelcy. After being refitted at Louisville it moved to
Nashville, skirmished at Franklin with Forrest's brigade, and operated
for a period of 18 days on the right wing of the army of the Cumberland,
holding in check a superior force of the enemy under Gens. Van Dorn,
Wheeler and Forrest. On March 4 it was heavily engaged near Franklin,
losing 12 killed and 51 wounded, but drove the enemy, and was active
the next day at Thompson's station. For its gallantry on this occasion it
received honorable mention in special orders by Gen. Rosecrans. It next
shared in the campaign against Bragg, ending in the battle of Chicka-
mauga, as a part of the ist brigade, ist cavalry division. Gen. Stanley com-
manding. The cavalry division led the advance of the army and the 9th
Pa. was active at the battles of Rover, Middleton and Shelbyville, capturing
at the latter place nearly 1,000 prisoners and a battery, and breaking the
enemy's cavalry organization. It was active at Elk river and captured 200
of Bragg's rear-guard at Cowan a few days later. It penetrated to La-
fayette, Ga., capturing a part of Longstreet's advance guard, and obtaining
positive information of that general's presence. At the battle of Chicka-
mauga it was again commended for its gallantry. During the winter of
1863-64 it was in east Tennessee and was active at the battles of Dan-
dridge, New Market, Mossy creek and Fair Garden. About this time the
command reenlisted for a three years' term and returned to Pennsylvania
on a 30 days' furlough early in April, 1864. It was recruited to 1,200
men and returned to Louisville in the latter part of May. Gen. Morgan
made his last raid into Kentucky at this time and Col. Jordan hastened
with his regiment to the relief of Frankfort, compelling Morgan to fall
back. The regiment then marched to Nashville and thence to Chattanooga.
Ordered against Gen. Wheeler, it reached Murfreesboro early in Septem-
ber and defeated Dibrell's brigade at Readyville a few days later, captur-
ing 294 prisoners. Maj. Kimmel led the gallant charge in this action.
Col. Jordan was now placed in command of all the cavalry in Tennessee
and drove and scattered the enemy under Gen. Williams. The 9th was
now assigned to the ist brigade, 3d cavalry division. Gen. Kilpatrick com-
manding, joined Gen. Sherman at Marietta, and marched with him to the
sea. On the right wing of the army, under Gen. Howard, it led the
advance to Macon and Milledgeville; attacked and captured the enemy's
works at Lovejoy's Station, taking over 300 prisoners together with the
guns, which were retained until the end of the war ; it was heavily engaged
at Griswoldville in November, losing 95 men killed and wounded ; was
active at Waynesboro, and Buckhead creek ; and after a month's delay
at Savannah it entered on the Carolina campaign, being engaged at Black-
ville and Aiken. The brigade then moved rapidly toward Columbia and
after taking Lexington, marched toward Charlotte, N. C, where it met
and defeated the enemy. The regiment reached Fayetteville on March 11,
and rested a few days. It was heavily engaged at Averasboro and Benton-
ville, N. C, after which it rested and refitted at Goldsboro, again taking
the field on April 9. It entered Raleigh on the 13th, met and engaged the
Confederate forces on the Hillsboro road beyond the city, and pursued
them for a number of miles until the surrender was made of the troops
tmder Gen. Johnston. Gen. Sherman's escort, when he met Gen. John-
ston, was furnished by the 9th Pa., after which the regiment waited at
Lexington for its muster out which took place on July 18, 1865.

Ninety-third Infantry. — Cols., James M. McCarter. John M. Mark,
C. W. Eckman; Lieut-Cols., John W. Johnston, John E. Arthur, John S.

Pennsylvania Regiments 431

Long, John J. Nevin, C W. Eckman, David C. Keller; Majs., John C.
Osterloh, John M. Mark, John S. Schultze, John J. Nevin, C. W. Eckman,
David C. Keller, John Fritz. The 93d was organized at Lebanon and
mustered into the U. S. service between Sept. 21 and Oct. 28, 1861, for
three years. It left Lebanon for Washington on Nov. 21, and moved t6
Tennallytown on Jan. 22, 1862, where it was assigned to Peck's brigade
of the division later commanded by Gen. Couch. It took part in the
Peninsular campaign, being present at the siege of Yorktown, active at the
battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and Malvern hill and was then sta-
tioned at Harrison's landing until the battle of Chantilly. The regiment
was held in reserve at Antietam and Fredericksburg and the winter of
1862-63 passed without further events of importance. Attached to the 6th
corps, it participated in the Chancellorsville campaign and the battle of
Gettysburg, where it arrived on July 2 and made a gallant charge. After
the battle it was ordered to guard the artillery while it crossed the moun-
tains, and was then detailed for picket duty at Funkstown. It shared in
the Mine Run campaign, returning to winter quarters at Brandy Station,
but late in December was ordered to Harper's Ferry. In Feb., 1864, about
three-fourths of the regiment reenlisted and received their veteran fur-
lough. In March it was joined by 800 men at Halltown and returned to
Brandy Station. The 93d was assigned to the 2nd division of the 6th
corps and was early on the field at the Wilderness, where it met with heavy
losses. Engaged almost daily in the active campaign which followed the
regiment lost many gallant men at Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor and
then marched to Petersburg where it obtained little rest, being posted
close to the enemy's works. On July 9, it was ordered to the defense of
Washington, which was threatened by Gen. Early, and it took part in
the marches which followed, fighting at the Opequan, Fisher's hill and
Cedar creek. On Oct. 28, 1864, the members who had not reenlisted were
mustered out and in November the regiment was ordered to Philadelphia
for guard duty during the presidential election. Returning to Winchester
it was ordered to Petersburg in December and went into winter quarters.
On March 25, 1865, it charged the enemy's works and again on Apr. 2,
when Sergt. Charles Marquette won a medal of honor for the capture
of a flag. The 93d fought at Sailor's creek and then joined Sherman at
Danville, remaining there until ordered back to Richmond and then Wash-
ington, where it was mustered out on June 27, 1865.

Ninety-fifth Infantry. — Cols., John M. Gosline, Gustavus W. Town,
Thomas J. Town, John Harper ; Lieut.-Cols., Gustavus W. Town, Elisha
Hall, Edward Carroll, J. G. C. MacFarlan, John Harper, John A. Ward;
Majs., William B. Hubbs, David F. Foley, Thomas J. Town, Theodore H.
McCalla, Francis J. Randall, Hugh O. Roberts, John Harper, John A.
Ward, W. J. MacDonald. The 9Sth, many of whose members had be-
longed to the militia or had served with the three months' troops, was
composed of men from Philadelphia and vicinity, excepting one company,
which was recruited in Burlington county, N. J. It was mustered into
the U. S. service from Aug. 23 to Oct. 16, 1861, at Philadelphia, for a
three years' term, and went into camp at Hestonville. It left camp for
Washington on Oct. 12 and was attached to Gen. Newton's brigade which
was stationed at Fairfax seminary in an instruction camp. It engaged in
the Peninsular campaign early in 1862 and suffered severe losses at Gaines*
mill. It joined Pope's army after Bull Run and Chantilly; was engaged at
Crampton's gap and Antietam ; participated in the battle of Fredericksburg,
and went into winter quarters near White Oak Church, where it remained
until the Chancellorsville action in the spring of 1863, in which it lost
many men. It reached Gettysburg on July 2 and was ordered into action
the same day. After the battle it camped at Warrenton and performed
picket duty at New Baltimore and Culpeper, going into winter quarters

432 The Union Army

near Hazel river. At the end of the year 245 members of the regiment
reenlisted and were furloughed. On May 2 the veteran regiment broke
camp, and as part of Upton's brigade, Russell's division, 6th corps, joined
the Army of the Potomac for the Wilderness campaign. It took part in
all the many engagements of the 6th corps until July 10, when it was
ordered to Washington, where it was engaged at Fort Stevens, participat-
ing in the movements against Gen. Early which followed, and fighting at
Fisher's hill and Cedar creek. On Oct. 15, 1864, the original members
who had not reenlisted were ordered home for muster out and the regi-
ment was reinforced by the addition of a battalion from the 96th. In
December the 95th returned to Petersburg, where it spent the remainder
of the winter. In the spring of 1865 it joined in the advance upon the
city and after the evacuation, in the battle at Sailor's creek. It then
moved to Danville, thence to Richmond and returned to Washington,
where it was mustered out on July 17, 1865.

Ninety-sixth Infantry. — Cols., Henry L. Cake, William H. Lessig;
Lieut.-Cols., Jacob G. Frick, Peter A. Filbert, William H. Lessig; Majs.,
Lewis J. Martin, William H. Lessig, Levi Huber. The 96th, whose
nucleus was the National Light Infantry of Pottsville, one of the original
five companies, was organized at Pottsville, and most of its members were
Schuylkill county men. Here it was mustered into the U. S. service on
Sept. 23-30, 1861, for a three years' term, and on Nov. 8 proceeded to
Washington. Slocum's brigade, to which it was assigned, became the 2nd
brigade, ist division, 6th corps. Winter quarters were made at Four-
mile run on the Loudoun & Hampshire railroad, where the regiment
remained until March 10, 1862, when it joined in the Manassas campaign
and subsequently in the campaign on the Peninsula. Engaged at West
Point in May, it was present during the Seven Days' battles ; was then
ordered to Alexandria and from there to Bull Run. After that battle
the regiment was next engaged at Crampton's gap, where it suffered
severely ; was active at Antietam ; fought at Fredericksburg in Decem-
ber; shared in the discomforts of the "Mud March," and went into winter
quarters near White Oak Church until Feb. i, when all but two companies
were posted at Windmill point on fatigue duty. On March i, the 96th
rejoined the brigade, and took part in the Chancellorsville campaign, being
engaged at Salem Church. It fought bravely at Gettysburg; joined in
the pursuit which followed ; was active at Rappahannock Station in Novem-
ber; took part in the Mine Run campaign, and made its winter quarters
near Rappahannock Station. Through the eventful month of May, 1864,
the regiment was almost constantly engaged from the battle of the Wilder-
ness to Cold Harbor. It moved with the Army of the Potomac to Peters-
burg, but on July 10, was sent to the relief of Washington and continued
with the Army of the Shenandoah. On Sept. 22, the original members
not reenlisted were ordered home and the remaining battalion was con-
solidated with the 9Sth Pa. infantry in October. It was mustered out with
the 95th at Washington on July 17, 1865.

Ninety-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Henry R. Guss, Galusha Penny-
packer, John Wainwright.; Lieut.-Cols., Augustus P. Duer, Galusha Penny-
packer, G. W. Hawkins, John Wainwright, William H. Martin; Majs.,
Galusha Pennypacker, Isaiah Price, William H. Martin, L. R. Thomas.
The 97th was composed of two companies mainly from Delaware county,
and the remainder from Chester county, a great many of its members
having previously served in the militia and in the three months' service.
It was organized at Camp Wayne, West Chester, from Aug. 22 to Oct.
28, 1861, and mustered into the U. S. service for a three years' term.
It left for Washington on Nov. 12, was ordered to Fortress Monroe and
embarked for Port Royal, S. C. In Jan., 1862, it embarked on an expedi-
tion to Warsaw sound, near Savannah, proceeding thence to Fernandina

Pennsylvania Regiments 433

and Jacksonville, Fla., returning to Hilton Head in March. On April 19
it was ordered to Edisto island and in June to Legareville, where two com-
panies were detailed, while the remainder camped before Secessionville
and was warmly engaged in' the battle of June 16. In July it returned
to Hilton Head and was posted in September at various points on Broad
river, where the men suffered so terribly from fevers that it was found
necessary to order them to St. Helena island, which was done on Nov.
20. The regiment participated in the expedition to Charleston in April,
1863, but returned to Hilton Head, where it was transferred from the
1st to the 3d brigade and sent to Seabrook island. It joined in the siege
of Fort Wagner and in October was ordered to garrison Fernandina.
In March, 1864, 337 men reenlisted and were furloughed. In April the 97th
was ordered to Fortress Monroe and assigned to the ist brigade, 3d divi-
sion, loth corps, Army of the James. It was active at Swift creek, Drew-
ry's bluff, and Ware Bottom Church. On May 27, part of the loth corps
was sent to the support of Gen. Grant at Cold Harbor, where it remained
until June 12. Moving to Petersburg it was in action repeatedly. In
December the white troops of the icth and i8th corps were reorganized
to form the 24th, and in December the 97th, with the 2nd division of the
24th corps, joined in an expedition to Fort Fisher, N. C, but returned
without making an assault. In Jan., 1865, a second expedition composed
of the same troops, with some additions, succeeded in capturing the fort
after a desperate struggle. Wilmington next fell into their hands and on
March 15, they joined Gen. Sherman at Goldsboro. After being posted for
a time at Raleigh and Gaston, the regiment was finally mustered out at
Weldon, N. C, Aug. 28, 1865. It lost during service 136 killed in action
or died of wounds out of a total number of 1,794.

Ninety-eighth Infantry. — Cols., John F. Ballier, Adolph Mehler;
Lieut. -Cols., Adolph Mehler, George Wynkoop, John B. Kohler, Charles
Reen; Majs., George Wynkoop, John B. Kohler, John W. Beamish, Bern-
hard Gessler. The greater number of this regiment was composed of
German soldiers who had served in the 21st. It was mustered into the
U. S. service at Philadelphia from Aug. 17 to Sept. 26, 1861, for three
years, with the exception of two companies, which joined the regiment
in December. On Sept. 30 it left for Washington and was assigned to
Peck's brigade. Couch's division at Tennallytown, where it remained
until March 10, 1862, when it joined in the campaign on the Peninsula,
taking part in the battles of Williamsburg and Malvern hill. Held in
reserve during the battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment participated in
the "Mud March" and afterward went into winter quarters near Falmouth.
Attached to the 6th corps it left camp early in the spring of 1863 to share
in the Chancellorsville movement and was engaged at Salem Church. It
arrived at Gettysburg on July 2 after a forced march, and was immediately
ordered into action, but escaped with few losses. It followed the enemy
southward, took part in the Mine Run campaign, and went into winter
quarters at Brandy Station, where a large number of the men reenlisted.
At the end of the year the regiment was sent to Harper's Ferry, where
the veterans received their furlough early in Feb., 1864. They returned to
Brandy Station in March, and the remainder of the regiment, which was at
Halltown, joined them at the end of the month. The 98th was closely
engaged at the Wilderness ; was on picket duty at Spottsylvania, but con-
stantly under fire; was active at Cold Harbor, and on June 18 it joined in
the unsuccessful assault on Petersburg. After taking part in the expedi-
tion to the Weldon railroad the regiment was despatched to Washington
on July 9, reinforcing the troops at Fort Stevens. It shared in the arduous
marches which followed : was active at the battles of the Opequan, at
Fisher's hill and Cedar Creek; returned to Petersburg in Jan., 1865; took
part in the final assault and in the battle of Sailor's creek, and then moved

Vol. 1—28

434 The Union Army

to join Gen. Sherman at Danville. Upon its return to Washington it
was there mustered out on June 29, 1865.

Ninety-ninth .Infantry. — Cols., Thomas W. Sweeny, Peter Fritz, Jr.,
Asher S. Leidy, Edward R. Biles ; Lieut-Cols., William P. Seymour, Asher
S. Leidy, Edward R. Biles, John W. Moore, Peter Fritz, Jr.; Majs., Asher
S. Leidy, Henry A. Read, John W. Moore, Peter Fritz, Jr., G. W. Tom-
linson. The 99th regiment, composed of Philadelphia men, most of whom
had served in the 22nd, was organized at Philadelphia and mustered into
the U. S. service at different times from July, 1861, to Feb., 1862. The
first three companies left for Washington on Aug. 8, 1861, and camped near
Alexandria, where they were joined by the other companies as they
arrived. On Feb. 19, 1862, the regiment was ordered to Washington for
garrison duty at various forts, and in April it was assigned to similar
duty along the Anacosta river from Burning bridge to Alexandria. On
July 4, at Harrison's landing, it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, ist
division, 3d corps, with which it had taken part in the campaign on the
Peninsula and was active at the second Bull Run battle. It was engaged
at Chantilly, but was not called into action at Antietam, being next
closely engaged at the battle of Fredericksburg. In May, 1863, at Chan-
cellorsville, the regiment shared in the famous charge made by Gen.
Kearny. It remained in this vicinity until the opening of the Gettysburg
campaign. On July 2 the regiment was hotly engaged, but held its ground
with great loss of numbers until relieved. For its heroism it was highly
complimented and thanked by Gen. Ward and Gen. Birney. Moving
southward with the army, the 99th went into camp near the Warrenton
sulphur springs, where it was stationed until Oct. 10. On Nov. 7 it
captured a large body of prisoners at KelVs ford on the Rappahannock,
where it was sent to clear the way for the troops. It participated in the
Mine Run campaign, then established winter quarters at Brandy Station,
where in Feb., 1864, a large number of the regiment reenlisted and were
furloughed. On April 7 they returned to Brandy Station, when the Army
of the Potomac was reorganized, the 99th forming part of the ist brigade,
3d division, 2nd corps, which left Brandy Station on May 3 and was called
into action at the Wilderness. It held its ground during the night of
May 5 and advanced the next day, displaying great bravery, holding its
position until all the other troops except the 20th Indiana had been forced
back. It was thanked for its heroism by Gen. Birney. At Spottsylvania
it participated in the gallant charge of the 2nd corps, capturing 2 battle-
flags and 2 pieces of artillery, besides its share of the prisoners. Another
successful assault was made by the 99th Pa. and the 20th Ind. on the
17th, and on the 29th the regiment received the veterans and recruits from
the 26th Pa. Moving to Petersburg it was engaged at Deep Bottom in
July, capturing a battery and on its return to Petersburg the troops were
complimented by Gen. Hancock in special orders. Again, for gallantry
in capturing a picket line on Sept. 10, the 99th was mentioned in special
orders by Hancock. Early in October it had several skirmishes with the
enemy about Poplar Grove Church and a few days later met the enemy
on the Boydton plank road. It took part in the raid on the Weldon
railroad, going into winter quarters at Fort Seibert near the Vaughan
road, along which it spent considerable time on picket duty. It engaged
at Hatcher's run in Feb., 1865, and near the Davis house in March.
Advancing with the army it was active at Sailor's creek and at Appomattox
Court House, where it received the welcome news of Lee's surrender.
Returning to Richmond and then Washington it took part in the grand
review of the Union armies, and was mustered out on July i, 1865.

One Hundredth Infantry. — Cols.. Daniel Leasure, N. J. Maxwell ;
Lieut.-Cols., James Armstrong, David A. Leckey, Matthew M. Dawson.
Joseph H. Pentecost, N. J. Maxwell, Charles Wilson; Majs., David A.

Pennsylvania Regiments 435

Leckey, Matthew M. Dawson, James Armstrong, James H. Cline, T. J.
Hamilton, David Critchlow, N. J. Maxwell, James W. Bard. The looth,
known as the Round Head regiment, was recruited in the southwestern
part of the state in Aug., 1861, and ordered to Washington on Sept. 2,
where its organization was completed and it was mustered into the U. S.
service for a three years' term. Twelve companies were recruited but
one was transferred to the 105th infantry. It was next ordered to Fortress
Monroe, where it embarked on what proved to be an expedition to Port
Royal. Here the fleet arrived Nov. 7 and captured Forts Walker and
Beauregard. Beaufort was next occupied and the regiment remained in
this vicinity for several months, the men suffering very much from sick-
ness. The looth participated in the operations against Charleston in June,
1862, and lost very heavily in the engagement of June 16 near Secession-
ville. Returning to Hilton Head and Beaufort in July, it was ordered to
Virginia, later being sent to Fredericksburg and attached to the 9th corps
of the Army of Northern Virginia. After various marches during the
month of August, the regiment met the enemy on the Bull Run battlefield,
where it saw hard service. After engaging all day and losing heavily, a
final charge was ordered, from which only 198 out of 450 returned unhurt.
It was active at Chantilly and South mountain, but was held in reserve
at Antietam, owing to its crippled condition. It was engaged at Fredericks-
burg and after the battle performed important duty in covering the with-
drawal of the troops, being selected as "The most reliable skirmish regi-
ment in the brigade." In March, 1863, it was transferred to the Depart-
ment of the Ohio and sent to Lexington, Ky., from which place it was
ordered in June to the support of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg. It participated
in the fighting at Jackson, Miss., after the fall of Vicksburg, and lost
many men from sickness as well as from the enemy's fire. On its return
north it was ordered to East Tennessee though many of the men were
not fit for active service. It participated in an engagement at Blue Springs
and in the hardships of the siege of Knoxville, in spite of which almost
the entire regiment reenlisted on Jan. i, 1864. At Annapolis, the rendez-
vous of the 9th corps, the lOoth reported in March and became a part of
the 2nd brigade, ist division, attached to the Army of the Potomac. The
9th corps was closely engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the North
Anna river and Cold Harbor. Moving to Petersburg, the lOoth was
repeatedly in action, notably at the explosion of the mine, the raid on
the Weldon railroad, Poplar Spring Church, the Hatcher's run movements,
and in the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. The regiment was
mustered out at Washington on July 24, 1865.

One Hundred and First Infantry. — Co!s.. Joseph H. Wilson, David
B. Morris, James Sheafer ; Lieut. -Cols., David B. Morris. Joseph S.
Hoard. David M. Armour. Alexander W. Taylor, Melvin L. Clark; Majs.,
Joseph S. Hoard, David M. Armour, Alexander W. Taylor, David W.
Mullin, Henry S. Benner. The lorst regiment, of which seven companies
were recruited in the counties of Allegheny, Beaver and Lawrence, and
three in the counties of Tioga, Bedford and Adams, was organized at
Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, late in the autumn of 1861 and there mustered
into the U. S. service for a three years' term. On Feb. 27, 1862, it left
for Washington and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 4th
corps, under Gen. Keyes. On March 28 it moved to Newport News and
was soon actively engaged in the operations on the Peninsula. It took
part in the siege of Yorktown, the battle of Williamsburg, and in the
Ijattle of Fair Oaks its losses were very heavy, but the behavior of the
men was most heroic. Various details occupied the regiment during the
Seven Days' battles, after which it was stationed at Suffolk from Sept.
18 to Dec. 4, when it was ordered to New Berne, N. C, to join the expedi-
tion to Goldsboro. The enemy was encountered at Kinston, Whitehall

436 The Union Army

and Goldsboro, but the object of the movement, the destruction of the
railroad bridge, was accomplished and the troops returned to New Berne,
near which city they went into winter quarters. The next movement of
importance was the relief of Little Washington in April, 1863. After an
unsuccessful attempt to reach the city by water another effort was made
by land and after a sharp encounter with the enemy at Swift creek a force
was able to reach Little Washington. The regiment was stationed at
Plymouth from July, 1863, to April, 1864, and there early in 1864 a large
proportion of the members reenlisted. It made many excursions into
the surrounding country, frequently encountering detachments of Con-
federate troops, and in March, 1864, was ordered for a short time to
Roanoke island. Returning to Plymouth in April, Gen. Hoke's large
force approached and after three days' resistance the forts were obliged
to surrender, the entire loist being captured. The officers were impris-
oned at Macon and the men at Anderscnville. A few afterward escaped,
some were exchanged during that summer, but the remainder were held
in prison until the summer of 1865, and over half of the number died.
Those of the regiment who were absent on leave or with the sick at
Roanoke island, with such of the prisoners as were exchanged, kept up
the regimental organization and received in March, 1865, eight new com-
panies, which were, however, never incorporated with the original mem-
bers. The regiment was mustered out at New Berne, N. C, June 25, 1865.
One Hundred and Second Infantry. — Cols., Thomas A. Rowley,
Joseph M. Kinkead, John W. Patterson, James Patchell ; Lieut.-Cols.,
J. M. Kinkead, John W. Patterson, William Mcllwaine, Thomas McLaugh-
lin, James H. Coleman, James Patchell, James D. Kirk, James D. Duncan ;
Majs., John Poland, John W. Patterson, Joseph Brown, Thomas McLaugh-
lin, James H. Coleman, James Patchell, James D. Kirk, James D. Duncan,
Robert W. Lyon. The 102nd, whose nucleus was the old 13th regiment,
was recruited at Pittsburg in Aug. and Sept., 1861, and ordered to Wash-
ington in detachments, where the organization was completed. It was
assigned to Peck's brigade, Couch's division, Keyes' corps, and was sta-
tioned at Washington during the winter, except two companies, which were
detailed at Great Falls for a short time. It participated in the siege of
Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and Malvern hill.
The brigade was detached from the 4th corps ; met the army at Centerville
after the second Bull Run battle ; acted as support to a battery during the
engagement at Chantilly ; was held in reserve at Antietam, and was attached
to the 6th corps when Gen. Burnside assumed command of the army. The
regiment was next actively engaged in the Chancellorsville campaign in
May, 1863, at Fredericksburg, Salem Church and Marye's heights, after
which it retired to Falmouth until the battle of Gettysburg. There it
arrived on July 2 and was ordered into action the same afternoon, chang-
ing its position only slightly during tlie battle. It joined in the pursuit
of the Confederate Army and the Mine Run campaign, after which it
established winter quarters at Brandy Station. Late in Dec, 1863. almost
the entire regiment reenlisted and were furloughed. The veterans re-
joined the regiment at Halltown, Va., in March, 1864, and tlie bricra'le
returned to Brandy Station, where it was assigned to the 2nd division. The
losses of the regiment at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Har-
bor were very heavy and it was again in action in the first assaults on
Petersburg. On July 9 the corps was hurried to the defense of Wash-
ington and arrived in time to render the most important service in check-
ing Gen. Early. It shared in the marches and counter-marches which
followed, and in the battles of the Opequan, Fisher's hill and Cedar
creek, returning in December to Petersburg, where it went into winter
qua.rtors. On March 25, 1865, it advanced upon the enemy, joined in the
linal assault on April 2, and the fight at Sailor's creek. It then moved to

Pennsylvania Regiments 437

Danville to join Gen. Sherman's force, but returned to Washington and
was there mustered out on June 28, 1865.

One Hundred and Third Infantry. — Col, Theodore F. Lehmann ;
Lieut. -Col., Wilson C. Maxwell; Majs., Audley W. Gazzam, James F.
Mackey. The 103d was composed mainly of men from the counties of
Armstrong, Allegheny, Butler, Clarion and Indiana, and was recruited in
the autumn and early winter of 1861, the men reporting at Kittanning.
On Feb. 24, 1862, it left for Harrisburg, where its organization was com-
pleted and it then proceeded to Washington. It was assigned to Keim's
brigade, Casey's division, Keyes' corps, and participated in the siege of
Yorktown and the engagements at Williamsburg and Fair Oak?. It was
inactive during the Seven Days' battles, being on the left of the line, and
was in reserve at Malvern hill, its losses during the campaign having
been very heavy. It was stationed for a time at Suffolk and in December
was ordered to New Berne, N. C, and joined the expedition to Kingston,
after which it returned to New Berne, where it remained for the rest of
the winter. In the spring of 1864 it aided in the relief of Little Wash-
ington ; was next quartered at Plymouth, being stationed there when the
town was attacked by a large force of the enemy and captured in April,
1864. With the exception of one company, which was on duty at Roanoke
island, the 103d regiment joined its comrades of the loist in prison and
132 of its members died in Andersonville alone. In March, 1865, eight
new companies were added to the regiment, but never became incorporated
with it, and the regiment was mustered out at New Berne June 25, 1865,
only 81 of its original muster being present.

One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. — Cols., William W. H. Davis,
Theophilus Kephart ; Lieut. -Cols. John W. Neilds, Thompson D. Hart,
Theophilus Kephart, J. McD. Laughlin, T B. Scarborough; Majs., John
M. Gries, Edward L. Rogers, Theophilus Kephart, J. McD. Laughlin.
The 104th, all of whose members came from Bucks county except one
company, was organized at Doylestown in Sept. and Oct., 1861, and mus-
tered into the U. S. service for a three years' term. The loyal ladies of
Doylestown presented the regiment with a beautiful stand of colors, and
many comforts were furnished the soldiers by the inhabitants of the
city. It proceeded to Washington on Nov. 7 and was quartered during
the winter at Georgetown. As part of the ist brigade, 3d division, 4th
corps, it took part in the siege of Yorktown early in 1862, and the actions
at Savage Station and Fair Oaks. In the latter engagement the conduct
of the regiment was most gallant, but it paid the penalty of the loss of
many brave men. The regiment was in reserve during the Seven Days'
battles and arrived at Harrison's landing on July 3. It was next sta-
tioned at Gloucester point through the autumn and there winter quarters
were established, but on Dec. 28, the 104th was ordered to Beaufort, N. C.
Soon afterward it proceeded to Hilton Head to join in the operations
against Charleston. Camp was occupied on St. Helena island until
April, 1863, when an unsuccessful movement against Charleston was made.
The regiment then went into camp at Beaufort where it remained until
July 6, Cos. C and H having been in the meantime transferred to Battery
Taylor and Co. B to Battery Brayton. Leaving Beaufort, the regiment
moved to Folly island and thence to James island to threaten Charleston
by way of Secessionville. James island was held against the attack of
the enemy on July 16, but the troops were withdrawn to Folly island the
next day. In the siege of Fort Wagner which followed, much arduous
duty was the portion of the troops and Aug. 29 the brigade was ordered
to Morris island. The island was evacuated by the enemy early in Septem-
ber and the 104th was stationed there during the winter of 1863-64. In
Dec, 1863, a large number of the regiment reenlisted. On April 26, 1864.
Col. Davis was placed in command of the district between St. Helena

438 The Union Army

sound and the mouth of the Savannah river and various details occupied
the regiment during the early summer. In June the troops concentrated
for an attack upon Charleston, but encounterd the enemy upon John's
island, which they were obliged to evacuate, and the expedition proved
fruitless. The regiment then returned to Hilton Head, where it remained
until the end of July, when it was ordered to Florida and guarded the
railroad between Jacksonville and Baldwin for a month. On Sept. i
it returned to Alexandria and the original members not reenlisted were
mustered out at Philadelphia on Sept. 30, 1864. The veterans and recruits
were consolidated into a battalion of five companies, which was ordered
to Harper's Ferry and formed part of Heine's brigade. In November
the regiment was ordered to Philadelphia to preserve order at the presi-
dential election, but soon after returned to Harper's Ferry. On Nov.
22 it joined the Army of the Potomac at Petersburg and remained there
during the winter of 1864-65. In April, 1865, five new companies were
received and the organization of the regiment was once more complete.
It joined in the final assault on Petersburg and followed the retreating
force as far as Chesterfield Station, when it returned to Petersburg and
remained there until ordered to Fortress Monroe on April 20. The men
were posted at Norfolk and Portsmouth until mustered out of the service
at the latter place on Aug. 25, 1865.

One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. — Cols., Amor A. McKnight, Will-
iam W. Corbett, Calvin A. Craig, James Miller; Lieut.-Cols., William W.
Corbett, Calvin A. Craig, J. W. Greenawalt, L. B. Duflf, Oliver C. Reddie;
Majs., Mungo M. Dick, J. W. Greenawalt, Levi B. Duff, John C. Conser. .
James Miller. The lOSth was raised mainly in the counties of Jefferson,
Clarion and Clearfield ; was organized at Pittsburg in Sept. and Oct.,
1861, and mustered into the U. S. service for a three years' term. It was
ordered to Washington in October and assigned to the ist brigade, ist
division, 3d corps, in camp near Alexandria. Leaving camp on March
17, 1862, the regiment took part in the siege of Yorktown and the battles
of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. In the latter engagement the troops
fought like veterans, holding their position unsupported until nearly sur-
rounded. Three companies were on special duty at the opening of the
action and being unable to reach the regiment in its exposed position
fought with the S7th Pa. After a month spent on picket duty the lOSth
was again in action at Glendale and Malvern hill, and by the time it reached
Harrison's landing the ranks were so reduced by wounds and sickness
that less than 100 were fit for active duty. While posted along the rail-
road between Manassas and Warrenton Junction, Cos. B, G and H were
captured by the enemy. An engagement resulted at Bristoe Station, by
the 1st and Hooker's divisions, on Aug. 29, and the following day of the
entire army at Bull Run, where once more the gallant work of the 105th
resulted in the loss of many of its bravest. The regiment was specially
complimented by Gen. Kearny for its gallantry. September and October
were spent at Washington which place the command left on Oct. 28, and
after some scouting near Leesburg arrived at Falmouth on Nov. 24. Its
next battle was Fredericksburg, after which the winter was spent in camp
near Brandy Station. At Chancellorsville in May, 1863, the troops were
warmly engaged and many won the Kearny medal of honor. The first
two weeks of June were spent at Banks ford and then the troops started
northward. At Gettysburg many fell and after the return to Virginia
engagements followed at Auburn, Kelly's ford, and Locust Grove in the
Mine Run campaign late in November. At the end of that campaign the
camp at Brandy Station was occupied for the winter, and on Dec. 28,
1863, nearly the entire regiment reenlisted. At the Wilderness and
Spottsylvania in May, 1864, the regiment did its share of the fighting and
then moved to Petersburg with the army, where it took part in the opera-

Pennsylvania Regiments 439

tions of the loth corps in August and the movements upon the Weldon
railroad in October and December. On Sept. s the remainder of the 63d was
added to the regiment and in March, 1865, about 300 new recruits were
received. At Sailor's creek the 105th was actively engaged, after which it
returned to Alexandria. It participated in the grand review at Wash-
ington and was mustered out in that city on July 11, 1865. Out of a total
of 2,040 the regiment lost 309 members by death from wounds or disease
and 199 were reported missing, but its record through all its long term
of service was one of unwavering devotion to the cause, combined with
heroic courage.

One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. — Cols., T. G. Morehead, John H.
Gallagher; Lieut.-Cols., William L. Curry, John J. Sperry, John H. Galla-
gher, Francis Wessels ; Majs., John H. Stover, John J. Sperry, J. R.
Breitenbach, Ralph B. Clarke. The io6th, many of whose members had
served in the militia and the 22nd infantry, was organized at Philadelphia
from Aug. 14 to Oct. 31, 1861, and mustered into the U. S. service for a
three years' term. Co. K was added on Feb. 28, 1862, from the 67th
Pa. It was ordered to Poolesville, Md., and assigned to Col. Baker's
brigade. Gen. Stone's division, but was unable, through lack of transporta-
tion facilities, to participate in the battle of Ball's Bluff in which Col.
Baker and his regiment were engaged. It took part in the siege of York-
town in the spring of 1862; was held in reserve during the battle of
Williamsburg; was active at Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, and
Malvern hill, after which a short respite followed. It arrived at Bull Run
after the severest fighting was over, but at Antietam its losses were very
heavy. At Fredericksburg it made a gallant charge and held the ground
gained under heavy fire. Camp was broken for the Chancellorsville
campaign in the spring of 1863 and the most important service rendered
by the regiment was the reinforcement of the 6th corps at Salem Church.
At Gettysburg it was closely engaged and captured many prisoners. After
the battle it moved southward with the army ; was engaged at Robert-
son's tavern and shared in the Mine Run campaign. Winter quarters
were established at Stoneboro, where a number of the regiment reenlisted.
The io6th was in action at the Wilderness ; was for a number of days in
the front ranks at Spottsylvania, joining in the successful charge on May
12; was also active at the North Anna river and Cold Harbor; moved
to Petersburg about the middle of June and joined in the siege operations.
On July 27 the veterans and recruits were formed into a battalion of three
companies and united with the 69th Pa. for field service. The original
members not reenlisted were mustered out at Philadelphia on Sept. 10,
1864, and the veteran battalion was mustered out on June 30, 1865, at
Munson's hill, Va. The loss by death from wounds, accident and disease
in the regiment was 191.

One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. — Cols., Thomas A. Zeigle,
Thomas F. McCoy; Lieut.-Cols., Robert W. McAllen, James MacThom-
son, Henry J. Sheaf er, Edwin E. Zeigler; Majs., Jacob Forney, James
MacThomson, Henry J. Sheafer, Edwin E. Zeigler. The 107th was re-
cruited in the counties of Frankhn, York, Dauphin, Cumberland, Lebanon,
Lancaster, Schuylkill, Luzerne, Mifflin, Juniata, Bedford and Fulton, and
was mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, March 5, 1862, for a
three years' term. Four days later it proceeded to Washington, then to
Cloud's mills, where it was assigned on April 16 to Duryea's brigade,
Ord's division, McDowell's corps. In May it was posted on the Orange
& Alexandria railroad to guard the portion between Manassas and Cat-
lett's station. On the 28th it was sent to Front Royal, but returned to
Catlett's station and remained there until Aug. 5, when it joined Gen.
Pope's army at Culpeper. It was held in reserve at Cedar mountain,
but was active at Bull Run, sustaining heavy loss. It was then attached

440 The Union Army

to the 1st corps, under Gen. Hooker, supported the reserves at South
mountain, and was hotly engaged at Antietam, losing 64 men killed or
wounded out of 190 engaged. On Oct. 25, camp was established at Brook's
station, which the troops left to participate in the battle of Fredericks-
burg and the "Mud March," after which they returned to their winter
quarters. On April 28, 1863, they broke camp for the Chancellorsville
movement, returning again to camp on May 6. At Gettysburg the loss
in killed and wounded was heavy and 100 of the 107th were captured by
the enemy, many dying in prison. The regiment moved south with the
army, joined in the Mine Run campaign, and went into winter quarters
at Mitchell's station, where it was constantly employed on picket and guard
duty. The 2nd division, to which it belonged, was now made a part
of the 5th corps under Gen. Warren. In Feb., 1864, almost all the mem-
bers of the regiment reenlisted but failed to receive their veteran furlough
until April. They rejoined the army on May 15 and were almost daily
engaged in the actions of the Army of the Potomac until it reached
Petersburg. For gallant defense of its position on May 13, the regiment
was specially thanked by Gen. Crawford. In August it met the enemy
at the Weldon railroad and 145 men and 6 officers were captured. Private
Solomon Hottenstein, while under guard of a N. C. regiment, led 300
other prisoners in an attack upon their guard by which they succeeded
in escaping and bringing the guard into the Union lines as prisoners, for
which gallant act he received a thirty days' furlough and a medal of
honor. The regiment joined in the movements to Poplar Spring Church,
Hatcher's run, the raid on the Weldon railroad in December and action
at Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865, when it was attached to the 3d brigade.
On March 31 it met the enemy on the Boydton plank road and on April
I, took part in the engagement at Five Forks. After the fall of Peters-
burg it was posted for a time on the South Side railroad near Nottoway
Court House and then returned to Washington, where it participated in
the grand review and was mustered out on July 13, 1865.

Eleventh Cavalry. — Cols., Josiah Harlan, Samuel P. Spear, Frank A.
Stratton ; Lieut. -Cols., Samuel P. Spear, George Stetzell, Frank A. Strat-
ton, James A. Skelly; Majs., George Stetzell, Samuel Wetherill, Noah M.
Runyon, Frank A. Stratton, George T. Curnog, Albert J. Ackerly, James
A. Skelly, John Cassells, Samuel N. Titus, J. E. McFarland, Robert S.
Monroe, John S. Nimmon, Archibald A. Menzies. The nth cavalry,
the loSth regiment of the line, known first as Harlan's light cavalry, was
recruited in different states in Aug. and Sept., 1861, as an independent
regiment and was mustered into the U. S. service at Philadelphia for
three years. Co. A was recruited in Iowa, parts of E and F in New York,
part of I in New Jersey, M in Ohio and the remainder of the regiment in
Pennsylvania. It moved to Washington, 1,130 strong, early in October
and was assigned to Gen. I. N. Palmer's brigade, then encamped at Ball's
cross-roads, Va. On Nov. 13, it was designated the io8th regiment, Pa.
volunteers, as only state organizations were accepted. From Nov. 17
to March, 1862, it was stationed at Fortress Monroe. In March two com-
panies were sent to Newport News ; in May five companies were sent
to Portsmouth and thence to Suffolk, being relieved by one of the com-
panies from Newport News; the other five companies joined the Army of
the Potomac in June at White House, moving to Suffolk on the 20th.
From Suffolk many excursions were made into the surrounding country
and the enemy was frequently encountered, the most important actions
being at Deserted House, the attack on Franklin and the defense of Suf-
folk. On June 21 the regiment moved to Hanover Court House, where
it arrived on the 26th, having been joined by the company which had
been stationed at Portsmouth and Norfolk. The works at this place, with
a number of prisoners, were captured and the regiment moved to White

Pennsylvania Regiments 441

House, where it started on a raid on the Richmond & Fredericksburg
railroad. Returning to Portsmouth an expedition was undertaken into
North Carolina and the enemy encountered at Jackson. An expedition
into Mathews county, Va., followed in October, after which headquarters
were established at Camp Getty, near Portsmouth, whence various raids
were made during the early winter. At this time 400 members of the
regiment reenlisted. On Jan. 23, 1864, the nth was ordered to Williams-
burg, but returned to Portsmouth early in April. In February, Co. G
was sent to eastern Virginia on special duty. In May a raid was made
on the Weldon railroad, near the Nottoway river, followed by a raid on
the Danville railroad at Coalfield and the South Side railroad. From
May 28 to June 9 the regiment encamped at Bermuda Hundred, after which
an unsuccessful attempt was made to destroy the railroad bridge over
the Appomattox. On May 11, Cos. B and H were ordered on special
duty at the headquarters of the 18th corps, Co. B rejoining the regiment
on June 20. Late in June the cavalry division undertook the destruction of the
Danville railroad, along which and the South Side railroad, miles of
track and much other property were destroyed and sharp engagements
fought at Stony creek and Reams' station. July was spent in camp at
Jones' neck on the James and while here Co. L relieved Co. G in eastern
Virginia, the latter returning to the regiment. Late in the month the
division was made a part of Gen. Sheridan's force and joined in his
famous operations, engaging the enemy at Reams' station and at other
points along the Weldon railroad. Stationed during September at Mount
Sinai Church, the regiment returned to Jones' neck on Sept. 28 and was
joined by Co. H. In October the cavalry participated in a number of
engagements in the vicinity of Petersburg and in November went into
winter quarters north of the James. In December it was engaged at New
Market heights and in Feb., 1865, made a raid into Surrey and Isle of
Wight counties. Late in March it moved to join Gen. Sheridan at Reams'
station and with him shared in the success at Five Forks on April i and
the pursuit which followed, with frequent encounters culminating in Lee's
surrender at Appomattox Court House. Returning to Richmond it moved
to Staunton and returned to Charlottesville, remaining there and in the
vicinity until ordered to Richmond to be mustered out, which took place
on Aug. 13, 1865.

One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. — Cols., Henry J. Stainrook, Lewis
W. Ralston ; Lieut.-Cols., Charles M. Harris, Lewis W. Ralston, Fred-
erick L. Gimber; Majs., William A. Gray, Frederick L. Gimber, Moses
Veale. The 109th, for which the recruiting was almost all done in Phila-
delphia from Dec, 1861, to March, 1862. was mustered in at Philadelphia
in the spring of 1862 for three years. Ordered to Harper's Ferry to join
Gen. Banks' army, the regiment was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd
division of the corps which became the 2nd corps of the Army of Northern
Virginia. It was closely engaged at the battle of Cedar mountain, and
for the Togth it was truly Slaughter mountain, for less than half of its
troops engaged escaped unhurt. Guard duty with the wagon trains em-
ployed "the regiment until after Antietam, when the corps was reorganized
and the 109th became part of Greene's brigade, Geary's division, 12th corps,
and moved to Bolivar heights. Early in December it was engaged at
Winchester, then advanced to Fredericksburg, but did not arrive until
too late for the battle. Returning to Fairfax it encamped there until
the "Mud March," after which it was posted at Acquia creek landing on
fatigue duty. When Gen. Hooker was placed in command of the army
the regiment was assigned to a brigade under Gen. Kane of the Bucktails,
which was active at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Moving with the
army as far as Brandy Station, the 12th corps was ordered to Chattanooga
and arrived at Bridgeport, Ala., on Oct. 25. Still advancing toward

442 The Union Army

Chattanooga it was attacked at Wauhatchie, but with the assistance of
Knap's battery was able to hold its position. It next aided in fortifying
Raccoon mountain opposite Lookout mountain and was there stationed
until in Jan., 1864, when it was returned to Bridgeport for guard duty.
Here nearly the entire regiment reenlisted and went home on furlough.
The veterans joined the ist brigade of the division on May 5 and marched
with the army of Gen. Sherman to Atlanta, taking part in the Hundred
Days' battles and losing heavily day after day until but a handful remained.
These followed the victorious Sherman to the sea, northward to Golds-
boro and then to Washington. On March 31 they were incorporated with
the iiith Pa. infantry and with that organization were mustered out at
Washington on July 19, 1865.

One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. — Cols., William D. Lewis, Jr.,
James Crowther, Isaac Rodgers, Frank B. Stewart; Lieut.-Cols., James
Crowther, David M. Jones, Isaac Rodgers, William D. Lewis, Isaac T.
Hamilton, John B. Fite, Frank B. Stewart, John L. Ellis; Majs., John C.
Johnson, David M. Jones, Isaac Rodgers, Isaac T. Hamilton, Frank B.
Stewart, John L. Ellis, Samuel McCune. The iioth was recruited in
Blair, Huntingdon, Bedford, Center, Philadelphia and Clearfield counties,
rendezvoused at Huntingdon and was organized early in Dec, 1861, at
Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service
for three years and left on Jan. 2, 1862, to join the troops in Maryland
under Gen. Lander. At Cumberland it was assigned to Tyler's brigade.
Lander's division. Banks' corps (later the 2nd), and guarded the Balti-
more & Ohio bridge over the South Branch of the Potomac until Feb.
6. The remainder of February was spent at Paw Paw and on March 8
the regiment moved to Winchester, where Banks was attacked by Stone-
wall Jackson's force on the 23d, and a desperate struggle ensued in which
the iioth met with severe loss and won mention in* special orders for its
heroism. During April the regiment was stationed at Winchester on
guard duty and moved about the first of May to Fredericksburg, where it
was assigned to the brigade under Col. Carroll, which became a part of
Ricketts' division, McDowell's corps of the Army of Northern Virginia.
It met Jackson again at Port Republic in June, but was obliged to retire
in the face of overwhelming numbers. It next moved to Cloud's mills ;
thence to Warrenton ; was in reserve at Cedar mountain until the close of
the battle, when it supported the artillery; was closely engaged at Thor-
oughfare gap and the second battle of Bull Run. The iioth was stationed
at Washington during the battle of Antietam, but was active at Fred-
ericksburg in December, sustaining heavy loss. Winter quarters were
established at Stoneman's switch and on Dec. 31, 1862, the regiment was
consolidated into six companies, owing to reduction in its numbers. It
participated in the "Mud March" and afterward remained in camp until
the Chancellorsville campaign. On May 3 the iioth was closely engaged
and lost one-half its members in the action. It returned to camp until
the Gettysburg campaign, in which it participated with De Trobriand's
brigade, Birney's division, 3d corps. Its most arduous service in this
battle was on the afternoon of July 2, when, fighting beside the 5th Mich.,
the two regiments held their position against the enemy's onslaught. It
moved southward with the army ; was active at Kelly's ford, Nov. 7,
and in the Mine Run campaign ; went into winter quarters at Brandy
Station, where in Jan., 1864, almost the entire regiment reenlisted, receiving
verteran furlough and returning in time for the Wilderness campaign,
when the regiment was assigned to the 2nd corps. In the campaign which
followed it fought at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the Po river, the North
Anna, Totopotomy, Shady Grove Church, Cold Harbor and the Chick-
ahominy. It took part in the first assaults on Petersburg and the action
at the Weldon railroad, and on June 23 it received the members of the

Pennsylvania Regiments 443

115th Pa. In the operations about Petersburg it was active at Deep
Bottom, Hatcher's run, in the raid on the Richmond & Danville railroad,
and during the winter made its headquarters at Fort Hell. On March
25, 1865, the regiment assisted in repelling the attack on Fort Stedman
and after the fall of Petersburg it was engaged at Sailor's creek. When
the news of Lee's surrender was received the regiment started for Wash-
ington, where it was mustered out on June 28, 1865.

One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. — Cols., Matthew Schlaudecker,
George A. Cobham, Jr., Thomas M. Walker ; Lieut.-Cols., George A.
Cobham, Jr., Thomas M. Walker, W. J. Alexander, Frank J. Osgood;
Majs., Thomas M. Walker, John A. Boyle, WiUiam A. Thomas, W. J.
Alexander, Frank J. Osgood, Frederick L. Gimber. The iiith was
recruited in the counties of Erie, Warren and Crawford and its organiza-
tion was completed at Erie on Jan. 24, 1862, when it was mustered in for
three years' service. It moved to Harrisburg and thence to Baltimore,
where it remained until May, when it was sent to Harper's Ferry to join
Gen. Banks. It remained in that vicinity until July and then proceeded
to Cedar mountain, where it fought as part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division,
2nd corps. At Antietam it lost over one-third of the number engaged,
but was highly praised for its daring by Gen. Greene, who commanded the
division, and it was presented with a stand of colors by Col. Stainrook,
commanding the brigade. Two months were spent in camp on Loudoun
heights, near Harper's Ferry, and with the 12th corps, to which it had been
transferred, the iiith arrived at Fredericksburg too late for the battle.
Winter quarters were established at Fairfax Station, the regiment leaving
camp for the "Mud March" in Jan., 1863, after which it was sent to
Acquia creek and assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 12th corps.
On March 3 it was selected by Gen. Hooker as one of ten regiments to
receive special commendation, practically shown by increase of absences
and furloughs allowed. It joined in the Chancellorsville campaign, but
returned to Acquia creek landing until June 13. when it was ordered to
Leesburg. It was active at Gettysburg, where it was more fortunate
than many of the Pennsylvania regiments. It remained with the army
until Sept. 15, when it was ordered west with the 12th corps and reached
Murfreesboro, Tenn., on Oct. 6. It took part in the battle of Wauhatchie;
went into camp on Raccoon mountain ; and fought in the battles of Look-
out mountain and Missionary ridge in November. In December prac-
tically the whole regiment reenlisted and in the spring of 1864, returned to
Bridgeport. Ala., strengthened by the addition of new recruits. It was
assigned to the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 20th corps, and took part in the
Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas,
Peachtree creek and Atlanta. On Sept. 2, with five other regiments,
it was sent forward to reconnoiter and entered the city. It camped in
Atlanta until about the middle of November, when it rejoined the divi-
sion at Milledgeville. In March, 1865, the 109th Pa. was consolidated
with it and it moved on to Washington, where it participated in the grand
review and on July 19, 1865, was mustered out of the service of the
Union it had served so well. The total strength of the regiment is re-
corded as 1.847, but 100 drafted men deserted on the journey to Tenn-
essee; 310 recruits belonged to the 109th Pa.; 42 members failed to
report, making the actual strength 1,395. Of this number 549 died during
service from wounds or disease. W. T. Fox in his "Regimental Losses,"
names the iiith as one of the "three hundred fighting regiments."

Second Artillery. — Cols., Charles Angeroth, August A. Gibson, James
L. Anderson, William M. McClure. S. D. Strawbridge; Lieut.-Cols., J. H.
Oberteuffer, S. D. Strawbridge, Benjamin F. Winger; Majs., William
Candidus, James L. Anderson, David Sadler, Thomas Wilhelm, Edward
S. Rowland, Benjamin F. Winger. David Schooley. William S. Bailey.

444 The Union Army

The ii2th regiment, 2nd heavy artillery, whose members were principally
from the counties of Franklin, Allegheny and Monroe, was mustered in
at Philadelphia in Jan., 1862, for three years. On Jan. 9, three companies
were ordered to Fort Delaware and the remaining companies moved to"
Washington on Feb. 25, when they were assigned to duty at Bladensburg,
Md., where the command was reunited on March 19, and in November
two independent companies from Fort Delaware were added to the regi-
ment. The regiment remained at Bladensburg until March, 1864, when it
was ordered to the forts near Chain bridge. So large a number of re-
cruits were added to the originally large regiment, that in April the 2nd
provisional heavy artillery was organized from the surplus, the two regi-
ments numbering 3,300 men. The 2nd was attached to the 9th corps and
participated in the Wilderness campaign, fighting at Spottsylvania and
Cold Harbor. The ist regiment joined the Army of the Potomac at Cold
Harbor on June 4, when it was divided into three battalions and attached
to the 18th corps. The 2nd battalion shared in the charge at Petersburg
on June 18, by which the ground was gained that became the front line
of the army. The provisional regiment joined the ist on Aug. 26,
1864, having been on duty at Petersburg and active at the explosion of
the mine, where it lost heavily. Its ranks were by this time reduced to
400 men. In a charge on Sept. 20, the ist and 2nd battalions lost 200
men, after which they were stationed with the remainder of the regiment
near Fort Harrison until December. In Jan., 1865, a large number of
the men reenlisted and the regiment joined in last charges upon the en-
emy's works, afterward entering the city with the army. For the re-
mainder of the year the regiment was occupied in detachments in pre-
serving peace and order in the southern part of Virginia. Returning to
City Point, Va., it was there mustered out on Jan. 29, 1866.

Twelfth Cavalry. — Cols., William Frishmuth, Lewis B. Pierce, Marcus
A. Reno; Lieut.-Cols., Lewis B. Pierce, Jacob Kohler. Joseph L. Moss,
William Bell, James A. Congdon, W. H. McAllister; ivlajs., Jacob Kohler,
Darius Titus, James A. Congdon, William Bell, Nathaniel Payn, Edson
Gerrj% David B. Jenkins, W. H. McAllister, John Johnson, George W.
Henrie. The 12th cavalry, the 113th regiment of the line, was composed
of members from various parts of the state, and was organized at Phil-
adelphia in the winter of 1861-62, when it was mustered in for three
years. It left for Washington late in April, 1862, and was posted near
Manassas Junction to guard the Orange & Alexandria railroad. On Aug..
26, it was ordered to White Plains to ascertain the location of the enemy,
who soon afterward arrived at Manassas in force. Withdrawing to Cen-
terville after a narrow escape at Bristoe, where a heavy loss was sus-
tained, the regiment proceeded to Alexandria and was ordered to guard
the north shore of the Potomac from Chain bridge to Edwards' ferry.
It was held in reserve at South mountain and was in the rear at Antie-
tam, but was employed after the battle in ascertaining the position of the
retreating foe and then stationed along the Baltimore & Ohio railroad
near Bath. Several excursions into the surrounding country were un-
dertaken and at Fisher's hill the enemy was encountered and an engage-
ment ensued. This duty occupied the regiment for the .vinter of 1862-63,
its next engagement of importance being at Winchester in June, 1863,
when it broke through the investing Confederate lines, sustaining some
losses. After the battle of Gettysburg some of the v/agon trains of the
retreating foe fell into the hands of the 12th Pa. and ist N. Y. at Cun-
ningham cross-roads and Mercersburg. July was spent at Sharpsburg,
and the regiment was then ordered to Martinsburg, in which vicinity it
remained until the spring of 1864. At the beginning of the year 1864
nearly the entire regiment reenlisted, were furloughed and returned to-
Martinsburg in April. Upon the advance of Gen. Early's army toward

Pennsylvania Regiments 445

Washington in July, 1864, the cavalry retired before him, disputing the
way and engaging at Solomon's gap, Pleasant valley, Crampton's gap,
Winchester and Kernstown. It became necessary to remount and recruit
and the regiment was stationed in the autumn at Charlestown. During
the following winter it was on guard duty along the railroad between
Winchester and Harper's Ferry and in March, 1865, was sent across the
Blue ridge to clear the country of guerrillas, engaging at Harmony with
some loss on March 22. In April the 12th moved to Wincheste* and was
assigned to the Army of the Shenandoah, the cavalry force under the
command of Col. Reno. When the news of Lee's surrender was received
the regiment was stationed at Mount Jackson to intercept and parole sol-
diers of Lee's army passing there. Returning to Winchester it was mus-
tered out on July 20, 1865.

One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. — Col., Charles H. T. Collis;
Lieut. -Cols., Frederick F. Cavada, Edward R. Bowen; Majs., Joseph S.
Chandler, Edward R. Bowen, Henry M. Eddy. The 114th was recruited
at Philadelphia in Aug., 1862, and on the last day of the month left for
Washington, where its organization was completed. It was mustered
into the U. S. service for a three years' term. Co. A had already seen
service as an independent company, known as the Zouaves d'Afrique,
which was mustered into the U. S. service on Aug. 17, 1861. It had
served with Gen. Banks and was highly complimented by him for
efficiency. It joined his army at Darnestown, Md., spent the winter at
Frederick and was active at Middletown, Cedar mountain, the second
Bull Run, Chantilly and Antietam. At Gen. Banks' suggestion a Zouave
regiment was organized and the 114th was the result. This regiment
was held in Washington and assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, 3d
corps. In October it joined the corps at Poolesville, moved to Falmouth,
fought at Fredericksburg, shared in the "Mud March" and went into camp
near Potomac creek. It was active at Chancellorsville, losing heavily,
after which it returned to camp near Falmouth. At Gettysburg the regi-
ment was placed in an exposed position, near the Sherfy house, which it
held valiantly during the heavy fighting on July 2 until late in the after-
noon when it was forced to retire and a new position was occupied by
the brigade upon the line between Cemetery hill and Little Round Top.
Moving into Virginia with the army, engagements followed during the
fall and early winter at Wapping heights, Kelly's ford, Auburn and Rap-
pahannock Station and winter quarters were established a: Brandy Sta-
tion. For special merit the 114th was chosen by Gen. Meade to guard
his headquarters and it formed later, one of seven regiments detailed for
duty under Col. Collis at the headquarters of Gen. Grant. In the Wilder-
ness campaign it was frequently selected for difficult details and for its
part in the defense of headquarters when attacked at Guiney's station it
was complimented especially by Gen. Meade and Gen. Grant, who wit-
nessed the action. It continued on duty at headquarters at Petersburg
until March 15, 1865, when it was ordered to City Point for picket duty
for a fortnight. In the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, it won the
intrenchments opposite Fort Hell, sustaining severe loss. Returning to
Washington after the surrender, it was mustered out of the service on
May 29, 1865.

One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry, — Cols., Robert E. Patterson,
F. A. Lancaster, William C. Ward ; Lieut. -Cols., Robert Thompson, Wil-
liam C. Ward, John P. Dunne; Majs., F. A. Lancaster, John P. Dunne,
William A. Reilly. The 115th was recruited in Philadelphia and the
counties of Cambria, Lebanon and Lancaster and was organized early in
the year 1862. It encamped at Diamond Cottage, Camden, N. J., where
it was mustered into the U. S. service for three years, and until June 25
it guarded prisoners at Harrisburg, when it moved to join the army on

446 The Union Army

the Peninsula. At Harrison's landing, where it arrived on July 4, the
regiment was assigned to the 3d brigade, Hooker's division, 3d corps,
with which it was engaged at Malvern Hill in August. It was active at
Kettle run, and the second Bull Run; was in support at Chantilly, after
which Hooker's division was ordered to Washington, where it remained
until November. It then rejoined the army, being encamped during No-
vember and the first part of December, at Catlett's station, Bristoe Sta-
tion, Manassas Junction and Falmouth, leaving the last camp to partici-
pate in the battle of Fredericksburg and the "Mud March," and return-
ing to occupy it until the Chancellorsville movement. In this action the
part of the iisth was an important one and it sustained heavy losses.
Again the camp at Falmouth was occupied until the troops left for Penn-
sylvania, arriving at Gettysburg on the evening of July i. The next day
the regiment was first posted in advance of the line of battle near Round
Top, which position proved too exposed to be held and the troops were
obliged to withdraw to the main line. Here they withstood steadfastl)'^
the terrific onslaughts of the enemy until relieved. The regiment sus-
tained severe losses on this bloody field. Returning southward with the
army, the 3d corps met the enemy at Wapping heights and went into
camp at Bealeton Station. September was spent in camp at Culpeper
and on Oct. 15, the regiment engaged at McLean's ford, where it moved
to relieve the 6th N. J. It was next in action at Kelly's ford and Mine
run and it went into winter quarters at Brandy Station. With Birney's
division of Hancock's corps, it fought at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania,
the North Anna, Totopotomy, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. By this
time the ranks had become so thinned by the arduous service of the cam-
paign that it was considered advisable to consolidate the 115th with the
190th Pa. infantry, which was accordingly done by special order of the
war department on June 22, 1864. The field and staff were mustered out
on June 23, the company officers retained in service, and the enlisted men
were mustered out with the igoth at Washington on June 28, 1865.

One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. — Cols., Dennis Heenan, St. C.
A. Mulholland, David W. Megraw; Lieut.-Cols., St. Clair A. Mulholland,
Richard C. Dale, David W. Megraw, Robert J. Alston; Majs., George H.
Bardwell, St. Clair A. Mulholland, John Teed, David W. Megraw, Rob-
ert J. Alston, Robert J. Taggart. The ii6th, recruited in Philadelphia,
was there mustered into the U. S. service in July and Aug., 1862, for a
three years' term. On Aug. 31, though not complete in numbers, it was
ordered to Washington on account of the necessity for troops to reinforce
Gen. Banks in the Shenandoah Valley. It reported to Gen. Couch at
Rockville, Md., but was immediately returned to Washington, where it
was assigned to the camp of Gen. Sigel at Fairfax Court House. Here
it remained until Oct. 6, when it moved to Harper's Ferry and became a
part of the Irish brigade, under Gen. Meagher, the 2nd brigade, ist di-
vision, 2nd corps. It went into camp at Charlestown ; was engaged at
Snicker's gap in November; then moved to Warrenton and Falmouth,
where winter quarters were built. It shared in the brilliant but unfortu-
nate charge of the Irish brigade at Fredericksburg, losing in killed and
wounded, 43 per cent, of the members engaged. Owing to the sad re-
duction in its effective strength the Ii6th was consolidated into a bat-
talion of four companies in Jan., 1863, remaining in the camp at Falmouth
until the opening of the Chancellorsville movement, in which it was ac-
tive, and returning afterward to its old camp. Its work at Chancellors-
ville received special complimentary mention by Gen. Hancock. The
battalion lost heavily at Gettysburg, where it was active on July 2 and 3,
and joined in the southward movement which followed, being engaged at
Auburn, Blackburn ford, and in the Mine Run movement. Winter quar-
ters were established at Stevensburg and during the winter the regiment

Pennsylvania Regiments 447

was reorganized, three companies from Philadelphia and three from Pitts-
burg, being added to the reenlisted men of the battalion, which filled the
ranks to the required strength. The Irish brigade was closely engaged
at the Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, the Po river, Spottsylvania and Cold
Harbor, its ranks being again greatly reduced in numbers by the almost
daily encounters with the enemy. The Ii6th arrived in front of Peters-
burg on June 15, charged the works the next day and joined in the action
at Reams' station a few days later. Upon the reorganization of the 2nd
corps it was attached to the 4th brigade, ist division, with which it shared
in the engagements at Deep Bottom and the raid on the Weldon railroad
in July, the Hatcher's run movement m December, and the skirmish at
Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865. At the close of the siege the regiment par-
ticipated in the battle at Five Forks, and after Lee's surrender returned
to Alexandria, where Cos. A, B, C and D were mustered out on June 3,
and the remainder of the regiment at Washington on July 14.

Thirteenth Cavalry. — Cols., James A. Galligher, Michael Kerwin;
Lieut. -Cols., James A. Galligher, Peter C. Shannon, Garrick Mallery, Jr.,
Jacob H. Dewees; Majs., Henry A. White, M. J. Byrne, Michael Kerwin,
Jacob H. Dewees, George F. McCabe, Timothy A. Byrne, Henry H.
Gregg, John W. Berks, fhe 13th cavalry, the 117th regiment of the line,
was recruited in Philadelphia and Pittsburg to form a squadron of Irish
dragoons to be attached to the Irish brigade, and was mustered into the
U. S. service at Philadelphia in the fall of 1861 for three years' service.
It was ordered to Baltimore and while there was organized into a regi-
ment by the addition of six companies in July and Aug., 1862. On Sept.
24 it left Baltimore, three companies were posted along the Potomac be-
tween Berlin and Edwards' ferry on guard duty, and the remaining com-
panies occupied in Loudoun and Jefferson counties to prevent communi-
cation between the inhabitants and the enemy. In Feb., 1863, the 13th
was sent to Winchester, where the tenth company joined it in March.
Here it undertook many excursions into the surrounding country, often
encountering the enemy's cavalry, and losing a considerable number. At
Middletown, on June 11, it had a sharp engagement and for several days
following was active at Winchester, returning to Harper's Ferry with
only half of its members fit for active service. Leaving Harper's Ferry
on June 30, it joined the Army of the Potomac at Boonesboro on July 8
and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, (Col. J. I. Gregg) of Gen. D. McM.
Gregg's division, with which it encamped at Amissville and Jefferson
and was engaged at Culpeper in September. After a month at Catlett's
station, it returned to Culpeper, where it received a new company from
Huntingdon county. It then moved to Jeffersonton, where it was at-
tacked in October and forced to retire. Two more companies from
Huntingdon county joined the regiment in November, as it returned from
Mine Run, and the command was assigned to duty along the Orange &
Alexandria railroad near Bristoe Station during the winter of 1863-64.
The regiment was reorganized on Feb. 8, 1864, twelve companies being
formed from the original fifteen. In the Wilderness campaign it was on
duty with the 9th corps at the rear until May 5, when it went into action
and was with the advance of the army for a number of days. It rejoined
the brigade at White's tavern on May 26 and shared in the expedition of
Gen. Sheridan toward Richmond, being engaged at Haw's shop. The next
action of importance was at Trevilian Station in June, followed by fight-
ing at Jones' bridge, and Samaria Church. In July it went to the sup-
port of Wilson's cavalry as it returned from the Danville railroad, after
which it shared in the raid on the Jerusalem plank road and a movement
to Lee's mill. A detail of 50 men, engaged in guarding supplies of the
commissary department, was captured by a large force of Confederates.
In September the regiment was closely engaged at Wyatt's farm; fought

448 The Union Army

in the several engagements at Hatcher's run and Dabney's mill, where
Gen. Gregg was wounded; was ordered to Wilmington, N. C, in Feb.,
1865 ; thence to Elizabethtown, where it reported to Gen. Sherman and
became a part of the 3d brigade, Kilpatrick's division. Col. Kerwin, being
placed in command. After the surrender the 13th was posted at Fayette-
ville to clear the country and preserve peace. On July 14 it moved to
Raleigh and was mustered out on the same day.

One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. — Cols., Charles M. Prevost,
James Gwyn; Lieut.-Cols., James Gwyn, Charles P. Herring; Majs.,
Charles P. Herring, Henry O'Neill. The ii8th, known as the Corn Ex-
change regiment, because a bounty of $10 for each man as well as the
funds necessary for raising the regiment were furnished by the Philadel-
phia Corn Exchange, rendezvoused at Camp Union, Philadelphia, where
it was mustered into the U. S. service on Aug. 30, 1862, for a three years'
term, and ordered at once to Washington. With the ist brigade, ist
division, 5th corps, it reached Antietam on Sept. 16 but was held in re-
serve during the ensuing battle. At Blackford's ford, near Shepherds-
town, it received a baptism of blood on Sept. 20, and left 282 men on the
field. Col. Prevost was made brevet brigadier-general for gallantry in
this battle. The regiment moved south in early November and took part
in the battle of Fredericksburg, where it joined in the assault on Marye's
heights and suffered severely. After the "Mud March," it returned to
camp at Falmouth, which it occupied until April 27, 1863. It was closely
engaged at Chancellorsville and was in camp at Falmouth until June 10,
when the northward movement was commenced. It acted as support in
the cavalry engagements of Aldie, Upperville and Middleburg and reached
Gettysburg early on July 2. At 4 o'clock that afternoon it went into ac-
tion in support of Gen. Sickles' corps and was closely engaged with con-
siderable loss, but was inactive on the 3d. It then joined in the pursuit
which followed the battle and encountered the enemy on July 4. At
Warrenton in August and September about 300 recruits were received,
and after participation in the Mine Run campaign the regiment went into
winter quarters at Beverly ford. On May i, 1864, it started for the Wil-
derness, where it was engaged. It also fought at Laurel Hill, the North
Anna river, Mechanicsville, at Bethesda Church and at Petersburg. Dur-
ing the siege of Petersburg the ii8th remained in the trenches until Aug.
15; then joined in the movement upon the Weldon railroad; was posted
near Yellow house in September; joined in the Hatcher's run movement
in October; the raid on the Weldon railroad in December and the en-
gagement at Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865. On April i, it participated in
the battle of Five Forks and continued the pursuit to Appomattox Court
House, where its brigade received the arms and flags of Lee's army. On
April 15 it started for Washington, where it was mustered out on June i,
1865. The recruits were transferred to the 91st Pa. infantry.

One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. — Cols., Peter C. Ellmaker,
Gideon Clark; Lieut.-Cols., Gideon Clark, William C. Gray; Majs., Charles
C. Knight, Henry P. Truefitt, William C. Gray, Edwin A. Landell. This
regiment was recruited at Philadelphia in Aug., 1862, and ordered to
Washington before its ranks were filled. Here an additional company
was received and the regiment was mustered into the U. S. service for a
three years' term. In October it joined the Army of the Potomac near
Antietam and was assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division, 6th corps.
It was first under fire at Fredericksburg and acquitted its'^lf with credit,
returning to camp at White Oak Church. With the 3d brigade, ist di-
vision, it joined in the Chancellorsville movement, being engaged at Salem
Church, and then returned to occupy the old camp until the Gettysburg
campaign. The troops supported the cavalry engaged at Beverly ford and
arrived on the field of Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 2. The 119th

Pennsylvania Regiments 449

was posted on the left of the line and did not become engaged, but im-
mediately took up the pursuit after the battle and went into camp at
Warrenton on July 26, where 205 substitutes were received. At Rappa-
hannock Station in November, a gallant assault was made for which the
6th corps received special commendation by Gen. Meade. After partici-
pation in the Mine Run expedition, winter quarters were made near
Brandy Station, which were occupied until May 4, 1864. The regiment
fought valiantly at the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, and by May 12 had
lost half of its effective strength. At Cold Harbor it also sustained heavy
loss. From Petersburg, where it moved with the army, the 119th was
sent to the defense of Washington, which was threatened by Gen. Early,
and took part in the marches and countermarches in the Valley of the
Shenandoah and the battle of the Opequan. It was then posted at Win-
chester to garrison the town and returned to Petersburg early in Decem-
ber. It took part in the Dabney's mill battle in Feb., 1865, the final assault
on April 2, the battle of Sailor's creek, and was present at Lee's surren-
der, after which the regiment moved to Danville, but returned to Wash-
ington and Philadelphia where the troops were mustered out on June 19,
1865.

One Hundred and Twenty-first Infantry. — Cols., Chapman Biddle,
Alexander Biddle, James Ashworth ; Lieut.-Cols., Elisha W. Davis, Alex-
ander Biddle, James Ashworth, Thomas M. Hall, Samuel T. Lloyd, James
S. Warner; Majs., Alexander Biddle, James Ashworth, Thomas M. Hall,
West Funk. The 121st was recruited in Philadelphia and Venango county
and mustered into the service for three years, in Sept., 1862, at Philadel-
phia. It was ordered to Washington, where it was attached to Casey's
provisional brigade, and in October it became a part of Gen. Meade's
division near Antietam. Fredericksburg was its first engagement, after
which it went into camp at Belle Plain for the winter. It broke camp to
participate in the "Mud March," and again for the Chancellorsville move-
ment in May, 1863, returning to camp near Falmouth until the Gettysburg
campaign. On July i, the regiment was hotly engaged and out of 263
men who entered the fight only 84 reported for duty after the day was
over. The next day the men had some rest, but were active again on the
3d and then joined in the pursuit. The 121st guarded Kelly's Ford and
Cedar Run bridge, near Catlett's Station ; joined in the Mine Run move-
ment, and then made winter quarters at Culpeper. Attached to the 5th
corps, the regiment participated in the battle of the Wilderness, where it
sustained heavy loss. At Spottsylvania, Jericho ford, Bethesdi Church
and Cold Harbor the men fought bravely, their ranks greatly reduced in
numbers. At Cold Harbor the 121st was assigned to the ist division. It
aided in the construction of "Fort Hell" at Petersburg; shared in the raid
upon the Weldon railroad in August; fought at Peebles' farm, at which
time it formed part of the 3d brigade, 3d division. In this engagement
a large number of the 121st were cut off by the enemy and made prison-
ers. The remnant of the regiment had a part in the movement on the
Weldon railroad in December, the Hatcher's run movement in Feb., 1865,
the fight at the Boydton plank road in March, was active at the battle
of Five Forks and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. A few
days of guard duty at Appomattox and two weeks' encampment on the
South Side railroad followed, after which the regiment proceeded to
Washinp-ton and was there mustered out on June 2. 1865.

One Hundred and Twenty-second Infantry. — Col., Emlen Franklin;
Lieut.-Col., Edward McGovern; Maj., Thaddeus Stevens, Jr. This regi-
ment was recruited at Lancaster in July and Aug., 1862, and was mus-
tered into the U. S. service at Lancaster on Aug. 12 for nine months. It
proceeded to Washington and was assigned to the 3d brigade, 3d division,
3d corps, which joined the army after the battle of Antietam and went
Vol. 1—29

460 The Union Army

into camp at Falmouth. It was held in reserve at Fredericksburg, but
took part in the "Mud March" fiasco and then occupied its camp at Fal-
mouth until the Chancellorsville movement in May, 1863. The 3d corps,
under Gen. Sickles, was not actively engaged on the opening day but the
following day it was in the thick of the fight and after holding its ground
bravely till no longer tenable, it was forced back with heavy loss — 135 in
this one engagement. At Harrisburg the regiment was mustered out of
service on May 15 and 16, 1863.

One Hundred and Twenty-third Infantry. — Col., John B. Clark ;
Lieut.-Cols., Frederick Gast, Richard C. Dale; Majs., Hugh Danver,
Charles D. Wiley. This was a nine months' regiment, recruited mainly
in Alleghany county, and mustered into the U. S. service in Aug., 1862.
It left Harrisburg on Aug. 21 for Washington and was at once ordered
to Camp Stanton, where it was attached to the 2nd brigade, 3d division,
5th corps. During the battle of Bull Run it was posted at Bailey's cross-
roads to prevent stragglers from passing, but was soon returned with the
other troops to Washington. Late on the afternoon of Sept. 17 it was
sent to Antietam, but was too late to participate in the battle which was
not continued as expected on the next day. The regiment then proceeded
to Warrenton with the army and encamped at Potomac creek, near Fred-
ericksburg, until Dec. 12. On the afternoon of the next day it was or-
dered into action and charged the heights, but unsuccessfully as had the
previous divisions, the loss of the regiment being 152 killed and wounded-
Returning to the former camp, it remained there until Jan., 1863, when it
moved to Falmouth, and on April 28, started for Chancellorsville, where
on May i, it was posted on the left of the line, which was not engaged.
On the 3d it was placed in support of the artillery and met with a few
losses. The 123d was mustered out of the service at Harrisburg on May
13, 1865.

One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infantry. — Col., Joseph W. Haw-
ley; Lieut.-Cols., Simon Litzenberg, William B. Waddell; Maj., I. L.
Haldeman. Under the call of July, 1862, the 124th regiment was recruited
in Chester and Delaware counties, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, and on
Aug. 12 was ordered to Washington, where it was mustered into the U. S.
service for a nine months' term. On Sept. 7, it was sent to Rockville,
Md., and attached to the ist brigade, ist division, 12th corps, which
started two days later for South mountain and Antietam. In the battle
of Antietam it was ordered to reinforce Gen. Hooker on the right of the
line and was soon in action, losing 50 in killed and wounded. It then
went into camp at Pleasant valley, where it was transferred to the brigade
under Gen. Kane and on Oct. 30, occupied Loudoun heights. It was next
ordered to the support of the troops engaged at Fredericksburg, but ar-
rived too late for the battle. The regiment then encamped at Fairfax
Station, joined in the "Mud March," and returned to camp near Stafford
Court House. On April 27, 1863, as part of Geary's division, 12th corps,
the regiment started for Chancellorsville, where it was posted on the right
and was closely engaged on May 2. It then returned to camp and re-
mained there until the expiration of its term of service, being mustered
out at Harrisburg on May 16-17, 1863.

One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infantry, — Col., Jacob Higgins ;
Lieut.-Col, Jacob Szink; Maj., John J. Lawrence. This regiment, re-
cruited in Blair and Huntingdon counties, was mustered into the U. S.
service at Harrisburg on Aug. 16, 1862, for a nine months' term, and
moved to Washington the same day, where it was assigned by Gen. Casey
to a provisional brigade under Col. Higgins. It was first posted at Hun-
ter's Chapel, later at Fort Bernard, Va., on guard duty, and on Sept. 6,
moved to Rockville, where it was united with the army and became a part
of the 1st brigade, ist division. Banks' corps, later commanded by Gen.

Pennsylvania Regiments 451

Mansfield and Gen. Williams. At Antietam the regiment was closely en-
gaged, the total loss being 150. Five color-bearers were killed, but the
men fought with the courage and steadiness of veterans. The regiment
encamped at Pleasant valley, Maryland and Loudoun heights, and then
moved to Fredericksburg, but not in time for the battle. It returned to
Fairfax Station, joined in the "Mud March," and then went into winter
quarters near Stafford Court House. On March 24, 1863, the regiment
was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 12th corps and posted at
Acquia creek. It was active at Chancellorsville, then returned to Acquia
creek for a few days, and was mustered out at Harrisburg on May 18-19,
1863.

One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infantry. — Col., James G. Elder;
Lieut.-CoL, D. W. Rowe; Majs., James C. Austin, Robert S. Brownson.
In response to the call of July, 1862, the 126th was recruited in Juniata,
Fulton and Franklin counties and mustered into the U. S. service at
Harrisburg early in August for a nine months' term. It moved to Wash-
ington on Aug. 15 and was sent to Cloud's mills, where it was attached
to the 1st brigade, 3d division, 5th corps. On Sept. 12, it started for An-
tietam, but was held in reserve during the battle, afterward encamping
at Sharpsburg, where many of the men were near home. The next post
was at Warrenton, Va., and then the army moved to Falmouth. In the
battle of Fredericksburg, the regiment participated in the ineffectual
charge of Humphrey's division upon Marye's heights, sustaining severe
loss. The charge of the division was highly complimented by Gens.
Hooker and Tyler. After sharing in the discomforts of the futile "Mud
March," the regiment established winter quarters at Falmouth and re-
mained there until the opening of the Chancellorsville campaign at the
end of April, 1863. It was closely engaged on May 2, the brigade holding
its ground until its ammunition was exhausted, when, failing to receive
support, it was obliged to fall back after suffering heavy loss. For its
courage and steadiness it was highly praised by Gen. Tyler. On May 20,
1863, the 126th was mustered out of service at Harrisburg.

One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infantry. — Col., William W. Jen-
nings; Lieut.-Col., Henry C. Alleman ; Maj., Jeremiah Rohrer. Most of
the 127th regiment came from Dauphin county, the remainder from
Adams, Lebanon and Schuylkill counties. At Harrisburg, Aug. 16, 1862,
the regiment was mustered into the U. S. service for nine months. Co. A
was detailed to act as provost guard at Harrisburg and never served with
the regiment in the field. On Aug. 17, nine companies, consisting of 869
men, left for Washington and were soon assigned to guard Chain bridge
on the Potomac. The regiment was then ordered to Fredericksburg,
where it arrived on Dec. 9. The 127th became a part of the 3d brigade,
2nd division, 2nd corps, which was the first brigade to cross the river
after the pontoons were laid, the crossing being made in the face of the
enemy's sharpshooters, thus clearing the way for the rest of the army.
The regiment joined with Owen's brigade in a desperate attack on Marye's
heights, but like others it was unsuccessful, 257 of the regiment being
killed or wounded. The 127th then went into camp at Falmouth. In the
Chancellorsville campaign of the following spring it was with Gen. Gib-
bon's division, which made another assault on the same heights, and this
time succeeded. At Harrisburg, May 8 and 29, the 127th was mustered
out, having lost 52 by death from wounds and disease.

One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., Samuel Croas-
dale, Joseph A. Mathews ; Lieut.-Cols., W. W. Hamersley, L. Heber
Smith ; Majs., Joel B. Wanner, Cephas W. Dyer. The 128th regiment
was mustered in at Harrisburg, Aug. 13 to 15, 1862, for nine months, most
of its members having been recruited in Berks county and the remainder
in Lehigh and Bucks. On Aug. 16, it moved to Washington, encamped

452 The Union Army

at Arlington Heights, Fairfax seminary and Fort Woodbury and was
occupied in erecting fortifications at the last-named place. Attached to
the brigade under Col. Crawford, Williams' division, Mansfield's corps,
the regiment was active at Antietam, losing heavily. During the next two
months it was encamped at Sandy Hook and Maryland heights with the
I2th corps, under command of Gen. Williams, who succeeded Gen. Mans-
field after the battle of Antietam, in which Mansfield was severely
wounded. The I2th corps arrived too late to participate in the battle
of Fredericksburg and encamped at Fairfax Station until in Jan., 1863,
when it participated in the "Mud March." The remainder of the winter
was spent at Stafford Court House and camp was broken late in April,
1863, for the Chancellorsville movement. The 128th fought at the left of
the line on May 2 and during the night, on returning to a position pre-
viously occupied, but then in the hands of the enemy, 9 officers, including
Col. Mathews and Lieut.-Col. Smith, and 225 enlisted men, were taken
prisoners. The remainder of the regiment was closely engaged on the
following day and after the battle was over but 172 men reported for
duty at Stafford Court House. The regiment was mustered out at Har-
risburg on May 19, 1863, the prisoners having been exchanged.

One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infantry. — Col., Jacob G. Frick;
Lieut.-Col., W. H. Armstrong; Maj., Joseph Anthony. Volunteers from
Schuylkill, Northampton and Montgomery counties rendezvoused at Camp
Curtin, Harrisburg, and were mustered into the U. S. service on Aug. 15,
1862, for a nine months' term, forming the 129th infantry. The regiment
was ordered to Washington the next day, one detachment of two com-
panies was posted at Bull Run, across which it was to re-build and guard
a bridge, and the remainder acted as escort to an ammunition train as
far as Centerville. On its return the regiment was assigned to the ist
brigade, 3d division, 5th corps, which on Sept. 14, started for Antietam,
but arrived after the battle had been fought. At Fredericksburg, the first
battle of the regiment, the men joined bravely in a gallant but futile
charge upon the heights and were highly praised by Gen. Tyler. In this
action the 129th lost 142 in killed and wounded, many of its dead lying
close to the impregnable stone wall. Winter quarters were established
near Falmouth, which were occupied until the battle of Chancellorsville,
except during the "Mud March." On May 3, the regiment was closely
engaged at Chancellorsville and the loss was heavy. Gen. Tyler said of
the 129th in this battle that "No one ever saw cooler work on field drill
than was done by this regiment." It returned to Harrisburg soon after
and was there mustered out of the service on May 18, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. — Cols., Henry I. Zinn, Levi
Maish; Lieut.-Cols., Levi Maish, John Lee; Majs., John Lee, Joseph S.
Jenkins. Two companies from Cumberland county, three from York and
two from the counties of York, Montgomery, Cumberland, Dauphin and
Chester, made up the 130th, which was mustered in at Harrisburg on
Aug. 15, 1862, for nine months, and moved to Washington on the i8th.
It was posted for a week at Camp Wells, near Arlington Heights, and
was then sent to Fort Marcy, near Chain bridge, which it garrisoned until
Sept. 7, when it moved to Rockville, Md., where it was assigned to Morris'
brigade, French's division, Sumner's corps, which took an active part in
the battle of Antietam, the brigade, composed entirely of new troops, be-
having as coolly under fire as veterans and winning the praise of Gen.
French. The loss of the 130th in this battle was 296 in killed and
wounded. After a short time spent in camp at Harper's Ferry, the regi-
ment arrived at Falmouth in November and was posted at Belle Plain
landing on guard duty until Dec. 5. French's division made a gallant
charge at Fredericksburg, losing many brave men, and after the battle
retired to its camp near Falmouth, which it occupied, with the exception

Pennsylvania Regiments 453

of the "Mud March," until the opening of the Chancellorsville campaign
in the spring of 1863. In the battle of Chancellorsville the 130th was
closely engaged, after which it returned to Harrisburg, where it was mus-
tered out on May 21, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-first Infantry. — Col., Peter H. AUabach;
Lieut.-Col., William B. Shaut; Maj., Robert W. Patton. The 131st regi-
ment was recruited in the counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, Mif-
flin, Union and Snyder and mustered in at Harrisburg early in Aug.,
1862, for nine months. It was ordered to join the 3d provisional brigade
in Virginia, but was soon transferred to the force at Alexandria, and at
the opening of the Maryland campaign, made a part of the 3d division,
5th corps. It reached Antietam too late to participate in the battle and
went into camp at Sharpsburg. Fredericksburg was the first battle of the
regiment and it made a desperate charge to within 30 feet of the cele-
brated stone wall, losing in an hour and one-half 177 killed, wounded and
missing, the men fighting with the steadiness of veterans. Winter quar-
ters were established near Falmouth with no event of importance, except
Burnside's second attempt in Jan., 1863, which was rendered futile by the
impassable roads. On May 3, the regiment was warmly engaged at Chan-
cellorsville and after the battle returned to its former camp. Its term of
service expired on May 15, and it was then ordered to Harrisburg where
it was mustered out on the 23d.

One Hundred and Thirty-second Infantry. — Cols., Richard A. Oak-
ford, Vincent M. Wilcox, Charles Albright ; Lieut. -Cols., Vincent M.
Wilcox, Charles Albright, Joseph E. Shreve; Majs., Charles Albright,
Joseph E. Shreve, Fred L. Hitchcock. This regiment, from the north-
central part of the state, was mustered into the U. S. service at Camp
Curtin, Harrisburg, Aug. 11-18, 1862, for nine months. Col. Oakford had
commanded the 15th regiment in the three months' service, and the rank
and file were of good physique. It left the state for Washington on Aug.
19, encamped near Fort Corcoran on its arrival, and there engaged in the
work of drill and preparation. On Sept. 2 it moved to Rockville, Md.,
where it was assigned to Kimball's brigade, French's division, Sumner's
corps, which arrived at South mountain too late to share in the battle.
The regiment suffered severely in its first battle, that of Antietam, losing
30 killed, 114 wounded and 8 missing. Col Oakford and Lieut. Cranmer
were among the killed. It then moved with the corps to Bolivar heights
and during October shared in reconnoissances to Leesburg and Charles-
town. Nov. 6 found it at Falmouth, whence it was detached for duty
at Belle Plain for a month. As a part of the 3d brigade, 3d division, 2nd
corps, it was engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg, losing 150 out of
340 men engaged, but behaving like a veteran regiment. Gen. French
complimented the troops very highly in orders for their heroism in the
two battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg. It remained in winter quar-
ters at Falmouth until the close of April, 1863, and then engaged in the
battle of Chancellorsville, where it was in reserve the first 2 days, but
was active at the front on May 3 and 4, its loss being about 50. On May
14 its term expired and it was mustered out at Harrisburg on the 24th.

One Hundred and Thirty-third Infantry. — Col, Franklin B. Speak-
man ; Lieut.-Cols., Abraham Kopelin, W. A. McCartney; Maj., Edward
M. Schrock. The 133d regiment, composed of men from the counties of
Cambria, Perry, Bedford and Somerset, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin,
Harrisburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service for nine months by
companies, from Aug. 5 to 15, 1862. It left for Washington on the 19th
and during the progress of the second Bull Run battle and for two weeks
thereafter, it was posted at Fort Ward on picket duty and building in-
trenchments. It was brigaded with the 123d, 131st, 134th and iS^^th Pa.
regiments, under Col. Allabach of the 131st, and attached to Humphreys'

454 The Union Army

division, 5th corps. It arrived on the field of Antietam the day after tlie
battle; encamped near Sharpsburg until the close of October; moved
thence to Falmouth ; and lost severely at the battle of Fredericksburg in
charging the works on Marye's heights, where its casualties were 184,
killed, wounded and missing, including 3 officers killed and 8 wounded.
With the exception of the "Mud March" in Jan., 1863, it remained in
Camp Humphreys until it moved on the Chancellorsville campaign. It
was actively engaged on the third day of that battle, losing i killed and 9
wounded. Its term having expired it soon after left for Harrisburg,
where it was mustered out, May 21-26, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infantry. — Cols., Matthew S. Quay,
Edward O'Brien ; Lieut.-Cols., Edward O'Brien, John M. Thompson,
,William H. Shaw; Majs., John M. Thompson, William H. Shaw, Cyrus
E. Anderson. This regiment was recruited under the call of July, 1862,
for nine months. Cos. A, B. D and H were raised in Lawrence county,
C, F, G and K in Butler, and E and I in Beaver. The men rendezvoused
at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, and were mustered into service during the
first half of Aug., 1862. On account of the advance of the enemy on
Washington the regiment was ordered to the capital before its organi-
zation was completed and left the state on Aug. 20. Its organization was
completed at Washington. Very few of the officers and men had seen
service before. It arrived too late to participate in either the second Bull
Run or Antietam battles, and encamped near Antietam until the end of
October. While here Col. Quay was stricken with typhoid fever and
resigned on Dec. 7, being succeeded by Lieut.-Col. O'Brien. It partici-
pated in the battle of Fredericksburg as part of Tyler's brigade, Hum-
phreys' division, 5th corps, and was on the right of the first line in the
final charge on the stone wall, in which it lost 14 killed, 106 wounded and
19 missing. Maj. Thompson had his horse shot under him, and was
among the wounded. Col. Quay was a volunteer aide-de-camp on the
staff of Gen. Tyler during the engagement. The 134th remained in camp,
except for Burnside's abortive movement in Jan., 1863, until April 27,
when it moved upon the Chancellorsville campaign. The regiment was
active on the 3d day of the battle and was highly commended in Gen.
Tyler's official report of the engagement. Its loss was 48 killed, wounded
and missing. On the expiration of its term of service soon after, it pro-
ceeded to Harrisburg and was there mustered out on May 26, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infantry. — Col., James R. Porter;
Lieut.-Col., David L. McCulloch; Maj., Rudolph W. Shenk. The 135th
regiment, composed of men from the counties of Lancaster, Indiana,
Westmoreland and Jefferson, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg.
and was mustered into the U. S. service during the first half of Aug.,
1862, for a term of nine months. On the 19th it left for Washington and
remained in the performance of provost guard duty at the capital and in
Georgetown until Feb. 16, 1863, the field officers meanwhile being de-
tailed on special duty. It then moved to Belle Plain and was there as-
signed to the 1st brigade (Col. Porter), 3d division, ist corps. It was
occupied in guard and picket duty until the opening of the Chancellors-
ville campaign, when it moved to Pollock's mills, below Fredericksburg,
and supported the batteries along the Rappahannock, losing 3 men
wounded. Later it was relieved and covered the front of the ist brigade
at the battle of Chancellorsville, but was not actively engaged. On the
expiration of its term, it returned to Harrisburg and was mustered out
of service on May 24, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Infantry. — Col., Thomas M. Bayne:
Lieut.-Col., Isaac Wright; Maj., Charles Ryan. The 136th regiment was
recruited in the counties of Allegheny, Tioga, Luzerne, Dauphin, Craw-
ford, Center, Columbia and Cambria; rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Har-

Pennsylvania Regiments 455

risburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service in Aug., 1862, for 9
months. It reached Washington while the second Bull Run battle was
being fought, and was stationed in the defenses of the city until the close
of September, when it moved to Sharpsburg, where it was assigned to
the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, ist corps. Early in November it moved
into Virginia, marching via Warrenton, Brooks' station and White Oak
Church to Falmouth. It was hotly engaged at the battle of Fredericks-
burg, as part of Lyle's brigade. Gibbon's division, ist corps, Franklin's
Grand Division, on the left of the line. Its loss in the battle was 140 in
killed, wounded and missing, Capt. Chapman being killed and Capt.
Marchand mortally wounded. It then returned to its old camp, where
it remained without incident, except Burnside's "Mud March" in Jan.,
1863, until the opening of the Chancellorsville campaign. On the night of
May 2 it went into position on the extreme right, where breast-works
were hurriedly thrown up, and this intrenched position was maintained
during the last two days of the battle. On the expiration of its term of
service it returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out of service
on May 29, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Henry M. Bos-
sert, Joseph B. Kiddoo; Lieut.-Cols., Joseph B. Kiddoo, Charles W. Win-
gard; Majs., Charles W. Wingard, De Los Walker. This regiment was
raised in the counties of Wayne, Crawford, Clinton, Butler, Bradford and
Schuylkill and rendezvoused by squads and companies at Camp Curtin,
Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service during the lat-
ter half of August, 1862, for a term of nine months. A very few of the
officers and men were experienced in the art of war. At the end of
August it left the state for Washington and was assigned to Gen. Han-
cock's brigade, Smith's division, 6th corps. It received its first baptism
of fire at Crampton's gap. South mountain, though not actively engaged.
With the exception of Co. I, which supported the brigade battery at the
battle of Antietam, the regiment was in reserve. At the time of Stuart
and Hampton's raid into Pennsylvania in Oct., 1862, the brigade, under
Gen. Pratt, was sent in pursuit. It did not succeed in coming up with
the daring raiders and the command went into camp near Hagerstown
until the close of October, when the 137th was ordered into the defenses
of Washington, where it engaged for a time in drill and discipline. Dur-
ing the battle of Fredericksburg it was posted opposite Acquia Creek,
guarding the landing and the railroad leading to Fredericksburg. In
Jan., 1863, it shared in the "Mud March," being assigned to the 3d bri-
gade, 1st division, ist corps, and was then encamped at Belle Plain. After
the rout of the nth corps at the battle of Chancellorsville, the regiment
was moved to the front with its corps and posted on the extreme right
of the line, where it remained during the remainder of the battle, but was
not actively engaged. On the expiration of its term of enlistment, it re-
turned to Harrisburg and was mustered out on June i and 2, 1863.

One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., Charles L. K.
Sumwalt, M. R. McClennan ; Lieut.-Cols., M. R. McCIennan, Lewis A.
May; Majs., Lewis A. May, Simon Dickerhoof. The 138th was composed
of men from the counties of Montgomery, Adams, Bedford and Bucks,
and was mustered into the U. S. service at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg,
during the latter part of August and the first part of Sept., 1862, for a
term of three years. On Aug. 30, 1862, before the regimental organiza-
tion was completed, it moved to -Baltimore and was there employed in
guarding the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, with headquarters at the Relay
house until the middle of June, 1863, when it moved to Harper's Ferry,
where it was assigned to Elliott's brigade of French's division. On the
evacuation of Harper's Ferry on July i, it moved to Washington, thence
to Frederick, Md., and joined in the pursuit of Lee as part of the 3 J

456 The Union Army

corps. It was under fire but not active at Wapping heights and during
the remainder of the fall shared in the various marches and counter-
marches during the Virginia campaign, being engaged at Brandy Station
with small loss, and in the Mine Run campaign at Locust Grove, where
it behaved with great gallantry and repulsed repeated charges, losing 7
killed, 45 wounded and 3 missing. Col. McClennan being among the
wounded. It then went into winter quarters at Brandy Station, Col. Mc-
Clennan resuming command on March 13, 1864, and on May 3 it moved
on the spring campaign, attached to Seymour's brigade, Rickett's (3d)
division, 6th corps. It suffered severely at the Wilderness, losing 2.7
killed, 94 wounded and 35 missing. It shared in the fighting at Spott-
sylvania, but its losses there were small, as it was not heavily engaged.
At Cold Harbor it shared in the gallant assaults of the division, losing
7 killed, 54 wounded and 7 missing. Crossing the James, it went into the
trenches at Bermuda Hundred; later joined its corps before Petersburg;
shared in the movement on the Weldon railroad at Reams' station; and
moved with its division in July to Monocacy, where it was hotly en-
gaged against the forces under Early on the 9th, its losses in the battle
being 68 killed, wounded and missing. After rejoining its corps, it shared
in the various maneuvres between Washington and the Shenandoah Val-
ley. Gen. Sheridan now assumed command of the Army of the Shen-
andoah, composed of the 6th, 8th and 19th corps. The 138th formed part
of the cavalry support at Smithtield ; was actively engaged at the Opequan
and Fisher's hill, losing in the two engagements 46 killed, wounded and
missing; shared in the pursuit of the enemy to Harrisonburg; returned
with the army and encamped at Cedar creek, where it was warmly en-
gaged in the battle in October, losing 42 killed and wounded. In the
early part of November the regiment was encamped at Philadelphia and
then returned to Winchester. In December it moved with its corps to
Petersburg and was detailed as garrison for Fort Dushane. While sta-
tioned there it received a Christmas present of a beautiful stand of colors
from the "loyal citizens of Norristown and Bridgeport, Pa." On April
I, 1865, it rejoined the corps and on the 2nd shared in the final assault
on the enemy's works at Petersburg. It then joined in the pursuit of
Lee's army, taking a large number of prisoners. It was active at Sailor's
creek, where it fought its last battle. After the surrender of Lee, it made
a forced march with its corps to Danville, Va., but was not needed by
Gen. Sherman, so it returned to Richmond and proceeded thence to the
vicinity of Washington, where it was finally mustered out of service on
June 23, 1865. The total enrollment of the regiment was 955. It had 51
killed in action, 339 wounded, 31 missing. Killed and died of wounds
during service 94, died by disease and accident 54, captured 48.

One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infantry. — Col., Frederick H. Collier;
Lieut.-Cols., James D. Owens, William H. Moody, James L. McKean,
John G. Parr; Majs., William H. Moody, A. H. Snyder, John G. Parr,
Robert Munroe, James McGregor. This regiment, composed of men from
the counties of Allegheny, Armstrong, Mercer and Beaver, rendezvoused
at Camp Howe, Pittsburg, and was there mustered into the U. S. service
for three years on Sept. i, 1862. The second Bull Run battle had just
been fought, and there was an urgent demand for more troops at the
front. The 139th, therefore, departed on the evening of the ist and ar-
rived at Washington on the 3d. It was immediately sent to the Bull Run
battlefield to bury the Union dead, and after this sad duty was performed
joined the army at Antietam on the day of the battle, but was not en-
gaged. It was assigned to the 3d brieade, 3d division, 6th corps, and was
exposed to a severe artillery fire while in reserve at the battle of Fred-
ericksburg. During the battle of Chancellorsville, the 6th corps, under
Gen. Sedgwick, was engaged at Fredericksburg, Salem Church and

Pennsylvania Regiments 457

Marye's heights, and Wheaton's brigade, to which the 139th belonged,
was hotly engaged on May 3-4. The whole brigade suffered severely, the
loss of the 139th being 123 in killed, wounded and missing. Wheaton's
brigade arrived on the field of Gettysburg on the afternoon of the second
day of the battle, and at 5 o'clock went into position in support of the 3d
and 5th corps, being posted in front of Little Round Top, a short distance
to the right of the road leading to the Peach Orchard, where it charged
the enemy and drove him in disorder. That night and the 3d day of the
battle it was in the second line, supporting the Pennsylvania reserves.
On the evening of the 3d, it aided in advancing the left, drove the enemy,
and a brass piece and 3 caissons belonging to the 9th Mass. bittery were
recaptured by the 139th. Its losses were i killed and 19 wounded. It
shared in the pursuit of Lee's army and in the fall campaigns in Virginia,
being active at Rappahannock Station, and in the Mine Run campaign.
On the close of the offensive operations it encamped at Brandy Station
and at the end of the year was ordered to Harper's Ferry with its bri-
gade. In March, 1864, it rejoined its corps at Brandy Station and was
transferred to the 2nd division. Meanwhile a number of recruits had
been received and the command was restored to nearly its original
strength. It next entered on the bloody series of battles of the spring
campaign, losing 196 at the Wilderness, including nearly all its commis-
sioned officers. It was almost constantly engaged at Spottsylvania, again
losing heavily; was only lightly engaged at the North Anna river, but
was in the fierce assaults on the fortified lines of the enemy at Cold Har-
bor. Maj. Snyder was among the killed at the Wilderness, and Lieut.-
Col. Moody, at Cold Harbor. Crossing the James, it shared in the first
assaults on Petersburg and in the movement on the Weldon railroad in
June. In July it moved to W^ashington with the 6th corps to confront
Gen. Early, and after Gen. Sheridan assumed command of the forces, it
took an honorable part in the victories achieved at the Opequan, Fisher's
hill, and Cedar creek. On Dec. i it again took its place in the lines be-
fore Petersburg, where it shared in the advance of the 2nd and 6th corps
in March, 1865, and was active in the final successful assault which led to
the evacuation of Petersburg and the fall of Richmond. Color-Sergt.
David W. Young of Co. E was designated by Gens. Wright and Grant as
one of the three soldiers most conspicuous for gallantry, in the final as-
sault, receiving an autograph letter from the commanding general warmly
praising his heroism. It engaged in the final pursuit of the enemy and
was active in the fight at Sailor's creek. After the surrender it moved
to the support of Sherman, but on the surrender of Johnston, returned to
Washington, where it was finally mustered out on June 21, 1865.

One Hundred and Fortieth Infantry. — Cols., Richard P. Roberts, John
Fraser; Lieut.-Cols., John Eraser, Thomas B. Rodgers ; Majs., Thomas
B. Rodgers, Thomas Henry. The 140th was recruited in the counties of
Greene, Mercer, Washington and Beaver and rendezvoused at Camp Cur-
tin, Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service from Aug.
22 to Sept. 4, 1862, for three years. On Sept. 10, it left the state for Park-
ton, Md.. and guarded the line of the North Central railroad for some
time. While posted here it was thoroughly drilled and disciplined and
in December joined the army just after the defeat at Fredericksburg. It
was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, 2nd corps, and encamped at
Falmouth. Here it was only too glad to exchange the old Vincennes
muskets for new Springfield rifles. It participated with credit in the bat-
tle of Chancellorsville, where its losses were 44 killed, wounded and miss-
ing, and then returned to Falmouth. It arrived at Gettysburg on the
morning of July 2 and lost heavily in the fierce fighting at the wheat-
field. Its total losses during the battle were 241, more than half its ef-
fective strength, Col. Roberts being among the killed. In the ensuing

458 The Union Army

campaigns in Virginia it was assigned to the ist brigade under Col. Miles,
was active at Bristoe Station, and skirmished with some loss in the Mine
Run movement. It then recrossed the Rapidan and went into winter
quarters until May 3, 1864, when it started on the sanguinary spring cam-
paign. It lost heavily at the Wilderness ; skirmished at Corbin's bridge ;
was engaged on the 9th at the Po river; its losses up to this time aggre-
gating about 75. In two fierce engagements at Spottsylvania, on the nth
and i8th, the loss of the 140th was more than 100. It was also engaged at
the North Anna river, suffered some loss at Totopotomy creek and again
at Cold Harbor. Crossing the James, it shared with loss in the two as-
saults on Petersburg on June 16-17, and a few days later was engaged
on the Jerusalem plank road. Late in July it crossed to the north side
of the James and took part in the action at Deep Bottom ; was engaged
at Strawberry Plains and Reams' station in August; had its full share in
all the subsequent operations of the corps, being active before Petersburg
in September and in the expeditions to Hatcher's run in December. It
fought at Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865 ; started on the final campaign on
March 25 ; was engaged for four days at Hatcher's run ; and participated
in the final assault on Petersburg April 2. Joining in the pursuit, it was
engaged at Sailor's creek, and fought its last battle at Farmville. Re-
turning to the neighborhood of Washington after Lee's surrender, it was
mustered out of service, with the exception of the recruits, at Alexandria,
Va., May 30, 1865.

One Hundred and Forty-first Infantry, — Col., Henry J. Madill ; Lieut.-
Cols., Guy H. Watkins, Casper W. Tyler, Joseph H. Horton; Majs.,
Israel P. Spaulding, Casper W. Tyler, Joseph H. Horton, Charles Mercur.
This regiment was composed of recruits from the counties of Bradford,
Susquehanna and Wayne, and rendezvoused at Carap Curtin, Harrisburg,
where it was mustered into the U. S. service in the latter part of Aug.,
1862, for three years. It was barely organized, when it was hurried to
Washington, arriving on Aug. 30 during the progress of the second bat-
tle of Bull Run. It was a raw, inexperienced regiment and the priva-
tions and exposure of the first few weeks told heavily on the health of
the men, 300 being in hospital at one time and 500 being reported unfit
for duty. It was assigned to the ist brigade (Gen. Robinson), Birney's
division, 3d corps. It remained at Washington, engaged in perfecting
itself in drill and discipline, until the close of the Maryland campaign, and
was then posted at Poolesville for a time, engaged in picket duty. It
went into winter quarters at Falmouth on Nov. 25, and was in reserve
during most of the battle of Fredericksburg, losing but i killed and 4
wounded. At the battle of Chancellorsvillc the 141st was heavily en-
gaged, sustaining its chief loss in a desperate charge on the morning of
the third day of the battle, where it fought with great courage and lost
235 killed, wounded and missing, out of 419 in action. Lieut.-Col. Wat-
kins was severely wounded and was taken prisoner. The regiment
reached the field of Gettysburg on the evening of July i, after a most
fatiguing march. On the next day it went into position at the angle of
Sickles' line, on the right of the Peach Orchard, which was the most ex-
posed part of the whole field. Its action was most heroic throughout the
day, during which it sustained fearful losses. It went into action on that
morning with 198 men, and lost during the battle 136 in killed, wounded
and missing, or nearly 70 per cent, of its numbers. Its total loss during
the two days was 149. In the ensuing campaigns in Virginia it was en-
gaged at Kelly's ford. Locust Grove, and several minor actions. Winter
quarters were established at Brandy Station and while here many con-
valescents returned to the ranks. Its strength was further augmented by
the transfer of many men from the 105th, 99th and iioth Pa. regiments.
It entered on the spring campaign of 1864 as part of the 4th division, 2nd

Pennsylvania Regiments 459

corps. In a single charge at the Wilderness the 141st captured 50 pris-
oners and the colors of the 13th N. C. It was fiercely engaged at the Po
river and a few days later at the "bloody angle." In front of the regi-
ment in the latter engagement stood the great tree which was cut in two
by bullets, and whose trunk is now one of the treasured memorials of the
war at Washington. Around this tree the enemy's slain were strewn by
hundreds. The losses of the regiment up to this time amounted to 9
killed, 98 wounded and 21 missing. It was first to plant its colors on the
enemy's works in a gallant charge at the North Anna river. More severe
fighting followed at Cold Harbor and on the 14th it crossed the James.
Lieut.-Col. Watkins was killed while leading his men in the charge on
the works of Petersburg on June 18. Maj. Tyler now assumed command
and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. On July i, the regiment num-
bered only 170, and had but 7 of its 39 original officers. During the bal-
ance of the year it shared in all the fighting of its corps, being engaged at
Deep Bottom, Strawberry Plains, on the Weldon railroad in October and
again in December. It was stationed during the winter near Fort Hell,
and on March 27, 1865, began its final campaign, taking part in the final
assaults on Petersburg and maintaining its reputation for gallantry in
the bloody engagement of Sailor's creek. At the surrender of Lee it was
in line of battle, prepared to continue the bloody fighting if necessary.
On May 28, it was mustered out at Washington, with the exception of the
recruits, which were transferred to the 57th Pa. Few regiments achieved
a more honorable record for gallantry and efficient service. The number
on the regimental rolls was 1,036. and its losses during service were 156
killed or died of wounds, 404 wounded, and 75 captured or missing.

One Hundred and Forty-second Infantry. — Cols., Robert P. Cum-
mins, Alfred B. McCalmont, Horatio N. Warren ; Lieut.-Cols., Alfred B.
McCalmont, Horatio N. Warren; Majs., John Bradley, Horatio N. War-
ren, Henry G. Elder. This regiment was recruited from the state at large
during the summer of 1862, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg,
and was mustered into the U. S. service between Aug. 22 and Sept. i for
three years. On Sept. 2, it left the state for Washington and was employed
for a month on the fortifications and in guard and hospital duty at Fred-
erick, Md. In October it was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Col. Magil-
ton), 3d division (Gen. Meade), ist corps (Gen. Reynolds), and moved
to Brooks' station, on the Acquia Creek railroad. It suffered severely at
Fredericksburg, its first battle, where it made a heroic charge, losing 243
in killed, wounded and missing, Maj. Bradley being among the mortally
wounded. It went into winter quarters at Belle Plain landing and passed
the winter without unusual incident, except the "Mud March" in Jan.,
1863. During this interval it was assigned to a new brigade, commanded
by Col. Porter and later by Gen. Rowley, the ist brigade, 3d division, ist
corps. It went into action at Chancellorsville on May 3, on the right of
the line, but was not heavily engaged and suffered but little. At Gettys-
burg Col. Biddle commanded the brigade. Gen. Rowley the division, and
Gens. Doubleday and Newton the corps. Gen. Reynolds in command of
the left wing of the army, comprising the ist and nth corps, being killed
on the first day of the fight. In the disastrous struggle of that day. Col.
Cummins was killed and the regiment suffered severely. Retiring through
the town to the cemetery, it was in reserve the second day. and on the
third was posted midway between the cemetery and Round Top, where it
was exposed to the heavy artillery fire, but suffered little from the grand
infantry charge. It lost in the battle, 3 officers killed. 11 wounded, 2
missing: 10 men killed. 117 wounded, 68 captured or missing, a total of
211. After the battle it shared with its corps in the futile campaigns of
the fall, ending at Mine run, and wintered in the vicinity of Culpeper.
Throughout the rest of its service the regiment was commanded by Col.

460 The Union Army

Waffeii. in the campaign of 1864 it was assigned to Stone's brigade, ist
division, 5th corps; was engaged with heavy loss at the Wilderness; and
was active at Laurel hill, Spottsylvania, the North Anna river, Bethesda
Church, Totopotomy, Cold Harbor, and in the first assaults on Peters-
burg. It assisted in the construction of the redoubt known as "Fort
Hell;" was engaged at Six-mile house and Peebles' farm; was in the sec-
ond raid on the Weldon railroad in December; and participated in the
action at Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865. On the opening of the final cam-
paign it was in action on the Boydton and White Oak roads, and the fol-
lowing day fought at Five Forks, where its losses were severe. Col. War-
ren and Maj. Elder being wounded. After Lee's surrender it proceeded
to Burkesville, and two weeks later to the vicinity of Washington, where
it was mustered out of service on May 29, 1865.

One Hundred and Forty-third Infantry. — Col, Edmund L. Dana;
Lieut-Cols., George E. Hoyt, John D. Musser, George N. Richard; Majs.,
John D. Musser, C. M. Conyngham, Chester H. Hughes. This regiment
rendezvoused at Wilkes Barre during the summer of 1862, coming from
Luzerne county, except Cos. H and K, from the counties of Susquehanna,
Wyoming and Lycoming. It was slowly mustered into the U. S. service
at Wilkes Barre from Aug. 26 to Sept. 10, 1862, for a term of three years.
Col. Dana was a veteran of the Mexican war and a major-general of
militia. On Nov. 7 it broke camp and proceeded to Washington, being
armed with the Enfield rifle at Harrisburg en route. It was stationed
near Fort Slocum for three months, and then proceeded to Belle Plain,
where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade (Col. Stone), 3d division (Gen.
Doubleday), ist corps (Gen. Reynolds). The corps went into position
on the extreme right of the army on the third day of the battle of Chan-
cellorsville, but the fighting on the last two days did not reach the posi-
tion of the 143d. After encamping for a month at Falmouth, it moved on
the Gettysburg campaign, arriving on the field of Gettysburg on the
morning of July i and becoming heavily engaged by noon. Most of its
losses were incurred in the first day's fighting, in which it bore itself with
great gallantry, slowly yielding to superior numbers and contesting the
ground stubbornly. It was not heavily engaged on the next two days,
though exposed to a heavy artillery fire in its position on low, open
ground on the left center, midway between the cemetery and Round Top.
Its loss during the 3 days was 253 killed, wounded and missing, out
of 465 engaged, or more than one-half its effective strength. After en-
gaging in the pursuit it was stationed for some time at Bealeton Station
on guard duty. A large number of recruits — upward of 360 — were re-
ceived in September and October, and in November it shared in the va-
rious maneuvers of the army in the Valley of Virginia, having a sharp
skirmish with the enemy at Haymarket. From Nov. 22 to Dec. 5 it per-
formed railroad guard duty at Manassas, marched thence to Paoli mills,
and finally, after 8 months' constant campaigning, went into winter quar-
ters at Culpeper on Dec. ly. Before moving on the spring campaign of
1864, the 143d was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, 5th corps. It
suffered severely at the Wilderness, Col. Dana being wounded and cap-
tured, and Lieut.-Col. Musser being among the killed. More heavy fight-
ing followed at Laurel hill — where Maj. Conyngham, commanding the
regiment, was severely wounded in one of the assaults — the North Anna
river, Totopotomy and Cold Harbor. It shared in the first general as-
saults on Petersburg and from June 20 to Aug. 14 it aided in the con-
struction of Fort Hell. In August it was engaged at the Six-mile house,
on the Weldon railroad. In September it was transferred to Gen. Craw-
ford's (3d) division, and welcomed its old commander. Col. Dana, back
from captivity at Charleston. It shared in the movement on the Vaughan
road, then garrisoned Fort Howard for a few weeks, when it was en-

Pennsylvania Regiments 461

•gaged at Hatcher's run. In December it assisted in destroying some 20
miles of the Weldon railroad, when it repulsed repeated charges of the
enemy. In Feb., 1865, it was heavily engaged at Dabney's mill, and a
few days later, now greatly reduced in numbers, it was detailed for
special duty at the camp of rendezvous on Hart's island, New York har-
bor. It was employed here until June 12, 1865, when it was mustered out
of service, and proceeded to Harrisburg, where the men were finally paid
and discharged. Col. Dana was brevetted brigadier-general and mustered
out the following August.

One Hundred and Forty-fourth Infantry. — This regiment was never
organized, the men enlisted for it being assigned to other regiments.

One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infantry, — Cols., Hiram L. Brown,
David B. McCreary; Lieut.-Cols., David B. McCreary, Charles M. Lynch;
Majs., John W. Patton, John W. Reynolds, Charles M. Lynch, James H.
Hamlin. The 145th, composed of men from the counties of Erie, War-
ren, Crawford and Mercer, rendezvoused at the old camp of the 83d and
iiith, near Erie, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three years,
during the latter part of August and the first part of Sept., i852. Col.
Brown had previously served in the militia and as a captain, both in the
three months' Erie regiment and the 8.3d. Lieut.-Col. McCreary had also
served in the militia and in the Erie regiment. Such was the demand for
troops at the front at this time, the 145th was hurried to Chambersburg
on Sept. II. where it could hear Lee's guns at South mountain, and where
it was supplied with arms of an obsolete pattern. After two days at Camp
McClure, it hurried forward towards Hagerstown, only partially equipped,
and on the morning of the 17th was only 10 miles from the field of An-
tietam. About noon it reached the battlefield and at once went into posi-
tion between the Union left and the Potomac, where it did picket duty
until the morning of the 19th, when it assisted in burying the dead and
caring for the wounded. The sudden transformation from civil life to
active military duty worked havoc with the men and over 200 were in-
capacitated for duty, while many died or were permanently disabled. It
next moved to Harper's Ferry, where it was temporarily assigned to the
Irish brigade and later to the ist brigade, ist division, 2nd corps. In
October it moved to Warrenton and thence to Falmouth. It shared in
the bloody charge on Maryc's heights at the battle of Fredericksburg and
"behaved with the steadiness of a veteran organization. Less than 500
men were engaged and of these 226 were killed or wounded. Nine com-
missioned officers were killed. Col. Brown was severely wounded, and
only 2 field officers in the entire brigade escaped injury. At the battle
of Chancellorsville it suffered another severe loss, more than 100 detailed
on the skirmish line being captured, as they did not receive the order to
retire when the army fell back toward the river. Its total loss was 122
killed, wounded and captured. It reached the field of Gettysburg with
the 2nd corps on the morning of July 2 and suffered severely in the two
days' fighting, its heaviest loss being incurred at the Peach Orchard.
Altogether 90 men were killed, wounded or missing, out of 200 engaged,
Col. Brown and Maj. Reynolds being among the wounded. It then shared
in the pursuit of Lee, the campaign of maneuvres in the Vallev of Vir-
ginia, and the Mine Run campaign, being active at Auburn, Bristoe Sta-
tion and Raccoon ford. It went into permanent winter quarters on the
close of the Mine Run campaign near Germanna ford, its camp being
pronounced by medical directors the best in the army. During the win-
ter it received a large number of recruits and on May 5. 1864, it moved
on the Wilderness campaign. Its loss was light at the Wilderness, but it
suffered severely at the Po river and again on the following day, when
under Gen. Hancock, it led the assault on tlie enemy's intrenched works.
It was active at the North Anna river, Totopotomy and Cold Harbor,

462 The Union Army

losing heavily in the last named action. In an assault on the works of
Petersburg on June i6, the regiment suffered a serious disaster, for of
200 men engaged, about 50 were killed and wounded, and 9 officers and
about 80 enlisted men were taken prisoners, Lieut.-Col. McCreary being
among the captured. It suffered more loss on July 22, when Maj. Lynch,
commanding the regiment, was among the prisoners. A mere fragment
of the regiment was now left, which did duty in the trenches and was
active at Deep Bottom, Reams' station and Five Forks. After the sur-
render of Lee it returned to Alexandria, and after participating in the
grand review at Washington, was mustered out near Alexandria on May
31, 1865. It returned to Erie, Pa., under the command of Col. McCreary,
and was there finally paid and discharged on June 5.

One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infantry. — This regiment was never
organized and the recruits were transferred to other commands.

One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Ario Pardee, Jr.,
John Craig; Lieut. -Cols., Ario Pardee, Jr., John Craig; Majs., John Craig,
William J. Mackey. Cos. A, B, C, D, and E of this regiment were for-
merly Cos. L, M, N, O and P, of the 28th, (q. v.), and were transferred
to the 147th in Sept., 1862; Cos. F, G and H were mustered in at Harris-
burg, Pa., from Aug. 22 to Nov. 20, 1862, for a three years' term; Co. I
was organized at Philadelphia on Oct. 10, 1863, and Co. K in Feb., 1864.
Co. K was formed from the men of the first five companies who did not
reenlist for another term. It was disbanded in March, 1864, and its mem-
bers were assigned to the other companies. The regiment was organized
at Loudoun Heights, Va., Oct. 10, 1862, with Ario Pardee, Jr., as lieuten-
ant-colonel, and John Craig, major. On Jan. 27, 1864, Pardee was com-
missioned colonel. The regiment moved from the vicinity- of Harper's
Ferry to Fairfax Court House just after the battle of Fredericksburg.
It shared in Burnside's "Mud March" in Jan., 1863, and was stationed at
Acquia Creek landing until the opening of the Chancellorsville campaign.
As part of the ist brigade (Col. Candy), 2nd division (Brig.-Gen. Geary),
I2th corps (Maj. -Gen. Slocum), it took an honorable part in the battle
of Chancellorsville, losing 94 killed, wounded and missing, including 3
officers killed and 4 wounded. It arrived on the field of Gettysburg on
the evening of July i and during the night went into position to the right
of Round Top, but was posted during the next two days of the battle on
Culp's hill, on the right of the line. It suffered a loss of only 5 killed
and 15 wounded, on account of the favorable nature of the ground it
occupied. On its return to the Rappahannock it received 160 drafted men
and a little later, with the nth and 12th corps, it proceeded west and
joined the Army of the Cumberland. It participated with some loss in
the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge, and during the
pursuit was active at Ringgold, after which it went into winter quarters
at Wauhatchie. On Dec. 29, 1863, a majority of the members reenlisted
and received the usual veteran furlough. A large number of recruits were
also received during the winter and early in May, 1864, it moved with
Gen. Sherman on the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Dug gap,
Resaca, New Hope Church, Kennesaw mountain and Peachtree creek.
In the last named action, the regiment held its position at a critical point
on the line with great tenacity and heroism and aided largely in saving
its corps from serious disaster. After sharing in the operations about
Atlanta it marched to the sea and then north through the Carolinas.
When Gen. Johnston surrendered in April it moved with the army to the
vicinity of Washington, and was there mustered out on July 15. 1865.

One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., James A. Beaver,
James F. Weaver; Lieut.-Cols., Robert McFarlane. George A. Fairlamb,
Tames F. Weaver, George A. Bayard: Majs., George A. Fairlamb, Robert
Henry Forster, James F. Weaver, George A. Bayard, Silas J. Martin.

Pennsylvania Regiments 463

This regiment was composed of seven companies recruited in Center
county, two in Indiana and Jefferson counties, and one in Clarion. It
rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where it was mustered inta
the U. S. service from Aug. 22 to Sept. 8, 1862, for three years. Col.
Beaver had served in a militia company, as ist lieutenant in the 2nd vol-
unteer infantry, and as lieutenant-colonel of the 4Sth. He was appointed
colonel of the 148th at the request of the line officers. A number of the
other officers had also previously been in service. The total enrollment
of the regiment was 1,339, of whom 12 officers and 198 enlisted men were
killed or died of wounds, and 4 officers and 183 enlisted men died of dis-
ease, accident or as prisoners. The total of killed and wounded was 769,
and 62 died in Confederate prisons. It was one of the three hundred
fighting regiments enumerated in Fox's "Regimental Losses," and partici-
pated in the following engagements : Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wil-
derness, Po river, Spottsylvania, Totopotomy, Cold Harbor, Prison Guard,
Salisbury, N. C, first assaults on Petersburg, siege of Petersburg, Jeru-
salem plank road. Deep Bottom, Reams' station. Hatcher's run. White Oak
road and Farmville. For three months after its organization it was en-
gaged in guarding a section of the Northern Central railroad in Mary-
land, with headquarters at Cockeysville, and joined the Army of the Po-
tomac at Falmouth immediately after the battle of Fredericksburg. It
was assigned to Caldwell's (ist) brigade, Hancock's (ist) division, 2nd
corps, and remained with this division throughout its term of service. It
suffered severely in its first battle, Chancellorsville, where it lost 31 killed,
119 wounded and 14 missing. Col. Beaver being severely wounded early
in the engagement. It arrived on the field of Gettysburg on the second
day of the battle and took position on the crest to the left of Cemetery
hill. It was hotly engaged for about an hour in the afternoon of July 2
at the wheatfield in front of Round Top and then retired to its original
position. Its loss was 19 killed, loi wounded and 5 missing. After the
battle it shared in the pursuit of the enemy, and in the Virginia and Mine
Run campaigns. On Oct. 29 it received 125 drafted men and towards the
middle of November 158 more were added to the ranks. Many of these
were good recruits, though a few were worthless and depraved. The
command went into winter quarters near Stevensburg, Va., where 120
more recruits were received. It lost only i man killed at the Wilderness,
as it acted mainly as support to the other troops. It was heavily engaged
at the Po river and Spottsylvania, where it lost 33 killed, 235 wounded
and 33 missing, a total of 301, the greatest loss inflicted on any infantry
regiment at Spottsylvania. Lieut. -Col. Fairlamb was here severely
wounded and taken prisoner. In the assault on Petersburg on June 16,
Col. Beaver, in command of the 3d brigade, was severely wounded. He
rejoined the regiment as the battle of Reams' station was beginning and
was again wounded, losing a leg. The 148th was one of the regiments —
one from each division being selected — to be armed with breech-loading
rifles, the selection being made by Gen. Hancock. It was highly com-
mended by Gen. Miles for its gallant conduct at Sutherland's station on
the South Side railroad in April, 1865. After sharing in the closing
movements of the campaign it returned to the neighborhood of Alexan-
dria, Va., and was there mustered out on June 3, 1865.

One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infantry. — Cols., Roy Stone, John
Irvin ; Lieut.-Cols., Walton Dwight. John Irvin, James Glenn; Majs.,
George W. Speer, John Irvin, James Glenn, Edwin S. Osborne. This
regiment (Bucktail) was recruited in the late summer of 1862 from the
counties of Potter, Tioga, Lycoming, Clearfield, Clarion, Lebanon, Alle-
gheny, Luzerne, Mifflin and Huntingdon, and was mustered into the U. S.
service at the general camp of rendezvous in the month of August for a
three years' term. Such had been the efficient sers-ice rendered during

464 The Union Army

the first year of the war by the original Bucktails, the 42nd of the line, a
strong demand arose for a Bucktail brigade from the state. Maj. Stone
of the 42nd was accordingly authorized by the secretary of war in July,

1862, to proceed to the state and raise such a brigade. Within 20 days
twenty companies were organized, which formed the 149th and isoth regi-
ments, and there was a good prospect of raising a third and even a fourth
regiment, when the Confederate army suddenly invaded Maryland and
the two regiments already organized were immediately ordered to Wash-
ington. The men of the 149th were of fine physique, accustomed to the
rifle, and wore the bucktail, as did the original regirnent of that name. It
remained on duty in the vicinity of Washington until the middle of Feb.,

1863, when it joined the Army of the Potomac at Belle Plain, Va., and
was there assigned to Stone's (2nd) brigade, Doubleday's (3d) division,
Reynolds' (ist) corps. It was in position on the right of the line at Chan-
cellorsville, but was only lightly engaged and sufifered no loss. It ar-
rived on the field of Gettysburg at 11 o'clock a. m. on the first day of the
battle and at once went into position on the ridge in front of the semi-
nary, near the Chambersburg pike. It maintained its position with great
heroism throughout the first day until the whole line retreated through
the town. Its heaviest losses were sustained in the fierce fighting of this
day, though it was fearfully exposed during the great artillery duel of
the third day. It lost 53 killed, 172 wounded and 11 1 captured or miss-
ing, a total of 336. Among the severely wounded were Col. Stone, com-
manding the brigade, and Lieut.-Col. Dwight, the regiment. It moved
with the army in pursuit of Lee and did not bear an important part in
the minor engagements of the fall campaigns. While in winter quarters
near Culpeper, it received a large number of recruits, mostly conscripts.
On May 4, 1864, it moved on the Wilderness campaign and fought at the
battles of the Wilderness, Laurel hill, the North Anna, Totopotomy,
Cold Harbor and the first assaults on Petersburg. Its losses were enor-
mous from the beginning of the campaign up to the end of July, amount-
ing to 34 killed, 249 wounded and 121 missing, a total of 404. It was
active in the work of the siege until the middle of August, when it was
engaged with its corps on the Weldon railroad, suffering some loss.
Three weeks were then spent in fortifying, when it was relieved and held
in reserve until Oct. I. It was present, but not active in the engagement
at Peebles' farm ; fought at Hatcher's run in October ; shared in the raid
on the Weldon railroad in December; and fought its last engagement at
Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865, after which it was ordered north and was en-
gaged in guarding the prison camp at Elmira. N. Y., until the close of its
term of service. It was mustered out at Elmira on June 24, 1865, and
proceeded to Harrisburg, Pa., where the men were paid and finally dis-
charged.

One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. — Cols., Langhorn Wster. Henry
S. Huidekoper, George W. Jones ; Lieut. -Cols., Henry S. Huidekoper,
Thomas Chamberlin, Cornelius C Widdis, George W. Jones. John W.
Sigler; Majs., Thomas Chamberlin, Cornelius C. Widdis, George W.
Jones, Benjamin F. Topham. This regiment (Bucktiil), like the 149th,
was intended to form part of a Bucktail brigade, which Maj. Stone of the
original Bucktails was authorised to raise in July. 1862. (See 149th.)
Four companies. A, B, E and F were raised in Philadelphia, C, H, I and
K, in Crawford county. D in L^nion, and G in McKean. It rendezvoused
at Camp Curtin. Harrisburg. where it was mustered into the U. S. serv-
ice for three years, in the latter part of Aug., 1862. Col. Wister had com-
manded a company of the old Bucktails, and Maj. Chamberlin, one in the
5th reserves, while Lieut.-Col. Huidekoper had prepared himself for serv-
ice bv diligent study during the previous vear at Harvard university. The
organization was completed on Sept. 4. 1862, and was composed of an ex-

Pennsylvania Regiments 465

cellent body of recruits. Soon afterward it proceeded to Washington and
was engaged in guard duty in and around the capital until ordered to the
front about the middle of Feb., 1863. Co. K had been detailed for guard
duty at the soldiers' home, the summer residence of the president, and
remained on duty alternately, winter and summer, at the home and the
White House, serving as President Lincoln's body guard, until the close
of its term of service. In Feb., 1863, the Bucktail troops — the 150th and
149th — joined the Army of the Potomac at Belle Plain, Va., and were
assigned to Stone's (2nd) brigade, Doubleday's (3d) division, Rej'nolds'
(ist) corps. The iSoth was in position, but was not active at the battle
of Chancellorsville and suffered no loss. It was hotly engaged on the
first day of the battle of Gettysburg, in which it fought with the utmost
bravery, changing front forward and also front to rear while under fire.
While retiring with the rest of the line through the town in the evening,
the last of the color-guard was killed, clasping the colors, and the regi-
mental flag was lost. In the spring of 1865, it was found among the ef-
fects of Jefferson Davis, when he was captured in Georgia, and was held
by the secretary of war, until Oct. 25, 1869, but is now among the other
tattered emblems at Harrisburg. The regiment was held in reserve the
second day of the battle and was exposed to the severe artillery fire of the
third day. Its total losses in killed, wounded and missing were 264, out
of 17 officers and about 400 men engaged. Of the officers, 2 were killed,
10 wounded and 4 captured or missing. One of the heroic incidents of
the first day's fight occurred when old John Burns asked and received
permission from Col. Wister to fight with the regiment, at the time it was
rallied in the orchard during the retreat. Another hero who joined the
command and remained with it throughout the first day was Dennis Buck-
ley, Co. H, 6th Mich, cavalry, whose horse had been shot under him
earlier that morning. The 150th joined in the pursuit after the battle;
subsequently shared in the various marches and countermarches of the
army; was stationed at Warrenton junction upon railroad guard duty from
Nov. I, until the return of the army from the Mine Run campaign, when
winter quarters were established at Paoli mills and afterwards at Cul-
peper. Meanwhile the command was reduced to less than 200 men and
Capt. Jones and Lieut. Kilgore were sent to Philadelphia on recruiting
service, returning with a large number of new men. On May 4, 1864, it
entered on the Wilderness campaign, assigned to the 3d brigade (Col.
Stone, afterwards Col. Bragg), 4th division (Gen. Wadsworth, afterwards
Gen. Cutler), Sth corps (Gen. Warren). At the Wilderness it lost 92,
killed, wounded and missing; at Spottsylvania Court-House, including the
engagement at Laurel hill, its losses were 51 ; in the engagements at the
North Anna and Totopotomy 7 in killed and wounded, the Bucktail
brigade being highly praised for its gallantry at the North Anna. It did
not suffer heavily in the fighting at Cold Harbor and Be*^hesda Church,
having only 2 men wounded. On June 6, while at Cold Harbor, it was
transferred to the ist brigade. Col. Chamberlain, ist division. Gen. Griffin.
It was engaged in the assault on the works of Petersburg on June 18, be-
ing highly praised for its valor by Gen. Griffin, and a few days later skir-
mished on the Jerusalem plank road. It shared in the raid on the Weldon
railroad in August, and then assisted in building Fort Dushane. It was
active at Hatcher's Run in October; in the raid on the Weldon railroad
in December; and participated in its last fight at Dabney's mill in Feb.,
1865, after which it was relieved at the front and sent north to guard
the camp of Confederate prisoners at Elmira, N. Y., where it was mus-
tered out on June 23, 1865. Co. K was mustered out on June 15, at Har-
risburg, Pa. The total enrollment of the regiment during service was
1,039, of whom 112 were killed or died of wounds, and 95 died of disease
or in prison.

Vol. 1—30

466 The Union Army

One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. — Col, Harrison Allen;
Lieut.-Col., George F. McFarland; Maj., John W. Young. The 151st was
composed of men from the counties of Susquehanna, Pike, Warren, Juni-
ata, Berks and Schuylkill, and rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg,
where it was mustered into the U. S. service from Oct. 17 to Nov. 3,
1862, for a nine months' term. Col. Allen had resigned as major of the
loth reserves on Feb. 14, 1862, on account of ill health ; Lieut.-Col. Mc-
Farland was principal of M'Alisterville academy, most of the members of
Co. D being instructors and pupils of that institution, and nearly 100
other members had been school teachers. On Nov. 26, 1862, it left the
state for Washington and a week later moved to Union mills, where it
engaged in drill and guard and picket duty. In Feb., 1863, it joined the
Army of the Potomac at Belle Plain and was assigned to the ist brigade
(Col. Porter and later Gen. Rowley), 3d division (Gen. Doubleday), ist
corps (Gen. Reynolds). At this period the command suffered considerably
from cold and exposure, some dying and many being in hospital. It was
not heavily engaged at the battle of Chancellorsville, but lost 16 men,
killed, wounded and missing. Few regiments in the Union army dis-
played more intrepidity, coolness and heroism than the 151st during the
great three days' battle at Gettysburg, where both the regiment and its
gallant commander, Lieut.-Col. McFarland, won the unstnited praise of
Gen. Doubleday. Out of 21 officers and 466 men engaged it lost 2 officers
and 49 men killed, 9 officers and 202 men wounded, and 4 officers and 71
men captured or missing, a total loss of i^y, or about 70 per cent. Lieut.-
Col. McFarland was severely wounded in the legs, one of which was
amputated on the field. Col. Allen, who was away on furlough, lea.rned
that a battle was impending and hastened to rejoin the regiment, arriving
on the third day of the battle. The regiment shared in the pursuit of
Lee's army until its escape into Virginia. Its term was then nearly ex-
pired and it returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out, July
27-31, 1863.

Third Artillery.— Col., Joseph Roberts; Lieut.-Col., R. V. W. How-
ard; Majs., John A. Darling, J. S. Stevenson, F. Von Schilling, John A.
Blake. This regiment, the 152nd of the line, was recruited from the state
at large, rendezvoused at Philadelphia, and was mustered into the U. S.
service at various periods during the latter part of the year 1862 and the
early part of 1863. Cos. A and B had been organized as a battalion of
marine artillery in 1861 by Hermann Segcbarth, and garrisoned Fort
Delaware. Late in the summer of 1862, authority was given Col. Sege-
barth to increase this battalion to a full regiment of heavy artillery and
batteries D, F, G and H were recruited during the fall and winter and
mustered in for three years. In Sept., 1862, Maj. Roberts, _ of the 4th
regular artillery, was authorized by the war department to raise a picked
battalion of artillery for service at Fortress Monroe and as fast as the
companies were organized and mustered in they were sent to that point,
where they were drilled in infantry, light and heavy artillery tactics. In
the spring of 1863, by order of the war department, the commands of
Segebarth and Roberts were consolidated to form the 3d Pa. heavy ar-
tillery. Co. H, Capt. William D. Rank, was detached for garrison duty
in the defenses of Baltimore, where it remained throughout its term of
service with a single exception, when a section was ordered to the front
during the battle of Gettysburg and served as light artillery in Mcintosh's
brigade, 2nd cavalry division, losing 2 killed, 10 wounded and i missing.
The headquarters of the regiment were at Fortress Monroe and from
this point detachments were sent out, both by land and sea, to serve in
any arm of the service and wherever troops were needed. During the in-
vasion of Eastern Virginia by Longstreet's corps, in the spring of 1863,
Cos. A, B, F and G served in the defenses of Suffolk throughout the

Pennsylvania Regiments 467

siege. Every company except H furnished detachments for service at the
front in the campaigns of 1864-65, and they were engaged on the James,
Chickahominy and Nansemond rivers in numerous battles, as well as in
the capture of Fort Fisher. In the engagement at Smithtield, Va., in Feb.,
1864, detachments from Cos. A and B, serving on the army gunboats,
suffered a loss of 38 captured, many of whom afterwards died at Ander-
sonville. A detachment of Co. A, serving on the gunboat Bombshell, at
Plymouth, N. C, in April, 1864, lost 2"] captured when the boat was sunk.
During most of its term of service Co. I performed guard duty at the
headquarters of the Army of the James and was present at the surrender
of Lee. As its numbers exceeded the requirements of the army regula-
tions, many of the original members volunteered to form the l88th Pa.
infantry in connection with a number of unassigned recruits, though new
recruits were added to the 152nd and its ranks were still more than full.
Cos. D, E, G and M served with the Army of the James before Peters-
burg, being stationed at Bermuda Hundred; Co. E, with others, under
command of Capt. Hazard, was posted at Fort Converse, covering the
pontoon bridge across the Appomattox. Many details were furnished for
work on the fortifications and for duty in the various arms of the service.
After the close of hostilities, detachments of the 152nd served as guard
for Jefferson Davis during his confinement in Fortress Monroe. Sixteen
men of Co. F were lost on March 31, 1865, while returning to Fortress
Monroe from Wilmington, N. C, on account of the destruction by fire of
the transport General Lyon. From the foregoing sketch it will be noted
that, though this command was originally organized for special duty at
Fortress Monroe, it performed a large amount of duty at the front, both
by land and sea. By reason of its excellent training in every branch of
the service, it was enabled to furnish details when called upon for every
branch of the artillery service, as well as in the infantry and naval arms.
The regiment was mustered out as follows : Cos. A and B, at Fortress
Monroe, Va.. July 11, 1865; Co. H, at Baltimore, Md., July 25, 1865; the
remaining companies, at Fortress Monroe, Va., Nov. 9, 1865.

One Hundred and Fifty-third Infantry. — Col., Charles Glanz; Lieut-
Col., Jacob Dachrodt; Maj., John F. Frueauff. Under the president's call
of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 militia for nine months' service, thirteen com-
panies were promptly raised in Northampton county and rendezvoused at
Easton. These companies were afterwards consolidated into ten and on
Oct. 6, 1862, proceeded to Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where they were
mustered into the U. S. service from Oct. 7 to Oct. 11, 1862. On the 12th
the regiment left for Washington and shortly afterwards was ordered to
Gainesville, where it was assigned to the ist brigade (Col. Von Gilsa),
1st division (Gen. Stahel), nth corps (Gen. Sigel). It joined the army
on Dec. 16. just after the disastrous battle of Fredericksburg and after
sharing in Burnside's "Mud March" of Jan., 1863, went into permanent
winter quarters at Potomac creek bridge. It had a rough experience in
its first battle — that of Chancellorsville — being posted with its brigade on
the extreme right of the line on the old turnpike. It was the first regiment
to feel the shock of Stonewall Jackson's powerful attack on the afternoon
of May 3 upon the right of the nth corps. With the steadiness of vet-
erans it poured in one effective volley and was then forced to retreat with
the brigade to escape being entirely cut off by the impetuous masses of
the advancing enemy. Its loss during the entire battle was 6 men killed,
3 ofHcers and 2)1 ™en wounded, and 3 officers and 36 men captured or
missing, a total of 85. Col. Glanz was among the captured and Lieut.Col.
Dachrodt among the wounded. Col. Glanz rejoined the regiment on June
t6, but was too enfeebled by his late imprisonment to assume command.
The regiment lost heavily at the battle of Gettysburg, where it was hotly
engaged on the first two days of the battle and was subjected to a fierce

468 The Union Army

artillery fire on the 3d. It lost i officer and 22 rnen killed, 7 officers and
135 men wounded and 46 men captured or missing, a total of 211. It par-
ticipated in the pursuit as far as Funkstown, Md., when, its term of serv-
ice having expired, it was ordered home and was mustered out at Harris-
burg, Pa., July 23-24, 1863.

One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infantry. — Enough companies to
form this regiment had been organized in Dec, 1862, but before the
field officers were commissioned, seven companies were detailed for
special duty, and only three, A B and C, remained together. These
companies were mustered into the U. S. service at Philadelphia, from
Nov. I, 1862, to Jan. 21, 1863, for nine months, and were assigned to
provost duty in the city of Philadelphia. Cos. A and B were mus-
tered out at Philadelphia Sept. 29, 1863, and Co. C Oct. 21, 1863.

One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infantry. — Cols., Edward J. Allen,
John H. Cain, Alfred L. Pearson; Lieut. -Cols., James Collard, John
H. Cain, A. L. Pearson, John Ewing; Majs., John H. Cain, A. L.
Pearson, John Ewing, J. Andrew Cline. The 155th regiment, com-
posed of eight companies from Allegheny county and two from
Clarion county, was mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg
and Pittsburg, during August and the early part of Sept., 1862, for
three years. The Allegheny county companies rendezvoused at Camp
Copeland, near Pittsburg, and moved to Harrisburg, Sept. 3, w^here
they were joined by Cos. G and H and a regimental organization
was effected. Immediately after its organization, it left the state for
Washington, where it arrived only a few days after the second bat-
tle of Bull Run, and went into the defenses of the capital, being as-
signed to the 2nd brigade. Col. Allabach, 3d division, Brig.-Gen.
Humphreys, 5th corps, Gen. Butterfield. It was in reserve during
the battle of Antietam, but was heavily engaged at the battle of
Fredericksburg, which was its first battle and its loss sustained in the
charge on the stone wall at the foot of Marye's heights was 68 killed,
wounded and missing. It was not heavily engaged at Chancellors-
ville, losing 3 killed, 10 wounded and i missing. The nine months'
regiments with which the 155th had been brigaded were now mus-
tered out and it was assigned to the 3d brigade. Gen. Weed, 2nd
division, Gen. Ayres, 5th corps. Gen. Sykes. It arrived on the bat-
tlefield of Gettysburg on the morning of July 2. and after being held
in reserve for a time was hurried with its division to occupy Little
Round Top. The 155th gained tlie summit of the rocky fastness and
continued to occupy this position throughout the third day of the
battle, its losses being 6 killed and 13 wounded. It shared in the
pursuit of the enemy and also took part in the various movements
and skirmishes of the fall campaign, being active at Rappahannock
Station and at Mine run. On the close of the campaign it was posted
along the Orange & Alexandria railroad. Cols. Allen and Cain hav-
ing resigned, Lieut.-Col. Pearson was promoted to colonel. Under
his command the regiment became proficient in the French skirmish
and bayonet drill, and in their French Zouave uniforms the men at-
tracted much attention. Before moving on the Wilderness cam-
paign, it became a part of Ayres' Cist) brigade, Griffin's (ist) divi-
sion, 5th corps. Its losses at the Wilderness were 7 killed, 42 wound-
ed, including Capt. Stewart and Lieut. Johnston, and 6 missing. In
the operations at Spottsylvania Court House it again met with heavy
loss, having 8 killed, 51 wounded and 2 missing. Its losses at the
North Anna river and at Totopotomy were 2 killed and 15 wounded.
On June 6 its brigade became the ist brigade of the 2nd division and
in the operations at Bethesda Church and Cold Harbor it lost n

Pennsylvania Regiments 4(jy

•wounded and i missing. In the assault on the works at Petersburg
June i6, the regiment lost 83 killed and wounded in the space of 10
minutes. It participated in the movements at Six-mile house in
August, and was later engaged at Peebles' farm, where Col. Pearson,
for gallantry in leading his men, was promoted brevet brigadier-gen-
eral. It was warmly engaged but with only small loss at Hatcher's
run near the end of October, and shared in the Weldon railroad ex-
pedition in December. In the action at Dabney's mill in Feb., 1865,
it suffered severely and displayed great gallantry. It moved on its
final campaign, March 29, 1865, and was highly complimented by
Gen. Meade for its gallantry at the Quaker road and Gravelly run,
and Gen. Pearson was brevetted major-general. It was active at the
battles of Five Forks and Sailor's creek, and after Lee's surrender
returned to the vicinity of Washington, where it was mustered out
on June 2, 1865. Proceeding to Pittsburg, it was given a great pub-
lic reception, and here the men were finally paid and discharged.

One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Infantry. — Lieut. -Col., Edmund
T. Tiers; Majs., Thomas H. Addicks, Edmund T. Tiers, Thomas E.
Carter. This regiment was never fully organized. Recruiting com-
menced in the fall of 1862, and in December, when its ranks were
only partially filled, it was sent to garrison Fort Delaware. Mean-
while, an effort had been made to recruit the 156th regiment, but
with little success, and on Feb 27, 1863, the 156th and 157th were
consolidated and formed into a battalion of four companies. It was
stationed in the defences of Washington until the end of May, 1864,
when it joined the army of the Potomac at Cold Harbor and partici-
pated in the operations there and at Bethesda Church as part of the
2nd brigade, 4th division, 5th corps, losing i killed, 16 wounded and
2 missing. It was again active at Petersburg, Weldon railroad.
Chapel house and Hatcher's run. The battalion was transferred to the
191st Pa. on March 21, 1865, and its subsequent history is identified
with that regiment. It was mustered out with the 191st in the field,
June 28, 1865.

One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Infantry.— Col., David B. M'Kib-
bin; Lieut.-Col., Elias S. Troxcll; Maj., Martin G. Hale. The 158th.
a militia regiment, was composed of men from the counties of Cum-
berland, Franklin and Fulton, rendezvoused at Chambersburg, and
was mustered into the U. S. service Nov. 1-4, 1862. for nine months.
Towards the end of November it left the state and proceeded to Suf-
folk, Va., where it was assigned to Spinola's brigade of Ferry's divi-
sion. At the end of the year it moved to New Berne. N. C, and there
went into winter quarters. Early in April, 1863. it participated in
the operations on the Pamlico river for the relief of the garrison at
Washington, then being besieged by Gen. Hill, but was forced to
return to New Berne without raising the blockade. On April 8 it
participated in another expedition bj' land for the relief of the be-
leaguered garrison, proceeding as far as Blount's creek, where an
artillery engagement with the enemy took place. Returning to New
Berne, it again started on an expedition for the same purpose, and
on April 14 skirmished with the enemy at Big Swift creek, returning to
New Berne on the 20th. The siege of Washington was raised shortly
after and the 158th was ordered to garrison the town and fortifica-
tions. At the end of June, it reported to Gen. Dix at Fortress Mon-
roe and shared in the expedition to the vicinity of Richmond. On
July II it reported to Gen. Meade, who was then engaged in the pur-
suit of Lee's forces. Soon after it moved to Frederick, and on Aug.

470 The Union Army

8 was ordered to Chambersburg, Pa., where it was mustered out on
the I2th.

Fourteenth Cavalry. — Col., James N. Schooiimaker; Lieut. -Cols.,
William Blakeley, John M. Daily; Majs., Thomas Gibson, Shadrack
Foley, John M. Daily, William W. Miles, John Bird. In Aug., 1862,
James N. Schoonmaker, a citizen of Pittsburg, and a lieutenant in
the 1st Md. cavalry, was authorized by Sec. Stanton to recruit a bat-
talion of five companies of cavalry. Recruits were rapidly obtained
and authority was given to recruit a full regiment. The men were
principally from the counties of Allegheny, Fayette, Armstrong,
Washington, Lawrence, Erie and Warren, and the city of Philadel-
phia. They rendezvoused at Camp Howe, afterwards at Camp Mont-
gomery, near Pittsburg, and were mustered into the U. S. service
from Aug. 21 to Nov. 4, 1862, for three years. On the latter date it
moved to Hagerstown, Md., where it received horses, arms and equip-
ment and was drilled in the various cavalry evolutions. On Dec. 28,
it proceeded to Harper's Ferry and was engaged for several months
in picket and scouting duty. A detachment of unmounted men under
Maj. Foley was left at Harper's Ferry and the remainder of the
command joined Gen. Averell's forces at Grafton. It skirmished at
Beverly and Huttonville early in July, a few days later rejoined Gen.
Kelley's forces at Cumberland, and proceeded thence to Williams-
port, where it joined the army of the Potomac, being engaged with
the enemy's cavalry near Martinsburg on the 15th. Shortly after it
was joined by Maj. Foley's detachment. On Aug. 4 it moved with
Gen. Averell on the Rocky gap raid in West Virginia and was hotly
engaged at White Sulphur springs losing 80 men, killed, wounded
and missing. On this raid it marched over 600 miles in 27 days,
being frequently engaged. On Nov. i, it moved with Gen. Averell
on the Droop mountain raid and was engaged at Mill Point, and
Droop mountain. Returning to New creek by easy marches, it shared
in Averell's second raid into southwestern Virginia in December, when
an immense amount of stores and merchandise, many miles of rail-
road track, and numerous bridges were destroyed. Its loss during
the raid was about 50 and the command marched over 345 miles
under very trying conditions. It went into winter quarters at Mar-
tinsburg and was almost constantly engaged in picket, guard and scout
duty until the opening of the spring campaign. As a part of the ist
briade, (Col. Schoonmaker) of Averell's division, it broke winter
quarters on April 12, 1864, and moved to Parkersburg, whence it pro-
ceeded south to the Virginia & Tennessee railroad, aiming to destroy
the salt works at Saltville. The regiment was heavily engaged at
Cove mountain in May, losing 12 killed and 37 wounded. At Union,
Averell's forces effected a junction with Gen. Crook, advanced to
Lewisburg and then to Staunton, to join the forces of Gen. Hunter,
who was about to move on the Lynchburg campaign. A detachment
of the regiment, which had been left behind at Martinsburg under
Capt. Duncan, was meanwhile hotly engaged at New Market and
Piedmont, carrying an earthwork, capturing a number of prisoners,
and winning praise for its gallantry in the latter action. At Staun-
ton the detachinent rejoined the regiment and started on the Lynch-
burg campaign. The Union cavalry drove Imboden at Lexington,
destroyed the Virginia military institute, skirmished at Buchanan,
and June 17-18 fought the battle of Lynchburg, but was forced to
retire. During the retreat, the 14th, as part of Hunter's rear-guard,
was warmly engaged at Liberty on the 19th, holding the enemy in
check for several hours and losing 6 killed and 18 wounded. It was

Pennsylvania Regiments 471

active at Salem on the 21st and finally reached Parkersburg,
after a march which entailed great hardship and suffering from hun-
ger and fatigue. From Parkersburg it moved by rail to Martinsburg.
In July it was twice engaged with Early's forces at Winchester, be-
ing forced to fall back to the Potomac with the rest of Averell's
command. After the burning of Chambersburg, Pa., it followed in
pursuit of McCausland, overtook him at Moorefield. Va., where se-
vere punishment was administered to the forces of McCausland,
Johnson, Gillmore, and McNeill, the 14th losing here 10 killed and
25 wounded. It now returned to Martinsburg and later participated
under Sheridan in the brilliant campaign in the Shenandoah Valley,
losing heavily at the Opequan and being active at Fisher's hill. For
gallantry displayed in the action at Weyer's cave, against the forces
of Fitzhugh Lee, the name was inscribed upon its battle flag by
general order. A detachment under Capts. Miles and Duff was en-
gaged at Cedar creek, on Oct. 19. The regiment soon after made a
reconnaissance in the Luray valley and was hotly engaged with
McCausland at Front Royal, losing 15 killed and wounded. During
the winter of 1864-65, it suffered severely in expeditions to Millwood
and Ashby's gap. After Lee's surrender it was stationed for two
months near Washington and the latter part of June moved to Fort
Leavenworth, Kan., where it was consolidated into a battalion of six
companies on July 17, 1865. The field and staff and Cos. B, C, D, E
and F were mustered out here, on Aug. 24. and Co. A on Nov. 2,
1865, the last named having been detailed as an escort to Gen. Dodge,
commanding the department, on a tour of inspection.

Fifteenth Cavalry. — Col., William J. Palmer; Lieut. -Cols., William
Spencer, Charles B. Lamborn, Charles M. Betts ; Majs., Adolph G.
Rosengarten, Frank B. Ward, Charles M. Betts, George E. Gouraud,
William Wagner, Abram B. Garner, H. McAllister, Jr. The i6oth regi-
ment, known as the 15th (Anderson) cavalry, was recruited by William
J. Palmer, formerly captain of the Anderson troop, from the state at
large, rendezvoused at Carlisle, and was mustered into the U. S.
service from Aug. 22 to Oct. 10, 1862, for three years. As in the
case of the Anderson troop (q. v.) it was originally intended to em-
ploy the regiment on escort and headquarters duty and the members
of the command were therefore selected with great care, many com-
ing from the most influential families of the state. Early in Septem-
ber, before the regiment was fully organized, 250 picked men were
sent into the Cumberland valley to assist in repelling the threatened
invasion of the state by Lee's forces and rendered efficient service.
This detachment charged through Hagerstown, captured 30 strag-
glers, and was employed in bringing up stragglers during the battle
of Antietam. Capt. Palmer was captured the day after the battle,
while on dangerous service within the enemy's lines. On Nov. 7, the
regiment left the state for Louisville, Ky., where it was mounted,
and a month later it joined the army assembled at Nashville. An
unfortunate incident occurred at this time for which the regiment
was much criticised. The command had never been fully officered,
having only seven field and staff, twelve line, and about two-thirds
of its complement of non-commissioned officers. It sought in vain
to have this deficiency remedied and when it was ordered to advance
with Gen. Stanley's division of cavalry on the eve of the Stone's
river campaign, only the few officers and about 300 of the men re-
sponded. On Dec. 30 about 100 more of the men made their way to
the front, and by order of Gen. Mitchell, in command at Nashville,
the others were sent to the workhouse. On Jan. 20, 1863, Gen. Rose-

472 The Union Army

crans agreed to have them reorganized and fully officered if they
would return to duty. This seems to have been all the men desired
and the proposition was accepted. On Feb. 7, 1863, Col. Palmer
returned from captivity and resumed command, horses and full
equipments were received, and the regiment was organized into
twelve companies with W. J. Palmer, colonel, and Charles B. Lam-
born, lieutenant-colonel. Meanwhile the battalion under Majs.
Rosengarten and Ward, which had advanced with Stanley's division,
behaved most gallantly at Wilkinson's cross-roads, losing 13 killed
or mortally wounded and 69 wounded and missing. Among the
killed were both majors. Led by Capt. Vezin, the battalion joined
in a charge on Wheeler's cavalry on the 31st, driving the enemy.
During this charge private Holt of Co. H captured the colors of the
loth Tenn. cavalry. On Jan. i, 1863, it was detailed to guard a train
to Nashville, losing several more in killed and wounded en route. A
detachment was engaged near Woodbury and Snow Hill, Tenn. and
captured 18 prisoners near the Barrens. On Rosecrans' campaign
from Murfreesboro to Tullahoma, Tenn., Cos. B, H and K served
as escort to the general commanding, and the other campanies were
employed in courier duty between the right and left wings of the
army. In the Chickamauga campaign the command was engaged in
scouting, preparing maps, guarding flank roads, carrying despatches
and at headquarters. Late in November it was ordered to Knox-
ville and the day after its arrival was ordered to meet and disperse
a force from North Carolina, under Col. Thomas, at Seviersville,
Tenn., the enemy being completely routed and his camp burned.
It now engaged in scouting on the left flank of Longstreet's army
moving towards Virginia, and was sharply engaged at Dandridge,
losing 75 killed, wounded and prisoners. A few days later it was
again engaged for 6 hours at Mossy creek, losing a few men. In
Jan., 1864, the 15th was posted at Dandridge to watch the move-
ments of Longstreet's army and harass his foraging parties. About
the middle of the month Col. Palmer, with about 125 men, made a
daring detour against Brig.-Gen. Vance, coming up with the enemy
near Newport, captured the general, 2 staff officers, 50 men, 150
horses, a wagon train and a large amount of stores. For his gallan-
try Col. Palmer was strongly recommended for promotion. On the
24th it engaged in an expedition to the Big Pigeon river and cap-
tured 72 of the enemy and large stores. The command had become
skilled in scouting duty and full reliance was placed on the informa-
tion gained by it. On Feb. 11 it returned to Chattanooga and for
the next three months was employed in reconnoissances and scout-
ing duty. In May it was ordered to Nashville to refit and it was
August before the regiment was again ready to take the field. For
the next two months it was engaged in numerous minor expeditions,
portions of the command being engaged at Jonesboro, the Holston
river, and in numerous skirmishes and scouting expeditions. During
October and November, with headquarters at Chattanooga, it was
employed in scouting, frequently meeting bands of the enemy. On
Dec. 20 it moved to Decatur, whence it moved in pursuit of Hood's
demoralized troops on their retreat from Tennessee, capturing many
prisoners and a large amount of supplies and greatly harassing the
enemy. It brought all its captures to Decatur with a loss of only i
killed and 2 wounded. Expeditions in Jan. and Feb., 1865, against
Gen. Lyon at Fort Deposit and a guerrilla band in the Cumberland
mountains were entirely successful and resulted in the capture of
numerous prisoners. Refitted for active service, it moved with Gen.

Pennsylvania Regiments 473

Stoneman on April i on his raid into North Carolina. After the
capture of Salisbury, N. C, it turned towards Knoxville. Near the
close of April, 1865, it was ordered with its division, now command-
ed by Gen. Palmer, to proceed south in the effort to capture Jeffer-
son Davis and train. On May 8, it captured 7 wagons, containing
the effects of the banks of Macon, numerous other valuables, and
the private baggage, maps and official papers of Gens. Beauregard
and Pillow. Two days later Co. G captured Gen. Bragg, his wife,
3 staff officers, and 3 wagons. Soon after the capture of President
Davis the regiment returned to Nashville, Tenn., and with the ex-
ception of Co. A, was there mustered out of service on June 21, 1865.
Co. A was mustered out at the same place on July 18.

Sixteenth Cavalry. — Col., John Irvin Gregg; Lieut. -Cols., Lorenzo
D. Rodgers, John K. Robison; Majs., John K. Robison, William A.
West, William H. Fry, John Stroup, Seth T. Kennedy, Andrew F.
Swan, James C. Robinson, Adam J. Snyder, R. W. McDowell. The
i6th cavalry, the i6ist regiment of the line, was recruited from the
state at large, rendezvoused at Camp Simmons, near Harrisburg,
afterwards at Camp McClellan, and was mustered into the U. S. serv-
ice during September, October and the first half of November, 1862,
for three years. Col. Gregg was an experienced officer, having
served in the Mexican war, afterwards in the nth U. S. infantry,
where he rose to the grade of captain, and later in the state militia.
On the outbreak of the rebellion, he was made colonel of the 5th
regiment of the reserve corps, but accepted a commission in the
6th U. S. cavalry instead and served with that regiment during the
Peninsular and Maryland campaigns. On Nov. 30 the regiment pro-
ceeded to Camp Casey, near Bladensburg, Md., and on Jan. 3, 1863,
it joined the army of the Potomac at Falmouth, where it was as-
signed to Averell's division of the cavalry corps. During the winter
it was engaged in severe picket and guard duty and first met the
enemy at Kelly's ford in March, 1863, where it met with a slight
loss. It shared in the various movements of its division prior to
and during the battle of Chancellorsville, but was not actively en-
gaged. At Brandy Station in May it guarded the trains and had no
part in the fighting. On June 11 it was assigned to the 2nd brigade,
2nd division, cavalry corps. Col. J. Irvin Gregg commanding the
brigade, Gen. David McM. Gregg the division, and Gen. Pleasonton
the corps. On May 16, 1863, Capt. Robison was commissioned lieu-
tenant-colonel and was in command of the regiment during the Get-
tysburg campaign. On the march northward into Pennsylvania it
was engaged at Middleburg and Upperville. At Gettysburg it was
only lightly engaged, losing 2. killed and 4 wounded. After the battle
it followed in pursuit and was engaged at Halltown and Shepherds-
town. In the latter action it made several gallant charges and met
with a loss of 24 killed, wounded and missing. In the fall campaign
it skirmished at Culpeper and was active at Jeffersonton, Auburn,
and Bristoe Station, on the retreat to Centerville. In the Mine Run
campaign it was active on the Fredericksburg plank road and at
Parker's store. During the winter of 1863-64 it participated in raids
to Luray and Front Royal, and a detachment of the command shared
in Kilpatrick's raid from Stevensburg to Richmond. On the opening
of the spring campaign of 1864 it was active at the Wilderness and
Todd's tavern; shared in Sheridan's cavalry raid to Richmond in
May; and near the close of that month was heavily engaged at Haw's
shop, losing 4 killed and 20 wounded, Lieut.-Col. Robison being
among the latter. In June it moved with Sheridan in the expedition

474 The Union Army

towards Lynchburg; was heavily engaged at Trevilian Station in
June; and at Samaria Church, where it repelled repeated charges.
During the rest of the year it was engaged at Malvern hill, Straw-
berry Plains, losing 7 killed, 2 officers and 22 men wounded, out of
less than 200 engaged, at Six-mile house, Weldon railroad, at Reams'
station. Poplar Spring Church, Belcher's mills, Hatcher's run,
where it lost 3 killed and 28 wounded, and on Dec. i it assisted in
the capture of a fort, 3 guns and a number of prisoners, at Stony
Creek station on the Weldon railroad. It shared in the Weldon
railroad expedition without loss and then went into winter quarters
at Hancock's station. Early in Feb., 1865, it was heavily engaged
at Dabney's mill and on the opening of the final campaign it met
with severe loss at Dinwiddle Court House. The regiment was in-
cessantly active throughout the closing days of the war, being en-
gaged at Five Forks, Amelia springs. Sailor's creek and Farmville.
Upon the close of hostilities it was posted at Lynchburg to preserve
order and guard property and in August it moved to Richmond, Va.,
where it was mustered out on the nth.

Seventeenth Cavalry, — Cols., Josiah H. Kellogg, J. Q. Anderson;
Lieut. -Cols., John B. McAllister, J. Q. Anderson, Coe Durland;
Majs., David B. Hartranft, Coe Durland, Reuben R. Reinhold, J. Q.
Anderson, Weidner H. Spera, Luther B. Kurtz, William Thompson.
The 17th cavalry, or the 162nd regiment, was one of the three cav-
alry regiments furnished by the state under the president's call of
July 2, 1862. It was recruited from the state at large, rendezvoused
at Camp Simmons, Harrisburg, and was mustered into the U. S.
service during Sept., Oct. and Nov., 1862, for three years. Col.
Kellogg had been a captain in the ist U. S. cavalry; a few of the
officers and men were Mexican war veterans; but most of the mem-
bers were devoid of military experience. On Nov. 25, 1862, it left
the state for Washington and a few days later was ordered to the
front. It first encountered the enemy at Occoquan, Va., vvhere it
skirmished with Hampton's cavalry, and later had a brush with Stu-
art's cavalry at Dumfries. The 17th was assigned to the 2nd bri-
gade, Col. Devin, ist division, Gen. Pleasonton, cavalry corps, serv-
ing in this brigade and division throughout its term. This brigade
furnished the only cavalry present at the battle of Chancellorsville,
where Cos. C and I were detailed for escort duty with Gen. Meade
and the rest of the regiment assisted in staying the mad onset of
Stonewall Jackson's men when the nth corps was routed. It was
highly complimented for its coolness by Gen. Pleasonton in a gen-
eral order. Next it was engaged at Beverly ford with the enemy's
cavalry, and again met him at Upperville. Gen. Buford, in com-
mand of the division, initiated the battle of Gettysburg on July i,
and was able to hold Hill in check until the forces of Reynolds and
Howard reached the field. During the rest of the battle the 17th
was employed in preventing flanking movements and in guarding
communications with the army's base. In the pursuit after the bat-
tle it was engaged at Boonsboro and skirmished daily thereafter
until the enemy escaped across the river. The regiment was almost
incessantly active during the indecisive fall campaigns, being often
engaged and bearing its full share of the toils and losses until it
finally went into winter quarters at Culpeper. Through the winter
it picketed a long line towards James City, and toward the close of
Feb., 1864, a detail of 200 men. under Capt. Spera, joined in Kilpat-
rick's raid to Richmond. On the opening of the spring campaign in
1864 it was engaged throughout May 6. on the left of the line at "the

Pennsylvania Regiments 475

Furnace," and on the next two days was heavily engaged on the
Spottsylvania road, losing 14 killed and wounded. It then joined
in Sheridan's cavalry raid toward Richmond, being active at Beaver
Dam Station, Ground Squirrel Church, Yellow tavern and Meadow
bridge. Rejoining the army on May 25 it was given but one day's
rest, when it was engaged at New Castle ferry on the Pamunkey
river, driving the enemy, and the next day skirmished at Hanover-
ton. It was engaged at Old Church on the 30th, losing a number of
men. At Cold Harbor the command fought dismounted, losing 22
killed and wounded, and shortly after, when Sheridan led the cav-
alry towards Lynchburg, it was hotly engaged near Trevilian Sta-
tion, losing 5 killed, 19 wounded and 2 missing. It lost at White
House, some ten days later, 5 killed and 12 wounded, and at Jones'
bridge and Charles City Court House it again met with some loss.
Late in July it was heavily engaged at Deep Bottom. In August it
joined Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley and was engaged at Sul-
phur Springs bridge. White Post, Crooked run. Front Royal, and
then assisted in driving the enemy's infantry at Kearneysville and
Shepherdstown. Three weeks of constant skirmishing followed, in
which the 17th was active at White Post, Berryville and Bunker
Hill. At the battle of Opequan it led the charge which drove the
enemy towards Winchester. After the battle the regiment reported to
Col. Edwards, post commander at Winchester, and was employed
in keeping open communication with the base of supplies. On Oct.
19 a detachment of the regiment under Maj. Spera rode with Sheri-
dan during his famous dash from Winchester to the battlefield at
Cedar creek and shared in the great battle of that day. The com-
mand was then active at White's ford and Jack's shop, in December
and then returned to the vicinity of Winchester, where it went into
permanent winter quarters. It shared in Sheridan's grand raid in
the rear of Richmond in Feb. and March, 1865. which was one of
the most arduous and trying campaigns of the whole war. Re-
joining the army before Petersburg on March 26, it led the advance
during the final campaign and was almost incessantly engaged until
April 6, when Gen. Ewell, with one wing of the Confederate army
was captured. The cavalry now maintained a running fight with the
enemy until the final surrender at Appomattox Court House, the 17th
maintaining its fine reputation as hard fighters until the end. After
a short period of rest it marched to the vicinity of Washington and
was mustered out at Cloud's mills, Va., June 16, 1865. A small rem-
nant of the regiment was consolidated with the ist and 6th Pa. cav-
alry on June 17, 1865, and designated the 2nd Pa. provisional cav-
alry. It was mustered out with that organization, Aug. 7. 1865, at
Louisville, Ky. In parting with the regiment, Gen. Devin said: "In
five successive campaigns, and in over three score engagements, you
have nobly sustained your part. Of the many gallant regiments from
your state none has a brighter record, none has more freely shed its
blood on every battlefield from Gettysburg to Appomattox. Your
gallant deeds will be ever fresh in the memory of your comrades
of the Iron Brigade and the First Division. Soldiers, Farewell."

Eighteenth Cavalry.— Cols., Timothy M. Bryan. Jr., T. F. Roden-
bough; Lieut. -Cols., James Gowan, William P. Brinton, John W.
Phillips; Majs., Joseph Gilmore, William B. Darlington, Henry B.
Van Voorhis, John W. Phillips, William H. Page, John Britton.
The i8th cavalry, the 163d Pa. regiment, was recruited from the state
at large, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, and was mus-
tered into the U. S. service from Oct., 1862, to Feb.. 1863, for three

476 The Union Army

years. When only partially organized and equipped, it moved from
Harrisburg to Bladensburg, Md., and on Jan. i, 1863, it moved to
near the head of Long bridge, Va. ; about the middle of the month
to Germantown on the Little River turnpike, where early in Febru-
ary it was joined by Cos. L and M, hitherto wanting, and was fully
organized. It was at first brigaded with the 5th N. Y. and ist Vt.
cavalry, under command of Col. Wyndham, and early in the spring
was assigned to Gen. Custer's Michigan brigade of Brig.-Gen. Sta-
hel's division. After five months' service in this locality, covering
the defenses of Washington and guarding the gaps of the Blue ridge
it moved with its division to Middletown, and became a part of the
3d division, cavalry corps, Army of the Potomac, under Gen. Kil-
patrick, who relieved Gen. Stahel. Marching through Littlestown
and Hanover, the regiment formed the rear-guard, being attacked
by Stuart's force at Hanover. A sharp skirmish ensued which ac-
counted for the absence of the Confederate cavalry from Gettysburg,
where it was so greatly needed. On July 3 the i8th was closely en-
gaged at Gettysburg throughout the entire day and in the evening
the 1st brigade charged under the leadership of Col. Farnsworth,
who was killed. In the pursuit which followed the cavalry over-
took and captured 1,000 prisoners and 2 pieces of artillery at Mon-
terey Springs. At Hagerstown the enemy was found in force and in
a charge made by Cos. L and M to test the strength of the opposing
forces, a large proportion of the two companies was killed or cap-
tured. In continuing the pursuit engagements followed at Brandy
Station and Culpeper in September, at Brandy Station in October,
and at Buckland mills and New Baltimore in November. Win-
ter quarters were established early in December at Stevensburg. In
Feb., 1864, the regiment shared in the raid upon Richmond under
Gen. Kilpatrick and at the beginning of the Wilderness campaign
had a narrow escape from capture. After a charge at Spottsyl-
vania on May 7 the cavalry under Gen. Sheridan moved toward
Richmond and rejoined the main body of the army at the South
Anna. Picket and scouting duties followed, with engagements at
St. Mary's Church, Yellow House, and in the Shenandoah valley,
where the regiment was ordered early in August. At Fisher's hill.
Winchester and Cedar creek the 18th fought valiantly and in No-
vember went into winter quarters at Harper's Ferry. It partici-
pated in the raid on Waynesboro and was detailed to guard the
prisoners to Winchester. Here it remained until May, 1865, when
it moved to Cumberland, Md., where Co. E was mustered out on
June 14 and the remainder of the regiment consolidated on June 24
with the 22nd Pa. cavalry to form the 3d provisional cavalry, which
was stationed at Clarksburg, West Virginia, until mustered out on
Oct. 31, 1865.

One Hundred and Sixty-fifth Infantry. — Col., Charles H. Buehler;
Lieut.-Col., E. G. Fahnestock; Maj., Nash G. Camp. The 165th, a
militia regiment, of which one company came from Franklin county,
one from Cumberland and the remainder from Adams, was organ-
ized at Chambersburg between Nov. 25 and Dec. 4, 1862 and moved
to Washington on Dec. 8. Proceeding to Suffolk it encamped there
for some time and was attached to the ist division, 7th corps. An
expedition to the Blackwater was undertaken and in Jan.. 1863, a
part of the regiment was engaged at Deserted House and pursued
the enemy for some distance. The command aided in the defense
of Suffolk, when it was besieged by Gen. Longstreet in the spring
of 1863, and in a raid upon the Weldon railroad in May. Its next

Pennsylvania Regiments 477

movement was in the direction of Richmond and after destroying
bridges on the South Anna river it withdrew to Yorktown and re-
turned to Gettysburg, where it was mustered out July 28, 1863.

One Hundred and Sixty-sixth Infantry. — Col., Andrew J. Fulton;
Lieut.-Col., George W. Reisinger; Maj., Joseph A. Renaut. The
i66th, a militia regiment, came from York county. It was organ-
ized near York from Oct. 24 to Dec. 8, 1862, and mustered into the
U. S. service for a nine months term. On Dec. 8 it proceeded to
Washington, there embarked for Newport News and was ordered
to Suffolk, where it was attached to Gen. Peck's brigade. It shared
in the defense of Suffolk and the skirmishes resulting, and after the
close of the siege several expeditions were undertaken to accom-
plish the destruction of railroads near the Blackwater. From June
2y to July 2, the regiment was stationed at White House. After
sharing in the movements for the destruction of railroads north of
Richmond it moved to Washington and Harrisburg and was mus-
tered out at the latter place on July 28, 1863.

One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., Charles A.
Knoderer, Joseph De Puy Davis; Lieut. -Cols., Joseph De Puy Davis,
Gustav A. Worth; Majs., Gustav A. Worth, Jonathan Lee. This
regiment, composed of members from Bucks county, was organized
at Reading from Nov. 10 to Dec. 6, 1862, when it entered the service
of the United States for a nine months term. In December it joined
the force under Gen. Peck at Suffolk and was closely engaged at
Deserted House, Jan. 30, 1863, where Col. Knoderer was fatally
wounded. The regiment shared in the successful stand at Suffolk
against the attack and siege by Gen. Longstreet, after which it joined
in the movement toward Richmond and in July joined the Army of
the Potomac. Assigned to the ist brigade, ist division, ist corps,
it participated in the pursuit of Gen. Lee until Aug. 12, when it was
mustered out at Harrisburg.

One Hundred and Sixty-eighth Infantry. — Col., Joseph Jack;
Lieut.-Col., John Murphy; Maj., John J. Cree. This was a militia
regiment from the counties of Westmoreland, Fayette, Greene, Bea-
ver, Allegheny and Erie, and was mustered into the U. S. service
at Pittsburg from Oct. 16 to Dec. i, 1862, for a nine months term.
It left Pittsburg for Washington on Dec. 2; was ordered to Suffolk,
where it became a part of Spinola's (Keystone) brigade and moved
to New Berne, N. C., where it arrived on Jan. i, 1863. From New
Berne several expeditions were made, none of which resulted in bat-
tle, and at the end of the siege of Little Washington, the regiment
was stationed there until June 28. Proceeding to Fortress Monroe,
it joined at White House in the movement toward Richmond and
in response to the desire of the troops to cooperate in the defense
of their native state was ordered to Harper's Ferry. However, the
i68th was not destined to share in the bloody battle at Gettysburg
and joined the army at Boonesboro. After a short period at Mid-
dleton, Md., the command was mustered out at Harrisburg, July
25, 1863.

One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Infantry. — Col.. Lewis W. Smith;
Lieut.-Col., S. M. Wickersham; Maj., William Smyth. The 169th, a
militia organization, was composed of four companies from Craw-
ford Co., two from Mercer, two from Erie, one from Clarion and
one from Butler. It was organized at Pittsburg in Oct. and Nov.,
1862, and there mustered into the U. S. service for a nine months
term. Ordered to Washington on Dec. i, it was sent to Fortress
Monroe, thence to Gloucester Point and Fort Keyes, which it gar-

478 The Union Army

risoned until July 9, 1863, when it was ordered to Funkstown and
became part of the nth corps. Army of the Potomac. On July 15,
the command was ordered home and was mustered out at Harris-
burg on the 27th.

One Hundred and Seventy-first Infantry. — Col., Everard Bierer;
Lieut. -Col., Theophilus Humphrey; Maj., Robert C. Cox. This mil-
itia regiment came from the counties of Bradford, Juniata, Lycom-
ing, Somerset and Tioga, and was mustered into the U. S. service
at Harrisburg in Nov., 1862, for a nine months term. It left Camp
Curtin for Washington on Nov. 27, was ordered at once to Suffolk,
where it became part of the Keystone brigade and proceeded to New
Berne, N. C. There it spent the winter, making several excursions
into the surrounding country and driving the enemy from the vicin-
ity in March, 1863. It aided in the relief of Little Washington; was
stationed there until June, when it returned to Fortress Monroe;
then aided in the demonstration toward Richmond and moved to Har-
per's Ferry early in July. It was mustered out at Harrisburg on Aug.
8, 1863.

One Hundred and Seventy-second Infantry. — Col., Charles Kleck-
ner; Lieut. Cols., Thaddeus G. Bogle, James A. Johnson; Maj.,
M. T. Heintzelman. The greater portion of this militia regiment
came from the counties of Snyder and Northumberland. It was mus-
tered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg in Nov., 1862, for nine
months, and moved to Washington on Dec. 2. It was ordered to
Newport News, thence to Yorktown, and garrisoned the fort at the
latter place until July, 1863. At that time it was sent to Hagers-
town, Md., and assigned to the nth corps, with which it joined in
the pursuit of the enemy as far as Williamsport. It then moved to
Warrenton Junction and from there to Harrisburg. where it was
mustered out on Aug. i.

One Hundred and Seventy-third Infantry. — Col., Daniel Nagle;
Lieut. -Col., Zaccur P. Boyer; Maj.. Grant Weidman. Five com-
panies of the 173d came from Schuylkill county, three from Lebanon,
one from Perry and one from Dauphin. It was a militia regiment,
mustered into the U. S. service at Harrisburg, in Oct. and Nov., 1862,
for nine months, and left Camp Curtin for Washington on Nov. 30.
It was then ordered to Norfolk, assigned to duty at Camp Veile near
the city, where the winter was spent, and in May the regiment was
ordered to provost duty in the city of Norfolk.^ On July 9, 1863. it
started to join the main force in pursuit of Lee's army after Gettys-
burg. At Frederick, Md., it reported to Gen. Meade and was at-
tached to the I St brigade. 2nd division, nth corps. After wearisome
marching it was posted on duty along the Orange & Alexandria rail-
road, until Aug. 13, when it was ordered to Harrisburg, where it
was mustered out on the 18th.

One Hundred and Seventy-fourth Infantry. — Col., John Nyce;
Lieut.-Col.. Edward T. Hess; Majs., Joseph B. Roberts, J. Mathias
Beans. This regiment of militia was composed of eight companies
from Bucks county and two from Northampton. It was mustered
into the U. S. service at Philadelphia, in Oct. and Nov., 1862, for
nine months, and left for Washington late in November. It was then
ordered to Sufifolk; assigned to the brigade under Gen. Ferry; was
a part of the force sent to New Berne, N. C, late in December; was
thence sent to Charleston; arrived at Hilton Head on Feb. 5, 1863;
encamped on Helena island until Feb. 27, and then proceeded to
Beaufort, where it remained until June. The remainder of its term

Pennsylvania Regiments 479

of service was spent at Hilton Head and on Aug. 7, 1863, it was mus-
tered out at Philadelphia.

One Hundred and Seventy-fifth Infantry.— Col., Samuel A. Dyer;
Lieut. -Col., Francis C. Hooton; Majs., Isaac McClure, Joseph D.
Smith. Eight companies from Chester county and two from Mont-
gomery went into camp at West Philadelphia and in Nov., 1862,
were organized into the 175th infantry (militia), which entered the U.
S. service for a term of nine months. The regiment broke camp
on Dec. i, moved via Washington and Fortress Monroe to Suffolk,
where it became a part of the brigade under Gen. Spinola. Later
it was sent to New Berne, N. C, where it was attached to the 5th
division of the i8th corps, under Gen. Foster. The winter was spent
in New Berne, where an attack made by the enemy in March was
repulsed and in the spring the regiment assisted in the relief of
Little Washington, upon which the enemy's forces were concen-
trated. Garrison duty near Little Washington followed and during
this time the command lost heavily from sickness. Moving north
again in June the i7Sth was sent to Harper's Ferry, thence to Fred-
erick and Sandy Hook. It was mustered out at Philadelphia, Aug.
7- 1863.

One Hundred and Seventy-sixth Infantry. — Col., Ambrose A.
Lechler; Lieut. -Col., George Pilkington; Maj., William Schoonover.
This militia regiment, composed of seven companies from Lehigh
county and three from Monroe, was mustered in at Philadelphia in
Nov., 1862, for nine months, and left for Suffolk, Va., the same month.
It joined the force which moved under Gen. Foster, from New Berne
to Charleston and was employed in guard, picket and other duties
in this vicinity during its entire term of service. At Harrisburg Aug.
18, 1863, it was mustered out.

One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Infantry. — Col., George B.
Wiestling; Lieut. -Col., Hugh J. Brady; Maj., John Power. The 177th
was a militia regiment recruited in the counties of Lycoming, Sus-
quehanna, Dauphin. Luzerne, Perry and Indiana, and rendezvoused
at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S.
service in Nov., 1862, for nine months, and proceeded to Washington
on Dec. 3. Ordered to Suffolk, it was assigned to the brigade under
Col. Gibbs. The regiment spent the winter in camp on the Nanse-
mond, in clearing a pine forest across the river, and joining in fre-
quent expeditions into the surrounding country. In March, 1863,
it was sent to Deep creek on the Albemarle & Chesapeake canal to
break up contraband trade. On July 10 it was transferred to Wash-
ington, thence to the Army of the Potomac in Maryland, and after
a period of duty at Maryland heights returned to Pennsylvania. It
was mustered out at Harrisburg on Aug. 7, 1863.

One Hundred and Seventy-eighth Infantry. — Col., James John-
son; Lieut. -Col., John Wimer; Maj., J. W. Chamberlain. The 178th,
a militia regiment, was recruited in the counties of Columbia, Lan-
caster, Montour and Luzerne and rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Har-
risburg, in the autumn of 1862, where it was organized and mustered
into the U. S. service for a term of nine months. On Dec. 5, it left
camp for Washington, was ordered to Newport News and thence
to Yorktown, where it was posted during the winter. In April, 1863,
the regiment went to the relief of the troops at Fort Magruder, who
were attacked by Gen. Wise, and in June joined in an expedition
to Providence ferry and the movement toward Richmond, which
skirmished with the enemy at Bottom's bridge on July 2. After re-

480 The Union Army

turning to Washington its term of service expired and it was mus-
tered out at Harrisburg on July 27, 1863.

One Hundred and Seventy-ninth Infantry. — Col., William H.
Blair; Lieut.-Col., Daniel M. Yost; Maj., William H. Yerkes. This
militia regiment was recruited in the autumn of 1862 in the counties
of Berks, Lancaster, Montgomery, Pike and Wayne and Philadel-
phia city and mustered into the U. S. service early in December at
Philadelphia for a nine months term. Co. E was ordered to Chest-
nut Hill hospital at Philadelphia, where it remained during its entire
term of service, with the exception of a detail for the custody of
prisoners at West Chester after the battle of Gettysburg. The re-
mainder of the regiment was stationed at Yorktown during the win-
ter of 1862-63 and in July, 1863, joined in the movement toward
Richmond, engaging twice in skirmishes with the enemy. The regi-
ment proffered its services for the defense of its native state at the
expiration of its term of service, but the need having passed with
the battle of Gettysburg, the command was mustered out at Harris-
burg on July 27, 1863.

Nineteenth Cavalry. — Col., Alexander Cummings ; Lieut.-Cols.,
Joseph C. Hess, Frank Reeder; Majs.. Amos J. Holahan, Norman M.
Finlay, Charles F. Huston. The 19th cavalry, the iSoth regiment of
the line, was recruited in Philadelphia with the exception of Cos. L
and M from the counties of Huntingdon and Blair. It rendezvoused
at Camp Stanton, Philadelphia, and was mustered into the U. S.
service in June, July, Aug., Sept. and Oct., 1863, for three years.
Most of the men and officers had seen previous service. It left for
Washington early in November and on Dec. 3, reported to Gen. A. J.
Smith at Columbus, Ky. Three days later it moved to Union City,
Tenn., where it was assigned to the ist brigade, (Co! Waring) of
Gen. Grierson's cavalry division. Lieut.-Col. Hess commanded the
regiment. Col. Cummings being on detached service. Early in Feb.,
1864, it moved with its division to Collierville, Tenn., whence it par-
ticipated in a raid into Mississippi, proceeding as far as West Point,
and assisted in destroying the railroad and immense stores of grain
and cotton. On the 22nd it took part in a sharp engagement with
the enemy at Okalona, Miss., and then returned without further in-
terruption to Memphis. Its loss during the expedition was 15 killed,
wounded and missing. On April 6, it was engaged for several hours
with the troops under Forrest at Cypress swamp, Tenn., suffering
some loss. Capt. Wenrick of Co. E was captured here and died in
captivity. The regiment returned to Memphis on April 10 and the
next few weeks were employed in scout and picket duty, details of
the regiment being frequently sent out to harass the forces under
Forrest. At the battle of Brice's cross-roads the 19th acted with the
infantry, its losses being 15 in killed, wounded and missing. During
July a detachment of 150 men was engaged with the forces under
Gen. Slocum at the Big Black river. Port Gibson and Grand Gulf,
Miss. In August it was engaged with Gen. A. J. Smith's forces
against Forrest, at Coldwater, Oxford and Hurricane creek, Miss.
In September, during Gen. Price's invasion of Missouri, it was active
at Marion, Greensboro, Pilot knob, and the Big Blue river, returning
to Memphis on Oct. 20. In November it skirmished on the flank of
Hood's army, marching towards Nashville, Co. F being desperately
engaged at Nonconnah creek. Early in December it proceeded to
Nashville and was assigned to Hammond's (ist) brigade, Knipe's
(7th) division cavalry corps, under Gen. Wilson. It participated in
the battle of Nashville and the pursuit of Hood's army, suffering

Pennsylvania Regiments 481

some losses. During Hood's retreat, it was warmly engaged at Hol-
low Tree gap, where it delivered an impetuous charge and drove the
enemy for 2 miles. At Franklin, the same day, the 19th again
charged and in the day's fighting captured 3 stands of colors and
350 prisoners. It lost in killed, wounded and missing about 25, among
the wounded being Maj. Holahan, Capts. Reeder and N. M. Smith,
and Acting-Adjt. Blackstone. Continuing the pursuit, it was again
hotly engaged at Anthony's hill and Sugar creek, losing 12 killed
and wounded. The command was now much reduced in numbers
and was consolidated early in Feb., 1865, into a battalion of six com-
panies, the supernumerary officers being mustered out. On Feb. 8
the battalion started for New Orleans, arriving there March 9. On
the 20th it moved to Baton Rouge and was engaged in picket and
scouting duty until the middle of August. Meanwhile the battalion
had been further reduced on June 13 to four companies. It served
by detachments in Louisiana and Texas until April of the following
year, when the four companies were reunited at New Orleans, per-
formed provost duty there for a few weeks, and was finally mustered
out on May 14, 1866.

Twentieth Cavalry. — Col., John E. Wj'nkoop; Lieut. -Col., William
Rotch Wister; Majs., Samuel W. Comly, J. Harry Thorp, Robert W.
Douglass. The 20th cavalry, the iSist regiment, from the counties
of Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, Dauphin, Cumberland, Union and
the city of Philadelphia, was recruited in June and July, 1863. Seven
companies were mustered into the U. S. service for six months and
five companies were emergency militia, called into being at the time
of Lee's invasion of the state. A regimental organization was ef-
fected in July. During the invasion, it served by detachments on
scout and picket duty at the fords of the Susquehanna and along the
roads leading towards Carlisle, York and Marysville. On July 7,
it left Camp Couch, Harrisburg, where it had rendezvoused, and
moved to Greencastle, whence it proceeded to Falling Waters and
engaged in picketing the shores of the Potomac for a number of
weeks. The emergency companies returned to Harrisburg, and their
place was largely taken by six months' men. In August it moved
to Sir John's run in West Virginia, and did railroad guard duty in the
direction of Winchester, Cos. F and I being posted at Berkeley
Springs, D and E at Bloomery gap, A and H at Great Cacapon Sta-
tion and C at Hancock. The other five companies were on detached
service at Philadelphia, Reading and Pottsville and did not rejoin
the command until the final muster out. In November it moved to
Springfield, whence two companies made a reconnoissance nearly 100
miles to the south, engaging and defeating a part of Imboden's com-
mand, and taking a number of prisoners. On Dec. 24 it was ordered
to Harrisburg and was there mustered out on Jan. 7. 1864.

Twentieth Cavalry, (3 years service). — Cols., John E. Wynkoop,
Gabriel Middleton; Lieut.-Cols., Gabriel Middleton, Robert W. Doug-
lass; Majs., J. Harry Thorp, Robert W. Douglass, W. W. Anderson,
Samuel Comfort, M. B. Strickler. Before the 20th cavalry was dis-
banded as a six months' organization, steps were taken to reorganize
it for three years' service. The men were accordingly mustered in
at Harrisburg and Philadelphia, Jan. and Feb., 1864, for the long
term. Soon after it was finally organized it reported to Gen. Sigel
in the Shenandoah Valley; was engaged with some loss at New
Market in May, and the following month at Staunton, New Glasgow,
Lynchburg and Salem; was active at Snicker's gap in July, losing
14, and made a daring charge at Winchester. In an attack on the

Vol. 1—31

482 The Union Army

rear of Early's column at Ashby's gap, a few days later, it met with
a loss of io8 killed, wounded and missing. When Gen. Sheridan
assumed command of the forces in the valley in August, the 20th
was assigned to the 2nd brigade of the ist division, commanded by
Gen. Devin. In the brilliant campaign which now ensued the 20th
had its full share and on its conclusion went into winter quarters with
its brigade. Near the close of Feb., 1865, it rode with Sheridan in the
grand cavalry raid towards Lynchburg and a month later joined the
army in front of Petersburg, then starting on its final campaign, in
which the cavalry had the advance. The 20th, led by Col. Middle-
ton, was almost incessantly engaged and constantly in motion, having
its full share in the heroic fighting which led up to the final surren-
der on the 9th. On June 17, 1865, it was consolidated with the 2nd
Pa. cavalry to form the ist Pa. provisional cavalry and was mustered
out on July 13, 1865, at Cloud's mills, Va.

Twenty-first Cavalry. — Col., William H. Boyd; Lieut. -Col., Rich-
ard F. Moson; Majs., John W. Jones, Charles F. Gillies, Oliver B.
Knowles. This regiment, the i82d of the line, was raised in the coun-
ties of York, Adams, Lancaster, Franklin, Bedford and Cambria dur-
ing the summer of 1863, under the president's call of June 15, 1863,
for militia for six months' service. The companies rendezvoused at
Camp Couch, Harrisburg and were mustered into the U. S. service
from June 23 to Aug. 10, 1863, for six months. All the field and
most of the line officers and men were experienced in the cavalry
service. After being equipped and mounted it was sent to an in-
struction camp at Chambersburg. On Aug. 22, it was ordered to Har-
risburg and from there Cos. C, E, H, L and M, were ordered to
Pottsville and Scranton, Co. B to Gettysburg, and the other five to
Harper's Ferry, where they did duty in the Department of the Shen-
andoah during the fall and winter. About Feb. i, 1864, the regiment
was reunited at Chambersburg, where it was reorganized for three
years' service, those who did not choose to reenlist for the long term
being mustered out on Feb. 20. 1864. As reorganized the officers
were as follows: Cols., William H. Boyd, Oliver B. Knowles; Lieut.-
col., Richard F. Moson; Majs., Charles F. Gillies, Oliver B. Knowles,
Robert Bell, Richard Ryckman. In Feb., 1864, the ranks were filled
by new recruits and the regiment was organized for the long term.
In May it was ordered to Washington, except Co. D, which had
been detailed for duty at Scranton, Pa. At Washington the com-
mand was dismounted and armed and equipped as infantry. It joined
the army at Cold Harbor and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, (Col.
Sweitzer) ist division, 5th corps. In the severe fighting here it lost
I ofificer and 7 men killed, 4 officers and 43 men wounded, among the
severely wounded being Col. Boyd. It was again heavily engaged
in front of Petersburg on June 18, losing 11 killed, 79 wounded and
I missing, Lieut. -Col. Moson and Maj. Gillies being among the
wounded. It was next in action on the Jerusalem plank road and
met with some loss. When the mine was exploded on July 30 it was
under fire and met with further loss. It shared in the battle of Six-
mile house, on the Weldon railroad in August, losing i killed and
27 wounded. In September it was transferred to the ist brigade, ist
division, 5th corps. In the actions at Peebles' farm and Poplar
Spring Church it lost 16 killed and wounded and was complimented
for gallantry by its division commander. Gen. Griffin. This battle
was the last in which it was engaged as infantry. On Oct. 5 it
moved to City Point, where it was again mounted and assigned to
the 1st brigade, (Col. C. H. Smith) of Gen. David McM. Gregg's

Pennsylvania Regiments 483

division. It lost heavily at the Boydton plank road late in the
month, having 3 killed, ;i;i wounded and 18 missing, and was again
in action at Stony Creek Station on the Weldon railroad in Decem-
ber. About this time Co. F was detailed for duty at the 6th corps
headquarters, where it remained until near the end of its service.
The regiment shared in the Weldon railroad expedition with some
loss, and also participated in the movement to Hatcher's run in Feb.,
1865. Meanwhile, it had been recruited to the maximum strength
and on March i was transferred to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division,
commanded by Gen. J. Irvin Gregg, nearly half of the command
consisting of dismounted men. These were ordered to City Point
and afterwards shared in the final assault on Petersburg. In the
final campaign, which was begun by the cavalry on March 29, 1865,
the 2ist had the advance. It was engaged at Dinwiddie Court House;
partially engaged at Five Forks; and in the action at Amelia Springs
lost 98 out of 234 engaged in less than an hour's fighting It was
again in action at Sailor's creek and was engaged in the disastrous
fighting at Farmville. It was also sharply engaged on the Lynch-
burg road, when the news of Lee's surrender was received. It
then moved with the cavalry corps to the support of Gen. Sherman,
but returned to Petersburg on the news of Johnston's surrender. It
then served by detachments on provost guard duty in Virginia until
the middle of June, when it was concentrated at Lynchburg and
mustered out on July 8, 1865. During its ten months of active serv-
ice, 4 officers were killed or died of wounds, i died of disease, 14
were wounded, and 4 captured. Of the enlisted men, 147 were killed
or died of wounds and disease, and 253 were wounded.

One Hundred and Eighty-third Infantry. — Cols., George P. Mc-
Lean, J. F. McCullough, James C. Lynch, George T. Egbert; Lieut.-
Cols., William Powell, James C. Lynch, George T. Egbert, Augus-
tin T. Lynch; Majs., John Reynolds, George T. Egbert, Augustin T.
Lynch. Horace P. Egbert. The 183d, known as the Fourth Union
League regiment, was recruited from the state at large and mustered
into the U. S. service at Philadelphia during the latter part of 1863
and the first three months of 1864, for three years. Col. McLean had
served as major of the 22nd and as colonel of the 88th. The regi-
ment contained an unusually large number of very young recruits
who would not have passed muster in the earlier stages of the war.
As soon as it was organized it joined the army upon the Rapidan
and was assigned to the ist brigade, (Col. Miles) ist division, (Brig.-
Gen. Barlow) 2nd corps, (Maj.-Gen. Hancock). It was engaged
without heavy loss at the Wilderness, but in the fighting at Spottsyl-
vania Court House it sufifered severely, especially in Hancock's fierce
assault on the morning of May 12, when its losses were 18 killed,
109 wounded and 34 missing. At this time. Col. McLean, Lieut. -
Col. Powell, Maj. Reynolds, and Adjt. Theodore F. Mann resigned
because of certain differences which sprung up between themselves
and their brigade commander. Capt. John F. McCullough, a gallant
officer of the 140th Pa., was thereupon commissioned colonel on
May 28, 1864, as few of the line officers were experienced in the serv-
ice. In the fighting at the North Anna river and Totopotomy, the
183d lost II killed, 2^ wounded and 2 missing. Among the killed was
the brave Col. McCullough, who fell on the 31st at Totopotomy
creek. In the desperate fighting at Cold Harbor the regiment lost
5 killed, 76 wounded and 14 missing. On June 15 Capt. James C.
Lynch of the io6th Pa. was commissioned colonel of the regiment.
It was active in the first assaults at Petersburg and suffered con-

484 The Union Army

siderable loss during the next 5 days in the effort to advance its
lines. On July 19, 1864, the veterans and recruits of the 72nd Pa.
were assigned to the 183d and thereupon it was given its full comple-
ment of field officers, Maj. Egbert being promoted to lieutenant-
colonel and Capt. Lynch to major. Now ensued a period of reor-
ganization and drill until July 26, when it crossed the James with its
corps, and was engaged at Deep Bottom. It again crossed the James
in August and was partially engaged at Strawberry Plains and Deep
Bottom. Returning to Petersburg it was active at Reams' station,
and shortly afterward was detailed for duty at Cedar Road Station,
guarding the railroad. Toward the close of September it returned
to the trenches before Petersburg on the extreme right of the line.
It was not again active until Feb., 1865, except for a reconnoissance
to Hatcher's run in December. It shared in the action at Dabney's
mill, Feb. 5, 1865, when the lines were extended to the left and on
March 25, it was active on its front before Petersburg, losing i
killed and 13 wounded. It was now transferred to the 4th brigade;
skirmished on the 29th; was under fire on the Boydton plank road
the next day; supported the 5th corps on April i; and was warmly
engaged on the 2nd. From this time on it saw little more fighting,
though constantly on the march. After the surrender, it returned to
Alexandria; participated in the grand review at Washington on May
23; and was mustered out near Washington, July 13. 1865.

One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Infantry. — Col., John H. Stover;
Lieut. -Col., Charles Kleckner; Majs., Charles Kleckner, George L.
Ritman. This regiment was recruited from the state at large and
rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. During May, 1864, seven
companies were mustered into the U. S. service for a three years'
term, the remaining three companies being mustered in during Sept.,
1864, for a one year term, and joined the regiment before Petersburg,
early in Oct., 1864. Col. Stover did not assume command of the
regiment until Jan. i, 1865. He had previously served as captain in
the loth, and major in the io6th. On May 14, 1864, the seven com-
panies then organized, left the state for the front under the command
of Maj. Kleckner, and joined the army of the Potomac as it was
crossing the Pamunkey river. It was at once assigned to the 2nd
brigade, 2nd division, 2nd corps; took part in the fighting at Cold
Harbor, leading its brigade in two deadly assaults. Its loss here
was 16 killed and 94 wounded, and it won the warm commendation
of its brigade commander. Gen. Pierce. In the first assaults on
Petersburg, it again lost severely, having 52 killed and wounded and
IIS taken prisoners. During its 25 days of active service at the front,
the command lost 350 out of its 500 members, including 12 officers,
killed, wounded, or captured. Seven of the prisoners died at Ander-
sonville and several more at Salisbury and Florence, while many of
the wounded prisoners died at Petersburg. The fragment of the
regiment which was left was engaged at Deep Bottom and Straw-
berry Plains in July, losing 27 killed and wounded out of 97 engaged.
It was active at Reams' station, where Lieut.-Col. Kleckner was se-
verely wounded while cheering on his men. It then served in the
trenches before Petersburg until the close of October, being joined
meanwhile by the three new companies. Late in October it fought
at Hatcher's run, losing 15 killed and wounded, and then resumed
its place in the trenches, being stationed between Forts Haskell and
Stedman, where it was much exposed to the enemy's sharpshooters.
In Feb., 1865, it was actively engaged at Dabney's mill and remained
encamped on the field until the opening of the final campaign at

Pennsylvania Regiments 485

the close of March. In the assault on Petersburg, April 2, it escaped
with small loss and then moved with its corps in the final pursuit of
the enemy, which ended with Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Re-
turning to Washington it participated in the grand review May 23.
The one year companies, H, I and K, were mustered out of service
on June 2, 1865, at Munson's hill, Va., and the original seven com-
panies, A to G, were mustered out near Washington, July 14, 1865.
Twenty-second Cavalry. — Col., Jacob Higgins; Lieut.-Col., A. J.
Greenfield; Majs., George T. Work, Elias S. Troxell, Henry A.
Myers. The 22nd cavalry, the i8sth regiment of the line, was organ-
ized at Chambersburg, Pa., Feb., 22, 1864, for three years' service.
It was formed by a consolidation of five companies organized from
the reenlisted men of the 22nd cav. (six months' organization), with
the five companies of the Ringgold battalion and the "Washington"
and "Lafayette" cavalry (two companies). The Ringgold battalion
was made up of the following companies, enlisted for three years'
service: Ringgold company, Capt. John Keys, organized at Wash-
ington, Pa., Oct. 2, 1861; Keystone company, Capt. George T. Work,
organized at Washington, Sept. 6, 1862; two independent companies,
Capts. Harvey H. Young and M. W. Mitchener, organized at Wash-
ington, during Sept. and Oct., 1862; Patton Co., Captain A. J. Barr,
organized at Washington, Oct. 14 1862. The Washington cavalry,
Capt. A. J. Greenfield, was organized at Wheeling, Va., Aug. 19,
1861, and the Lafayette cavalry was organized at the same place
Nov. 6, 1862, under Capt. Alex. V. Smith. These companies had
served independently in West Virginia, going to the front as fast
as each was organized. Those earliest in the field were active at
Blue's gap, Bloomery gap, Strasburg, Columbia furnace. Two
Churches, Rude's hill. North River mills and Dashu's mills. After
the battle of Gettysburg, they joined in the pursuit of Lee and were
engaged at Petersburg, Lexington and Moorefield, in the early part
of 1864. The six months' battalion was enlisted in June, 1863, under
the president's proclamation of June 15, calling for militia for six
months' service. Under Maj. Morrow it guarded the fords of the
Susquehanna near Harrisburg and picketed the roads leading into
the Cumberland Valley. After the battle of Gettysburg it joined in
the pursuit of Lee's army and was employed with the cavalry in
holding the Shenandoah Valley until its reorganization in Feb.,
1864. Early in March it proceeded to Cumberland, where it was
united with the Ringgold battalion. In April 700 of the men who
were not yet mounted proceeded to Pleasant Valley, Md., where
they received horses and equipments and engaged in drill and disci-
pline. About the middle of June the regiment was ordered to Mar-
tinsburg, temporarily armed with muskets, and assigned to Mulli-
gan's infantry brigade. It was engaged with Early's forces at
Martinsburg, and Maryland heights early in July and on the 17th had
a sharp engagement at Snicker's gap. Soon after it was finally
mounted and equipped as cavalry and joined Gen. Torbert's force,
engaged in Sheridan's campaign in the valley. It was active at
Kernstown, where it displayed great steadiness and gallantry; fought
at Opequan and Berryville; met with considerable loss at Charles-
town; and at Halltown Maj. Myers was severely wounded. A de-
tachment of the regiment had been left behind at Cumberland in
April and under the command of Maj. Work had been in active serv-
ice all summer, sharing in the campaign against Lynchburg, the
battles of New Market and Kernstown, and aiding in the decisive
defeat of McCausland's forces at Moorefield, subsequent to the burn-

486 The Union Army

ing of Chambersburg. After the union of the two detach-
ments at Hagerstown, the regiment joined Gen. Averell's forces and
was actively engaged at Martinsburg, Bunker Hill, Stephenson's
depot, Darkesville and Bucklestown. On Sept. i8 it charged the
enemy at Martinsburg and on the evening of the following day
joined in the brilliant cavalry charge which routed the enemy at the
Opequan, where the regiment captured a battery and 80 men. It
was again active at the battles of Fisher's hill. Brown's gap and
Weyer's cave, where the command made a determined charge which
saved the entire division train. It lost severely in this action, Maj.
Work and Adjt. Isenberg being among the severely wounded. It
was fiercely engaged at Cedar creek, where it lost heavily, and then
returned to Martinsburg, where it encamped until Dec. 20. On that
date, it moved to New creek and during the winter was engaged in
picket and scouting duty in the counties of Hardy, Hampshire and
Pendleton, operating against roving bands of the enemy. Cos. E and
F were mustered out on July 19, 1865. The remaining companies
were consolidated with the i8th Pa. cavalry, on June 24, to form
the 3d provisional cavalry, which was mustered out on Oct. 31, 1865,
at Cumberland, Md.

One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Infantry. — Col., Henry A. Frink.
This regiment was recruited in the city of Philadelphia and was
mustered into the U. S. service from Jan. 29 to May 31, 1864, for
three years. Col. Frink had previously served as major and lieuten-
ant-colonel of the nth infantry. The i86th was assigned to provost
duty in the city of Philadelphia and did not go to the front. It was
mustered out there on Aug. 15, 1865.

One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Infantry. — Cols., John S.
Schultze, John E. Parsons; Lieut. -Cols., Joseph E. Ramsey, John E.
Parsons, Joseph A. Ege; Majs., George W. Merrick, David Z. Seipe.
The nucleus of the 187th was the ist battalion of six months' infan-
try, which was mustered in at Harrisburg from June 21 to July 8,
1863. The battalion performed guard and provost duty at different
points in the state until the expiration of its term, when it was reor-
ganized at Camp Curtin and recruited to a full regiment. It was
mustered into the U. S. service from Feb. to May, 1864, for a three
years' term. On May 19 it left for Washington and a week later
started for the front, joining the Army of the Potomac on June 6, It
was assigned to the ist brigade, (Gen. Chamberlain) ist division,
(Gen. Gril^n) 5th corps, (Gen. Warren). It supported the 9th corps
during the fighting of June 17 in front of Petersburg and was itself
heavily engaged with its corps on the left the next day, when it lost
one-tenth of its numbers and was complimented by Gen. Chamber-
lain for its gallantry. Maj. Merrick, commanding the regiment, lost
a leg here. It was engaged in the trenches and on the fortifications
before Petersburg until Aug. 18. when it moved with its corps upon
the Weldon railroad and after severe fighting at Six-mile house it
was engaged in the work of fortification until Sept. 2.2. It was then
ordered to Philadelphia and employed in garrison and escort duty
at Camp Cadwalader. During the funeral obsequies of President
Lincoln it led the procession from the railway station to Independ-
ence Hall and guarded the remains while they lay in state. Together
with the 1st City Troop it was then detailed to escort the remains
back to the railroad. During the remainder of its service it per-
formed guard and provost duty at various points in the state by
detachments. It was mustered out at Harrisburg on Aug. 3, 1865.

One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Infantry. — Cols., George K.

Pennsylvania Regiments 487

Bowen, John G. Gregg, Samuel I. Givin; Lieut. -Cols., George K.
Bowen, Francis H. Reichard, John G. Gregg, Samuel I. Givin, James
Geiser; Majs., Francis H. Reichard, John G. Gregg, James Geiser,
Frederick A. Reen. This regiment was organized at Camp Hamilton,
near Fortress Monroe, during the first two weeks of April, 1864,
from the surplus recruits of the 3d artillery. Within a short time
about 900 men were mustered into the U. S. service for a three years'
term. Both Col. Bowen and Lieut.-Col Reichard and most of the
line ofificers were promoted from the 3d artillery. More than 300 of
the men had served in the reserve corps before entering the 3d artil-
lery and many others had served in other organizations. On April
25 the regiment moved to Yorktown and was assigned to the 3d
brigade, ist division, i8th corps. On May 4, it moved by transport
to Bermuda Hundred and suflfered a loss of 2 killed at Proctor's
creek a few days later. It lost 11 killed and 60 wounded at Drewry's
bluff, or Fort Darling, and on June i joined the army of the Poto-
mac at Cold Harbor, where it went into action immediately after
getting into position on the right of the 6th corps. In the desperate
fighting there the regiment lost 24 killed, and a large number wound-
ed and missing. Capt. Moeller was among the killed, and Capt.
Breel was mortally wounded. It shared in the first fighting before
Petersburg, and remained for nearly two months on the right of the
line, fronting Fort Clifton. During this time, by reason of its ex-
posed position, it suflfered a loss of 80 killed and wounded, while
many more died of disease. On July 5, it was joined by Co. F,
which had been on detached service at Drewry's bluff, and late in
August it was moved to a position on the Bermuda Front, remaining
there until the close of September. In the fierce assaults on Forts
Harrison and Gilmer the regiment lost about 60 killed, and 100
wounded. Among the former was the gallant Capt. Dickson, who
had led the regiment through the fiery ordeal. About this time, the
regiment was assigned to 3d brigade, 3d division, 24th corps, and
received about 400 new recruits. The command remained in winter
quarters near Fort Harrison until the following April, the monotony
of camp life being only once disturbed, when it participated in an
expedition to Fredericksburg in March, 1865, and eflfected the de-
struction of vast amounts of stores and property collected for the
use of the enemy. On April 3 it moved without opposition to Rich-
mond and assisted in subduing the fires which were raging in the
Confederate capital. Soon afterward it encamped at Manchester,
across the river from Richmond. On June 28 the recruits of the
199th Pa. infantry were transferred to this regiment. It served by
detachments on guard and provost duty at various points in Virginia
until Dec. 14, 1865, when it was assembled at City Point, Va., and
was there mustered out.

Fourth Artillery. — In the latter part of April, 1864, this regiment
was organized from surplus men of the 112th (2nd Pa. artillery), and
after participating in the Wilderness campaign and in the operations
before Petersburg until Aug. 26, 1864, it was disbanded and returned
to the regiment from which it was taken. (See 112th regiment.)

One Hundred and Ninetieth Infantry. — Col., William R. Harts-
horne; Lieut.-Col., Joseph B. Pattee; Maj., John A. Wolfe. The
190th, the 1st veteran reserves, was organized in the field during the
Wilderness campaign from the veterans and recruits of the ist, 7th,
8th, 9th, loth, nth, 12th and 13th Pa. reserves. Col. Hartshorne had
been major of the 13th, Lieut.-Col. Pattee a captain in the loth, and
Maj. Wolfe a captain in the 13th. The 190th, together with the 191st

488 The Union Army

organized in the same manner, formed the 3d brigade, 3d division,
5th corps. In the fighting at Cold Harbor it suffered a loss of 12
killed, wounded and missing. It was next actively engaged in the
early assaults on Petersburg, losing a large number in killed and
wounded. In July it assisted in the construction of Fort Warren,
and in August was engaged with the i8th corps on the Weldon rail-
road at Six-mile house. While holding an advanced position here
and entirely without supports it was suddenly surrounded by the
enemy and forced to surrender. The captives were immured in
prisons at Richmond, Salisbury and Danville, until about the time
of Lee's surrender. Only a small detachment which had been or-
dered to the rear for provisions and ammunition escaped capture.
This small fragment of the command, augmented by men returning
from furlough and from detached service, was transferred to the 2nd
division and shared in the remaining operations of 1864. In the
final campaign of 1865 it was engaged at Gravelly run. Five Forks,
and throughout the pursuit of Lee's army. It was on the point of
charging a battery on the 9th when the news of Lee's surrender was
received. It was mustered out at Arlington Heights, Va., June 28,
1865.

One Hundred and Ninety-first Infantry. — Col., James Carle;
Lieut.-Cols., George W. McCracken, Milton Weidler; Maj., Milton
Weidler. The 191st, the 2nd veteran reserves, was organized in the
field in May, 1864, from the veterans and recruits of the Pa. reserve
corps. It was composed of men from the ist, 2nd, 5th, 6th and loth
reserve regiments. Col. Carle had been a captain in the 6th, Lieut. -
Col. McCracken a captain in the loth, and Maj. Weidler a lieutenant
in the ist. Lieut. -Col. McCracken was never mustered on account
of wounds received soon after the command was organized. To-
gether with the 190th it formed the 3d brigade, 3d division, 5th
corps, and in the fighting at Cold Harbor lost 2 killed, 4 wounded
and I missing. Its subsequent history is identical with that of the
190th regiment (q. v.). On March 21, 1865, the remaining members
of the 157th Pa. infantry were transferred to this regiment. It was
finally mustered out of service near Washington, June 28. 1865.

One Hundred and Ninety-second Infantry. — Col., William B.
Thomas; Lieut.-Col., Benjamin L. Taylor; Majs., C. W. McClintock,
Henry J. Snyder. This regiment was recruited from the 20th Pa.
militia, which had been called into the service of the state, under
command of Col. Thomas in 1862 and again in 1863. It rendezvoused
at Camp Cadwalader, Philadelphia, where fourteen companies were
organized and mustered into the U. S. service on July 7, 1864, for a
term of 100 days. On the 23d it left the state for Baltimore and on
Aug. I was ordered to garrison Fort McHenry, where it was drilled
in heavy artillery duty. About the middle of the month it moved
to Johnson's island. Lake Erie, but remained there only a few days,
when it was ordered to Gallipolis on the Ohio river. Here it was
employed in guarding and forwarding supplies accumulated for the
Union armies. On Sept. 30 Cos. M, A, B, F, D, L and G, under Maj.
McClintock, were ordered to Weston, W. Va., where they served
under Gen. Kelley until the close of their term of enlistment. On
the expiration of their term of service the two battalions proceeded
to Philadelphia, where the command was mustered out on Nov. 11,
1864. The regiment was reorganized for one year's service with the
following ofiicers: Col., William W. Stewart; Lieut -Col., Thomas
McLeester; Maj., William F. Johnston. October 18, 1864, a suffi-
cient number of men from the 100 days' organization to form one

Pennsylvania Regiments 489

company reenlisted for one year's service. In the spring of 1865 nine
new companies were organized at Harrisburg and proceeded to Har-
per's Ferry, where a regimental organization was effected, which
continued to be known as the 192nd of the line. On the opening of
the spring campaign the regiment moved up the valley to Staunton
and Lexington, but saw little fighting, as the war was practically
ended. It remained in service in the Middle Military Division until
Aug. 24, when it was mustered out.

One Hundred and Ninety-third Infantry. — Col, John B. Clark;
Lieut.-Col., James W. Ballentine; Maj., Horatio K. Tyler. Co. E
of this regiment was recruited in Lawrence county, a part of Co. I
in Warren county and the remainder in Alleghenj^. It rendezvoused
at Camp Howe, Pittsburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service
July 19, 1864. for a 100 days' term. A few days later it left for Balti-
more and was there assigned to Nagle's brigade. It was engaged
during its term of enlistment in guarding the Philadelphia, Wilming-
ton & Baltimore railroad, and on provost guard duty in and about
Wilmington, Del. It was mustered out at Pittsburg, Nov. 9, 1864.
Before leaving for home, Capt. McMunn of Co. A was instrumental
in securing the reenlistment of a considerable number of the men
to serve during the remainder of the war. These men were distrib-
uted according to their preferences among the regiments at the front.

One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Infantry. — Col., James Nagle;
Lieut.-Col, Richard McMichael; Maj., Oscar D. Jenkins. The 194th
was recruited from the state at large, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin,
Harrisburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service July 15 to 24,
1864, for a 100 days' term. On the 24th it left for Baltimore, where
Co. K was detached for provost duty on the eastern shore of Mary-
land and the remainder of the regiment assigned to provost duty in
and about Baltimore. It also furnished details to guard prisoners
and escort recruits to the front. It was mustered out at Harrisburg
on Nov. 6, 1864.

One Hundred and Ninety-fifth Infantry. — Col., Joseph W. Fisher;
Lieut.-Col., William L. Bear; Maj., Oliver C. James. The majority
of the recruits for this regiment were obtained in Lancaster county
and were without previous military training. They were mustered
into the U. S. service at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, July 16 to 24,
1864, for a term of 100 days. As soon as organized the regiment
proceeded to Baltimore and thence to Monocacy Junction, where
it was stationed for two months guarding the bridge and railway
lines. During the last month of its service it was stationed along
the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, with headquarters at North Moun-
tain Station. Three hundred of the members reenlisted for a one
year's term, and were consolidated into three companies. The others
were mustered out at Harrisburg, Nov. 4, 1864.

Seven new companies were recruited in Feb.. 1865, by Col. Fisher
and on March 16 the regiment was reorganized at Martinsburg, W.
Va., for a term of one year. Three more companies were tempo-
rarily attached to it. Only one change was made in the field officers;
Henry D. Markley became major in place of Maj. James. It served
at Charlestown, Kabletown and Stevenson's station, Va., until April
22, when it moved to Berryville, Va., and was employed in preserv-
ing order among the people of the region. On June 6 it moved
up the valley as far as Harrisonburg. While on the way the non-
commissioned staff and Cos. A, B and C, composing the veteran
battalion, were mustered out at Summit Point, Va., June 21, 1865.
The remaining companies proceeded to Washington on Aug. i, and

490 The Union Army

were employed in guard duty until the date of their final muster out,
Jan. 31, 1866.

One Hundred and Ninety-sixth Infantry.— Col, Harmanus Neflf;
Lieut.-Col., Arthur Maginnis; Maj., John A. Gorgas. This organ-
ization, known as the 5th Union League regiment, was mustered into
the U. S. service, at Camp Cadwalader, Philadelphia, July 13 to 20,
1864, for a term of 100 days. On July 27 it proceeded to Camp Brad-
ford, near Baltimore, and about the middle of August it was ordered
to Chicago, 111., where it was employed in guarding the prisoners of
war at Camp Douglas. Co. H was detached on Aug. 26, and per-
formed provost duty at Springfield until the close of term of service.
The regiment was mustered out at Philadelphia on Nov. 17, 1864.

One Hundred and Ninety-seventh Infantry. — Col., John R. Has-
lett; Lieut.-Col., Charles D. Kenworthy; Maj., John Woodcock. The
197th, known as the 3d Coal Exchange regiment, vvas mustered into
the U. S. service at Camp Cadwalader, Philadelphia, July 14 to 22,
1864, for a 100 days' term. All the field officers were men of pre-
vious military experience, as were many of the other ofificers and
men. Shortly after its organization it proceeded to Camp Brad-
ford, Baltimore, and two weeks later was ordered to Rock Island,
111., where it was employed until the end of its term in guarding
prisoners. It was mustered out at Philadelphia on Nov. 11, 1864.

One Hundred and Ninety-eighth Infantry. — Col., Horatio G.
Sickel; Lieut.-Col., John B. Murray; Majs., Edwin A. Glenn, C. I.
Maceuen, P. Stackhouse, John Stanton. The 198th, known as the
6th Union League regiment, was recruited in the city of Philadel-
phia during the summer of 1864 and was mustered into the U. S.
service in the early part of September for a one year's term. In
October an additional battalion of four companies was added to the
regiment. It received its colors from the Union League association
and left the state on Sept. 19 to join the army of the Potomac in
front of Petersburg. On its arrival it was assigned to the ist bri-
gade, 1st division, 5th corps. It first came under fire at the battle of
Peebles' farm, losing i killed and 5 wounded. It was next engaged
at Hatcher's run, and then went into winter quarters on the Squirrel
Level road. In Dec, 1864, it participated in the Weldon railroad expe-
dition and in Feb., 1865, it was engaged at Dabney's mill, where it
behaved with great gallantry in the fierce fighting for the control of
the works. On the opening of the final campaign it was hotly
engaged at the Quaker road and at Gravelly run, where it made a
gallant bayonet charge, driving the enemy. Its losses were very
severe — 311 killed, wounded and missing. Gen. Sickel, commanding
the brigade, Capts. Wrigley, Gardner and Spackman, and Lieuts.
Keller and Miller were among the wounded, and Maj. Maceuen and
Capt. Mulfrey were among the killed. It was again engaged on
March 31 at White Oak swamp, with a loss of 6 killed and 46 wound-
ed. Led by the gallant Maj. Glenn it made another brilliant charge
at the battle of Five Forks, in which the brave Glenn was mortally
wounded. Its loss was i killed, and 15 wounded. Now ensued a
period of incessant and tiresome marches until the final surrender of
Lee. It was mustered out of service at Arlington Heights, Va.,
June 3. 1865.

One Hundred and Ninety-ninth Infantry. — Col., James C. Bris-
coe; Lieut. -Cols., Ambrose A. Lechler, Robert P. Hughes; Maj.,
William A. F. Gehr. This regiment was mustered into the U. S.
service at Philadelphia, during Aug., Sept. and Oct., 1864, for a term
of one year. It joined the army of the James in October at Deep

Pennsylvania Regiments 491

Bottom Landing and was assigned to the ist brigade, ist division,
24th corps. Its position was on the extreme right of the line, on
the New Market road, and here it erected substantial breast works.
Shortly after it went into winter quarters with the army and during
the winter it was thoroughly drilled and disciplined, besides engaging
in fatigue and picket duty. Excellent sanitary arrangements pre-
vailed and spring found the men in good health. It shared in the
final assault on the works of Petersburg, April 2, 1865, as a part of
Foster's division, which captured Forts Gregg and Alexander. Its
loss was 18 killed and 91 wounded, among the latter being Col.
Briscoe, who was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry and placed
in command of the brigade. After the fall of Petersburg it followed
in pursuit of the retreating enemy to Burkesville and thence to Ap-
pomattox, losing 2 killed and i wounded in the skirmish at Rice's
station, and 2 killed and 8 wounded, near Appomattox Court House
on the pth. After the final surrender of Lee it moved to Richmond,
where it was mustered out on June 28, 1865. The recruits were
transferred to the i88th Pa. infantry. Col. Briscoe being assigned
to its command, and it performed provost duty by detachments
in Virginia until finally mustered out on Dec. 14, 1865.

Two Hundredth Infantry. — Col., Charles W. Diven; Lieut. -Col.,
W. H. H. McCall; Maj., Jacob Rehrer. The 200th, from the coun-
ties of York, Cumberland and Dauphin, was mustered into the U. S.
service at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, Sept. 3, 1864, for one year. All
the field officers had served in the reserve corps and were experi-
enced in military tactics. It left for the front on Sept. 9, joined the
army of the James, was posted at Dutch gap on its arrival, and
assisted in repelling the attack of the enemy at Chester Station,
on Nov. 19. On the 28th it was transferred to the army of the
Potomac, assigned to the ist brigade, (Col. Diven) 3d division,
(Gen. Hartranft) 9th corps, (Gen. Parke) and stationed at a camp
near the Dunn house battery on the road to Fort Stedman. During
the ensuing winter it was well drilled and performed fatigue duty
upon the fortifications in the rear of the army. The command was
hotly engaged at Fort Stedman on March 25, 1865, losing 14 killed
and 109 wounded, among the latter being Col. Diven. Said Gen.
Hartranft, in his official report: "The 200th Pa. volunteers, Lieut. -
Col. McCall commanding, deserves particular mention. This regi-
ment was put to the severest test and behaved with the greatest
firmness and steadiness. The regiment made two stubborn attacks
on the enemy and when compelled to retire it fell back in good
order." It participated with its division in the final assault on
Petersburg, where it again behaved with great gallantry and cool-
ness, losing 2 killed, 34 wounded and 3 missing. It then shared in
the pursuit of the enemy until his surrender on the 9th. After
Johnston's surrender it proceeded to City Point and thence by
transport to Alexandria, where the recruits were transferred to the
51st Pa. on May 30, 1865, and on the same date the regiment was
mustered out.

Two Hundred and First Infantry. — Col, F. Asbury Awl; Lieut. -
Col., J. Wesley Awl; Maj., John T. Morgan. The 201st regiment,
principally from Dauphin county, was mustered into the U. S. serv-
ice at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, Aug. 18 to 29, 1864, for one year.
It was the first ready for duty of the ten regiments furnished by the
state under the president's call of July 18, 1864, for 500,000 men,
having been recruited to the maximum strength in less than 30
days. All the field officers had served in the 127th regiment and

492 The Union Army

many of the line officers and men had been in the service before.
Immediately after its organization it proceeded to Chambersburg^
where it was schooled and drilled for a short period. On Sept. 17
Co. H was detailed for special duty at the general hospital in York;
F and G were ordered to Bloody run, where they reported to Gen.
Ferry, commanding the Juniata District; a little later Co. F was
sent to McConnellsburg, where it was employed during the fall and
winter in arresting and forwarding deserters; Co. E was detailed
on Sept. 18, for provost duty at Scranton; the main body of the
regiment performed guard duty on the Manassas gap railroad
near Gainesville and Thoroughfare gap until Nov. 13, and was then
placed in Camp Slough, Alexandria, on guard duty. On May 26,
1865, it was ordered to Fort Delaware, where it remained until the
close of its term. It was mustered out at Harrisburg on June 21,
1865.

Two Hundred and Second Infantry. — Col., Charles Albright;
Lieut. -Col., John A. Maus; Maj., Walter H. Seip. This regiment,
from the counties of Carbon, Juniata, Adams, Northumberland, Le-
high, Northampton, Cumberland, Union and Huntingdon, was mus-
tered into the U. S. service at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, during the
last week of August and the first week of Sept., 1864, for a term of
one year. Col. Albright had served as colonel of the 132nd infantry
and a few of the other officers and men had been in the service. The
regiment did not join the army at the front, but was employed dur-
ing most of its term in the laborious but non-heroic duty of guard-
ing railroads. Its first post of duty was on the Manassas Gap rail-
road from Thoroughfare gap to Rectortown. On the conclusion
of Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley it retired to Al-
exandria and guarded the Orange & Alexandria railroad from Bull
Run to Alexandria, with headquarters at Fairfax Station. Near
the end of May, 1865, it was ordered to Philadelphia, whence it
was sent into the anthracite coal regions of the state, with head-
quarters at Tamaqua, and served by detachments at various points.
Col. Albright, who had been brevetted brigadier-general, being
placed in command of the district. At the end of July, the regiment
assembled in Harrisburg, where it was mustered out on Aug. 3,
1865.

Two Hundred and Third Infantry. — Cols., John W. Moore, Oliver
P. Harding, Amos W. Bachman; Lieut.-Cols., Jonas W. Lyman, A.
W. Bachman, Benjamin Brooke; Majs., Oliver P. Harding, Michael
J. Cooke. This regiment, from the counties of Lycoming, Lancas-
ter, Chester and Delaware and the city of Philadelphia, rendezvoused
at Camp Cadwalader, Philadelphia, and was mustered into the U. S.
service during the latter half of August and the first half of Sept..
1864, for one year. It was recruited at the suggestion of Gen. Bir-
ney to serve as sharpshooters, but served as an ordinary infantry
regiment. The entire field and staff were veteran officers. It left
the state for the front on Sept. 22, arrived before Petersburg on the
27th, and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division. loth corps.
During the engagement at New Market heights, late in September,
it performed provost duty at Deep Bottom, escorted prisoners to
the rear and picketed Malvern hill. Then moving up to the front
it shared in the engagement on the Darbytown road in November,
and was again engaged with some loss later in the month. On the
reorganization of the army of the James it was assigned to the 2nd
brigade, (Col. Pennypacker) 2nd division, (Gen. Ames) 24th corps,
and early in December proceeded to Fortress Monroe as part of the

Pennsylvania Regiments 493

force destined for the attack on Fort Fisher, N. C. Tt was not en-
gaged in the first attack, but shared in the glory of the final cap-
ture of the fort in Jan., 1865, Ames' division being selected to lead
the desperate assault and the 203d did its full share in the seven
hours of bloody fighting, losing 46 killed and 145 wounded. Among
the former were Col. Moore, Lieut. -Col. Lyman, Capt. Smallwood
and Lieut. Hart. In his official report Gen. Ames said of Col.
Moore: "He behaved with the most distinguished gallantry. He
was killed within the fort, in advance of his regiment. Few equalled,
none surpassed this brave officer." The regimental flag had more
than 80 rents in it made by bullets and grape shot. After the cap-
ture of Fort Fisher the regiment was not again in action until the
engagement at Sugar Loaf Battery, Federal Point, N. C, Feb. 11,
1865. It moved with the 24th corps in its advance on Wilmington,
being actively engaged when the town was evacuated by the enemy.
Early in March it moved to Goldsboro, where a junction was effect-
ed with Gen. Sherman's army while the battle of Bentonville was
in progress. It now guarded the railway for a time at Faison's sta-
tion; was advanced with the army towards Raleigh in April, and after
Johnston's surrender was assigned to duty at Raleigh, where it was
finally mustered out on June 22, 1865.

Fifth Artillery. — Col., George S. Gallupe; Lieut.-Col., Joseph
Browne; Majs., Michael Baer, Howard Morton, George M. Irwin,
William H. Hope. This regiment, the 204th of the line, came from
the counties of Allegheny, Lawrence, Beaver, Cambria, Westmore-
land, Armstrong and Greene, rendezvoused at Camp Reynolds,
Pittsburg, and was mustered into the U. S. service during the lat-
ter part of Aug. and the first 10 days of Sept., 1864, for a term of one
year. Col. Gallupe was formerly major in the 8th reserve regi-
ment and Lieut.-Col. Browne was major of the 102nd Pa. infantry.
Shortly after its organization it left the state for Washington, where
it did duty in the forts north of the capitol until Sept. 28, when it
was posted along the line of the Manassas Gap railroad, then being
opened up as a line of supply for Sheridan's army in the Shenandoah
Valley. It was frequently engaged with Mosby's command while
employed in this work, a number of the men being wounded and 22
cut off and captured at Salem on Oct. 8. A few weeks later,
while at Piedmont, a detachment of the command with a squadron
of the 13th N. Y. cavalry moved into the mountains and captured
4 guns and caissons of Mosby's artillery and a number of prisoners.
About the end of October it returned to the forts of Washington for
a few days and then returned to Virginia, being posted for the win-
ter by detachments, at Prospect hill, Vienna and Fairfax Court
House. It was employed during this time in picket and guard duty
and in building large stockades and block-houses. In the spring
of 1865 detachments were sent to the Bull Run battlefield and de-
cently buried some 2,000 dead, whose bodies had remained im-
properly cared for since the second battle there. In June it was
ordered to Pittsburg, where it was received with public dmonstra-
tions, and finally mustered out on June 30, 1865.

Two Hundred and Fifth Infantry. — Col., Joseph A. Mathews;
Lieut.-Col., William F. Walter; Maj., B. Mortimer Morrow. The
205th, from the counties of Blair, Berks, Mifflin, Huntingdon, Dau-
phin and Franklin, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, and
was mustered into the U. S. service from Aug. 16 to Sept. 4, 1864.
for one year. All the field officers were veterans in the service and
many of the line officers and men had previous military experience.

494 The Union Army

On Sept. 5 it left for Washington and shortlj' after its arrival there
proceeded by transport to City Point, Va., in charge of 1,300 re-
cruits and drafted men. Here it was engaged in fatigue duty for a
time, but early in November it joined the army of the Potomac
and was assigned to a provisional brigade of six new Pennsylvania
regiments, commanded by Col. Hartranft, attached to the 9th corps.
In December this brigade was organized as a division and the 205th
became a part of the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 9th corps. Col. Math-
ews commanding the division. With the exception of occasional
supporting movements it remained in camp near Fort Prescott dur-
ing the winter 1864-65. On March 25, 1865, it supported the charg-
ing column in the recapture of Fort Stedman, losing 10 wounded.
The regiment, under the command of Maj. Morrow, performed gal-
lant service in the final assault on Petersburg, capturing Battery
No. 30, a number of prisoners, and a battle-flag, which fell into the
hands of private John Lilly, of Co. F. Its losses were 2 officers
and 22 enlisted men killed, 6 officers and 91 enlisted men wounded,
and 5 men missing, a total of 126. Maj. Morrow was among the se-
verely wounded, losing a leg. It followed in pursuit of the enemy
as far as Burkesville, repairing the South Side railroad as it went.
After Lee's surrender it returned to Alexandria, Va., where it was
mustered out on June 2, 1865.

Two Hundred and Sixth Infantry. — Col., Hugh J. Brady; Lieut.-
Col., John T. Fulton; Maj., Joseph B. Ferguson. The 206th, from
the counties of Indiana, Westmoreland and Jefferson, rendezvoused
at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburg, and was nmstered into the U. S.
service from Aug. 26 to Sept. 9, 1864, for a term of one year. Most
of the officers and men had previously served in other organizations.
On Sept. 9 it left for Washington and while enroute was directed
to proceed to City Point, Va. Upon its arrival it was temporarily
assigned to a provisional brigade in the army of the James and at-
tached to the i8th corps on the Bermuda front. It was employed
for 3 weeks in October in building a fort, a mile north of Dutch
gap, which was named Fort Brady in honor of the efficient services
rendered by the command. On Oct. 26, it reported to Gen. Terry,
was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, loth corps, and went
into winter quarters on the line north of Fort Harrison. On Dec.
3 the white infantry of the lOth and i8th corps was consolidated
to form the 24th corps. When the general movement of the army
commenced in March, 1865, the regiment was ordered to remain in
camp, much to its distaste, the convalescents of the ist division be-
ing ordered to report to Col. Brady. On April 22 it was assigned
to provost duty in Richmond and also performed the same service
a few weeks later at Lynchburg. It was mustered out on June 26,
1865, the men being finally paid and discharged at Pittsburg on July
2.

Two Hundred and Seventh Infantry. — Col., Robert C. Cox;
Lieut.-Col., W. W. S. Snoddy; Maj.. Victor A. Elliott. This regi-
ment, from the counties of Tioga, Clinton, Cumberland, Franklin,
Lycoming, Bradford. York and Lancaster, rendezvoused at Camp
Curtin, Harrisburg, where it was mustered into the U. S. service
during the latter part of August and the early part of Sept., 1864,
for a one year's term. On Sept. 12 it left for the front and on the
i6th reached City Point, Va., where it was assigned to picket duty
with the army of the James on the Bermuda front. The enemy sud-
denly charged the picket line on the night of Nov. 17, and the regi-
ment lost 2 killed and a number wounded in the sharp engagement

Pennsylvania Regiments 495

which ensued. It was afterwards assigned to the 2nd brigade, 3d
division, 9th corps, Army of the Potomac, and was stationed on the
Army Line railroad, near Fort Prescott. It shared in the movement
to Hatcher's run in Feb., 1865, but was not engaged. It was active
at Fort Stedman on March 25, losing i killed and 16 wounded. On
the morning of April 2 it was formed in line of battle immediately
in front of Fort Sedgwick and joined in the final assault which car-
ried the works of Petersburg, the 207th planting its colors on the
fort which commanded the Jerusalem plank road, its losses being yj
killed, 140 wounded and 8 missing, a total of 185. Col. Mathews,
commanding the brigade, stated in his official report: "To Col. R.
C. Cox, who commanded the leading regiment, I owe the entire
good success that attended the charge. Foremost among those
who scaled the enemy's works, cheering his men by his courage,
preparing them to meet the many charges of the enemy to retake
the lines, and thus beating them back each time, with heavy losses in
killed and wounded, he is deserving of the highest praise." With
its division it was charged with keeping open the line of supply for
the army along the South Side railroad. It advanced as far as
Burkesville, where it halted, and the command was engaged in picket
duty and guarding and paroling prisoners. After the surrender of
Lee it returned to Alexandria, where it was mustered out on May
13, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the 51st Pa.

Two Hundred and Eighth Infantry. — Col., Alfred B. McCalmont;
Lieut.-Col., M. T. Heintzelmen; Maj., Alexander Bobb. This regi-
ment was mostly recruited from the counties of Perry, Snyder,
Blair, Lebanon, Dauphin and Bedford. The several companies ren-
dezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, where they were mustered
into the U. S. service from Aug. 26 to Sept. 12, 1864, for one year.
Both Col. McCalmont and Lieut.-Col. Heintzelmen were veteran
officers. On Sept. 13 it left for the front and was there assigned to
the provisional brigade commanded by Col. Potter on the Bermuda
Hundred front. Picket and fatigue duty and drill occupied it until
Nov. 27, when it reported to the Army of the Potomac and was as-
signed to the 1st brigade of Gen. Hartranft's division, 9th corps. It
went into winter quarters near the Avery house. Gen. Hartranft's
headquarters. It was in support during the movement upon Hatch-
er's run in Feb., 1865, where it was in line of battle and fortified
its position, but was not attacked. It was warmly engaged at Fort
Stedman, March 25, 1865, where it behaved with great gallantry,
losing 4 killed and 38 wounded. Among the mortally wounded was
Capt. Prosper Dalien, a brilliant officer and a native of France,
who had served through the Italian v/ars of 1859. It formed part
of the assaulting column on April 2, when the works of Petersburg
were finally carried, losing 9 killed and 39 wounded. It then moved
in pursuit along the line of the South Side railroad as far as Notta-
way Court House, which it reached on the day of Lee's surrender.
On the 20th it returned to City Point and thence to Alexandria,
where it was mustered out on June i, 1865. -The same day the re-
cruits were transferred to the 51st Pa.

Two Hundred and Ninth Infantry. — Col., Tobias B. Kaufman;
Lieut.-Col., George W. Frederick; Maj., John L. Ritchey. This
regiment, recruited from the counties of Cumberland, York, Cam-
bria, Franklin, Columbia, Adams, Lehigh and Lebanon, rendez-
voused at Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, and was mustered into the U.
S. service during the first half of Sept., 1864, for a term of one year.
Many of the officers and men were veterans in the service. As soon

496 The Union Army

as it was organized it left for Petersburg, Va., and on its arrival
was placed at Camp Potter for 2 weeks, when it was stationed on
the advanced line to the left of Fort Harrison. A detachment under
Capt. Landis was assigned to garrison redoubt Carpenter on the left
bank of the James. The regiment here acquired a good state of dis-
cipline through the diligence of its officers. During the engage-
ment at Fort Harrison it was ordered upon the parapet, as though
about to charge the enemy's flank, while the real charge upon the
front was being prepared. In a sudden assault of the enemy on
the picket lines, Nov. 17, Col. Kaufman, Capt. Lee, Lieut. Hendricks,
and 19 men were captured, i man was killed and 2 wounded. A
week later it was transferred to the army of the Potomac and as-
signed to the 1st brigade, 3d division, 9th corps, encamping near
Meade Station. The regiment was heavily engaged with its division
on March 25, and by its valor materially assisted in the recapture
of Fort Stedman, where its loss was 5 killed and 50 wounded. It
shared in the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, losing 7 killed
and 52 wounded. Among the killed was Capt. McCullough and
among the wounded were Maj. Ritchey and Lieutenants Bigler and
Shugar. It then moved slowly along the South Side Railroad with
its division, having charge of the army trains and repairing the
tracks as it went. It rested at Nottoway Court House until the
20th, when it returned to Alexandria. On May 31, 1865, the re-
cruits were transferred to the 51st Pa. and the original members
were mustered out.

Two Hundred and Tenth Infantry. — Cols., William Sergeant, Ed-
ward L. Witman; Lieut. Col., Edward L. Witman; Majs., Henry
E. Munson, James H. Graves, Sol. B. Bowerman. The 210th, from
the counties of Dauphin, Columbia, Schuylkill, Potter, Mifflin, Brad-
ford, Franklin and Center, rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harris-
burg, and was mustered into the U. S. service from Aug. 25 to Sept.
24, 1864, for one year. Col. Sergeant was formerly a captain in the
I2th U. S. infantry; Lieut. -Col. Witman was a captain in the 46th
Pa., and a large proportion of both officers and men had been in
the service before. As soon as it was organized it left for the front
and joined the army of the Potomac before Petersburg, where it
was assigned to the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps. It was act-
ive for the first time at Hatcher's run in October, meeting with
slight loss. It shared in the Weldon railroad expedition in Decem-
ber, suffering much from the intense cold and exposure, which
<;aused many to sicken and die. It behaved with great gallantry
in the engagement at Dabney's mill, in Feb., 1865, where its losses
were considerable. On the opening of the spring campaign it was
heavily engaged from March 29 to April i, at the Quaker road,
Gravelly run, the Boydton road and Five Forks, its loss being 35
killed, 115 wounded and 150 missing. Col. Sergeant was mortally
wounded at Five Forks, as were Adjt. Schlesinger and Capt.
Hughes. It followed the enemy during his retreat from Petersburg
and was at the front when Lee's final surrender took place. It then
returned to the vicinity of Washington, participated in the grand
review, and was mustered out at Alexandria on May 30, 1865, when
the recruits were transferred to the 51st Pa., with which organization
they served until their final muster out on July 28, 1865.

Two Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. — Cols., James H. Trimble,
Levi A. Dodd; Lieut. -Cols., Levi A. Dodd, Augustus A. Mechling,
Charles McLain, William A. Coulter; Majs., Augustus A. Mechling,
Elias B. Lee, H. King Smith. This regiment, from the counties of

Pennsylvania Regiments 497

Crawford, Jefferson, McKean, Mercer, Erie, Warren and West-
moreland, rendezvoused at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburg, and was mus-
tered into the U. S. service during the first half of Sept., 1864, for
one year. Immediately after its organization it left for the front
and was assigned to Potter's provisional brigade, Army of the
James, on the Bermuda front. As soon as it reached its position
in the intrenchments it was ordered to appear upon the parapets in
full range of the enemy's guns in order to create a diversion in
favor of the storming party about to move on Fort Harrison, and
2 men of Co. F were instantly killed. On Nov. 27, with the other
Pa. regiment of its brigade, it joined the Army of the Potomac,
where it became a part of the 2nd brigade, 3d division, 9th corps.
During the winter the camp of the regiment was located midway
between Fort Howard and Fort Alexander Hayes. In the action of
March 25, 1865, when Fort Stedman was taken and recaptured, the
2iith suffered a loss of i killed and 10 wounded. It advanced gal-
lantly under the immediate command of Gen. Hartranft and it was
supposed that it would be sacrificed by the fire of the enemy, while
advancing a mile away on high ground, but the assault on the imme-
diate front took place and the command suffered but little. In the
final assault on Petersburg, April 2, the regiment lost 4 officers and
17 men killed, 4 officers and 89 inen wounded, and 21 men missing
a total of 135. Lieut. -Col. McLain, and Lieuts. Sparks, Alexander
and Tarr were killed, and Maj. Lee and Lieut. Pelton were mortally
wounded. Capt. Gourlay and Lieut. Gilson were among the severely
wounded. It will thus be seen that the command had its full share
in the desperate fighting. It now moved along the South Side rail-
road with the division in charge of army trains, as far as Nottoway
Court House, where it remained until the 20th. It then proceeded
to Alexandria, where it was musterd out on June 2, 1865.

Sixth Artillery. — Col., Charles Barnes; Lieut. -Col., Joseph B.
Copeland; Majs., Robert H. Long, Joseph R. Kemp, Frank H.
White. More men than the standard required had been recruited
for the 5th artillery, the 204th of the line, and it was therefore
decided to organize the 6th artillery, which became the 212th regi-
ment. It was mostly composed of men from the counties of Alle-
gheny, Butler, Westmoreland, Fayette, Washington and Lawrence,
who rendezvoused at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburg, and were mustered
into the U. S. service during the first half of Sept., 1864, for one
year. On Sept. 17 the regiment left for Washington, where it was
assigned to the 2nd brigade of DeRussy's division, then garrisoning
the defenses of the capital. On the 29th it was detached, to perform
railroad guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria railroad between
Alexandria and Manassas, with headquarters at Fairfax Court House.
It was engaged in this service until about the middle of November,
when it returned to the defenses of Washington. Thus far it had
served as infantry, but the men were nov/ drilled as artillery and
soon became proficient in this arm of the service. It remained in
the forts about Washington until June 13, 1865, when it was mus-
tered out at Fort Ethan Allen, returned to Camp Reynolds, where
the men were finally paid and discharged on the 17th.

Two Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. — Col., John A. Gorgas;
Lieut. -Col., Jacob M. Davis; Maj., Epos R. Artman. The 213th
was recruited in the city of Philadelphia and the counties of Berks,
Juniata and Chester, and was mustered into the U. S. service at
Philadelphia, March 2, 1865, for a term of one year. It was ordered
to Annapolis and guarded Camp Parole until April. A detachment

Vol. 1-32

498 The Union Army

was posted on guard on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad near Fred-
erick City and in April the entire command proceeded to Washing-
ton, where it remained employed in guard duty until Nov. i8, 1865,.
when it was mustered out.

Two Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. — Col.. David B. McKib-
bin; Lieut. -Col., William H. Harrison; Maj., Charles H. Addicks.
This regiment was raised in Philadelphia and the counties of Lan-
caster and Northampton, and was mustered into the U. S. service
at Philadelphia in March, 1865, for a term of one year. It joined
the troops under Gen. Egan in the Shenandoah Valley and remained
there until July, when it became a part of the force employed in the
defenses of Washington. A detachment spent the winter of 1865-66
on guard duty at Annapolis and on March 21, 1866, the 214th was
mustered out at Philadelphia.

Two Hundred Jind Fifteenth Infantry. — Col., Francis Wister;
Lieut.-Col., Francis B. Jones; Maj., Andrew T. Goodman. The 215th
was raised in the city of Philadelphia and the counties of Lancaster,
Bucks and Northampton, and mustered into the U. S. service at
Philadelphia, April 21, 1865, for one year. It was ordered to Dela-
ware and employed in guard duty in that state and on the east shore
of Maryland. From June to the end of July, it was stationed at
Fort Delaware where it was mustered out on July 31, 1865.

Anderson Cavalry Troop. — The Anderson Troop, an independent
company, was recruited at Carlisle, Pa., in Oct. and Nov., 1861, and
was mustered into the U. S. service on Nov. 30, for three years. Its
officers were William J. Palmer, captain; William Spencer, first
lieutenant; Thomas S. Maple, second lieutenant. It was organized
for escort and headquarters duty with Gen. Anderson, commanding
the Army of the Ohio, and was retained by Gens. Sherman, Buell
and Rosecrans. On Dec. 2, 1861, it left the state for Louisville, Ky.,
arriving there on the 7th. Here it was drilled and disciplined for
three months and was reported by the inspector-general as "by far
the best company I have yet seen in the department." It shared
in the operations before Corinth and on July i, 1862. moved with
Buell to Huntsville. On the 24th Capt. Palmer and a number of
men went to Pennsylvania to recruit a full battalion, which subse-
quently was increased to a full regiment, known as the Anderson
cavalry. The original troop furnished many of the officers of the new
regiment, but was never incorporated with it. In the race for Louis-
ville it was engaged in arduous scouting duty, frequently
skirmishing with the enemy. It was engaged at Springfield and
Perryville, Ky., and at Stone's river was employed in orderly and
courier duty. It remained on duty at headquarters until March 24,
1863, when Gen. Rosecrans ordered its muster out of service, as it
was much reduced in numbers. It was accordingly mustered out
on the 26th. On leaving the front it was paid a high compliment
by Gen. Rosecrans.

Emergency Troops of 1863. — Early in the summer of 1863, ru-
mors were constantly afloat concerning a threatened invasion of
border states by the Confederates and in June two new departments
were established by the war department — the Department of the
Monongahela and the Department of the Susquehanna — in order
that the state might be protected from any such movement of the
enemy. Volunteers were called for by Gov. Curtin to serve "During
the pleasure of the president or the continuance of the war." Slow
to believe that their homes were really endangered, the greatly re-
duced number of men available for military service hesitated to re-

Pennsylvania Regiments 499

spond. On June 12, the governor published the notice that the
troops requested would be mustered into the service of the United
States for six months, or during the existing emergency, as they
should themselves elect. In a short time eight regiments were mus-
tered in for the "emergency" and became the 20th, 26th, 27th, 28th,
29th, 30th, 31st and 33d emergency regiments. Other companies
and organizations volunteered their services and need for them
was soon found. The Confederates had occupied Chambersburg
and Gettysburg and when it was discovered that the main body of their
forces had actually crossed the Potomac, another proclamation was is-
sued by Gov. Curtin on June 26, calling for 60,000 men at once to be
mustered into the state service for a term of 90 days and to be dis-
charged as soon as the danger was over. To this urgent message twen-
ty-eight regiments responded and were organized in the two depart-
ments previously mentioned, at Huntingdon, Reading, Philadelphia
and Harrisburg. A force under Gen. Knipe approached Chambers-
burg, but found it in the hands of the enemy and was obliged to
retire gradually before the advance of Johnson's division of Ewell's
corps. The Confederates reached Oyster point, but were withdrawn
to Gettysburg on account of the advance of the Army of the Poto-
mac and within a few days was fought the battle of Gettysburg. A
portion of the militia joined the Army of the Potomac in Maryland
after the battle, but were soon afterward returned to Harrisburg.
The emergency regiments were mustered out soon after the bat-
tle of Gettysburg, the regiments of militia a little later, various du-
ties within the state requiring their services for a short time. Some
were employed at Gettysburg, some at Philadelphia in preserving
order, and at other points they rendered valuable service.

First Battalion Six Months Infantry. — Lieut. -Col., Joseph F.
Ramsey. This battalion was composed of seven companies, which
were organized at Harrisburg in July, 1863, and mustered in for six
months service. It was mustered out on Oct. 3, 1863 and Jan. 9,
1864, and in March, 1864, it was reorganized and recruited to form
the 187th Pa. infantry.

Second Battalion Six Months Infantry. — Lieut.-Col., John C. Lin-
inger. This battalion was organized at Pittsburg in July, 1863, mus-
tered in for six months service, and mustered out Jan. 21, 1864.

Third Battalion Six Months Infantry.— Lieut.-Col., T. Elwood
Zell. This battalion consisted of five companies and was mustered
into the U. S. service at Philadelphia in June and July, 1863, for
six months. It was mustered out at Philadelphia Jan. 29, 1864.

Twentieth Emergency Infantry. — Col., William B. Thomas. This
regiment was organized at Philadelphia on June 17, 1863, mustered
in to serve during the "Existing emergency" and mustered out Aug.
10, 1863.

Twenty-sixth Emergency Infantry. — Col., William W. Jennings.
This regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 22, 1863, mus-
tered into the U. S. service for a term covering the "Existing emer-
gency" and mustered out at Harrisburg, July 30, 1863.

Twenty-seventh Emergency Infantry. — Col, Jacob G. Frick. This
regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 22, 1863, mustered
into the U. S. service for a term that should cover the "Existing
emergency" and mustered out July 31 and Aug. i, 1863, at Harris-
burg.

Twenty-eighth Emergency Infantry. — Col., James Chamber-
lin. This regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 24, 1863,
entered the U. S. service for a term that would cover the "Existing

500 The Union Army

emergency," and was mustered out at Harrisburg, July 27 and 28,
1863.

Twenty-ninth Emergency Infantry. — Col., Joseph W. Hawley.
This regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 23, 1863, mus-
tered in to serve during the "Existing emergency" and was mustered
out at Harrisburg on Aug. i, 1863.

Thirtieth Emergency Infantry. — Col, William N. Monies. This
regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 25, 1863, to serve
during the "Existing emergency," and was mustered out at Harris-
burg on July 26 and 27, 1863.

Thirty-first Emergency Infantry. — Col., John Newkumet. This
regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 30, 1863, to serve
during the "Existing emergency" and was mustered out at Harris-
burg Aug. 8, 1863.

Thirty-third Emergency Infantry. — Col., William W. Taylor.
This regiment was organized at Harrisburg on June 26, 1863, to
serve during the "Existing emergency" and mustered out at Har-
risburg Aug. 4, 1863.

Independent Battalion Emergency Infantry. — Lieut.-Col., Robert
Litzinger. This battalion, consisting of five companies, was organ-
ized in June and July, 1863, mustered in to serve during the "Exist-
ing emergency," and mustered out on Aug. 8, 1863, at Harrisburg.

First Battalion One Hundred Days Infantry. — Lieut.-Col., Charles
Stewart. This battalion was organized at Philadelphia, Pittsburg
and Harrisburg in July, 1864, was mustered in for 100 days' service
and mustered out at the same places in Nov., 1864.

Departmental Corps Infantry. — First Lieut., James Brown. This
command, composed of two companies, was organized in the "De-
partment of the Monongahela" from June to Oct., 1863, to serve
"During the pleasure of the president."

Independent Infantry Companies. — A number of independent in-
fantry companies were organized at various periods of the war and
mustered in for such length of term as the occasion demanded. The
three years' companies of this class were the Pittsburg Fire Zou-
aves, Capt. Thomas Gibson, Jr., organized on June 14, 1861; Capt.
Alexander Scott's company, organized on June 24, 1861; Capt. Will-
iam Palmer's company, organized in Sept., 1861; Capt. Louis E.
Smith's company, organized on Nov. 18, 1861; Capt. William F.
Cardiff's company, organized in Dec, 1861, and attached to the
Maryland Potomac home brigade.

The nine months' companies were Capt. Charles E. Baldwin's
company, organized at Garland, Aug. 29, 1862, and mustered out at
Harrisburg on June 5, 1863; Capt. Wellington Jones' company, mus-
tered in at Harrisburg on Oct. 2, 1862, and mustered out at the
same place on July 9, 1863; Capt. George W. Hubbell's company,
known as the Chestnut Hill hospital company, organized at Phila-
delphia on Nov. 14, 1862, and mustered out in Aug. 1863; Capt. John
B. Guthrie's militia company, mustered in at Pittsburg on Oct. 16,

1862, and mustered out at Harrisburg on July 23, 1863; Capt. Edward
Y. Luther's militia company, organized at Harrisburg on Feb. 14,

1863, and mustered out there on July 23, of the same year.

Capt. William F. Rich's company was mustered in at Philadel-
phia on June 29, 1863, for three months, but was mustered out on
July 8, after a service of less than 30 days. Capt. William M. Shock's
company was organized on June 24, 1863, for six months service
and was mustered out at the expiration of that time. The same
applies to Capt. Samuel T. Griffith's company, which was mustered

Pennsylvania Regiments 501

in on Aug. 8, 1863. Capt. William B. Mann's company was mustered
in at Philadelphia on June 17, 1863, as emergency troops and was
mustered out on July 24, following. Capt. John Spear's company
was also mustered in on June 17, 1863, for the emergency, and was
mustered out on July 21. Capt. George Tanner's company, organized
at Pittsburg on Aug. 30, 1864, for the 100 days' service, was mustered
out in that city on Dec. 10, 1864. Capt. William R. Jones' company,
organized on Oct. 7, 1864, was intended for the 97th regiment. It
was mustered in for one year and was mustered out at Baltimore,
Md., June 17, 1865.

Independent Cavalry Companies. — At different times during the
war independent cavalry companies were formed, some of which
were afterward attached to cavalry regiments, notably the Wash-
ington, Ringgold, Keystone, Lafayette and Patton cavalry, and the
companies of Capts. Harvey H. Young and M. W. Mitchener, all
of which were incorporated in the 22nd cavalry. The Reading city
troop, Capt. J. C. A. Hoffeditz, was organized at Reading in July,
i86r, and mustered in for three years. After several months duty
at Baltimore it was assigned to the ist cavalry, becoming Co. L
of that regiment. The Union company, Capt. Robert H. Patter-
son, was mustered into the U. S. service in April, 1861, for three
years, and maintained its independent organization. The Morehead
company, Capt. Leopold Sahl, was organized on Aug. 19, 1861, and
mustered in for three years. The Negley body-guard, Capt. Harry
L. Van Cleve, was organized at Philadelphia on Jan. 21, 1862, and
mustered into the U. S. service for three years, but for some reason
was mustered out five days later. Capt. Robert Bell's company was
mustered in on June 23, 1863, and served for six months. A com-
pany commanded by First Lieut. C. L. Mercereau, was mustered in
on Sept. 9, 1863, for six months, and was mustered out at Chambers-
burg on Feb. 23, 1864. Capt. Edward B. Sanno's company was mus-
tered in at Harrisburg on July 15, 1864, for the 100 days' service,
and was mustered out at the same place on Oct. 29, 1864. The inde-
pendent "railroad troop," Capt. George D. Stroud, was mustered in
at Philadelphia on July 19, 1864, for 100 days, and was mustered out
there on the last day of October. The "Lancaster troop," Capt.
Christopher B. Hebble, was mustered in at Lancaster on July 19,
1864, for 100 days, and was mustered out at Harrisburg on Oct. 29.
Capt. Edward M. Warren's company was mustered in at Harrisburg
on Aug. 17, 1864, for 100 days, and was mustered out at the same
place on the last day of November. Capt. Bruce Lambert's company
was organized at Harrisburg and served under the 100 days' call
from Aug. 17, to Nov. 25, 1864. Capt. J. K. Weaver's company of
mounted infantry was composed of veterans of the ist battalion of
100 days' men, reenlisted at Chambersburg for one year, and was
mustered out at that place on Aug. 4, 1865.

At the time of Lee's invasion in the summer of 1863, four com-
panies of emergency cavalry and two emergency light batteries were
mustered into the U. S. service. The cavalry companies were com-
manded by Capts. John W. Jones, Frank A. Murray, Alban H. My-
ers and Henry H. Brown. They were mustered in from June 18 to
24, and were mustered out early in August. The two batteries were
captained by Henry D. Landis and Spencer Miller. They were
both organized at Philadelphia, one on June 20 and the other on
the 27th. The former was mustered out at Harrisburg on July 25,
and the latter on the 30th.

Philadelphia City Troop. — Capt., Samuel J. Randall. This troop

502 The Union Army

was of Revolutionary origin and also served in the War of 1812. A
special order from the war department permitted it to be mustered
into the U. S. service on May 13, 1861. The troop was assigned to
Gen. Patterson's army and was active in the strategic movements
near Martinsburg and in the remainder of that campaign. It was
mustered out at Harrisburg on Aug. 17, 1861. In May, 1862, the
troop again offered its services, which were not at that time accept-
ed, but on June 18, 1863, it again took the field and was ordered to
Gettysburg, where it was present but not active in the battle. July
31, 1863, ended its term of service for that year, but from July 11
to 17, 1864, the troop was again on duty, when the state was threat-
ened with invasion.

First Battalion Six Months Cavalry, — Lieut. -Col., Richard C.
Dale. This battalion, consisting of six companies, was organized at
Pittsburg in June and July, 1863, and mustered into the U. S. serv-
ice for a term of six months. It was mustered out on Dec. 29, 1863.

Independent Batteries. — Nine light batteries (A to I inclusive)
were organized in the state while the war was in progress and served
at various places as independent organizations, but all rendered a
good account of themselves, winning praise from their commanding
generals on many occasions.

Battery A. — Capts., Frank Schaffer, S. Motlowski. Battery A
was recruited in Philadelphia and there mustered in early in Sept.,
1861, for three years. Its entire term of service was spent at Fort
Delaware, Del. The original members who did not reenlist were
mustered out at Philadelphia on Sept. 19, 1864, and the reenlisted
men and recruits at the same place on June 30, 1865.

Battery B. — Capts., Charles F. Muehler, Alanson J. Stevens, S. M.
McDowell, Jacob Zeigler. Battery B, from Franklin and Erie coun-
ties, was mustered in at Pittsburg, Nov. 6, 1861, for three years, and
spent the first two months of its service attached to the 77th infan-
try at Camp Nevin. It was then detached and seijt to Munfordville,
Ky. In April, 1862, it shared in the movement of Gen. Buell's force
to join Gen. Grant's army, but arrived too late for the battle of Shi-
loh. It shared in the movements of the army through northern
Mississippi and Alabama and was closely engaged at the battle of
Stone's river, where it won the praise of the commanding general.
It was in action at Missionarj-- Ridge, in Nov., 1863, and early in
1864, a large number of the members reenlisted. The battery did
good service under Gen. Sherman on the way to Atlanta, attached
to the 4th corps. After the fall of Atlanta, it became a part of the
force under Gen. Thomas in Tennessee, fought at Franklin and in
the battle of Nashville. After the surrender of the Confederate ar-
mies it was ordered to Texas and was mustered out at Victoria,
Tex., Oct. 12, 1865.

Battery C. — Capt., James Thompson. Battery C was mustered
in at Pittsburg Nov. 6, 1861, for three years, and was attached to
the 2nd division, 3d corps. It shared in the battle of Cedar moun-
tain, the skirmishes following near the Rappahannock, the second
battle of Bull Run, Chantilly, South mountain, and Antietam. It
was then transferred to the 2nd division, ist corps, with which it
participated in the battle of Fredericksburg and in the Chancellors-
ville movement in the spring of 1863. In all these battles the bat-
tery suffered heavy loss and owing to the depleted numbers of the
command and of Battery F, the two were united under Capt. Thomp-
son and assigned to McGilvray's brigade, artillery reserves. Army of
the Potomac. At Gettysburg, the losses were heavy but the work

Pennsylvania Regiments 503

■of the battery was eflfective and continuous. Batteries C and F, as
well as individual members of the commands, were highly compli-
mented for their gallantry. The batteries continued to see much
active and varied service and their guns were heard at Mitchell's
ford, Mine run, and Morton's ford. Early in 1864, the original mem-
bers were mustered out ; but a large number of the mem-
bers reenlisted and the two batteries were continued in the field as
veteran organizations. Winter quarters were established at Brandy
Station and in the spring the batteries were ordered to Washington for
refitting and equipment. They formed part of the defenses of Wash-
ington, with the exception of a short time on duty at Harper's Ferry,
until the expiration of their term of service. Battery C was mus-
tered out on June 30, 1865, at Pittsburg.

Battery D. — Capts., George W. Durell, Samuel H. Rhoads. Bat-
tery D was mustered into the U. S. service at Doylestown, Sept. 24,

1861, for three years, and was composed of men from Berks and
Bucks counties. On Nov. 6 it proceeded to Washington, where it
remained until the spring of 1862. Attached to McDowell's division,
it moved upon Manassas in March, 1862, and with King's division,
McDowell's corps, arrived at Fredericksburg on April 18. After
two months in camp at Falmouth the battery joined the Army of
Gen. Pope and with the 2nd division, 9th corps, was closely engaged
at Kelly's ford in August. On Aug. 27, it was assigned to Gen.
Hooker's division and was engaged at Bristoe Station. At Bull Run
its guns were active and also at the battle of Chantilly immediately
following. After refitting at Washington, the battery participated
in the battles of South mountain and Antietam; was present at
Amissville; active at Sulphur Springs in November; and at Freder-
icksburg on Dec. 13, 1862. It was attached to the 9th corps through
the western campaign of 1863, accompanied it to Vicksburg and
Jackson. Miss., and returned north in August. Both men and horses
suffered severely from sickness during the summer and the battery
was left in camp while the war was carried on in East Tennessee.
Early in 1864 a large number of the members reenlisted and in the
spring the battery was refitted at Washington. It covered the
wagon train while the Wilderness campaign was in progress and
was assigned to the 4th division. Its guns were repeatedly in action
at Petersburg and the battery had its part in the final assault of
April 2, 1865, after which it moved to Wilson's station, but returned
after Lee's surrender to Alexandria. On June 13, 1865, it was mus-
tered out at Philadelphia.

Battery E. — Capts., Joseph M. Knap, Charles A. Atwell, James D.
McGill, James A. Dunlevy, Thomas S. Sloan. This battery was re-
cruited at Pittsburg and mustered into the U. S. service for a three
years term, at Point of Rocks, Md., where it was attached to the
28th regiment. Ordered to Washington for equipment, it remained
there until Nov. 24, when it returned to Point of Rocks and in March

1862, it was posted at Salem and Front Royal on the Manassas Gap
railroad. The detachment at Front Royal was attacked in May and
forced to retire to Winchester. At Cedar mountain the battery was
closely engaged and finally forced from its exposed position by the
enemy's guns. At Antietam, it was active but did not reach the
field at Fredericksburg in time to share in the battle. Winter quar-
ters were established at Acquia creek and in the Chancellorsville
campaign in the spring of 1863, the battery did eflfective service. At
Gettysburg, attached to the 12th corps, it was actively engaged and
then proceeded with the nth and 12th corps to join the Army of

504 The Union Army

the Cumberland at Chattanooga, Tenn., where it arrived on Oct.
29. It was attacked at Wauhatchie Junction, where it was en-
camped, and suffered heavily. It participated in the battles of Look-
out mountain and Missionary ridge and went into winter quarters
at Wauhatchie. In Jan., 1864, a large number of its members reen-
listed and the battery continued in the field as a veteran organiza-
tion. The 20th corps, which succeeded the nth and 12th, was part
of Gen. Sherman's army and with it the battery participated in the
battles on the way to Atlanta, attached to Gen. Geary's division. It
accompanied the 20th corps to Atlanta, then on the march to the
sea, and at Raleigh, N. C., was detached and sent to Washington.
On June 14, 1865, at Pittsburg, Battery E was mustered out after
long and varied duty.

Battery F. — Capts., R. B. Hampton, Nathaniel Irish, Edward R.
Geary. Battery F was recruited at Pittsburg and mustered into the
service of the United States at Williamsport, Md., Dec. 7, 1861. for
three years. It joined Gen. Banks' army on the upper Potomac, par-
ticipated in the action at Dam No. 5 in December and at Hancock,
Md. early in Jan., 1862. In the repeated skirmishes between the
forces of Gen. Banks and Stonewall Jackson in April, 1862. the bat-
tery was actively employed, but after the closing engagement at
Winchester was stationed at Front Royal for three months and was
not again in active service until late in August. With Gen. Pope's
army, it participated in the fierce struggles of Bull Run and Chan-
tilly and in the minor engagements preceding them. Its guns boomed
at South mountain and Antietam, after which it was posted at Har-
per's Ferry with the 12th corps. At Charlestown in November and
Winchester the following month the battery was active, but it ar-
rived too late for a share in the battle at Fredericksburg. Winter
quarters were established at Acquia creek. In the battle at Chancel-
lorsville the command played an important part and on the last day
of the fight Capt. Hampton was killed. On account of the heavy
losses sustained the battery was consolidated with Battery C early
in June and the two batteries were united during the remainder of
the year. In the spring of 1864, a number of recruits was received
sufficiently large to enable both batteries to become independent
organizations. At Camp Barry, Washington, Battery F was refitted
and became a part of the defenses of the city until ordered to Har-
per's Ferry on July 4 and remained in that vicinity until April, 1865.
The original members who had not reenlisted, were mustered out
at Maryland heights at the end of the year 1864, and the veterans
and recruits returned to Washington in April, 1865, where they were
mustered out June 26, 1865.

Battery G. — Capt., John J. Young. This battery, composed main-
ly of men from Allegheny county, was mustered into the U. S. serv-
ice at Harrisburg, Aug. 22, 1862, for a three years term, and ordered
at once to Fort Delaware, Del., where its entire term of service was
spent, and on June 18, 1865, it was mustered out at Harrisburg.

Battery H. — Capts., John J. Nevin, William Borrowe, Edward H.
Nevin, Jr. The members of Battery H came from Pittsburg and
were there mustered into the U. S. service on Oct. 21, 1862, for a
three years term. It joined the forces at Hagerstown and was at-
tached to the troops under Gen. Morell. In December it was or-
dered to Washington and remained there until the following spring,
when it was sent to Alexandria, Va. Here it was engaged in provost
duty until Jan., 1865, when it returned to Camp Barry, Wash-

Pennsylvania Regiments 505

ington and there completed its term of service. It was mustered
out at Pittsburg, June i8, 1865.

Battery I. — Capt., Robert J. Nevin. This battery was recruited
in Lancaster county and entered the U. S. service for a period of six
months, being mustered in at Harrisburg, June, 1863. It was sta-
tioned at Philadelphia until Nov., 1863; then in West Virginia, until
Jan., 1864; and then returned to Harrisburg, where it was mustered
out on Jan. 7, 1864. So large a portion of its members reenlisted that
with the addition of new recruits, the battery was again mustered
in at Harrisburg on Jan. 7, 1864, this time for three years. It was
ordered to Philadelphia and thence to Washington, where it was
posted at Forts Whipple and Worth until the close of the war. It
was mustered out at Philadelphia on June 23, 1865.

First Battalion 100 Days Artillery. — Maj., Joseph Knap. This
battalion was mustered in at Pittsburg in May and June, 1864, and
consisted of four companies, which were mustered out at Pittsburg
at the expiration of their term of service of lOO days.

Ulman's Battery. — Capt., Joseph E. Ulman. This company was
mustered in at Harrisburg on Feb. 14, 1862, for three years, but, de-
clining to serve as infantry according to orders from the war de-
partment, was mustered out on March 7.

Keystone Battery. — Capt., Matthew Hastings. This company was
mustered in at Philadelphia, Aug. 13, 1862 and mustered out Aug.
20, 1863. It was reorganized at Philadelphia on July 12, 1864, mus-
tered in for 100 days service and was mustered out at Philadelphia
Oct. 25, 1864.

Independent Six Months Battery. — Capt., Horatio K. Tyler. This
company was mustered in for six months service at Pittsburg in
June, 1863 and mustered out Jan. 28, 1864.

Independent Six Months Battery. — Capt., W. H. Woodward. This
company was mustered in at Philadelphia July 9, 1863, for six
months, and mustered out at the same place, Nov. 4, 1863.

Independent Company Sharp Shooters. — Capts., Ira J. North-
rop, Joseph B. Brown. This company was organized in June. 1861,
and mustered in for three years service. It was attached to the 2nd
regiment, U. S. sharpshooters and assigned to the losth Pa. infan-
try on Feb. 18, 1865.

Independent Company Engineers. — Capts., H. E. Wrigley, Albert
S. White, William P. Gaskill, S. C. Smith. This company was mus-
tered into the U. S. service at Philadelphia, Aug. 9, 1862, for a three
years term. Its members were skilled craftsmen and carried with
them the equipment for practical work in various branches of me-
chanical industry. It was first stationed near Washington and af-
terward at Harper's Ferry and was employed in constructing forti-
fications, bridges, etc. It was mustered out at Harper's Ferry on
June 20, 1865.

Warren County Rifles. — Capts., DeWitt C. James. Sylvester H.
Davis. This company was composed of men from Warren county
and was organized as an independent company at Warren, Sept. 4,
1862, when it was mustered in for nine months service and ordered
to the Cumberland Valley. Here it was posted during the battle of
Antietam and soon after returned to Harrisburg, where it was em-
ployed on provost duty. On March 20, 1863, it was sent to Wash-
ington for provost duty and on May 13, was assigned at Alexandria
to Battery H. During the threatening approach of Gen. Early in
the summer of 1864, the company was ordered to the front, but in

606 The Union Army

September, was returned to Alexandria. It was mustered out on
July 20, 1865.

The Erie Regiment. — Col., John W. McLane; Lieut.-CoL, Ben-
jamin Grant; Maj., M. Schlaudecker. The Erie regiment,^ which
was recruited in Erie and Crawford counties, was sent to Pittsburg
and there camped for six weeks. Later the arrival of more troops
made the camp too crowded and a new camp was made near Hulton
Station. Weeks of drill and camp duty followed but the anxiously
awaited marching orders were not received. It was a greatly disap-
pointed body of men who returned to Erie at the expiration of the
term of enlistment without having been called to the front. But the
drill of that summer made them most valuable recruits to some of
the regiments organized later.

Military Affairs in Delaware

1861—65

Delaware, as an exposed and frontier slave-holding state, had
a larger practical interest in the maintenance of the guarantees of
the constitution in regard to slavery than many of the inflama-
ble seceded states. From her geographical position, she had a
heavier stake, proportionately, in the preservation of the Union,
so far as her material prosperity was concerned, than many of her
sister commonwealths. This was clearly demonstrated by a con-
sideration of the sources of her wealth, the nature and direction
of her industry and of her commerce, external and internal.
Bound to the constitution and the United States by every tie
that interest could weave or strengthen, she had been uniformly
faithful to the performance of every obligation imposed by the one
or suggested by her devotion to the other. Not only this, but in
all the dissensions which sectional feeling and fanatical agitation
had promoted, her support had always been given to moderate
doctrines and conciliatory counsels. Sympathizing with the South,
in what that section considered its wrongs and just resentments,
and ready at all times to make common cause with it in the con-
stitutional maintenance of its rights, Delaware had always kept
aloof from its mad heresies and passionate bitterness. Disturbed
more than any of the cotton states by the aggressions of the North,
and prompt to repel them within the limits of her constitutional
resources and federal allegiance, she did nothing whatever to
widen the breach between the antagonistic sections of the repub-
lic or to weaken the hands of those conservative Northern citi-
zens who were at the time nobly struggling to maintain the good
faith and integrity of the national compact. In the position in
which Delaware had thus historically assumed the election of
i860 had rooted her still more firmly. She had given her electoral
vote to the candidate (Breckinridge) by whom the extreme con-
tentions of the South with regard to its constitutional rights were
most emphatically and exclusively represented, and at the same
time, through her whole press and with the united voice of all the
political parties within her borders, she proclaimed her fixed
determination to take her stand within the circle of the Union
and protect herself by the Constitution only.

507

508 The Union Army

On Jan. 2, 1861, the legislature assembled at Dover, the
capital, and on the next day the commissioner from Mississippi,
Henry Dickinson, appeared before the house and made an ad-
dress. In the name of the state of Mississippi he invited Dela-
ware to join the Southern Confederacy which was about to be
formed. He claimed the right of a state to secede from the Fed-
eral union and said if it was not admitted, war would be inevit-
able. After his speech the house resolved unanimously and the
senate concurred by a majority that, "having extended to the
Hon. H. Dickinson, the commissioner of Mississippi, the courtesy
due him as the representative of a sovereign state of the Confeder-
acy, as well as to the state he represents, we deem it proper and
due to ourselves and the people of Delaware to express our un-
qualified disapproval of the remedy for existing difficulties sug-
gested by the resolutions of the legislature of Mississippi." The
delegates appointed from Delaware to the Peace Conference at
Washington on Feb. 4, were George B. Rodney, Daniel M. Bates,
Henry Ridgely, John W. Houston, and William Cannon, and in
the instructions to these delegates the legislature declared that,
in the opinion of "this general assembly, the people of Delaware
are thoroughly devoted to the perpetuity of the Union, and that
the commissioners appointed are expected to emulate the exam-
ple set by the immortal patriots who formed the Federal Consti-
tution, by sacrificing all minor considerations upon the altar
of the Union."

Fort Sumter having fallen and the president having called for
troops, in compliance with the requisition of the secretarv of
war, Gov. Burton issued a proclamation on April 23, calling for
the enlistment of volunteers. It was as follows :

"Whereas, a requisition has been made upon the undersigned
as executive of the said state of Delaware, by the secretarv of
war, for one regiment, consisting of 780 men, to be immediatelv
detached from the militia of this state, 'to serve as infantry or
riflemen for the period of three months, unless sooner discharged ;'
and, whereas, the laws of this state do not confer upon the execu-
tive any authority enabling him to comply with such requisition,
there being no organized militia nor any law requiring such
organization ; and whereas, it is the duty of all good and law-
abiding citizens to preserve the peace and sustain the laws and
government under which we live, and by which our citizens are
protected :

"Therefore, I, William Burton, governor of the said state of
Delaware, recommend the formation of volunteer companies for
the protection of the lives and property of the people of this state
against violence of any sort to which they may be exposed. For
these purposes such companies, when formed, will be under the

Military Affairs in Delaware 509

control of the state authorities, though not subject to be ordered
by the executive into the United States service — the law not vest-
ing in him such authority. They will, however, have the option
of offering their services to the general government for the
defense of its capital and the support of the constitution and laws
of the country."

The state had no militia for the governor to call out, therefore
his object was to encourage the formation of volunteer companies.
That was the utmost extent to which he could officially act and it
was in compliance with the wishes of a large majority of the peo-
ple of the state who were resolved to sustain the government and
defend the Union without regard to the person who might be the
president of the United States. On May i, the governor, finding
that volunteers were freely offered, issued the following orders:

"The undersigned, the constitutional commander of the forces
of the state of Delaware, directs that those volunteer companies
of the state that desire to be mustered into the service of the
United States, under the call of the president, will rendezvous to
the city of Washington with the least possible delay, where they
will be mustered into the service of the United States by Maj.
Ruff, who has been detailed by the war department for that pur-
pose, and who has reported himself to me and received my in-
structions. The regiment will consist of ten companies, to serve
for the period of three months. William Burton,

"Governor and Commander-in-Chief."

A regiment was promptly formed and mustered into the service
of the United States. It consisted of three-months' men, and
numbered about 775. Subsequently two regiments, containing
about 2,000 men, were enlisted for the war, equipped by the state,
and mustered in the United States army.

Still a portion of the people of the state were not disposed to
sustain, by active efforts, the hostilities in which the Federal gov-
ernment had now become involved. They thought that the power of
the North would be insufffcient to bring the Southern states back
into the Union ; and if they ever again became a part of it, they
must come back voluntarily. Assuming this position, the views
entertained under it were exceedingly various and some possessed
so great latitude as to embrace those who favored the cause of the
Confederate states. To those even who honestly entertained these
views, war held out no prospect but that of mutual destruction. A
separation and an acknowledgment of the Confederacy were
regarded as the course of wisdom. Some believed that by peace
and conciliation the seceding states might finally be induced
to return. The peace men in Delaware, and in fact in all the
Northern states, were thus actuated, although some carried their
views to an extreme. As a general fact they were men who loved

510 The Union Army

the Union and earnestly desired its restoration. They had na
antipathy to the institutions of the Southern states and were in
a manner devoid of every feeling of interest or anxiety on the
point concerning which those who elected the Federal adminis-
tration and those who plotted and organized the Confederate
states had for years been at issue. With them, as with Senator
Douglas of Illinois, "war was final, inevitable dissolution."

In Delaware there were not only many citizens opposed to the
war, but there were a few who heartily desired the success of the
Confederate states. The secretary of war, in his report to the ses-
sion of Congress which commenced in Dec, 1861, said: "At
the date of my last report in July, the states of Delaware, Mary-
land, Kentucky and Missouri, were threatened with rebellion. In
Delaware, the good sense and patriotism of the people have tri-
umphed over the unholy schemes of traitors."

On June 27, a "peace" convention assembled at Dover and
was held in the open air. A large number of persons — nearly
2,000 — being present. The first speaker began by observing that
eleven states had gone out of the Union, which he deplored, but
they were determined to go out, and had gone, acting upon the
glorious principle that all government derived its power from the
consent of the governed. "They, 8,000,000 of freemen, had
resented continued aggression and intermeddling, until the elec-
tion of a Republican placed the last feather upon the back of the
people, and they had calmly, quietly, determinedly retired. In
God's name let them go unmolested. Would Delaware give money
or men to hold states as conquered provinces, or allow the seceded
states to be governed by free people in whatever manner they
chose to be governed? Could the South be subjugated? Never.
All the wealth of mines and kingdoms would not restore the
country to its unembarrassed condition. All expenditures
were needless, as there were not enough men in the North to
conquer a free people fighting for their rights, even against any
odds. Who would not, therefore, favor peace now, if ages would
still produce the same results? Let the tax-payers of Delaware
come forth for peace, which would accomplish all that war could
do." The speaker was followed by Hon. Thomas F. Bayard in a
lengthy, calm and temperate speech. He reminded his hearers
that "with this secession, or revolution, or rebellion, or by
whatever name it may be called, the state of Delaware has naught
to do. To our constitutional duties toward each and every mem-
ber of this Union we have been faithful at all times. Never has a
word, a thought, an act of ours been unfaithful to the union of
our fathers ; in letter and in spirit it has been faithfully kept by
us." But he adverted to the horrors of a fratricidal war on so
gigantic a scale, the ruin that would be wrought, and the dan-

Military Affairs in Delaware 511

ger that, whatever might be the issue, which no man then could
foresee, constitutional liberty might perish in the struggle.
Better, he thought, "while deeply deploring the revolution which
has severed eleven states from the Union," if a peaceful accom-
modation was impossible, that the discontented states should be
allowed to withdraw than run the awful risk of such a war. His
calm and earnest eloquence had great weight, and the meeting
resolved "that there was no necessity for convening the legisla-
ture." Mr. Bayard's speech calmed down the state of excitement
which prevailed at the meeting. "It brought to men's minds," as
a leading Delawarean said, "the fact that they were in the Union
— had no part in the rebellion, and that it was their duty to remain
as they were and to keep Delaware as one of the United States."
In this, as ever, Mr. Bayard proved himself faithful to the Con-
stitution and the Union under it, his devotion to which never
wavered, as witness his public record, from first to last. Of the
resolutions adopted at this meeting, the first repudiated war in
any case and preferred a peaceable recognition of the Confederate
states to the shedding of blood. The second stated that the appel-
lation "traitor," as applied to citizens of Delaware using the right
of free speech, could neither intimidate nor convince them. The
other resolutions related to local afifairs. The effect of all these
movements was not only to call in question the uprightness of the
contest, but also to withhold and embarrass, so far as their small
influence extended, the energy of the government. The popular
favor, however, was so strong in support of the government and
of a vigorous prosecution of the war, that in consequence of the
indignation manifested by the people and the arrest by the gov-
ernment of persons of disloyal sentiments, all these "peace" move-
ments soon subsided.

On Nov. 25 the legislature of the state assembled at Dover.
The governor, in his message to that body, said : "Our citizens
have acted in a manner highly creditable to them and well deserve
the quiet they have enjoyed. Those, if there be any, and doubtless
there are some everywhere, whose sympathies incline to the South,
are quiescent, laying no impediments in the way of the govern-
ment, nor affording its enemies any sort of aid. Some of the
innumerable rumors afloat throughout the country may, perhaps,
represent a different state of things ; but were the test of truth
properly applied to these reports, most of them would be found
wholly unreliable." Some movement was made at this session to
pass a bill, providing for the ultimate abolition of slavery within
the state. The scheme was based upon the payment by the United
States of a certain sum to establish a fund towards securing full
and fair compensation to the owners. It was not successful.

The state raised its quotas for the volunteer army under the calls

512 The Union Army

of July and August, 1862, without resort to drafting, and in all
about 5,000 men had been furnished by the state at the close of
that year.

At the autumn election in 1862 William Cannon, the candidate
of the Republican-Union party, was elected governor, and was
inaugurated in the following January, at which time a biennial
session of the legislature commenced. That body consisted of
9 senators and 21 representatives, the division being as follows:
Senate — administration 4, opposition 5 ; House — administration 7,
opposition 14. Soon after the commencement of the session the
following resolutions passed both houses :

"Whereas, the government of the United States and the several
states are governments of laws, within the limits of which all
officials find their rightful powers, and outside of which no official
has any just claim to power or to obedience from his fellow citi-
zens; and whereas, William Cannon, the governor of this state,
in his inaugural address, has avowed the false and dangerous doc-
trine that 'reasonable ground for suspicion' can justify the arbi-
trary arrest and incarceration in prisons, far removed from the
district of their residence, of citizens against whom no warrant
has been issued or charge made according to law ; and has un-
blushingly published his approval of these cruel and lawless arrests
of his own fellow citizens ; and, whereeas, he has thus proved him-
self by this avowal the weak but willing tool of Federal usurpation
and a governor unworthy the respect and confidence of his fellow
citizens — one to whom they can look for no just protection of
their rights of person and of property ; therefore be it

"Resolved, That the doctrines of Gov. Cannon's address, in
regard to arbitrary and lawless arrests are, if carried out, fatal to
constitutional liberty, destructive of the peace and security of our
people, and deserve and hereby receive, at the hands of the legis-
lature of Delaware, prompt and indignant repudiation, and are
declared worthy of the severest reprehension of a people who in-
herit the privileges of freemen and wish to preserve them unim-
paired."

The resolutions were followed by the passage of an act to
prevent "illegal arrests." The governor had no veto under the
constitution of the state over bills passed by the legislature and
he therefore on March 3, 1863, sent the following special message
to that body :

"To the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of
Delaware in General Assembly met:

"The passage by the general assembly of the act entitled 'An
act to prevent illegal arrests in this state,' renders it proper that
I should briefly communicate my views and purposes in relation

Military Affairs in Delaware 513

to it. * * * The preamble of the act refers to the constitu-
tion of the United States, as providing that no person shall 'be
deprived of life, liberty or property v^ithout due process of law,'
but it ought also to have been recollected that the same constitu-
tion provides that in case of rebellion or invasion the privilege
of the writ of habeas corpus may be suspended when the public
safety requires it, and that dangerous persons may be arrested
and held without bail or mainprize. This provision overrides the
constitution of the state of Delaware, or any statute that may be
enacted by her legislature.

"To whom the right to decide when the exigency has happened
requiring the exercise of the power of suspension is a question of
constitutional construction upon which jurists differ. That it is a
necessary power is admitted. That it exists there can be no doubt.
Whoever is invested with the power to suspend is the judge of the
occasion of its exercise. Being incidental to the general duty of
the enforcement of the laws and now called into exercise for the
suppression of armed insurrection, I am satisfied that it properly
belongs to the national executive, and in my official acts I shall
regard it as vested in the president of the United States.

"The preservation of the government is the highest duty of
those charged with its administration, and the personal liberty of
the individual is only to be regarded when compatible with its safe-
ty. That the citizen should have the right fairly to discuss public
measures, is true. That the people should be permitted peaceably
to assemble and petition for a redress of grievances, is undeniable.
But there is a wide difference between the exercise of this right
and the disloyal opposition which proceeds from sympathy with a
public enemy. The former supposes that all parties are well
affected toward the common government, and differ only as to
the mode of its administration. The latter is based upon hostility
to existing institutions and aims at their forcible subversion. The
idea that the government is bound to await the development of a
conspiracy until the actors shall have perfected their plans and
committed some overt act necessary to bring them within the
technical definition of treason, is, to my mind, absurd. The object
is not punishment, but prevention. That the power is liable to
abuse, is true; all discretionary powers are necessarily so. To
decide against its existence because it is capable of excess, would
destroy all human government. The best mode to avoid liability
to arrest, is to be faithful. No man who is truly and unequivoc-
ally loyal, has ever been in danger of being molested by the
national government.

"Still it is possible that arrests may be improperly and inadvis-
edly made ; and while it is my duty to cooperate with the general
government in the maintenance of its authority, I will, at the same

Vol." I— 33

514 The Union Army

time, to the extent of my power protect peaceful and loyal citizens,
whatever may be their political sentiments. While, however, such
is my purpose in relation to them, it is also my duty to take care
that the state of Delaware should not be made the refuge of
foreign traitors or domestic conspirators.

"That there has been from the beginning- of the rebellion a
considerable number of our people ready to participate in armed
resistance to the lawful authorities, whenever a fair opportunity
should occur, I have no doubt. Sympathy with the Southern states
in insurrection is sympathy with the overthrow of the national
government. No man can hear with gratification of a reverse to
our arms who is not at heart a traitor.

"My predecessor, in an official communication, expressed the
opinion that 'a majority of our citizens, if not in all our counties,
at least in the two lower ones, sympathize with the South.' With-
out admitting the correctness of his estimate of numbers, I do
not doubt of the existence of a wide-spread disaffection. That
there has been no outbreak here is the result of want of opportu-
nity. It is the duty of the executive, not only of the United States,
but also of this state, to take care that no opportunity shall be
afiforded. If, to secure the public peace and to prevent insurrec-
tion, it becomes necessary to arrest any individual within this state,
whether he be a citizen or a non-resident, I will not only assent to
the act, but will maintain it.

"Invested by the constitution with no power of veto or review
of the action of the legislature, the governor has a general control
over the operation of criminal enactments, and such control I will
exercise to its utmost extent to protect any person acting under
the authority of the president of the United States, or any citizen
aiding such person in bringing to light any conspiracy, or in
arresting any one guilty of disloyal practices or treasonable
designs against the government.

"I shall issue my proclamation in conformity with these views,
giving to the people of the state of Delaware information of my
intended action."

On March 1 1 he issued the following proclamation :
"To the people of the State of Delaware :

"In a special message communicated to the general assembly
on the third day of March instant, I informed that body of my
purpose to issue my proclamation in relation to the act entitled
'An act to prevent illegal arrests in this state,' and therein briefly
set forth the reasons which impelled me to this conclusion.

"Its provisions are at variance with the interests of the state —
calculated to lessen the estimation in which her people are held,
as faithful to the government of the United States — to embolden
those who sympathize with rebellion, and to discourage loyal men

Military Affairs in Delaware 515

from the performance of their duty, in discovering and thwarting
the designs of emissaries of treason.

"To the end, therefore, that the evil operation of the enactment
may be averted, and loyal citizens may feel secured in their efforts
against foreign traitors and domestic conspirators, I, William
Cannon, Governor of the State of Delaware, do, by this proclama-
tion, enjoin upon the good people of this state that they hold true
allegiance to the government of the United States as paramount to
the state of Delaware, and that they obey the constituted authori-
ties thereof before the legislature of the state of Delaware, or any
other human authority whatsoever.

"I further enjoin that they be vigilant in detecting any conspir-
acy against the national government, and diligent in preventing
aid and comfort to the public enemy ; that they promptly assist
the national magistracy whenever invoked, and that they freely
communicate any information which may the better enable it to
suppress insurrection or to intercept supplies designed for those in
arms against its authority ; and any one so acting, I will save
harmless from the operation of the statute aforesaid, or of any
other statute of like nature that be enacted, so far as it shall be
attempted to be enforced against him for faithfully discharging
his duty to his country.

"In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused
the great seal of the said state to be affixed, at Dover, this eleventh
day of March, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-three, and of the state the eighty-seventh."

William Temple, who had been elected to Congress in Nov.,
1862, died at Smyrna, Del., on May 28, 1863, and on Oct. 7, Na-
thaniel B. Smithers, secretary of state, was nominated by the
friends of the administration to fill the vacancy. The opposition
nominated Charles Brown. The day of election was Nov. 19, and
on Nov. 13, Gen. Schenck, in command of the Middle Department
of the United States, issued the following general order :

"General Orders, No. 59,
"Headquarters, Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps,
"Baltimore, Md., Nov. 13, 1863.

"It is known that there are many evil disposed persons now at
large in the state of Delaware, who have been engaged in rebel-
lion against the lawful government, or have given aid or comfort
or encouragement to others so engaged, or who do not recognize
their allegiance to the United States, and who may avail them-
selves of the indulgence of the authority which tolerates their
presence to attempt to take part in or embarrass the special election
in that state. It is therefore ordered :

516 The Union Army

"I. That all provost marshals and other military officers do
prevent all disturbance and violence at or about the polls, whether
offered by such persons as above described, or by any other person
or persons whomsoever.

"II. That all provost marshals and other military officers com-
manding in Delaware shall support the judges of election on Nov.
19, 1863, in requiring an oath of allegiance to the United States,
as the test of citizenship of any one whose vote may be challenged
on the ground that he is not loyal or does not admit his allegiance
to the United States, which oath shall be in the following form
and terms : 'I do solemnly swear that I will support, protect and
defend the constitution and government of the United States
against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign ; that I hereby
pledge my allegiance, faith, and loyalty to the same, any ordinance,
resolution, or law of any state, convention, or state legislature to
the contrary, notwithstanding; that I will at all times yield a
hearty and willing obedience to the said constitution and govern-
ment, and will not, directly or indirectly, do any act of hostility to
the same, either by taking up arms against them, or aiding or
abetting, or countenancing those in arms against them ; that, with-
out permission from the lawful authority, I will have no communi-
cation, direct or indirect, with the states in insurrection against
the United States, or with either of them, or with any person or
persons within said insurrectionary states; and that I will in all
things deport myself as a good and loyal citizen of the United
States. This I do in good faith, with full determination, pledge
and purpose to keep this, my sworn obligation, and without any
mental reservation or evasion whatsoever.'

"III. Provost marshals and other military officers are directed
to report to these headquarters any judge of election who shall
refuse his aid in carrying out this order or who, on challenge of
a vote being made on the ground of disloyalty or hostility to the
government, shall refuse to require the oath of allegiance from
such voter."

The governor of the state at the same time issued the following
appeal to the people ;

"State of Delaware, Executive Department, Dover, Nov. 13, 1863.

"All civil officers and good citizens of this state are enjoined to
obey the above military order, issued by the commanding general
of the Middle Department, and to give all needful aid for the
proper enforcement of the same. William Cannon,

"Governor of Delaware."

On the next day the following order was issued by the general
in command of the Delaware district or department :

Military Affairs in Delaware 517

"General Orders, No. 14.
"Headquarters, Delaware Department, Wilmington, Del., Nov. 14,
1863.

"The enforcement of General Orders No. 59, issued from Head-
quarters Middle Department, Nov. 13, 1863, by Ma j. -Gen.
Schenck, and confirmed by the order of his excellency, Gov.
Cannon, is confided to the troop in this department. The object
of this order, as construed by the general commanding, are : i. To
secure to every loyal citizen the right to vote as he pleases. 2. To
protect the polls from that outside violence which has heretofore,
in some parts of the state, prevented loyal and peaceable citizens
from voting.

"Special instructions will be issued to the officers in command
of detachments which will be implicitly obeyed, and for the en-
forcement of which ever)' officer will be held strictly responsible.
By order of "Brigadier-General Tyler."

On the next day the following order containing instructions was
issued :

"Headquarters, District of Delaware, Middle Department, Wil-
mington, Del., Nov. 15, 1863.

"The following instructions have been received from the general
commanding, and will be strictly and carefully observed by all
detachments of officers and soldiers within the 'District of Dela-
ware,' while carrying out the provisions of Department General
Orders, No. 59, during the election to be held on the 19th instant :

"Every officer or non-commissioned officer in command of a
detachment will be held strictly accountable for the good conduct
and obedience of the men in his charge.

"Officers and soldiers must be strictly sober, and while prevent-
ing disturbance by others, must avoid all disturbance themselves,
and are required not to hang around the polls nor engage in polit-
ical discussions.

"It will be borne in mind that the whole object of the order of
the commanding general is to preserve peace at the places of vot-
ing, to sustain the judges or inspectors of election, to protect loyal
voters, and to prevent from voting disloyal and traitorously dis-
posed persons who refuse to take the oath of allegiance.

"In enforcing paragraph I of the General Order, to prevent
violence and disturbance at the polls, care will be taken that dis-
loyal citizens of other states do not, as it is apprehended they will
attempt to do, intrude themselves at the places of voting, and
endeavor to intimidate the lawful and loyal voters of Delaware.
"Daniel Tyler, Brig.-Gen. Commanding."

518 The Union Army

On Nov. 1 7 a public meeting of the opposition was held at New-
Castle, at which a resolution was passed, "that the following
address be issued to the Democrats of the county :"

"To the Democrats of Newcastle county, Delaware :

"The undersigned, Democratic voters of Newcastle county, rep-
resent: That at the Democratic state convention held at Dover,
Sept. 1 8, 1863, to nominate a candidate to fill the office of Repre-
sentative in Congress, made vacant by the death of the Hon.
William Temple, the convention unanimously nominated the Hon.
Charles Brown, of Dover Hundred, in the county of Kent, for the
office designated; and ever since the adjournment of the said
convention the canvass has duly and quietly proceeded with every
reasonable prospect for the success of our candidate, all of which
facts are of public knowledge.

"To our astonishment and regret, however, we are informed by
a public military and civil order, dated Nov. 13, 1863, and made
known to us on the 16th of the same month, that the constitutional
and legal rights of the citizens of the state of Delaware to regulate
their own elections, and make and prescribe all qualifications for
voters at the ensuing special election on the 19th instant, have been
utterly subverted, and new qualifications and tests, unauthorized
by the constitution of the United States, and contrary to the con-
stitution and laws of the state of Delaware, imposed upon her citi-
zens by military power.

"With the several and collective knowledge and belief of the
undersigned, they utterly deny the existence within this state, now
or in any past time, of associations or individuals hostile to the
welfare of the government of the United States, and of its consti-
tution and laws ; and considering the said military order (to which
the unauthorized recognition of the executive of Delaware gives
no sanction) as uncalled for, illegal, and unjust, do earnestly pro-
test against the same — and against the interference of the Federal
government in the election held within our state — and in view of
Sie presence and intimidation of a large military force of the
United States in our state, and the indisposition of our people to
produce collision with the armed forces of the general govern-
ment, do hereby recommend to the Democrats of Newcastle
county, whether officers of election or voters, to submit to their
disfranchisement and take no part in the said special election, but
to rely upon the official oaths and consciences of the next House of
Representatives in the Congress of the United States, to declare
null and void an election so held, and conducted contrary to the
laws of the state of Delaware in that behalf, and controlled by a
power unknown to the constitution and laws of our state."

The address was signed by a considerable number of citizens.

Military Affairs in Delaware 519

The result of this address was that the opposition declined to vote,
and on the day of election Mr. Smithers received 8,220 votes, and
Mr. Brown 13.

On the invasion of Pennsylvania by Gen. Lee, 2,000 men who
had been organized for state defense turned out to aid the regular
forces to guard important positions. At that time the state had
furnished to the army seven regiments, including the three-months'
men, a battery, and a battalion of cavalry. And these troops had
been furnished without the necessity of enforcing a draft.

During the perilous and unsettled period through which Dela-
ware passed in 1863 there was less disposition to enter the service
of the country voluntarily than the preceding year, and it soon
became evident that a draft would have to be ordered to fill up the
quota. The draft was ordered to take place at Smyrna, Aug. 12,
1863, and its proceedings were watched with anxious interest.
The quota demanded 1,636 men, and as 50 per cent, more were
drawn, there was a total draft of 2,454, and these were allowed to
commute at the rate of $300 per man. Relief was afforded to some
of the drafted men by means of the bonus raised for that purpose,
but its exaction was severely felt and gave the people a keen taste
of the merciless demands of war. Some efforts were made to
enlist negroes in the state under orders of the president of the
United States and the governor, but the legislature having refused
to pay such recruits a bounty, the number of them was quite
small. A commission was also appointed to estimate the value of
such as were slaves. Upon a claim being made and title proved,
those who were considered or known to be loyal received full
compensation.

In March, 1864, another draft was ordered to fill the aggregated
quotas for 500,000 men, and Delaware was called on to furnish
1,676 men. These not being forthcoming as volunteers, drafting
took place May 19, June 18 and July 2, 1864. The last was to
supply a deficiency of 69 men for Newcastle coimty, 30 for Kent
county and 49 for Sussex county. Wilmington was called upon
for 22 men to make up her deficiency. The quota of the state
tinder the call of March, 1864, for 200,000 men, was 985. Under
the call of the president on July 18, 1864, for 500,000 men, Dela-
ware was required to furnish 2,445 soldiers on an enrollment of
14,713 men. This quota was to be furnished by Sept. 5, 1864,
under penalty of another draft. To relieve, if possible, the state
from this draft, the governor convened an extra session of the
legislature on July 28. It was urged that the unexpended balance
of the appropriation made at the last session, amounting to $250,-
000, should be used for commutation purposes, and thus relieve
those subject to the draft, without working injustice to any class
of citizens. On Aug. 12, 1864, a bill of that nature was passed,

520 The Union Army

which had the effect of stimulating enhstments and made the
burden easier for those who had to provide substitutes. In his
statement to the legislature at that time Gov. Cannon said that up
to that period Delaware had a credit at the war department for
8,743 men. Fully i,ooo had enlisted in Pennsylvania, 500 in New
Jersey, and 500 in Maryland — making a total of nearly 11,000
men from a population of a little more than 112,000 souls, white
and black, free and slaves. As the latter were not then liable to
enlistment, it will be seen that even at that period Delaware had
contributed an unusually large percentage of its citizens for the
defense of the Union. Subsequently the proportion of soldiers
given by the little Diamond State to uphold the flag of the Repub-
lic was equal to if not greater than that of any other state. This is
a record which may well cause the hearts of its loyal citizens to
rejoice.

Under the last call of the president for 300,000 men, Dec. 19,
1864, the quota of Delaware was 938 men, and as the state had
received no credit for the emergency men which it had furnished,
the demands upon its citizenship were so close that but few sub-
jects of military duty could hope to escape the chances of a gener-
al draft. Again the matter was made the subject of legislative action
and on Feb. 16, 1865, the legislature passed an act providing for
the payment of bounties to volunteers before the draft, and a
bonus of $500 to a drafted white man who would enter the service,
or would provide an acceptable substitute. The draft for Kent
and Sussex counties took place Feb. 20, 1865, and contrary to
some fears, passed off quietly. That of Newcastle county was
postponed until March 25, 1865, when drafts were made to fill
the quotas of a few hundreds, which could not be supplied with
volunteers.

The conclusive victories now achieved by the Federal armies
removed the necessity for further levies of men, and those who last
entered the service were, after a short experience in military life,
restored to the homes from which some of them had been taken
against their will or inclination to perform the duties of a soldier,
no matter how noble the cause which called them.

RECORD OF DELAWARE REGIMENTS

First Infantry (Three Months' Service). — Col., Henry H. Lock-
wood; Lieut.-CoL, John W. Andrews; Majs., Henry A. Du Pont, Robert
S. La Motte, C. Rodney Layton. The organization of this body was be-
gun immediately after the call of the president, April 19, 1861, and the
enlistments were for the period of three months. Two companies, A
and B, commanded by Robert S. and Charles E. La Motte, were filled
to the maximum strength within a few days, and Co. C was formed
soon afterward at Wilmington, rendezvousing in the "Institute Build-
ing" on Market street, which was secured as an armory. Other com-
panies were organizing in the lower part of the state, but owing to the
absence of a proper system, could not speedily combine to form a regi-
mental body, and a delay of nearly a month ensued before the organiza-
tion was completed. Capt. Robert S. La Motte, afterward colonel of
the 13th U. S. infantry, was the chief instrument of influence in holding
the men together and promoting the organization of the regiment. It
was largely through his efforts among his friends and the prominent
people of the city that the men were made comfortable and supplied with
partial uniforms and other clothing. His efforts were warmly seconded
by William P. Saville, who had received a West Point education and
who was afterward adjutant of the regiment. The three companies at
Wilmington finally went into camp at the fair grounds on May 22. That
place had been fitted up with sheds and tents and was called Camp Bran-
dywine. By May 25 all the other companies were in camp and doing
duty, the regiment holding its first dress parade the following day. The
organization of the regiment was fully completed before May 31. On
May 28 the first troops from Delaware moved toward the front, Cos.
A and B being assigned to Aberdeen, D and E to Bush river. The re-
maining companies of the regiment left Camp Brandywine on June 9,
and were stationed along the railroad in Maryland as far as Havre de
Grace. The brass band organized the latter part of June proved val-
uable in popularizing the movements of the regiment, whose work dur-
ing the entire service was to perform guard duty. The companies re-
turned home at intervals from Aug. 2 to 14, and were mustered out.

First Infantry (Three Years' Service). — Cols., John W. Andrews,
Thomas A. Smyth, Daniel Woodall; Lieut.-Cols., Oliver P. Hopkinson,
Edward P. Harris, Joseph C. Nicholls; Majs., William F. Smith, John
T. Dent. Upon the muster out of the three months regiment. Col.
Lockwood having been appointed a brigadier-general, the duty of re-
organization for the three years' service devolved on Col. John W. An-
drews, who received authority from the war department for that pur-
pose. The companies entering into the organization repaired to a regi-
mental camp-ground called "Camp Andrews" at Hare's Corners, in
Newcastle Hundred. All the companies had reported at that camp by
the last day of September and the work of drilling was begun, although
not all companies were supplied with arms until Oct 20. A few days
previous the regiment had been fully organized, and early on the morn-
ing of Oct. 20, 1861, it left Camp Andrews and marched to Newport,
where the cars were taken for Baltimore, whence the men were trans-
ported by steamboat to Fortress Monroe, disembarking at the latter

521

522 The Union Army

place Oct. 21, and going into quarters at Camp Hamilton, a mile from
the fort. On March 8, 1862, the regiment witnessed for the first time an
engagement with the enemy — the naval battle off Newport News — but
no movement toward the enemy was made until May 9, when the regi-
ment was part of the forces that invested Norfolk. From that place it
moved to Suffolk early in July, where it remained until September, when
it was moved against the enemy in Northern Virginia. It became a
part of the 3d division, 2nd corps, and was engaged in the battle of
Antietam, where it received a fearful baptism of blood, losing nearly
one-third of its men, but acquitted itself with great bravery. In the
battle of Fredericksburg, 17 of the regiment were killed and a large
number wounded, the men remaining on the field "until every cartridge
was expended." A period of routine service then followed, which was
broken by the movements which brought on the battles of Chancellors-
ville, in which the regiment lost nearly 50 men from all causes, Maj.
Woodall being wounded. There, as in the battle of Gettysburg which
next followed, the regiment acquitted itself in such a manner that its
coolness and valor were warmly commended. The loss of the regiment
in the latter engagement was 12 killed, 45 wounded and 11 prisoners.
The regiment belonged to the body of men which followed closely in
pursuit of Lee and was successively engaged in the battles of Auburn,
Bristoe Station, Locust Grove, and Mine run. On Dec. 18, 1863, 210
officers and men of the regiment were remustered for three years, under
the offer of the government, being the first organization in the Army of
the Potomac to accept that proposition, which included a 30-days' fur-
lough home. Its furlough having expired, the regiment returned to its
duties in the field on Feb. 9, 1864, joining its brigade at Stony Moun-
tain, Va., and in the spring of that year moved with the troops which
engaged in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, and which
opened the way toward Petersburg. The regiment was then engaged
in intermediate battles at the North Anna river, Cold Harbor and the
first assaults on Petersburg. After a short period of rest it was en-
gaged in the battles of Deep Bottom, Gravelly run and Hatcher's run,
in each of which it maintained its reputation for effective service. It
went into winter quarters, and in March, 1865, again took part in the
siege of Petersburg, which resulted in the capture of that city on April
2. The battle of High bridge, though short, was fiercely contested, and
there Gen. Thomas A. Smyth received a mortal wound, from which he
died two days later. The regiment participated in the grand review at
Washington, May 23, 1865, being at that time commanded by Lieut.-Col.
Nicholls. It was mustered out on July 12, 1865, and on the 14th pro-
ceeded as a body to Wilmington, where, after having been given an en-
thusiastic welcome home, it disbanded.

Second Infantry. — Cols., Henry W. Wharton, William P. Bailey;
Lieut.-Cols., David L. Strieker, Peter McCullough; Majs., Robert An-
drews, Benjamin Rickets. This was the first body of volunteer infantry
in the state to form under the call for three years men. Its regimental
organization dated from May 2ij 1861, but its ranks were not entirely
filled until five months later, on account of no state system to aid in
this work. This cause also led to the taking of companies from outside
of the state in order that its organization might be more speedily com-
pleted. Cos. B, D and G were from Philadelphia, and Co. C from Elk-
ton, Md. The remainder of the companies were filled up at Wilmington,
where headquarters had been established by the organizer of the regi-
ment, H. W. Wharton, of the U. S. army. The men rendezvoused at
Camp Brandywine during the summer of 1861. On Sept. 17, 1861, eight
companies of the regiment left there and marched to Cambridge, Md.,
where they went into a camp of instruction under Brig.-Gen. H. H.

Delaware Regiments 533

Lockwood. Cos. I and K joined the command in October and Novem-
ber and also prepared for service in the field. In May, 1862, the regi-
ment joined the Army of the Potomac under Gen. McClellan, and at
the battle of Fair Oaks was assigned to the brigade of Gen. W. H.
French. There the active field service of the regiment began and con-
tinued almost incessantly during the campaign, participating in the gen-
eral engagements of Gaines' mill, Savage Station, Peach Orchard, White
Oak swamp and Malvern hill. In the battle of Antietam it held an ad-
vanced position and was warmly commended for its bravery. The battle
of Fredericksburg was the next eventful incident in the history of the
regiment and there, too, it was in the forward part of the fray, covering
the retreat from that hotly-contested field so ably that it attracted the
attention of the entire army. It was at Chancellorsville in May, 1863,
and performed its full share in the sanguinary struggle at Gettysburg.
The disposition to lead the advance upon the foes of the Union was con-
tinued in the campaign of the fall and winter of 1863, the regiment especial-
ly distinguishing itself at Bristoe Station and Mine run. In the later cam-
paigns it was in all the general engagements of the 2nd army corps, of
which it was a part until the expiration of its service, in the summer of
1864. The regiment was reduced to such a small number that it was
attached to another organization during the Wilderness and Spottsyl-
vania movements. On July i, 1864, the work of mustering out the regi-
ment began, after those men who had been added as recruits were trans-
ferred to the 1st regiment. Cos. A and B were mustered out at Wil-
mington, July I ; C. D, F and G at City Point, Va., the same day ; H,
near Petersburg on Aug. 12; I at the same place, Sept. 14; and K, on
Oct. I, 1864.

Third Infantry. — Cols., WiUiam O. Redden, Samuel H. Jenkins ; Lieut-
Col., William B. Dorrell ; Majs., Arthur Maginnis, James B. Marr,
Frederick Hackett, James E. Bailey. The work of forming this regi-
ment, for the term of three years, was begun late in 1861, but was not
actively pushed until the spring of 1862. As many of the men were from
the central and southern parts of the state a rendezvous was established
at Camp Fisher, near Camden, where the recruits were drilled and pre-
pared for service in the field. The regiment moved from Camp Fisher
the latter part of May 1862, proceeded to Harper's Ferry, and was en-
gaged near Charlestown the 28th, intercepting the northward march of
Stonewall Jackson. Thence it was successively engaged at Sulphur
Springs, Chantilly and at Antietam. In the spring of 1864 it became a
part of the 3d brigade, 2nd division, sth army corps, and participated in
all the movements of that army. At the battle of Cold Harbor, Adjt.
Purnel! I. Pettijohn was killed, and Lieut.-Col. Dorrell fell while leading
a charge on the enemy's works at Petersburg on June 18. On June 26
Capt. Stewart, of Co. I, was wounded. The regiment was also in the
battles before Petersburg at the explosion of the mine on July 30, and
the Weldon railroad in August, invariably acquitting itself so as to re-
flect credit upon the state and the Union which it served. After the sur-
render of Lee, its recruits were transferred to the ist Del. infantry and
those who had enlisted in the earlier stages of its organization were
mustered out on June 3, 1865, proceeding home with the 4th regiment.

Fourth Infantry. — Col., A. H. Grimshaw ; Lieut.-Cols., C. Carroll Tevis,
Charles E. La Motte; Maj., Moses B. Gist. The organization of this
regiment of three years men was begim early in June, 1862, those first
enlisted being mustered at Wilmington by Col. Grimshaw. In the latter
part of the same month the men went into camp at Brandywine Springs,
where they were drilled and formed into companies. The regiment was
fully organized in Sept., 1862. Most of the men were from Newcastle
and Kent counties, except Co. C, which contained a large number of ex-

534 The Union Army

prisoners from Fort Delaware, who had taken the oath of allegiance to
the Union. In Oct., 1862, the regiment left Brandywine Springs and
marched to the Kennett pike, where the 3d Pa. reserves were relieved
and Camp Du Pont was formed to guard the powder-mills in that neigh-
borhood. This camp was broken on Nov. 10, in a severe snowstorm, in
which the regiment proceeded to Wilmington and was quartered in Pu-.
sey's factory until the following day, when it was removed to Arlington
Heights and soon afterward to Camp Vermont, 4 miles below Alexan-
dria. It remained in winter quarters until May, 1863, when it made a
feint movement toward Richmond under Gen. E. D. Keyes. It remained
on the Chickahominy until July 5, when a retrograde march was made
down the peninsula — almost 80 miles in a little more than two days. In
Jan., 1864, it went into winter quarters at Fairfax Court House and
remained at that place until May 4, when it moved to Rappahannock Sta-
tion. Subsequently it moved to Port Royal, and was engaged in the
battle of Bethesda Church on June 2. In that engagement Lieut. Richard
H. Webb of Co. I was killed and 20 others were killed or wounded. The
regiment was in the movement on Petersburg — June 17 and 18 — and sus-
tained heavy losses, nearly one-third of its men being disabled, Capt.
Reynolds killed and Col. Grimshaw wounded. In the engagements which
followed, it was aggressive in its movements upon the enemy, and was
frequently in the advance, as part of the 3d brigade, 2nd division, Sth
corps. Its losses from all causes in 1864 were 189 men. In 1865 it was
in the general engagements of Rowanty creek, White Oak road. Hatcher's
rvm. Five Forks and Appomattox Court House. The number of avail-
able men was now very small, so that at Lee's surrender but 63 men were
in line. The regiment marched to Arlington heights, where the recruits
were transferred to the ist regiment. The original members remaining
were mustered out on June 3, 1865, reached Wilmington on the 6th,
where a hearty welcome awaited them, a reception being tendered at the
city hall, and a collation served at the Institute.

Fifth Infantry. — Col., Henry S. McComb; Lieut. -Col., Christian Febe-
ger; Maj., Edgar Hounsfield. This regiment was organized under the
call of the president, Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 nine months' men. Most of
its members were enlisted in Oct. and Nov., 1862, but remained in civil
life, subject to being ordered into active military service. The companies,
all from the northern part of the state, were equipped and assembled at
their armories for instruction twice per week. The regiment was first
called on to perform active duty on June 20. 1863, when five companies
were ordered to Fort Delaware to strengthen its garrison. The remainder
of the regiment was ordered to Perryville, Md., the following day, to
relieve a New York regiment, but soon afterward joined the ist battalion
at Fort Delaware. The departure of these men drew heavily upon all
classes of the people of Wilmington, but was especially noticeable in the
case of the Scott Methodist Episcopal church, which was deprived of
most of its male members, among the soldiers of the regiment being 6
class-leaders, 12 Sabbath-school teachers and 7 trustees. Such patriotism
deserves to be noted. The regiment did good service until Aug. 6, 1863,
when it returned to Wilmington and was mustered out — Aug. 6 to 10.

Sixth Infantry. — Col., Edwin Wilmer; Lieut.-Col., Jacob Moore;
Maj., Thomas T. Thurlow. This regiment was also composed of nine
months' men, who were mainly from the southern part of the state, the
regiment being organized largely through the efforts of Col. Jacob Moore,
of Sussex county. The conditions of enlistment were like those of the
5th, and like that regiment, it was not called into active service until the
summer of 1863. On June 27 the commander of the regiment. Col. Wil-
mer received orders to march with his command, and left the state for
Havre de Grace to perform garrison duty on the Susquehanna. The reg-

Delaware Regiments 525

iment was very strong, having 877 enlisted men and 42 commissioned
officers. Subsequently the 6th was also ordered to Fort Delaware, re-
maining there until Aug. 23, 1863, and the week following, when all the
companies had been taken to their homes in Kent and Sussex counties,
except Co. I, which was discharged soon afterward.

Seventh Infantry. — Col., John Andrews ; Lieut. -Col., Edgar Houns-
field; Maj., Hugh Stirling. This body was organized for 30 days in July,
1864, and the troops were known as "Emergency Men." The regiment
performed garrison duty along the Baltimore & Ohio railroad in Mary-
land, being stationed mainly at the bridges, whose destruction was threat-
ened. No enemy was engaged in battle, but the duty assigned was faith-
fully rendered. The regiment returned to Wilmington on Aug. 11, 1864,
when it was mustered out.

Eighth Infantry (Battalion). — Lieut.-Col, John N. Richards. The
enlistments for this body were for the term of one year and were made
under the call of July 18, 1864. The organization of the companies was
begun in September and the men rendezvoused at Camp Smithers, on the
Concord Pike, in Brandywine Hundred. Before the regiment could be
filled up, it was ordered to move as a battalion of four companies, Lieut.
Charles E. Evans being the regimental quartermaster. Capts. J. R. Holt
and John N. Richards, as brevet officers, commanded the battalion, the
latter at the close of the service. On Oct. 8, 1864, the battalion left Wil-
mington for City Point, Va., where it was engaged in erecting fortifica-
tions. The men received a furlough to go home to vote, but returned
to go into winter quarters as part of the same brigade as the 4th regiment,
and were in the same general movements and engagements around Peters-
burg, in the spring of 1865, as that regiment. It then marched with the
3d brigade to Arlington, where 60 of the recruits were transferred to
the 1st Del. infantry. The battalion was mustered out on June 6, and
finally discharged, at Wilmington, June 10, 1865, consisting at that time
of about 180 men.

Ninth Infantry. — Maj., William Y. Swiggett. This regiment was
composed of 100 days' men. Among those active in its organization was
William Y. Swiggett, who was commissioned major on Sept. 13, 1864.
The regiment was stationed at Fort Delaware to guard Confederate pris-
oners, and served about a month longer than its term of enlistment. It
was mustered out, at Wilmington, Jan. 23, 1865.

First Cavalry. — Col., George P. Fisher; Lieut.-Col., Napoleon B.
Knight; Maj., William P. Lord. Soon after the breaking out of the war
battalions of cavalry were organized as home guards in diflferent parts of
the state, among them being the Red Lion Mounted Guards and the Dela-
ware Light Dragoons. These companies, so readily organized, made easy
the formation of a cavalry regiment, though no determined effort in that
direction was made until the summer of 1862. On Aug. 13, that year.
Napoleon B. Knight of Dover was authorized to raise four companies of
cavalry in the state and the work of securing enlistments was at once be-
gun. On Sept. 9, Hon. George P. Fisher was commissioned by the war
department to raise the ist regiment of Delaware cavalry, to consist of
1,200 men and to include Knight's battalion. This regiment was under
instruction at Camp Smithers, near Wilmington, Brandywine Hundred,
in the fall and winter of 1862. On Feb. 17, 1863, the ist battalion, under
the command of Maj. Knight, left the camp and proceeded overland to
Drummondtown, Va., to join the brigade of Gen. Lockwood. The other
battalions followed later in the season and the service of the regiment
was along the Potomac, aiding in intercepting the projected incursions
into Pennsylvania and Delaware. A number of the companies served
■until the close of the war, but the men were mustered out by detach-
ments, some that were stationed at the Relay House in Maryland on

52G The Union Army

June 6, 1865, and those stationed at Baltimore on June 30 of the same
year. During the later stages of the war several independent companies
of cavalry were raised for service in emergencies. Of these the Purnell
cavalry was at Wilmington in 1863 and 1864, and Capt. Milligan's cavalry
was mustered out at Wilmington, Aug. 15, 1864. Its service was similar
to that of the 7th regiment of infantry.

First Field Battery. — Capt., Benjamin Nields; First Lieuts., Thomas
A. Porter, Charles G. Rumford, Amos Sharpless, Jr. ; Second Lieuts.,
Samuel D. Paschall, William Lea, Jr., J. Smith Tulley. Authority to
raise a company of field artillery was given to Capt. B. Nields early in
Aug., 1862, and on the 21st of that month the company was so far formed
that it went into camp at Weldon's woods, near the "Blue Ball inn," in
Brandywine Hundred. After being instructed several months, it left
Wilmington for Washington on Dec. 20, 1862, and served in the East in
1863. Subsequently it was in the Department of the Gulf, but in Jan.,
1865, was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, Capt. Nields being
appointed chief of artillery and ordnance of that department. The bat-
tery was stationed at Devall's Bluff until the spring of 1865, when it was
taken to Little Rock, from which place it proceeded to Wilmington, reach-
ing the latter city July i, 1865. The men were then paid off and finally
discharged two days later.

Second Field Battery. — This company was raised under authority
granted in June, 1863, to Capt. John B. W. Aydelott and First Lieut.
Samuel D. Paschall, who opened a recruiting office in the city hall at
Wilmington. Its service in the field was not active, the battery being
assigned to the defense of Wilmington the latter part of 1863 ^nd the
early part of 1864.

Crossley's Artillery. — In the emergency of 1863 Capt. Thomas Cross-
ley received authority to raise a company of 50 artillerymen to serve for
not over 90 days, along the Wilmington & Baltimore railroad. These
men were enlisted at Wilmington in June and July, 1863, and the battery
was in service as indicated until its muster out, Sept. 30, 1863.

Ahl's Heavy Artillery. — Capt., George W. Ahl; First Lieuts., Robert
H. Lewis, Abraham G. Wolf; Second Lieuts., Frank W. Hay, John S.
Black, Robert C. Campbell. This company embraced a battery at Fort
Delaware, the members being ex-Confederates who had taken the oath of
allegiance to the Union. The service was faithfully performed until the
muster out of the men, July 25, 1865. Nearly the entire company was
composed of those who had been taken to Fort Delaware as prisoners.

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Full text of "The Union army; a history of military affairs in the loyal states, 1861-65 -- records of the regiments in the Union army -- cyclopedia of battles -- memoirs of commanders and soldiers"

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